EXCELSIOR SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS iapuerS rinss £j 7 K Book, c__ ¥ Copyright ]^^. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY HISTORY UNITED STATES BY A TEACHER OF HISTORY NEW YORK: W. H. SADLIER, PUBLISHER 1 Copyright, 1 8 77 and 1 896, by William H. Sadlier. Copyright^ 1905, 19 10, by Annie M. Sadli; w. p. 21 (gCl,A26i87l PEEFACE There are certain points in the Elementary History oi the United States now submitted to the public, to which it is deemed proper to call the attention of teachers : First, the plan, which enables the pupil to associate easily events with the time and place of their occurrence ; Second, the style, which is easy and attractive, pleasing incidents being freely interspersed that the pupil may be won to memorize more important matter ; TJiird, the combination of the merits of the catechetical form with those of continued narrative, by means of a Synop- sis at the close of each catechetical chapter ; Fourth, the Geographical and Chronological Tables at the close of each section ; Fifth, the numerous and finely executed engravings which serve to illustrate the text and aid the memory ; Sixth, and most important, the presentation of facts con- nected with the Catholic side of American history hitherto ignored (designedly or otherwise) in historical text-books. With these remarks, the work is submitted to teachers and others interested in the education of youth. New York, March, 1910. OONTEIf TS SECTION I. PAGE Lesson I. -^America Previous to 1492 1 " II. —Discovery of America by Columbus 3 '* III. —Discovery of America by Columbus (Contin- ued) 8 " IV.— Chronological Review, 15th Century 11 " v.— Geographical Table No. 1 11 SECTION II. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. Lesson I. — Early Explorations and Discoveries 13 " n. — Fruitless Attempts to Colonize Virginia. . . 16 ** III. — Chronological Review, 16th Century 20 " IV.— Geographical Table No. 2 21 S E C T I ON III. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Lesson I. — Settlement of Virginia 22 " IL— New England 26 " III.— Cham plain and the Catholic Missionaries. . 31 " IV. — The Early Missionaries (Continued) 37 " v. — Settlement of New York 42 " VI.— Settlement of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Carolina 49 " VII.— Chronological Review, 17th Century 53 « VIII. -Geographical Table No. 3 55 VI CONTENTS. SECTION IV. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYo PAGE Lesson I. —Events in the Early Part of the Century . . 57 " IL— French and Indian War 61 " III.— The Revolution „.... 67 " IV. —The Revolution {Continned) 76 " V. —The Revolution {Concluded) 83 " VI. —Catholicity and the Revolution 88 " VIL— Chronological Review, 18th Century.. «... 96 " VIII. —Geographical Table No. 4 » „ . 99 SECTION V. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Lesson I. — Jefferson's Administration to Buchanan's. . 101 " IL— The Civil War 109 " III.— From Johnson to McKinley 118 " IV. — Chronological Review, 19tli Century l27 '' v. — Geographical Table No. 5 130 SECTION VI. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Lesson I. — McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft 131 '* IL — Chronological Review, 20th Century 138 " III.— Geographical Table No. 6 , 139 SECTION I. A.D. 1499 to A.D. 1500. LESSON I. America Previous to 1492. 1. How was America peopled? America was peopled, probably, from Asia by way of Behring Strait. 2. Were the Indians, as found by Columbus, the earliest inhabitants ? The Indians were preceded by a race much more civilized and skilled in tlie arts. 3. By what name is this earlier race known? The Mound Builders. 4. What region did the Mound Builders occupy? The whole extent of the valley of the Mississippi. They even penetrated as far north as the copper region of Lake Superior. 5. What CAnidences have they left there? Evidences of considerable skill in the art of working metals. 6. What are the principal memorials of the Mound Builders? The earthworks which they erected. 1 2 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY T. In what State are many thousands of these earthworks found? In Ohio. 8. Where else may they be seen? , On the terraces of the Mississippi valle}^ and in the forests bordering on the Mexican Grulf, are to be seen a succession of earthworks, mainly de- fensive in character. ^ EARTHWORKS OF THE MOUND BUILDERS. 9. In connection with these defensive works, what are found? Other works, apparently of a sacred or religious origin. 10. What are sometimes found in the same mound? Elaborate carvings in stone; pottery, often i»f elegant design ; articles of use and ornament in metals ; silver, and native copper from Lake Su- HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 3 perior ; mica from the Alleghanies ; and shells from the Gulf of Mexico. 11. What became of the Mound Builders! Their fate is unknown. 12. Had America ever been visited by Europeans before the time of Columbus ? Iceland had been visited by the Irish in the ninth century, and the continent of America in the tenth century by the Norwegians or Northmen. 13. Do these expeditions detract from the glory of Colum- bus? These expeditions do not detract from the glory of Columbus ; for, long before his time, all remem- brance of them had faded from the minds of the inhabitants of southern Europe. SYNOPSIS. I. The Indians were not the earliest inhabitants of this continent. They were preceded by a much more civilized race, called the Mound Builders, whose fate is unknown. II. America ivas visited by the Norwegians in the tenth century ; but long before the close of the fifteenth, all remembrance of their expeditions had been lost to southern Europe. LESSON II. Discovery of America by Columbus. 1. By whom was America discovered in 1492? America was discovered in 1492, by Christopher Columbus, a native of Gen'oa, in Italy SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 2. Who was Christopher Columbus? He was the son of an Italian wool comber j and until his fourteenth year, he assisted his father at that trade. COLUMBUS IN HIS STUDY. 3. What can you say of his educa- tion? He spent some time at the Uni- versity of Pavicx^ where he ac- quired a great taste for the mathematical sciences, in which he afterwards excelled. 4. At what age did he go to sea ? In his fifteenth year, he devoted himself to a seafaring life, which he continued, with little in- termission, until his death. 5. Were Europeans at that time aware of the existence of America? They were not; and many, supposing the earth to be a plane, believed tliat the daring mariner HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. O who might steer his vessel far to the west, would assuredly fall off into space. 6. What was the opinion of Columbus ? Columbus, with many of the learned, supposed the earth to be a sphere, and believed that by sail- ing westward, he would reach the eastern shore of Asia. 7. What was the character of Columbus? He was eminently pious ; and it was his firm con- viction that he was an instrument in the hands of God to bring the light of Christianity to nations yet involved in heathen darkness. 8. To whom did Columbus apply for aid? First, to the government at Genoa ; then, to the king of Portugal ; but in both cases without success. 9. Who finally assisted him? The Spanish sovereigns, Ferdinand and Isabella. 10. Who interceded in his behalf with Isabella? His faithful friend, Juan Perez, a Franciscan monk, superior of the monastery of La Rabida, at Palos {pa'los). 11. What generous offer did Isabella make? Isabella offered to pawn her jewels in order to defray the expenses of the expedition, if the sum in the treasury were found inadequate. 12. What can you say of the treasury of Castile (cas-teel') at that time? It had been much impoverished by late wars with the Moors. 6 SADLIEKS KLEMENTAKY lo. Was Isabella obliged to put her generous offer into execution { Isabella's noble offer was not acted upon, as the royal treasurer advanced the required sum. 14. From what port did Columbus sail ? From Palos, on the southwest coast of Spain. 15. On what day did he set sail ? On Friday, August 3d, 1492. 16. How did the voyagers prepare for their departure ? On the morning of the day previous, the voy- agers went in solemn procession to the monastery of La Eabida, where, having confessed their sins, they received Holy Communion from the hands of Father Juan Perez ; they then marched in proces- sion to the vessels, the Santa Maria, the Pinta and the Xina. 17. What did Father Perez promise ? He promised to pray for the success of the under- taking which he had already so materially aided. 18. Mention one of the incidents of the voyage. When they had sailed about sixty days and yet discovered no land, the sailors became alarmed and refused to go further. They even threatened to throw Columbus overboard. 19. How did Columbus act ? He remained firm, and declared that he would pro- ceed until the enterprise should be accomplished. 20. On what day was land first seen ? On the morning of Friday, October 12th, 1492. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. COLLMBLo A^-rJ^OACHI^a LAND, 21. What did Columbus on beholding land? Casting himself on his knees, Cohimbus com- menced to intone the " Te Beiimj'^ and the exulting mariners, transported with joy, united their voices in one grand hymn of thanksgiving. 22. What followed this act of gratitude to Heaven? One of justice to their chief. They humbly im- plored his pardon for their late mutinous behavior, and promised fidelity to him in future. SYNOPSIS. I. America tvas discovered by Christopher Colum- bus, in the year 1492. His vessels were fitted out for him by Isabella the Catholic, queen of Spain. II. Having prepared themselves by Confession and Communion, the voyagers set sail from Palos, a port of Spain, Dn the third of August, and reached one of the Bahama Islands, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1492. LESSON III. Discovery of America. — (Continued.) 1. What did Columbus on landing? He and his companions fell on their knees and kissed the ground they had so long desired to see. They then erected a cross, and Columbus uttered aloud a short but fervent prayer of thanksgiving. This prayer all Catholic discoverers after him were long accustomed to repeat. 2. What further? Having drawn his sword, he declared that he took possession of the land in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, for the crown of Castile. 3. What land did Columbus first discover? One of the Bahama Islands, which he named San Salvador (Holy Saviour) ; and, supposing it to be a part of India, he called the natives Indians. 4. How were the Spaniards received by the Indians? With the greatest respect. The Indian s imagined that the white men had descended from the skies. 5. What did Columbus distribute among the Indians? Columbus distributed colored caps, glass beads, hawks' bells, and other trifles, such as the Portu- guese were accustomed to trade with among the nations on the Gold Coast of Africa. 6. How were the Indians pleased with their presents? They received them eagerly, hung the beads HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. S around their necks, and were wonderfully delighted with their finery and with the sound of the bells. 7. When did Columbus return to Spain ? After having cruised for some time among the Bahamas, and having discovered Cuba, Hayti, and other islands, he set sail for Spain in January, 1493. 8. How many voyages to the New World were made by Columbus ? Columbus made four voyages to the New World. 9. Who accompanied him on his second voyage ? On his second voyage he was accompanied by a number of Dominican missionaries, destined to labor for the conversion of the Indians. 10. When and where was the first Catholic church erected in America, after the discovery of Columbus? At Isabella, in Hayti. It was dedicated on the Festival of the Epiphany, 1494. 11. What did Columbus discover on his third voyage? The mainland of South America. 12. When and where did Columbus die? Having been most unkindly and ungratefully treated by his countrymen, and even by Ferdinand, Columbus died in sorrow and neglect, at Valladolid in Spain. 13. How long after the death of Isabella did that of Colum- *jus take place? Columbus died two years after Isabella. 14. Where are his remains at present? In the cathedral at Seville. 10 SADLIER'S ELEIMENTARY 15. From whom did America receive its name? From Amerigo Vespucci {ah-md-re'go ves-poot'- die), an Italian, who accompanied an expedition to this country in 1499. 16. By whom was the mainland of North America dis- covered? By John Cabot (Jcah'hot), an Italian Catholic, in the service of England (1497). 17. Who accompanied Cabot on his voyage ? His son Sebastian, who also made another voy- age of discovery the following year, and explored the coast from Labrador to Florida. 18. What was the result of the voyages of the Cabots? These voyages laid the foundation of the English claim to North America. SYNOPSIS, I. Columbus, on landing, erected a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, for the crown of Spain. The Indians were charmed with their white visitors, and imagined that they had de- scended from the skies. Having cruised for some time among the Bahamas and discovered several other islands, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was received with great triumph. II. On his next voyage, which took place in 1493, he was accompanied by a number of priests ; and a Catholic church was dedicated at Isabella, in Hayti, on the Festival of the Epiphany, 1494. On his third voyage, he discovered the mainland of South America. Columbus died in Spain, neglected and unhonored, an impressive example of the in- gratitude of man and the vanity of human hopes. III. In 14:97, John Cabot discovered the mainland of North America. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 11 LESSON IV. Chronological Review.— Fifteenth Century." 14r35.—Cohimbim was born. 1484,— Columbus applied to the government at Genoa. I486,— Columbus applied to the court of Spain. /49J?,— Columbus sailed from Palos. 1492,— Columbus discovered America. 1493.— Beeoud voyage of Columbus. 1494, — First Catholic church dedicated at Isabella (Hayti). 1497,— T^he Cabots discovered Newfoundland. 1498, — Third voyage of Columbus ; he discovered South America. 1498, — The Cabots discovered the Atlantic coast. 1499,— Am.evigo Vespucci visited the coast of South America, which Columbus had discovered in 1498. LESSON V. Geographical Table No. 1. {Of places me^itioned in preceding Section.) AlleghanieSy or Appalachian Mountains, the great mountain chain or system which extends southwesterly, and in a direction nearly parallel to the Atlantic coast, along the southeastern side of the North American continent. JBahama Islands, a group of about five hundred islands or rocky islets, lying northeast of Cuba and east of the coast of Florida, the Gulf Stream passing between them and the mainland. Behring Strait, the channel which separates Asia a.nd America at their nearest approach to each other, and connects the Arctic with the Pacific Ocean. 12 sadlier's elementary history. Castile, a former kingdom of Spain, occupying tlie great central table-land of the peninsula. Cuba^ the largest of the West India Islands. Genoa, a famous fortified seaport city of northern Italy, on the coast of the Mediterranean. Its origin is said to be more remote than that of Rome. Havana, the capital of the island of Cuba, and the greatest commercial port of the West Indies. Haytif a rich and beautiful island, the second in size of the West Indies ; discovered by Columbus, December 5th, 1492, and named by him Hispaniola (/. e., Little Spain). Iceland, an island belonging to Denmark, and situated between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Isabella, a port on the north coast of Hayti, 36 miles from Santiago (Hayti). Traces of the first European settle- ment in the New World are said to be still \dsible there. Pavia, a city of northern Italy, nineteen miles south of Milan, on the left bank of the Ticino. From its numerous public edifices, it was once called "The City of a Hundred Towers ; '* but its magnificence and fame belong to a former age. Palos, a port on the southern coast of Spain. Superior, Lake, the most westerly and most elevated of the North American chain of lakes, and the largest ex- panse of fresh water on the globe. San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, called by the natives Gvianahani (gwali-nali-hali'nc). Valladolid, a city of Spain, on the left bank of the Pisuerga River. In the fifteenth century it was considered the finest town in Castile ; but to Madrid, it began to decline. SECTION II. A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1600. LESSON I. Early Explorations. 1. Name some of the distinguished discoverers and ex- plorers who came after Columbus and the Cabots. Ojeda {o-Jia'daJi), Pouce de Leon {pon-tlid' da J(~(on), Balbo'a, MageFlaii, Cortez, Verazzaiii {va- rat-tsaJi'ne), Cartier {kar-te-d'), and De Soto, all of whom were Catholics. 2. What can you say of Ojeda ? Ojeda, a companion of Columbns, sailed south from Cuba, and settled the Isthmus of Darien (1510). 3. What did Ponce de Leon discover"? Florida, or the Land of Flowers (1512), 4. Balboa? Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean (1513). 5. Magellan? Magellan explored the coast of South America, discovered the strait which bears his name, and planted the cross on the southern extremity of the continent (1520). 13 14 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY 6. Cortez? Cortez invaded and conquered Mexico (1521). 7. Verazzaui? Terazzani, an Italian, in the service of France, explored the coast of North America, from North Carolina to Newfoundland {nu' fund-land), erected crosses at various points, and gave to the country the name of New France (1524). 8. Cartier? Cartier penetrated the strait of Belle Isle, entered the St. Lawrence (which he thus named in honor of that martyr), and erected a cross thirty feet high on the shores of Gaspe Bay (1534). 9. What fur- ther can you say of Cartier? Canada was colonized by the French under Cartier (1541). 10. What did De Soto dis- cover? Be Soto dis- covered the lower Missis- ppi ^0^1^. JJg gQJQ Q^ gjg ^^y j^ ^^^ MISSISSIPPI HISTORY OP THE UNITED BTATES. 15 11. What celebrated missionary came to the New World in 1502? The venerable Dominican, Bartholomew Las Casas, who during sixty years proved himself the nntiriug friend and apostle of the Indians. 12. Which is the oldest town in the United States? St. Augustine (aiv'gus-teen), in Florida. 13. By whom was St. Augustine founded? By the Spaniards, under Menendez (1565). 14. What did St. Augustine become ? The great southern center of Catholic missions for the Indians. 15. Which is the second oldest town in the United States ? Santa Fe, in New Mexico, which was also colo- nized by the Spanish, about seventeen years after the settlement of St. Augustine. 16. Which were the first Catholic missions within the present limits of the United States? The missions of the Dominicans, Jesuits, and Franciscans, among the Indians of Florida. Before the close of the sixteenth century. Fathers Cancer and Tolosa (Dominicans), Martinez, Segura, and companions (Jesuits), Corpa and companions (Fran- ciscans), had each there gained a martyr's crown. 17. Who evangelized the Indians of New Mexico? The Franciscans carried the Faith into what is now New Mexico ; and before the English had made a single settlement on our shores, whole tribes on the Rio Grande had been converted and civilized. 16 sadlier's elementary synopsis. I. The most famous discoverers and explorers who succeeded Columbus, were Ojeda, who settled Darien ; Be Leon, the discoverer of Florida ; Balboa, of the Pacific ; Ma- gellan, of the strait which bears his name ; Cortez, who in- vaded and conquered Mexico; Verazzani, who explored a great portion of the coast of North America ; Cartier, the discoverer of the St. Lawi-ence ; and De Soto, of the lower Mississippi. IL In 1502, Las Casas, the celebrated missionary, came to the New World ; and, during the sixty years which suc- ceeded, he devoted to the Indians his energies and his life. III. Spain led the way in the colonization of this coun- try. St. Augustine and Santa Fe, the oldest settlements with- in the territory of the United States, were founded by that nation. Spanish missionaries also, from the first, devoted themselves to the conversion of the Indians ; and before the close of the sixteenth century, many missionaries had shed their blood in that cause. IV. The nations of northern Europe did not attempt to take possession of the continent or to make any settle-, ments until 1584, at which time every accessible part of it, except the Atlantic slope, was already in possession of the Spaniards and French. LESSON II. Fruitless Attempts to Colonize Virginia, i. Who, in 1583, received a grant of extensive territory in this country? Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'hj). 2. From whom did he receive this grant? From Queen Elizabeth of England, of whom he was a favorite. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 3. What name did he give to the territory? "Virginia, in honor of the queen. 4. How had he obtained Elizabeth's favor? Meeting the queen one day while she was walking, and observing a wet place in her path, he instantly took off his costly mantle and spread it over the spot for the royal feet to tread upon. This act of courtesy so pleased the queen that she admitted him to court, and continued to favor him during her lifetime. 5. When did Sir Walter Raleigh send a colony to Virginia f In 1584. The colonists settled on Roanoke Island, but made no eif ort to cultivate the soil ; hence dis- tress and want soon followed. 6. By whom were the colonists taken back to England? By Sir Francis Drake, who happened to stop there on one of his exploring tours. 7. When did Raleigh make a second attempt to colonize Virginia ? A second attempt was made in 1587 ; but the governor, having gone to England for supplies, was unable to return for three years. Then no traces of the colony were to be found. 8. What tradition have the Indians concerning these colonists? The Indians say that these colonists were adopted by the Hatteras tribe and* became mingled with them. Among those received by this tribe was an infant named Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America. 18 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY 9. What resulted from these attempts to colo- nize Virginia? The introduction EALBiGH SMOKING. ^f tobacco and the potato into England. 10. What amusing incident occurred in connection with the introduction of tobacco into England? Sir Walter Raleigh had acquired the habit of, smoMng (then a novelty in England). One day a servant, having entered his room and found him enveloped in smoke, imagined he was on fire, and speedily dashed upon him a vessel of water. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 11. What did Raleigh in consequence of these unsuc- cessful attempts? He transferred his patent to the London Company. 12. What had previously occurred in Virginia ? The soil of Virginia had previously been bedewed with the blood of martyrs. Father Segura and his companions attempted a mission there (in 1578), but were cruelly put to death by the Indians. 13. At the close of the 16th century, which were the only permanent settlements within the limits of the United States ? St. Augustine and Santa Fe. 14. Why did colonization proceed so slowly? The difficulties attending the passage of the Atlantic, the perils of the wilderness, and the treachery of the Indians, all conspired to prevent rapid colonization. SYNOPSIS, I. In 1584 ^ Sir Walter Raleigh, who had received from Queen Elizabeth of England the grant of extensive territory in America, made an unsuccessful attempt to colonize Vir- ginia. The colonists, famine-stricken and unhappy, were taken back to England by Sir Francis Drake. II. A second attempt in 1587 proved equally unsuc- cessful; and Raleigh finally transferred his patent to the London Company. The chief result of these attempts was the introduction of tobacco and the potato into England. III. Previously to these events, in 1578, the soil of Virginia had been sanctified by the blood of the martyrs, Father Segura and companions. IV. At the close of the 16th centuri/, the only settle- Lueutsin the United States were St. Augustine and Santa F^. 20 sadlier's elementary LESSON III. Chronological Review.— Sixteenth Century. 1.500* — Columbus in chains. 1502,—'L2i's, Casas came to America. 1506. -Columbus died. loJO.— Ojeda settled Darien. 1312.-1)6 Leon discovered Florida. 1515.— Balboa discovered the Pacific. 15^0.— Magellan's Voyage. 1521.— Cortez conquered Mexico. 15^4.— Verazzani explored the coast of North America. 1554.— Cartier discovered the Gulf and Eiver St. Law- rence. 1541.— De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 1549.— Fathers Cancer and Tolosa martyred in Florida. 1565. — St. Augustine founded. 1565.— Father Martinez martyred by the Indians in Florida. 157^.— Father Segura and companions martyred. 158-^.— Santa Fe founded; the Franciscans evangelize New Mexico. 1585.— Sir Walter Ealeigh received a gi'ant of territory in the New World. 1584. i 1^S7 > ^^^^^^^^ssful attempts to settle Virginia. 1597.— Father De Corpa and companions martyred in Florida. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 LESSON IV. Geographical Table No. 2. BeUe Isle, Strait of, one of the outlets of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, between the coasts of Labrador and Newfound- land. Florida, a peninsula and State in the southeast part of the United States. Gasp^ Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Magellan Strait divides the continent of South Amer- ica from the island of Terra del Fuego. It is upwards of 300 miles long, and is of difficult navigation, Panama (formerly called Darien), Isthmus of, a neck of land joining North and South America. Being one of the routes of communication between the Atlantic and "Pacific Oceans, it is, consequently, of great importance. It was from a mountain top on this isthmus that Balboa first saw the Pacific. Rio Grande, an important river of North America. It rises in Colorado, flows in a generally southeasterly direc- tion, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Boanoke Biver, a river of Virginia and North Carolina. Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico. It stands on a plateau which is elevated about 7,000 feet above the sea, and a short distance from the base of a snow-capped mountain which rises 5,000 feet above the level of the city. St. Augtistifte, a city of Florida, 200 miles southeast of Tallahassee and the oldest in the United States. The mild- ness of the climate and the refreshing breezes from the sea render this a famous winter residence for invalids. St, Lawrence, the principal river of Canada, and the Dutlet of the Great Lakes. SECTION IIL A.D. 1600 to A.D. 1700, LESSON I. Settlement of Virginia. 1. When was the first permanent English settlement made in North America ? In 1607, at Jamestown, in Virginia. 2. Of whom did this colony consist? Chiefly of adventurers unfit for a new settlement. 3. Who were the most noted men in the colony? Gosnold and Smith. 4. What did Smith soon do? He explored the country and visited Powhatan, the most powerful chief of the Virginia tribes. 5. Mention one of Smith's adventures. Once, while exploring the Chickahominy River, he was taken prisoner by the Indians and led to Powhatan. Having been at length condemned to death, he was about to be executed, when Po-ca- hon-tas, the favorite daughter of Powhatan, inter- ceded for him and saved his life. 22 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 l^fSr^^^^ POCAHONTAS. 6. What followed this? A peaceful intercourse was established between the English and the tribes of Powhatan. 7. How did Pocahontas act? She continued to be- friend the colony ; and for some time, she and her companions came every day with baskets of corn for the garrison. 8. What further can you say of Pocahontas? She was instructed in the doctrines of Chris- tianity by an Englishman, John Rolfe, who soon afterwards made her his wife. 9. How did Pocahontas end her career? Three years later, she, with her husband, sailed for England, where she was received with great kindness and distinction. At the age of twenty- 24 sadlier's elementary two, as slie Avas preparing to return to the New World, she fell a victim to the English climate. 10. What happened in 1609? Smith, having been injured by an accidental ex- plosion of gunpowder, was obliged to return to England for surgical aid. 11. After his departure what occurred? The Indians, no longer bound by his personal influence, became hostile. The stock of provisions in the colony having been rapidly consumed, the Indians refused to furnish more, and the horrors of famine ensued. 12. By what name is this period known? It is known as The Starving Time. 13. How were the colonists relieved? By the timely arrival of supplies from England. 14. What plant did the colonists commence to cultivate in 1615? Tobacco, which eventually became the principal product and even the currency of the colony. 15. In what year was slavery introduced into the colony? Slavery was introduced into Virginia in 1620. 16. Who succeeded Powhatan? His brother, Opecancanough (o-pe-Mn-'kan'o). 17. What incident is related of Opecancanough? A house having been built for him after the English fashion, he was so delighted with the lock and key that he would lock and unlock the door a hundred times a day. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 18. Was he favorable to the whites? Opecancanough was hostile to the settlers. Hav- iug witnessed with sorrow the decline of his own race, he formed a plan to exterminate the whites. 19. When was his plan carried into execution? March 22, 1622. In one hour, three hundred and forty-seven men, women, and children were massacred. 20. What followed this massacre? A war, in which the Indians were defeated. 21. What occurred in 1676? Bacon's Rebellion, so called from the name of its leader. SYNOPSIS. I. The first permanent English settlement was made at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. The colony at first , experienced many difficulties ; but, through the abilities of Captain John Smith, one of its founders, it was saved from ruin. In 1609, Smith, having met with an accident, was obliged to return to England for surgical aid, and a period of famine ensued, known as The Starving Time. II. During his stay in Virginia, Smith had met with many adventures, had explored Chesapeake Bay and other places, and had secured the friendship of Powhatan, the Indian king. III. In 1615 the cultivation of tobacco was commenced in the colony ; in 1620 slavery was introduced ; and in 1622 a terrible massacre occurred in which more than three hun- dred persons fell victims to the fury of the Indians. In the war which followed the Indians were defeated. 26 sadlier's elementary LESSON II. New England. 1. By whom was the first attempt at settlement in New England made ? By Jesuit missionaries at St. Saviour, on Mt. Desert Island, in 1612. 2. For what purpose was the settlement established? For the conversion of the Abnaki Indians, who had already shown favorable dispositions. ^y 3. What incident oc- curred about this time? f* /fv\|| One day, Father y Biard, a missionary, having crossed to FATHER BIARD AND THE INDIAN BRAVE, thc mainland, hcard plaintive cries in the distance. On penetrating further, he found an HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 Indian brave holding in his arms his dying child, and the whole village gathered round him in sym- pathy. Touched with pity, the good priest bap- tized the babe, and prayed for its recovery. This was the first Sacrament administered in the State of Maine, and the child recovered. 4. What was the fate of the St. Saviour mission? It was attacked and destroyed by Argall, a Virginia sea captain. 5. What was done with the colonists? Some were put on board a vessel bound for France, and others transferred to the Chesapeake. 6. What did the Indians? About thirty years after, the Abnakis sent a deputation of their chiefs to Quebec, to ask for a priest. Their petition was granted : and, through the labors of Father Druillettes {drwee-yet') and other missionaries, this powerful tribe was converted. 7. When, and by whom, was Massachusetts settled? Massachusetts was first settled in 1G20, by a body of English Puritans, called Pilgrims. 8. Who were these colonists? They were English Protestants who, having been persecuted by their Protestant fellow-countrymen, took refuge in this country. 9. What name did tliey give to the place at which they landed? Plymouth {plim'idli)^ in honor of the English port from which they sailed; and the rock on 28 sadlier's elementary whicli they lauded is still held in reverence by the people of New England. 10. At what season of the year did they reach America? In midwinter. Their sufferings were, conse- quently, intense; and before spring, death had taken forty-six of their number. 11. By whom were the Pilgrims visited in 1621? By Massasoit (mas'sa-soit), chief of a tribe pos- sessing the country north of Narragansett Bay. 12. What was concluded between Massasoit and the colonists? A treat}^ of peace and alliance, which was sacredly kept for more than half a century. 13. Did the Pilgrims prove tolerant in religious matters? They proved very intolerant, and persecuted all who dared to worship God in a manner different from that which they had established. 14. What settlements were made in consequence of this state of things? Providence, Rhode Island, was settled by Roger Williams (1636) 5 and Exeter, New Hampshire, by John Wheelwright (1637). Wheelwright and Wil- liams had both been banished from Massachusetts, on account of their religious opinions. 15. Wliat incident happened about this time? A tribe of Indians at war with Massasoit sent to the colonists, in token of hostility, a buudle of arrows wrapped up in the skin of a rattlesnake. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 16. How was it answered by Governor Bradford? He returned the skin stuffed with powder and shot. 17. What effect did this produce? The hostile Indians were glad to make friend- ship with a race whose weapons of war were so ter- rible. 18, In what war were the whites in- volved about the year 1675? An Indian war known as King PhiHp's. 19. What led to it? On the death of the faithful Massa- soit, he was suc- ceeded by his son Alexander, who was soon after put to death by the whites. Alexander's brother, King Philip, deter- mined to avenge this KING PHILIP. and other wrongs of his nation. 20. What is said of King Philip's War? It was noted for great cruelties and sufferings on both sides. 30 sadlier's elementary 21. What can you say of Captain Church, the most dis- tinguished officer on the English side? If we may believe his own account, he perpe- trated the most savage cruelties on the Indians. 22. What put an end to the war? Philip was chased from one hiding place to an- other, his family was captured, and he himself was at last shot by a faithless Indian. SYNOPSIS. I. In New England, the first attempt at settlement was made by Jesuit missionaries at St. Saviour, on Mt. Desert Island. The mission had been planned with a view to the conversion of the Abnaki Indians, who had shown dispositions favorable to Christianity. While the buildings were still in course of erection, Argall, an infamous Englishman from Virginia, attacked the place and carried off the colonists. II. In Massachusetts , the first settlement was made in 1620, at Plymouth, by a band of English Protestants, some- times called Pilgrims. Although they had been driven from England by the persecution of their Protestant fellow-coun- trymen, they, in their new home, proved very intolerant, and in turn persecuted all who differed from them in religion. III. This state of ajf'airs led to the settlement of Rhode Island and New Hampshire. IV. About 1075, the whites were involved in a contest with the Indians, known as King Philip's War. It termi- nated on the death of Philip. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 LESSON III. Champlain and the Catholic Missionaries of the Seventeenth Century. 1. Who was the most distinguished of the successors of Cartier in Canada? Champlain {sham-plane'), 2. What can you say of Champlain? He was the navigator of the Upper St. Lawrence, the discoverer of the lake which bears his name (1609), also of the Lake of the Holy Sacrament (now Lake George), the founder of many- towns, especially Quebec (1608), the patron of the mis- sions, the friend of the Indians, the first and best governor of Canada. 3. What has he been justly styled? The Father of New France. 4. How does he commence the narrative of his voyages? With these words : *^ The salvation of a soul is of more value than the conquest of an empire.^' 32 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 5. What took place in Canada and its vicinity, as soon as colonization commenced? The Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries traversed the country in all directions, gladly enduring suf- ferings, and even death, for the salvation of the Indians. 6. What can you say of the labors of the early Jesuit missionaries ? The history of their labors is connected with the origin of every celebrated town in French America. 7. What says the historian Bancroft on this subject? " Not a cape was turned or a river entered," says Bancroft, " but a Jesuit led the way.'' 8. What can you say of the early Catholic missionaries throughout the country? They were the first explorers of our Northern lakes and rivers; the first to descend the Missis- sippi and to ascend the Missouri ; while, in many of the States, the beginning of a settlement was formed around the humble cross which marked the site of a Catholic mission. 9. What further can you say of the missionaries? They were the first to introduce the orange, sugar cane, and vine at the South, and wheat and the plough on the prairies ; the first to discover the oil springs of Pennsylvania and the salt springs of New York, and to work the copper mines of Lake Superior. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 33 10. What of the missionaries in the Southw.est? hong before the English had settled on our shores, Catholic missionaries had made known the name of Christ to the Indians of New Mexico j had scaled the Rocky Mountains ; had passed again and again the Gila and Colorado rivers (which, in our day, are attracting so much attention) ; and had traversed the whole continent, from ocean to ocean. 11. Name some of the most distinguished of the early- Jesuit missionaries in the North. Fathers Breboeuf (bre-huf), Daniel, Lallemant {laVmahn), AUouez {al-ou-d'), Dablon, Marquette {mar-'ket')j Druillettes [drwee-yet') , and Jogues. 12. What can you say of Breboeuf? Having labored with untiring devotedness for more than twenty years (commencing 1625) among the Hurons, he at length, with his associates, the pious Daniel and gentle Lallemant, fell a ^dctim to his zeal, and gained a martyr's crown at the hands of the hostile Iroquois [e-ro-hwah') 13. Who were the Iroquois? They were the most fierce, most powerful, and most bloodthirsty of the Indian clans of North America. 14. How were they divided? Into five nations : the Senacas, Cayugas (ki-oo'- gas), Onondagas (on-on-dali'gas), Oneidas {o-ni'das), and Mohawks. Of these, the Mohawks were the most cruel. 34 sadlier's elementary 15. What territory did they occupy? Chiefly to the central part of New York, from the Mohawk to the Genesee. 16. How were they regarded by the other tribes ? With terror and distrust. When tlie French arrived, the Hurons and Iroquois were at deadly enmity, and the French, proving friendly to the former, were long the objects of the hostility of the Iroquois. 17. What shaU we see later? We shall find that even these fierce warriors could, with the grace of God, be brought to bow their necks to the yoke of Christ, and be- come peaceful, pious, and in- mOQUOIS INDIAN. dustrious. page 44.) (See 18. Describe the death of Breboeuf. Wlien he saw the stake destined for his torture, he kissed it with respect. So earnestly did he ex- hort his companions to be firm that the brutal Iro- quois cut off his lips and tongue. In mockery of HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 35 Baptism, they poured boiling water upon his head ; then, having made a necklace of red-hot hatchet- heads, they hung it about his neck. They tore away his flesh in strips, and having cut his scalp into the semblance of a crown, they tore it from his head. 19. How long did he endure these tortures? Three hours; then his soul passed to Eternal Glory (1649). 20. What can you say of his life ? His life is the liistory and the glory of the Huron mission. At his death (1649) the Christian Huron s numbered eight thousand. Archbishop Spaulding styles him ^'the Apostle of the Hurons and the Xavier of North America." 21. What effect did the news from the American missions produce in Europe? It excited great zeal and enthusiasm . Young men left camp and court to enter the Jesuit Order, in hopes of sharing the toil of the missionaries ; the Hospital Nuns and the Ursulines left home and country to minister to the spiritual and temporal wants of the Indians ; and the young Marquis de Gam ache {gam-ash') gave his ample fortune to en- dow the first college at Quebec (1635). 22. What can you say of the College of Quebec? It is the oldest University north of Mexico. 36 sadlier's elementary 8TNOP8IS. I. One of the most distinguished successors of Car- tier was Samuel Champlain, the fouuder of Quebec (1608) and the first governor of Canada. He gained the good will of the Indians, brought out colonists and missionaries to settle the country and convert the Indians, and himself explored much of New York and Canada. II. At the Korth, as elsewhere. Catholic missionaries were the pioneers in thework of exploration and colonization, not for earthly gain or glory, but to win souls for Heaven. The history of their labors forms one of the brightest pages in the annals of our country. III. They tvere the first to explore our great lakes and rivers, and in most of the States to commence a settlement ; the first to introduce improvements in agriculture, and in many ways to utilize the natural resources of the country. IV. Setter than all this^ they were the first to make known the name of Christ amid the snows of New England, the tropical forests of Florida, the picturesque wilds of Colo- rado and the Pacific slope, and along the peaceful shores of the Chesapeake. Most frequently they terminated their career, as in the case of Breboeuf , Lallemant, and Daniel, by a martyr's death, thus baptizing the very soil with their blood. Is it then any marvel that the Church flourishes in our land? The blood of martyrs is still the seed of Christianity. V. So great was the enthusiasm excited in Europe by the missionaries to the New World, that it drew from camp and court many a noble youth, and from scenes of wealth and gayety many a fair lady, to labor for the salva- tion of the Indians in the wilds of America. VI. In 1635 the first college at Quebec was founded tlirough the generosity of the young Marquis de Gamache. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 LESSON IV. The Early Missionaries. — (Continued.) 1. What portion of our country was explored and evan- gelized by Allouez, Dablon, and Marquette ? The territory bordering on Lakes Superior and Michigan. 2. What does the historian Bancroft style these three missionaries ? " The Illustrious Triumvirate." 3. What can you say of the labors of Father Marquette ? Having already founded the Missions of Sault {so) St. Mary and Mackinaw, Father Marquette discov- ered and explored the Upper Mississippi, which he called the " River of the Immaculate Conception." 4. What effect had this voyage? This voyage, having revealed to the world that the St. Lawrence could connect with the Gulf of Mexico by an almost uninterrupted chain of lakes, rivers, and streams, gave to France the first idea of colo- nizing Louisiana. 5. What other rivers did Marquette explore? The Missouri, Ohio, Arkansas, and Illinois. 6. Describe the last hours of Father Marquette, Being on his hom.eward route, and feeling his end approaching, he bade his companions moor their little bark on the shores of a small stream which flows into Lake Michigan. They laid him, like St 38 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY Francis Xavier, upon tlie shore, and stretched somie birch bark upon poles above hiui. ^.li^ DEATH OF FATHER MARQUETTE. 7. What did he then do? He gave them his last directions, thanked them for their loving care, heard their confessions, and, at length, with the names of Jesus and Mary on his lips, his eyes fixed on the crucifix, his face radi- ant with joy, he surrendered his pure soul into the hands of his Creator (1675). 8. Where were his remains taken? To the Isle of Mackinaw. His name is invoked by the boatmen when the lake is agitated by storms, HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 39 and the Indians call liini '' The Angel of the Ottawa Mission." 9. What has Father Marquette been deservedly styled? " The Father of the West." " The West," says Bancroft, '' will build his monument." 10. Who was the next great explorer of the Mississippi? La Salle. 11. What can you say of La Salle? He was the first navigator of the great lakes On- tario, Erie, Michigan, and Huron ; but more than this, he explored the Mississippi from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mexico, and thus identified the " Great River " of Marquette with the "Great River" of De Soto (1682). 12. What can you say of his character? His Catholic character is conspicuous in every act. He planted the Cross wherever he landed, even for an hour, and made the western wilderness echo with hymns of praise and thanksgiving. 13. Who was the first Catholic missionary that entered New York State? Father Isaac Jogues. 14. What was his fate? He was taken captive by the fierce Mohawks, freed again through the kindness of the Dutch, and then, having returned to the missionary field, was finally massacred by the red men for whose salvation he came (1646). 40 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 15. What does Bancroft say of him during his captivity? " Roaming through the stately forests of the Mo- hawk Valley, he wrote the name of Jesus on the bark of the trees, graved the Cross, and entered into possession of the country in the name of God. Thus did France bring its banner, and its Faith, to the confines of Albany." FATHER JOGUES IN THE MOHAWK FOREST. 16. What mission was commenced in Maine in 1648? A mission was commenced among the Abnaki Indians by Father Druillettes, which finally re- sulted in the conversion of the whole tribe. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 17. To what did the discoveries and explorations of the French missionaries give France a claim? To the Valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. 18. What says Washington Irving of the missionaries ? " The Catholic priest went, even before the sol- dier and trader ; from lake to lake, from river to river, the missionaries pressed on unresting, and, with a power which no other Christians have ex- hibited, won to the Faith the warlike Miamis and the luxurious Illinois." SYNOPSIS. I. J7ie Upper 3Iississippi was discovered and ex- plored by Father Marquette, one hundred years after a Spanish priest had knelt on its banks to receive the dying confession of De Soto, the discoverer of the lower course of the same river. II. Marquette explored also the Missouri, Ohio, Arkan- sas, and Illinois rivers ; and at length, worn out with mis- sionary labor, sank to rest on the borders of Lake Michigan. III. He ivas soon followed by La Salle, who explored the Mississippi from the Falls of St. Anthony to its mouth, and named the country along its banks Louisiana, in honor of the king of France. IV. Tlie first missionary who entered New York State was Father Jogues, who fell a victim to the fury of the Indians. V. The discoveries and explorations of the French missionaries gave France a claim to the Valleys of the Mis- sissippi and the St. Lawrence. 42 sadlier's elementary LESSON V. Settlement of New York. 1. What white, man first entered New York? Cham plain entered it by way of the lake which bears his name (1609). 2. Who, in 1609, entered New York Bay? In 1609, Henry Hudson, an English navigator, passed through the Narrows and entered New York Bay. ^^V^f THE HALF MOON ASCENDING THE HUDSON. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 3. What fuither exploration did Hudson make? In his little bark, the Half Moon, he sailed up the river which hears his name, as far as the pres- ent site of Albany (1609). 4. Who claimed the land discovered by Hudson? Hudson was in the employ of the Dutch East India Company; the land was, consequently, claimed by Holland. 5. What can you say of Hudson ? His voyage rendered his name immortal. Leg- ends of the daring sailor still live among the old Dutch families, and when thunder booms over the Palisades, they say, ''Hendrick Hudson and his crew are playing ninepins now." 6. Where were the first Dutch settlements made? At Fort Orange, above Albany; and at New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island. 7. What price was paid to the Indians for Manhattan Island? About twenty-five dollars (1620). 8. Did the fate of the martyred Father Jogues put an end to missionary zeal in the land of the Iroquois ? It did not ; other missionaries came to the field, and their zeal finally triumphed; the heart of the Iroquois was touched and a church glorious in the annals of Christianity was founded. • 9. Where was a log chapel built in 1655 ? On the spot on which Syracuse now stands. **By the zeal of the nation/' writes Bancroft, "it 44 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY was finished in a day;'^ and under this humble roof the Holy Sacrifice was offered, for the first time in the State of New York, November 14, 1655. 10. What was the state of religion among the Iroquois in 1668? The Cross then towered over every village from the Hudson to Lake Erie; the savage Indian had become as gentle as a child; and Caughnawaga (Jcaw-na-wa'ga) on the Mohawk, the chief mission center, had its schools and its church. 11. Who was baptized in 1669? Garakontie (gar-a-Jcon-tee-ay), a wise and eloquent Indian chief, the greatest Iroquois of his time. 12. What Indian maiden about this time was noted for her sanctity? Catharine Tehgahkwita [te-gak-we-tah), surnamed " The Lily of the Mohawks." 13. How long did the Dutch govern New York? About forty years. During this time there were four Dutch governors, the last and ablest of whom was named Peter Stuyvesant {sti've-sant). 14. What event occurred in 1664? New Amsterdam was conquered by the English and called New York, in honor of the Duke of York, afterwards James II. of England, to whom it had been granted. 15. What motto was given, by the Duke, to New York? " Excelsior." HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 45 16. Who was the first English governor of New York? Colonel Nichols. 17. Who became governor in 1683? Colonel Thomas Dongan, an Irish Catholic. He called together, in 1683, the first legislative assem- bly of the State, and its first act was to proclaim freedom of conscience. 18. By whom was the good work of the Iroquois missions interrupted? By the English. The revolution of 1688, which hurled James II. from his throne, was not unfelt in the colonies. The New York Assembly of 1691 declared null and void the acts of the Assembly of 1683, and Catholicity was proscribed. Many Catho- lic Iroquois then emigrated to Canada, where, at this day, several Iroquois villages exist, preserving, at once, their nationality and their faith. 19. What can you say of British commerce towards the close of the seventeenth century? It suffered greatly from the swarms of pirates that infested the seas. 20. Who was appointed to go in search of them? Captain Kidd, one of the boldest shipmasters sailing out of New York. 21. What did Kidd do? He turned pirate himself; and, for many years, his very name was a terror on the seas. 46 sadlier's elementary 22. What was the end of his career? Having returned from a guilty cruise, he was captured in Boston, taken to England, tried, and executed. 23. When and where was New Jersey first settled? Before 1620, settlements had been made at Bergen by the Dutch of New Amsterdam, who claimed the whole country as a part of New Netherland. 24. What peoples afterwards settled on the shores of the Delaware ? In 1638, a small party of Swedes and Finns pur- chased land from the natives, and planted several settlements on the east shores of the Delaware. 25. By whom were these colonists dispossessed? In 1655, the Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands, dispossessed the Swedes and sent most of them back to Europe, 26. What occurred in 1664? In 1664, this territory fell into the hands of the Duke of York. He then sold it to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 27. Why was it called Jersey? The new proprietors named the tract New Jersey in honor of Carteret. He had been governor of the Isle of Jersey, in the English Channel, and had held it for King Charles during the contest with the Parliament. 28. What settlements were now made in New Jersey by the English? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 The first settlements by the English were made at Elizabethtown, so called in honor of Lady Car- teret (1665), and Newark (1666). 29. What events followed? Many chauges of proprietorship took place ; and between 1674 and 1702, there were two recognized governments, called East and West Jersey, the latter being a colony of Quakers or Friends. 30.' Who obtained possession of New Jersey in 1682? In 1682, the whole territory was purchased by William Penn and eleven other Quakers. 31. Who was hereupon made governor? The first Quaker governor was Robert Barclay, a Scotchman, one of the twelve purchasers. Under him the country for a time enjoyed great prosperity. 32. Into whose hands did the government of New Jersey again fall? The number of proprietors, the frequent subdi- visions and transfers of shares, and other difacul- ties, soon brought the province into trouble •, and in 1702, the proprietors surrendered the rights of government to the Crown. 33. What can you say of New Jersey, from this period until the Revolution? After this, until the Revolution, New Jersey was the scene of no important event. It had never been much exposed to tlie ravages of the Indians. 48 sadlier's elementary 8TNOPSI8, I. Tfie first European who entered the present State of New York was Champlain. II. Netv York Bay tvas entered, and the Hudson River explored, as far as Albany, by Henry Hudson, an Eng- lishman in the service of Holland. This gave Holland a claim to the adjoining territory, and settlements were com- menced by the Dutch at Fort Orange and New Amsterdam. III. New Atnsterdani had four successive Dutch gov- ernors, the most noted of whom was Peter Stuyvesant, sur- named "Headstrong Peter." IV. In 1664 New Amsterdam was taken by the Eng- lish and called New York, in honor of the Catholic duke of that title. He gave to the State as its motto "Excelsior." The first act of the first legislative assembly of New York, under Governor Dongan, was to proclaim freedom of eon- science. V. The tnissionaries, undeterred by the fate of Father Jogues (see p. 39), continued their missionary labors, and by 1668 the Cross towered over every village from the Hudson to Lake Erie. The dreaded Iroquois had become the docile and devoted son of the Church. VI. The English again put a stop to the good work. After the English Revolution of 1688, Catholicity was pro- scribed in New York. VII. New Jersey was first settled by the Dutch afc Bergen (1620). VIII. In 1664 it passed into the hands of the English, who made settlements at Elizabethtown, Newark, and other places. IX. In 1 682 New Jersey was purchased by the Quakers, wlio in 1702 surrendered the rights of government to the Crown. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 LESSON VI. Settlement of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Carolina, and Other Places. 1. By whom was Maryland founded? By Lord Baltimore, as an asylum for persecuted English Catholics. 2. After whom was it named? It was called Mary- land in honor of Hen- rietta Maria, the Eng- lish queen. 3. When was the first settlement made ? On the Feast of the Annunciation (1634) Leonard Calvert, the brother of Lord Bal- timore, with three hundred emigrants, including several Jesuits, landed on the shores of Maryland ; and, two days later, they founded St. Mary's, the oldest town in the State. 4. What was remarkable in that colony? Free toleration was granted in religious matters ; and thus the Pilgrims of Maryland, unlike the Pil- grims of Plymouth, became the founders of reli- gious liberty in the New World. LORD BALTIMORE. 50 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY 5. How did the Maryland colonists treat the Indians? With the greatest kindness and charity. They paid them for their lands j and missions were im- mediately established to civilize and convert them. 6. What can you say of the Maryland Indians? Their gentle and innocent life peculiarly disposed them to receive the Gospel. An Indian wigwam, willingly bestowed on the missionaries, became the first chapel in Maryland ; and an Indian chief and his family were among the first converts. 7. Who soon came to the colony, attracted by the freedom onjoyed there ? Many Protestants— among them peaceful Qua- xcers persecuted in New England, and rigid Puri- tans expelled from Virginia. 8. What did they do as soon as they had attained suffi- cient power? They abolished religious toleration, excluded Catholics from all rights of citizenship, and sent off the missionaries as prisoners. Even the venerable Father White, who for ten years had labored in the colony, was put in irons and sent to England, where he had to undergo along and painful imprisonment. 9. How long did this intolerance continue ? Until the Revolution. 10. By whom was Pennsylvania settled? By the Swedes and Finns (in 1643), and after- wards by a colony of English Quakers under the celebrated William Penn HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 51 11. How did Peun behave towards the Indians? Following the example of the Maryland colo- nists, Penn treated the Indians with great kind- ness and humanity. 12. What was the consequence of this? Pennsylvania, like Maryland, was long free from trouble with the Indians. 13. Did William Penn grant religious toleration in his colony ? He did ; but in maintaining it toward Catholics, he was bitterly opposed by his own people. 14. What city was founded by Penn? In 1683 Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia, which means brotherly love, 15. What boundary line began to be disputed during Penn's lifetime? The boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. It was not settled until 1767, when two surveyors, Mason and Dixon, ran the line since famous as Mason and Dixon's line. 16. By whom was North Carolina settled? By emigrants from Virginia (1650). 17. When was South Carolina settled? In 1689, where Charleston now stands. 18. What other settlements were made in the 17th century? Michigan was settled at Detroit, by the French (1670). Illinois^ at Kaskaskia, by the French (1683). Indiana f at Vincennes, by the French (1690). Texas, at Bexar, by the Spanish (1692). Louisiana, at Iberville, by the French (1699). 52 SADLIER'S ELEIVIENTARY SYNOPSIS. I. In Maryland^ the first settlement was made under the auspices of Lord Baltimore, on the Festival of the An- nunciation, 1634. It was intended as an asylum for perse- cuted Roman Catholics, and two priests accompanied the colonists, one being the celebrated Father White. Full toleration in religious matters was granted to Christians of all denominations, and Catholic Maryland thus became the pioneer of religious freedom in this country, even as Massa- chusetts was of religious intolerance. II. Tfie Maryland colonists treated the Indians with the greatest kindness and charity, paid them for their lands, and immediately commenced missions for their conversion. —Soon religion reigned not alone in the town of St. Mary's, but even in the wigwams of the Indians. III. Attracted by its mild laws, many Anglicans, Quakers, and Puritans came to the colony and were there received mth open arms. As soon, however, as they had obtained power enough, they returned " evil for good " by abolishing freedom of conscience, excluding Catholics from oifiee, and sending off the missionaries as prisoners. IV. Uiis state of things continued till the American Eevolution, at which time Catholics had not a single church in the colony which they themselves had founded. V. Pennsylvania was settled by a colony of Quakers under William Penn (in 1682). Peiln, following the example of Lord Baltimore, treated the Indians with kindness and humanity. He endeavored also to establish religious toler- ation ; but in maintaining this toward Catholics, he was bitterly opposed by his own people. VI. Before the close of this century (17th) settlements were also commenced in the two Carolinas, Michigan, Illi- nois, Indiana, Texas, and Louisiana. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 53 LESSON VII. Chronological Review. — Seventeenth Century, 1605,— Vovt Royal, Nova Scotia, settled. ^.6*07.— Jamestown, Virginia, settled. i 608.— Quebec founded. J609.— Champlain discovered Lake Champlain. J 60^.— The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson. 1610,— T\\Q "Starving Time" in Virginia. 1612,— A Jesuit mission founded on Mt. Desert Island, Maine. 1613,— l^ew York settled by the Dutch. i 6 J5.— Pocahontas married Rolfe. 1615, — The Franciscan missionaries in Canada. 1617,— '^QVf Jersey settled at Bergen. 1620,— The Puritans landed at Plymouth. 16-^0.— Slavery introduced at Jamestown, Virginia. 16*^^.— Indian massacre in Virginia. 1623. — NewHampshire settled at Dover and Portsmouth. 1625.— Jesuits in Canada. 1630.— Boston settled. J 654.— Maryland settled at St. Mary's on the Potomac. J 655.— Connecticut settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth*ersfield. — Roger WilliamsbanishedfromMassachusctts. J! 655.— Champlain died. 1636. — Rhode Island settled p.t Providence. 1657.— The Pequod War. 1658.— New Haven founded. —Delaware settled. 164:0. — Montreal founded. 1645.— Swedes and Finns in Pennsylvania. 1646.— Father Jogues martyred.— Father Druillettes commenced his mission among the Abnaki Indians 54 SADLIER'a ELEMEiq^TAKY ](i4:S. — Father Daniel martyred. i650.— North Carolina settled. J 65.V.— Onondaga salt sprinj^s discovered by Le Moyne. 1654. —Penal laws against Catholics in Maryland. J 655.— Missions among the Onondagas. J[66'4.— New York and New Jersey taken by the English. 1665,— ^ew Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. j[<> 6*5.— Father Allouez discovered the southern shore of Lake Superior. 1666, — Newark, New Jersey, founded. J[ 6*6*^.— Father Marquette founded the mission of Sault Saint Mary. —Missions established among the Iroquois. J 669.— Green Bay founded by Father Allouez. J 6 76.— /Michigan settled at Detroit. 1673,— Father Marquette discovered and explored the Upper Mississippi.— Death of Father Marquette. J 675. -King Philip's War. 1676, — Bacon's Rebellion. 1680,— South Carolina settled. J 68^.— Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. 1682,— 'New Jersey purchased by the Quakers. 1683. -Philadelphia founded. 1 685.— Governor Dongan in New York. 1683, — Kaskaskia (the Village of the Immaculate Con- ception), Illinois, founded by Father Gravier. 1 684. —La Salle passed from the Upper Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. J 685.— La Salle attempted a settlement in Texas.— Ar- kansas Post, Arkansas, settled. 1689.— Catholicity proscribed in New York. 1690.— Indiana settled at Vincennes. 169^. — Salem Witchcraft Delusion. 1699.— Louisiana settled at Iberville. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 LESSON VIII. Geographical Table No. 3. Arkansas Post, a village on the left bank of the Ar- kansas River, about fifty miles from its mouth, Albany, the capital of the State of New York, is situ- ated on the west bank of the Hudson River, one hundi'ed and forty-five miles north of New York City. Bergen, a post-village of Hudson County, New Jersey, was annexed to Jersey City in 1871. Champlain (Lake), a beautiful sheet of water, about one hundred and thirty miles in length, between the States of New York and Vermont. Charleston, the largest city in South Carolina, on a tongue of land between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. Chickahoniifiy (River), a stream in the southeastern part of Virginia. Chesapeake, the largest bay in the United States. It enters Virginia between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, and extends into Maryland. Detroit, the chief city of Michigan, situated on Detroit River, eighteen miles above the head of Lake Erie. JElizaheth, a thriving city of Union County, New Jersey, two miles west of Newark Bay, was formerly the capital of the State. It is noted for its manufactures. Hudson (River), one of the finest and most important rivers in the United States. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean, is navigable one hundred and fifty miles for large steamers, and is noted for its beautiful and picturesque scenery. Green Ray, a large arm on the west side of Lake Michigan. George (Lake), a beautiful mountain lake of New York, about thirty-six miles long, noted for its pictures(iue scenery. tTaa lest own, situated on the west bank of the James 56 SADLIEK'S ELEiVlKNTAKY Biver, in Virginia, about fifty miles from Richimond. Noth ing of the original settlement now remains but a few ruins. Kaskaskia is finely situated on the west bank of the Kaskaskia River, about two miles east of the Mississippi, and one hundred and forty-two miles south of Springfield. Mackinaw, a village of Michigan, situated on an island of the same name, in Lake Huron. Mi, Desert, an island on the coast of Maine, in French- man's Bay, forty miles southeast of Bangor. It is noted for its thirteen mountain peaks, the highest of which is upwards of 2,000 feet. Mohaivk (River), a river of New York, which enters the Hudson, about three miles above Troy. The chief towns on its banks are Rome, Utica, Little Falls, and Sche- nectady. Narragansett Say, a large body of water extending north from the Atlantic into Rhode Island between Point Judith on the west and Seconnet Rocks on the east. It contains a. number of beautiful islands, the principal of which is Rhode Island. Netvark, the largest city of New Jersey, is on the Passaic River, about four miles from its entrance into Newark Bay. Plymouth is situated on Plymouth Bay, on the east coast of Massachusetts, thirty-seven miles southeast of Boston. JProvidence, the chief city and capital of Rhode Island, is situated on the northwest arm of Narragansett Bay (or Providence River), thirty-five miles from the ocean. The river divides the city into two nearly equal parts, which are connected by several substantial bridges. Quebec, situated on the left bank of the River St. Law- rence, is the most strongly fortified city in America and the oldest in Canada. Vincennes, the oldest town in Indiana, is situated on the left bank of the Wabash River, one hundred miles south- west of Indianapolis, SECTION IV. A.D. 1700 to A.D. 1800. LESSON I. Events in the Early Part of the Eighteenth Century. 1. What law was passed in New York in 1700? A law against Catholic priests. The penalty for coming into or remaining in the Province was perpetual imprisonment; in case of escape and cap- ture, DEATH. 2. When was this law repealed? In 1784. 3. What wars occurred during the first half of the eigh- teenth century? Two wars between the French and English ; namely, Queen Anne's War (1702 to 1713), and King George's War (1744 to 1748). 4. By what names were these wars known in Europe? Queen Anne's was known as the War of the Spanish Succession, and King George's as the War of the Austrian Succession. 57 58 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 5. What happened iu Florida during Queen Anne's War^ The governor of South Carolina made war against the Christian Indians of Florida, desolated the whole valley of the Appalachicola, laid in ashes their towns from the Altamaha to the Savannah, and killed several of their missionaries (1704). 6. How many Indians were killed? Eight hundred were killed on the spot, and four- teen hundred were taken captive by Governor Moore. Some of these he employed in cultivating his fields, and others he sold for his own pecuniary profit. 7. What happened sixty years later? The whole colony of Florida fell into the hands of the English. 8. What was the result? The missions were destroyed, and the poor Indi- ans, forced to resume that wandering life from which Christianity had reclaimed them, took the name of Seminoles (Wanderers), gradually lost the Catholic Faith, and became the scourge of the whites. 9. What was the principal event of King George's War? The capture of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, by a combined force of English and colo- nial troops. 10. What disgraceful event took place in Maine in 1724? Father Rasle (ral), one of the greatest of the Ab- naki missionaries, and who had labored for thirty years among the red men of the forest, was cruelly put to death by the English. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 11. Describe his death. He fell pierced by many bullets, at the foot of the Mission Cross, seven chiefs, who had gathered around him, sharing his fate. 12. What fort was erected by the French in 1731^ Crown Point, which was destined to be the scene of many a bloody battle in later days. Soon after, a missionary station was founded at Ogdensburg. 13. What State was settled in 1733? Georgia, at Savannah, by the English under Oglethorpe. This State was the last settled of the Old Thii-teen. 14. Why was it called Georgia? It was named Georgia in honor of George II., at that time king of England. 15. What was Oglethorpe's plan? His plan was to establish a colony in which op- pressed debtors from England might find a refuge and a chance to commence life over again. 16. What can you say of the charter of this colony? It granted lands and religious toleration to all settlers except Roman Catholics. 17. Who accordingly came to the colony? Settlers from many parts. Jews were sent out by merchants of that faith from London. German Protestants from Salzburgh founded Ebenezer, and Scotch Highlanders settled New Inverness.* 60 sadlier's elementary 18. Of what singular delusion was New York the scene in 1741? Some fii-es, apparently accidental, led to the be- lief in a plot of the negro slaves to burn the city and massacre the people. The accusation was never proved; nevertheless, eleven negroes were burned alive at the stake, eighteen were hung, and fifty were transported to the West Indies. 19. What further! At last, a letter from Oglethorpe led to the idea that a Catholic priest was the guilty party. There being no priest in the colony, a poor schoolmaster, suspected of being one, was tried, condemned, and executed. SYNOPSIS, I. TJie eighteenth century was opened in New Yorb by the penal laws against Catholics. II. During thefiist half of this century two wars occurred between the French and English, known respec- tively as Queen Anne's and King George's War. During the former, the governor of South Carolina invaded Florida and carried desolation among the peaceful Catholic Indians. Sixty years later, the whole colony of Florida fell into the hands of the English. III. In 1733 f Georgia, the last of the thirteen original States, was settled at Savannah, the charter granting reli- gious freedom to all except Catholics. IV. In 174-lf John Ury, supposed to be a Catholic priest, was tried, and on most uiiworthy evidence con- demned and executed, as having some connection with the so-called Negro Plot. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 61 LESSON IL French and Indian War. 1. To what portion of North America did the French lay el&im ? All the interior portions of North America ad- jacent to the Rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their tributaries, were claimed by the French. 2. Upon what did the French base their claim? On the fact that they had explored and occupied that territory. 3. By whom was the claim disputed? By the English, who claimed the whole country from Newfoundland to Florida and from the At- lantic to the Pacific. 4. Upon what did the English base their right? Upon the discoveries of Cabot along the Atlantic coast. 5. How did the French endeavor to secure their posses- sions? By erecting forts at various points throughout tliis region. 6. How was war begun? In 1753, Dinwiddle, the lieutenant-governor of Virginia, commanded the French to withdraw from. Ohio; and, on their refusal, a party was sent against tliem tlie following year under the com- mand of George Washington. 62 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY 7. When and where was George Washington bom? On tlie 22d of February, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was thus only, twenty- two years of age at the time of this expedition, 8. For what was his youth remarkable ? For his love of truth, and liis close application to study, 9. Mention an instance of his candor. One day, after a new hatchet had been given him, he went around trying its edge, and thus ruined his father's favorite cherry tree. On discovering the mischief, Mr. Washington called George to inquire if he knew who had done it. The noble boy replied, " Father, I cannot tell a lie ; I did it with my little hatchet." " Come to my arms, my son," responded his father ; " to know that you are not afraid to tell the truth, is more to me than a thousand trees." 10. Whither did Washington proceed when sent against the French, in 1754? He marclied toward Fort Duquesne {-Jcane)y near the spot on which Pittsburg now stands. He himself had erected a small fort, which he called Fort Neces- sity ; and here he was attacked by a superior body of French and compelled to suri*ender, with the honor- able privilege, however, of returning to Virginia. 11. What disgraceful act was committed by the English in 1755? The English, jealous of the French, determined to disperse the peaceful inhabitants of Acadia among HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 63 the other British colonies. Accordingly, an armed force being sent against them, they were compelled to give up their property ; and they themselves (in number about 7,000) were carried off to various points along the coast, from Maine to Louisiana, and landed penniless. ,^ I ■ ~^oS^ -o .^^ 12. What fur- ther? ^ _ No regard --^----^^^^S^^/^^^^^"^ was paid to ^°^ expulsion op the acadians. family ties; children were separated from their parents, wives from husbands, and sisters from brothers ; thus in misery and exile, this once happy people lingered out a weary existence. 13. Wliat great poet has immortalized this event? Longfellow, in his " Evangeline.*' 64 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY 14. What did Acadia, as claimed by the French, embrace ? Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. 15. How was this crime soon punished? In the same year (1755) another expedition against Fort Duquesne was planned under General Brad- dock, who had just arrived with reinforcements from England. Braddock was defeated and killed ; and the remnant of the army was saved only by the courage and coolness of Washington. 16. What is said of Washington in this battle? Washington had two horses shot under him, and WASHINGTON AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. four bullets passed through his coat ; yethe remained unhurt An Indian is said to have declared that he HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 65 fired at Washington fifteen times without being able to hit him once. 17. What took place in 1759? Niagara was taken by Sir William Johnson, and Quebec by General Wolfe, who fell in the moment of victory. 18. Wliat can you say of the siege of Quebec? The citadel lay far above the reach of the English cannon, and the craggy bluff, bristling with guns, repulsed every effort. At length, Wolfe discovered a narrow path, scarcely wide enough for two men abreast, leading up the steep precipice. 19. What was then done? At night the troops sailed silently down the stream to the spot known as Wolfe's Cove, and in the darkness scaled the precipice. The morning light revealed to the French the whole British force drawn up in battle array. 20. What is related of Wolfe? Hearing the cry, "Tliey fly! They fly!" he asked, *'Wlio fly?" and being answered, "The French," he exclaimed, " I die content ! " 21. What is said of Montcalm, the French commander, who also fell mortally wounded? , Being told that his wound was mortal, he ex- claimed : " So much the better ! I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec ! " When applied to for advice concerning the steps to bo taken, he gave it 66 sadlier's elementary cheerfully, but said that as his time was short, he desired to be " left alone tvith GodJ^ Having received the last Sacraments, he lingered until the next morning, when he calmly expired. 22. What was the result of the Peace of Paris which took place in 1763? France ceded to England Canada and her other provinces in the north, including all east of the Mississippi. 23. What took place soon after the Treaty of Paris? Pontiac's War, so called from the Indian chief who headed it. It ended in the submission of the Indians. 8TNOPSTS» I. As time roUed oti, both the French and English in America rapidly increased in numbers. Their respective boundaries never having been defined, this led to many dis- putes. II. The French determined to resist the further progress of the English by erecting forts at various points along the interior of the country. This gave rise to a war, commencing in 1754, which resulted in the conquest of Can- ada by the English. During this war, George Washington, then a young man, commenced his brilliant military career. III. 1 755 tvas disgraced by the cruel expulsion of the French inhabitants of Acadia. The same year the English met retribution in the defeat of Braddock at Fort Duquesne. rV. In 1763 a treaty was signed at Paris by which France ceded to England all lands east of the Mississippi, except a small portion near its mouth. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 67 JLESSON III. The Revolution. 1. What was the prominent cause of the American Revo- lution? The attempt of England to tax the American colonies without their consent. 2. When was the Stamp Act passed? In 1765. 3. What was the Stamp Act? It was an act requiring the Americans to write all their contracts, mortgages, deeds, bonds, and other legal documents on stamped paper, 4. Who provided this paper? The English government alone ; and the stamp on each sheet cost about ten cents. 5. How was the news of the passage of this act received in the colonies? With indignation and defiance. All the stamps that arriv ed were either hid, burned, or sent back. In Boston and Philadelphia, bells were muffled and rung. In New York, the act was paraded through the streets with this inscription : '' The Folly of England, and the Ruin op America." 6. What did the celebrated patriot, Patrick Henry, advise the Americans to do? Patrick Henry advised the Americans to write on any kind of paper they liked. 68 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 7. What did lie exclaim in the Colonial Assembly? " Ccesar had Ms Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell^ and George IIL—" Here lie was stopped by u, cry of ^< Treason! Trea- .w/ " but he calmly »'-^^^--^^ added, ''ma?/ profit hy their example^ NeverthelesSjliisres- olution was passed. PATRICK HENRY ADDRESSING THE VIRGINIA ASSEMBLY. 8. What effect did the opposition of the colonies have? The Stamp Act was repealed, March, 1760- HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 69 9. What was the next act of opposition on the part of the British Parliament*? A duty was laid on tea, glass, and several other articles. 10. What was the result of this Act? It was so bitterly opposed- in the colonies that the duties on all articles were repealed, except threepence per pound on tea. bostojn tea Party. 11. How did the people of Boston show their opposition to the Tea Tax? A party of men disguised as Indians went on board ship during the night, and threw the tea, con- sisting of 342 chests, into th e bay. This proceeding is often called "The Boston Tea Party" (1773). 70 sadlier's elementary 12. How did the English government punish this deed? By making a law called the Boston Port Bill, forbidding the landing of any goods in the city. 13. When and where did the first general American Con- gress meet? At Philadelphia, September, 1774. They drew up a Declaration of Rights, and sent a petition for justice to the king of England. 14. Meanwhile what preparation for war were the Ameri- cans making? They provided themselves with guns and powder and ball; and formed military companies to be ready at a minute's warning, which were hence called '^ minutemen." 15. What incident took place, about this time, concern- ing the Boston boys? The British soldiers had amused themselves by repeatedly throwing down some snow houses built by the Boston boys, who, in vain, remonstrated with the captain. At last, the largest boys appealed to G-eneral Gage. " We come, sir,^^ said they, " to de- mand satisfaction. We have never injured your troops; hut they have trodden down our snow hills, and broJcen down the ice on our sJcating ground^ 16. What reply did General Gage make? The general replied : " You may go, my brave boys, and be assured, if my troops trouble you again, they shall be punished.^^ Then, turning to an officer, he added : " The very children here draw in a lovo of liberty ivith the air they breathed HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 71 17. "Where was the first blood shed during the Ee volution? At Lexington, wliither General Gage, the English commander, had sent 800 soldiers to destroy some powder and ball belonging to the Americans. The English lost 180 5 the Americans a smaller number. 18. What effect had the news of this encounter? The Americans resolved to drive the British out of the country ; and, in less than a month, 20,000 men had encamped around Boston. 19. When was the memorable battle of Bunker Hill fought ? June 17, 1775. The British were twice repulsed, but finally succeeded in carrying the fortification. BAYONET CHARGE AT BUNKER HILL. 72 sadlier's elementary 20. Who was cliosen commander-in-chief of the American forces? George Washington, who was then in the fort}^- fourth year of his age. 21. What aid did the Brit- ish Government secure? It made a bargain with the Prince of Hesse, in Germany, for seventeen thousand soldiers, paying thirty-six dollars for each man. 22. Who, about this time, was sent to invade Canada? General Montgomery, a young and talented Irish- man who had left his na- tive country to aid the Americans in gaining their independence. 23. What was his fate? He took Montreal ; but in an attempt to scale the walls of Quebec, he fell mortally wounded. On his death, the expedition was abandoned (Dec. 31, 1775). 24. How did Washington compel the British to evacuate Boston (March 17, 1776)? By fortif3dng Dorchester Heights, near Boston, Washington obliged the British to leave the city. HESSIAN GRENADIEK. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 25. What occurred in June, 1776? The British attacked Charleston, South Carolina. It was defended by a fort of palmetto logs erected on an island in the harbor, and garrisoned by troops under the command of Colonel Moultrie. 26. What was the result? Colonel Moultrie was completely victorious, and his name was afterwards given to the fort. 27. Mention an incident connected with the attack on Fort Moultrie. In the early part of the action, the stajff was struck JASPER REPLACING THE FLAG. 74 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY by a ball, and the flag fell outside the fort. Sergeant Jasper leaped over the breastwork, amidst a shower of balls, caught up the flag, and, fastening it to a ramrod, placed it once more on the fort. 28. When did the Declaration of Independence take place ? The Declaration of American Independence took place July 4th, 1776. 29. What were the thirteen colonies declared to be? Free, Sovereign, and Independent States. 30. What was the effect of this Declaration? By it, all connection with Great Britain was for- ever dis::olved. 31. By whom was the Declaration signed? By fifty-four delegates from the various States. 32. Whose name led the rest? John Hancock, as president. 33. What did he observe as he rose from his seat, after having written his signature in a bold, clear hand? " There! John Bull can read that without specta- cles; and may now double his reward of five hundred pounds for my head. That is my defiance^ 34. What was remarked when Charles Carroll of Carroll" ton signed his name? ^^Therego millionsr exclaimedBenjaminFranklin. 35. What embassy was sent to Canada in 1776? An embassy composed of Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll, and Rev. John Car- roll, was sent to obtain the alliance of the Canadi- ans; but their mission failed, owing in part to the anti-Catholic conduct of certain American officers. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. STNOrSIS. I. Uie expenses attendant on the French and Indian War afEorded England a pretext for extorting money from the colonists. Duties were accordingly imposed on various arti- cles imported into the colonies. In 1765 was passed the famous Stamp Act, by which all papers, bonds, etc., used in the colonies, were required to bear stamps, which could be obtained from the British Government alone. II. So great tvas the opposition with which this act was received in the colonies, that England repealed it the following year. Soon after, however, another act was passed, imposing a tax on tea, glass, and several other articles. This being also bitterly opposed, the duties were removed from all articles except tea. III. Parllainent persisting in its claims, the first gen- eral American Congress met at Philadelphia, in 1774. This body drew up a Declaration of Rights and sent a petition for justice to the king of England. IV. Hie first blood was shed at Lexington. It was but a slight skirmish, yet it gave the signal for a general rising; and soon after was fought the famous battle of Bunker Hill. V. Hie Americans having made a gallant though unsuccessful attack on Canada, the English began to per- ceive that it would not be so easy to conquer the rebels. They accordingly secured the services of some Hessian, or German, soldiers. VI. The same year George Washington was chosen commander-in-chief of the American forces ; and on the 4th of July, 1776; the Declaration of Independence was pro- claimed. By this all connection between Great Britain and the colonies was forever dissolved. 76 saduer's elementaev LESSON IV. The Revolution.— (Continued.) 1. What took place in August, 1776? General Howe, the British commander, attacked and defeated the Americans at Brooklyn, Long Island. 2. What was Wash- ington soon after obliged to do? Washington was compelled to re- treat across the Hudson River, and through New Jer- sey into Pennsyl- vania. 3. What bold move- ment of Washington revived the drooping spirits of the Ameri- cans? On Christmas night (1776) he crossed the Delaware, notwith- standing that the river was filled with broken and floating ice, and, surprising the Hessians in the midst of festivity, defeated them at Trenton. GEORGE WASHINGTON. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 77 WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 4. What "battle did Washington soon after gain! The battle of Princeton. 5. What nation now came to the aid of the Americans? France. During the winter a French ship ar- rived carrying 1,000 barrels of powder and 10,000 mnskets for the American army. Later, France acknowledged the independence of the United States, and supplied the American Revolution with 10,000 men and 300,000,000 dollars. 78 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY LAFAYETTE. 6. What eelDbrated French nobleman fitted out a vessel at his own expense, and joined the Americans in 1777? The Marquis of Lafayette. 7. What can you say of Lafayette ? He was born to high rank and vast fortune, and, at the age of nineteen, crossed the ocean to aid the Americans. He was immediately made a major-general, and soon became the bosom friend of Washington. 8. What army took the field in the North, in 1777? A powerful British army, under the command of General Burgoyne. He took Ticonderoga and Fort Edward, but was defeated by the Americans at Fort Stamvix, Bennington, and Saratoga. 9. What was the watchword at the battle of Bennington ? The Americans were headed by General Stark, who, just before the battle, made the following inspiring speech to his little army : " Soldiers ^^^ he said, " we must conquer to-day ^ or to-night Molly StarJi is a ividow! " HISTORY OF THE UKITED STATES, 79 10. What was the result of the battle of Saratoga? General Bnrgoyne, with his army of 6,000 men, surrendered to the Americans. This was the turn- ing point of the war, October 7, 1777. 11. What did Washington at the South this year? He endeavored to keep the English at bay, but was defeated in the battles of Brandywine and GermantowDo Cold weather then setting in, he led his army into winter quarters, at Valley Forge, about twenty miles from Philadelphia. 12. What can you say of the winter at Valley Forge? It was one of intense suffering to the American army. They lacked food and clothing, and many officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. 13. What took place in the spring of 1778? The English, hearing of the arrival of French troops, and fearful of being hemmed in at Phila- delphia, evacuated that city. 14. What occurred on their retreat through New Jersey? They were attacked by Washington at Monmouth , where along but indecisive engagement took place. 15. What incident occurred at the battle of Monmouth ? An American artilleryman named Pitcher was killed while loading his cannon. His wife, Molly Pitcher, who was bringing him some water from a spring, immediately took his place at the gun, and remained there during the day. She was ever 80 sadlier's elementary afterwards called " Captain MollyP Washington made her a sergeant, and Congress gave her half- pay for life. 16. What mournful event took place in July, 1778? The Massacre of Wyoming (wi-o'mmg), 17. Give some account of it. A band of Indians and Englishmen disguised as Indians, burst into this beautiful valley, laid waste the settlements, and slew the inhabitants, men, women, and children. They even cut out the tongues of the horses and cows, and left the poor beasts to die. 18. What city did the British take in December, 1778? Savannah. 19. Did the Americans submit calmly to the loss of Sa- vannah? The Americans, aided by the French, made a vig- orous attempt to regain Savannah (October, 1779), but were repulsed with great loss, the gallant Pulaski being among the slain. 20. Who was Pulaski? A Polish nobleman who came to aid the cause of American independence. During the second year of the war he commanded an independent corps of caval- ry, lancers, and light infan- try, caUed Pulaski's Legion. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 21. What can you say of the capture of Stony Point, July, 1779? The capture of Stony Point, on the Hudson, by General Wayne, was one of the most brilliant ex- ploits of the war. GIVING THE COUNTERSIGN AT STONY POINT. 22. How was the countersign olDtained? The countersign was obtained from a negro who sold strawberries at the fort. At midnight, General Wayne's troops entered the works from different sides and carried them at the point of the bayonet. Bi2 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 23. What celebrated victory took place in September, 1779? Paul Jones with a small squadron fitted out in France, but sailing under the American flag, gained an important victory over a British frigate, oif the coast of Scotland. 24. How was lie rewarded? The Order of Merit was bestowed on him by Louis XVI. of France, while Congress gave him a vote of thanks and presented him with a gold medal. SYNOPSIS, I. Washington being defeated on Long Island re- treated into Pennsylvania, but on Christmas night, 1776, surprised the Hessians at Trenton and gained a famous vic- tory. During the summer of 1777, the British general, Bur- goyne, took Tieonderoga and Fort Edward, but was defeated at Bennington and Saratoga. II. About this time Lafayette fitted out a vessel at his own expense and joined the Americans. III. A severe winter at Valley Forge was followed in the spring (1778) by a victory at Monmouth and the arrival of supplies from France. In the fall of 1778 the scene of conflict moved to Georgia, which being subdued by the Brit- ish, the war was transferred to South Carolina. IV. In July, 1779, took place one of the most brilliant exploits of the war, the capture of Stony Point, by General Wayne. In September the Americans attempted to retake Savannah, but were repulsed. V. During the same month, a splendid naval victory was gained in the American cause by Paul Jones, off the coast of Scotland. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 83 LESSON V. The Revolution.— (Concluded.) 1. What disgraceful event occurred in 1780? General Arnold attempted to betray West Point into the hands of the British, on condition that they would make him a general in the army and give him about $50,000. CAPTURE OP MAJOR ANDRlfi. 2. Witli whom did Arnold make his arrangements? With a British major named John Andr6. 84 sadlier's elementary 3. How was the treason detected? Andre was on his return to New York after an interview with Arnold, and had reached Tarry town, when he was stopped by three Americans who thought his appearance suspicious. 4. What did they find on his person? They found treasonable papers concealed in his boots. 5. What was his fate ? He was hung as a spy. 6. What became of Arnokl?' He joined the British army, received the price of his infamy, and with it the contempt of the world. 7. What battle did the Americans gain, nnder General Greene, in September, 1781? The battle of Eutaw Springs. 8. After this battle where did the British commander^ Cornwallis, fortify himself? At Yorktown, Virginia. 9. What did Washington? Washington, aided by Lafayette and Rochambeau {ro-sham-ho'), proceeded against Cornwallis. 10. On his arrival at Yorktown, what took place? A close siege ; at the conclusion of which Corn- wallis was obliged to surrender himself and his whole army to General Washington as prisoners of war. This joyful event terminated The Revo- lution (October 19th, 1781). HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 85 SUEEENDER OF COENWALLIS. 11. What was the effect of the news of this victory, at Philadelphia? The news reached Philadelphia at two o'clock, A.M. The people were awakened by the watch- man's cry, "Past two o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken." They embraced one another, shouted, and wept; and one old man, the doorkeeper of Con- gress, died of joy. The names of Washington, Lafayette, and Rochambeau were in every month, and Congress voted them the highest honors. 86 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 12. Where was a solemn Mass of Thauksgiving offered, in presence of the victorious generals? At St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia. 13. When was the American army disbanded? November 3d, 1783, at which time Washington bade farewell to his soldiers. 14. When did the British evacuate New Yorkr November 25th, 1783, after which General Wash- ington, accompanied by Governor Clinton, entered the city in triumph. 15. When was the Constitution adopted? In 1787, at a National Convention held at Phila- delphia. 16. Who was chosen first President of the United States? George Washington. 17. Who was chosen Vice-President? John Adams, of Massachusetts. 18. What new States were admitted into the Union during Washington's term of office? Vermont (1791) ; Kentucky (1792) ; Tennessee (1796). 19. How long did Washington remain in office ? Two terms, or eight years ; but having declined a third term, John Adams was elected to succeed him. 20. What did Washington then do? Washington then retired into private life at Mount Vernon, followed by the love and veneration of the American people, and affording to succeeding ages a noble example of disinterestednecs. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 8? 21. What moiiruful ovout sigualized the close of the eigh- teenth century? The death of Washmgton, which occurred in December, 1799. His remains were deposited in a family vault on the banks of the Potomac, where they still lie entombed. SYNOPSIS. I. In 1780, the name of Arnold was forever branded as that of a traitor, by his attempt to betray West Point into the hands of the British. Arnold escaped, but his British accomplice was hung as a spy. II. Tlie battle of Eutaw Springs, gained by the Americans in September, 1781, was followed, in October, by tlie complete surrender of Lord Cornwallis and his army. This event terminated the Revolution. III. The news was received throughout the country with intense joy, and a solemn Mass of Thanksgiving was offered in St. Joseph's Church, Philadelphia, in presence of the vic- torious generals. IV. In 1787, at a National Convention held at Phila- delphia, the Constitution was adopted. Washington was inaugurated first President of the United States, in New York (April 30, 1789). V. Having fulfilled with honor his high office dur- ing two terms, Washington retired again into private life. In December, 1799, the country was plunged into mourn- ing by the death of this great man, who may with justice be styled the "Father of Ids Country." His remains lie entombed on the banks of the Potomac. ss SAPLIER'S ELEMENTABY LESSON VI. Catholicity and the Revolutioiu 1. What event important to Catholicity took place in 1789 "? Father John Carroll, S. J., wasconsecratedthefii-st bishop of the United States. At this time, there were not more than six Catholic churches in the Atlantic colonies. 2. How had Catholics been treated in the Atlantic colo- nies for almost a century pre- vious to the Eevolution 1 As in Eng- land, they had been proscribed, loaded with heavy taxes, and deprived of civil rights ; and this even on the very spot on which they themselves had first unfurled the banner of religious liberty, *'Us only home in the tvide ivorld,^ as Bancroft styles St. Mary^s on the Potomac. BISHOP CARROLL. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 89 3. What effect had the Revolutiou on this state of things? The Revolution became the dawn of a new era for Catholicity in this country. 4. What led to this? The first important advance in religious freedom was probably in consequence of the alliance with France in 1778. With a Catholic ally, the Govern- ment could not well denounce Catholicity. 5. What took place on the arrival of the French? When the French troops landed at Boston, the selectmen of the capital of New England (amid the ridicule of the English party) followed a crucifix through the streets ; when the French fleet entered Narra gansett Bay, the law excluding Roman Catho- lics from civil rights was repealed; when the French troops were at Philadelphia, Congress went to Mass. (3. What happened in New York and Boston during the last year of the war? The Catholics of Boston were allowed the use of a schoolhouse on School Street ; and those of New York assembled above a carpenter's shop in Bar- clay Street. 7. What priest first assembled a permanent congregation in New York? After the war, the Rev. Charles Whelan, an Irish Franciscan, previously a chaplain in the French fleet, settled at New York, and was the first who assembled a permanent congregation in that city. 90 sadlier's elementary 8. What celebrated Frejicli Catholics fought for the American cause? We find on the muster-roll of the Revolution the proud French names of De Lafayette, Rocham- beau, De Montmorenci, De Lausun, De Chartel- leaux [shar-tel-o') ; and they were accompanied in arms by the Counts Dillon, McMahon, and Roche-Fermoy, descen- dants of Irish Catholic fugitives long settled in France. BOOHAMBEAU. 9. What celebrated Irish names are linked with the cause of our freedom? Of the eight brigadier- generals under Washington at the first council of war held by him, two were Irishmen, Montgomery of New York and Sullivan of New Hampshire ; and, " in the course of the war," says Darcy McGee, " one third of the active chiefs of the army were of Irish birth or descent." 10. Name a few of "Washington's first commanders of artil- lery who were either Irishmen or descendants of Irishmen. Montgomery, who fell mortally wounded at the assault on Quebec ; Moylan, Washington's aid-de- camp and commissary general, and afterwards com- mander of the dragoons ; Colonel Butler, Genera^, HISTORY OP THE UNITED STi^TES. 91 Wayiie, Major-General Sullivan, and Colonel Fitzgerald , Wasliin g- ton's favorite aid-de- camp. 11. What can you say of the navy? The first naval cap- ture in the name of the United Colonies, that of GENERAL WAYNE. tlic Britlsli storc-shlp Margaretta, was made by five brothers named O'Brien, sons of Manrice O'Brien, then residing in Maine. 12. What does Fenimore Cooper style this affair? " The Lexington of tJie seasj^ 13. What can you say of Captain John Barry? Among the first naval commissions issued by Congress, in 1775, was that of Captain John Barry, surnamed " The Father of the Amer- ican Navy." Under him were trained Dale, Decatur, Stewart, and Murray. CAPTAIN BAKKV 92 sadlier's elementary 14. How many of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence were Irish either by birth or descent? Nine ; or more than one fifth. 15. What remarkable words did Washington use in his reply to the address of the Roman Catholics after the Revo- lution? ^^ I presume that your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part which you took in the accomplish- ment of the Revolution and the establishment of their government, or the important assistance they received from a nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is professed^ 16. What aid did we receive from Catholic Spain? At an early period of tlie war, Spain sent a liberal gift of money. Afterwards, she sent cargoes of sup- plies to us from Bilbao, and put at the disposal of the United States, ammunition and supplies at New Orleans. She also sent blankets for ten regiments, made a gift of $150,000 through our representa- tive, and in many other ways aided the American cause. 17. What did Count Bernardo de Galvez, the young Span- ish governor of Louisiana, do for our cause? The English having seized an American schooner on the Louisiana Lakes, he confiscated English ves- sels in reprisal ; he besieged the English at Baton Rouge, and compelled it to surrender ; and, finally, he took Pensacola, which blow crushed the British power on our southern frontier. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STaTES. 93 13. From what Catholic Indian tribe did Washington ask and obtain aid during the Revolution? From the Abnaki of Maine. Orono, also, tlie noble and virtuous chief of the Penobscots, bore a commission in our army, and his clansmen fought by his side. 19. What occurred after peace was restored? A solemn deputation of the Abnaki, bearing with them the cross of the martyred Father Rasle, waited on Bishop Carroll to ask for a priest. Their request was granted, and to this day, the Abnaki of Maine remain true to their Faith. THE INDIAN DEPUTATION TO BISHOP CARROLL. 94 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY San Francisco Bay. Pacific Ocean. Golden Gate. bird's eye view of SAN FRANCISCO. 20. What important city on the Pacific coast was founded in 1776? San Francisco, by the Spanish Franciscans, under Father Serra. 21. What can you say of the California missions? Between the years 1768 and 1822, the Franciscans founded along the Pacific coast twenty-one mis- sions, the chief of which were San Diego, Mon- terey, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara. At their most flourishing period the missions numbered 75,000 converted Indians. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 95 22. When was the first Mass offered in the region of the Alleghanies? Christmas Eve, 1799, at the hands of tlie prince- priest, Father Demetrius Gallitzin. 23. What can you say of Father Gallitzin? He was a Russian prince who, by becoming a Catholic, forfeited the honors which were his birth- right at home. 24. What further? Toucbed by the spiritual needs of this country, he devoted himself to a missionary career in the United States. Having established the beautiful Catholic village of Loretto, in western Pennsylvania, he died, full of years and good works. May 6th, 1840. 25. Wliat effect had the French Revolution on religion in the United States? What was a misfortune to France proved a blessing to this country. Between 1791 and 1799, twenty-three French priests sought an asylum on our shores, six of whom afterwards became bishops. 26. What were the statistics of Catholicity in the United States, at the close of the eighteenth century? Bishop Carroll's diocese was the entire United States ; his priests about forty or fifty in number, and his flock fifty thousand. Fifty years later, the Church in this country counted six archbishops, twenty-seven bishops, eighteen hundred priests, and a proportionate increase in the number of her lay children. 96 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY STKOPSIS. I. The Ttevohition proved the dawn of a new era foi Catholicity in this country. That spirit of intolerance which, in the preceding century, had set a price on the head of a priest, could scarcely survive in view of the Catholic blood, talent, and treasure poured out so lavishly in the American cause. n. In the devolution , Catholics bore their part bravely, as we see from the names of Carroll, Fitzsimmons, and others in Congress and State legislatures ; Moylan and Barry, with many an humbler hero, in the army and navy. Catholics, clergy and laity, were true. to the cause. There was no Catholic traitor. Catholic Spain and France, and even the Catholic Indians, lent their aid to the Americans. III. jyuring the last year of the war the Catholics of Boston were allowed the use of a sehoolhouse on School Street, and those of New York assembled above a carpen- ter's shop in Barclay Street. IV. In 1 789, Rev. J. Carroll, cousin of one of the sign- ers of the Declaration of Independence, was consecrated first Bishop of Baltimore, his diocese being the entire United States. LESSON VII. Chronological Review. — Eighteenth Century. 1700,— kn act against priests passed in New York. J 70-^.— Queen Anne's War begun. J 705.— The English from South Carolina destroyed the Indian missions in Florida. 17;^4.— Death of Father Rasle. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 1732,— George Washington "bom. 17^5.— Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah. 17^ i.— "Negro Plot" in New York. 1744.— King George's War begun. J 755.— Washington sent by Dinwiddle to St. Pierre. J 754. —Fort Necessity captured by the French; French driven from Acadia. 1 755. — Braddock defeated. J? 758.— Fort Duquesne taken by the English. 1 75£^. —Niagara taken by Johnson and Quebec by Wolfe ; death of Montcalm and Wolfe. 1700.— Montreal taken by the English. 1765.— Peace of Paris. 17(>5.— Stamp Act passed. 1766.— Stamp Act repealed. 1767.— Tax on tea, etc. 1 76S. —Upper California visited by Spanish Franciscans. 1770.— All duties except on tea repealed. 1773.— Tea thrown overboard in Boston harbor. 1774.— Boston Port Bill passed. 1775.— Battles of Lexington, Bunker Hill, and Quebec ; Montgomery killed ; Washington appointed commander-in- chief. 1 776.— Boston evacuated by the British ; attack on Fort Moultrife ; Declaration of Independence ; battles of Long Is- land, White Plains, and Trenton ; embassy from United States to Canada. 1777.— Battles of Princeton, Bennington, Brandywine, Saratoga, Germantown ; arrival of Lafayette ; surrender of Burgoyne ; Washington encamped at Valley JForge. 1778.— The British evacuated Philadelphia; battle of Monmouth ; American independence acknowledged by France ; French fleet arrived in Narragansett Bay ; Massacre of Wyoming ; the British took Savannah. 98 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY 1779.— Capture of Stony Point by Wayne-, Paul Jones' victory. 1771>.— Repulse of the Americans and French at Savan- nah ; death of Pulaski. 1 780.— The English at Baton Bouge surrendered to Count Galvez. J 780.— Second French fleet arrived at Newport; battle of Camden ; treason of Ai'nold ; execution of Andre. i 781. —Battles of Cowpens, Eutaw Springs, and York- town ; surrender of Cornwallis ; termination of the Revolu- •;ion. 178»'?.— Treaty of Peace signed at Paris. 1785.— New York evacuated by the British; army dis- banded ; Washington resigned his position. 1784.— Rev. John Carroll made Prefect Apostolic in the United States. 1780.— St. Peter's church erected in New York. 1787.— Constitution of the United States adopted. 1789.— Washington elected first President of the United States ; Dr. Carroll appointed first Bishop in the United States. 1789.— Georgetown College founded. 1790.— The city of Washington laid out by General Washington ; the Carmelites settled in Maryland. 1791.— Vermont admitted to the Union. 1791.— St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, founded. 179;^.— Kentucky admitted to the Union. 1795.— First priest (Father Badin) ordained in the United States. 1795.— Prince Gallitzin ordained. 1796*.— Tennessee admitted to the Union. 1797.— John Adams inaugurated President. 1799.— Sulpitian College founded at Baltimore; first Mass offered in the region of the AUeghanies. 1799.— Washington died at Mount Vernon. ' HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 99 LESSON VIII. Geographical Table No. 4. AUamaha, a river of Georgia, formed by the union of the Oconee and Ogeeehee Rivers. Appalachicola, a river of Florida, formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint, which unite at the south- west extremity of Georgia. Saton Honge, the i^resent capital of Louisiana, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 129 miles above New Orleans. Henningtoti^ a town in the southwestern part of Ver- mont, 37 miles northeast of Albany. JBilbaOf a city in the north of Spain, enclosed by lofty mountains. Boston, the capital of Massachusetts, and one of the leading commercial cities of the Union. Brandywine Creek, a stream which rises in the north- western part of Chester County, Pennsylvania, flows in a southeasterly direction, and empties into Christiana Creek at the city of Wilmington, Delaware. Croivn Point, a town of New York, on the west shore of Lake Champlain. Eiitaw Springs, a small branch of the Santee River, South Carolina. Germantown, now included in the city of Philadelphia. Lexington, a town of Massachusetts, 7 miles east of Concord. In 1799, a small monument was erected on Lex- ington Common to mark the scene of the first bloodshed of the Revolutionary War. London, the capital of England, situated on the Thames River. Momnoiith, a central county of New Jersey, drained by the Neversink, Shrewsbury, Shark, and Toms Rivers. The battle took place at Freehold. 100 SADLIER^S ELEMENTARY Mount Vernon f situated on the Potomac, S miles below Alexandria. Kew Orleans, the metroiDolis of Louisiana, situated on the Mississippi, about 100 miles from its mouth. Ogdensburg, a city of New York, situated on the St. Lawrence, about 200 miles northwest of Albany. Pensacola, a city on the west coast of Florida, situated on the bay of the same name. Philadelphia, the chief city of Pennsylvania, situated on the Delaware River, at the mouth of the Schuylkill. Princeton, a town of New Jersey, 11 miles northeast of Trenton. Savannah, the largest city and the commercial metrop- olis of Georgia, situated on the right bank of the Savannah River. It contains a monument to General Greene, and one to the memory of Pulaski. Saratoga, a famous watering place 30 miles north of Albany. Ticonderoga, a village of New York, situated at the butlet of Lake George. Two or three miles below this vil- lage are the ruins of the old Fort Ticonderoga, on the west shore of Lake Champlain. Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, situated on the left bankof the Delaware River, 30 milesnortheast of Philadelphia. West Point, the site of the United States Military Acad- emy, is situated on the right bank of the Hudson, 52 miles north of the city of New York. The natural strength of the place led to its selection for a fortress during the Revolution, and a heavy chain was stretched across the river (which is here very narrow) to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships. Wyoming Valley, a beautiful and fertile tract on the Susquehanna River, in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Yorktown, a town of Virginia situated on the right bank of the York River, 11 miles from its mouth. SECTION V. A.I). 1800 to A.IJ. 1900. LESSON I. Presidential Administrations from Jefferson to Buchanan 1. What occurred in 1800? The seat of government was removed from Phil adelphia to Washington. 2. Who succeeded John Adams in the presidency? Thomas Jeffer- son, the author of the Declaration of Independence (1801-1809). 3. What acquisi- tion was made by the United States in 1803? The French province of Loui- THOMAS JEFFERSON. 101 102 sadlier's elementary siana, a vast region extending from tlie Missis- sippi River to the Rocky Mountains, was purchased from France, for the sum of $15,000,000. 4. What did Napoleon say concerning this purchase? Napoleon observed, '' This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maritime rival that will, sooner or later, humble her pride." This prophecy was about to come true, as we shall see, in the War of 1812. 5. What events favorable to Catholicity occurred between 1804 and 1810? The restoration of the Jesuits in the United States (1805) ; the foundation of a Dominican mon- astery in Kentucky (1806), and of the Sistei's of Charity at Emmettsburg (1809), 6. For what was the year 1807 memorable?- For the first voyage of Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont. It made the trip in thirty-six hours. 7. Against what nation did the United States declare war in 1812? Great Britain. 8. What led "to this war? Great Britain claimed the right to search Ameri- can vessels and to take therefrom such seamen as were supposed to be British deserters. In pursu- ance of this claim, the American frigate, Chesa- peake, was fired and boarded, and/o?/r alleged de- serters (three of whom afterwards proved to be HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 103 Americans) were seized. This outrage, and others of a similar character, induced Cpngress to declare. war against Great Britain. 9. How was the first year of the war characterized? By great disasters to the Americans on land, the whole of Michigan Territory being lost by the ignominious surrender of General Hull, at Detroit (1812). 10. What helped to retrieve the honor of the country? Several brilliant naval victories gained by Captain Hull (nephew of General Hull), Decatur, and others. 11. What splendid vic- tory was gain- ed in 1813? Commo- dore Perry gained a splendid victory on Lake Erie over a Brit- ish fleet, every vessel being com- pelled to surrender. By this and other victo- ries, Michigan Territory was recovered and the war on the western frontier terminated. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY. 104 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY 12. What place was Ijombarded by the British in August, 1814? Fort McHenry near Baltimore. It was on this occasion that our beautiful national song, " The Star- Spangled Banner," was composed byFrancisS.Key. THE PATTLE OP NEW ORLEANS. 13. In what direction did the English now turn their arms 1 To the south ; but they were repulsed with great loss, by General Jackson, at New Orleans. 14. How many were slain? Two thousand British, including their com- mander, General Packenham (1815). HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 105 15. In what singular manner had General Jackson forti- ded the city? When lie saw tlie British approaching by water,, he conceived the happy idea of covering the in- trenchment with a great number of cotton bales, which, of course, no ball could penetrate. 16. Meanwhile what had occurred? A treaty of peace between the United States and England had been signed, at Ghent, December 24th, 1814 ; but the news did not reach this coun- try until the following February. 17. During whose administration did the War of 1812 occur? During the administration of James Madison, who succeeded Thomas Jefferson, in 1809. 18. What occurred during the administration of the next President lames Monroe (1817-1825) ? A Bill was passed known as the " Missouri Com- promise," by which it was declared that, with the exception of Missouri, slavery should be prohibited in the territory north of the parallel 36^ 30', and west of the Mississippi. 19. What can you say of John Quiney Adams' term of office (1825-1829)? It was one of peace, and the nation made rapid advances in population and wealth. During it, the first railroad in the United States was completed, and the Erie Canal opened. 106 sadlier's elementary 20. What happened on the fiftieth anniversary of Ameri* can Independence? On the Fourth of July, 1826, by a singular coin- cidence, occurred the deaths of the two venerable ex-Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 21. What took place during Jackson's administration (1829-1837)? The attempts to remove the Seminoles from Florida met with a fierce opposition from many of the tribe, under their chief, Osceola. 22. What ensued? A fierce war ensued, at the close of which, Osceola was seized and sent to Fort Moultrie, and the In- dians were defeated under General Taylor (1837). 23. What can you say, in general, of the conduct of the whites toward the Indians? It has, in general, been characterized by great in- justice and cruelty. The Indians liavir been dispos- sessed of their lands, at the plf^Poare of the whites, and driven to the far West. With the exception of the Catholic missionaries, \n Uo have devoted to them their lives and labors, few seem to consider the rights or the welfare of the Indians as of any account. 24. Name the four Presidents who, in turn, succeeded Jackson. Van Buren (1837-1841), whose presidency was noted for a great financial crisis ; Harrison, who died shortly after his accession (1841) ; Tyler, dur- ing whose administration Texas was annexed to the United States (1841-1845) ; and Polk (1845- 1849), HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 107 25. What war occiUTed during Polk's administration ? A war between the United States and Mexico, concerning the annexation of Texas. 26. How was it concluded? By the capture of Vera Cruz, Mexico (1847), and other places, by General Scott. .S FIRST VIEW OP THE CITY OF MEXICO, FROM THE SUMMIT OF THE CORDILLERAS. 27. When was a treaty of peace concluded? February 2d, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed by both nations. By this treat}^, the United States obtained the whole of New Mexico and Upper Cali- fornia. 28. Name the three succeeding Presidents. Zachary Taylor, whbse administration (1849- 108 sadlier's elementary 1850) was noted for the discovery of gold in Califor nia, and the consequent rapid emigration thither ; Millard Fillmore, during whose term (1850-1853) the Japanese sent an embassy of seventy persons to this country ; and Franklin Pierce, during whose administration (1853-1857) the Bill of the Mis- souri Compromise was repealed. SYNOPSIS, I. The 19th Century opened with the removal of the seat of government from Philadelphia to Washington. The next year Thomas Jefferson became President, and two years later, Louisiana was purchased. II. In 1812, during the presidency of Madison, war was again declared between the United States and Great Britain. The latter nation claimed the right to search American vessels, which right the Americans denied. The war lasted two years and was finally settled by the Treaty of Ghent (December 24th, 1814). III. Monroe's Presidency was noted for the Bill of the Missouri Compromise; J. Q. Adams', for great national peace and prosperity ; Jackson's, for the Seminole War ; Vau Buren's, for the great financial crisis of 1837; and Harri- son's, for his sudden death. IV. During Tyler*s Administration, Texas was annexed to the United States, and this brought about a war with Mexico during Polk's term of office. The capture of the city of Mexico terminated the war in favor of the United States. V. Taylor^s Administration was noted for the dis- covery of gold in California ; Fillmore's, for the Japanese Embassy ; and Pierce's, for the repeal of the Missouri Com- promise Bill. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 LESSON 11. The Civil War. 1. Who succeeded Pierce f James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania (1857-1861). He had previously been American minister to Rus- sia and to Great Britain. 2. What States were admitted into the Union during Buchanan's admin- istration? Minnesota (in 1858); Oregon (in 1859) ; and Kan- sas (in 1861). 3. What can you say of Oregon? Oregon Terri- tory was organ- ized in 1848, and then included all the possessions of the United States west of the Rocky Moun- tains. It has since been divided into the States of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 4. By whom was the Faith planted in Oregon? By Rev. F. N. Bhanehet and Rev. Modest Demers. They arrived at Fort Vancouver in November, JAMES BUCHANAN. 110 sadlier's elementary 1838, having passed the summit of the Rocky Mountains. Oregon City was made a metropolitan see in 1846, with Rev. F. N. Blanchet as first Arch- bishop. 5. What celebrated missionary had, in 1840, commenced missions in Idaho? Father John De Smet, the greatest Indian mis- sionary of the age. 6. What can you say of him? He established flourishing missions among the Flatheads and other tribes, and during the succeed- ing thirty years he devoted to them his energies and his life. With undaunted heart he faced hostile and savage tribes, mastered strange dialects, and con- verted, baptized, and civilized barbarous tribes. He expired among his brethren at St. Louis, in May, 1872. 7. What question was, at this time (1857), much agitated! The Slavery Question. 8. What can you say of "John Brown's Raid**? In 1859, an attempt, called John Brown's Raid, was made to seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and thus to capture and liberate a large number of slaves. The undertaking proved unsuccessful ; and several who engaged in it, including John Brown himself, were tried and executed. 9. Who succeeded Buchanan? Abraham Lincoln (1861), who was decidedly op. posed to slavery. mSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Ill 10. What effect did his election produce in the South* South Carolina seceded, or broke off, from the Union, December 20th, 1860; and her ex- ample was soon fol- lowed by Mississip- pi, Alabama, Flor- ida, Georgia, Loui- siana, and Texas. 11. What did the seceding States do? They adopted a constitution, as- sumed the title of "Confederate States of America,'* and elected Jeffer- son Davis, a distin- guished statesman and soldier, Presi- dent. 12. What other States afterwards Join ed the Confederacy? Virginia, North Carolina, Tennes- see, and Arkansas. jsffbeson davis. ABRAHAM LlSa^LN. 112 sadlier's elementary 13. What was one of the first acts of the Confederates? The bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter, (AprU 12th, 1861). .±^f£SJ^^M BOMBAEDMENT OP FORT SUMTEB, 14. Which was the first great conflict of the war? The battle of Bull Run (July, 1861), in which the Union forces, being defeated, fled panic-stricken from the field. 15. Who now took command of the Union Army on the Potomac? General George B. McClellan, HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 113 16. Mention some of the most important events of the war during the early part of the year 1862. The capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant, and the taking of New Orleans by Admiral Farragut. 17. What remarkable naval "battle took place in March, 1862? The combat between the Monitor and the Mer- rimac. 18. What was the Merrimae? She was a Confederate iron-clad war vessel, that had been built at Norfolk. She attacked a fleet of Union war vessels near the mouth of the James River. 19. What was the result? She ran against and sank the Cumberland, and compelled the frigate Congress to surrender. Next day, she was to demolish the rest of the fleet. 20. What Union vessel meanwhile ar- - rived? The Mon- itor. 21. Describe ;^^C , ^^ the Monitor. '"^cl ^ "^ The Mon- the monitor. itor was a hull with the deck a few inches above water, and in the center was a curious round tower made to 114 sadlier's elementary revolve constantly by steam power, thus turning her two guns in every direction. She was nick- named the " Yankee Cheese Box." 22. Whiat was done by the Monitor? The next day the Monitor attacked the Merrimac. The latter, after a fierce contest, was obliged to steam back to Norfolk. This conflict excited great interest all over the world; and on it, probably, hinged the fate of the war. 23. Meanwhile what was General MeClellan planning? The capture of Richmond. For this purpose he had brought his army to the Yorktown peninsula in Virginia j and, in April, he commenced what is caUed the " Peninsular Campaign." 24. "Who became commander-in-c h i e f of the Confederate forces June 3d, 1862? General Robert Lee of Virginia. 25. What did he immediately com- mence? A series of oper- ations known as the "Seven Days Battles." 26. With what re- suit? GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. AftCr thc COU- HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 115 eluding battle at Malvern Hill, McClellan retired to Harrison's Landing and the siege of Richmond was virtually raised. Lee had captured 10,000 pris- oners, taken or destroyed immense stores, and the Union army was cooped up on the James River. 27. What battle did Lee soon after gain? The second battle of Bull Run. He then deter- mined to invade Maryland; but the bloody and indecisive battle of Antietam {an-tee'tam) put an end to his hopes in that quarter. 28. Whicli were the principal battles toward the close of the year 1862? In December, the battle of Fredericksburg, gained by the Confederates, and that of Murfreesboro, gained by the Union forces under General Rosecrans. 29. Mention the principal events of the war during the year 1863. The battle of Gettysburg, the greatest of the war, gained by the Union forces, and the surrender of Vicksburg to General Grant, July 4th. 30. How did the contest proceed? Two campaigns were planned, one against Rich- mond, under General Grant, and the other against Atlanta, under General Sherman. 31. Was Sherman successful? By a series of masterly movements, Sherman compelled the Confederates to retreat, and he finally succeeded in taking Atlanta (1864). After 116 sadlier's elementary this, he made a memorable march through Georgia to the seacoast, and occupied Savannah. 32. What were Grant's movements? He overtook and suiTounded the Confederates under the celebrated General Lee, who was, at length, obliged to surrender (April 9th, 1865). This surrender was soon followed by that of the other Confederate generals, and the sad Civil War, which during four years had desolated the country, was at an end. 33. What two celebrated American prelates died during the Civil War? Archbishop Kendrick (1863), and Archbishop Hughes (1864). The latter, like the first American Bishop, had been the envoy of our government during the war, and had done us efficient service in Europe. 34. What tragical event occurred almost simultaneously with the close of the war? The assassination of President Lincoln, at a theatre in Washington (April 14th, 1865). 35. What can you say of the state of the country? The nation rapidty recovered from the effects of the Civil War ; a general amnesty to all concerned in it was proclaimed ; the bitter feeling engendered by fraternal strife gradually melted away, and North and South were once more united in the bonds of national brotherhood. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 117 STNorsis, I. DuHng Buchanan'^s administration the " Slavery Question " was much agitated. A bitter feeling on the subject began to spring up between the North and South, which, on the accession of Lincoln, who was opposed to slavery, resulted in civil war. II. Eleven States soon seceded from the Union ; and dui'ing four years, our country was the scene of strife. After a variety of successes and defeats on both sides, victory de- clared in favor of the Union forces, and the Confederates were obliged to surrender. III. The principal events favorable to the Union forces during the war, were the capture of Forts Henry and Donel- son, the battles of Antietam, Murfreesboro, and Gettysburg, the contest between the Monitor and Merrimac, and the cap- ture of New Orleans, Vieksburg, Atlanta, and Savannah. IV. Tfie principal Confederate victories were the battles of Bull Run, the Peninsular Campaign (including the Seven Days Battles and the second battle of Bull Run), the battle of Fredericksburg, and that of Chancellorsville. V. The most noted generals of the war were Grant of the Union army, and Lee of the Confederates. VI. Just as the war closed, the nation was plunged into mourning by the assassination of President Lincoln. He had been preceded to the tomb by the venerable Arch- bishops Kendrick and Hughes. VII. A general amnesty to all concerned in the Civil War was proclaimed, and the country gradually recovered from the effects of the strife. 118 sadliee's elementary LESSON III. From Johnson's Administration to McKinley's. 1. Who succeeded Lincoln? A few hours after the death of Lincoln, the Vice- President, Andrew Johncon, assumed the duties of the presidency (1865-1869). 2. What act was passed during his administration? Notwithstanding the opposition of the President, the "Reconstruction Act" was passed. By this, the States recently in secession were, on certain conditions, to be readmitted to the Union. 3. What occurred during 1867? Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State, was admitted to the Union; and the Territory of Alaska was purchased from Russia, for the sum of $7,200,000 4. When did the hostility between Congress and the President reach a climax? In the spring of 1868, 5. What was the immediate cause of thisf The President attempted to remove the Secretary of War, and the majority of Congress declared that by so doing he had violated the law. They accord- ingly impeached him of high crimes and misde- meanors, with a view to removing him from office. 6. What was the result? After a long trial, the President was finaiiy acquitted, May 26th. HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. Il5ii 7. Who succeeded Johnson? General Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877). 8. For what was the year 1869 memorable? The year 1869 was remarkable for the completion of the Pacific Railroad connecting California with the Mississippi vaUey, thus bringing New York into communication with San Francisco in seven days. 9. What can you say of Grant's administration? One of the most important events of Grant^s ad- ministration was the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution (March, 1870). By this the negroes were made citizens and voters. 10. What other important event took place during Grant's presidency? The settlement of disputes with England, espe- cially that concerning the construction and fitting out of Confederate cruisers in British ports, during the American Civil War. This was commonly called the " Alabama Claims." 11. How was it finally settled? It was settled by a Board of Arbitrators, who met at Geneva, Switzerland. They decided that Great Britain should pay to the United States the sum of $15,500,000 in gold. This amount was accordingly paid the following year (1872). 12. What took place in 1875? In the year 1875, Pope Pius IX. created the venerable John McCloskey, Archbishop of New 120 sadlier's elementary York, the first American Cardinal. . Tliis event was hailed mth joy throughout the country. 13. For what is 1876 memorable? The Centennial celebration of American in de- pen dence. An exhibition of American and foreign arts, prod- ucts, and man- ufactures was held at Phila- delpliia, from May until No- I V ember. 14. What $? State was ad- mitted into the - Union in 1875? Colorado, the thirty- eighth State. Its Constitu- tion was not ratified by the people until 1876. Hence it is known as the Centennial State. 15. What can you say of Colorado? Its territory was one of the first discovered. Coronado, a Spaniard, led an expedition from Mexico to explore it in 1540. 16. Who succeeded Grant? After a warmly contested election, R. B. Hayes HIS EMINENCE, CARDINAL MCCLOSKEY, BORN 1810, DIED 1885. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 121 took liis seat in the presidential chair, March 4th, 1877. 17. What were the prikjcipal events of Hayes's adminis- tration? His conciliatory measures toward the South, various troubles with the Indians (1877-1879), and a treaty with China (1880). 18. By whom was Hayes succeeded? By James A. Garfield, of Ohio (1881), who, within four months. after his inauguration, was cruelly shot by a man named Guiteau. 19. What can you say of his brief administration? His measures were conciliatory, and seemed to promise an era of good feeling, 20. By whom was he succeeded? He was immediately succeeded by the Vice- President, Chester A. Arthur. 21. What bill was passed during his administration? The Civil Service Bill. It aimed to regulate, by means of examination, the system of civil ser- vice appointments and promotions. 22. By whom was Arthur succeeded? In 1885 Arthur was succeeded by the demo- cratic candidate, Grover Cleveland. 23. What law was passed during Cleveland's administra- tion? The Presidential Succession Law. 24. What does this law determine ? The order of the presidential succession in ca»e 122 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY of the death or disability of the President and Vice-President. 25. What distinguished personages died in 1885? Generals Grant, McClellan, and McDowell, and His Eminence, Cardinal McCloskey. 1 GROVER CLEVELAND. 26. Who became the second Araei-ican Cardinal? In the spring of 1886, His Holiness, Leo XIII., created Archbishop Gibbons, of Baltimore, the second American Cardinal. 27. Who became President in 1889? Cleveland was succeeded, in 1889, by Benjamin Harrison, grandson of President William Henry Harrison, and great-grandson of Benjamin Har- rison, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 123 28. What new States were admitted into the Union early in 1889? North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington. 29. What Centennial Anniversarj'- occurred April 30, 1889 ? The centennial of Washington's inauguration. 30. How was it ^ ^ ^^ =-_ c elebrated ? ht^^^^^"" By great na- tional rejoic- ing and festiv- ity. Business was suspended for three days ; and in New York, naval, military, and civic parades took place. 31. Where were eommemo r a t i v e exercises held? benjamin harrison. At the Sub-Treasury Building in Wall Street, which occupies the site of Federal Hall, the scene of Washington's inauguration. 32. How were these exercises concluded? By the benediction given by His Grace, Arch- bishop Corrigan of New York. 33. What event occurred in November, 1889? In November, 1889, the Centennial of the estab- 124 SADLIEli'S ELEMENTARY lishmeiit of the CiithoUc liienircliy in this coun- try was celebrated. 34. AVhat body met at the same time ? The first Catholic lay Congress, consisting of about 1,500 delegates, assembled in Baltimore. 35. What States were admitted into the Union in 1890 ? Idaho and Wyoming. 36. What bill passed Congress in 1890 ? The McKinley Bill, which made noted changes in the Tariff Law. ^ 37. What distinguished Americans died in 1891 ? General W. T. Sherman, Admiral Porter, and General Joseph E. Johnston. 38. Who became President in 1893 ? Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate. 39. What bill passed Congress in 1894 ? The Wilson Bill, by which the high tariff of the McKinley Bill was considerably modified. 40. What State was admitted in 1896 ? Utah, the forty-fifth State. 41. Who became President in 1897 ? William McKinley, the Republican candidate. 42. What bill was passed by Congress in 1897 ? The Dingley Bill, by which a generally higher and more protective tariff was enacted. 43. Why did our country go to war with Spain in. April, 1898? BecauseSpain could not governOuba peaceably. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 125 44. What were the chief incidents of the war ? (1) The destruction of the Spanish fleet in the Philippines by Commodore Dewey in May. (2) The destruction of the Spanish fleet in the AYest Indies by Admiral Sampson and Commodore Schley in July. (3) The taking of Santiago de Cuba by General Shafter in July. (4) The invasion of Porto Rico by General Miles in July and August. 45. What was the result of the war ? The cession to our country of Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, an island in the Pacific Ocean. Spain also gave up all claim to Cuba. 46. What other islands were annexed in 1898 ? The Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. 126 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY SYNOPSIS* I, On the death oflAncoln^ he was immediately suc- ceeded by the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson. During this administration, notwithstanding the President's veto, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act. II. In 1869f General Grant succeeded to the Presi- dential chair. During his administration, the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted, and the dispute concerning the ''Alabama Claims*' settled. in. In 1875, His Holiness, Pius IX., named, as the first American Cardinal, Archbishop McCloskey, of New York. IV. In 1870, the United States celebrated the Centen- nial Anniversary of American Independence. V. March 4th, 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes, after a warmly contested election, became President of the United States. His measures toward the South were conciliatory. VI. In 1881, James A. Garfield became President, but four months afterwards was cruelly shot. He was succeeded by the Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur. VII. Arthur tvas succeeded, in 1885, by Grover Cleveland, who was followed, in 1889, by Benjamin Harrison. In 1893, Cleveland again became president. VIII. On April 30, 1889, the Centennial of Wash- ington's Inauguration' was celebrated ; and in November of the same year took place the Centennial celebration of the establishment of the Catholic hierarchy in the United States. IX. In 1807, McKinley was elected President ; and the following year, otir country had a short war with Spain. This resulted in the acquisition, by the United States, of the Philippines, Guam and Porto Rico. Thus the close of the 19th Centur}' was marked by a large increase in our pos- HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 LESSON IV. I' Chronological Review.— Nineteenth Century. i 800.— The capital removed from Philadelphia to Wash-^ ington. J 80^.— Jefferson inaugurated President. J 8 0<^.— Louisiana purchased from the French. i 805.— Jesuits restored in the United States. 1806.— Dominicans founded a house in Kentucky. 1807.— Fulton's first steamboat, the Clermont, on the Hudson. 1809.— M.othev Seton established the Sisters of Charity at Emmetsburg. 1800.— Madison inaugurated. 181^.— War declared against England. Detroit surren- dered. 1815.— Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 1814.— Bombardment of Fort McHenry. 1815.— Battle of New Orleans. 181 7. —Monroe inaugurated. Ladies of Sacred Heart in New Orleans. 18^0.— Missouri Compromise Bill passed. 18^5.— Western Indian missions renewed under Jesuits. 18J^5.— John Q. Adams inaugurated President. 18^0.— Jefferson and the elder Adams died. 18^0.— Jackson inaugurated President. 1855. — Seminole War begun. 1837.— Yan Buren inaugurated President. 1840.— Father De Smet went on the Indian mission. 1841.— Harrison inaugurated. Harrison died. Tyler inaugurated. 1845.— Polk inaugurated. Texas admitted. 128 sadlier's elementary ISdG^—'W&v with Mexico. Oregon City made a metro* politan see. 1847,— Yera, Cruz captured. The City of Mexico surrendered. J ^4^.— Treaty of peace between United States and Mexico. 184:8,— Gold discovered in California. 184:0, — Taylor inauguT'ated. J850,— Taylor died. Fillmore inaugurated. j[ ^50.— California admitted into the Union. J[85»5.— Pierce inaugurated. J85^.— Missouri Compromise i>ill repealed. J^57.— Buchanan inaugurated, J^5^.— Minnesota admitted into the Union. J ^59.— Oregon admitted into the Union. J 5 60.— South Carolina seceded from the Union, J86i.— Kansas admitted into the Union. 18(il,Sovitla. Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida form Southern Confederacy. J 561,— Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confed- eracy. 1561.— Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the United States. 156*l-65.-CivilWar. 1561.— Attack on Fort Sumter. Virginia joins the Con- federacy. First battle of Bull Run. 156-^.— Forts Donelson and Henry captured. Contest between the Monitor and Merrimae. Capture of New Or- leans. Peninsular Campaign. Invasion of Maryland by Lee. Battle of Antietam. Battle of Fredericksburg. Battle of Murfreesboro. 1565.— Battle of Chancellorsville. Battle of Gettysburg. Surrender of Vicksburg. Death of Archbishop Kendrick. 1564.— Death of Archbishop Hughes. Capture of Atlan. ta by Sherman. Capture of Savannah by Sherman. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 129 .i56>5.— Surrender of the Confederates. Assassination of Lincoln. Inauguration of President Johnson. 1867.— Impeachment of President Johnson. Alaska purchased. Nebraska admitted into the Union. IS 69.— Inauguration of President Grant. Pacific Rail- road completed. 1875.— Archbishop McCloskey created Cardinal. 187(>» — Colorado admitted. 1876.— The Centennial of American Independence. 1877.- Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President. J88-I.— James A. Garfield inaugurated President. 1881.— President Garfield assassinated. 1881.— Chester A. Arthur inaugurated President. 1885.— Grover Cleveland inaugurated President. Death of General Grant. Death of Cardinal McCloskey. 1886*,— Archbishop Gibbons created Cardinal. 1889, — Benjamin Harrison inaugurated President. 1889, — The Centennial of Washington's Inauguration. 1889, — North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington admitted into the Union. 1889.— The Centennial of the establishment of the Catholic Hierarchy in the United States. 1890.— Idaho and Wyoming admitted into the Union. I891.-Death of General W. T. Sherman. 189^.— Celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. 1895.— Grover Cleveland inaugurated President. 1895. — The World's Fair opened at Chicago. 1896,— Utah admitted into the Union. 1897, —William McKinley inaugurated President. 1898, — War with Spain. 1898.— Annexation of Hawaii. 1898. — Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain. 130 sadlier's elementary LESSON V. Geographical Table No. 5. Antietam Creek rises in the southern part of Pennsyl< vania and flowing south into Maryland falls into the Potomac. Sull Mufif a small stream in the northwest part of Vir- ginia, twenty-five miles south of Washington. Fort Sutnter, situated in Charleston Harbor. Fort DonelsoUy on the Cumberland River, Tennessee. Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, Tennessee. Fredericksburg, on the bank of the Rappahannock River, sixty-five miles north of Richmond, Virginia. Ghentf a famous fortified city of Belgium. It stands on twenty-six islands connected by 100 bridges. Gettysburg, a town of Pennsylvania, thirty-six miles southwest of Harrisburg. Harper^s Ferry, a \allage of West Virginia sitiiated at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers. The scenery in the vicinity is in the highest degree picturesque. Murfreesboro, a village of Tennessee, thirty miles southeast of Nashville. Norfolk, on Elizabeth River, the second city of Virginia. Fhilippines, the most northern group of the Malayan Archipelago. They comprise a long chain of islands, the largest being Luzon. Porto Hico, the fourth in size of the islands of the West Indies. Richmond, the capital of Virginia, situated on the James River 100 miles from its mouth. Veru Cruz, a seaport town of Mexico, on the Gulf coast. It was founded in the latter part of the 16th cen- tury, near the spot on which Cortez first landed. Vicksbnrg, tlie largest city of Mississippi, on the left bank of the Mississippi River, 400 miles from New Orleans, SECTION VI. A.D. 1900 TO THE PRESENT. LESSON I. McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft. 1. Who was elected President in 1900? William McKinley was re-elected. 2. What Exposition was held in Buffalo in 1901 ? The Pan-American Exposition. Pan is a Greek word meaning all. 3. What was the purpose of the Exposition ? To show the progress of the states of J^orth America, Central America, and South America. 4. During the Pan-American Exposition, what mournful event occurred % The death of President McKinley. 5. What were the circumstances of McKinley's death ? While holding a reception at the Exposition and shaking hands with the people, he was cruelly shot by an anarchist. The President died eight days later, plunging the whole nation into mourning. 6. What do you mean by an anarchist ? An anarchist is a person who aims at overthrowing the civil government. 131 132 SADLIEK 8 EL7<:MENTAKY 7. By whom was McKinley succeeded ? Theodore Roosevelt, the Vice-President, immedi- ately succeeded to the Presidency. 8. What great public work was completed in December, 1902 ? The layino- of the Pacific Cable. On the 4tli of July, 1903, Koosevelt sent a message, over this cable, around the world. 9. What other message had Roosevelt sent earlier in this year ? In January, 1903, Roose- velt sent a message to England by wireless teleg- THEODORE ROOSEVELT. raph y. 10, What is the wireless telegraph ? It is an electri(;al invention by whicli messages are sent throu^li the air, witliout the use of wires. It was invented by Marconi, a native of Italy. 11. What change took place in the President's Cabinet in 1903 « HISTORY OF THE LXITED STATES. 13:^ A ninth nienihor, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, was added. 12. What do you mean by the President's Cabinet ? It is his private council, the members of whicli aid him in the discliarge of liis Presidential duties. 13. What is the duty of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor ? To promote the interests of commerce, manu- factures, fisheries and labor. 14. Mention the titles of the other members of the Cabinet. 1. The Secretary of State ; 2. The Secretary of the Treasury; 3. The Secretary of War ; 4. The Attorney- General ; 5. The Postmaster-General ; G. The Secretary of the Xavy ; 7. The Secretary of the Interior ; 8. The Secretary of Agriculture. 15. Give some account of the Louisiana Purchase Expo- sition. In 1904, the hundredth anniversary of the Pur- chase of Louisiana from Napoleon, in 1803, was celebrated by a great Exposition held in St. Louis. Twelve hundred acres were covered with beautiful buildings erected by the various States and by the nations of the world. 16. How large was Louisiana in 1803 ? It stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. 134: 8ADLIER-S ELEMENTARY 17. What purchase was made in 1904 ? The United States piircliased the right to huild a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. 18. What benefit will the Panama Canal, when completed, be to this country ? Vessels will be able to jmss easily and quickly from one side of America to the other, without having to make the long and dangerous voyage around South America. 19. Who was elected President in the fall of 1904 ? Theodore Roosevelt was continued in office. 20. What happened in California in 1906 ? San Francisco, with the country to the south- ward, was visited by a terrible earthquake. Great damage was done. More than 200,000 persons were rendered homeless, and property worth more than $400,000,000 was destroyed. 21. What State was admitted to the Union in 1907 ? Oklahoma, the 46th State. 22. Mention a remarkable voyage of 1907-08-09. A fleet of twenty of our vessels of war, including sixteen first-class battleships, and carrying 15,000 men, made a voyage round the world. 23. Give the first part of the route. Near the close of 1907, the fleet left Hampton Roads in Virginia, and sailing southward, passed the Strait of Magellan, then turning north, reached San Francisco in May, 1908. 24. Mention some other places visited by the fleet. Visits were made to the North Pacific Coast, to Hawaii, Australia, the Philippines, Japan and China. HISTOKY OF THE UXITEl) STATES. 135 25. What course did the fleet then take ? The fleet passed over the Indian Ocean, through the Suez Canal, to the Mediterranean. Then as- sembling at Gibraltar, the vessels sailed for the United States. Never before had so long a cruise been made by so many vessels. 26. For what is Roosevelt's administration noted ? For his efforts to promote honesty and integrity in the business world. 27. Who was elected Presi- dent in 1908 1 William H. Taft, the Ee- publican can- didate and 27th Presi- dent. 28. What Bill passed Congress in 1909 ? Taft called a special ses- sion of Con- gress, which passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill. This was a modification of the Dingley Tariff Bill. 29. What do you mean by the Tariff ? The Tariff is a duty, or tax, on goods coming into this country from abroad. WILLIAM H. TAFT. 136 SADLIEK'S ELEMEis^TAKY 30. What journey did President Taf t undertake soon after his inauguration ? A journey of 13,000 miles to visit the principal cities of the west and south. It occupied 60 days. 31. What celebrations took place in the years 1908 and 1909 ? (1) The Centennial of the raising of Baltimore to the rank of an Archdiocese and of the founding of the dioceses of K'ew York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown, now Louisville (1808). (2) The Hudson-Fulton Celebration, commemo- rating the discovery of the Hudson Eiver by Henry Hudson (1609) and the successful application of steam to navigation, by Eobert Fulton (1807). (3) The Centennial of the founding of the Sisters of Charity in the United States, by Elizabeth Bayley Seton (1809). 32. What was the population of the United States in the year 1800? In 1900? In 1909? In 1800, the people numbered 4,000,000 ; in 1900, 76,000,000; in 1909, about 90,000,000. 33. What are the present statistics of Catholicity in the United States ? In the continental United States, Catholics num- ber over 14,000,000. Including the Philippines, Hawaii and Porto Rico, the Catholic population is about 22,000,000. HISTOliY OF THE UKITED STATES. i:]' SYNorsrs. I. In the fall of 1900, McKinley was re-elected. The fol- lowing year, during the Pan-American Exposition, he was cruelly murdered. He was succeeded by the Vice-President, Theodore Eoosevelt. II. During Eoosevelt's administration (1901-1909) the Pacific Cable was completed ; the right to build the Panama Canal was secured ; the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held ; Oklahoma was admitted to the Union ; and a United States Fleet made a remarkable cruise around the world. III. In 1908, the Centennial of the Archdiocese of Balti- more, and of the dioceses of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown (now Louisville) was celebrated. IV. In 1909, William H. Taft of Ohio was inaugurated. In the summer of the same year, a new Tariff Bill, the Payne- Aldrich, was enacted. It was a modification of the Dingley Bill. V. In 1909, the Hudson-Fulton Celebration took place, also the Centennial of the founding of the Sisters of Charity in the United States, by Elizabeth Bayley Seton. 138 sadlier's elementaky LESSON II. Chronological Review. — Twentieth Century. 1900. — McKinley inaugurated. 1901. — The Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. 1001. — McKinley assassinated. 1901. — Roosevelt inaugurated. 1902.— The Pacific Cable completed. 1903, — A ninth member added to the Cabinet. 1904, — The Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 1904. — The United States purchased the right to build the Panama Canal. J904.— Eoosevelt re-elected. 1900. — Earthquake in California. J907.— Oklahoma (46th State) admitted. 1907-08-09.— Cruise of the United States Fleet around the world. 1908, — Centennial of the raising of Baltimore to the rank of an Archdiocese, and of the foundation of the dioceses of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown (now Louisville). 1909.—Tsiit inaugurated. X909.—The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill. 1909.— The Hudson-Fulton Celebration. 1909. — The Centennial of the founding of the Sisters of Charity in the United States, by Elizabeth Bayley Seton. 1910,— The Thirteenth Census taken. lIISTOin 0¥ THE U^'ITED STATES. 13U LESSON III. Geographical Table No. 6. JBuffalo, the county seat of Erie County, New York. It stands at the head of the Niagara River, twenty miles above the Falls, and is the second largest city in the State of New York. China f an empire in the eastern part of Asia. It is larger than the whole of Europe, and its population is about one-fourth that of the globe. Gibraltar, a strong British fortress, port, naval base and coaling station, on the south coast of Spain, at the en- trance to the Mediterranean. Hampton Roads, an arm of Chesapeake Bay between Hampton and Norfolk, Virginia. Italy, one of the countries of southern Europe. It is r. peninsula shaped like a boot, and is about the same length as California, 700 miles. The Italians are an intellectually gifted race. JTapatl is an island empire east of the mainland of Asia. It comprises a chain of about four thousand islands. Magellan Strait, Page 21. Oklahoma, formed by uniting Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory, is directly south of Kansas in the Missis- sippi Valley. Panatna. Page 21. San FraneiscOf in California, on the west shore of San Francisco Bay, is the largest city on the Pacific coast of America. Siiez Canalf a waterway connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Its length is 100 miles. 140 SADLIER'S ELEMENTAEY 'o^ f-t M OS 00 00 c1 o5 ** r-7 2 t>: O H I 00 00 CM I iH r-l 00 a a s ^ ^ u S O £ O - ^^{^ §>* .a c .a -2 .2 ^ ^ ;3 ^ .2 fe o REVIEW QUESTIONS. N. B. — The p7tjf)il should be encouraged to give the ansivers as much as possible in his own language. SECTION I. I. Were the Indians, as found by Columbus, the earliest inhabitants of this continent ? What can you say of the Mound Builders ? By whom was America visited in the ninth century ? In the tenth ? II. Sy whom was America discovered in 1492 ? Give some account of the early life of Columbus. By whom was he finally aided? How did Columbus and his compan- ions prepare for their voyage 1 On what day did they first see land? How long had the voyage been? III. What did Columbus do on landing ? When did he return to Spain ? How many voyages did he make to the New World? Did he receive the honors which were his due? Where did he die? From whom did America receive its name? After whom should it have been named? Who, in 1497, discovered the mainland of North America? What voyage took place the next year? What was the result? 141 142 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY SECTION II. I. Name the principal discoverers and explorers ivho succeeded Columbus, What celebrated mission- ary came to the New World in 1502 ? What European nation led the way in the colonization of this country ? Which is the oldest city in the United States? Which were the first missions in the United States? II. When was the first attempt made to colonize Virginia? Was it successful? Give some account of Sir Walter Raleigh. When was a second attempt made? What was the chief result of these attempts? What can you say of Father Segura? SECTION III. I. When was the first permanent settlement made in Virginia ? What can you say of this colony? Give some account of Captain John Smith. Of Pocahontas. Of Opecancanough. II. What can you say of the St, Saviour Mission in Maine ? What incident occurred about this time ? When was Massachusetts settled? Give some account of the New England Pilgrims. Were they tolerant in matters of religion? What settlements were made in consequence, and by whom? Give some account of Massasoit. What happened on his death ? III. Give some account of Champlain. What can you say of the early Catholic missionaries throughout the country ? Name sOme of the most distinguished in the north. Describe the death of Brebceuf. Wlio were the Iroquois? IV. By whom ivas the territory bordering on Lakes Superior and Michigan explored ? Give an HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 143 account of Father Marquette. Of La Salle. Of Fatli«r Jogues. What says Bancroft of Father Jogues? What was the result, so far as France was concerned, of the discoveries and explorations of her missionaries? V. Give an account of the discoveries of Henry Hudson and their results. Where were the first Dutch settlements made ? Where and when was the Holy Sacrifice offered for the first time in the State of New York? What can you say of Caughnawaga in 1668? From whom did New York receive its name ? What effect had the English Revolution of 1688 on Catholicity in New York? Who was Captain Kidd? VI. Give an account of the settlement of Mary- land. In what did the Maryland Pilgrims differ from those of New England ? What was the result of the admission of Protestants into the colony? By whom was Pennsylvania settled? Give an account of William Penn. Mention the other settlements made in the seventeenth century. SECTION IV. I. What unjust law marked the beginning of the eighteenth century in New York? What wars took place in the early part of the century ? Give an account of the invasion of Florida during Queen Anne's War. When did Florida fall into the hands of the English, and with what result? Describe the death of Father Rasle. By whom was Georgia settled? What occurred in New York in 1741 ? II. What ivas the origin of the French and In- dian War? What event disgraceful to the English has been immortalized by Longfellow in '* Evangeline"? Who first distinguished himself in the French and Indian War? What noted city was besieged during the war? What can 144 SADLIEE'S ELEMENTAEY you saj- of the death ot Wolfe and Montcalm ? When did the Peace of Paris take place? III. What was the cause of the American devo- lution? What celebrated Act was passed in 1765? How was it received in this country ? After the repeal of the Stamp Act, what other Act was passed? With what result in this country? When did the first American Congress meet? When was the first blood shed? Who was chosen com- mander-in-chief of the American forces? What can you say of General Montgomery? Give an account of the attack on Fort Moultrie. What took place July 4, 1776? On what embassy were Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase, Charles Carroll, and Rev. John Carroll sent in 1776? IV. Wliat took place in August, 1776? On Christ- mas night, 1776 ? What nation came to the aid of the Ameri- cans ? Give an account of Lafayette. What battles occurred in 1777 ? In 1778 ? Describe the massacre of Wyoming. In what battle was Pulaski slain? Who was Pulaski? Men- tion one of the exploits of General Wayne. What victoiy was gained by Paul Jones? V. Crive an account of Arnold's treason. What battle put an end to the Revolution ? When did the British evacuate New York? Who was the first President of the United States? What did he do at the close of his second term? When did he die? Who was the second President? VI. Tflio was the first Bishop in the United States ? Had Catholics been justly treated in the United States for almost a century before the Revolution? What change was brought about, in this regard, by the Revolution, and why? Name some of the celebrated Frenchmen who aided our cause. The noted Irishmen, or descendants of Irishmen. What aid did we receive from Spain? From the Catholic Indians? Give an account of Prince Gallitzin. How large was Bishop Carroll's diocese? HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 SECTION V. I. What occurred during Jefferson?s AdminiS' tration? By whom was he succeeded? Give an account of the War of 1812. Name the Presidents from Jefferson to Buchanan, What Act was passed during Monroe's admin- istration ? Name the Presidents who died shortly after their election (p. 131). Give an account of the Mexican War. II. What led to the Civil War? How was it begun? Mention the principal victories on each side. Give an account of the Monitor and the Merrimac. Who was the most noted Northern general? The most noted Southern general? What took place just as the war closed? III. What act was passed during Johnson's Ad- ministration? What occurred between Congress and the President? By whom was Johnson succeeded. What took place during Grant's presidency? What important event occurred in 1875? What was celebrated in 1876? Who be- came President in 1877 ? Was there any trouble about the election? By whom was Hayes succeeded? IV. How was Garfield's Administration brought to a mournful conclusion ? By whom was he succeeded ? Who succeeded Arthur? Who is the second American Car- dinal ? By whom was Cleveland succeeded ? What celebra- tions took place in 1889 ? V. Who becafne President in 1893 ? When was the World's Fair at Chicago opened ? What were the im- portant events of McKinley's administration ? Name the Presidents who succeeded him. Name the States admitted to the Union after 1889. 146 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY SECTION VI. I. When was the Pacific cable completed? What Exposition was held in 1904? Mention some events of Eoose- velt's administration. What celebrations occurred in 1908 and 1909 ? By whom was Roosevelt succeeded ? Name sev- eral tariff laws. Give the estimated population of the United States in 1909. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 147 MISCELLANEOUS. I. What celebrated Indian was fond of locking and unlocking his cabin door ? Who was Virginia Dare ? What penalty did Sir Walter Raleigh have to pay on one occasion for smoking his pipe ? What do you remembei about his mantle? Whom did John Rolfe marry? II. By whom were the oil springs of Pennsyl- vania and the salt springs of Netv York discov- ered ? By whom was the Lake of the Holy Sacrament discovered? What is its present name? Whom does Arch- bishop Spaulding style the **Xavier of North America **? III. What American fnissionary, like St, Francis Xavier, died, far from friends and kindred, on a wild and lonely shore? What had he previously dis- covered? Whom does Bancroft style **The Illustrious Triumvirate "? Who was Bancroft? IV. What memorials have the Mound Builders left? What Franciscan monk assisted Columbus? Where was the first church built in America after the discovery of Columbus ? What celebrated Dominican labored among the Indians for sixty years? V. What plant tvas at one time the currency of Virginia ? Of whom does Bancroft say, '* The West will huild his monument*' f In what battle was ** Molly StarJc " the watchword? To what missionary were the New York Dutch very kind? What is the origin of the expression "Eendrick Hudson and Jus crew are playing ninepins now ^t To what State does the motto "Excelsior" belong? What does it mean? VI. What is the great glor^f of the Maryland colonists? When did the Civil War occur? How long did it last? What is meant by the "Yankee Cheese Box"! 148 SADLIER'S ELEMENTARY By whom was the "City of Brotherly Love" founded^ What was held there in 1876? What does the word Semp nole mean? VII. Who said, ^^Father^I cannot tell a lie!** Where and when was the inscription, " Hw folly of England, and the ruin of America'* used? Describe the interview between General Gage and the Boston boys. Give an ac- count of the "Boston Tea Party.*' What gallant action was performed by Sergeant Jasper? Vin. Where were Arnold's papers found? Who was Arnold? Who is styled " Tlie Father of his Country "F Who captured the British store-ship Margaretta? For what purpose did the Abnaki Indians send a deputation to Bishop Carroll? Who founded the village of Loretto in western Pennsylvania? What two celebrated American prelates died during the Civil War? IX. By whom was the Declaration ofIndepen» dence written? Who was the first American Cardinal? What President preceded Grant? How many Presidents have we had? How many terms did Grant serve? During whose administration was the Missouri Compromise Act passed? During whose repealed? Which President was impeached by Congress? What father and son were Presi- dents? On what occasion was the " Star-Spangled Banner" composed? How many Presidents have served two terms? X. What did Napoleon J. say concerning the '^Louisiana Purchase'*? Who was the greatest In- dian missionary of our age? What were the "Alabama Claims''? What was the Civil Service Bill? What is the Presidential Succession Law? Why was business sus- pended for three days in 1889f HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. UO DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A Declaeation by the Representatives op the United States op America, in Congress Assembled, July 4, 1776. Wherif in tJie course of human events^ it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the sepa- rate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to he self-evident — that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- riving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, when- ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new govern* ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers In such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long estab* lished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- ingly, aU experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But wlien a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, It is their duty to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct ob- ject, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and neces- sary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 150 sadlier's elementary should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly ne^eeted to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and for- midable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refusedf for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihi- lation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refus- ing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his wOl alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among m«, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our Legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction for- eign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mux ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states t For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world- For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses i For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument f oi introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the powers of our governments ; For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves in- vested with power to legislate for us in aU cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring ns out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this timet transporting large armies of foreign mercena- ries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totaJJv unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endea- vored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our comraon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our coimectionsand correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consangniinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind —enemies in war, in peace friends. Wcj therefore, the representatives of the United States of Amer- ica in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of 152 SADUER'S ELEMENTARY HISTORY. the world for the rectitnde of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- clare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the sup- port of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members ; JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire,— 3 OBiA.^ Babtlbtt, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bar/.— Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode J«ia»t CELSIOR STUDIES in the HISTORY of U. S. SADLIER'S EDITION, DR. SCHUSTER'S ILL. BIBLE HISTORY. SADLIERS SADLIERS ANi; SADLTER' - SADLIERS SADLIERS SADLIEK S SADLIER- PR':>j o SADLIE{. F.^SIOP cnoN. . EXCELSIO!.', EXCELSIOl-l EXCELSIOR EXCELSIOR MAP. HEMISPHERES. MAP, UNITED STATES, MEXICO, MAP, SOUTH AMERICA. MAP, EUROPE. MAP, ASIA. MAP, AFRICA. MAP, WORLD ON MERCATOR'S PHYSICAL ISL\P, WORLD. MAP, HOLY LAND. MAP OF IRIiLAND. GEOGRAPHICAL OBJECT CHART. (Including Hand Book, for Teacher.)