^mm^§ims5 ^fimjimmuim N IWsYI ■^J JU^ ^|J-goyne capitu- lates ; Results of the Capitulation • . 264 Conseciuences of the Convention of Sara- toga 265 Treaty with France 265 (2(ith of November). British Parliament meets 266 Commissioners appointed to treat with the Colonies : they sail fur America . . 206 1778. (Gth of February). Treaty with France signed at Paris 267 News of that Treaty reaches England . 267 Lord North's Conciliatory Bill reaches Amer- ica before the News of the French Treaty 267 British Army in Philadelphia .... 268 American Army at Valley Forge ; Want of Provisions 269 Colonel Mawhood's Incursion into Jersey . 270 (4th of Mav). General Lacy escapes from Crooked Billet 270 (7lh of May). American Galleys in the Dela- ware destroyed 270 La Fayette escapes from Baron Hill . . 271 (14th of April). Sir William Howe resigns the Command 272 Sir Henry Clinton appointed Commander-in- Chief of the British Army . . .272 (18th of June). Evacuation of Philadelphia . 273 ■)'he Americans enter that city . . . 273 (28th of June). Battle of Freehold Courthouse 274 General Lee tried by a Court-Martial, and suspended 275 His Character 275 His Death (October, 1782) . . . .276 The British Army arrives at New York . 276 Gen. Washington marches to the North River 276 (5th of .l-uly). Count d'Estaing arrives on the Coast of America 276 (29dofJuly). Sails for Rhode Island; Lord Howe follows him 276 Both Fleets put to Sea ; separated by a vio- lent Storm 277 Which overtakes Sullivan's Army . . 280 Americans march against the British Lines . 280 (19th of August). D'Estaing comes to Rhode Island, but sails for Boston . . . 280 CHAPTER IX. 1778. (28th of August). General Sullivan escapes 280 (2Tth of September). Colonel Baylor sur- prised ; wounded and made Prisoner . . 283 Captain Donup defeated .... 283 Little Egg Harbor attacked .... 283 Pulaski's Legion defeated .... 284 (9tli of June). Admiral Byron sails from Eng- land ; overtaken by a Storm ; his Fleet dis- persed : (September) arrives at New York ; sails for Boston ; a Second Time overta- ken by a Storm 284 (3d of November). D'Estaing sails for the West Indies 284 Indian War 285 Wyoming destroyed and the People murdered 267 Fort Kingston invested; and the Inhabitants perish in one general Conllagration . 287 Destiuction of Wilkesbarre .... 287 Cherry Va ley attacked .... 288 Mrs. Merrill's Defeat of the Indians . .288 Col. George Rogers Clarke takes Kaskasias 290 1779. (February). Surprises St. Vincent, and com- pels Governor Hamilton to surrender . 290 Irregular Hostilities in Georgia . . . 291 ('olonel Campbell invades that State . . 291 Battle of Savannah 293 Defeat of the American General Howe . 293 Arrival of Geneial Prevost . . . .294 Surrender of Sunbury 294 General Lincoln appointed to command the Southern Army 294 Savannah River 295 Boyd's Loyalists defeated .... 295 Colonel Campbell abandons Augusta, and re- turns to Savannah 295 Ashe defeated at Brier Creek . . , 296 (23d of April). Lincoln inarches up the Sa- vannah .... '. S9f CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. A.P. Page. 1779. (29th of April). Gen. Prevost enters South Carolina 298 Marches to Charleston 298 (10th of May). Arrives at Ashley Ferry . 299 (12th of May). Summons Charleston to sur- render 299 The British Army retires, and recrosses Ash- ley Ferry 299 General Prevost retreats to John's Island, and is followed by General Lincoln . . . 299 (20th of June). Engagement at Stony Ferry 300 Slaves revolt 301 (8th of May). Incursion into Virginia . . 301 Stony Point and Verplank's taken . . . 304 Sir Henry Clinton returns to New York , 304 Coast of Connecticut ravaged . . . 304 (15th of July). Stony Point retaken . . 3(i6 Evacuated 307 Sir Henry Clinton takes Possession of it . 307 Penobscot attacked 307 Admiral Arbuthnot supersedes Sir George Collier 308 (20th of August). Major Lee attacks Powle's Hook ; he retreats 308 War on the Six Nations, and the Southern Indians 309 (22d of August). Sullivan attacks the Indian tribes 310 He resigns his Commission . . . 310 (23d of December). D'Estaing and the Ameri- cans besiege Savaimah .... 310 They attempt to storm the Town . . 312 Are repulsed 312 Effects of the Repulse ; ingenious Enterprise of Colonel Wlnte during the Siege of Sa- vannah 313 Weakness of the Southern States , . . 315 (26th of December). Sir Henry Clinton sails from New Yiirk 315 1780. (llth of February). Lands on John's Island 317 (9th of April). Siege of Charleston . . 319 (12th of May). It surrenders .... 322 Proceedings of Sir Henry Clinton . . 3'22 Colonel Bufoid surprised and defeated . . 323 (3d of June). Sir Henry Clinton's Proclama- tion 323 (5th of June). He returns to New York, leav- Lord Cornwallis to command in the South 321 Board of Police established in Charleston . 325 Rigorous Measures ; Baron de Kalb proceeds Southward 327 Colonel Sumpler makes an Irruption into South Carolina 327 General Gates appointed tu command the Southern Army 328 (13th of August). Arrives at Rugely's .Mills . 328 Lord Cornwallis repairs to Camden . . 329 Defeat of the Americans near Camden, and Death of Baron de Kalb . . . .330 Colonel Sumpter surprised and defeated near Catawba Ford 3J1 CHAPTER X. 1779. Naval Operations of John Paul Jones . . 331 Capture of the Seiapis 336 Loss of the Bon Homme Richard . . . 338 Capture of the Countess of Scarborough . 338 Effects of these Naval Victories . . . 339 CHAPTER XI. 780. Difficulties of General Washington . . 339 Intense Frost in New York .... 339 (Hth of January). Attack on Staten Island ; the Americans repulsed .... 340 Embarrassments of Congress . . . 340 Mutinous State ol the American Army . . 341 General Knyphausen invades Jersey . . 341 Destruction of Connecticut Farms . . 341 Murder of Mrs. Caldwell .... 342 (18th of June). Sir Henry Clinton returns to New York 342 (23d) Skirmish at Springfield . . .342 Evacuation of the Jerseys .... 313 GeneraJ Wayne attacks Bergen Point . 343 AD. Page. 1780. General La Fayette lands at Boston ; his Reception 343 Patriotic Exertions in Philadelphia . . 344 (10th of July). French Fleet, with Troops, arrives in America . . . . . 344 Sir Henry Clinton proceeds against Rhode Island 344 Recalled by the Advance of General Wash- ington against New York .... 344 Discontent of the American Troops . .344 1779. Treason of Arnold . . . . 345 Major Andre's Case . . ... 347 (22d of September). His Capture . . 348 His Trial and Execution 349 (21st of November). Major Talmadge's desul- tory Warfare 350 Cartel 350 1780. Proceediiigs of Lord Cornwallis after the Battle of Camden . . . . 351 He takes Possession of Charleston . . 351 Colonel Clarke attacks the British at Augusta 353 Besieges Colonel Brown at Garden Hill . 352 Colonel Clarke retreats 352 Depredations committed by Col. Ferguson 352 Retreats toward Charleston, and is pursued by the Americans 352 (7th of October). He is defeated and killed on King's Mountain 354 Earl Cornwallis retreats toward South Car^'"^— • — olina ; {29th October) reaches Wynnesbo- rough 355 Ameijcans assemble at Charlotte . . 355 General Gales retreats to Salisbury and Hills- borough 356 Returns to Charlotte .... 356 Superseded in the Command of the South- ern Army by General Greene . . . 356 General Greene takes a British Post at Cler- mont 356 His embarrassing Situation .... 357 Correspondence with Earl Cornwallis . 357 (27th of December). Col. Washington surpri- ses a Cody of Loyalists at Ninety Six . 358 (12th of November). Sumpter attacked at Broad River by Major Wemyss, whom he takes Prisoner 358 (20th of November). Attacked by Tarleton at Black Stocks and wounded .... 358 General Marion 358 1781. (Hth of January). General Tarleton i ver- t;ikes Morgan 359 (17th of January). Battle of Cowpens . 300 Tarleton routed 360 Loss of the British . • . . . 3fil Earl Cornwallis forms a Junction with Colo- nel Leslie 361 {19th of January). Begins his remarkable Pur- suit of Morgan 361 (2Sth). Morgan escapes 361 Americans pursued :^63 Their Two Divisions form a Junction . . 363 (Uth of February). They cross the Dan . 364 Earl Cornwallis marches back to Hillsbo- rough 361 (22d of February). The Americans recross the Dan 365 {25th of Feb.). Pyle's Loyalists defeated . 365 {27tli of Feb.). Retreat of Earl Cornwallis, and Advance of General Greene . . 36r Rencontre between Lee and Tarleton . 361 Battle of Guilford Courthouse . . .367 Consequences of the Victory .... 368 CHAPTER XII. 1781. {17th of April). Earl Cornwallis retires to Wilmington 370 General (Jreene pursues Earl Cornwallis . 370 Proceeds to South Carolina . . . 370 Generals Lee and Marion attack FortWatson 372 The Garrison capitulates .... 372 Situation of Camden 372 Battle of Hobkerk's Hill 373 (7th of May). Colonel Watson reaches Cam den, which is evacuated .... 374 (10th of May). Bri'ish Post taken . .374 a CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. A.D. Paoe. 1781. Lord Rawdon retires to Monk's Corner . 3i4 {5lh of June). Augusta taken . . .375 (22dofMay). Ninety Six bcsjeged . . . 370 Siege raised 378 Greene retreats, and is pursued by Lord Raw- don 378 Ninety Six evacuated 378 Both Armies return to Congaree . . . 378 Gen. Greene joined by Marion and Suinpter 378 Marches to the high Hills of Santee . . 379 Lord Rawdon embarks for Europe, leaving tlie Command with Lieutenant-Colonel Stu- art 379 (22d of August). General Greene leaves tlie % high Hills of Santee 379 (8th of September). Battle of Eutaw Springs 380 Great Loss on both Sides .... 380 Tories and Whigs 381 (4lh of August). Execution of Col. Haynes . 381 General Pickens's Expedition against the Cherokees 382 CHAPTER Xin. 1781. Review of the general Condition of Amer- ica at the beginning of the Year 1781 . . 382 Mutiny of the Pennsylvania and Jersey Troops 383 Sir Henry Clinton endeavors to take Advan- tage of it 384 Relative Positions of the hostile Armies on the Hudson. . . ... 385 British and French Fleets meet off the Ches- apeake 385 Chesapeake Bay 386 General Leslie invades Virginia . . . 386 Gen. Arnold lands at Westover ; enters Rich- mond, where he commits great Destruction 387 Returns to Westover 387 Gen. Philips takes the Command in Virginia . 388 Baron Steuben, unable to resist the Invaders, retreats toward Richmond . . . 388 (30th of April). Generals Philips and Arnold reunite their Forces, and march against Manchester 388 De la Fayette takes the Command in Virginia 389 Death of General Philips .... 389 (20th of May). Cornwallis enters Virginia . 389 Pursues La Fayette 390 Sends Tailcton against Charlotteville . . 390 And Simcoe against Steuben . . . 391 (7th of June). La Fayette joined by General Wayne at Rackoon, and returns South- ward 391 Save the Stores of Albemarle Courthouse . 391 Cornwallis returns down the River . . 391 Adventure of Charles Morgan . . , 392 (6th of July). Skirmish at James River . 394 Earl Cornwallis evacuates Portsmouth . 394 A.D. Page. 1781. Occupies YorKtown and Gloucester Point 394 French Donation 394 Interview ijetween Generals Washington and Rochambeau 394 The French and American Annies . . . 394 They advance to Kingsbridge, and retire . 396 Count de Grasse encounters Samuel Hood in the Straits of St. Lucie . . . .396 Resolutions to attack Cornwallis . . 396 Gen. Heath Defends the Posts on the Hudson 397 (30th of August). The combined American and French Armies enter Philadelphia . 397 Count de Grasse arrives at Chesapeake Bay 397 Admiral Graves pursues De Grasse . . 398 (6th of September). Arnold attacks New Lon- don ... . ... 398 (25th of September.) Allied Armies land at Williamsburgh 399 (2Sthof Sept.). They march toward Yorktown 399 (fith of October). Siege of Yorktown . . 401 (19ih of October). Earl Cornwallis capitu- lates ; Terms of Capitulation . . . 405 Examination of his Conduct . . . 407 CHAPTER XIV. 1781. Count de Grasse sails for the West Indies . 407 (27th of November). General Washington at Philadelphia 409 Marquis de la Fayette returns to Europe . 409 General Ross makes an Incursion into the Country on the Mohawk .... 409 An Engagement takes place at Johnstown between him and Colonel Willet . . 409 The British retreat, pursued by Willet . 409 Consequences of the Surrender of Yorktown and Capture of Cornwallis and his Army . 409 (27th of November). The British Parliament meets ; its Proceedings .... 410 1782. (24th of March). Case of Capt Haddy . . 410 SirGuy Carleton succeeds Sir Henry Clinton 411 Pacific Communications . . . .411 Proceedings in the Southern States . .411 (12lh of April). Count de Grasse defeated and taken Prisoner 412 1783. (19th of April). Peace restored . . .412 American Independence acknowledged by Great Britain 414 (25th of November). Evacuation of New York by the British 414 State of the American Army . . . 414 Address to the Officers of the Army . . 414 General Washington's Speech at the Meeting of Officers 417 (4th of December). He takes Leave of the Army previous to his Resignation . . 422 (23d of December). Resigns his Commission, and retires to Mount Vernon . . . 422 Character of Washington . • . . 422 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. Fio, Page. 3. Skeleton and Arrow-Heads found at Fall River 15 4. Runic Inscription on Dighton Rock . 16 5. Old Stone Tower at Newport, R. I. 16 6. Christopher Columbus 17 7. Mutiny on board the Santa Maria . . 20 8. View of Lisbon 22 9. Columbus and the Egg 2-J 10. Tomb of Columbus, Seville Cathe- dral 24 11. Portrait of Sebastion Cabot 27 12. Portrait of Americus Vespuccius. . . 28 13. Pizarro , 29 14. Battle between Pizarro and Almagro 3 1 15. Portrait of Hernando de Soto 32 16. View of Maiden's Rock, on the Mis- sissippi 36 17. Portrait of Verazzano 37 18. Birthplace of Sir Walter Raleigh. . . 40 19. Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh 41 20. Landing of the English at Roanoke 43 21. Sir Walter Raleigh taking Leave of his Family i 50 22. Portrait of Capt. John Smith 53 23. An Indian Warrior 55 24. Frontlet of the Queen of Pamunkey 57 25. Portrait of Pocahontas 58 26. Pocahontas saving the Life of Cap- tain John Smith 59 27. Ruins of Jamestown 62 28. Portrait of Cecil Calvert, Lord Bal- timore 65 29. Tattooed Indian 70 30. Portrait of Charles 1 73 3 1 . Portrait of Governor Winthrop .... 75 32. King Philip, the Last of the Wam- panoags 78 33. The Palisades, on the Hudson River 80 34. Portrait of Peter Stuyvesant 83 35. Portrait of Oliver Cromwell 84 36. Portrait of William Penn 85 37. Signing the Treaty of Penn with the Indians 88 Fio. Page. 38. Monument of Penn's Treaty 91 39. Squatters 93 40. View of the Public Square in St. Augustine, Florida 97 41. Male and Female Indian 98 42. Portrait of Gen. Oglethorpe 101 43. Washington, from an early Print, by Trumbull 105 44. Portrait of Benjamin Franklin.... 107 45. Defeat of Gen. Braddock, 9th July, 1755 108 46. Western Hunter, in proper Costume 110 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 47. Portrait of Col Barre 117 48. Portrait of Patrick Henry 118 49. Portrait of Gen. Conway 119 50. Portrait of John Hancock 122 51. Boston Massacre 125 52. Portrait of Samuel Adams 126 53. Residence of the Adams Family, Quincy, Mass 127 54. Destruction of the Tea in Boston Harbor 131 55. American Militia and Minute Men at Lexington 141 56. Putman and the Wolf 144 57. View of Yorktown 147 58. Statue of the Earl of Chatham 151 59. Throwing np Entrenchments on Bunker's Hill 154 60. Encampment on Breed's Hill 155 61. Plan of the Battle of Bunker's HilL 156 62. Portrait of Gen. Clinton 157 63. Monument on Bunker's Hill 158 64. Washington's Headquarters, Cam- bridge 160 65. Yankee Privateersman 162 66. View of St. John, on the Sorel 163 67. Arnold crossing the River Sorel. . . . 165 68. View of Quebec 166 69. British Soldiers firing at a Flag of Truce 123 10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fio. Page. F.o. 70. View of St. Paul's Churcli, N.York 168 115. 71. Montgomery leading on his Men... 169 72. Portrait of Gen. Carlcton 170 116. 73. Enpasement on Lake Cliamplain.. 172 74. St. Anthony's Nose, View on the 117. Hudson River 175 118. 75. View of Boston from Dorchester 119. Heights 177 120. 76. View of Boston, taken on the road to 121. Dorchester 179 122. 77. Medal to commemorate the Evacua- 123. tion of Boston by the BriJish 181 124. 78. Portrait of AVilliam Moultrie, Maj. 125. Gen. U.S. A 182 126. 79. Sir Peter Parker 184 127. 80. Capture of the Acteon 185 81. Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia.... 187 128. 82. Portrait of John Adams 188 120. 83. Monticello, Residence of Thomas 130. Jefferson 189 131. 84. Liberty and Independence 191 132. 85. View of New York from Long Island 193 133. 86. Plan of the Battle of Long Island. . 195 134. 87. East River from Long Island in 1834 200 135. 88. Fort Washington 202 136. 89. Portrait of Charles Carroll of Car- 137. ronton 206 138. 90. Portrait of Edmund Burke 208 139. 91. Portrait of General Putnam 209 140. 92. Washington approaching the Dela- 141. ware 210 142. 93. Portrait of Col. Knox 210 94. Portrait of Lord Cornwallis 212 143. 95. Birthplace of President Monroe.... 214 144. 96. Washington's Headquarters, Morris- 145. town, N. J 218 146. 97. The old Jail in New York 220 147. 98. Great Seal of the United States 222 148. 99. Continental Money 223 149. 100. Portrait of General Lincoln 225 150. 101. Retreat of General Tryon 226 151. 102. Map of Operations in New Jersey, 152. Pennsylvania, Delaware 229 153. 103. Portrait of Pulaski 230 154, 104. Portrait of De Kalb 230 105. Departure of Lafayette 233 156. 106. Portrait of General Wayne 234 107. The old Fort at Ticondcroga, N. Y. 239 157. 108. Burgoyne's Attack on the American 158. Bateaux 242 109. Map of Burgoyne's Route previous 159. to his Surrender at Saratoga 244 1 10. View of Lake Saratoga 245 111. An American Backwoodsman 247 160. 112. Lake George.. .o..,. 248 161. 113. Murder of Miss Jane M'Crea 253 -1 14. Burgoyne's Retreat 257 162. Pa ox. Washington's Headquarters at New- burg 259 Burgoyne's Encampment on North River 260 Field of Saratoga 26 1 Attack on Fort Montgomery 263 Portrait of Silas Deane 268 Philadelphia in 1778 268 Village of Log Huts 269 Newport in 1777 277 Rhode Island Statehouse, Newport.. 279 Chart of the Harbor of Newport. . . 281 Vale of Wyoming 286 Mrs. Merrill killing the Indians 289 Map of the Seat of War in the South- ern States 292 City Hall, Augusta, Georgia 397 Hired Hessians 301 Southern Slates 302 Washington at Stony Point 305 A War Party of Indians 309 Portrait of Brandt 311 Admiral d'Estaing 314 Savannah, 1778 316 British Fleet off Charleston 3l8 Charleston, South Carolina, 1835.. 320 A French Fusileer 324 Relieving the Prisoners 326 John Paul Jones 332 Serapis and Bon Homme Richard.. . 334 Capture of the Countess of Scarbo- rough 334 Medal presented to La Fayette. . . . 337 Count de Rochambeau 345 View of West Point 346 Major Andre 347 Benedict Arnold 349 Flying from British Oppression. . . . 353 Death of Ferguson 355 Lord Rawdon 371 Baron Steuben 387 Yorktown, Virginia 400 Monument of Hamilton 401 155. Marquis de La Fayette and his Soldiers 402 Plan of the Investment of York, Vir- ginia 404 Moore's House at Yorktown 406 Acknowledgment of American Inde- pendence by France 413 Statue of Hamilton destroyed at the great Fire in New York, Dec. 16th, 1835 415 Portrait of General Washington. ... 419 Washington's Residence, MountVer- non 421 Franklin Medal 423 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAI REYOLUTION. INTRODUCTION. We propose to give a brief history of the war of the American Revolution, a contest waged by the American colonies, then in their infancy, but relying on the justice of their cause, against the fleets and armies of a mighty kingdom, un- equalled for its giant strength and resources. That important event has brought a powerful nation into active life ; it laid the foundation of the American republic, the pattern model of a democratic form of government, which proves to every candid inquirer that man is capable of governing himself, and which shines brightly, as the beacon-fire of liberty, to the whole world. Before proceeding directly to the war, it will be useful to glance at the earlier history and discov- erers of America. I. Eric the Red, with his household, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland, where they formed a settlement. Among those who accompanied him was Heriulf Bardson, whose son Biarne happened at this time to be on a trading voyage to Norway. Eric established himself at Brattalid in Ericsfiod, and Heriulf Bardson settled at Heriulfsnes. When Biarne returned to Eyrar in Iceland, and found that his father had de- parted, he determined upon spending the following winter with him, as he had done the preceding ones, although he and all his people were entirely ignorant of the navigation of the Greenland sea. To this determination the original dis- covery of America appears to be owing. They commenced their voyage ; fogs and northerly winds arose, and for many days they were driven they knew not whither. At length they descried a land without mountains, overgrown with wood, and presenting many gentle elevations ; but as it did not correspond with the descriptions which they had received of Greenland, they left it to the larboard, and pursued their course for two days, when they came to another land, which was flat and overgrown with wood. They again stood out to sea, and, after three days' sailing with a southwest wind, per- ceived a third land, which Biarne discovered to be an island ; but as it did not present an inviting aspect, being mountainous and covered with glaciers, he did not go on shore, but bore away with the same wind, and, after four days' sailing, arrived at Heriulfsnes in Greenland. This was in the summer of 986. About eight years after this Biarne went on a visit to Eric, Earl of Norway, and related to him his voyage, with an account of the strange lands he had dis- covered. Biarne's description of the coasts was very accurate, but he was much blamed for not having made himself better acquainted with the country. In Greenland his voyage had excited much interest, and, on his return, a voy- age of discovery was projected. 12 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Among those whose curiosity had been excited by the discovery of the un- known lands, was Leif, one of the sons of Eric the Red. This enterprising navigator purchased Biarnc's ship, and, having manned it with a crew of thirty- five men, set sail in quest of strange lands, in the year 1000. The first land they made was that which Biarne had seen last. Here they went on shore ; not a blade of grass was to be seen, but everywhere mountains of ice, and be- tween these and the shore one barren plain of slate (hella). This country not appearing to possess any good qualities, they called it Helluland, and put to sea again. This was the land which Biarne had discovered to be an island, and was doubtless Newfoundland, which in modern descriptions is said partly to con- sist of naked rocky flats where not even a shrub can grow, and therefore called Barrens ; thus corresponding to the island of Helluland first discovered by Biarne. The next land they came to, and where they went on shore, was level, covered with woods, and characterized by clilfs of white sand and a low coast ; they called it Markland (Woodland). This country, southwest of Helluland, and dis- tant from it about three days' sail, is Nova Scotia, of which the descriptions given by later writers answers completely to that given by the ancient Northmen of Markland. Leif left this country, and, after two days' sailing with a northeast wind, came to an island eastward of the mainland. They sailed westward, and went on shore at a place where a river issued from a lake and flowed into the sea. Here they first raised some log-huts, but when they had determined upon passing the winter there, they built commodious houses, which were afterward called Leifsbudir (Leif's booths). Leif then divided his people into two com- panies, Avhich were alternately to be employed in guarding the houses and in ma- king short excursions. He gave them special instructions not to go farther than would admit of their return on the same evening. It happened one day that one of his followers, a German named Tyrker, was missing. Leif, with a small party, went out to seek him, but they soon met him returning. He informed them that he had not been far, but had discovered vines and grapes, with which he was well acquainted, having been born in a country where vines grew. They had now two employments — hewing of timber for loading the ship, and collecting grapes, with which they filled the long boat. Leif named the coimtry Vinland (Vineland), and in the spring departed thence for Greenland. The country thus named Vineland, and which is proved to be identical with Massachusetts and Rhode Island, naturally became the theme of much conver- sation in Greenland ; and Leif's brother, Thorwald, thinking it had not been sufficiently explored, was desirous of making a voyage thither, with a view to more extensive researches. In pursuance of this object he borrowed Leifs ship, and having received his instructions and advice, set sail in the year 1002. They reached Vineland at Leifsbooths, and spent the winter there. In the spring of 1003 Thorwald equipped the ship's long-boat with a party of his followers for the purpose of making a voyage of discovery southward. They found the coun- try extremely beautiful, but without any appearance of men having been there before them, except on an island to the westward, where they discovered a wooden shed. They did not return to their companions at Leifsbooths until autumn. In the summer of 1004 Thorwald left a party at Leifsbooths, and steering his course first eastward and then northward, passed a remarkable headland enclosing a bay. They called it Kialarnes (Keelcape), from its resemblance to the keel of their ship. This promontory, which modern geographers have sometimes likened to a horn and sometimes to a sickle, is Cape Cod. They sailed along the eastern coast into one of the nearest firths, until they arrived at a promontory entirely overgrown with wood, where they all landed. Thorwald was so much pleased with this spot, that he exclaimed to his companions, " Here it is beau OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 13 tiful, and here I should like well to fix my dwelling." He little thought that, instead of being his dwelling, it was so soon to be his burial-place. As they were preparing to go on board, they descried on the sandy beach three hillocks, which, on a near approach, were found to be three canoes, and under each three Skrellings (Esquimaux). A fight ensued : eight of the Skrellings were killed; the ninth escaped with his canoe. Afterward a numerous party rushed upon them from the interior of the bay, and discharged arrows at them. Thorwald and his party endeavored to shield themselves by raising little screens on the ship's side, and the Skrellings at length retired, but not till Thorvvald had re ■ ceived a wound under the arm from an arrow. Finding the wound to be mortal, he said to his followers, " I now advise you to prepare for your departure as soon as possible, but me ye shall bring to the promontory where I thought it good to dwell ; it may be that it was a prophetic word which fell from my mouth about my abiding there for a season ; there shall ye bury me, and plant a cross at my head and also at my feet, and call the place Krossanes (Crossness) in all time coming." He died, and they buried him as he had directed. (Krossanes is, in all probability, Gurnet Point.) After this they rejoined their companions at Leifsbooths, where they spent the winter ; but in the spring of 1005 set sail for Greenland to communicate to Leif the fate of his brother. When the circumstance of the death and burial of Thorwald was made known in Greenland, Thorstein, Eric's third son, determined on making a voyage to Vineland to fetch his brother's body. He equipped the same ship, and was ac- companied by his wife Gudrida : but his design was frustrated ; for, after having been tossed about and driven they knew not whither during the whole summer, they landed in the western settlements of Greenland, where Thorstein shortly after died. In the spring Gudrida returned to Ericsford. This unsuccessful expedition was soon after followed by another, on a larger scale than any of the preceding ones ; for it happened that, in the summer of 1006, two ships arrived from Iceland, the one commanded by Thorfinn Karlsefne, a wealthy and powerful man, of illustrious birth ; the other by Biarne Grimolfson. Thorfinn was accompanied by Snorre Thorbradson, and Biarne by Thorhall Gamlason. At this time a festival was held at Brattalid, on which occasion the Vineland voyage was the leading topic of conversation, and Thorfinn, being cap- tivated by Gudrida, asked and obtained the consent of her brother-in-law, Leif, to their union, which took place in the course of the winter. On the celebration of these nuptials the Vineland voyage was again the subject of discussion, and Karlsefne was prevailed on, by his wife Gudrida and others, to prosecute a voy- age thither and plant a colony. Accordingly three ships were fitted out, and all kinds of live stock taken on board. The first ship was commanded by Thorfinn Karlsefne and Snorre Thorbradson, the second by Biarne Grimolfson and Thor- hall Gamlason, and the third by Thorward, who had married Freydisa, the nat- ural daughter of Eric the Red. They mustered one hundred and sixty men, and, being furnished with what was necessary for the occasion, departed in the spring of 1007. After touching at Helluland and Markland, they came to Kial- arnes (the Nauset of the Indians), where the trackless deserts, long beaches, and sands, so much excited their wonder, that they called them Furdustrandir (Wonder strands). They passed these, and came to a firth which ran far into the country, and which they called Straumfiordr (Stream firth). On the shore of this firth they landed : the country was beautiful, and they made preparations for a winter residence ; but Thorhall wished to go in quest of Vineland in a north direction. Karlsefne, however, decided on going to the southwest. Thor- hall, therefore, with eight men, quitted them, and was driven by westerly gales to the coast of Ireland, where, according to some accounts, they were taken and made slaves. Karlsefne and those that remained with him, in all one hundred 14 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY and fifty-one men, sailed in a southerly direction till they entered a river which fell into the sea from a lake. They steered into this lake, and called the place Hop, which, in Icelandic, signifies a bay, or the land bordering on such a bay. Here they landed, and found wheat growing wild on the low grounds, and on the rising lands grape-vines. To this place Mount Hope's bay corresponds ; and it was at this Hop that Leifsbooths were situated. Above this, and most probably on the beautifully-situated elevation afterward called by the Indians Mont Haup, Karlsefne and his companions erected their dwellings and passed the winter. They had no snow, and the cattle fed in the open fields. One morning, in the beginning of 1008, they perceived a number of canoes coming from the southwest past the cape. Karlsefne exhibited friendly signals by hold- ing up a wnite shield, and the natives, a sallow-colored and ill-looking race, drew nigh, and commenced bartering furs and squirrel-skins for pieces of red cloth, and afterward for milk-soup. While this traffic was proceeding, a bull, which Thorfinn had brought with him, came out of the wood and bellowed loudly. This terrified the Skrellings ; they rushed to their canoes, and rowed away. About this time Gudrida gave birth to a son, who received the name of Snorre. At the commencement of the following winter the Skrellings appeared again in much greater numbers, and menaced hostility by loud yellings. They advanced — a battle took place ; the Skrellings had war-slings, and a galling discharge of missiles fell upon the land ; one, enormously large, fell with a crash that filled the Northmen Avith dismay, and they fled into tlie woods. Freydisa, the wife of Thorward, a bold and art- ful woman, upon perceiving the retreat of her countrymen, called to them, and reproached them with their cowardice, saying, if she had a weapon she would defend herself better than any of them. She followed them into the Avood, where she saw the dead body of Snorre Thorbradson ; a flat stone was sticking in his head, and his drawn sword was lying by his side. This she seized, and by her frantic gestures so terrified the Skrellings, that they in turn fled to their canoes and rowed away. Thorfinn and his people now rallied ; they came up to her and praised her courage ; but they became convinced that they could not continue in the country without being in constant alarm from the powerful hos- tility of the natives, and therefore determined upon returning to their own coun- try. They freighted their ships, sailed eastward, and came to Straumfiord, where they passed the third winter ; Karlsefne's son Snorre being then three years old. At Markland they met with five Skrellings, two of which (boys) they caught and carried away with them. These children, after they had been taught the Norse language, informed them that the Skrellings were ruled by chieftains (kings), that there were no houses in the country, but that the people dwelled in holes and caves. Karlsefne, after having gone in quest of Thorhall, pursued his voyage to Greenland, and arrived at Ericsfiord in 1011. The next voyage was undertaken at the instigation of Freydisa, who prevailed on two brothers, commanders of a ship from Iceland, to make a voyage to Vine- land, and share equally with her in all the profits. To this the brothers, Helge and Finnboge, assented, and a mutual agreement was entered into that each party should have thirty-five able-bodied men on board their ship ; but Freydisa concealed five additional men, whom she took with her. They reached Leifs- booths in 1012, where they remained during the winter. But the deceitful con- duct of Freydisa caused an estrangement between the parties, and she at length succeeded, by subtlety and artifice, in persuading her husband to efTect ihe mur- der of the two brothers and their followers. After this atrocious act they return- ed to Greenland in the spring of 1013. At this time Thorfinn Karlsefne was waiting for a fair wind to sail for Nor- way. His ship was laden with a more valuable cargo than was ever before OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IS known to leave Greenland. When the wind was favorable, he sailed to Nor- way, and sold his goods. The next year he proceeded to Iceland, and in the year following, 1015, purchased the Glaumboe estate, where he resided during the remainder of his life. Snorre, his American-born son, also dwelled and ended his days there. Among the numerous and illustrious descendants of Karlsefne was the learned bishop Thorlak Runolfson, born in 1085, of Snorre's daughter Halfrida, who was probably the original compiler of the account of the foregoing voyages. After these, many voyages were undertaken, and the last piece of information preserved in the ancient MSS. relates to a voyage, in the year 1347, from Greenland to Markland, undertaken for the purpose of bringing home timber and other sup- plies. On her voyage homeward the ship was driven out of her course, and arrived, with loss of anchors, at Straumfiord, in the west of Iceland. From the accounts of this voyage, written by a contemporary nine years after the event, it appears that the intercourse between Greenland and America Proper had been maintained to so late a date as 1347 ; for it is expressly stated that the ship went to Markland, which must have been thus mentioned as a country still loiown and visited in those days. Thus it appears that, during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the ancient Northmen discovered a great extent of the eastern coasts of North America, and made frequent visits to Massachusetts and Rhode Island ; and that, during the centuries immediately following, the intercourse was never entirely broken off. As confirmatory of these statements, Dr. J V. C. Smith, of Boston, has writ- ten an account of a remarkable rough stone cemetery, discovered about fifty years ago in Rainsford island, in the bay of Boston, which contained a skeleton and a sword-hilt of iron. Dr. Smith argues that, as the body could not have been that of a native Indian nor of a settler posterior to the re-discovery, it was most probably that of one of the early Scandinavians. Dr. Webb, of Providence, has also furnished an account of a skeleton found at Fall river Massachusetts, on or near which were a bronze breast-plate, bronze tubes belonging to a belt. Sec, none of which appear to be of Indian or of a comparatively modern European manufacture. Fio. 3. — Skeleton and Arrow-heads found at Fall River. A Runic inscription is also still to be seen on Dighton rock, on the east side of Taunton river, which is exposed and covered at every ebb and flow of the tide- At Newport, Rhode Island, there is a stone tower built of rough pieces of 16 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Fig. 4. — Runic Inscription on Dighton Rock. Fig. 5.-01(1 Stone Tower, at Newport, R. I. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. lY grej'wacke stone, laid in courses, strongly cemented by a mortar of sand and gravel of excellent quality, which nearly equals the stone itself in hardness. It appears to have been at some former period covered with a stucco of similar character to the cement with which the stone is held together. It is nearly twenty-five feet in height ; its diameter outside is twenty-three feet, and inside eighteen feet nine inches. It is circular, and is supported upon eight arches resting on thick columns about ten feet high ; the height of the centres of the arches from the ground is twelve feet six inches. The foundation extends to the depth of four or five feet. The columns are peculiar, having only half capitals, which seem to have been simply rounded slabs of stone, of which the part projecting on the inside had been cut away. According to Professor Rafn, the architecture of this building is in the ante-Gothic style, which was common in the north and west of Europe from the eighth to the twelfth centuries. The circular form, the low columns, their thickness in proportion to their distance from each other, and the entire want of ornament, all point out this epoch. He imagines it was used for a bap- tistery, and accounts for the absence of buildings of a similar character by the abundance of wood in America. II. From the time of the Northmen nothing seems to have been known of the western continent till the birth of Christopher Columbus. Fig. 6. — Christopher Columbus. The territory of Genoa had the honor of giving birth to him, and the traveller In Italy is still gratified by beholding at the little village of Cocoletto, the humble mansion, where, in a narrow room in the rear, looking out upon the deep blue Mediterranean, and over which the troubled sea often throws its spray, Christo- pher Columbus, called by the Spaniards Colon, first saw the light. He appears to have had an early attachment to sea affairs ; he studied navigation with the 2 18 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY iilmost industry, and supported liimsolf by making charts for the sea-service He liJid tfic universal character of a sot)cr, temperate, and devout man ; he was a good inutliematician, and had, in other respects, a tolerable sliare of learning, 'i'ho fame of the Portuguese in naval affairs having drawn him to Lisbon, he there settled, carried on a trade to the coast of Guinea, and at length married a woman of considerable fortune. The reasons which, probably, determined Columbus to attempt the discovery of Ameri(-a, were the following : he had observed, when at the Cape de "Verd slands, that at a particular season, the wind always blew from the west, which he thought was occasioned by a large tract of land lying that way ; and he thought that the spherical figure of the earth demanded, that the land on the one side should be balanced by an equal quantity on the other. He flattered himself that by sailing west, he should find a nearer passage to the Indies, than that which the Portuguese hoped to discover, by sailing round the coast of Africa, of a great part of which they had already made themselves masters. When he was fully convinced of the possibility of carrying his scheme into execution, he proposed it to the state of Genoa as early as the year 1 484 ; out they having rejected it, he applied in the year 1485 to John the Second, king of Portugal, in v/hose dominions he had now resided some years, and com- missioners were appointed to treat with him ; who, having artfully drawn his secret from him, advised the king to fit out a ship to try the practicability of the plan, and to rob Columbus of the honor and advantage of it; but the design fail- ed ; and when the king would have treated with Columbus a second lime, his indignation at the treatment he had received, determined him to apply elsewhere ; and that very year he sent his brother Bartholomew v/ith proposals to Henry VII., king of England, while he himself proceeded to Spain, to offer his servi- ces to Ferdinand and Isabella. Bartholomew had the misfortune to fall into the hands of pirates, who, strip- ping him of all he had, he arrived in England in a very miserable condition where he was taken ill of a fever, and reduced to great distress. On his recov- eiy, he applied himself with great industry to the making and selling of maps, and charts, by which he at length, in the year 1488, put himself into a propei equipage to appear before the king (Henry VII.), with whom he entered into an agreement, in the name and on the behalf of his brother. When Christopher Columbus arrived in Spain, he communicated his plan to Martin Alonzo Pinzon, a celebrated pilot, who saw the force of his arguments, and readily agreed to go with him, if his application at court should be success- ful ; but so much difficulty attended the prosecution of his suit, and he met with so many delays and insults, that he was actually on the point of leaving Spain for England, to see what success his brother had met with, and in case his ap- plications had been equally fruitless, to offer his proposals to the court of France At this interval Queen Isabella was prevailed upon to encourage his plan ; and articles of agreement were signed at Santa Fe, in the kingdom of Grenada, on the seventeenth of April, 1492. By this agreement, Columbus was to be admiral of the seas, and viceroy of all the countries he should discover : ho was to have a tenth part of the profits redounding to their majesties from liis labors ; and an eighth of what he should bring home in his ships ; himself furnishing one eighth of the expense of the equipment. When this agreement was concluded, he v/as allowed three vessels ; the Galega, which he named the Santa Maria, a carrac, or ship with a deck, con)- manded by himself ; the Pinta, of which Martin Alonzo Pinzon was captain; and the Nina, under the command of Vincent Yanez Pinzon, brother to Martin Alonzo, who furnished half of Columbus's share of the expense. These two OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 19 vessels were called caravels, that is, ships without decks ; and the whole fleet, which carried but one hundred and twenty men, put to sea from Palos, on Fri- day the third day of August, 1492. On the next morning the rudder of the Pinta breaking loose, they made it fast in the best manner they were able Avith cords, till they had an opportunity effec- tually to repair it. Several of the seamen began to consider this as an ill omen ; but the admiral told them that " no omen could be evil to those whose designs were good." They arrived at the Canaries on the eleventh of August, Avhere they remained, refreshing themselves, till the sixth of September ; when they weighed anchor, and proceeded on their voyage, for fear of the Portuguese, who had fitted out three caravels to attack them. On the seventh they lost sight of land, and with it all their courage, bitterly bemoaning their fate, as that of wretches destined to certain destruction. Colum- bus comforted these cowards in the best manner he was able ; setting before them the certain prospect of wealth and happiness, as the reward of their labors ; and that they might not think themselves so far from home, as they really were, he resolved, during the whole voyage, to deceive them in the reckoning ; and having this day sailed eighteen leagues, he pretended they had made no more than fifteen. On the fourteenth of September, they took notice of the variation of the com- pass, and the people on board the Nina saw a heron, and some tropic birds, and the next day the sea was covered with yellow and green weeds, among whicli they saw a live lobster ; and as they advanced they found the sea-water less salt, from which circumstances they imagined they were near land. Alonzo Pinzon, who had been ahead, lay by for the captain on the eighteenth, acquainting him that he had seen a large number of birds flying westward, and imagined he saw land fifteen leagues to the north ; but Columbus, having no doubt but he was mistaken, would not alter his course, though most earnestly solicited so to do by the sailors. On the nineteenth, the sight of a great number of sea-gulls, which it was im- agined could not fly far, began to give the admiral himself some hopes of seeing land speedily ; but on sounding with a line of two hundred fathoms, no bottom could be found. They now saw abundance of weeds, and three days afterward took a bird like a heron, web-footed, of a dark color, with a white tuft on the head ; and in the evening, saw three small singing-birds, which flew away at break of day. They now encountered such a quantity of weeds, that they Avere apprehensive the ships would not long be able to make their way. Till this time the wind had been always right astern ; but now shifting to the southwest, gave the ad- miral an opportunity of exposing the groundless fears of the sailors, who had imagined they should never have a fair wind to carry them back ; but notwith- standing all he could say to them, they loudly complained of the danger they were in of perishing at sea, and a mutiny would, in all probability, have been the consequence of their clamors, but for a strong gale, which sprung up at west- northwest, and convinced them that there was no danger of their having no op- portunity to return. Several flights of small birds, which they observed coming from the west, and a pigeon, which flew over tlie ship, gave them fresh hopes of making land ; but when they found themselves disappointed, their mortification was the greater, and their complaints increased. They censured the admiral as a person, who, from an idle ambition of aggran dizing himself, and his own family, had led them into dangers and difficulties, in search of a country which nowhere existed ; they said they had given suffi- 20 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Fig. 7.— Mutiny on board the Santa Maria. cient proofs of their courage, by venturing so far from home, and began \o en- tertain serious thoughts of compelling Columbus to return. In a word, so great were their fears, that some of them were for throwing the admiral overboard, and asserting, on their return to Spain, that he fell into the sea, as he was gazing at the stars. Columbus was not insensible of the spirit of mutiny, by which they were ac- tuated, and exerted himself, partly by representing their duty to the king, partly by threats of punishment in case of disobedience, and partly by promises of the reward of their perseverance ; so that the enterprise received no detriment from their ill-grounded fears and apprehensions. The men were, however, extremely anxious and disconsolate, till on the twenty-fifth of September, about sunsetting, while Columbus was talking to Vin- cent Yanez Pinzon, he cried, " Land ! Land ! Let me not lose the reward for this good news !" and immediately pointed toward the southwest, where there was something which looked like an island, at the distance of twenty-five leagues. This, Avhich was afterward looked on as a contrivance between Columbus and Pinzon, so animated the men, that they returned thanks to God with the utmost fervency, and the admiral, at the earnest entreaty of the crew, steered toward the supposed island most part of the night ; but in the morning no island was to be seen, and the men were as loud in their complaints as ever. Columbus continued on his course with the utmost resolution ; and on the twenty-ninth they saw many flying fishes, some of which fell into the ship. They also saw a gull, several wagtails, and other birds, and were encompassed with so great a quantity of weeds, that the men thought they were near land, and in danger of running aground. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 21, On the thirtieth they also saw many wagtails, and observed that the weeds lay in a line from west-northwest, to east-southeast. At break of day, on the first of October, a wagtail came on board the admiral, and that day the pilot told the admiral, that they were five handred and seventy- eight leagues west of the island of Ferro ; but by Columbus's account they were seven hundred and seven ; but he took no notice of the error, because he would not discourage the sailors. On the second they killed a tunny fish, and some birds ; but seeing no birds on the third day, they feared they had missed some islands, and the men begged the admiral to steer either to the right or left ; but regardless of their entreaties, he resolved to keep right on his course, that the credit of his undertaking might not suffer by an idle compliance with their demands. Hereupon the men began to mutiny, and would probably have taken some des- perate measures, had not the flight of upward of forty sparrows, and other birds, from the west, again given them hopes that they were near land. Some signs of land appeared to the westward on the seventh of October, but the weather be- ing hazy, no one would venture to cry land. An annuity of ten thousand marvadies, or thirty crowns, for life, had been of- fered by their catholic majesties to the person who should first discover land ; but if any one cried out land, and it did not prove to be so, he was to be exclu- ded from the reward, even though he should afterward discover it. But the people of the Nina, which was generally ahead, fired a gun, and hoisted colors, concluding it was certainly land ; but as they sailed farther they were soon un- deceived. Next day they saw many birds, both large and small, among which were some land-fowl, flying from the west to the southwest, and Columbus, thinking they could not fly far, imitated the Portuguese, who, by following such flights of birds, had discovered several islands ; he therefore changed his course, and stood for the west ; and having already sailed seven hundred and twenty leagues to the westward of the Canaries, imagined he should soon find land ; and he had often told the sailors to expect it at that distance. They saw twelve singing-birds, and many ducks, gulls, and jays, on the eighth of October ; and on the eleventh, when all the admiral's skill and address would have been insufficient to withstand much longer the mutinous disposition of the crew, he was comforted with indubitable proofs of their being near land ; for on this day they saw a green rush, and a large rock-fish swim near the admiral's ship ; and those on board the Pinta took up a staff most curiously wrought, and saw a cane floating, and a number of weeds fresh torn from the shore. On the evening of this day the admiral represented to his men, how merciful God had been to them, in conducting them safe so long a voyage ; and said, that since the tokens he now saw were proofs they were near land, he would have them watch all night, and they would most likely discover it before the morning ; and he promised to give a velvet doublet, as an addition to their majesties' re- ward, to the person who should make the discovery. Two hours before midnight, Columbus standing on the poop, saw a light on shore, and called Guitierres, groom of the privy chamber to the king, who also saw it. It appeared like a candle, or other light carried in a person's hand from one house to another. About two o'clock in the morning land was discovered, at the distance of two leagues, by Roderic de Trians, on board the Pinta, which was considerably ahead ; but the reward was afterward paid to Columbus, by order of their catholic majesties, for having first discovered the light. The ships now lay too, and the people waited with the utmost anxiety for a sight of that land of which they had been so long in search ; and at the break 22 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 23 ot day they had the pleasure to behold an island about fifteen leagues in length ; of a flat surface, well covered with wood and watered, with a l*ge lake in the middle of it. It appeared to be full of inhabitants, who wailed on the shore, astonished at the sight of the ships, which they took for prodigious sea monsters. The sailors were extremely eager to be on shore ; and as soon as the vessels were brought to an anchor, the admiral went on shore, with the royal colors fly- ing, as did the captains, carrying the colors of their enterprise, being a green cross with crowns, and the names of their catholic majesties. They were no sooner on shore, than thev fell on their knees, and kissing the ground, with tears of joy, gave tlianks to God for his goodness, when the admi- ral stood up, and gave the island the name of St. Salvador, which the natives called Guanihani ; but it is now known by the name of Cat-island. Columbus having taken possession of the island, for the king and queen of Spain, the sailors acknowledged his authoritv', begged pardon for their former behavior, and promised the utmost obedience for the future. On his return, when near the coast of Portugal, a terrible storm arose, and he found it expedient to anchor off Lisbon, where he was warmly solicited by the lung of Portugal to re-enter his service, but this was declined. Columbus again made sail, and in a few days came to anchor in the port of Palos. Columbus gave their majesties an account of his voyages and discoveries, showed the Indians as they appeared in their own country, and exhibited all the curiosities he had brought. When he had concluded his account, their majes- ties knelt down, and with tears in their eyes, returned thanks to God, and im- mediately the choristers of the chapel sung Te Deum. The articles heretofore concluded with the admiral were only in form of a contract ; but as he had performed what he engaged to do, their majesties now passed grants, making good what they had before promised him. When his majesty rode through Barcelona, he would make the admiral ride by his side, an honor, till then, peculiar to the princes of the blood. The im- portance of his discoveries induced their majesties to despatch an ambassador to Pope Alexander VI., requesting his authority for an exclusive title to the countries which had been, or might be discovered ; this the pope readily com- plied with, drawing a line from pole to pole, one hundred leagues westward from the Cape de Verd islands, granting to their majesties all the dominions beyond that part of the globe. The son of the poor wool-comber of Genoa was laden with every honor that power could bestow. His patroness, Isabella, received him with open arms, tlie very courts that had denied him aid now solicited his presence, and at the tables of the noblest he became an honored guest. Among many others of the grandees of Spain, Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza, the grand cardinal of Spain, invited Columbus to a banquet. He gave him the most honorable place at table, and, notwithstanding etiquette to its fullest extent was at that time punctiliously observed, he served him with ceremonies which were observed toward sovereigns. It was at that banquet that the anecdote of the egg is said to have occurred, which scene is graphically delineated in our engraving. A courtier who was present, possessing more impudence than wit, and jealous of Columbus because he was a foreigner, and so highly honored by his master, abruptly asked him whether he thought that in case he had not dis- covered the Indies, there were not other men who would have been capable of the enterprise ? Columbus, looking with proper contempt upon the fellow, deigned no reply, but taking an egg, invited the company to make it stand upon one end. All attempted it, but in vain, whereupon he struck it upon the table 80 as to break the end, and left it standing upon the broken part. This, in the most simple manner, illustrated the fact, that when he had once shown the way OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25 to the new world, it was a very easy thing to follow. The rebuke was felt, and the courtier held his peace. " This anecdote," says Irving, " rests on the au- thority of the Italian historian Benzoni. It has been condemned as trivial, but the simplicity of the reproof constituted its severity, and was characteristic of the practical sagacity of Columbus. The universal popularity of the anecdote is a proof of its merit." On the twenty-fifth of September, 1493, Columbus sailed on his second voy- age, in which he discovered more of the West India islands. On the thirteenth of May, 1498, Columbus commenced his third voyage, from the bay of St. Lucas, and after seeing some new islands, on the first of August he discovered the continent, but imagining it to be an island, he termed it Isla Santa. From this cruise Columbus was brought back in chains to Cadiz in con- sequence of false charges made against him by interested individuals ; but he was soon restored to the favor of liis king and master. A new voyage was now projected, which was commenced on the fourth of May, 1502. In this he was very successful as a discoverer, but on his return home his health failed, and he died May 15, 1506. His body was taken to the Carthusian convent, and thence to St. Domingo. His bones, however, were afterward removed to Cuba, and are still preserved in the cathedral at Havana. In the cathedral of Seville, fig. 8, there is a flat stone with an inscription, which, when translated, states. To Castile and Leon Colmnbus gave a new world. Such was the end of this great man, to whom the Spaniards are indebted for all their American possessions, and who, from the boldness of his undertakings, and the greatness of his achievements, may, in a great degree, be considered as the Father of Navigation. Columbus was in stature tall, his face long, his aspect majestic, his nose aqui- line, his eyes gray, his complexion ruddy and clear; his beard and hair were fair in his youth, but the many hardships he suffered soon turned them gray. He was a man of wit and pleasantry, yet modestly grave, and eloquent in dis- course. He was affable to strangers, and kind to his own family. He had an air of authority and grandeur that commanded respect ; he was temperate in eating and drinking, and modest in his dress. He was strict in religion, accord- ing to the mode of his country, and obliged those vender him to pay, at least, a decent regard to it. He much desired the conversion of the Indians, and did what he could to allure them, by obliging the Spaniards to lead a life, in some measure agreeable to the faith they professed. He was a man of undaunted courage, and fond of great enterprises ; he remained unmoved amidst the many troubles and adversities that attended him, ever relying on the Divine Providence. This is the account given of the famous Columbus, by a Spanish writer of knowledge and fidelity, who adds, that " His name will be renowned as long as the world endures." III. Sebastian Cabot, who claims with Columbus to have been the first dis- coverer of the continent of America, was the son of John Cabot, a Venetian. He was born at Bristol in 1477 ; and was taught by his father arithmetic, ge- ometry, and cosmography. Before he was twenty years of age he made several voyages. The first of any consequence seems to have been made with his father, who had a commission from Henry VII. for the discovery of a northwest passage to India. They sailed in the spring of 1497 ; and proceeding to the northwest, they discovered land, Avhich for that reason they called Primavista, oi Newfoundland. Another smaller island they called St. John, from its being discovered on the feast of St. John Baptist ; after which, they sailed along the Fig. 10.— Tomb of Columbus.— Seville Cathedral. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 27 Fig. 11. — Portrait of Sebastian Cabot, coast of America as far as Cape Florida, and then returned to England with a good cargo, and three Indians aboard. Stowe and Speed ascribe these discov- eries wholly to Sebastian, without mentioning his father. It is probable that Sebastian, after his father's death, made several voyages to these parts, as a map of his discoveries, drawn by himself, was hung up in the privy garden at White- hall. However, history gives but little account of his life for near twenty years, when he went to Spain, where he was made pilot-major, and intrusted with re- viewing all projects for discoveries, which were then very numerous. His great capacity and approved integrity induced many eminent merchants to treat with him about a voyage by the new-found straits of Magellan to the Moluccas. He therefore sailed in 1525, first to the Canaries, then to the Cape Verd islands, thence to St. Augustine and the island of Patos ; when some of his people be- ginning to be mutinous, and refusing to pass through the straits, he laid aside the design of sailing to the Moluccas, left some of the principal mutineers upon a desert island, and, sailing up the rivers of Plate and Paraguay, discovered and built forts in a large tract of fine country, that produced gold, silver, and other rich commodities. He thence despatched messengers to Spain for a supply of provisions, ammunition, goods for trade, and a recruit of men ; but his request not being readily complied with, after staying five years in America, he returned home, where he met with a cold reception, the merchants being displeased at his not having pursued his voyage to the Moluccas, while his treatment of the mutineers had given umbrage at court. Hence he returned to England ; and being introduced to the Duke of Somerset, then lord protector, a new office was erected for him ; he was made governor of the mystery and company of the merchant adventurers for the discovery of regions, dominions, islands, and places 28 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY unknown ; a pension was granted liim, by letters patent, of £166 13^. 4d. per annum ; and he was consulted in all alTairs relative to trade. In 1522, by his interest, the court fitted out some ships for the discovery of the northern parts of the world. This produced the first voyage the English made to Russia, and the beginning of that commerce which has ever since been carried on between the two nations. The Russia company was now founded by a charter granted by Philip and Mary ; and of this company Sebastian was appointed governor for life. He is said to be the first who took notice of the variation of the needle, and who published a map of the world. The exact time of his death is not known, but he lived to be above seventy years of age. Fig. 12. — Portrait of Americus Vespucius. IV. Although America was discovered by the Northmen, Columbus, and tne Cabots, yet it was reserved for Amerigo Vespucci to give a name to the soil ; that name America, which is already synonymous with liberty and independence throughout the whole world ; where the genius of freedom finds her deareet lace of abiding while living, and which, if she be ever conquered by the strong Fig. 13.— Pizarro 30 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY arm of imperial tyranny and royal despotism, will be for her a magnificent sep ulchre. Amcricus Vespiicius, or more properly Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine gen- tleman, was born March 9, 1451, of an ancient family. His father, who was an Italian merchant, brought him up in this business, and his profession led him to visit Spain and other countries. Being eminently skilled in all the sciences subservient to navigation, and possessing an enterprising spirit, he became de- sirous of seeing the new world, which Columbus had discovered in 1492. He accordingly entered as a merchant on board the small fleet of four ships, equip- ped by tlie merchants of Seville, and set out under the command of Ojeda. The enterprise was sanctioned by a royal license. He sailed May 20, 1499, under the command of Ojeda, and proceeded to the Antilles islands, and thence to the coast of Guiana and Venezuela, and returned to Cadiz in November, 1500. After his return, Emanuel, king of Portugal, who was jealous of the success and glory of Spain, invited him to his kingdom, and gave him the command of three ships to make a third voyage of discovery. He sailed from Lisbon, May 10, 1501, a.nd ran down the coasts of Africa as far as Sierra Leone and the coast of Angola, and then passed over to Brazil in South America, and continued his discoveries to the south as far as Patagonia. He then returned to Sierra Leone and the coast of Guinea, and entered again the port of Lisbon, September 7, 1502. King Emanuel, highly gratified by his success, equipped for him six ships, with which he sailed on his fourth and last voyage. May 10, 1503. It was his object to discover a western passage to the Molucca islands. He passed the coasts of Africa, and entered the bay of All Saints in Brazil. Having provision for only twenty months, and being detained on the coast of Brazil by bad weather and contrary winds five months, he formed the resolution of returning to Portugal, where he arrived June 14, 1504. As he carried home Avith him considerable quantities of the Brazil wood, and other articles of value, he Avas received with joy. It was soon after this period, that he wrote an account of his four voyages. The work was dedicated to Rene II., duke of Lorraine, who took the title of the king of Sicily, and who died December 10, 1508. It was probably pub- lished about the year 1507, for in that year he went from Lisbon to Seville, and King Ferdinand appointed him to draw sea-charts with the title of chief pilot. He died at the island of Terceira in 1514, aged about sixty-three years, or agree- ably to another account, at Seville, in 1512, having published the first book and chart describing the new world. V. The Mississippi, that broad and majestic river, as it rushes onward with resistless current to the sea, contains within its deep bosom the abode of no more daring or gallant spirit than that which animated the proud Hernando de Soto. He was born at Barcarota in 1501 ; his family was respectable, but poor, and De Soto was obliged to depend upon his bravery for his subsistence. With this view he accompanied Davila to America, and distinguished himself so m.uch that he had command given him of a troop of horse, with which he followed Pizarro (fig. 13) to Peru, and in that severe battle which took place between Pizarro and Almagro, (fig. 14), he displayed great prowess, and distinguished himself for his valor and prudence. On his return to Spain, he appeared at the court of the emperor Charles V. in magnificent style, and was attended by a knot of brave cavaliers, many of whom had been with him in Peru ; he was in the prime of manhood, about thirty-six years old, commanding in figure, and of a dark, animated, and expressive coun- tenance. With such advantages of person and reputation he soon succeeded in gaining the affections and hand of a lady of distinguished rank and merit, Isabella de Bobadilla, which marriage strengthened his influence at court. About thii THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Fio. 15. — Portrait of Hernando de Soto. time the fate of Pamphilo de Narvaez and his followers, who had gone on an expedition to Florida, reached Spain. The imagination of De Soto became ex- cited by the narrative of this expedition ; his ambition was roused by the desire of rivalling the fame of Cortez and Pizarro, and his reputation, wealth, past ser- vices, and marriage connexions, all gave him the means of attaining his wishes. He therefore asked permission of the emperor to undertake the conquest of Florida at his own expense and risk. His prayer was granted ; numerous privileges were conferred upon him, and he was created captain-general for life, of Florida as well as of Cuba ; the control of the latter island being important to him in fitting out his armament for the conquest of Florida. The news of this expedition was soon promulgated throughout Spain, and in a little more than a year from the time that this enterprise was first proclaimed, nine hundred and fifty Spaniards of all degrees had assembled in the port of San Lucar de Barrame- da, to embark in the expedition. Never had a more gallant and brilliant body of men ofTered themselves for conquest in the new world. All were young and THE PICTORIAL HISTORY 33 vigorous, and fitted for the toils, hardships, and dangers, of so adventurous an undertaking. De Soto was magnificent in his offers of pecuniary assistance, to aid the cavaliers in fitting themselves out according to their rank and station. Many were compelled, through necessity, to accept of these offers ; others, who had means, generously declined them, deeming it more proper that they should assist than accept aid from him. Many came splendidly equipped with rich armor, costly dresses, and a train of domestics. Indeed, some young men of quality had spent a great part of their property in this manner. This brilliant armament embarked at San Lucar de Barrameda, on the sixth of April, 1538, in seven large and three small vessels. The governor, his wife, together with all his family and retinue, embarked in the largest vessel, called the San Christoval, of eight hundred tons burden. They quitted the Spanish shore in company with a fleet of twenty-six sail bound to Mexico, amid the braying of trumpets and the thunder of artillery. The armament of De Soto was so bountifully supplied with naval stores, that each man was allowed double rations. This led to useless waste, but the governor was of a munificent spirit, and so elated at finding in his train such noble and gallant spirits, that he thought he could not do enough to honor and gratify them. The armament arrived at Cuba about the last of May. Here the fleet remained for a long period ; during which De Soto despatched a vessel to St. Augustine to se- lect a safe harbor. This having been accomplished, he sailed from Havana on the twelfth of May, 1539, and on the twenty-fifth of the same month amved at Es- piritu Santo, and took formal possession of the country in the name of Charles V. The troops disembarked, and not a single Indian was to be seen ; the soldiers remained all night on shore in careless security, when in the morning they were suddenly attacked by a large body of Indians ; several of the Spaniards were wounded by arrows, but reinforcements arriving from the ships, the savages were repulsed and the army took up their residence in the deserted village, the houses of which were large, built of wood, and thatched with palm-leaves. Leaving a garrison in this village of Herrihigua, De Soto proceeded for several leagues into the interior, although constantly harassed by the Indians. The fertile province in which the army was now encamped lay twenty leagues to the north of that governed by Urribarracaxi, and was governed by a cacique named Acuera, who, on the approach of the Spaniards, had fled with his people to the woods. Hernando de Soto sent Indian interpreters to this chief, repre- senting the power of the Spaniards to do injury in war, and confer benefits in peace ; declaring his disposition to befriend the natives ; his only object being, by amicable means to bring the people of this great country into obedience to his sovereign, the powerful emperor and king of Castile. He invited the cacique, therefore, to a friendly interview, in order to arrange a peaceful intercourse. The cacique returned a haughty reply : " Others of your accursed race," said he, " have, in years past, disturbed our peaceful shores. They have taught me what you are. What is your employment ? To wander about like vagabonds from land to land ; to rob the poor ; to betray the confiding ; to murder the de- fenceless in cold blood. No ! with such a people I want neither peace nor friendship. War — never-ending, exterminating war — is all I ask. You boast yourselves to be valiant — and so you may be ; but my faithful warriors are not less brave ; and of this you shall one day have proof, for I have sworn to main- tain an unsparing conflict while one white man remains in my borders ; not openly in the battle-field, though even thus we fear not to meet you, but by stratagem, ambush, and midnight surprisal." In reply to the demand that he should yield obedience to the emperor, the chief replied : " I am king in my own land, and will never become the vassal of a mortal like myself. Vile and pusillanimous is he who submits to the yoke of another when he may be free ! 3 34 OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. As for me and my people, we prefer death to the loss of liberty, and the subju- gation of our country !" The governor, filled with admiration at the spirit of this savage chieftain, was more pressing than ever to gain his friendship ; but to all his overtures the cacique's answer was, that he had already made the only reply he had to offer. The army remained in this province twenty days, recruiting from the fatigues and privations of their past journey. During this time, the governor sent persons in every direction to explore the country ; and they re- turned with favorable reports. During this time the Indians were not idle. To justify the bravadoes of their cacique, they lurked in ambush about the camp, so that a Spaniard could not stray a hundred steps from it without being shot and instantly beheaded ; if his companions hastened to his rescue, they found noth- ing but a headless trunk. The Christians buried the bodies of their unfortu- nate comrades Avherever they found them ; but the savages invariably returned the following night, disinterred them, cut them up, and hanged them upon trees. The heads they carried as trophies to their cacique, according to his orders. Thus fourteen Spaniards perished, and a great number were wounded. In these skirmishes the Indians ran comparatively little risk, as the Spanish en- campment was skirted by a thicket, whither, after making an assault, the assail- ants could easily escape. In this manner the Spaniards saw effectually verified the threats of their ferocious foes, who had hung upon their rear during the march. " Keep on, robbers and traitors !" they cried, " in Aucera and Apalachee we will treat you as you deserve. We will quarter and hang up every captive on the highest trees along the road." Notwithstanding their great vigilance, the Spaniards did not kill more than fifty Indians, for the latter were extremely wary in their ambuscades. The foregoing will enable our readers to judge of the difficulties encountered by De Soto. He however continued his route through the province of Osachile, and the army passed the winter of 1539 in the province of Apalachee. In the spring of 1540, De Soto continued his route ; and in the province of Cosachriqui, which is thought to be near the seacoast of Georgia and South Carolina, he ob- ained, it is said, fourteen bushels of pearls. At length he came to the dominions of the cacique Tuscaloosa, which must have comprised a great part of Alabama and Mississippi. Here a disastrous battle ensued on the site as it is thought of Mobile ; a battle in which forty-two Spaniards were killed, and many thousand Indians perished. After this battle the situation of the Spaniards was most de- plorable. The army had been much reduced by the march into the interior ; most of the soldiers were severely wounded, all were exhausted by fatigue and hunger. The village around them was reduced to ashes, and all the baggage with the supplies of food and medicine had been consumed in the house. At this time, too, the spirit and ardor of De Soto were damped by the dissatisfaction among his troops : on the sixteenth of November, he therefore broke up his en- campment and turned his face to the northward ; after a march of five days he entered the province of Chicazo, where he remained througlithe winter. Early in 1541, the army of De Soto was attacked in the encampment, and although the Indians were driven off and defeated, yet it was with the loss of forty Spaniards with their horses. Three days after this battle the army moved to a more ad- vantageous position, about a league distant, called Chicacilla ; here they spent the rest of the winter, in great suffering from the cold, having lost all their cloth- ing in the late battle. They now erected a forge, and busied themselves in newly tempering their swords, and in making saddles, shields, and lances, to replace those which they had lost. On the first of April, the army again moved forward till they came in sight of the Mississippi, which they crossed (probably at the lowest Chickasaw bluff), and came to the village called Casquin or Casqui, i(Kaskaskias), situated in the province of the same name. The same- fortune OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 still awaited the Spaniards : the Indians were constantly attacking them ; and although alvyays subdued and cut oft' in great numbers, yet their enmity against the conquerors remained firm and implacable. De Soto, however, continued his march through the province of Palisema, passed through a village called Tanied (Tunicas), and came among the tribe of Tula Indians, and wintered in the village of Uttanque. Here their interpreter died, and his death was a severe loss to the service, as throughout the expedition he had served as the main organ of communication between the Spaniards and the natives. In the spring of 1542, the views of De Soto were changed ; his hopes of finding gold regions were disappointed ; he had lost nearly half his troops by fighting and hardships of various kinds ; the greater part of his horses too had perished, and all had been without shoes for more than a year for the want of iron. He now resolved to return to the Mississippi ; select a suitable village on its banks for a fortified post, establish himself there and build two vessels, in which some of his most confidential followers might descend the river, carry tidings of his safety to his wife and friends in Cuba, procure reinforcements of men and horses, together with fiocks, herds, seeds, and everything else necessary to colonize and secure the possession of the vast and fertile country he had overrun. As soon as the spring was sufliciently advanced, therefore, De Soto broke up his winter canton- ment and set out in the direction of the Mississippi ; after a time he came to the village of Guachoya, which contained three hundred houses, and was situated about a bowshot from the Mississippi in two contiguous hills with a small inter- vening plain that served as a public square, the whole way fortified with palis- sades. The inhabitants had fled across the river in their canoes, but abundance of provisions was found in the adjacent country. Here the melancholy which had long preyed upon the spirits of De Soto, the incessant anxiety of mind and fatigue of body, added perhaps to the influence of climate, brought on a slow fever, which continued until the seventh day, when he felt convinced that his last hour was at hand. He now made his will, and appointed his successor. When this was done, the dying chief called to him by two and two, and three and three, the most noble of his army, and after them he ordered that the soldiery should enter, twenty and twenty, thirty and thirty, and of all of them he took his last farewell. He charged them to convert the natives to the Catholic faith, and to augment the power of the crown of Spain. He thanked them for their affec- tion and fidelity to him, and regretted that he could not show his gratitude by rewards such as they merited. He begged forgiveness of all whom he had offended, and finally entreated them, in the most afliectionate manner, to be peaceful and loving to one another. Having confessed his sins with much hu- mility, he died like a catholic Christian, imploring mercy of the most Holy Trinity. His body was placed in the trunk of an evergreen oak and sunk in the Mississippi. VI. Francis I., a powerful monarch, ambitious of every kind of glory, was ani- mated also with eager rivalry of Charles V., who derived much lustre from his possessions in the new world. He therefore ardently desired to follow success- fully in the same career ; and with this view he supplied to Giovanni Verazzano, a noble Florentine, four vessels destined to America. This chief, after being driven back by a storm, was refitted, and engaged in some successful naval op- erations on the Spanish coast ; and it was then determined, that in the Dolphin, with fifty men, provisioned for eight months, he should prosecute his original design of discovery. After a severe tempest, he came, in the middle of March, upon a coast Avhich, with great probability, is supposed to be that of North Caro- lina ; and having sailed fifty leagues southward in search of a port without suc- cess, he turned again toward the north with the same object. He was once more disappointed as to a harbor ; but seeing a fine populous country, he landed 36 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 37 Fig. 17. — Portrait of Verazzano. in boats, and held some friendly intercourse with the natives. He next pro- ceeded in an eastern direction along a low coast, where even a boat could not touch ; but a sailor swam ashore, and though alarmed by some strange gestures, found the natives kind. A change of course to the northward marks the round- ing of Cape Hatteras ; and a run of fifty leagues brought him to a fertile region, covered with rich verdure and luxuriant forests. This was Virginia, near the mouth of the Chesapeake, though no mention is made of that great inlet. A sail of one hundred leagues in the same direction led to a spacious bay receiving a noble river, evidently the Hudson. They ascended it a short way in boats, and were delighted with its banks. The coast then tended eastward; and after following it fifty leagues, they reached an island of pleasing aspect, which, be- ing of a triangular form, and about the size of Rhodes, clearly appears to be that named Martha's Vineyard. The weather prevented his landing ; and, fifteen leagues farther, he found a very convenient port, where he had again much sat- isfaction in communicating with the people. Though the latitude of forty-one degrees forty minutes be about half a degree too low, it seems impossible not to recognise Boston. He then made a course of 150 leagues along a country of similar character, but somewhat more elevated, without landing at any point. Another stretch of fifty leagues, first west and then north, brought him to a bolder territory (Nova Scotia), covered with dense forests of fir, pine, and other trees of a northern climate. The inhabitants were fiercer, and carried on trade only under jealous precautions. In a subsequent run of the same extent, he dis- covered thirty small islands, with narrow channels running between them, being such as are known to stud the northern coast of that country and the adjacent one of Cape Breton. Lastly, by sailing 150 leagues farther, he reached in fifty degrees the land discovered by the Britons (Newfoundland or Labrador). His stock of victuals being spent, he here took in water, and returned to France. Verazzano, on the eighth of July, 1584, wrote to the king from Dieppe a nar- rative of this voyage. Ramusio heard from different quarters that he had sub- mitted to that monarch the plan of a colony ; and the general belief is, that he was again employed by him. Mr. Biddle, indeed, urges the improbability that, amid the disasters caused by the battle of Pavia in February, 1525, Francis 38 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY could engage in any such undertaking. Down, however, to that fatal day, his career was triumphant ; and there was ample time to have authorized another expedition, though there is a total absence of any positive notice on the subject. Ramusio, without mentioning either place or date, states that in his last voyage, having landed with some companions, he was killed by the savages in presence of his crew still on shipboard. In a modern narrative, which, from its full gene- alogical details, appears to have been furnished by his relalives, Coronelli, an eminent Venetian hydrographer, is quoted, expressing his belief that the catas- trophe took place oif Cape Breton, in 1525. In the portrait from which our sketch is taken, the inscription positively bears " Dead in 1525." It was en- graved in 1767 after a picture by Zocchi, in the possession of the family, whose opinion is thus decidedly expressed. Yet Tiraboschi has drawn attention to a letter of Annibal Caro, apparently directed to him when living at Florence in 1537. There seems a mystery round his fate, which can not be unravelled. Claims so extensive and so feebly supported as those of Spain to North America, were not likely to remain long undisputed. Other European nations were then rapidly advancing in maritime skill and enterprise, among whom for some time France took the lead. The defeat and captivity of the king, followed by an humiliating peace, naturally diverted his mind from distant enterprises, es- pecially such as would have been considered hostile by his rival, Charles. The troubles which agitated the country after his death were also unfavorable to such undertakings ; nevertheless, the spirit of adventure was cherished among the people, especially the Huguenots, an industrious class, who almost alone raised her commerce and manufactures to a flourishing condition. Admiral Coligni, one of the leaders in that eventful time, formed the scheme of a transatlantic settlement, which might at once extend the resources of his country, and afford an asylum to his Protestant brethren. While the civil war was yet only impend- ing, he enjoyed intervals of favor at court, which enabled him to obtain permis- sion, first to establish one in Brazil ; and when that proved unfortunate, to plant another in Florida. He fitted out two vessels in 1562, and placed them under John Ribault of Dieppe, a seaman of experience. The object was to reach the mouth of the river called by Ayllon the Jordan, now Combahee, in South Caro- lina ; but, steering in too low a latitude, the discoverers reached the St. John, near St. Augustine. On reaching Port Royal, they were so pleased with its noble harbor, the magnificent trees, and beautiful shrubs, that they determined to choose it for the site of their colony. Having seen a fort erected, and the settlement in a promising state, Ribault left twenty-six men, and returned to France for reinforcements and supplies. This seems an imprudent step. The establish- ment, in its unsettled state, stood in peculiar need of being well governed ; ■whereas it fell into the hands of Albert, a rash and tyrannical officer, who, find- ing it difficult to maintain authority, where all thought themselves nearly equal, enforced it in the most violent manner. He addressed them in opprobrious lan- guage ; hanged one of them with his own hands, and threatened others with the same fate. At length they rose in mutiny, put him to death, and appointed a new commander, Nicholas Barre, who restored tranquillity. Ribault, meantime, in consequence of the breaking out of the great civil war, was unable to make good his expectations and promises. After long waiting for him, the colonists were seized with an extreme desire to return to their na- tive country ; and, having no ship, they resolved to build one, and constructed a brigantine fit for the passage ; but they laid in a slender stock of provisions, which, during the delay of a tedious calm, was entirely consumed. The last extremities of famine were sufl"ered ; and one had been actually sacrificed to preserve the rest, when an English vessel appeared, and received them on board. This project was still cherished by Coligni; and in 1564, he fitted out OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 thiee vessels, abundantly supplied, and gave the command to Rene Laudonniere, an able officer who had accompanied Ribault. Taking a circuitous course by the Canaries and the West Indies, he made for Florida, which he chose to term New France ; and at Ribault's first station on the river St. John (named May from the month of its discovery), the party resolved to stop and settle. The fort of La Carolina was erected, and expeditions sent up the river, where small quantities of gold and silver were seen ; reports being also received as to the mountainous country in the interior, where these metals abounded. The hopes thus kindled were quite illusory, and diverted attention from the solid labors of agriculture. Alarming symptoms of insubordination appeared ; many of the party, notwithstanding their religious profession, were of a reckless chai acter, and had gone out with the most chimerical hopes of suddenly realizing a large fortune. Seeing no such prospect, they formed the criminal resolution of seek- ing it by piracy. They confined their commander, and extorted from him, by threats of immediate death, a commission to follow this unlawful vocation ; while, by rilling his stores, they obtained materials for its prosecution. After various fortune, they were successful in capturing a vessel, richly laden, and having the governor of Jamaica on board. Hoping for a large ransom, they sailed to the island, and unguardedly allowed him to send messengers to his wife ; through whom he conveyed a secret intimation, in consequence of which an armed force surrounded the pirates, captured the larger of their vessels, while the other escaped by cutting her cables. Those on board the latter being reduced to extremity from want of food, were obliged to return to the settlement, where Laudonniere condemned four of the ringleaders to be executed. That chief meantime continued to make incursions to the interior, and entered into various transactions with the natives in the vain hope of arriving at some region rich in gold and silver. Neglecting to establish themselves on the solid basis of agriculture, the settlers depended for food on the Indians, whose own stock was scanty. They were therefore obliged to undertake long journeys, without obtaining a full supply ; and the natives, seeing them thus straitened, raised the price, disdainfully telling them to eat their goods, if they did not choose to give them for grain and fish. Amid these sufferings, and no prospect of realizing their fond dreams of wealth, they were seized, as was usual, with the ardent desire of returning home, and shrunk not from the laborious task of constructing vessels for that purpose. Amid their painful labor, they were cheered by a visit from Sir John Hawkins, who gave them a liberal supply of provisions. They did not, however, intermit their task, and on the twenty-eighth of August, 1565, were on the point of sailing, when several ships were descried approaching ; which proved to be a new expedition, under Ribault, sent to su- persede Laudonniere, of whose severity complaints had been made. He brought a reinforcement, with ample supplies, which induced the colonists to remain. VII. The name of Sir Walter Raleigh is dear to Americans, for to him is due the honor of projecting and of keeping up, by his persevering efllbrts and expen- sive expeditions, the idea of permanent British settlements in America. His name is thus associated with the origin of the independent states of North America, and must be reverenced by all who, from liberal curiosity or pious af- fection, study the early history of their country. Walter Raleigh was born at Hayes, on the coast of Devonshire : when young, he was sent to Oriel college, Oxford, where he exhibited a restless ambition, which prompted him to seek distinction rather in the stirring scenes of the world, than the cloistered solitude of a college ; and this natural inclination to adven- ture was fostered by the study of books relating to the conquests of the Spaniards in the new world, a species of reading which was the delight of his early years, and undoubtedly gave a color to the whole tenor of his life. THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 41 Fig. 19.— Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh. His Stay at Oxford, therefore, was short ; and in 1559 he seized the opportu- nity of the civil wars in France, between the Huguenots and Catholics, to visit that kingdom and commence his military education ; but although engaged in war, he found leisure to study the histories of the discoveries of Columbus, the conquests of Cortes, and the sanguinary triumphs of Pizarro, which books were his especial favorites. By the study of the Spanish voyages, and his conversa- tions with some skilful mariners of that nation, whom he met in Holland and Flanders, he had learned that the Spanish ships always went into the gulf of Mexico by St. Domingo ar\d Hispaniola, and directed their homeward course by the Havana and the gulf of Florida, where they found a continued coast on the west side, tending away north, which, however, they soon lost sight of by stand- ing to the east, to make the coast of Spain. Upon these grounds, and for reasons deduced from analogy and a knowledge of the sphere, he concluded there must be a vast extent of land north of the gulf of Florida, of which he resolved to at- tempt the discovery. Probably, also, during his residence in France he might have become ac- quainted with the particulars of the voyage of Verazzano, or have seen the charts constructed by that navigator, who had explored the same coast nearly as far south as the latitude of Virginia. Having fully weighed this project, he laid a memoir before the queen and council, who approved of the undertaking ; and in the beginning of 1584 her majesty granted, by letters patent, all such coun- tries as he should discover in property to himself and his heirs, reserving to the crown the fifth part of the gold or silver ore which might be found. The patent 42 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY contained ample authority for the defence of the new countries, the transport of sc'tilers, and the exportation of provisions and commodities for their use. Sir WaUer selected for tlie command of his projected voyage two experienced officers — Captain Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlow — to whom he gave minute written instructions, and who sailed with two ships, well manned and provisioned, on the twenty-seventh of April, 1584. On the tenth of May they arrived at the Canaries ; after which, keeping a southwesterly course, they made the West Indies ; and, departing thence on the tenth of July, found themselves in shoal- water, discerning their approach to the lands by the delicious fragrance with which the air was loaded — " as if," to use the words of their letter to Raleigh, " we had been in the midst of some delicate garden, abounding with all kinds of odoriferous flowers." Arrived upon the coast, and sailing along upward of one hundred and twenty miles, they at length found a haven, and disembarked. Their first step was to take possession of the country in the name of the queen ; after which they as- cended a neighboring eminence, and discovered to their surprise that they had not landed on the continent, but on the island of Okakoke, which they found running parallel to nearly the whole coast of North Carolina. The valleys were finely wooded with cedars, around whose trunks wild vines hung in rich festoons ; and the grape seemed so native to the soil, that the clusters covered the ground, and dipped into the sea. For two days no inhabitants were seen ; but on the third a canoe with three men approached. One of them was easily prevailed on to come aboard, when the present of a shirt and some trinkets gained his confidence. On returning to his boat he began to fish, and having loaded it heavily, paddled back to the English, and, dividing his cargo into two parts, in- timated that one was for the ship, and the other for the pinnace. Next day they received a visit from some canoes, in which were forty or fifty men, among whom was Granganimeo, the king's brother. Having first rowed within a short distance, they landed on the beach ; and the chief, attended by his suite, who were handsome and athletic persons, fearlessly approached op- posite the ship. A long mat was spread for him, on which he sat down; and four men of his followers, apparently men of rank, squatted themselves on the corner. Signs were made for the English to come forward ; and on doing so, Granganimeo desired them to sit down beside him, showing every token of joy and welcome, first striking his own head and hreast, and afterward those of the strangers, as if to express that they were all brethren. Presents were exchanged ; and such was the reverence with which these people treated their prince, that while he made a long harangue, they remained perfectly still, standing at a dis- tance ; even the four chiefs only venturing to communicate their feelings to each other in a low whisper. The gifts were received with delight ; but on some trinkets being ofl^ered to the chiefs, Granganimeo quietly rose up, and, taking them away, put them into his own basket, intimating by signs that every- thing ought to be given to him, these men being no more than his servants — a proceeding to which they submitted without a murmur. A trade was soon opened, in which the strangers made good profit, by exchanging beads and other trifles for rich furs and skins. On exhibiting their wares, Granganimeo's eye fixed with delight upon a pewter dish, for which he conceived the strongest de- sire. It became his at the price of twenty skins; and, having pierced a hole in the rim, he hung it round his neck, making signs that it would serve as a breastplate to protect him against the arrows of his enemies. It was now found that these people were engaged in hostilities with a neigh- boring nation, and that the absence of the king was occasioned by severe wounds lately received in battle, of which he lay sick at the chief town, six miles off His brother, after a few days, again visited the English, attended by his wife and 44 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY children, coming aboard and partaking of a collation, which they seemed to en- joy. Their manners were remarkable for ease and civility. The lady was a handsome little woman, extremely bashful. She wore a leathern mantle, with the fur next her skin, and her hair, which was long and black, was confined in a band of white coral ; strings of pearls, as large as peas, hung from her ears, reaching to her middle. Her children had ear-rings of the same precious mate- rial, while those of her attendants were of copper. Granganimeo was dressed much in the same fashion as his wife. On his head he wore a broad plate of metal ; but, not being permitted to examine it, they were uncertain whether it was copper or gold. A brisk trade now began with the natives ; but no one was allowed to engage in it when the king's brother was present, except such chiefs as were distin- guished by having plates of copper upon their heads. When this prince intended to visit the ship, he invariably intimated the number of boats which were to ac- company him, by lighting on the shore an equal number of beacons. The navi- gators learned that about twenty years before their arrival, a vessel belonging to a Christian country had been wrecked on the coast, all hands on board per- ishing ; out of the planks cast ashore, the people had drawn the nails and bolts, with which they had formed some edgetools, not having possessed any previous to this accident ; but these were very rude, and their common instruments con- sisted of shells and sharp flints. Considering such imperfect means, their canoes were admirably made, and large enough to hold twenty men. When they wished to construct one, they either burned down a large tree, or selected such as had been blown down by the wind, and laying a coat of gum and resin on one side, set fire to it, by which it was hollowed out ; after which they scraped and pol- ished it with their shells ; and if found too shallow, laid on more resin, and burnt it down to the required depth. The soil of the country was rich, the air mild and salubrious, and they counted fourteen kinds of sweet-smelling trees, besides an underwood of laurel and box, with oaks whose girth was greater than those of England. The fruits were melons, walnuts, cucumbers, gourds, and esculent roots ; and the woods were plentifully stocked with bucks, rabbits, and hares. After a short while, the ad- venturers, by invitation of the natives, explored the river, on whose banks was their principal town ; but the distance to be travelled being twenty miles, they did not see the city. They reached, however, an island called Aonoak, where they found a village of nine houses, built of cedar, the residence of their friend Granganhneo, who was then absent. His wife, with whom they were already acquainted, received them with distinguished hospitality, running out to meet them, giving directions to her servants to pull their boats on shore, and to carry the Avhite strangers on their backs to her own house, where she feasted them with fish and venison, and afterward set before them a desert of various kinds. These people were gentle and faithful, void of all deceit, and seemed to live after the manner of the golden age. As the surf beat high on the landing they got wet, notwithstanding their mode of transport ; but this inconvenience was soon remedied ; a great fire be- ing kindled, and their clothes washed and dried by the princess' women, while ttieir feet were bathed in warm water. The natives expressed astonishment at the whiteness of their skins, and kindly patted them as they looked wonderingly at each other. During the feast, two men, armed with bows and arrows, sud- denly entered the gate, when the visiters, in some alarm, took hold of their swords, which lay beside them, to the great annoyance of their hostess, who at once detected their mistrust. She despatched some of her attendants to drive the poor fellows out of the gate, and who, seizing their bows and arrows, broke fhem in an instant. These arrows were made of small canes, pointed with shell OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 45 or the sharp tooth of a fish. The swords, breastplates, and war-clubs, used by the natives, were formed of hardened wood ; to the end of this last weapon, they fastened the horns of a stag or some other beast, and their wars were carried on with much cruelty and loss of life. The name of the country where the English landed was called Wingandaeoa, and of the sovereign Wingina ; but his kingdom Avas of moderate extent, and surrounded by states under independent princes, some of them in alliance and and others at war with him. Having examined as much of the interior as their time would permit, they sailed homeward, accompanied by two of the natives, named Wanchese and Manteo, and arrived in England in the middle of Sep- tember. Raleigh was highly delighted with this new discovery, establishing, in so satisfactory a manner, the results of his previous reasoning, and undertaken at his sole suggestion and expense. His royal mistress, too, was scarcely less gratified ; she gave her countenance and support to the schemes for colonization, which he begun to urge at court, and issued her command, that the new country, so full of amenity and beauty, should, in allusion to her state of life, be called Virginia. Not long after this, Raleigh received the honor of knighthood, a dignity be- stowed by Elizabeth with singular frugality and discrimination, and, about the same period, the grant of a patent to license the vending of wines throughout the kingdom ; a monopoly extremely lucrative in its returns, and which was probably bestowed by Elizabeth to enable him to carry on his great schemes for the im- provement of navigation, and the settlement of a colony in Virginia. Sir Walter now fitted out a new fleet for America, the command of which he gave to Sir Richard Grenville ; the fleet consisted of seven vessels ; part of these were fitted out at Sir Walter's expense, the remainder by his companions in the adventure ; one of whom was Thomas Candish or Cavendish, afterward so eminent as a navigator, who now served under Grenville. On the nineteenth of April the mariners reached the Canaries, from which they steered to Dominica in the West Indies, and landed at Puerto Rico, where they constructed a temporary fort. On the twenty-sixth of June, after some de- lays at Hispaniola and Florida, they proceeded to Wohoken in Virginia ; and having sent notice of their arrival by Manteo, one of the two natives who had visited England, they were soon welcomed by their old friend Grangariimeo, who displayed much satisfaction at their return. Mr. Ralph Lane, who had been invested with the dignity of chief-governor, now disembarked with one hundred and eight men, having as his deputy Philip Amadas, one of the original discoverers. Grenville does not appear to have been sufficiently impressed with the difficulties attending an infant colony in a new country ; and, accordingly, after a short stay, during which was collected a valuable cargo of skins, furs, and pearls, he returned to England, carrying into Plymouth a Spanish prize, which he had captured on the homeward voyage, of three hundred tons burden, and richly laden. The first survey of their new country delighted the English ; and the gover- nor, in a letter to Hakluyt, who appears to have been his intimate friend, informs him that " they had discovered the mainland to be the goodliest soil under the cope of heaven ; abounding with sweet trees, that bring sundry rich and pleas- ant gun s ; * * and, moreover, of huge and unknown greatness : well peopled and towned, though savagely, and the climate so wholesome, that they had not one person sick since their arrival." Lane fixed his abode on the island of Roanoke, and thence extended his re- searches eighty miles southward to the city of Secotan. He also pushed one hundred and thirty miles north, to the country of the Chesepians, a temperate 46 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY and fertile region ; and northwest to Chawanook, a large province, under a mon- arch named Menatonon. These proceedings, however, were soon interrupted by the threatening aspect of affairs at headquarters. Even before the departure of Grcnville for England, an accident occurred, in which the conduct of the set- tlers appeared rash and impolitic. A silver cup had been stolen, and a boat was despatched to Aquascogok to reclaim it. Alarmed at this visit, the savages fled into the woods, and the enraged crew demolished the city and destroyed the cornfields. A revenge so deep for so slight an injury incensed the natives ; and although they artfully concealed their resentment, from that moment all cordiality between them and the strangers was at an end. Not long after, Menatonon and his son Skyco were seized and put in irons ; but the monarch was soon liberated, while the youth was retained as a hostage for his fidelity. To all appearance, this precaution had the desired effect. But the king, although an untaught savage, proved himself an adept in dissimulation. Working upon the avarice and credulity of the English, he enticed them into the interior of the country by a flattering report of its extraordinary richness and amenity. He asserted that they would arrive at a region where the robes of the sovereign and his courtiers were embroidered with pearl, and the beds and houses studded with the same precious material. Menatonon described also a remarkably rich mine, called by the natives chaumis temoatan, which was situ- ated in the country of the Mangaoaks, and produced a mineral similar to copper, although softer and paler. By these artful representations, Lane was persuaded to undertake an expedi- tion by water, with two wherries and forty men. Instead, however, of the promised relays of provisions, they found the towns deserted, and the whole country laid waste. Their boats glided along silent and solitary banks ; and after three days, during which they had not seen a human being, their last mor- sel of food was exhausted, and the governor, now aware of the treachery of Menatonon, proposed to return. His men, however, entreated him to proceed, still haunted by dreams of the inexhaustible riches of the Mangaoaks' country, and declaring they could not starve as long as they had two mastifls, which they might kill, and make into soup. Overcome by such arguments, Lane continued the voyage ; but for two days longer no living thing appeared. At night, indeed, lights were seen moving on the banks, demonstrating that their progress was not unknown, though the observers were invisible. At last, on the third day, a loud voice from the woods suddenly called out the name of Manteo, who was now with the expedhion. As the voice was followed by a song, Lane imagined it a pacific salutation ; but the Indian seized his gun, and had scarcely time to warn them that they were about to be attacked, when a volley of arrows was discharged into the boats. The travellers now landed and assaulted the sava ges, who fell back into the depths of the wood, and escaped with little injury ; upon which it was resolved to return to the settlement. On their homeward bound voyage, which, owing to their descending with the current was performed with great rapidity, they had recourse to the mastiff broth, or, as the governor terms it, " dog's porridge," and arrived at Roanoke in time to defeat a formidable conspiracy. The author of the plot was Wingina, who, since the death of his brother Granganimeo, had taken the name of Pemisapan. His associates were Skyco and Menatonon ; and these two chiefs, pretending friendship, but concealing under its mask the most deadly enmity, had organized the plan of a general massacre of the colony. The design, however, was betrayed to Lane by Skyco, who had become attached to the English ; and, aware of the necessity of taking immediate measures before Pemisapan could muster his forces, the governor gave instructions to seize any canoes which m.ight offer to depart from the-island. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 47 In executing this order, two natives were slain, and their enraged countrymen rose in a body, and attempted to overpower the colonists, but were instantly dis- persed. Not aware, however, that his secret was discovered, and aflecting to consider it as an accident, Pemisapan admitted Lane and his officers to an in- terview, which proved fatal to him. The Virginian monarch was seated in state, surrounded by seven or eight of his principal weroanees, or high chiefs ; and after a brief debate, upon a signal given, the Europeans attacked the royal circle, and put them all to death. This alarming conspiracy had scarcely been put down, when the natives made a second attempt to get rid of the strangers, by neglecting to sow the adjacent lands, hoping, in this manner, to compel them to leave the country. At this de- cisive moment, a fleet of twenty-three vessels came in sight, which turned out to be the squadron of Sir Francis Drake, who had fortunately determined to visit the colony of his friend Sir Walter, and carry home news of their condition, on his return from an expedition against the settlements in the Spanish Main. It was now long past the time when supplies had been expected from England, and Drake generously oflered every sort of provisions. Lane, however, only requested a vessel and some smaller craft to carry them home, which was im- mediately granted ; but before they could get on board, a dreadful tempest, which continued lor four days, dashed the barks intended for the colonists to pieces, and might have driven on shore the whole fleet, unless, to use the language of the old despatch, " the Lord had held his holy hand over them." Deprived in this way of all other prospect of return, they embarked in Sir Francis's fleet, and arrived in England on the 27th of July, 1586. Scarcely, however, had they sailed, when the folly of their precipitate con- clusion, that Raleigh had forgotten or neglected them, was manifested by the arrival, at Roanoke, of a vessel of one hundred tons, amply stored with every supply. Deeply disappointed at finding no appearance of the colony, they sailed along the coast, and explored the interior. But all their search was in vain, and they were compelled to take their departure for Europe. This, how- ever, was not all. Within a fortnight after they weighed anchor. Sir Richard Grenville, with three well-appointed vessels, fitted out principally by Raleigh, appeared off" Virginia, where, on landing, he found, to his astonishment, every- thing deserted and in ruins. Having made an unsuccessful effort to procure in- telligence of his countrymen, it became necessary to return home. But, unwil- ling to abandon so promising a discovery, he left behind him fifteen men, with provisions for two years, and, after some exploits against the Spaniards and the Azores, arrived in England. It is asserted by Camden, that tobacco was now, for the first time, brought into England by these settlers, and there can be little doubt that Lane had been directed to import it by his master, who must have seen it used in France, du- ring his residence there. There is a well-known tradition, that Sir Walter first began to smoke privately in his study, and the servant coming in with his tank- ard of ale and nutmeg, as he was intent upon his book, seeing the smoke issuing from his mouth, threw all the liquor in his face by way of extinguishing the fire, and running down stairs, alarmed the family with piercing cries, that his master, before they could get up, would be burnt to ashes. " And this," continued Oldys, " has nothing in it more surprising than the mistake of those Virginians them, selves, who, the first time they seized upon a quantity of gunpowder, which be- longed to the English colony, sowed it for grain, or the seed of some strange vegetable in the earth, with full expectation of reaping a plentiful crop of com- bustion by the next harvest, to scatter their enemies." On another occasion, it is said that Raleigh, conversing with his royal mis- tress upon the singular properties of this new and extraordinary herb, assured 48 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY her that he had so well experienced the nature of it that he could tell her the exact weight of the smoke in any quantity proposed to be consumed. Her majesty immediately fixed her thoughts upon the most impracticable part of the experiment, that of bounding the smoke in a balance ; suspecting that he was playing the traveller with her, and laying a wager that he could not solve the doubt. Upon this Raleigh selected the quantity agreed on, and having thoroughly smoked it, set himself to weighing — but it was of the ashes ; and in conclusion, demonstrating to the queen the difference between this and the weight of the tobacco, her majesty could not deny that this must be the weight of what was evaporated in smoke. Upon this, Elizabeth, paying down the money, re- marked, tliat she had heard of many laborers in the fire who had turned their gold into smoke, but that Raleigh was certainly the first who had turned his smoke into gold. Raleigh, however, was by no means discouraged by the unfortunate results of these expeditions ; but again turned his attention to his Virginian colony, the failure of which was rather owing to the precipitate desertion of Lane, than to any fault in the original plan ; and he determined to make a new attempt for the settlement of a country which held out so many encouragements from its sa- lubrious climate and fertile soil. Ilariot, who accompanied Lane, had by this time publislied his " True Report of the New-found Land of Virginia," which created much speculation ; so that he experienced little difficulty in procuring one hundred and fifty settlers. He appointed as governor, Mr. John White, with twelve assistants, to whom he gave a charter, incorporating them by the name of the " Governor and Assistants of the City of Raleigh in Virginia." These, in three vessels, furnished principally at his own expense, sailed from Portsmouth on the twenty-sixth of April, 1587, and on the twenty-second of July anchored in Hatorask harbor. White, Avith forty men, proceeded in the pinnace to Roanoke to confer with the fifteen colonists, left by Sir Richard Grenville ; but to his dismay found the place deserted, and human bones scat- tered on the beech ; the remains, as was afterward discovered, of their country- men, all of whom the savages had slain. A party then hastened to the fort on the north side of the island. But here the prospect was equally discouraging No trace of a human being was to be seen ; the building was razed to the ground, and the wild deer were couching in the ruined houses, and feeding on the herbage and melons which had overgrown the floor and crept up the walls. Although the governor held Raleigh's written orders to make the settlement on the bay of Chesapeake, he was obliged to abandon that plan, and commenced repairing the buildings at Roanoke. But disaster attended all their proceedings. Dissensions broke out among them ; and White, either from want of firmness, or not being intrusted with suflicient authority, found it impossible to carry on his operations with success. The natives of Croatoan were friendly ; those of Secota and Aquascogok, who had murdered the former colonists, completely hostile ; but all were clothed alike ; and before going to M'ar, the Crotoans anx- iously begged for some badge by which they might be recognised. In the con- fusion, this was neglected, and it led to unhappy consequences. Howe, an English sailor, while engaged in fishing, was slain by the savages, being pierced with sixteen arrows ; and White, having in vain attempted to open a pacific communication with the weroansees, or chief men of Secota, and Pomeiock, de- termined not to delay his revenge. Guided, therefore, by Manteo, he set out at nidnight, with Captain Stafford and twenty-four men, and stealing in the dark upon the natives as they sat round a fire, shot some of them dead upon the spot, while others fled shrieking into a thicket, and one savage, who knew Stafford, rushed up, calling out his name and embracing his knees. To the grief and horror of the governor, it was then discovered that they had attacked a party of friends instead of enemies. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 49 Soon after, Manteo, in obedience to Raleigh's directions was christened, and created Lord of Roanoke and Dasamonwepiik ; while Mrs. Eleanor Dare, the wife of one of the assistants, having given birth to a daughter, the infant was named Virginia, being the first Christian born in that country. White was now anxious to fulfil Sir Walter's instructions ; but disputes arose with renewed bitterness among the settlers. Though they were not in want of stores, many demanded permission to go home ; others violently opposed this ; and at last, after stating a variety of projects, all joined in requesting the gover- nor to sail for England, and return with a supply of everything requisite for the establishment of the colony. To this he reluctantly consented ; and departing from Roanoke on the twenty-seventh of August, 1587, where he left eight-nine men, seventeen women, and eleven children, he arrived in England on the fifth of November. Our limits do not allow us to follow Sir Walter in his discovery of Guiana, and voyage up the Oronoko, and in his brave exploits against the fleets of Philip of Spain, nor in the vicissitudes which he experienced at the court of Elizabeth ; at one time we find him enjoying her utmost confidence, exerting his influence in the cause of benevolence ; and it is reported, that Elizabeth, somewhat irri- tated by his applications for the unfortunate, on his telling her one day he had a favor to ask, impatiently exclaimed : " When, Sir Walter, will you cease to be a beggar ?" To which he made the noted answer, " When your gracious maj- esty ceases to be a benefactor." Soon after, he was committed to the tower for presuming to marry without the queen's consent ; he, however, was again restored to favor, and continued to aid the state by his services and counsel, till the death of Elizabeth, in 1602. On the accession of James to the throne. Sir Walter was not only treated with coolness and neglect, but became the victim of a conspiracy ; was tried for treason against the crown, found guilty, and condemned to death. Having been warned to prepare for execution, he sent a manly and affecting letter to his wife, from which the following is an extract : — " When I am gone, no doubt you shall be sought to by many, for the world thinks I was very rich. But take heed of the pretences of men, and their affec- tions ; for they last not but in honest and worthy men, and no greater misery can befall you in this life than to become a prey, and afterward to be despised. I speak not this, God knows, to dissuade you from marriage ; for it will be best for you, both in respect of the world and of God. As for me, I am no more yours, nor you mine. Death has cut us asunder, and God hath divided me from the world, and you from me. Remember your poor child for his father's sake, who chose you and loved you in his happiest time. Get those letters, if it be possible, which I writ to the lords, wherein I sued for my life. God is my wit- ness it was for you and yours that I desired life. But it is true that I disdain myself for begging it ; for know it, dear wife, that your son is the son of a true man, and one who, in his own respect, despiseth death in all his misshapen and ugly forms. I can not write much. God he knoweth how hardly I steal this ime while others sleep ; and it is also high time that I should separate my thoughts from the world. Beg my dead body, which, living, was denied thee, and either leave it at Sherborne, if the land continue, or in Exeter church, by my father and mother. I can say no more, time and death call me away. " The everlasting, powerful, infinite, and omnipotent God, who is goodness it- self, the true life and true light, keep thee and thine, have mercy on me, and teach me to forgive my persecutors and accusers, and send us to meet in his glorious kingdom. My dear wife, farewell ! Bless my poor boy ; pray forme, and let my good God hold you both in his arms ! Written with the dying hand of some time thy husband, but now, alas ! overthrown. Yours that was, but now not my own, " Raleigh." . '~1 OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 Sir Walter, however, was reprieved at this time, but was conflned in the tower for many years after, during which his History of the World was composed. On regaining his liberty, in 1G15, a new expedition to Guiana was projected, of which Raleigh took command, but it was unsuccessful ; and on his return to England, he was again arrested, imprisoned, and executed. His conduct, while on the scaffold, was extremely firm. The morning being sharp, the sheriff of- fered to bruig him down off the scaffold to warm himself by the fire before he should say his prayers ; " No, good Mr. Sheriff," said he, " let us despatch, for within this quarter of an hour my ague will come upon me, and if I be not dead before that, mine enemies will say I quake for fear." He then, to use the words of a contemporary and eyewitness, made a most divine and admirable prayer ; after which, rising up, and clasping his hands together, he exclaimed, " Now I am going to God !" The scaffold was soon cleared ; and having thrown off his gown and doublet, he bid the executioner show him the axe, which not being done immediately, he was urgent in his request. " I prithee," said he, " let me see it. Dost thou think I am afraid of it ?" Taking it in his hand, he kissed the blade, and passing his finger slightly along the edge, observed to the sheriff, " 'Tis a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." He then walked to the corner of the scaffold, and kneeling down, requested the people to pray for him, and for a considerable time remained on his knees engaged in silent devotion ; after which he rose, and carefully examined the block, laying him- self down to fit it to his neck, and to choose the easiest and most decent attitude. In all this he would receive no assistance ; and having satisfied himself, he rose and declared he was ready. The executioner now came forward, and kneeling, asked his forgiveness, upon which Raleigh laid his hand smilingly on his shoul- der, and bade him be satisfied, for he most cheerfully forgave him, only entreat- ing him not to strike till he himself gave the signal, and then to fear nothing, and strike home. Saying this, he lay down on the block, and on being directed to place himself so that his face should look to the east, he answered, " It mat- tered little how the head lay, provided the heart was right." After a little while, during which it was observed, by the motion of his lips and hands, that he was occupied in prayer, he gave the signal ; l)ut whether from awkwardness or agi- tation, the executioner delayed ; upon which, after waiting for a short time, he partially raised his head, and said aloud, " What dost thou fear ? strike, man !" The axe then descended, and at two strokes the head was severed from the body, which never shrunk or altered its position, while the extraordinary effusion of blood evinced an unusual strength and vigor of constitution, though when he suffered. Sir Walter was in his sixty-sixth year. The head, after being, as usual, held up to the view of the people on either side of the scaffold, was put into a red bag, over which his velvet night-gown was thrown, and the whole immediately carried to a mourning-coach which was waiting, and conveyed to Lady Raleigh. This faithful and afi'eclionate woman, who never married again, though she survived him twenty-nine years, had it embalmed and preserved in a case, which she kept with pious solicitude till her death. The body w-as buried privately near the high altar of St. Margaret's church in ^V'estminster, but no stone marks the spot. VIII. The series of voyages to which allusion has been made, conveyed to England a much higher idea than had yet been entertained of her transatlantic dominion. It was found to include a range of territory stretching over eleven degrees of latitude, all in the temperate climates, diversified with noble rivers and harbors, and, wherever visited, displaying a luxuriant fertility. This pros- pect rekindled all the enthusiasm of enterprise and hopes of wealth. An asso- ciation was formed by Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, Wingfield, Pop- ham, with other men of rank, and eminent merchants, for the purpose of colo- 52 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY nizing this vast region. James I., who was fond of such undertakings, and had employed them successfully for the improvement of some ruder parts of Scotland and Ireland, was ready to give every encouragement. The adventurers were divided into two companies ; the one from London for the southern, the other from Bristol and the west for the northern parts of Virginia. The former were allowed to choose any spot between the thirty-fourth and forty-first degrees of latitude ; the latter between the thirty-eighth and forty-fifth. Three degrees were thus common between both ; but collision was prevented by enacting that wherever one had fixed its seat, the others should choose theirs at least 100 miles distant. From that first station each company was to possess fifty miles of coast on each side ; their territory was thence to stretch the same distance inland, and the same out to sea, including all islands within the range. The coast was not divided between the companies, nor had either an exclusive right to their own portions beyond the space of 100 miles square, which they were allowed to choose. This may serve to acquit successive princes of the repeated infractions of the charter with which they have been charged. Within this range the associations obtained full property in all the lands, natural resources, and objects of every kind, with only the usual exception of a fifth of the gold and a fifteenth of the copper. The revenue produced by fines and light import- duties was to be enjoyed by them for twenty-one years, after which it was to be paid into the royal treasury. They were not, however, invested with those kingly attributes which had been lavished on Raleigh. James lodged the gov- ernment in two councils, one resident in England, the other in the colony, and claimed the right of appointing both ; but, having exercised it in regard to the first, he allowed them to nominate the Virginian members. He busied himself moreover in preparing a code of " orders and instructions," a proceeding, as Mr. Chalmers observes, decidedly unconstitutional, but controverted by no one. The colonists and their posterity were declared English subjects, yet were invested with no political rights, not even trial by jury, unless in capital charges ; minor offences were punished arbitrarily by the council. The English church was exclusively established. Strict and laudable injunctions were given for the mild and equitable treatment of the natives. The year 1606 was spent in collecting funds and adventurers, which last amounted then to one hundred and five, including persons of distinction, particu- larly George Percy, brother to the Earl of Northumberland. There were also Gosnold and Mr. Hunt a clergyman, while Captain Newport, an officer of skill and experience, undertook the naval command. But the individual destined to exercise the happiest influence on the new colony was Captain John Smith, who already, in the Turkish war, had displayed a firmness and intrepidity pecu- liarly fitting him for this arduous appointment. The fleet of three vessels, none exceeding one hundred tons, sailed from London on the nineteenth of December, taking again the circuitous route of the West Indies, rendered necessary perhaps through the lateness of the season. The arrangements, however, had been in- judicious. James, by a ridiculous caprice, had caused the names and instruc- tions of the council to be enclosed in a box, not to be opened till after the arrival in Virginia ; and thus the crew, in going out, knew not whom to obey. The energy of Smith, with his frank and manly bearing, soon led them to recognise him as their leader. This was envied by others higher in rank, who charged him with a design to set aside the council, to usurp the government, and to be- come king. On these unsupported charges he was arrested, and confined during the voyage, and for some time longer ; so that his services, when most wanted, were lost to the colony. The expedition did not reach the coast of America till April, 1607, and in making for Roanoke, a violent tempest drove them quite out of their reckoning. Fig. 2;-?.— Portrait of Capt. Join, t'mitk 54 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Being tossed about several clays without sight of land, they became despondent, and some even urged to return to England. Suddenly they came in view of an unknown promontory, which marked the entrance into a spacious gidf. This was the magnificent opening of the Chesapeake, the opposite capes of which were named after the young princes, Henry and Charles. The view of this coast at once dispelled their gloom, and made them rejoice in their enforced change of direction. " They were almost ravished with the sight thereof. It seemed to them to claim the prerogative over the most pleasant places in the world. Heaven and earth seem never to have agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful habitation." They soon reached a noble river, which they named James, and after ascending and examining its shores during seventeen days, they chose for their colony a spot fifty miles up, and called it Jamestown. The difficulties of treating with the natives soon began. The very first night " came the savages creeping upon all-fours from the hills, like bears, with their bows in their mouths." These they discharged against the strangers and wounded two ; but as soon as " they had felt the sharpness of our shot" they retreated with loud cries into the woods. Afterward five, who were met near Cape Henry, though showing some signs of fear, were reassured by seeing " the captain lay his hand on his heart," and invite them across the river to the town. Their welcome was signally expressed " by a doleful noise, laying their faces to the ground, and scratching the earth with their nails." Mats were then spread on the ground, and covered with maize-bread, while to- bacco was presented, with long ornamented pipes. They then danced for the amusement of their guests, shouting, howling, and stamping, " with many antic tricks and faces, making noise like so many wolves or devils." The English received a pressing invitation from a great Indian chief, the weroanee of Rappahana, whom they found rich in rude ornament, his person painted red and blue, with various embellishments, seemingly of pearl and silver, and a metal which was either copper or gold. " He entertained us in so modest a proud fashion, as though he had been a prince of civil government." His palace, on a hill watered by fine springs, was surrounded by as rich corn-fields as they had ever seen. As soon as the party had landed, the box of instructions was opened, and the names of the council were found, including Smith ; who, though he was kept out by the jealousy of his rivals, nevertheless accompanied Newport up the river, as high as the great falls, where they visited Powhatan, a sort of petty emperor over all the surrounding tribes. Smith reckons them at 7,000, of whom nearly 2,000 were warriors ; but he never saw more than 700 together. Powhatan received them well ; and when some of his people murmured at the land being thus occupied by a party of strangers, he replied, it was only waste ground, and, so long as they injured no one, they were welcome. On their return to Jamestown afTairs were found in evil plight. The colonists, not we fear without blame, had incurred the hostility of the savages, while they neglected to fortify their position. A general attack, which was made, was re- pulsed with great difficulty, seventeen being wounded, and one boy killed. By great exertion, about the middle of June, a palisaded fort was erected, secure against those rude assailants, who, however, continued to hover round, cutting off stragglers, and obliging the settlers to keep constant watch. The charges against Smith were still pressed, and a party wished to send him to England ; but he, loudly demanding a trial on the spot, was supported by a majority of the colonists. He was triumphantly acquitted, and Wingfield, his accuser, con- demned to pay him a fine of £200, which he generously threw into the common stock. Mr. Hunt, the clergyman, succeeded in producing at least an appearance of harmony, cemented by partaking together the Christian communion. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 55 On the 15th June, Newport with the vessels sailed for England, leaving the settlers in the midst of that vast wilderness which they had undertaken to culti- vate. In this situation the brilliant hopes which had lured them thiiher quickly vanished. The fruitfulness of the soil indeed fully equalled expectation; but all the machinery by which it could be made capable of producing individual waalth was still to be created. The land required not only a laborious culture, for which they were little prepared ; hut a still harder task remained, that of hew- ing down the forest which covered the whole of it. By an unhappy arrange- ment, all the produce for the first five years was to be in common, and distribu- ted by the council according to their respective wants. But, as Chalmers shrewdly observes, " when men are not to profit, they will labor little ; and when all are fed from a common granary, few will concern themselves how it is filled." Raising scarcely any crop the first year, they were dependant on the supplies from home, which had been much diminished during the long voyage, and are alleged to have been originally of inferior quality. A slender allowance of this unwholesome food, bad river-water, and exposure to a new climate, soon spread disease so widely, that there were often not ten men fit for service. " There were never," says Percy, " Englishmen left in a foreign country in such misery as we were." Before autumn, fifty died, nearly half their number, among whom was Gosnold, the projector of the settlement. Discontent natu- rally arose ; Wingfield, the president, was accused of living in plenty while others were perishing, and even of meditating a departure. On these charges he was deposed, and his place supplied by Ratclifie, who, being of an easy tem- per, left the whole management to Smith, which was what the colonists desired. This gentleman justly considered sustenance the most important object, in search of which he proceeded with a party down the river. The natives treated them with derision, " as famished men, and holding out morsels of bread, asked Fig. 23.— Indian Warrior. fur them swords, muskets, and other valuables." Unable to succeed by fair means, he discharged a volley, which caused them immediately to seek the shelter of the woods. Landing at a village, he found food in abundance ; but 56 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY forbade his people to encumber themselves with it, foreseeing the immediate re- turn of the Indians. Accordingly there soon issued forth, amid hideous noises, sixty or seventy painted savages, bearing in front their okee, an image of skins stuffed with moss, and hung with copper chains. They advanced upon the English, but met so kindly a reception, that " down fell their god," divers of his worshippers lay sprawling, and the rest disappeared. Their spirit being now humbled, they sent presently a venerable character, a quiyoughcasuck, to treat for peace, and for the restoration of their idol. Smith answered, that if they would load his boat, they should be welcome not only to their okee, but to a stock of beads, hatchets, and other valuables. They cheerfully assented, and amidst singing and dancing brought not only the stipulated grain, but presents of turkey, venison, and wild fowl. Smith returned just in time to prevent Wingfield and another from seizing a vessel and sailing to England. His supplies, with the flocks of water-fowl which came at the approach of winter, relieved their wants ; and having in his rambles discovered the great river Chickahominy, he determined to explore it to its source, not, it is said, without a hope of thereby reaching the South sea, viewed then as the grand source of wealth. He was impelled, it was imagined, by the taunts of some of his enemies in the colony, but we rather think only by his own adventurous spirit. He ascended first in his barge, then in a canoe, and twenty miles on foot attended only by his Indian guides. But three hundred natives, who had traced his steps, surprised and dispersed his party, and then came sud- denly upon himself. He made astonishing efforts for safety, and fa:stening with his garters a native ally to his person, presented him to the enemy as a buckler ; then he ran to the canoe, which he would have reached, had he not suddenly sunk in a deep rnorass, where he was overtaken, and, to escape from perishing with cold, obliged to surrender. He had now reason to consider his last hour approaching, and a circle had in fact been formed to shoot him. With characteristic presence of mind he asked for the chief, showed his compass-dial, pointed out its singular movements, and endeavored to explain the corresponding phenomena of the earth and sky. Whether they understood these indications or not, they were awed with aston ishment as if admitted to contemplate a supernatural object. On a signal from their leader, they laid down their bows and arrows, and led him under strict guard to their capital. He was there exhibited to the women and children ; and a wild war-dance was performed round him, in fantastic measures, and with frightful yells and contortions. He was then shut up in a long house, and sup- plied at every meal with as much bread and venison as would have dined twenty men ; but, receiving no other sign of kindness, he began to dread that they were fattening in order to eat him. Even without such a precise purpose, this festive entertainment is known among savages to be no uncommon prelude to torture and death. They asked his aid in reducing Jamestown, while he sought an op- portunity of making his way thither. In the course of this manosuvring, a mes- sage sent to that place gave him an opportunity to display the powers of writing, which was considered by them as a species of magical spell. At length, after being paraded and exhibited in various villages, he was led to Pamunkey, the residence of Powhatan. It was here his doom was sealed. The chief received him in pomp, Avrapt in a spacious robe of rackoon skins, with all the tails hanging down. Behind appeared two long lines of men and women, with faces painted red, heads decked wuh white down, and necks quite encircled by chains of beads. A lady of rank presented water to wash his hands, another a bunch of feathers to dry them. A long deliberation was then held, and the result proved fatal. Two large stones were placed before Powhatan, and by the united ef- forts of the attendants Smith was dragged to the spot, his head laid on one of OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 58 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Fig. 25. — Portrait of Pochahontas. them, and the mighty club was raised, a few blows of which were to terminate his life. In this last extremity, when every hope seemed past, a very unex- pected interposition took place. Pocahontas, the youthful and favorite daughter of this savage chief, was seized with those tender emotions which form the or- nament of her sex. Advancing to her father, she in the most earnest terms supplicated mercy for the stranger : and though all her entreaties were lost on that savage heart, her zeal only redoubled. She ran to Smith, took his head in her arms, laid her own upon it, and declared that the first death-blow must fall upon her. The barbarian's breast was at length softened, and the life of the Englishman was spared. Our adventurer, being naturally expected to render some serAnces in return for so great a boon, employed himself in making hatchets, beads, and other orna- ments for the father and daughter. At the end of two days he was conducted into a large house, where, amid hideous and doleful noises, Powhatan rushed in, with two hundred attendants, strangely disguised and their faces blackened. 60 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Smith again thought his last hour had come, but the chief announced these a« signs of peace and friendship ; and he was forthwith sent to Jamestown on the sole condition of transmitting thence two culverins and a millstone, a promise faithfully fulfilled. He again arrived at a critical moment. A majority of the colonists, impatient of contirmed hardship and privation, had determined to prepare a pinnace, and set sail for their native country. He took the most energetic steps to arrest this course, having, with the aid of some faithful adherents, pointed a gun at the ves- sel, and declared she must either stop or sink. A conspiracy was then formed against him ; but by his vigilance he detected it, and sent the ringleaders to England. The fair Pocahontas continued her generous kindness, and came every four or five days with provisions, which relieved their wants and revived their spirits. They were soon still farther cheered by the arrival of Captain Newport, with one hundred and twenty emigrants and liberal supplies. The company, however, now impatiently endured their heavy expenses, and the ab- sence of all prospect of marketable returns. Gold was still viewed as the main source of wealth, and many of the new-comers had been selected on account of their supposed skill in its discovery. Naturally desiring to satisfy their Em- ployers, they thought they perceived in a certain yellow glittering earth this precious ore. Thenceforth all sober industry was thrown aside : " Dig gold, wash gold, refine gold," Avas the universal cry. Smith lamented to see the whole attention of the settlers attracted by this " gilded dirt," but could not pre- vent them from putting a large portion on board, and some time elapsed before they were apprized that a skilful examination had proved it utterly worthless. Fortunately perhaps, no rumor seems ever to have reached them of the real gold in the mountainous country, whence they were indeed more distant than the first colonists. Newport, on learning the friendly intercourse with Powhatan, sent liberal presents, and was invited to visit that savage potentate. He found the monarch surrounded by twenty-two fair ladies, lavishly painted and decked with beads. A courteous traffic was opened, in which Smith considered the captain as over- reached, particularly in afterward acceding to a request for twenty swords, dan- gerous weapons to put into such hands. The latter, after remaining fourteen weeks, departed without being able to collect any other cargo besides cedar- wood, and the yellow earth of which such illusory hopes were entertained. Smith now undertook the important task of exploring the Chesapeake to its head, not only with the view of tracing the limits of the colony, but still more from the hope of an inlet opening into the South sea, and affording a passage to India. In a small barge of only two tons, he steered across to Cape Charles, and began to survey the eastern shore. Here, and at other places, he had sharp conflicts with the natives ; and, we suspect, did not altogether follow that con- ciliatory course ascribed to him by his panegyrists. On meeting any new tribe, his first step is stated to have been to demand their arms and one of their chil- dren ; and, on refusal, they were treated as enemies. It can not surely appear surprising that there should have been some hesitation in complying with such requisitions. In general the people received the English with much surprise, asking " what they were, and what they would." Finding the eastern coast obstructed by rocks and other difficulties, he crossed to the western and pro- ceeded upward. The men, however, tired with twelve days' rowing, and find- ing their bread wet and spoiled, became extremely discontented. He endeav- ored to rouse them to an emulation of Lane's crew and their canine diet, but was soon obliged to yield and return. Proceeding along an unexplored part of the western coast, they came unexpectedly upon the magnificent estuary of the Potomac, seven miles broad ; and this grand object reviving their spirits and OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 energies, they cheerfully undertook to explore it. They ascended as high as the barge could carry them, and then made a journey by land. Mr. Bancroft has traced them beyond the future site of Washington to the falls above George- town. They were led to a mine of a substance like antimony, which, though black, glittered like silver, and was believed by some to contain a large portion of that metal ; but, on being examined, it proved of no value whatever. After escaping several ambuscades laid by the natives, they made a short survey of the Rappahannock, and then returned to Jamestown. Smith, having been prevented from reaching the head of this great inlet, set out afresh in a few days for that destination. He accordingly made his way thither, and ascended the Susquehanna, till stopped by the cataracts. Having learned that two days' journey higher there was a powerful people named the Sasquesahanocks, he sent a message requesting a visit. After an interval of nearly a week there appeared sixty, a giant-like race, with presents of arms, venison, and tobacco-pipes nearly three feet long ; and their deportment was quite peaceable and courteous. He then returned to Jamestown, examining in his way the river Patuxent. This voyage of about three thousand miles, per- formed by twelve men in a small open barge, " with such watery diet, in those great waters and barbarous countries," was extremely creditable to the parties. Although unproductive as to the South sea or to gold, it made an important ad- dition to the knowledge of this part of America. On his arrival, Smith was installed as president, and began, with character- istic activity, to improve the buildings, strengthen the forts, and train the men to military exercises ; but he was interrupted by the arrival of Newport with a fresh colony of about seventy, including two females. The company having spent at least jC2,000 in the equipment, expressed an earnest desire and expect- ation of being somewhat reimbursed. They pointed out particularly, as objects to be attained, a lump of gold, the discovery of the South sea, or a member of Raleigh's lost company. The second being seemingly the main object, a bark was sent in frame to ascend one of the great rivers, to be thence carried over the mountains, and launched on a stream flowing into the Pacific. In estimating the want of geographical knowledge which this scheme displayed, we must al- low for their imperfect resources. The discoveries of Drake and Cavendish could not yet be connected with the eastern side of America. The impression probably was, that the moderate breadth of the continent in Mexico would be prolonged northward ; while in point of fact the idea of wealth attached to the South sea was founded on vague and illusory associations. Its shores in Mexico and Peru were indeed rich in the precious metals ; but this afforded no presump- tion as to what might be the productions of a more northern latitude. As, in furtherance of this object, Powhatan's favor was to be courted, there had been sent handsome presents, with materials to crown him with splendor in the Euro- pean style. Smith viewed the Pacific and the coronation of Powhatan as alike absurd ; but was obliged to yield to Newport, who came with instructions direct from the company. With only four companions he courageously repaired to the residence of the monarch, inviting him to come and be crowned at James- town. The party were extremely well received, though once they heard in the adjoining wood outcries so hideous as made them flee to their arms ; but Poca- hontas assured them they had nothing to fear. Accordingly, there issued thence thirty damsels of such strange aspect that he uncourteously terms them fiends. They were covered only with green leaves bedaubed with shining colors, the leader wearing on her forehead a pair of stag's horns. For an hour they danced round the fire, with wild shouts and strange contortions. They then retired ; and the table was spread with an abundance of savage dainties, when the ladies, with whom he hoped to have done, rushed in, and, crowding round him, lavished OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 compliments with which he would have gladly dispensed, each calling out, " Love you not me ?" When, however, the unsophisticated monarch received the invitation, he proudly replied, " If your king has sent me presents, I also am a king, and this is my land — your father is to come up to me, not I to him." Newport was not discouraged ; but, taking with him Smith and fifty men, re- paired to this sylvan court. The coronation took place ; but Powhatan appears to have been more surprised than delighted. He made a difficulty even in put- ting on the scarlet dress from a fear of some magical effect. He strenuously objected to kneeling ; on which they long absurdly insisted, but were obliged to be contented with his merely bending the shoulders. A volley fired at the close made him start up in alarm, but he soon recovered his composure. The king assured them that all their ideas of a salt water beyond the mount- ains were erroneous, and refused guides for so wild a search. Newport, how- ever, goaded probably by his employers, set out, leaving Smith at Jamestown. The party ascended to the falls, and even forty miles farther by land. Finding, however, provisions scanty, and their toils always increasing, they commenced a retreat before they had reached the Allegany. They returned to the town, oppressed " with toil, famine, and discontent ;" and the chimera of the South sea was finally relinquished. Meantime all hands were employed in preparing some kind of cargo that might not wholly disappoint the company ; but this was very difficult. Persons had been sent over to teach the art of making pitch, tar, glass, and ashes, ob- jects unfit for so distant a market ; however some specimens were prepared. The larger number applied themselves to the cutting of timber for boards and wainscot ; and even the gentlemen endeavored to make an amusement of this hard task. Thus a cargo was at length made up, though its value little accorded with expectation. Smith, having despatched the vessel, applied himself to the procuring of food. In this search he employed an unjustifiable violence toward the Indians, and formed a plot for seizing the person of Powhatan, with whom the colonists had long been in amity. As a preparation he sent six men, four of them Germans, to build for him a sylvan palace. These persons, however, being extremely well treated, became attached to their host, and betrayed to him the meditated conspiracy. Powhatan, though highly incensed, was unwilling to encounter the English in open war, but dissembling, endeavored to catch the president in his own toils. When the latter, therefore, approached with a large party, he declined, on plausible pretences, to receive them armed. Smith replied in a similar tone ; and there began between the two a game of courtesy and treach- ery, in which, however, the savage proved the better performer. Not only was the Englishman foiled, but was himself repeatedly in danger, and once only saved by a second interposition of Pocahontas, who, at the risk of her father's displeasure, ran through the woods in a dark night to give him warning. At another time he was surrounded by a large body under Powhatan's brother, but extricated himself by energy and address. In this way, however, he had placed his countrymen in a position of rooted enmity with the natives, which continued to produce distressing consequences. Meantime events occurred at home deeply affecting the interests of the colony. Although the company had been disappointed of their expected returns," the ac- counts of the extent, beauty, and fertility of the regions just discovered, kindled in that enterprising age an extraordinary enthusiasm. Pamphlets were publish- ed, apparently on high authority, painting it as completely an earthly paradise. On a larger scale, and under more enlightened views, it was hoped that the er- rors which had cramped its progress would be avoided. Many distinguished individuals were ready to embark their fortunes in this enterprise ; and, with 64 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY .he consent of the old members, the company was remodelled on a larger scale, and under a new charter. Their territory was augmented from the former one hundred miles of coast to four hundred ; being two hundred on each side of Cape Comfort ; and it was extended in breadth to the South sea. James, yield- mg to some influence which does not distinctly appear, was induced to waive those high claims of sovereignty before so strictly reserved. He allowed the council in England to be chosen by the proprietors, with power to nominate a governor. The Episcopal church was exclusively established, and all emigrants required to take the oath of supremacy. There appears a peculiar anxiety to exclude Roman Catholics, respecting whom it is observed, in a pamphlet ad- dressed to Sir Thomas Smith, the treasurer, " I would have none seasoned with the least taint of that leaven to be settled on this plantation, or any part of that country ; but if once perceived, such a one, weed him out ; for they will ever be plotting and conspiring to root you out if they can. If you will live and pros- per, harbor not this viperous brood in your bosom." The exertions of the patentees, and the general enthusiasm kindled throughout the nation, enabled the company to equip an expedition of nine vessels and five hundred emigrants. Lord Delaware, distinguished by his talents and virtues, was named governor for life ; and as he could not depart immediately, Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Summers were to rule in the meantime. The vessels set sail on the 15th May, 1609, and seven arrived on the 11th Au- gust at Jamestown ; but unfortunately they had encountered a violent storm, in which two, having on board Gates and Summers, were separated and thrown upon the Bermudas. In their absence. Smith justly claimed the rule ; but many of the new-comers, being bankrupts, spendthrifts, or others sent for doing no good at home, were indisposed to obey him. For some time total anarchy reigned ; but its evils at length became so great, that he was entreated to resume the government. He exerted hin.self to locate advantageously the emigrants, of whom two parties, one hundred and twenty each, were settled at Nansemond, and at the Falls of James river. Both, however, mismanaged their affairs, quarrelled with the Indians, and lost a number of their men ; while they reject- ed all his efforts to remedy these disorders. In returning from the latter place, a bag of gimpowder burst and severely mangled his person, so that he reached home in extreme torture. Here he was told that plots were forming against his life. Unable in his debilitated state to struggle against so many difficulties, he returned to England, quitting for ever the colony which had been so much in- debted to him. He received at home neither honors nor rewards. The com- pany, prepossessed by his numerous enemies, complained that he had brought no wealth into their coffers, and had acted severely toward the Indians. Pos- terity has done him justice, perhaps somewhat beyond his merits. His bold and active spirit, with sound practical judgment, eminently qualified him for the station ; though, being somewhat hot and uncompromising in his temper, he ex- cited bitter enmities. A conciliatory disposition and persuasive powers were, in such a situation, almost indispensable to render his exertions effective. His conduct toward the Indians was in general culpable, and by the hostility which it created, neutralized in a great measure his eminent serAdces. His eulogium, however, was found in the state of the colony after his depar- ture. Only about thirty or forty acres were cultivated ; the ships had brought grain in limited quantity, and much spoiled during the unfortunate voyage. The Indians, no longer overawed by the late president, not only refused victuals, but killed many settlers. Thus there ensued a dreadful famine, long fearfully re- membered under the name of the " Starving Time." Many were impelled to the horrid resource of devouring the bodies of the dead ; nay there are dark im- putations of murder committed under this fearful impulse. Vessels sent along OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 65 the rivers were either sunk, or the crews beaten by the savages. Virginia seemed a devoted soil. Of the flourishing colony of five hundred persons, there remained only sixty " most miserable and poor creatures." After a larwe ex- penditure, and successive arrivals of emigrants, it had returned almost into its original insignificance. IX. The Virginian company, by their second charter, had assigned to them a region of v^ast extent, including, doubtless, the heads of the great bays of Dela- ware and Chesapeake. This grant, ve have seen, was forfeited ; yet the colo- nists continued anxiously to claim and consider the whole as Virginia, though their title could not stand against the regal power influenced by the solicitations of a favorite. Sir George Calvert had been secretary of state under James I., but having become a convert to the Romish religion, he was excluded from the direction of the government. He now turned his attention to America, and ob- tained from the king a large grant of land, which was termed Maryland, in honor of the queen Henrietta Maria, who had warmly seconded his views. The influence and favor enjoyed by Calvert, now created Lord Baltimore, are strikingly proved by the terms of the grant. Charles, notwithstanding his des- potic feelings, reserved neither the right of taxation nor of giving laws ; these were to be exercised by the proprietor, with the assent of the freemen or their deputies, whose assembly was to be made " in such sort and form as to him should seem best." Moreover, in emergencies, when there was not time to call them together, he might of himself make " fit and wholesome ordinances," not stated as temporary, but " to be inviolably observed." By a very singular clause, meant, it should seem, to blind the public at home, he was empowered to found churches and chapels, " according to the ecclesiastical law of England." He might also train, muster, and call out troops, exercise all the functions of captain- general, and, in case of rebellion or sedition, proclaim martial law. He had likewise the nomination of the judges and all other oflicers. Nothing being left to the crown but the usual empty claim of the royal mines, Maryland became, what indeed the proprietor terms it, a separate monarchy. Fig. 2S. — Portrait of Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore. George, the first Lord Baltimore, died before the completion of the charter, which was therefore granted to his son Cecil, on whom devolved the establish- 66 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY ment of the colony. He appears to have applied himself to the task with acti\'- ity and judgment ; and states that he spent upon it above jC20,000 from his own funds, and an equal sum raised among his friends. Warned by Virginian dis- asters, he avoided from the first all chimerical projects, and placed his establish- ment entirely on an agricultural basis. Every one who carried out five persons, male or female, paying tlieir expenses, estimated at jC20 each, was to receive 1,000 acres. Those defraying their own charges got 100 for themselves, and the same for each adult member of their family ; for children under six years, 50 acres. The rent was two shillings for each 100 acres. Lord Baltimore did not rule in person, nor, so far as we can trace, even visit the colony, at least till after the restoration. Two of his brothers, however, acted successively as governors, and died there. In November, 1633, Leonard Calvert set sail with the first emigrants, con- sisting of about two hundred persons, including a son of Sir Thomas Gerard, one of Sir Thomas Wiseman, and two of Lady Wintour. In February he touched at Point Comfort in Virginia, where his arrival was by no means ac- ceptable ; nevertheless. Sir John Harvey, in obedience to the express orders of Charles, gave him a courteous reception. Early in March he entered the Poto- mac, to the people on the shores of which the sight of so large a vessel was quite new, and caused the utmost astonishment. The report was, that a canoe was approaching as big as an island, with men standing in it as thick as trees in a forest ; and they thought with amazement how enormous must have been the trunk out of which it had been hollowed. A piece of ordnance, resounding for the first time on the shores of this mighty river, caused the whole country to tremble. The intercourse, however, appears to have been judiciously conducted, and was, on the whole, very amicable. Calvert sailed up to Piscataqua, an In- dian settlement nearly opposite the present site of Mount Vernon, where the chief received him with kindness, saying, " he would not bid him go, neither would he bid him stay ; he might use his own discretion." On reflection, he considered the place too far up the river, and therefore the vessel was moved down to a tributary named then St. George's, and now St. Mary's. Ascending it four leagvies, he came to a considerable Indian town, named Yoacomoco ; and being hospitably received, as well as pleased with the situation, he determined to fix his colony there. The weroanee accepted an invitation on board, and Sir John Harvey having just arrived from Virginia, the chief was led down to the cabin, and seated at dinner between the two governors. An alarm having spread among the people on shore that he was detained as a prisoner, they made the banks echo with shouts of alarm ; the Indian attendants durst not go to them, but when he himself appeared on deck, they were satisfied. He became so much attached to the English as to declare, that if they should kill him he would not wish his death avenged, being sure that he must have deserved his fate. Amid these dispositions, it was not difficult to negotiate the formation of .a settlement. For hatchets, hoes, knives, cloth, and other articles of probably very small original cost, the strangers not only obtained a large tract of land, but were allowed by the inhabitants to occupy immediately half of their village, with the corn growing adjacent to it, and, at the end of harvest, were to receive the whole. Thus the English were at once comfortably established, without those severe hardships which usually attend an infant settlement. This good understanding was prolonged for a number of years ; but at length, in 1642, the emigrants had the usual misfortune of being involved in a war with the natives. For two years they suffered all its distressing and harassing ac- companiments, which, in 1664, were happily terminated by a treaty, the condi- tions of which, and some acts of assembly immediately following, seem to prove that the evil had arisen entirely from the interested proceedings of individuals OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 The proliibition of kidnapping the Indians, and of selling arms to them, show the existence of these culpable practices. This peace was of long duration, and the Maryland government seem, on the whole, to have acted more laudably toward this race than any other, that of Penn excepted. X. All the efforts both of government and of powerful companies to people the district of New England had proved nearly abortive, when, from an unex- pected quarter, a tide of population poured into it, which rendered it the most prosperous of all the colonies on the American continent. The Reformation, though it doubtless involved an extensive exercise of pri- vate judgment, was not accompanied by any express recognition of that right, or of any general principle of toleration. These, which, as Mr. Bancroft ob- serves, were its tardy fruits, were long wanting in England, where the change was introduced, not by the people, though conformable to their wishes, but by the most arbitrary of their monarchs, consulting chiefly his own passion and ca- price. Substituting himself for the head of the Catholic church, Henry VIII. exacted the same implicit submission. Elizabeth trode in his steps, equally despotic, and attached, if not to popery, as has sometimes been suspected, at least to a pompous ritual and powerful hierarchy. But the nation in general, considering the Romish religion as contrary to Scripture, and shocked by the bloody persecutions of Mary, and other sovereigns on the continent, were dis- posed to go into the opposite extreme. From Geneva they imbibed the Calvin- istic doctrine and discipline, with the strict manners usually imbibed with them. The queen, whose views were irreconcilably opposed to these innovations, claimed the right of putting them down by main force. The most severe laws were enacted under the sanction of Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, a prelate sincerely but bigotedly attached to the English church. The wisdom of Cecil viewed with much dissatisfaction the discontents thus engendered, and, on read- ing twenty-four queries drawn up by the primate, told him, " he thought the In- quisition of Spain used not so many questions to comprehend and to trap their preys." He was seconded by the lords of the' council, and the queen was not insensible to his remonstrances ; but whenever she showed a disposition to re- lent, Whitgift threw himself on his knees, and prevailed upon her not to sacri- fice her own power and the unity of the church. The high court of commission was established ; several nonconformists were lined or imprisoned, and a few suffered death. But under all these persecutions, the party continually increased, and even assumed a bolder character. The Puritans, while they sought to reform the church, had no wish to withdraw from her bosom ; but there sprang up a new sect named Brownists, who, denying the authority of her doctrine and discipline, sought for the first time to found an independent communion. Upon then! all the vials of persecution were poured forth. Brown himself could boast that he had been shut up in thirty-two prisons, and several of his followers were put to death ; but his own firmness at length failed, and he accepted a living in that church which he had so strenuously opposed. Although much condemned by his more zealous adlierents, his desertion broke for some time the union of the party. Toward the end of Elizabeth's reign, however, there was formed in a northern county a congregation of separatists, under two respectable clergymen, Robinson and Brewster. During a certain interval they escaped notice ; but James, who soon began to follow his predecessor's steps, took such measures as convinced them that it would be vain to attempt the exercise of their profes- sion at home. In looking for an asylum, they fixed upon Holland, the first country where toleration was publicly sanctioned by law ; and thither they made their escape amid much difficulty and hardship, their families being for some time detained behind them. Having reached that foreign land, they found the |§ THE PICTORIAL HISTORY protection denied at home, and remained eleven years unmolested, and even re- spected. But they never became fully naturalized ; their original occupation of agriculture was more congenial to their taste than the mechanical arts, by which alone they could earn a subsistence among the Dutch. They turned their eyes, therefore, to a transatlantic region, where they would not merely enjoy toleration, but might form a society founded on their favorite plan of church-government. Animated by these views, the exiles applied to the Virginian company, then under the management of Sandys, Southampton, and other liberal members, who zealously espousing their cause, obtained, though not without difficulty, from King James a promise to wink at their heresy, provided they remained otherwise tranquil. Smith, deeply interested in this transaction, tendered and even pressed his services ; which would doubtless have been extremely valu- able. His religious views, however, were materially different, and instead of the subordination which he required, he found in them a rooted determination " to be lords and kings of themselves." It was necessary, therefore, that they should " make trial of their own follies ;" for which, he mentions with a mixture of regret and triumph, that " they paid soundly, and were beaten with their own rod." They also wanted capital adequate to the founding of a plantation. Sev- eral London merchants agreed to advance the necessary sums, to be repaid out of the proceeds of their industry ; but the terms were very high, and till the liquidation of the debt the produce of their labor was to be thrown into a com- mon stock for the benefit of the creditors ; hence their exertions were not stimu- lated by the salutary impulse of personal interest. With the means thus procured, the emigrants purchased one vessel of sixty, and hired another of 180 tons ; the former of which sailed to Delfthaven to take on board the brethren. The two joined at Southampton, and thence proceeded on their western voyage ; but before they reached the I^and's End, the master of the smaller one, declaring her to be too leaky to cross the Atlantic, put back to Dartmouth for repairs. After another trial, the captain again pronounced her unfit for the voyage, and made sail for Plymouth. These disasters and alarms, though involving the loss of much precious time, " winnowed their number of the cowardly and the lukewarm ;" and they finally set sail in one vessel on the 6th September, 1620, being in all one hundred and two persons, with the firm determination of braving every hardship. They had a tempestuous voyage, and though their destination was the mouth of the Hudson, they arrived on the 9th November in view of a great promontory, which proved to be Cape Cod. The captain, it has been alleged, had received a bribe from the Dutch to avoid a place where they had projected a settlement. Of this, however, the adventurers being ignorant, were comforted by the view of a goodly land wooded to the wa- ter's edge. Whales so abounded, that had the crew possessed means and in- struments, which, to their great regret, were wanting, they might have procured ,£4,000 worth of oil. They sailed on toward their destination, but being driven back by contrary winds, determined to go ashore. Previously, however, they sought to obviate the danger of discord by a mutual agreement, in the name of God, to combine into a body politic ; framing and duly observing laws for the general good. They landed on the 11th, but being informed that more commodious spots might be found to the northwest, in the interior of the great bay of Massachu- setts, they determined that a select party should proceed in the shallop in search of them. The boat, however, was in such disrepair that it could not sail till the end of two or three weeks : sixteen of them, therefore, resolved to make an ex- cursion into the interior. They met no natives, but found on a hill, half buried in the ground, several baskets filled with ears of corn, part of which they carried away, meaning to satisfy the owTiers on the first opportunity, which imluckily OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 never occurred. They saw many geese and ducks, but were unable to reach them ; and being exposed to severe cold, hastily returned. Soon after they started for the same spot, named Cornhill, in the neighborhood of which they collected ten bushels of grain, esteemed a providential supply. They lighted upon a village without inhabitants ; but the houses were neatly constructed of young saplings bent at top, as in an arbor, and covered without and within with fine mats. Eagles' claws, deers' feet, and harts' horns, were stuck into them as charms and ornaments. They then regained their boat and sailed round to the ship. Some of their number urged that they should remain at least during the winter in this creek, where corn and fish could be procured, while many were disabled by sickness for further removal. The majority, however, observed that water was scarce, and the anchorage for ships too distant ; that they had every chance of finding a better situation, and to fix here and then remove would be doubling their labor. On the 6th December, therefore, the shallop being at length ready, a chosen party set sail. After proceeding six or seven leagues, they reached a bay forming a good harbor, but without a stream falling into it. Seeing some Indian wigwams, they followed, but could not reach the people, and found only a large burial-place. They returned to sleep at the landing- place, but at midnight were wakened by " a great and hideous cry," which they flattered themselves proceeded only from wolves or foxes. Next morning, just after prayers, the sound was heard with redoubled violence, and was most dread- ful. A straggler rushed in, crying, " They are men — Indians." Though the party ran to their arms, before they could be mustered the arrows were flying thick among them. A brisk fire checked the assailants ; but the chief, shooting from a tree, stood three discharges, till at the fourth he screamed out and ran, follow- ed by his men. They were reckoned at thirty or forty, and numerous arrows were picked up ; but providentially not one Englishman was hurt. They sailed fifteen leagues farther, and on the 9th reached a harbor that had been strongly recommended. The weather was dark and stormy, and the en- trance encumbered with rocks ; yet they fortunately run in on a fine sandy beach. This being Saturday, they did not land till Monday the Ilth, when they were highly pleased, finding a commodious harbor, a land well wooded, vines, ■ cherries, and berries, lately planted, and a hill cleared for corn. There was no navigable stream, but several brooks of fresh water fell into the sea. They ad- vanced seven or eight miles into the country without seeing any Indians. They now finally fixed upon this spot, to which, on the 19th, the vessel was brought round ; and they named it New Plymouth, to commemorate hospitalities received at home. The erection of houses, however, was a hard task, amid severe weather, short days, and very frequent storms. By distributing the un- married among the several families, they reduced the buildings wanted to nine- teen, and by the 1 0th January had completed one, twenty feet square, for public meetings. The exposure, however, and wading through the water in such in- clement weather, brought on severe illnesses, to which Carver, a governor highly esteemed, and many others, fell victims. But on the 3d March a south wind sprung up ; the weather became mild ; the birds sung in the woods most pleas- antly ; the invalids quickly recovered ; and many of them lived to a good old age. In the autumn of 1621, the merchants sent out another vessel with thirty-five settlers ; but misled by " prodigal reports of plenty" sent home by certain colo- nists, they supplied no provisions ; nay, the crew required to be provided with a portion for their return voyage. The consequence was, that in the course of the winter the colonists were reduced to a half allowance of corn daily, then to five kernels a-piece ; lastly, to entire want. Equally destitute of live stock, they depended wholly on wild animals. Till May, 1622, fowls abounded; but there ^0 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY remained then merely fish, which they had not nets to catch ; and it was only by feeding on the shell species, collected among the rocks, that they were pre- served from absolute starvation. The emigrants had seen the natives only in the short hostile encounter, but afterward learned that a severe pestilence had thinned their numbers. The crime of Hunt also had filled the country with horror and dread of the strangers. To their surprise, on the 16th March, 1621, a savage almost naked, in the most confident manner, walked through the village, and addressed those he met in broken English. They crowded round him, and on their eager inquiry, learned that his name was Samoset ; that he belonged to the Wampanoags, a somewhat distant tribe ; and that their immediate neighbors were the people of Massassoit and the Nausites, the latter of whom had been the assailants in the late conflict. They treated him liberally with strong waters and food, presented him with a great-coat, knife, and ornaments, and begged him to return with some of his countrvmen. After a brief absence, he appeared with " five proper men," pre- Fig. 29.— Tattooed Indian. senting the usual grotesque attire and ferocious aspect. They all heartily danced and sung. A few days later he brought Squanto, whose restoration to his native country had rendered him extremely friendly to the English. Being ready to act as interpreter and mediator, he opened a communication with Massassoit ; and on the 22d March, that great sagamore, with Quadequina his brother, and sixty men, was announced as in the vicinity. Difficulties were felt as to the meeting from want of mutual confidence ; however, Squanto having brought an invitation to parley, Edward Winslow went with presents, and was kindly re- ceived. The governor, then, after obtaining some Indians as hostages, marched out at the head of six musketeers, kissed hands with the great chief, and pre- sented a bottle of strong waters, of which he drank somewhat too copiously. A treaty was concluded, both of abstinence from mutual injury, and protection against others ; and it was long faithfully observed. Two of the settlers now accepted an invitation to visit his residence. Aftei OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 a laborious journey of fifteen miles through trackless woods, they were received with great courtesy, but found a total deficiency of victuals, of which it seems the king's absence had prevented any supply. At night they were honored by sharing the royal couch, which consisted of a large board, covered with a thin mat. At the other end lay his majesty and the queen ; and they had soon the additional company of two chiefs, who, with a large colony of lleas and other insects, and the uncouth songs with which their bedfellows lulled themselves to rest, rendered their slumbers very brief. Next day, two large bream were spread on the table ; but " forty expected a share." Though strongly urged, they de- clined to partake any longer of these hospitalities. It was discovered, however, that Squanto was completely abusing their con- fidence ; telling his countrymen that but for him the English would kill the In- dians ; and that they kept the plague locked up in their store-house, which only his intercession prevented from being let loose. On this being known, the ut- most pains were taken, and successfully, to undeceive the people. In February, 1622, the settlers had completely enclosed their town, forming four bulwarks and three gates. They were some time after alarmed by hearing that Mas- sassoit, now at the point of death, was likely to be succeeded by his son Couba- tant, whose disposition was far from friendly. Edward Winslow hastened to the spot, and found the magicians busy at their incantations, and si.K or eight woman chafing him amidst hideous yells. The chief, already blind, cried out : " Oh, Winslow, I shall never see thee again !" That gentleman, however, by suitable medicines, gave present relief, and in a few days effected a cure. Even the heir-apparent being promised similar aid in case of need, became greatly reconciled to them. Meantime, Weston, one of the London adventurers, had sent out a settle- ment consisting of sixty individuals to a place which they named Weymouth ; but they behaved so ill to the Indians, that the latter entered into a general con- federacy to cut off all the English. This was revealed by Massassoit to his friends at Plymouth, who succeeded in saving both themselves and their rivals, though the latter were obliged to relinquish their establishment, some returning home, and others joining the first colony. This last made such progress that, though reduced in the spring of 1621 to fifty or sixty persons, in 1624 it amounted to a hundred and eighty. They were, as Winslow observes, " by God's providence safely seated, housed, and fortified." They had escaped those tyrannical governors, and " bestial yea diabolical" set- tlers, who had ruined so many colonies, though he admits that it was vain as yet to hope for profit. The merchants, however, complained most loudly, that they had laid out a large capital without receiving or having any prospect of the slightest return. After much discussion, it was determined that the colonists should now supply themselves with everything, and for past services should, during nine years, pay jC200 annually. Eight adventurers, on receiving a mo- nopoly of the trade for six years, undertook to meet this engagement ; so that the settlers were now established in the full property of their lands. In six years more their number had risen to three hundred. The Plymouth company meantime continued their abortive efforts to derive sjme benefit from their vast domains ; being particularly solicitous to stop the active trade and fishery carried on in defiance of them. Francis West was ap- pointed admiral, and Robert Gorges lieutenant-general of New England, with strict injunctions to restrain interlopers ; but in an ocean and continent almost equally wide and waste, they could effect little. The most important grant was to Robert, son of Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who, obtaining a large portion of what is now called New Hampshire, employed Captain Mason, a person of great ac- tivity, to colonize it ; and hence were built Dover and Portsmouth on the Pis- 2 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY cataqua. These, however, made only a slow progress ; nor was it till the death of their founders, that, being left nearly to themselves, they drew gradual acces- sions both from home and the adjoining colony. The crews also, who sought timber and fish on the coast of Maine, began to form fixed stations on the Penob- scot and Kennebec. Levett, who visited America in 1623, strongly recommends this course, asserting that a settlement on shore might take twice the quantity of fish that a ship can do at sea, and have still seven months for other employ- ment. He gives a warning, at that time too much neglected, that they must carry out eighteen months' provisions, and work hard for a fresh supply. The emigration, however, which was to render New England a flourishing colony, was again derived from the suspicion and dread which always attend religious persecution. It seems to have abated toward the end of James's reign, Abbot, the primate, being a man of mild temper, and averse to violent measures. In 1625, Charles I. succ(}eded, a young prince of virtuous dispositions, but of obstinate and despotic temper, attached with a conscientious but blind zeal to the English church, and probably imbibing from his queen Henrietta some favor for popish ceremonies. He threw himself into the arms of Laud, bishop of Lon- don, a zealot in the same cause, and they entered together on a career oppres- sive to the nation, and ultimately fatal to themselves. The body of the people and clergy having become more and more Calvinistic, that creed had obtained among both a great majority. It was accompanied with a strictness, and even preciseness as to morals and conduct, which procured them the name of Puri- tans ; also with a peculiar aversion to everything which had the least aspect of popery. Laud proceeded with the utmost severity not only against the new doctrine, but against any particular display of it, such as preaching on week- days, enforcing a rigid observance of the sabbath, rebuking for drunkenness, or other open sin. These steps were sufficient, according to circumstances, to produce censure, suspension, and deprivation. Nor was he content with the church as he had found it, but introduced new ceremonies and vestments, closely approximating to the Romish standard. These mandates, though the most odious, were also the most strongly urged, and their omission the most rigidly punished. All the popular ministers in the kingdom were thus either silenced or under immediate peril of this sentence ; and hence a great part of the nation was deprived of any ministration which they considered profitable or edifying. Yet loyalty was still powerful, and they were not ripe for that terrible resistance, to which they were afterward impelled. Their only refuge seemed to be in some distant region, whither the power of Laud could not reach, and where they might enjoy a form of worship which they esteemed pure and scriptural. In 1625, Roger Conant, with some mercantile aid, but chiefly inspired by re- ligious zeal, had established a body of settlers near Cape Anne ; their sufferings, however, were so severe, that they determined to return to England. White, however, an eminent minister of Dorchester, entreated him to remain, promising that he should receive a patent, friends, goods, provisions, and everything he could desire. This zealous clergyman held communication with many persons in his own neighborhood, in London, and other quarters, particularly Lincoln- shire ; who, with zeal for religious purity, united energy of character, and in many cases considerable property. They found no difficulty in purchasing from the Plymouth company an extensive tract, including all the coast between the rivers Charles and Merrimac, and across to the Pacific ocean. They even obtained, though not without cost and trouble, a charter from Charles, under the title of " The Company of the Massachusetts Bay." On the delicate topic of religion, the governor was empowered, but not required, to administer the oath of supremacy ; and there was no other mention of the subject. Some eminent historians have therefore thought that the colonists went out without anv secu- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 Fro. 30.— Portrait of Charles I. 74 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY rity whatever on a matter deemed by them so supremely important. To us it appears evident that, under all the circumstances, this silence implied a full as- surance of their not being disturbed. In fact, they took with them a silenced minister, and on their arrival immediately began to exercise uncontrolled liberty, without drawing upon themselves any penal proceedings. We have seen, on every occasion, the vast sacrifices which princes were willing to make, in order to people their distant possessions ; and the backwardness hitherto visible as to New England rendered the necessity of encouragement more urgent. It was probably also imagined, that a few of the most discontented spirits being thus removed, the nation in general might become more peaceable. On the 1st May, 1629, six vessels, having on board about two hundred pas- sengers, including four clergymen, sailed from the Isle of Wight. Smith would evidently have been glad to co-operate ; but difference of religious views seems again to have prevented negotiation. He describes them " an absolute crew, only of the elect, holding all but such as themselves as reprobate ;" and before sailing, all those persons were dismissed whose character was thought to make them unsuitable companions. The seamen were surprised and edified by the new scene which their ships presented — prayer and exposition of the Word two or three times a day ; the sabbath entirely spent in preaching and catechising ; repeated and solemn fasts for the success of the voyage. They arrived on the 24th June, and found only eight or ten hovels, which, with others scattered along the coast, contained about one hundred settlers. A site, already marked out, had its name changed from Nahumkeik to Salem ; while a large party removed to Mishaum, which they called Charlestown. The colonists suffered severely during the winter under the usual evils of a new settlement, especially in so rigorous a climate. No fewer than eighty died ; yet the spirits of the rest continued unbroken, and they transmitted by no means unfavorable reports to England. Mr. Higgeson, the principal clergyman, was one of the victims ; yet he had previously prepared a narrative, which painted the country under the most flattering colors, as " a wonderment, outstripping the increase of Egypt — yielding from thirty to sixty fold ; the ears of corn nowhere so great and plentiful." He adds, " Shall such a man as I lie ? It becometh not a preacher of the truth to be a writer of falsehood in any degree." Yet the picture was much too highly colored, though we hope not intentionally. At home it was extensively read, and produced a strong impression. An extraor- dinary movement had in fact taken place among those to whom their religious welfare was an object of paramount interest ; and their promptitude to remove was greatly increased by an arrangement, according to which the meetings of the company might be held in New England. The colonists thus carried the charter along with them, and were entirely released from all dependance upon Great Britain. A body of emigrants was formed, much superior to their prede- cessors in numbers, wealth, education, and intelligence. The principal lay members were Winthrop, Dudley, and Johnston ; the two first of whom were successively governors, while the other was accompanied by his wife. Lady Arabella, a daughter of the house of Lincoln. The party thus assembled from various quarters was ready to sail early in the spring of 1630. The expedition consisted of seventeen vessels, and nearly fif- teen hundred settlers, who were respectable as well for their intelligence as for their rank in society. They published an account of their motives for removal, taking an affectionate leave of their friends in England, in which they said, " Our eyes shall be fountains of tears for your everlasting welfare, while we are in our poor cottages in the wilderness." They went, however, with little ex- perience in the mysteries of settlement, and without any suspicion of their own ignorance. Smith intimates that he saw clearly the errors which they were OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 75 Fig. 31. — Portrait of Governor Winthrop. committing, but no regard was paid to his warning voice. They had received a false impression, for which Mr. Higgeson must be partly blamed, that they were going to a land already in the enjoyment of plenty ; whereas the existing settlers were looking anxiously to them for supplies. Want of food and shelter, and a change in the habits of life, which with many of them had been those of ease and comfort, produced the usual distressing consequences ; and in the first month from eighty to one hundred died, among whom Lady Arabella and her husband were particularly lamented. The hopes of religion, the firmness of the leaders, and the high motives by which they were inspired, carried them through this period of heavy trial. They spread themselves over the coast — a large proportion going to Charleston. Part of these were attracted by a situation at the very head of the bay, named by the Indians Shawmut, where they founded a town called first Trimountain, and afterward Boston, under which name it has become a populous and flourishing city. The relations of the colonists with the Indian tribes were not so satisfactory as the character of the settlers might have led us to hope. Almost from the first establishment of Connecticut, mutual wrongs had created an animosity between the settlers and the Pequods, the most powerful of all the tribes, who sought, by an alliance with their enemies, the Narragansets, to form a general league against them. This scheme had nearly succeeded, when it was frustrated by the generous exertions of Williams. The English at first were taken by sur- prise, had several small detachments cut off, and were so closely hemmed in, that they could not go to their work or even to church without a strong escort. Captains Mason and Underbill, however, having come up with seventy men, de- termined to attack their main fort, surrounded by a palisade of strong trees, but so loosely put together that musketry could penetrate it. The assailants having forced an entrance, set fire to the camp, which was soon reduced to ashes, and above three hundred Indians, men, women, and children, perished in the ruins. The English, whose loss was trifling, pursued the remnant of the tribe from place to place, till the whole were either killed or taken prisoners. Forty who 76 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY had sought refuge among the Mohawks, were given up by these savages, and the few others who remained alive surrendered in despair. After the terror inspired by this dreadful overthrow, tranquillity continued nearly forty years. The Massachusetts government maintained friendly relations with the Indians, allowing lliem even when unconverted to settle within its juris- diction. The conditions required, as stated by Winthrop, with their answers, are somewhat curious : — Tliey were not to blaspheme, but to revere the true God. — Ans. They would always desire to speak reverentially of the English- men's God, who did so much better for them than other gods did for their wor- shippers. They should not work on the sabbath. — Ans. They worked so little any day, that they need not object to this article. They should not swear false- ly. — Ans. They never swore at all. They should not permit murder, lying, or other crimes. — Ans. All these they condemned already. A number of them, as will be afterward observed, were even converted to Christianity. A disposition arose to imitate the English, and even to assume their names ; those of King Philip, Stonewall John, and Sagamore Sam, were borne by powerful chiefs. As the colonists multiplied, and the circle of settlement extended, the natives could not but feel for how paltry a price they had sold their once spacious birth- right. The enlarged frontier afforded new occasions of dispute ; and the Indians, when wronged, instead of appealing to the geiieral court, took vengeance with their own hands. When charged with offences, they were tried according to the rigor of English law — a treatment altogether foreign to their ideas. There was no general confederacy, nor even any deliberate purpose of commencing hostilities. A member of one of the tribes, having given information against certain of his countrymen, fell a victim to their resentment ; but the murderers were condemned to death by a jury, of whom half were Indians. In revenge, a small party of English were surprised and slain ; and immediately war broke out along the whole border. The Indians were now much more formidable than in the first contest. Du- ring the long interval they had eagerly sought to procure the superior arms wielded by Europeans ; and commercial avidity had supplied them. They had attained no discipline, and could not contend in the open field ; but the English soon learned to dread an enemy whose habitations, says Mather, " were the dark places of the earth ;" who, at moments the most unexpected, rushing from the depth of forests, surrounded and overwhelmed them. The war began with the burning of frontier villages, and the slaughter of detached parties. Beers, one of the bravest captains, was surprised and killed with twenty of his follow- ers. Then came a more " black and fatal day." Lothrop commanded with reputation a body of fine young men, the flower of the county of Essex, who, having piled their arms on wagons, were securely reposing and plucking grapes when the alarm was given. After a desperate resistance they were cut off, only a mere handful escaping. This was followed by the " Springfield misery." That village, the most important on the boundary, was broken into, and every building reduced to ashes, except a large one, which, being slightly fortified supplied a refuge to the inhabitants. Others soon shared the same fate, in cir- cumstances still more tragical. A boast was at first made that no place with a church had been sacked, but this was soon belied ; and the Indians, according to ideas prevalent among savages, considered themselves at war at once with the English and with their gods. In a captured village, their first step was to reduce the meeting-house to ashes ; and in torturing their captives, they derided the objects of their worship, for the want of power to save them. After kill- ing the men, they carried away the women and children ; and, though the honor of the former was not threatened, they were treated with dreadful cruelty. For example they were compelled to follow rapid marches, which at this time were OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 77 Irequent, and when found unequal to the effort, were killed at once by blows on the head. The colonists were doubly perplexed and dismayed by these disasters. Im- bued with a belief, beyond what the usual course of Providence justifies, that every calamity was a judgment for some great iniquity, they anxiously sought why " the Lord no longer went forth with their armies." Mather quotes a letter from a leading man in the camp, imputing it to the luxury which wealth had produced among the citizens of Boston — " their intolerable pride in clothes and hair," and the multiplication of taverns. The neglect of religion and of its ministers was of course blamed ; unfortunately, too, the increase of schism and even the slender toleration which had begim to be granted. Days of fasting were appointed ; but they were astounded when one of the most solemn was followed by the catastrophe of Lothrop, from which they drew the salutary inference that " praying without reforming would not do." These views did not prevent them from using regular means of warfare, of which the attack of the fortified villages was found the most effective. In the midst of winter, one thousand men marched against the mainhold of tlie Narragansets. They rushed to the onset ; and after a dreadful conflict it was carried, and reduced to ashes — the Indians perishing in vast numbers. But the colonists, appalled by their own loss of three hundred killed and wounded, including their six bravest leaders, retreated in great confusion : the enemy, however, were overwhelmed by their disaster, which they never fully recovered. In spring, indeed, they re- sumed their wonted warfare, but with diminished means and spirit ; and in May, another of their principal settlements was destroyed. Driven from their cultivated spots, and finding shelter only in woods and marshes, they suffered increasing hardships and privations. Discontent and disunion were the conse- quence ; several of the tribes began to make their submission, when pardon was granted. Two hundred laid down their arms at Plymouth ; and Sagamore John came in with one hundred and eighty, bringing also Matoonas, accused as the author of this dreadful war. In the course of it had been formed skilful officers, particularly Captain Church, who displayed singular talents in this desultory contest. In August he came up with Philip himself, who was completely routed, and fled almost alone. Hunted from place to place, he was traced to the centre of a morass, where he was betrayed and shot by one of his own people. The spirit of the Indians then entirely sunk ; and all who survived either emigrated to a distance, or submitted without reserve to the English power. XI. Notwithstanding the paramount importance to which New York has at- tained, its early settlement was not accompanied by such striking circumstances as marked those of some other colonies. About the year 1600, the attention of the English and Dutch had been direct- ed to the discovery of a northern passage to India, which they hoped might at once be shorter, and enable them to escape the still formidable hostility of Spain. After this object had been vainly pursued by Frobisher, Davis, Barentz, and other navigators, it was resumed by Henry Hudson. Though a native of Hol- land, he was first employed by a company of English merchants, when he made the daring effort to cross the pole itself, and penetrated farther in that direction than any of his predecessors ; but the icy barriers compelled him to return. He next attempted an eastern passage, between Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen, but again failed. His patrons in London then lost courage ; but he, animated by the same ardor, solicited and obtained from the Dutch East India Company a small vessel named the Crescent, to renew his researches. After another abortive en- deavor at an eastern passage, he appears to have finally renounced that object ; and steering toward the west, began to explore the American coast, from New- foundland southward. It had, indeed, been to a great extent both discovered Fig. 32.— Portrait of King Philip, the last of the Wampanoag*. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 and settled, yet not in such continuity as to preclude the hope of finding a deep bay leading to the Pacific, and through it to the East Indies. In the beginnino- of July, he reached the Great bank, and continued his course cautiously along the shores of Acadia. In forty-four degrees he touched at the mouth of a spacious river, which appears to have been the Penobscot, where the French were found carrying on a very active trade. In passing Cape Cod, his people landed at several points, and held intercourse with the natives. They then pursued their course through the open sea, till, on the 17th of August, they came in sight of a low land, and soon afterward found themselves oflf the bar of James river, where they understood that the English had formed a settlement. No opening having yet occurred, it seemed expedient to return northward, keeping closer to the coast. They found it running northwest, and entered a great bay with rivers evidently that of Delaware. The water was so shoally, however, as to prevent its exploration, unless in pinnaces drawing only four or five feet. They pro- ceeded therefore to the coast now called New Jersey, and were involved in the range of islands running parallel to it. The navigation was very difficult on ac- count of storms and frequent shallows. At length Hudson came to a continuous land, good and pleasant, rising boldly from the sea, and bounded by high hills. He appeared to discover the mouths of three great rivers, which, however, could only be different channels, separated by islands, of the great stream now bearing his name. Boats were sent to sound the most northern of them, which was found to afford a good depth of water. They entered it, and were soon visited by large parties of natives in canoes, when a friendly exchange took place, of tobacco and maize for knives and beads. Unfortunately, a boat being sent to examine one of the other channels, was assailed by twenty of the savages in two skiffs, one of the seamen killed, and two wounded. This unhappy event poisoned the future intercourse with the Indians, whose friendly professions were henceforth considered as made only with a view to betray them. At one place, twenty-eight canoes, full of men, women, and children, approached and made overtures for trade ; but their intentions being considered evil, they were not allowed to come on board. In ascending, the Hudson was found to be a noble stream, a mile broad, and bordered by lofty mountains. Seventeen days after entering it, the vessel, being embarrassed by shoals, stopped at a point where a small city has since been built, bearing the name of the discoverer. A boat sailed eight or nine leagues higher, somewhat above the site of Albany, where it was clear that the ship could not proceed farther. In this upper tract, the in- tercourse with the natives was very friendly, and even the suspicions of the crew were lulled. One party came on board, who, being freely treated with wine and aquavitEe, became all merry, and one completely tipsy, the effects of which caused to his companions the greatest surprise. On the way down, they were repeatedly attacked by the large body which in ascending had excited their jealousy. On each occasion, a discharge of musketry, killing two or three, caused all the rest to take flight. On leaving the river, Hudson made directly for Europe, and arrived at Dartmouth on the 7th November, 1609. He transmitted to the Dutch company a flattering report of the country which he had discoA^ered, strongly recommending a settlement. It has even been said, that he sold his rights to them, which seems quite erroneous, as in fact he could not be said to possess any. He Avas not even allowed to follow up this impor- tant discovery, but was obliged again to seek employment from the English mer- chants. By them, in 1610, he was sent out on that remarkable voyage, during which he explored the great bay to which his name is attached, but unhappily fell a sacrifice to the mutiny of a turbulent crew. The Dutch, however, in virtue of this discovery, claimed the country, and in 1610, a few individuals fitted out a vessel for traffic. Several stations were OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 formed on the island of Manhattan (the name then given to New York), but no attempt was made to colonize. In 1613, they were visited by Argall, the ad- venturous English captain, who compelled them to own the dominion of his country ; but as no steps were taken to follow up this advantage, they continued as before to trade with the natives, and consider the land their own. In 1614, a grant of exclusive commerce was made to a company of merchants, who there- upon erected a rude fort, and pushed their operations as high as Albany. They appear at the same time to have formed a station at the mouth of the Connecti- cut. In 1620, an American settlement was attempted on a grander scale, by the for- mation of the Dutch West India Company, incorporated for twenty-four years. Their privileges included the whole western coast of Africa, as far as the Cape, with all the eastern shores of America, from Newfoundland to the Straits of Magellan. Over this vast extent they had the exclusive right to conclude trea- ties, carry on war, and exercise all the functions of government. No notice was taken in the grant, that the whole of this territory was claimed, and many parts occupied, by other European nations ; nor did the government, in making this vast donation of what was not their own, promise the means of placing it in the company's hands. Their possessions, accordingly, were fiercely disputed, and most precariously held. The weakness of the Portuguese crown enabled them to grasp large portions of its territory in Brazil and on the African coast. In North America, they did not venture to measure their strength with the English but were content silently to enlarge their stations on the Hudson, which the lat- ter showed no disposition to occupy. The country was called New Nether- lands ; and an increasing cluster of cottages, where New York now stands, was named New Amsterdam. As yet there was nothing that could be denominated a colony ; but in 1629, government interposed to establish one on a considerable scale. It was planned on quite an aristocratic basis ; for though lands were granted to detached set- tlers, the chief dependance was on opulent individuals, who were expected to carry out bodies of tenants at their own expense ; and those who should trans- port fifty became lords of manors, holding the absolute property of the lands thus colonized. They might even possess tracts sixteen miles long, and be furnished with negroes, if they could profitably do so. Several of them began to found these manors ; two, Godyn and De Vries, led out thirty settlers to the head of the Delaware, laying the first foundation of that state ; but the latter having A'is ited home, found on his return that it had been attacked by the Indians, and to- tally destroyed. The whole colony was unprosperous, and very hard pressed on diflferent sides. The New England settlement in Connecticut soon surround- ed their little station, obliged them to give way, and even to abandon part of Long Island. At the same time, the Swedes, then in the height of their power, under Gustavus Adolphus, planned a settlement, which was zealously supported by that great monarch, who subscribed 400,000 dollars in its favor. They fixed on the bay of Delaware ; and though Kieft, the governor sent from Holland, en- tered a protest, he did not venture to employ force against the conqueror of Lut- zen. Moreover, Lord Baltimore, having just obtained his pateni extending northward to the latitude of forty degrees, intimated his claim to nearly the v.'hole of the Dutch, territory. All these annoyances, however, were small com pared to the Indian war, in wliich the atrocious violence of Kieft involved the colony. Attacking by surprise a party who had shown some hostile dispositions, he commenced a general massacre, in which nearly a hundred perished. Hence raged during two years a contest, accompanied by the usual horrors and calami- ties, and which effectually checked the progress of New Netherlands. At length a treaty was negotiated, in which the five nations were included. 6 •82 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY A few years after, in 1646, the governor was recalled, to the great satisfaction of the people, and was succeeded by Stuyvcsant, a military officer of distinction, brave, honest, and with some tincture of letters. Adopting a wise and humane policy toward the Indians, he succeeded in obviating any disturbance from that quarter. By negotiation with the company, he obtained a release from those trammels by which commerce had hitherto been fettered, substituting moderate duties on exports and imports. He sutfered, however, much trouble from the English, who were continually extending their frontier on and beyond the Con- necticut, and set scarcely any limit to their claims. The settlers discouraged greatly any idea of going to war with so powerful a neighbor, and exhorted him to gain the best terms he could by treaty. By large concessions he obtained a provisional compact, which was never indeed ratified in England, yet obtained for his people some security. Stuyvesant then turned his eyes on the other side to the Swedish colony, which had prospered and become a commercial rival. It was much inferior, however, to JNew Netherlands, while the death of Gusta- Tus and of his great ministers and generals, succeeded by the fantastic sway of Christina, rendered her country no longer formidable. He, therefore, with the sanction of his employers, determined to reannex it, for which some violent pro- ceedings on the part of Rising, the governor, afforded a fair pretext. Having assembled a force of 600 men, he marched into New Sweden, as it was termed, which, after a short resistance, renounced that name, and became incorporated with the Dutch dependency. A few of the settlers returned to their native country ; the rest yielded to the mild sway of the conqueror. Stuyvesant was next annoyed by Lord Baltimore, who could boast that his charter entitled him to extend his borders to New England, leaving no room whatever for New Netherlands ; but as his pretensions were not supported by any adequate force, they were easily evaded. The company, though they did not grant any political franchises to the colo- nists, took great care to have them well governed, and to check, those despotic practices in which Stuyvesant, from his military habits, was prone to indulge. They prohibited likewise all persecution, and studied to make the country a refuge for professors of every creed. From France, the Low Countries, the Rhine, Northern Germany, Bohemia, the mountains of Piedmont, the suffering protestants flocked to this transatlantic asylum. Even the New Englanders, al- lured by the fine climate and fertile soil, arrived in great numbers, and formed entire villages. It therefore became expedient to have a secretary of their na- tion, and to issue proclamations in French and English, as well as Dutch. To augment the variety, the company introduced as many negro slaves as they con- veniently could. New York became, as Mr. Bancroft terms it, a city of the world ; its inhabitants termed themselves a blended community of various line- age. Unluckily for the Dutch, the protestants of that age carried generally with them an ardent attachment to civil liberty, which was pushed to its utmost height by those of New England. Their views soon found favor in the eyes even of the Hollanders ; for, though some of the more opulent were adverse to any very broad popular institutions, they could not forbear joining in the objection to be taxed without their own consent. Innovations of this nature, it appeared, were ' agreeable neither to the company nor the governor. The colonists, having sent over a deputation to the former, obtained a few municipal privileges, but none of the rights of a representative government. Such was their perseverance, how- ever, that they erected one for themselves, by calling two deputies from each village ; and the body thus assembled presented a remonstrance to Stuyvesant, claiming that their consent should be necessary to the enactment of new laws, and even to the appointment of officers. He received this address extremely ill, and bitterly reproached them with yielding to the visionary notions of the , Fig. 34.— Portrait of Peter Stuyvesant 84 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY New Englanders ;. stating that the laws were good, and would continue to be well executed, but could not be allowed to emanate from the wavering multitude. He derived his authority only from God and the West India Company, who would never become responsible to their own subjects. The remonstrants were therefore commanded, under a severe penalty, immediately to disperse. In this tile company firmly supported their governor, directing that the people should na longer indulge the visionary dream that taxes could be imposed only with theii own consent. They, however, cherished a deep dissatisfaction, which, though il did not break, out into open violence, indisposed them to make any exertions in support of a government under which they enjoyed no rights. This became of a serious consequence in the crisis that was now approaching. Considering the long and embittered hostility of England against the Dutch, it may appear wonderful that she did not sooner attempt the conquest of a valuable possession, to which she had so plausible a title. Cromwell, in fact, had projected Fig. 35. — Portrait of Oliver Cromwell. it, but was diverted by other objects. Charles II., always prejudiced against tnat people, soon adopted the same resolution ; and even before any measure was taken for conquering the country, he included it in a grant made to his brother James, of the territory from the Kennebec to the St. Croix, and from the Connecticut to the Delaware. To make good this donation, Sir Robert Nichols was sent out with an expedition, to be reinforced by a detachment from another colony. The Dutch had for some time foreseen the crisis ; but unwilling to ex pend their funds in sending troops, they urged the governor to seek means of defence Avithin his OAvn dominions. This, from circumstances already stated, was exceedingly difficult ; and though Stuyvesant, in this emergency, granted their demand for a representative assembly, it was too late to inspire confidence, and the people declined making any sacrifices to repel a power from whom they hoped more liberal treatment. In August, 1664, Nichols cast anchor in face of New Amsterdam, having landed part of his troops on Long Island. Heimme- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 diately summoned the city to surrender, guarantying to the people their property, the rights of citizens, their ancient laws and usages. The governor attempted by delay and negotiation to parry the blow ; but the other declined all discus- sion, and the principal inhabitants, headed by Winthrop from Connecticut, as- sembling in the town-hall, determined against offering any resistance. They drew up articles of surrender conformable to the demand of the English officer, which, however, Stuyvesant refused to sign till the place was actually in the enemy's hands. XII. The history of New England exhibits the extravagance indulged in by the quakers. Carrying to an undue length that religious movement which produced the Reformation, they relinquished a proper regard not only to forms and ordinances, but to reason, and, in some degree, to scripture, yielding them- selves in a great measure to the guidance of visions and inward illuminations. They constituted at this period, as already observed, the extreme of the ultra- protestant section, which thenceforth began to recede from its too forward posi- tion. Not only did no similar sects spring up, but they themselves gradually pruned away the exaggerated features of their system. They assumed even a remarkably sedate character, and retaining still their deep devotional feeling, with only a few outward peculiarities, distinguished themselves in the walks of life by practical philanthropy. In this chastened and reformed quakerism, the lead was taken by WilUam Penn, one of tho most illustrious characters of modern Fig. 36 — Portrait of William Penn. times. Born to rank and distinction, son of an admiral who had attained celeb- rity under Cromwell by the conquest of Jamaica, he embraced at college his persecuted cause, and devoted himself to it throughout his whole life. Refusing to retract or compromise his views, he was expelled from his father's house, be- coming amenable to all the rigors then enforced against eccentric modes of re- ligious worship and teaching. He indulged at first in certain extravagances ; but ripening years, combined with extensive study, and traA^el over a great part of Europe, enlarged his mind, and while retaining the same devoted attachment to what was valuable in his system, he purified it from its principal errors. His steady course of christian kindness gained for him the general esteem of the public, and ultimately led to a reconciliation with his parent, who bequeathed tc him the whole of his property. 86 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Among the tenets of this school, which Penn at all times advocated with the utmost zeal, was that of complete liberty in religious opinion and worship. It became, indeed, a leading object of his life to render himself a shield not only to his own people, but to all who on this ground were exposed to suffering and per- secution. Unable as yet fully to accomplish his end in the old world, he con- ceived the plan of providing for them, in the new continent, an asylum similar to that of their pilgrim ancestors. By founding there a state open to the votaries of every faith, he might, he hoped, fulfil his benevolent purpose, and at the same lime secure for himself a degree of importance and wealth. He possessed, in virtue of his father's services, a claim on government, estimated at jC16,000 ; but after a long delay, amid the exigencies of the court, he could not without difficulty have rendered it effective in any shape, except for one favorable cir- cumstance. He enjoyed the favor both of Charles II. and James II., and was always a welcome guest at Whitehall. This intercourse with princes whose character was so unlike his own, excited in that age a feeling of surprise which we can scarcely avoid sharing. The most injurious surmises arose — he was represented as a papist, and even a Jesuit. He seems, however, to have clearly proved, that he never concurred in any of the illegal measures of those rulers, but employed his influence almost solely with the view of obtaining protection for those numerous sufferers in whom he took so deep an interest. Had his object been money, he must have encountered many obstacles in obtaining it from the dilapidated treasury of Charles. It was much easier to get the royal assent respecting a desert region beyond the Atlantic, whence no immediate ben- efit was to be derived. His petition, being presented in June, 1680, was referred to the agents of the Duke of York and Lord Baltimore, who declared it to be un- objectionable, provided the rights of these individuals were preserved inviolate. Penn, therefore, submitted the draft of a charter, which, after being revised by Chief Justice North and the Bishop of London, was passed under the seal-royal. It granted to him the tract in America extending northward from the 40th to the 43d degree of latitude, and five degrees of longitude westward, from a boundary line drawn twelve miles from Newcastle on the Delaware. Nearly the same privileges were conceded as were formerly granted to Lord Baltimore. The proprietor was empowered to dispose of the lands in fee-simple, to levy taxes with consent of the freemen or their delegates, to erect courts of justice, and (what one might scarcely have expected) to raise forces for the defence of the province by sea and land. There was reserved, however, the sovereignty of the crown, and its claim to allegiance, also an appeal from the courts to the king in council, and the right of parliament to levy custom-duties. The acts passed by the assembly and the owner were to be transmitted within five years to his majesty, and if considered unconstitutional, might be disallowed. The Bishop of London stipulated for the reception of a preacher, as soon as one should be requested by twenty of the settlers. Invested with these ample powers, Penn proceeded to give to the colony a constitution, on a very liberal footing. A council of seventy-two, elected by the body of the people, and having a third of their number renewed every year, car- ried on the executive government, in conjunction with the proprietor, who was allowed three votes. This body was divided into four committees, of plantation, trade, justice, and education. They prepared the bills and propositions which were submitted to the general assembly, also elected by the people. They were to sit nine days only, during eight of which they were to consider the pro- posals made by the council, and on the ninth to pronounce their decision. This system, said to have been copied chiefly from the Oceana of Harrington, was not very well fitted for practical purposes, and had not a long duration. Penn now circulated widely his proposals through Britain, France, and Ger- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 many ; the oppressed and impoverished of every class being invited to this land of promise. He recommended it not only to those w^ho suffered under religious persecution, but " to industrious laborers and handicraftsmen — ingenious spirits low in the world — younger brothers of small inheritances, instead of haging on as retainers on their elder brothers' table and charity — lastly, to men of an uni- versal spirit, who have an eye to the good of posterity." The necessary ex- pense of conveyance was stated to be — for an adult £5, a child under twelve £2, lOs., goods £2 per ton. Those who could not aObrd even this moderate amount, were informed that, on engaging with emigrants of property for a service of four years, not only would their passage be delrayed, but at the end of the term they would receive 50 acres, at 2^. quitrent. An extent of 5,000 acres was sold for jC 100, with 50.S. quitrent, commencing only in 1681. Those who preferred might pay merely a quitrent of Id. an acre, or ^£20, 16.?. 8(^ Smaller tracts were disposed of at corresponding prices. Poor men were allowed 50 acres at ^d. per acre. These'advantageous terms, the troubled state of Europe, and the high char- acter of the proprietor, caused his proposals to be received with general favor. An influx into America took place, such as had never been equalled since the days of the first settlers. Between 1682 and 1685, there arrived ninety sail, conveying an average of eighty passengers, in all 7,200, beside 1,000 who had landed in 1681. They had been sent under his kinsman Markham, to take pos- session of the country, and prepare the way for the larger colony. He found no difficulty in completing the purchase of an extensive tract of land from the In- dians on terms satisfactory to them, yet moderate for the buyer. In October, 1682, Penn arrived with a body of 2,000 emigrants. After some time spent in surveying his new possessions, he, in the beginning of 1683, ar- ranged a meeting with the native chiefs, under the canopy of a spacious elm tree, near the present site of Philadelphia. They appeared on the day appointed, in their rude attire, and with brandished weapons, beneath the shadow of those dense woods which covered what is now a fine and cultivated plain. On learn- ing that the English approached, they deposited their arms and sat down in groups, each tribe behind its own chieftain. Penn then stepping forward in his usual plain dress and unarmed, held forth in his hand the parchment on which the treaty was engrossed. In a simple speech, he announced to them those principles of equity and amity upon which he desired that all their future inter- course should be conducted. He besought them to keep this parchment during three generations. The Indians replied, in their usual solemn and figurative lan- guage, that they would live in peace with him and with his children while the sun and moon should endure. A friendly display like this is by no means unusual in the first opening of intercourse between civilized and savage nations ; but seldom indeed does it long continue unbroken, or fail even of being succeeded by an embittered enmity. Pennsylvania alTorded at least one happy exception. Her founder continued with this savage people on terms not oidy of peace, but of in- timate union ; he visited them in their villages, he slept in their wigwams ; they welcomed him almost as a brother. Forty years afterward they said to the governor, Sir William Keith, as the highest possible compliment : " We esteem and love you as if you were William Penn himself." What was still more won- derful, the colonists, though they had to struggle with many uncongenial spirits in their own body, succeeded in maintaining good terms with the natives ; and for nearly a century, the Indian tomahawk was never lifted against a people who would have considered it unlawful to return the blow. His next object was to found a capital for his new settlement. He chose a site upon a neck of land between the Schuylkill and Delaware, in a situation which appeared at once agreeable and healthy, abounding in water, and with OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 89 convenient river communications. He gave to it the name of Philadelphia (broth- erly love), under which it has become one of the most flourishing cities in the new world. Combining the taste for neatness and regularity characteristic of his people, with a love of rural nature, he planned a town composed of parallel streets, each a hundred feet broad, crossed by others also spacious, and some in- dicating by their very names. Vine, Mulberry, Chestimt, that the verdure of the country was still to enliven them. The purchasers of 5,000 acres were to have a house in one of the two principal streets, with a garden and orchard ; those of 1,000 in the three next ; such as were under 1,000 acres in the cross streets. In 1684, fifty villages, arranged in regular squares, had sprung up, on a similar plan, though on a smaller scale. In December, 1682, Penn proceeded to Maryland, to adjust with Lord Baltimore the boundaries of their respective provinces. His lordship received him, as he had before received his agent Markham, with the utmost politeness ; yet the arrange- ment was found very difficult and vexatious. The specified limit of the 40th de- gree had, in the maps of that age, been made to run across the Bay of Ches- apeake, about the latitude of Pool's Island. Thus the head of that great inlet was left within the bounds assigned to Pennsylvania, and afforded an advanta- geous outlet for her commerce. Lord Baltimore, however, caused a new and more scientific survey to be made, showing that this limit really lay considerably to tlie north of any part of the bay, from which the new province was thus wholly excluded. This circumstance bore heavily upon the philanthropist, whose col- ony was thus deprived of all direct maritime trade. He earnestly urged, that the space in question was a hundred times more valuable to him than to the other party, of whose territory this was only an outer tract, scarcely at all known or settled ; that the proprietor of Maryland must probably have gained by the error in settling his own boundaries with Virginia ; and that the understanding upon which the grant had been made ought to be taken into consideration. Their interests came into collision on another point. Penn had obtained a grant from the Duke of York of the whole coast of the river and bay of Delaware, southward from Newcastle to Cape Henlopen, which would in some degree have supplied liis want of a seacoast. But the other party claimed all the shores of this bay also, as included within the 40th degree. Both parties, during their personal intercourse, maintained their claims with extreme pertinacity, yet with politeness ; but the correspondence which afterward ensued is tinctured with considerable bitterness, each accusing the other of forwarding his views in an unfair manner. Historians are even still much divided. Mr. Chalmers derides the claim of Penn, whom, in truth, he always mentions in the most depreciating terms ; indeed, to have been engaged in any dispute with a Baltimore, was enough in his eyes to efface the brightest qualities that could adorn a human being. Mr. Bancroft, on the contrary, has in this particular forsaken his first love, and admits nothing to interfere with the absolute perfection of the Pennsyl- vania legislator. It became necessary to refer the question to the committee of plantation, wdio, in November, 1685, came to the decision that the 40Lh degree, in its real direction, must be the boundary, thus excluding the quaker from the Chesapeake. But while they allowed that the Maryland patent had extended indeed to the Delaware, they considered that it had been granted only in respect to such countries as were not occupied by any Christian people, while that re gion had been already colonized in considerable numbers by the Dutch and Swedes. Hence it Avas determined that the eastern part belonged of right to the crown, including Penn's domain, which was thereby rendered valid, and gave him the command of that fine estuary, thus in a great measure compensating his loss on another side. In 1684, Penn was induced by this and other affairs to return to England, 90 THE PICTURIAL HISTORY leaving the administration in the hands of commissioners ; a body who did no by any means work harmoniously. Moore, a leading proprietary officer, was accused by the assembly of corruption and other high misdemeanors ; which charge being strenuously resisted by the executive, a violent collision ensued. The proprietor, while he felt disposed to grant a liberal government to his set- tlers, was probably little prepared to make over to them the whole political pow- er, which yet they seem to have been determined to grasp. In 1686, he sent instructions to his officers to dissolve the constitution, which he had so studious- ly constructed. The assembly, however, foreseeing that the change was pro- posed with a view to the abridgment of their privileges, resolutely opposed his views. He then determined to supersede the commission, and appoint a deputy governor, as more likely to support his authority. The person selected was Blackwell, who is admitted to have been no quaker, and indeed to have had nothing akin to the character. The apology made seems singular, namely, that no one of that profession could be found fit for the office, and willing to undertake it. We may rather suspect that, being a dexterous pol- itician and high advocate for power, he was expected to beat down the dem- ocratic opposition. His efforts for this purpose were carried to an extreme. White, who, as former speaker, had been active in the persecution of Moore, having been re-elected as delegate, was thrown into prison, and his claim under the habeas corpus act evaded. The most embittered messages passed between the governor and assembly. He contrived, however, to gain over a part of the members, and thus to carry on the government. On these proceedings being represented to him, Penn was not disposed to support them ; and he now threw almost everything into the hands of the coun- cil, on whom he conferred the power of choosing the executive officers and deputy governor : they elected Thomas Lloyd, a quaker preacher of great merit. But neither did this arrangement work well. Schisms arose among the too numerous body; and violent protests were made. The chief conflicts, which, were between the old territory of Pennsylvania and the new counties on the Delaware, rose to such a height, that the proprietor was obliged reluctantly to separate the two territories ; appointing Markham governor of the latter, which ultimately formed a small state, bearing the name of that great bay. Peace did not reign among the quakers themselves. George Keith, one of the most em- inent among them as a preacher and writer, disappointed perhaps at not himself obtaining a lead in the government, proclaimed that no one of his sect could lawfully act as an executive officer or magistrate, and if he did, had no claim to any obedience. These doctrines, enforced not in the mildest terms, brought him under the cognizance of the authorities. His adherents allege that their proceedings were violent and irregular ; that without hearing or inquiry he was proclaimed in the market-place a seditious person, and an enemy to the king and queen ; and that the ministers, with as little ceremony, denounced him as not having the fear of God before his eyes. The actual penalty was only a mod- erate fine, and not even enforced; but the finding himself proscribed among his brethren, both in the colony and at home, seems to have exasperated him ; he became an enemy to the quakers, abandoned their communion, and finally ac- cepted an episcopal benefice. He was lamented by them as a mighty man fallen from the high places of Israel ; and the noise made by these feuds seriously in- jured the colony in the crisis which now arose. The Pennsylvanians, who had owed everything to James II., did not share the general joy at his abdication in 1688. The news was unwillingly believed ; and the government, till September, 1789, was still administered in his name. This was carefully reported in New York ; while in England, charges were OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 92 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY brought against the proprietor as adhering to popery, or at least strongly attached to the exiled house. William, after some hositaliori, deprived him of his patent ; and in April, 1G93, Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York, assumed authority also over Pennsylvania. The assembly professed their willingness to obey, provided they were used in the usual manner, and by laws founded on letters- patent. But he intimated that they were much mistaken ; that the change had been made on account of neglects and miscarriages ; and that his majesty's mode of governing would be in direct opposition to that of Mr. Penn. It was even maintained that all the former laws had been abrogated, though a willing- ness was expressed to re-enact the greater number. Penn, however, on reaching England, was gratified to find that the trials he encountered had not deprived him of all his friends. He acquired considerable favor with Queen Anne ; but circumstances prevented his return. Hamilton, appointed his deputy, was still troubled by internal dissensions. These were not abated by the nomination, in 1703, of EA'ans, in whom we see a character the most opposite to that of the proprietor himself. This officer, young, lively, fond of frolic and revelry, and inflamed with military ardor, was utterly opposed to the quaker assembly, and treated with derision their pacific dispositions. He began to erect forts without their permission, and endeavored, but in vain, to rouse them by a false alarm of a French invasion. On having three of their bills presented to him, he told them, " they were very great absurdities." They sent home loud remonstrances, complaining also that under the new frame their liberties were greatly abridged. Penn listened unwillingly, and it was not till 1709 that this unsuitable ruler was removed. He was succeeded by Gookin, an Irish gentleman, of good age and mild manners ; yet the discontents still con- tinued. The war with Canada having broken out, he had the ungracious task of demanding a supply of ;e4,000 and 150 men. It was privately intimated that the money would suffice ; but the assembly declared that they could not in con- science either fight or hire others to do so ; however, they offered the queen a present of jC500. The chief objection made was to the amount ; but on this point, pleading poverty, they stood firm. An equal sum was afterward, in a similar manner, extracted from them. In 1710, Penn, having reached the age of sixty-six, sent out a solemn remon- strance on the feuds and discontent in which the settlers had so long indulged. Amid the satisfaction of seeing the colony free and flourishing, their disputes had been to him a source of grief, trouble, and poverty. Recapitulating the whole train of his proceedings, he appealed to them whether he had given any real cause for this conduct ; he lamented the unhappiness they were bringing on themselves, as well as the scandal they were causing in the eyes of Europe, by such incessant contention. This appeal was not unsuccessful ; and in the next year an assembly much more friendly to him was elected. It is doubtful, however, if this news ever reached him. Oppressed with embarrassments and losses incurred seemingly without blame, he had entered into a treaty with gov- ernment for transferring his territorial rights, and had agreed to accept for them ^12,000. A series of apoplectic shocks, however, entirely deprived him of his faculties, and disabled him from completing the bargain, so that the property re- mained in his family. The favor restored to Penn was not extended to Gookin, whom the assembly accused of arbitrary measures, and of favoring the non-quaker part of the popu- lation. In 1716, he was succeeded by Sir William Keith, who, during the ill- ness of the founder, was named by the king. This governor enjoyed a much greater degree of favor than anj'' of his predecessors, though he is accused of purchasing it by too entire an acquiescence in the demands of the assembly, and allowing almost the whole power to pass into their hands. Such, at least, "was OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 93 the opinion of the proprietaries, who considered him also as neglecting their in- terest, and at the end of nine years removed him. He then attempted to raise d factious opposition, but was obliged to leave the colony. After a peaceable administration of several years by Major Gordon, Thomas, and afterward John Penn, sons of the late owner, went out in 1732 and 1734. They were received with the most cordial welcome, though the former did not altogether preserve his popularity. XIII. while emigration proceeded so actively in various parts of North America, the regions south of Virginia, though of vast extent, and presenting many natural advantages, had attracted little attention. The Spaniards, as long as they could, jealously guarded this coast ; and the bloody catastrophe of the first French settlement was long remembered with terror. Raleigh's original establishment had been formed within this range ; and its tragical results, though not connected with the situation, threw a gloom over all the recollections as- sociated with it. Yet flattering rumors were still spread ; and as the older set- tlements became crowded, detachments began to overflow into this unoccupied tract. The river Nansemond, on the immediate border of Virginia, had been very early settled ; and colonists thence found their way to the banks of the Chowan and the shores of Albemarle Sound. Much farther to the south, a body of enterprising New Englanders had purchased from the Indians a district around Cape Fear. Sir Robert Heath, in 1630, obtained a patent; but having been unable to fulfil the conditions, it was declared forfeited. The reign of Charles II. was a period of large grants ; for, having many claims upon him Avhile he had little to give, he was ready to bestow colonial rights. On the 24th March, 1663, the whole coast, from the 36th degree of lat- itude to the river San Matheo, was granted under the name of Carolina to a body of highly distinguished personages, among whom were Monk, duke of Albe- marle, Lord Clarendon, Lord Ashley Cooper afterward Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Berkeley, and his brother Sir William, governor of Virginia. Their priv- ileges were as usual extensive, and seem to have been in a great measure copied from those granted in the case of Maryland. The present occupants could only be considered as squatters ; yet as men were much wanted, the utmost en- Fio. 39.— Squatters. couragement was given to them to remain, while others were invited. Political and personal immunities, more ample than were possessed by the neighboring colonies, or were satisfactory to the views of some of the proprietors, were not withheld. Berkeley, who brought additional emigrants from Virginia to Albe- 94 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY marie Sound, placed them under Drummond, a prudent and popular governor A party of planters from Barbadocs, induced to remove to this congenial climate, were settled on Cape Fear river, near the New Englanders, and ruled by Sir John Yeamans, one of their own number. A few shipbuilders were also obtained from the Bermudas. In 1665, the proprietors, still in high favor with Charles, obtained a new pat- ent with much larger privileges. Their territory was now, without regard to Spanish claims, extended to the Pacific, while they were empowered to create titles and orders of nobility. This appears to have been preparatory to the for- mation of what was intended to be a monument of human wisdom — a constitution for the new colony. It was undertaken by Shaftesbury, the ablest statesman of the age, who employed upon it Locke, the illustrious philosopher ; and its ob- ject was to transport into the New World the varied ranks and aristocratic es- tablishments of Europe. Two orders of nobility were to be instituted, the higher of landgraves or earls, the lower of caciques or barons. The territory was to be divided into counties, each containing 480,000 acres, with one landgrave and two caciques, a number never to be increased nor diminished. There was also to be lords of manors, entitled, like the nobles, to hold courts, and exercise ju- dicial functions. Those possessing 50 acres were to be freeholders ; but the tenants held no political franchise, and could never attain any higher rank. All the estates were to sit in one chamber. The proprietary were always to con- tinue eight in number, to possess the whole judicial power, and have the su- preme direction of all the tribunals. One was to take cognizance of ceremonies and pedigrees, of fashions and sports. But it is needless to enter into further details of a constitution which never did nor could have any practical existence. It must remain a striking proof how unfit the ablest men are to legislate for a society with whose condition and circumstances they are not intimately ac- quainted. Nothing could exceed the surprise of the colonists when this elaborate sys- em was transmitted to them, with an urgent call for its immediate adoption. Albemarle, the chief settlement, could scarcely number 1,400 working hands : now then was it to furnish its landgraves, its caciques, its barons ? The pro- prietors, on a representation of this state of afl^airs, were obliged to own that their magnificent system could not yet be carried into full execution ; but they required its introduction so far as circumstances allowed, and its completion to be kept constantly in view. Meanwhile, a series of temporary laws were es- tablished, until the inhabitants should be ripe for the fundamental constitutions. They had formed, however, a simple code adapted to their circumstances, which they preferred to one by which the popular privileges were materially abridged ; and its abrogation for a merely provisional system would have taken away every- thing stable and permanent in their political position. As Miller, who acted as administrator and collector of the revenue, had not given them satisfac- tion, they rose in a body, imprisoned him and most of the council, seized the public funds, appointed magistrates and judges, called a parliament, and in short took into their hands all the functions of government. Culpepper, the ringleader, came to England to plead their cause, a step which certainly does not seem to indicate consciousness of guilt ; but he was arrested and brought to trial for high treason. Shaftesbury, by his eloquence and popidar influence, procured his acquittal, pleading that there had been no regular government in Albemarle, so that these disorders could only be considered as feuds among the several planters. The proprietors found themselves in an embarrassing situation, unwilling to yield to the colonists and renounce their darling constitutions, yet neither de- sirous nor very able to reduce them by force. They resolved, therefore, to OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 send out as governor Seth Sothel, one of their own body, who had previously purchased Lord Clarendon's share, and whose territorial rights would, they hoped, command respect. According to Chalmers, the annals of delegated au- thority include no name so infamous as that of this new administrator ; a remark which is probably too strong, for he had to deal with persons not easily pleased. It would appear, however, that his sole object was to advance his fortune, at the expense both of the colonists and of his fellow-proprietors. The former soon practised the lesson which they had already learned. They deposed him, seized his person, and were about to send him to England to answer to the owners for the charges brought against him. Sothel preferred to abide the judgment of the assembly themselves : a circumstance which, joined to the sentence, seems to indicate that his conduct was not extremely atrocious. After finding all the ac- cusations proven, they merely banished him from the colony for a single year, and declared him incapable of ever again holding the office of governor. The proprietors, though troubled at these stretches of power, yet owning the com- plaints to be just, and having been themselves wronged, sanctioned the proceed- ings, and nominated Philip Ludwell as their representative. Meantime they were bestowing a more special attention to the southern col- ony. In 1G70, they sent out a considerable number of settlers under William Sayle, who was named governor. He died soon after, and his place was sup- plied by Sir John Yeamans, once a Barbadoes planter, who had acquired a good reputation in his command at Cape Fear. He was speedily accused, however, of sordid proceedings, in carrying on all the little trade of the colony for his own advantage. Affairs were in many respects unsatisfactory. The proprie- tors, like other similar bodies, already discovered that the colony, instead of a mine of wealth, was a constant drain ; they had expended upon it upward of jG 18,000, without any return, but, on the contrary, had to encounter new de- mands. They were therefore not unwilling to remove Yeamans in order to make room for West, a favorite of the settlers. During his residence of eight j-ears, he enjoyed a popularity rare among transatlantic rulers. The colony flourished ; for beside emigrants sent over by the proprietors, a considerable tide flowed in from various quarters. The poor cavaliers, considering it to have been founded upon their own principles, sought it as a place where they might retrieve their fortunes. A number of Dutch in New York, dissatisfied with their transference to British rule, thought, it scarcely appears for what reason, that they would be more at ease in this new settlement ; and some of their country- men from Europe were induced to follow. The revocation of the edict of Nantz, and the persecution of the protestants by Louis XIV. during his bigoted dotage, drove out a large body of most respectable emigrants. A small party proceeded from Ireland, and another from Scotland under Lord Cardross ; but the latter was unfortunate, being nearly all destroyed by the Indians. This in- flux was considered to afford an inducement for the erection of a city. One was early founded on a high ground, above Ashley River, named Charleston ; but afterward another spot, called Oyster Point, at the junction of that stream with the Cooper, was considered so much more eligible, that the site was changed. The choice was happy ; and it has since become the chief emporium of the southern states. West was succeeded, in 1682, by Moreton, and the latter, in 1686, by Colle- ton, a brother of one of the proprietors, and endowed with the rank of landgrave. Under these governors, the spirit of faction, which had in some degree slumber- ed, broke forth with extreme violence. An obstinate dispute was waged between the three counties of Berkeley, Craven, and Colleton, respecting the number of members that should be sent from each to the assembly : that body also proposed two acts which can not be applauded, with a view to relieve the scarcity of 96 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY money. It was the purpose of the one to raise the value of the coin, and of the other to suspend the payment of foreign debts. The first was carried, whence arose the depreciation of the CaroHna currency, which afterward became ex- treme. The other was rejected by the proprietors with reprobation. This was not well brooked by the assembly, who began to contest the legality of the fun- damental constitutions, and to demand their original charier. Discontents ran so high, that the people, in 1687, elected an assembly, expressly to resist what- ever the governor should propose ; and, in 1690, they passed an act banishing him from the province. Amid this ferment, appeared Seth Sothel, the rejected of North Carolina ; and such was the influence of party, that he found no dif- ficulty in occupying the place of his unpopular predecessor, and in calling a par- liament, which sanctioned all his proceedings. The proprietors were beyond measure astonished to hear of such a person setting up against them as a leader supported by the people. They sent out the strictest orders for his immediate recall, appointing in his place Philip Ludwell, with instructions, however, to ex- amine and report as to any real gTievances. The chief complaint was found to be against " the fundamental constitutions ;" and as there appeared no serious prospect of carrying into execution that famous code, it was, in 1693, finally ab- rogated. Caciques, landgraves, and barons were swept away, and the labors of Shaftesbury and Locke were given to the winds. It may be observed that James II., on his usual despotic principle, had prepared a quo loarranlo against the charter ; but the proprietors, opening a treaty for its surrender, on condition of replacing the funds expended on it, spun out the affair till that monarch be- came no longer an object of dread. These arrangements did not fully secure tranquillity ; and a new source of dissension was afforded by the numerous body of French protestant refugees. Most of the original settlers, zealously attached to the church of England, viewed with aversion both their religious and national peculiarities, and refused to admit them to the rights of citizenship. At this treatment they were justly indignant ; and disputes rose so high, that the proprietors sent out one of their own body, John Archdale, a quaker, with full power to investigate and redress grievances. He conducted himself with great prudence, and, though he could not procure for the new comers all the desired privileges, succeeded in greatly allaying their discontent. After remaining a year, he left as his successor Jo- seph Blake, who steadily pursued the same system, by which, in a few years, the parties were reconciled, and the French admitted to all the rights of citizens. Blake died in 1700, and was succeeded by Moore, who, two years after, sought to distinguish himself by the capture of the French capital of St. Augus- tine. He himself, with the main force, proceeded by sea, while Colonel Daniel, with a party of militia and Indians, marched by land. The latter arrived first, and took possession of the town, obliging the enemy to retreat into the castle ; but the governor considered that post so strong, as to render it necessary to send to Jamaica for more artillery. On the appearance, however, of two Spanish ships, he was seized with a panic alleged to be groundless, and precipitately raising the siege, returned by land to Carolina. This repulse was not only very mortifying, but entailed on the colony a heavy debt, which it could ill bear. In 1706, the Spaniards endeavored to retaliate, and, aided by their French allies, equipped a considerable armament. Their admiral, Le Feboure, with five ships-ol'-war, forthwith summoned the capital ; but the governor. Sir Nathan- iel Johnson, who had, with great spirit, though inadequate means, prepared for defence, sent an indignant defiance. The invader, whose main land force had not yet arrived, imprudently sent on shore a small detachment, which was im- mediately attacked and cut off. This success inspired such courage, that Cap- lain Rhett, with six small vessels, sailed against the enemy, who, struck ,witb 98 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY alarm, immediately retired. Soon after, an additional armament appeared, and a body of troops were landed ; but the English, (lushed with victory, attacked them with such resolution, that both they and their ships were captured. After some years of repose, the colony was involved in all the horrors of Indian war ; the origin of which is difKcult to trace, though the settlers throw the whole blame upon the natives. It is manifest that they waged it with deep treachery and lerocity, and yet there seems room to suspect that they had heavy wrongs to avenge. The first burst was from the Tuscaroras, on the frontier of North Carolina, whose attack against the settlements on the Roanoke was made with the usual secrecy and rapidity, and above a hundred perished before measures of defence could be adopted. This was all that could be done till aid was pro- cured from South Carolina, whence Captain Barnwell, with 600 militia and 360 Indians, penetrated the intervening wilderness, defeated the enemy, and pursuing them to their main fortress, obliged them to surrender. They soon after migra- ted northward, and formed a union with the Five Nations. A more formidable struggle awaited South Carolina. The Indians on its Fig. 41. — Male and Female Indian. border had long been united with the colonists in alliance and common hostility to the Spaniards. When the treaty of Utrecht had terminated the European war with the latter people, the natives soon announced that they had dined with the governor of Florida, and washed his face — a sure pledge of alliance. The colonists, who did not suspect that the enmity was to be transferred to them, allege that it was fomented by their old enemies ; but the charge seems scarcely supported by any overt act. Certain it is, that the Yemassees, Creeks, Chero- kees, and all the tribes from Cape Fear to the shores of the gulf, amounting to 6,000 men, became united in one grand confederacy to exterminate the English name. Their preparations were enveloped as usual in profound secrecy ; and, even on the previous evening, when some suspicious circumstances were noticed, they gave the most friendly explanation. In the morning the work of blood commenced in the vicinity of Port Royal, where about ninety of the planters perished ; but the people of the place, happily finding a vessel in the harbor, OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 99 crowded on board, and were conveyed to Charleston. The Indians collected from all sides, and advanced upon that capital ; two detachments, which attempted to stop their progress, were surprised or ensnared, and suffered severely. Cra- ven, the governor, however, having mustered 1,200 men fit to bear arms, suc- ceeded in stopping their progress ; upon which, having collected all his strength, and receiving a reinforcement from North Carolina, he marched to the attack of their grand camp. The struggle was long and fierce — the Indians having sta- ti