^^^.: i'.' .^^"^- 'oM*^ G' 0^-. : o^ "^. .V V I: .0^ V .0' c REPORT ON THE AGEICULTUEAL AND OTHER RESOUECES OF THE 71,'* / STATE OF NEW YORK. BY -< THEODORE C.'PETERS, STATB ASSESSOR. / TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE, JANUARY 7th, 1864. H ALBANY : VAN BENTHUYSEN'S STEAM PRINTING HOUSE. 1864. / ^ i>- -^ ^ \^- M OOISTTENTS. Resolution passed by Executive Committee of N. T. Agricultural Societt. Lktter to Col. B. P. Johnson. Preface. Introduction. CHAPTER I. Boundaries of State — Area in Square Miles, Burr's Atlas — Boards of Supervisors' Returns — Acres, in State Census — Conflicting Estimates — Census Area Adopted — Square miles Im- proved — Square Miles Unimproved — Acres Improved — Unimproved — Per cent of Unimproved to Improved, in Groups — Topography — Three Ranges of Mountains — Country west of Moun- tains — Taconic System— Rivers — Water Power uncertain — Facility for Reaching Coal — Effect on Water Power — State manufacturing Center — Divided into Groups — Why — Groups and Names of — Per cent of Surface in each. CHAPTER II. Markets, resources in Soil and Sub-soil — Mines and Agriculture — Surplus of Each — Affected by Markets — Taxation must not take Capital — Commerce, Manufacturers, Agriculture, index of Resources — Commerce and Manufactures Build and Sustain Towns — Peace and Quiet — No Rivals to Agriculture — Value of Lands depend upon Markets — Local Markets — General Consumption — 1st Group, 2d Group, 3d Group, 4th Group, 5th Group, 6th Group— Facilities for Reaching Markets — Two Classes — Highway — Railroads — Canals — Average Highways in Groups — Commercial Routes — Kinds — Miles in Groups — Benefits of Commercial Routes — Towns — Cities — Farms. CHAPTER III. Population— Classified— City— Village— Rural— Proportion of Each— Density of— Estimated by improved Square Miles to City— Village— Rural— Population to Square Mile— To improved Land— City to Square Mile— Village do— Rural do — Value of Real Estate depends on Condi- tion of Towns — Population an index of Value — Rural Population reached Maximum — Dis- tribution of Improved Land — Terms Defined — Pastures — Meadow Grains — White Straw Crops — Fodder Crops — Roots — Commercial Crops — Proportions — Tillage Crops— Acreable Yield — Value of Vegetable Crops— Totals — Farmers sell Straw— Bad Practice— Animals— Kinds- Proportions — Horses estimated in Cities — Animal Products — Consumption of Beef — Value of Animal Products— Recapitulation of Values— Sum Added— Acreable Value— Per cent of Capital. CHAPTER IV. Valuations— Real Estate— How Obtained— Erie County given as a Specimen— New York city Valued — Cities Valued — Aggregates — Unimproved land Valued — How — Average value of Land— Personal Estate— Difficult to Analyze— Aggregates— Insurance Risks — Aggregate Real and Personal — Insurance Department gather Statistics — Agriculture, detailed in Groups — General — Farming improved in Five Years — Manure Increased — Dairy tendency — Animal and Vegetable Produce — One must Exceed the Other — Competition of other States — Im- provement of Farms Necessary — Different Crops — Vineyards. CHAPTER V. Group I— Counties — Islands— Surface— Bays furnish Facilities— Counties Described— Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk— Area— Population— Classed— Density of Population — Unimproved Land yet to be Improved — Valuations — Farms — Tools — Stock — Routes of Trafiic— Aggregate Valuations— Distribution of Land— Crops— Vegetable Products— Value- Animals— Proportion— Lands Profitable as Market Gardens— Animal Products— Value— Ap- pendix — Statistics — Agricultural — Financial Population and Assessed Values. IV CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. Group II — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Scenery — Wealthy Men seeking Homes — Suburb of New York — Mineral Resources — Counties Described — Columbia, Dutchess, Put- nam, Rensselaer, Washington, Westchester — Area — Population — Aggregate Valuations — Value of Farms per Acre — Average Capital in Farms — Miles of Traffic Routes — Distribution of Land — In Grass— In Tillage — Quantity of Crops — Value— Straw — Once Wheat Land — Not Now — Crops not what should be — Rye staple Crop — Potatoes — Flax leading Crop — Ani- mals — Do Products — Value — Surplus Vegetable Products — Value — Proportion — Cattle — Agri- culture — Afifect by Markets— General System Bad — Traffic Routes to Square Miles — Appen- dix — Agricultural Statistics — Tax Values — Financial. CHAPTER VII. Group III — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Description of Counties — Albany, Delaware, Greene, Montgomery, Orange, Otsego, Rockland, Schenectady, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster — Area — Population Density — Valuations — Farms — Aggregate Value of Real Estate — Traffic Routes — Aggregate Personal and Real — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage Crops — Vege- table Products and Value — Animals — Products and Value — Wheat surplus Sold — Aggregate Value of Surplus — Agriculture — Grass should be Leading Feature — Hops not Profitable- English Opinion — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Valuation — Finance. CHAPTER VIII. Group IV — Counties — Boundaries — Topography— Counties Described — Clinton, Essex, Frank- lin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren — Area — Population — Valuations of Land — Farms — Routes of Traffic — Aggregate — Value of Real and Personal Estate — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — Vegetable Products — Value — Animals — Pro. duets and Value — Aggregate Products — Annual Value of Farm Products — Agriculture — Suggestions when Land first Cleared — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Financial. CHAPTER IX. Group V — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Prof. Hall's Description — Counties Described — Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Chenango, Cortland, Erie, Jeffer- son, Lewis, Madison, Oneida, Oswego, Schuyler, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wyoming — Area — Population — Capital in Agriculture — Value of Real Estate — Personal — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage Crops — Vegetable Products and Value — Animals — Products and Value — Agriculture — Can be Improved — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Financial table. CHAPTER X. Group VI — Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Prof. Hall's Description — Counties Described — Cayuga, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Wayne, Yates — Area — Population — Capital in Agriculture — Value of Real and Personal Estate — Aggregate Valuation Personal and Real — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — Vegetable Products and Value — Animals — Products — Value — Agriculture — Grain Growing — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Financial. GENERAL APPENDIX. Statistics of Area — Population — Distribution of Land — Animals — Products— Value — "Digest of Facts " — Manufactures — Value. REPORT New York State Agricultural Society, \ Executive Meeting, Sept. 20, 1864. ) The following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That the Hon. T. C. Peters be requested to prepare his " Report on the Agricultural and other Resources of the State," as State Assessor, for publication in the Transactions of 1863. [A copy.] B. P. JOHNSON, Secretary. Letter to Col. B. P. Johnson. Col. B. P. Johnson, Secretary, &c.: My Dear Sir — I hand you herewith the report called for by the foregoing resolution. You will please tender to the committee my sincere thanks for the honor conferred, by thus placing my humble efforts in behalf of the great inte- rests of the people of this State among the enduring monuments of its Society. I am, sir, your old friend, with great respect, Darien, September 26, 1864. THEODORE C. PETERS. Preface. In complying with the request of the Executive Committee of the State Agricultural Society, to prepare the following report for publication in the Transactions for 1863, I haye in some slight particulars changed the text from that submitted to the Legislature last winter. I believe it of very great importance to be well examined by each farmer and mechanic in this State. Facts are herein embraced that cannot be too well understood by all tax payers. It is because of their ignorance of these facts, and the conclusions drawn therefrom, that legislation is so crude and faulty. I trust it may be the means of calling the attention of the people to the inauguration of a thorough system of statistics, for its only thereby that their best interests will be conserved in the equalization of values for pur- poses of State taxation, I regret that I have not met with that cordial support, both by people and legislatures, in the prosecution of my labors, which the importance of the subject demands. Strenuous efforts have been made by people and members of the Legisla- ture, during the whole time I have been engaged, to repeal the law which authorized the appointment of the State Assessors, and failing in that, some have sought for temporary popularity by endeavoring to compel resignation, by withholding appropriation for annual services. 6 r A few men have been found each year who appreciated the importance of the subject, and to their steady friendship and support I am indebted for the power to complete this report. I hope it will demonstrate the vital importance of the subject, and that hereafter, whether in my hands or those of a more competent person, no obstacle will be thrown in the way of prosecuting the inquiries into the re- sources of this State, and the best means of their most thorough development. Darien, September 26. Introduction. In preparing a report on the " Resources of the State," an attempt has been made to so divide the several counties into groups, as to show at a glance the pi-evailing topography and agriculture of the State, and from the condition of its agriculture the value of its lands and the wealth of its agricultural population, as their prosperity is an index to the prosperity of all other industrial pursuits. The commercial advantages of each group are also shown, as by the internal commerce of the State the continued increase of capital is to be affected, and upon that increase depends much of the value of the real estate of cities and villages, and the accumulation of personal property. In a general manner, also, the manufacturing facilities of each group are alluded to, so that the future prospect of a rapid accumulation of popula- tion and wealth or the reverse may be anticipated. Sufficient time cannot be had before the close of the session, even if a large clerical force could be commanded, to give in proper detail the manu- facturing capital in each group and county. The aggregates only are given for the whole State. The value of the real estate depends upon the condition of agriculture, commerce and manufactures; whenever they are prosperous, there is a steady accumulation of personal property in the shape of realized capital aggregated in banks. This capital becomes more disintegrated as the country grows more prosperous, for aggregated capital is less productive as individual capital accumulates and seeks new combinations in manufac- turing enterprises. The present prospects and future condition of markets is noticed as giv- ing important facts in regard to the value of farm lands, and village and city real estate, in the aggregate and for each group. The State census of 1860 has been taken as the basis for agricultural and manufacturing statistics, not only from the fact that it is better adapted in its detail, but that it is more under the control of the State, and can be made better subservient to the plan for a more complete and systematic collection of facts than the census of the United States. It has, however, been found full of faults and errors. As the time draws near for the next census, it is important that prepara- tions should be begun this year; and it is respectfully suggested, that in arranging the schedules, a very great improvement can be made upon those of the last census. It is not important how many currants or gooseberries were raised in 1864 or '65, but it is important to know how many acres are in wood land or absolute waste, as well as how many are improved. It is also important to know how many acres are occupied by buildings, roads and fences; how many by orchards, by nurseries and vineyards, as well as the quantity and value of their products. It is also important to know how much land is in village and city occu- pation, and the population of each, distinguished from farming or rural population. The schedules in regard to animals should also be extended, especially those relating to sheep, dividing them into fine and coarse wooled. Indeed, any person who has had occasion to study the condition of the property of this State, can readily suggest many important sources of information which are now entirely wanting in the development of the industrial resources of the State. Our great need at this time is a department devoted to the assessment of property. The present method is so entirely defective and partial, that in many cases the levy of taxes upon individual property is little better than a farce, while upon others it amounts to a serious burthen. The assessment of property for purposes of taxation interests almost every person in the State, and spreads over its whole available wealth, amounting to billions of dollars. Yet the system is one of the most defec- tive which is known in the history of any civilized people. A bureau of assessments, if properly conducted, will gradually improve this defective system and introduce order and equity into the administra- tion of the tax laws. No originality is claimed for this report beyond the grouping of the counties. That has grown out of a repeated personal examination of all parts of the State, with reference to the value of its lands and to its gene- ral industrial resources. Information has been sought in all places where it could be found, and when found, appropriated. In the general arrangement and detail of the report no model has been followed, simply because none existed which gave any adequate idea of the internal resources of the people of a State. Im- perfect as this report may be, yet it fills a gap in regard to the material condition of the people, which it was important should be closed. It is the first of a series of reports that fehould be made as often as once in five years, and its importance will become more manifest each year. It was intended at first to give the valuation of all the real estate with the same minuteness of detail as is shown in the valuations of Erie county, page — , ample materials being in hand therefor; but upon reflection it seemed best to defer those valuations until they could be tested by a more thorough examination, if means should be permitted for that purpose. The tables in the appendix will be found worthy of study. Tables G and H are particularly useful in regard to the density of animals in the differ- ent groups, as well as the proportion of general crops grown in each. The tables at the end of each group give the census details for each county in the group. If this report be the means of disseminating a better knowledge of the true condition of our State among all classes of its citizens, an important work has been accomplished, and the labor of years not in vain. CHAPTER I. Boundaries of State — Area in Square Miles, Burr's Atlas — Boards of Supervisors' Returns — Acres, in State Census — Conflicting Estimates — Census Area Adopted — Square Miles Im- proved — Square Miles Unimproved — Acres Improved — Unimproved — Per cent of Unimproved to Improved, in Groups — Topography — Three Ranges of Mountains — Country west of Moun- tains — Taconic System — Rivers — Water Power Uncertain — Facility for Reaching Coal — Effect on Water Power — State Manufacturing Centre — Divided into Groups — Why — Groups and Names of — Per cent of Surface in Each. Geography, Topography and Division of State into Agricultu- ral Groups by Counties. The State of New York is situated between 40° 30 min. and 45^* north latitude, and between 5° 5 min. of east and 2° 55 min. of west longitude from the city of Washington. It is bounded on the south in part by the Atlantic ocean, by the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west by part of Pennsylvania, Lake Erie and Niagara river; north by Lake Ontario, part of the river St. Lawrence and of Canada East; east by the States of Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. The area, according to Burr's Atlas, is 46,200 square miles, or 29,568,000 acres. The returns of the boards of supervisors of the several counties of the land assessed by the town assessors give an aggregate of 43,164 square miles, or 21,624,782 acres. The aggregate returned by the State Census of 1855 is 41,809 square miles, or 26,758,182 acres. The difference between the two extremes is about 3,000,000 of acres. The first estimate includes all the surface covered with water, which reaches not far from a million of acres. The census does not include non- resident and waste lands. The lands occupied by cities and villages, and corporations or roads, or the small freeholds around cities and villages, which in the aggregate, occupy an increasing portion of the available lands of the State, are not included*. The real quantity of land will be found not far from 28,000,000 of acres, and at that quantity it is safe to place the. area of the State. But the figures and deductions of this report are based upon the quantity returned by the census. The census area is 41,809 square miles, whereof there are: Improved. . , 21,340 square miles. Unimproved 21,469 do Total 42,809 do Eeduced to imperial or federal acres at 640 to the square mile, and we have: Improved acres 13,657,490 Unimproved acres .• 13,100,692 Total acres 26,758,182 The relative proportion of each is: Improved < 51 per cent. Unimproved 49 do * They amount to about 1,500,000 acres. 9 Of the unimproved lands of this State there will ultimately be brought into use in the several groups as follows: 1st group 300,000 acres. 2d group 200,000 do 3d group 1,000,000 do 4th group 2,000,000 do 5th group 2,500,000 do 6th group 200,000 do Total 6,200,000 do Whereof only a small portion will be arable, but most of it must be natu- ral pasturage and meadow. Nearly all of the arable land of the State is now under cultivation. The proportion which exists between arable and grass will be largely in favor of grass lands hereafter. TOPOGRAPHY. Surface. — The State lies upon that portion of the Appalachian mountain system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills, and finally sink to a line of the lowlands that surround the great depression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence river. Three distinct ranges or mountain masses enter the State from the south, and extend across in a general northeast direction. The first or most east- erly of these ranges (a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia) enters the State from New Jersey and extends northeasterly through Rockland and Orange counties, to the Hudson river, and appears on the east side of that river, and forms the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess counties. A northerly extension of the same range passes into the Green mountains of western Massachusetts and Vermont. This range culminates in the high- lands upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above tide. The rocks which compose these mountains are principally primitive or igneous, and the mountains themselves are rough, rocky and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The second series of mountains enter the State from Pennsylvania, and extend northeast through Sullivan, Ulster and Greene counties, termina- ting and culminating in the Catskill mountains, upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 3,000 to 3,800 feet above tide. The Shawangunk moun- tains, a high and continuous range extending between Sullivan and Orange counties, and into the south part of Ulster, is the extreme east range of this series. The Helderberg and Hellibash mountains are spurs extending north from the main range into Albany and Schoharie counties. This whole moun- tain system is principally composed of the rocks of the New York system, above the Medina sand-stone. The summits are generally crowned with old red sand-stone, and with the conglomerate of the coal measures. The declivities are steep and rocky, and a large share of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hndson, and from their summits are obtained some of the finest views in eastern New York. The third series of mountains enters the State from Pennsylvania, and extends northeast through Broome, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery and Herkimer counties, to the Mohawk; appears upon the north side of that river, and extends north-east, forming the whole series of high lands that occupy the northeast part of the State, and generally [T. C. P.] 2 10 known as the Adirondack mountain region. South of the Mohawk this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular hills, occupying a wide space of country. It is broken by deep ravines of the streams, and in many places the hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connection is easily traced at Little Falls, the Noses, and at other places. North of the MohaN^-k the high lands extend in several distinct ranges, all terninating upon Lake Champlain. The culminating point of the whole system, and the highest mountain in the State, is Mount Marcy, 5467 feet above tide. The rocks of this region are principally of igneous origin, and the moun- tains are usually wild, rugged and rocky. A large share of the surface is unfit for cultivation, but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of iron ore. West of these ranges, series of hills, foi-ming spurs of the Alleganies, enter the State from Pennsylvania, and occupy the south half of the west part of the State. An irregular line, extending throui-h the southerly counties, forms the water-shed that separates the northern and southern drainage; and from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally terminates in the level of Lake Ontario. The portion of the State lying south of this water-shed, and occupying the greater part of the two southerly tiers of counties, is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Pennsylvania line they are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but towards their summits become broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the high land region is too steep for profitable cultivation, and is best adapted to grazing. On the eastei'u border of the State the Taghkanic range of mountains extends more or less into the State and gives character to all that portion which is not covered by the ranges before mentioned. Nearly the whole of the 2d, 3d and 4th groups are covered with moun- tains or their foot hills, whose rocks are primary or metamorphic, and the character of the rocks afiects the condition of their agriculture. The 5th group rests principally upon sedimentary silicious rocks, and the 6th upon calcarious, or limestone. RIVERS. There are two general systems of drainage, viz: North and South. The northern pours its accumulated waters into the ocean through the St. Law- rence river. The southern system is divided into four basins, drained by large rivers, which reach the ocean by dififerent routes. The Hudson river reaches the ocean in the bay of New York, flowing south and easterly from some of the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, and then south. The Dela- ware, which has its rise among the mountains of the second series in Dela- ware county, and drains that region, flows southwardly to the ocean through the Delaware bay. The Susquehannah, which has its head in the Catskill range, in Otsego county, drains the whole region from the hills or low mountains of Broome county to the eastern rim of the basin of the Genesee, in Steuben and Allegany counties; and the Allegany, running westerly into the Ohio, drains the country west of the western rim of the valley of the Genesee. The Genesee river takes its rise in Pennsylvania, and runs north into Lake 11 Ontario. Through the 5th group it drains a narrow basin. In the 6th it becomes broader, until after the river passes the falls at Rochester. The power furnished by these rivers and their numerous branches is not sufficiently constant to warrant the expectation of any large manufacturing centres, unless upon those which flow into the basin of the St. Lawrence. As the sources of these streams are cleared of their forests, the flow of water becomes less regular, and the supply smaller, until it would be fc[uite impracticable to depend upon them for a steady motive power. The Niagara river and the St. Lawrence furnish a water power which can be cheaply utilized, and is practically without limit in extent, dura- bility and equable flow. Many of the rivers flowing into Lake Ontario and into the St. Lawrence furnish immense hydraulic power, which has only to be utilized to become the centres of immense manufacturing towns. Still, the facility for reaching the coal fields of Pennsylvania, and the inexhaustible supply of fuel which can thus be cheaply furnished, will for a long time prevent the occupation of the power that now runs to waste. Yet the day must come when any available waterfall will be made the cen- tre of a busy manufacturing population. This State contains in its soil and climate, its motive power, and the facilities for marketing the surplus of its labor, or of procuring the raw material for its artisans, the power of becoming the great manufacturing centre of the Union. Legislation which by any proper means increases these facilities, is wisely bestowed. COUNTIES OF THE STATE DIVIDED INTO GROUPS. In a State so diversified as New York in its topography, climate and soil, no just idea can be given of the value of its land, the condition of its agriculture and the tendency of its population, except by larger geogra- phical divisions than those represented in its several counties. Counties are only arbitrary creations for municipal or civic purposes; and their condition or valuation in regard to other counties must depend upon soil and location. Adequate results in regard to the true condition of all the counties can only be obtained by generalization. To gather facts relative to the various industries of the sixty counties of the State, and to compare those facts and draw proper conclusions, requires an amount of labor that few care to bestow upon the subject. But if these several counties were grouped into appropriate divisions, the task would be easy of accomplishment. For civil polity we have tliem grouped into congressional, senatorial and judicial districts. It is equally important for the purposes of a proper repre- sentation of the condition of their agricultural and other industrial pursuits. In grouping these, reference should be had to their topography, similarity of soil, climate, and peculiarities of cultivation, as well as the means for concentrating a large population, the proximity of a market, and the facili- ties for reaching it from all parts of the territory. A part of the State's surface is mountainous, another part is traversed by short* ranges of mountains, and is broken into hill and dale; another is simply rolling or hilly, abounding in hills of moderate elevation, crowned with narrow plateaus, and divided by deep and narrow valleys. Still another 12 is comparatively a broad level tract, nearly resembliug an open champaign country. The soil is as various as the topography, for while a part is fer- tile and abounds in the elements of perpetual fertility and the profitable cultivation of grain, other portions are comparatively sterile, and can only be used for the production of grass. The grouping, then, has brought^those counties together which most re- semble each other in their general features and in their system of agricul- ture. And although they are not completely accurate in their outline, inas- much as counties could not be divided, yet for all practical uses the divi- sions will be found sufiSciently accurate to serve the purpose designed. GROUPS. The divisions or groups are named as follows: I. Atlantic or Long Island. II. Eastern counties or Hudson river. III. Catskill or South Highlands. IV. St. Lawrence or North Highlands. V. Central and Southwestern or dairy counties. VI. Ontario Lake or Wheat. Fird Group. — The first group contains the island of Manhattan, Long Island and Staten Island, and the small adjacent islands, and includes the city and county ot New York, and the counties of Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond — 5. Second Group. — The second group contains the counties of Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington — 6. Third Group. — The third group contains the counties of Rockland, Orange, Ulster, Greene, Albany, Schenectady, Montgomery, Schoharie, Otsego, Delaware, Sullivan — 11. Fourth Group. — The fourth group contains the countiesof Saratoga, War- ren, Essex, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, Hamilton and Ful- ton— 9. Fifth Group. — The fifth group contains the counties of Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, Oneida, Madison, Cortland, Tompkins, Schuyler, Chemung, Tioga, Broome, Chenango, Steuben, Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie and Wyoming — 18. Sixth Group. — The sixth group contains the counties of Onondaga, Cayuga, Wayne, Seneca, Ontario, Yates, Livingston, Monroe, Orleans, Genesee and Niagara — 11. The proportion of each group to aggregate general area of State, and to aggregate of improved area, is General aggregate. General aggregate improved. 1 3 per cent 2 per cent. II 9 do 12 do III 16 do ; 18 do IV 24 do 13 do V .*.... 35 do 36 do VI 13 do 19 do 100 100 The accompanying map of the State indicates at a glance the outline of the several groups. 13 CHAPTER II. Markets, resources in Soil and Sub-soil — Mines and Agriculture — Surplus of Each — Affected by Markets — Taxation must not take Capital — Commeice, Manufactures, Agriculture, index of Resources — Commerce and Manufactures Build and Sustain Towns — Peace and Quiet — No Rivals to Agriculture — Value of Lands depend upon Markets — Local Markets — General Con- sumption — 1st Group, 2d Group, 3d Group, 4th Group, 6th Group, 6th Group — Facilities for Reaching Markets — Two Classes — Highway — Railroads — Canals — Average Highways in Groups — Commercial Routes — Kinds — Miles in Groups — Benefits of Commercial Routes — Towns — Cities — Farms. Markets, and Facilities for Reaching. The resources of a State are in its soil or subsoil, its agriculture and mines, and in intelligent labor to develop them. The wealth is the surplus products of the one and the gross products of the other. This surplus is increased or diminished by the facilities furnished for a cheap and easy transit of the products whereby profits accumulate in the hands of the producers. The proximity of markets stimulates production, and accumulates profits, which accumulation is tlie measure of a people's capacity to bear taxation. No system of taxation can long survive, which not only absorbs profits, but trenches upon capital, for when it reaches that point repudiation in some form, or ruin is sure to follow. The condition of its agriculture, manufactures and commerce, is an index to the prosperity of a State or nation. If its agriculture be unsatisfactory, its manufactures will be feeble, and upon the condition of its agriculture and manufactures depends that of its commerce. Commerce builds towns, but they are sustained only by successful man- ufacturing, and a surrounding and vigorous agriculture. A vigorous agriculture can be maintained only by successful manufac- turing centres, easy of access for its surplus products, and commerce as- sumes proportions of magnitude only when the surplus of the two indus- tries are large and require increased capital and skill in their exchange. But the three are the offsprings of liberty, order and peace, and these prime conditions must be conserved or their success is not possible. There- fore the rigorous enforcement of those laws which protect the one, enforce the other and preserve the last, so that all industry is sure of the enjoy- ment of its products, is the most important duty of the government, and its prosperit)'' depends upon the faithful discharge of that duty. Many have looked upon commerce and manufactures as rivals to agri- culture, and that any legislative action which helped to develope either the one or the other, was so much done at the expense of agriculture. The idea is erroneous and hurtful to agriculture, especially so in this State, whose prosperity depends so much upon commerce and manufactures. The distinction between agriculture and manufactures is essentially false. To bring land into cultivation is a manufacture ; no man is more of a manufacturer than the farmer. The transport, sale and purchase of agri- cultural produce, is trade, perfected in commerce. But this kind of manu- factures and commerce being of prime necessity it can dispense a little 14 more with skill and capital than the others, still they remain in a state of infancy. Yet when these two powerful aids are supplied all become vastly more productive. There can be no profitable agriculture without profitable manufactures, for commerce and manufactures can alone abundantly provide agricultui'e with the two most powerful agents of production which exist, viz., markets and capital. To form, then, a proper estimate of the value of farm lands and of real estate generally, as well as the prospect of accumulating capital or per- sonal property by all classes, we must consider what is the prospect of markets, that is to say, the sale of agricultural products to a population not contributing to produce them, and the means of communication between the consumer and the producer. LOCAL MARKETS. It is to be regretted that ample time and a sufficient clerical force could not be had whereby the vast amount of facts in regard to the detail of manufacturing in the several counties and groups might have been properly digested and tabulated, and these reports will only be perfected when those facts are properly vitalized. The aggregates are tabulated in table D of the appendix. It may be premised generally that, with the exception of butter and cheese, the population, resident and transient, of the State, consumes more than all the surplus products of its agriculture, and is dependent upon the surrounding States for the balance consumed. A brief description of the market prospects in the different groups may not be inappropriate. Commencing with the first division or group, New York city, and the city of Brooklyn are the great and absorbing markets of the State as well as of the continent, and they contain all the elements for constantly increas- ing demand or consumption, because they are successful manufacturing and commercial towns. It is truly estimated that not less than two millions of people, resident and transient, are fed daily from New York as a common market centre. The examination of its annual consumption of butchers' meat establishes this fact. Manufacturing is on the increase in all the counties of this group. In the second group, as far up as White Plains in Westchester county, it may be considered as a suburb of New York city. Peekskill is a large anal thriving manufacturing town, and derives much of its importance from its iron establishments. Cold Spring, in Putnam county, is an important iron manufacturing point. Fishkill, Ptmghkeepsie, and numerous other points in Dutchess county. Hudson, Troy, and numerous other points along the river and inland upon the railroads or near them are rapidly increasing in population, from the concentration of commercial and manu- facturing capital. In the third group, Nyack, Newburgh, Rondout, Catskill, and Albany, on the Hudson river, Cohoes, on the Mohawk, Schenectady and Amsterdam, are important manufacturing towns. Otsego county has several factories of textile fabrics, which will be increased, and in Ulster, Delaware and 16 Sullivan, are also extensive manufactories, which may ultimately grow into consuming centres of importance. The fourth group has manufactories in Saratoga, Herkimer, Fulton, St. Lawrence, Franklin and Clinton, but not extensive, nor are they likely to increase to such an extent as to materially affect the procuction in their neighborhood, nor are the resources of the soil such as to sustain at any point a very dense population. Its mineral resources may ultimately insure markets. In many parts of the fifth group there are already manufacturing centres of importance. Buffalo and Oswego are commercial as well as important manufacturing towns. Watertown, Utica, Oriskany and vicinity, Elmira, Ithaca, Jamestown, Corning, Hornellsville, Olean, and numerous other towns, have elements for future important manufacturing centres. Indeed, this whole group must ultimately contain a large aggregate consuming population. Nearly all the public avenues leading from this State to the vast coal fields of Pennsylvania are through this group; and it is for the present and future prosperity of our State that such avenues be multiplied wherever practicable, for upon cheap fuel rests the wealth of our future population. These coal mines are of far more importance to us than the gold mines of California. A people who can command cheap fuel and unlimited iron mines, not only makes the richest placers tributary, but levies a tax upon the industries of the world. With judicious legislation we can command the one ; we already possess the other. The sixth group is almost a succession of cities and villages. Rochester, Auburn and Syracuse are manufacturing centres, rapidlj^ extending; but at Niagara Falls, at Lockport, Medina, Seneca Falls, exists a motive power already used to some extent, but capable of immense enlargement, and at no distant day each will become an important consuming centre; but there are numerous villages continually expanding, so that at this time it is doubtful if the surplus products of the adjacent land, except in wheat and fruit, in the aggregate, are adequate for the supply of the non-produc- ing population. When it is considered that in this State, of the aggregate population, only about thirty-five per cent, is rural or producing, it may be readily inferred that there must exist somewhere markets for the surplus product of their agriculture. FACILITIES OP TRANSPORTATION. The means for inter-communication of persons and property maybe divided into two classes: 1st, local, as the public highways of the State; or 2d, general, as railroads, canals, or other navigable waters. The one is local in its uses and benefits; the other general, and principally used for the furtherance of commercial enterprises. The extent and condition of these two classes of public conveyance are an index to the prosperity of the country. 1st. local or public highways. The aggregate of highways average 1^ mile to a square mile of surface, but vary in the different groups, thus: 16 1st group: 2 miles of highway to 1 square mile. 2d do 2^ do do 1 do 3d do 1 do do 4 do 4th do 1 do do 10 do 5th do 1 do do 2 do 6th do 3 do do 1 do The system for keeping these roads or highways in repair is very de- fective, and a vast amount of labor is annually worse than wasted upon thera. Still at most seasons, when their use is necessary, they are in suffi- cient repair to answer their purposes and furnish easy access to the adjoin- ing markets. 2d. general or commercial routes. Excluding the shore lines of lakes Ontario and Erie, and of the waters around Long and Staten islands, the whole aggregate length of these routes are: Miles. Railroads 2, 743 Eivers and lakes 353 Canals 916 Total miles 4,012 The average square miles of area to one mile of route, is eleven square miles of surface to one mile of route. But the aggregate proportion varies largely in different groups, though the Hudson river is counted in both the second and third groups as an inde- pendent route in each. The aggregate of routes and average square miles is: 1st group: 1 mile of route to 8 square miles of surface. 2d do 1 do 5.5 do do 3d do 1 do 12* do do 4th do 1 do 19 do do 5th do 1 do 11 do do 6th do 1 do 6 do do When it is considered that the East river and the ocean, and numerous creeks and bays surround Long Island, and render all parts of it easily accessable to water carriage, it will be found that the proportion of route to square miles of surface is much larger than in any other group, though nominally the third in the list. But these great commercial routes are the means of furnishing local mar- kets to the farmers along their several lines, aside from the facilities of reaching distant markets with the surplus not there consumed. Upwards of thirty-five millions of dollars are annually collected from the operations of the roads, canals, lakes and rivers. Only a small percentage of this sum goes to repay or replenish capital. The balance finds its way ultimately to the hands of the farmers for the necessaries of life, thus creating a con- stant market for their surplus products. And these local markets are con- tinually enlarging and improving, as the internal commercial interest flourishes. Along all these routes are thriving villages or cities, human ant hills of artizans and their dependents, who rely upon their daily wages for their * This includes 120 miles of river route. 17 daily food. What becomes of these wages ? Do they not go in the first place to pay for bread, meat, milk, butter, cheese, which are directly sup- plied by agriculture along the routes. Consequently there exists a con- stant demand for productions which our own agriculture can hardly satisfy, and which is for her, to some extent, an unlimited source of profit. The power of these outlets is felt all over the country, giving value to the farm lands in nearly every section of the State. The evidence of the prosperity of these villages and cities is found in the fact that not only their aggregate valuation is now fully equal to all the lands of the State, but that each year sees this valuation rapidly in- creasing, while that of the farm lands remain stationary, or increasing so slowly as scarcely to be perceptible. The census and assessment rolls are not sufficiently specific in regard to the detail of village freeholds. Hereafter it should be shown how much of the real estate of the country is held and occupied in less quantities than ten acres; that quantity being fixed as the maximum of a village lot. It is only by this means that any reliable data can be obtained for a ju- dicious equalization of values among the difiierent counties. [T. 0. P.] 18 CHAPTER III. Population— Classified— ^City— Village— Rural— Proportion of Each— Density of— Estimated by , Improved Square Miles to City — Village — Rural — Population to Square Mile — To ipaproved Land — City to Square Mile — Village do — Rural do — Value of Real Estate depends on Condi- tion of Towns — Population an index of Value — Rural Population reached Maximum — Distri- ; bntion of Improved Land — Terms Defined — Pastures — Meadow Grains — White Straw Crops — Fodder Crops — Roots — Commercial Crops — Proportions — Tillage Crops — Acreable Yield — Value of Vegetable Crops — Totals — Farmers sell Straw — Bad Practice — Animals — Kinds — Proportions — Horses estimated in Cities — Animal Products— Consumption of Beef — Value of Animal Products — Recapitulation of Values — Sum Added — Acreable Value — Per ct.of CapitaL Population, Distribution of Improved Land in Grass, Grain, AND OTHER CrOPS— QUANTITY. POPULATION. .: By the United States census of 1860, the State contained a population of 3,880,947. After deducting the population of the several cities, and estimating the village and rural population upon the basis partly furnished by the State census of 1855, and upon actual numbers, fuimished in some instances by the U. S. census, of village population, the inhabitants may be classified in numbers as : City populations 1,451,288 Village do 1,105,615 Rural do 1,354,144 Total 3,881,047 The proportion of each to the other is : City 37 per cent. Village 28 do Rural 35 do DENSITY OF POPULATION. In arriving at the density of population on a given surface or country, it is usual to estimate the gross population by the aggregate of square miles of surface. This does not properly show the condition or productive power of the soil, because in most countries, more or less of the surface is waste, pr so occupied as not to be productive, either in its soil or sub-soil, though the lands thus occupied may have a marketable value far beyond the surface of the surrounding country. This is the condition of real estate used for cities or villages, and hence the surface thus occupied should be deducted from the general aggregate, and as the unimproved lands are unoccupied and unproductive, they should be subtracted also, and the rural population estimated upon the improved lands in their occupation. There are thirteen incorporated cities, including Poughkeepsie, whose aggregate area, including their suburbs, is 100,000 acres, or 156 square miles. There are 2,000 villages also, occupying an average of a square mile each, which would give 2,000 square miles, or 1,280,000 acres. The distribution of the improved land among the different classes of population would be : 19 Rural population ji!>, ai'Ssquare mjres. Village do 2,000 do City do ;... 156 do Total square miles 21,339 Aggregate population to total area is 91 inhabitants to the square mile. Aggregate of improved laud to total population is one square mile to 181 inhabitants. City population to aggregate of city area is 9,041 inhabitants to 1 square mile, New York averaging 38,609, and Buffalo, 2,250 inhabitants to the square mile.* Village population averages 553 persons to the square mile. The rural population averages 10 persons to the square mile. In fixing valuations regard must be had to the density of population in the different groups, or in the vai'ious counties of the groups, and these values will be varied by the condition of the population, whether, 1st com- mercial, 2d combining manufacturing and commerce, or 3d simply manu- facturing. Property, real and personal, will bear a higher proportional value. 1st. In towns combining manufacturing and conimerce. 2d. Towns principally engaged in commerce. 3d. Towns whose population are principally engaged in manufacturing. Rural population in given localities should be valued by the average population to the square mile of improved land. Population will be found among the best means of arriving at the power of a given locality to bear its burthen of taxes. Other things being equal, wealth follows population. The tendency of population in this State is to concentration, and each decade will find the proportion between urban, suburban, and I'ural grow- ing larger with an accelerated ratio. The rural population reached its maximum density prior to the year 1850, and has been steadily decreasing since. The increase of pouulation is due entirely to manufactures and commerce. DISTRIBUTION OF IMPROVED LAND. Of the terms used, ^'improved land" means all land enclosed and capa- ble of useful occupation for agricultural production. " Arable" is applied to all land which can be worked with the plow. " Tillage or tillable" means all land under the plow, or that is in crops which follow it. In classifying the land in tillage, the term " white straw crops" is used, because in many localities these crops are grown not only for the grain, but the straw furnishes a more valuable marketable product than the grain, and is therefore sold from the farm. " Fodder crops" is applied to those crops which are principally used for animal food, and whose straw is always consumed upon the farm. " Root crops" is applied to both potatoes and turnips, though the latter, properly speaking, is the root crop. " Commercial crops" are all those crops specially grown for traffic. The improved land in agricultur?! €;inpioyment is estimated by the farm- ers occupying it, and aggregated in the census of this State for 1855, at 13,651,490 acres, viz. : *. Buffalo has »a area of over 23,000 »«r«8j New ¥ork of 14,000 acres. 20 Pasture acres 4,948,114 Meadow acres 3,384,440 Total in grass 8,332, 554 The proportion is : Pasture 36 per cent. Meadow 25 do Total 61 do The proportion, then is, 61 acres of every 100 of the improved land is in grass, viz : 36 acres in pasture, and 25 acres in meadow. Spring wheat, acres 194,346 Winter, do 611,141 Oats, acres 1,349,384 Rye, acres 281,714 Barley, acres • 212,608 Total white straw crops 2,649,193 The proportion of each crop to the acre in tillage is : Spring wheat 4.7 per cent. Winter wheat 15 do Oats 33 do Rye 7 do Barley 5 do Total per cent, of white straw crops 64.7 do Buckwheat, acres 293,253 Indian corn, acres 817,601 Peas, acres 48,154 Beans, acres • 16,917 Total in fodder crops 1,175,905 The proportion that each crop bears to the tillage acre is: Buckwheat 7 per cent. Corn 20 do Peas 1 do Beans 4 do Total in fodder crops 28.4 do Potatoes, acres 220,575 Turnipsj acres 7, 578 Total in root crops 228,153 The proportions are: Potatoes 5.4 per cent. Turnips 0.2 do Total in root crops 5.6 do Flax, acres 11,764 Hops, acres 9,481 Tobacco, acres. . . ■ 786 Market gardens, acres 8,945 Total commercial crops 30,976 The proportion of each crop Is: Flax 00.3 Hops 00.2 Tobacco 00.02 Market gardens. 00.2 Total in commercial crops . , 00.72 21 Eecapitulation of percentages of land in tillage: Spring wheat 4.7 Winter wheat 15 Oats 33 Rye 7 Barley 5 Buckwheat 7 Corn 20 Peas 1 Beans 00.4 Potatoes 5.4 Turnips 00.2 Flax 00.3 Hops 00.2 Tobacco 00.02 Market gardens 00.2 Miscellaneous 00.6 100.0 DISTRIBUTION OF TILLAGE CROPS. Quantity and acreable average including meadows: Spring wheat, bushels 2,033,353 per acre bush. 11 Winter do do 7,059,049 do 12 Oats, do 27,015,296 do 20 Rye, do 3,039,438 do 10 Barley, do 3,563,540 do 17 Buckwheat, do 2,481,079 do 8 Indiancorn, do 19,290,691 do 23 Peas, do 705,976 do 15 Beans, do 244,079 do 16 Potatoes, do 15,191,852 do 69 Turnips, do 985,522 do 130 Flaxseed, do 87,093 do 8 Lint, lbs 4,907,566 per acre lbs. 445 Hops, lbs 7,192,254 do 758 Tobacco, lbs 946,502 do 1,204 Market gardens, value of product $1,138,680 value per acre, $127 Hay, tons 3,256,448 per acre tons, 1 Grass seed, bushels 120,866 1 bushel to 28 acres. VALUE OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTS. Spring wheat $2, 541,691 Winter wheat 8,823,811 Oats ,. 10,536,965 Rye 2,431, 550 Barley 2,850,832 Total value of white straw grain $27,184,849 Buckwheat $1,240,539 Indian com 15,432,753 Peas 564,774 Beans 488,158 Total value of fodder crops $17,726,224 Potatoes $3,797,963 Turnips 98,552 Total value of root crops $3,896,515 Flaxseed $130,640 Flax lint 490,756 Hops 719,225 Tobacco 94,650 Market gardens 1,138,680 Total valae o£ (ommercial crops $2, 573,951 22 EJECAPITULATION, Total value of white straw crops $27,184,849 do fodder do 17,726,224 do root ^ do .jii ......; ...:;;.;;:.. 3,896,6i5 do commercial do .J.'."1J..'.'.'.»..'.[." .".*.".■.. 2,573,951 Total value of tillage crops $51,381,639 Value of meadow product ..1. ...... .. 26,297,316 Value of orchard product. ...... ...^...'.. l'....i..^... 1,642,522 Total value of annual vegetable product $79,321,477 The average annual value of the vegetable product is $Q per acre for all the improved acres. It is the practice among farmers of the first and second groups, and along the river in the third, to sell not only their hay, but their straw also, as in many cases the value of the straw exceeds the value of the grain it pro- duced. This adds largely to the apparent gains of their districts. When its place is not supplied with the manure it should have produced, the land suffers ultimately to an extent which makes the real profits of a series of years largely in favor of the farmer who consumes all his straw and hay upon his farm, and seeks his surplus in the animals, which reduce it to manure. There are no lands in this State that will not rapidly deteriorate in value for agricultural purposes when annual crops are taken and no manure re- turned. The prices assumed in calculating values were those current the year the census was taken. The same rule has. been adopted in regard to animal products. ANIMALS THEIR NUMBER. Total head of neat cattle , 2,105,465 Under one year old •.".• .... 311,174 Over one year old, exclusive of working oxen ard cows. • . 677,887 Working oxen 144,597 Cows 1,068,427 Cattle killed for beef 225,338 Horses 579,715 Mules 2, 254 Sheep ;....;...... 3,217,024 Sheep shorn '. 2,630,207 Reduced to cattle seven to one 459, 575 Total cattle or their equivalent 3,147,004 Swine under six months 530,176 - Swine over six months 539,616 Total swine 1,069,792 Total value of live stock per census, $103,716,053. The average value of stock per acre of improved land, is $7.60. RELATION OF LAND TO ANIMALS, AND ANIMALS CLASSED TO AGGREGATES. The average of animals, reduced to neat cattle, to the aggregate acres of improved land is 1 to 4.3 acres. Total neat cattle 1 to 6.5 do Working oxen 1 to 94 do Cows 1 to 12 do Horses 1 to 24 do Mules 1 to 6,050 do Sheep f.,.lto 4 do ^3 The relative proportion of classes to ag-gregates are : C/attle Under one year V ;..;.;. 14 per cent. Cattle over one year .'. i 27 do Oxen 6 do Cows w 50 do Sheep not shorn 18 do Average weight of fleece, 3J pounds. One beef killed to seventeen inhabitants. As large numbers of horses are used by the city and village population, the above proportion does not properly express their relation to the im- proved land. The fourth group has comparatively few villages and no cities or large towns. Its inhabitants are more exclusively rural than any other group. The proportion of horses to inhabitants will approximate the number used for agricultural purposes by the rural inhabitants in other groups. In this district, then, there is only one horse to five persons. The ave- rage for the whole State is one to six. The proportion in the city of New York, which is exclusively urban in its population, was one to forty-four. Taking that number as applying to all the cities and villages, and it would be safe to estimate the number of horses of all ages kept upon the farm, as averaging one to 2.1 rural population, or one to twenty-seven acres of im- proved land. ANNUAL ANIMAL PRODUCTS. Wool, lbs 9,231,959 Butter, lbs 91,293,073 Cheese 33,944,249 Milk sold, gals 20,965,861 Swine sold over 6 months 539,616 25 per cent of sheep 804,256 30 do cattle over 1 year 173,366 5 do horses 25,000 Cattle kUled for beef 225,338 The annual consumption of beef by all the inhabitants of this State will average four ounces per head per day, or one and a-half pounds per family per day. There were in 1855, 632,146 families. This would make the daily consumption average 949,119 lbs., which at 100 lbs. dead weight of animal, would be equal to an annual consumption of 494,220 head of cattle. We may, therefore, safely estimate the cattle killed for beef, as from the State, or that the number is equal to that surplus. VALUE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS. Wool $3, 692,783 Butter 13,694,961 Cheese 3,394,424 Milk sold 1,676,269 Swine 5,396,160 Sheep 1,608,512 Cattle 3,467,320 Horses 750,000 Cattle killed for beef 4,506,760 Poultry and eggs sold 2,437,271 Total value $40,624,460 Recapitulation. Annual value of vegetable products $79,321,477 Annual value of animal products 40,624,460 Total valae of animals and vegetable products. • . $119,955,937 24 If to this sum be added for the annual consumption of animal and vege- table products by the rural population not enumerated in the census, at least $10 per head, making an aggregate of $13,500,000, we have a grand total of $133,455,931 as the product of agriculture annually. Allowing that one-half should go for cost of production, and the other half to capital, and we have for each half — Cost of production $66,727,969 Tocapital 66,727,968 Total values of products $133,455,937 The gross annual average product for the improved land would be $9. It per acre, giving to the farmer for the labor and cost of production $4.88 per acre, and to his capital, $4.88 per acre also. This would indicate an average fixed capital employed in agriculture of $70 per acre for all the improved land. The census makes the capital thus employed equal to an average of $67.57 per acre. The average capital of $70 per acre is thus divided, viz: Land 86 per cent. Stock 11 do Tools, etc 3 do 100 25 CHAPTER IV. Valuations — Real Estate — How Obtained — Erie County given as a Specimen — New York city Valued — Cities Valued — Aggregates — Unimproved land Valued — How — Average value of Land — Personal Estate — DifEcult to Analyze — Aggregates — Insurance Risks — Aggregate Real and Personal — Insurance Department gather Statistics — Agriculture, detailed in Groups — General — Farming improved in Five Years — Manure Increased — Dairy Tendency — Animal and Vegetable Produce — One must Exceed the Other — Competition of other States — Improvement of Farms Necessary — Different Crops — Vineyards. Value of Real and Personal Estate. KEAL ESTATE. The plan adopted in making the valuation of real estate in table I of the general appendix, was first to classify the farm lands by dividing them into first, second and thii'd class, according to their productiveness or location. Each county was then examined by townships, and the several townships classified, and then the lands were valued and classified in each town, and the aggregate produced the results arrived at in the column of acreable valuation for farm lands in table I of the general appendix. Eeal estate of cities was also analyzed by area and lots, and valued in classes, and the aggregate gave the average value per lot. Real estate of villages and corporations was estimated by the koown value of certain villages, and the corporations, mostly railroads, either by their returns or by the miles in a given county. During the five years that the State Assessors have been acting, con- stant efforts have been made to induce the boards of supervisors to adopt the plan of separating the village fr(5m the other real estate, but except in a very few instances, without success. Generally they have contented themselves with complaining of our valuations of their counties, but have done nothing to prove valuation erroneous. The valuations of the county of Erie and of the city of Buffalo are given below, that a proper idea may be formed of the manner wherein the several valuations were achieved and the basis adopted by the writer: EEIE COUNTY. NORTH TOWNS. CLASS ONE. Towns. Classification of farm lands in Acres. Aggregate Val. per towns. value. acre. Amherst 1-8 1, 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 33,608 $1,226,692 $36 50 Clarence 1-8 1, 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 33,637 1,227,690 36 50 Newstead 2-8 1, 3-8 2, 2-8 3, 1-8 4, 33,765 1,350,600 40 00 CLASS TWO. Alden 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 20,833 651,030 3125 Cheektowaga 4-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 18,710 631,462 33 75 Grand Island 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 18,600 581,250 3125 Lancaster 4-8 2, 3-8 3, 1-8 4, 23,531 888,291 33 75 Marilla 4-8 2, 2-8 3, 2-8 4, 17,208 659,260 32 50 CLASS THREE. Tonawanda 2-8 2, 2-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 12,555 332,707 26 50 SOUTH TOWNS. CLASS TWO. Aurora 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 23,600 E.Hamburgh 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 24,788 Elma 2-8 2, 4-8 3, 2-8 4, 21,390 Hamburgh 3-8 2, 3-8 3, 2-8 4, 25,731. W. Seneca 4-8 2, 4-8 3,' 17,564 [T. C. P.] 4 743,400 31 25 780,822 31 25 673,770 31 25 810,526 31 25 614,635 35 00 26 CLASS THREE. Boston 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 22,730 568,250 25 00 Collins 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 29,496 737,400 25 00 Eden 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 6, 26,265 631,625 25 00 N.Collins 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 26,815 670,375 26 00 Sardinia 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 31,937 798,426 26 00 Wales 1-8 2, 3-8 3, 3-8 4, 1-8 5, 22,600 566,000 25 00 CLASS POTTRTH. Brant 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 5, 14,555 264,713 17 50 Colden 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 6, 22,704 397,320 17 50 Concord 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 5, 44,734 782,445 17 50 Evans 1-8 3, 4-8 4, 3-8 5, 25,481 445,917 17 50 Holland 1-8 3, 3-8 4, 4-8 5, 22,934 372,677 16 25 Total $17,296, 302 Aggregate value per acre for county $28 17 Aggregate value per acre for north towns 35 22 Aggregate value per acre for south towns , 24 27 Value of classes per acre: Class 1 $60 00 do 2 40 00 do 3 30 00 do 4 20 00 do 5 10 00 Value of City and Village, and Corporation Real Estate in SAID County. THE CITY OF BUFFALO. This city contains within its corporate limits an area of 23,8*14 acres. Included in streets, squares, docks, basins, and untaxable, 3,000; leaving for purposes of improvement and tax'ation, 20,814 acres. The usual rule adopted in laying off city lots is to allow twelve feet to the acre, when the streets have not been deducted, or 2,500 square feet for each lot. Assuming then twelve lots to the acre, would make the city contain 250,488 lots. One-eighth worth $500 per lot $15,780,500 One-eighth worth $300 per lot 9,468,300 One-eighth worth $200 per lot 6,312,200 One-fourth worth $100 per lot 6,312,200 One-fourth worth $50 per lot 3,156,100 One-eighth worth $25 per lot 789,160 Aggregate value of real estate of city $41,818,450 Value of village real estate in different towns in county, not reckoned in farm lands 6,000,000 Aggregate value of real estate of city, villages and corporation $47,818,450 JRecapitulation. Value of real estate in city of Buffalo $41,818,460 Value of real estate in villages 6,000,000 Value of real estate in farm lands 17,296,302 Aggregate value of real estate in Erie county $65,114,752 If boards of supervisors would adopt the same plan in analyzing and valuing the real estate of their several counties, the trouble of equalizing would be much abridged. REAL ESTATE. The city and county of New York is embraced within the limits of the 2*7 corporation of the city of New York. • It has upon its assessment roll of real estate 134,483 lots. In analyzing- their value in order to arrive at an average per lot, and thus at the full value of the real estate of the city, they are divided into eighths, and the average value of the lots in each division fixed as fqllows, i=16,685 lots, viz: One-eighth $20,000 One-eighth 10,000 One-eighth 5,000 One-eighth 3,000 One-eighth 2,000 One-eighth • 1,000 One-fourth 600 Average, $5,194 per lot, or say $5,200. Aggregate value of city lots, $699,311,600. The value of all the incorporated city real estate of the State is : New York $699,311,600 Brooklyn 100,000,000 Buffalo 50,000,000 Albany 25,000,000 Troy 15,000,000 Rochester 15,000,000 Syracuse 12,000,000 Utica - 5,000,000 Auburn 4,000,000 Poughkeepsie 3,000,000 Hudson 2,000,000 Oswego! 2,000,000 Schenectady 1,000,000 Aggregate value of city real estate $933,311,600 Aggregate value of village and corporation real estate, 150,000,000 Aggregate value of farm lands improved 956,054,300 Aggregate value of unimproved land 130,000,000 Total real estate $2,169,365,900 In the foregoing aggregate, farm lands are estimated only on the im- proved land, and at an average of $70.00 per acre. The unimproved lands are estimated as follows: One-eighth $30 00 per acre. One-eighth. 20 00 do One-eighth 16 00 do One-eighth 10 00 do One-eighth 5 00 do Three-eighths 100 do Average of the $13,000,000 of unimproved land $10.00 per acre, or of all the land of the State unimproved and improved at $40.00 per acre. It will be observed that the aggregate value of the real estate of the cities, villages and corporations, equals the value of all the lands of the State, improved and unimproved. PERSONAL ESTATE. The aggregate of the personal property cannot be analyzed as the real estate has been, owing to the defective condition of our statistics. Still, with the dim lights which are furnished, we may approximate a total that will serve to convey some idea, though slight, of the vast amount of per- sonal wealth in the hands of our citizens which is realized capital, or in process of conversion thereto. The aggregate personal property returned by the local or town and ward assessors for 1862 was $313,802,682.00. Of this sum $107,556,664 was bank capital. There should be added for insurance capital taxed $20,432,- 28 860, making of aggregated capftal $121,989,524, which leaves only $115,813,158 in the hands of individuals. By referring to table of the general appendix it will be seen that this can only represent a small por- tion of the personal property of the people. The report of the Superintendent of the Insurance Department shows that the whole amount of fire risks taken by foreign and domestic insurance companies in this State for the year 1862, was $1,129,988,511. That the amount of fire risks on the first of December, 1862, having less than a year to run was $1,280,239,044. Estimating by the amount of risks that have a year or more to run, we can safely calculate that $200,000,000 will cover all the fire risks upon fixtures which properly belong to the realty, leaving, therefore, the sum of over $1,500,000,000, as representing the personal property covered by insurance. But as all the personal prop, erty is not covered by insurance, and as only about two-thirds of the value of that insured is covered by tlie policy, it follows that the aggregate value of the personal property in this State must equal the value of the real estate. If we aggregate the two we shall have , Real estate $2,169,365,900 Personal 2,169,365,900 Total personal and real $4,338,731,800 The data are thus given whereby this aggregate has been attained. Others can judge of their accuracy. One thing in regard thereto is cer- tain, viz: that the value of personal property in this State fully equals that of the real estate. Much valuable information on this subject might be gathered through the insurance department if all companies were compelled to so classify their returns as to show how much was insured on buildings, boats or ves- sels, on cargo, on merchandise in building, on grain, or generally on vege- table and animal products. Then again to classify the buildings so as to show for what purpose they were occupied. With comparatively small labor a vast amount of statistical detail could be gathered of great use in regard to personal property. The facility wherewith this species of property may be concealed from the assessor, requires the detail of all kinds of business to be more minute than in regard to real estate, to avoid undue inquisition into the private financial condition of the tax -payer on the one hand, or an undue leniency on the other. By means of a proper system of detail in making the assessment, per- sonal property can be reached and made to bear its share of the burdens of taxation. It is important to call the attention of the Legislature to the serious re- sults which are likely to follow from allowing the stocks and other evidences of debt against the United States, to escape taxation for the support of the State government, and of the locality where held. Of the taxable property of the State, not one-fifth of the personal pro- perty is now reached; while the real estate is assessed upon eleven-twen- tieths of its value, personal is on less than four-twentieths. 29 But if the claim now set forth by the holders of the securities for money loaned the general government be allowed, then nearly or quite all the per- sonal property in this State will escape taxation, and real estate be made to bear the additional burthen. Whilst it is conceded that the State cannot tax the property of the United States within its territory; yet it is difficult to uuderstaud upon what prin- ciple the securities for money loaned to the government should escape tax- ation on that account. If the evidences of a debtor's liability, after being negotiated, be jei his property, it overturns the notions and practice of centuries, and confounds all previous ideas upon the subject of ownership. But if the stocks or bonds of the general government be the property of the holder and in the same category as the obligations of individuals or corporations in the owner's hands, then it is manifestly unjust to allow them to escape taxation. One-half of all the taxes collected in this State, are for the purpose of protecting personal property, and the mean and sordid spirit that seeks to compel others to pay the taxes for its benefit, is guilty of a theft, the more unpardonable because it can only be accomplished by perjury or false re- preseutations, that in other cases would consign the perpetrator to the penitentiary. A case occurred during the past year, in one of our inland cities, which illustrates the absence of morality, so prevalent on this subject, and the facilities furnished for evading taxation of personal property, in a peculiarly forcible manner. A merchant who openly boasts that he made, during the year, in clear profits from his business, $30,000, has only paid to the State of New York, for all the protection which has been furnished both by city and State, the sum of fifty cents, and not even that upon his large stock of merchandise, but upon a little poodle dog, which happened to be reached by the dog law. And this is only one of the thousands of equally glaring cases, though they may not have been reached even by the dog law. AGRICULTURE. In the description of the different groups, the peculiarities of the prevail- ing agriculture are pointed out in each. An inspection of the tables in the appendix to each group, will show the system which has been adopted, and to what extent it is followed. It will be seen that in most cases the farmers have adopted the system best for their locality. The surface where winter grain can be grown profitably is much smaller than has been generally supposed. The sixth group is a wheat growing region. The tiers of counties bounding it on the south have more or less land upon their northern margiji which will produce winter wheat. But beyond this famed region there is no other section where winter wheat can be grown with certainty or profit. Yet the soil in the second group is a natural wheat soil. Portions also of the third and fourth groups have soil that might bear this cereal; and in the first group it is grown profitably in 30 man}'- localities, because the straw is more valuable for market than the grain produced. Still, in all these localities where the cultivation is attempted, other crops would generally pay better for present and certainly for future gain. Since the census was taken, farming in this state has made a wide stride in the way of an intelligent and profitable system. The last State census was taken after one of the most disastrous years (1844) ever known to the farming interest. The midge and blight had destroyed the wheat, especially winter wheat, to such an extent that in many localities which had exported large surplus annually, the farmers were compelled to find their bread in the wheat brought fi'om beyond the State. The continued ravages of the midge forced the adoption of a more judicious system of farming in the wheat group. Less wheat was sown, more animals were kept, and the beneficial results of the change began to be manifest five years ago, and have continually augmented. In a tour of the State, made in .the year 1859, more manure was seen car- ted upon the land in this region than had ever been seen before, and an annual inspection has sho (vu each year an increase of the manure applied, until it is a safe estimate that five times as much manure is now applied to the land as there was in 1855, and that the amount is annually increas- ing. The result is manifested in the increased production not only of wheat, but of all other vegetable products of the farm as well as a very large in- crease of the animal products, amounting in the aggregate to more than tribble the product before the advent of the midge. The average of nearly or all farm products, in a favorable season, would show a gain of fully fifty per cent, over that of 1854. Outside of the 1st, 2d and 6th groups the general tendency of agriculture is in the direction of animal produce over vegetable, and as a result the agriculture of those districts is becoming annually richer, by so much as the farmers conserve their manurial resources. The permanent productive power of the land is tt > be estimated by the magnitude of the manure crops annually made and applied. In the dairy districts of the 3d, 4th and 5th groups the farmers are beginning to realize this fact. Though they pro- gress slowly as yet in the knowledge of the best modes of application, they are very much in advance of the farmers of the grain districts in husband- ing their manure. They are also beginning to learn the important fact for them that the less land plowed the better. That the plow should only be resorted to for the purpose of increasing their grass crops. They are begin- ning steadily to comprehend that great axiom in agriculture — the more grass the more cattle — the more cattle the more grass. It has been shown how ample are the markets and the facilities for reach- ing them. It only remains for the farmer to study the wants of those mar- kets, and to adapt their surplus to meet those demands. It should be his study to ascertain: 1. What produce brings the highest price relatively to its cost of production. 2. By what means the cost of production to be re- duced in order to increase the net profit ? The result of his investigations on the first subject will be the abandonment of those crops and that system 31 which, in a given situation, are not profitable, and bestowing his attention upon those only which pay the best. The second will lead him to the dis- covery and adoption of methods for economizing labor, thereby rendering it more productive. Our farmers should remember that there is only one law which admits of no exceptions, and which everywhere produces the same results, that is the law of markets. Upon the due comprehension of this fact will depend their prosperity, the value of their land, and the accumulation of their personal property. It should be remembered, however, that there is a keen competition with the farmers of other States for the supplying of many of these markets, and that our farmers should study to supply only those articles wherein there can be the least competition. The largest competition comes from the vegetable rather than animal products, as may be inferred from the fact that while all kinds of vegetable products have risen but little in value during the last twenty years, animal products have doubled, and in many instances quadrupled in that time, and are still increasing in ratio as popu- lation increases. In the three great products of the dairy, milk, butter and cheese, competition with the farmers of other States has had no visible efifect upon prices, nor is there any prospect, for all time to come, that these articles will not command remunerating prices, whatever may be the quan- tity produced by people of other States. Sheep and wool form also a profitable branch of farming in the grain growing regions of the State, and the numbers kept to the acre in the 6th group, shows that sheep and wool are among the staple products of the farm in the grain growing region. But the time has come when the farmers of this State, in nearly every section, must resort to the improvement of their farms by under-draining, by a careful system of manuring, and by a greater attention to the produc- tion of fodder crops, and the careful feeding of their animals, if they wish to set at defiance the prodigal farming upon the virgin soils of the west. Tliey must avail themselves of all the advantages of their position, and properly nse a soil which, as a general rule, is able to repay with abundant profit all the care which an intelligent system of farming can bestow upon it. / A Spartan youth complained to his mother that his sword was too short, •' Add a step to it, my son," said the matron. Probably if she lived now the same spirit would not advise him to sell out and go west, or abandon his badly tilled lands for the village or city, to avoid the effects of a keen competition for the great markets that are almost at his door. ' She would bid her son to overcome competition by a more skillful use of the means which he possessed, and seek to make two blades of grass grow where only one grew before; a feat which is being accomplished in many localities of the State with great profit to successful cultivators. What man has done man may do. There is plenty of good farms in this State that only lack the intelligent cultivation of the owners to become more valuable than the gold mine of far off regions. The fault is. not so much in the soil as in the owner. 32 The cultivation of a greater range of crops is advised in all localities. In the dairy region, flax can be made a very profitable crop, especially if the seed be consumed upon the farm by the stock, and the manure thereby vastly improved in its value. Koots, especially the sugar beet, could also be much more cultivated than at present with manifest profit to the dairy- man as well as to the grain grower. There is nearly or quite 100,000 acres of land in the State adapted to the successful cultivation of the grape. In the sixth group, around all the inland lakes, and along the borders of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, there can be a succession of vineyards. In the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd groups, there are many places where the grape can also be profitably grown. And at no distant day it will be in the power of the farmers to add to their aggregate vegetable products a sum equal to that of all their wheat crop from the vineyard alone: " The money which the Legislature annually appropriate to agriculture has been the means of increasing the property of this State by hundreds ofmillions of dollars, and a moderate increase of those annual appropria- tions will still largely increase those values. 33 CHAPTER V. Group I •• Counties — Islands — Surface — Bays furnish Facilities — Counties described — Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk — Area — Population — Classed — Density of Popula- tion Unimproved Land yet to be Improved — Valuations — Farms — Tools — Stock — Routes of TraflSc — Aggregate Valuations — Distribution of Land — Crops — Vegetable Products — Value — Animals — Proportion — Lands Profitable as Market Gardens — Animal Products — Value — Appendix — Statistics — Agricultural — Financial Population and Assessed Values. GROUP I. Counties: Kings, city and county of New York, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk must be described separate. The island of Manhattan embraces the whole of the city and county of New York. Its area is about 14,000 acres. Some portions of the upper end of the island is yet cultivated in market gardens, though the whole island has been mapped into city lots and streets, and it cannot be regarded as in anywise an agricultural county. Staten Island is embraced in the county of Richmond. Its area is put down in the report of its supervisors at 30,233. The general surface is rocky and hilly. A portion of the south and west side is level, and where not too wet lurnishes excellent farming land. Its proximity to New York will ensure it a surplus of the population of that city, and along the navi- gable water which surrounds it is springing manufactories that are becom- ing daily more important. Its value does not consist in the agricultural capacity of its soil, but in its peculiar adaptability for furnishing sites for manufacturing establishments; and its heights, overlooking the bay and city, furnishing building spots for the summer villas of the wealthy citi- zens of New York. Long Island includes within its boundaries three counties, viz: Kings, Queens and Suffolk; its whole area is about 630,000 acres. Its surface is generally level, except on the north side, where it rises into moderate ridges, and may be called hilly; the soil, over the most part, is a sandy loam. On the north side, and among the hills, a clay occasionally abounds. East of Queens county and throughout Suffolk the surface is largely cov- ered with a scrub oak and pine forest, which is of little value for timber; and when cleared off leaves stumps that are ei-adicated with difficulty before the soil can be properly cultivated. The soil is warm and quick, and admirably calculated for what it must ultimately become — the market garden for a great city. The products of agriculture are remunerating, and though the soil requires frequent and heavy manuring, yet there is no portion of the State where high farming pays as well as here. The soil is cultivated with less labor than anywhere else in the State, the climate milder, and the farmer finds a profitable market for all his products. The innumerable bays and creeks which indent its shores furnish ex- cellent fishing grounds ; and it is estimated by intelligent I'esidents that the sea furnishes an income fully equal to the land. The surplus population of New York is rapidly flowing out upon the island, and filling it with a suburban or village population. Kings county can no longer be considered jas an agricultural county, [T. C. P.] 5 34 being almost entirely occupied by a city, or urban and suburban popula- tion. The north and west portions of Queens county are in the same con- dition, and a large portion of the whole county is rapidly becoming only a market garden and a succession of villages. The public works upon the island are the Long Island railroad, running nearly the entire length of the island. That, together with its bays and creeks, furnish unequaled facilities for obtaining manure at cheap rate, as well as for a rapid transit of its products. There are few if any places that are five miles from either a railroad station or a steamboat or sloop landing, while the majority of farms would not equal three miles from these places. In its agriculture the island will never do much towards supporting the population now filling its western end and swarming along its shores and railroads towards its interior. The following is a brief description of the several counties with regard to their future valuations : Kings County. Kings county is bounded east by the county of Queens, south by the Atlantic ocean, west by the bay of New York, and north by the East river. It can hardl}'^ be termed an agricultural county, as its available surface is occupied for city or village purposes, or as a market garden. It derives its principal value from this cause, and in a very few years will be occu- pied by onl}'^ an urban population. As a city, Brooklyn cannot be regarded in a commercial point of view, other than as second to New York. Its real estate must therefore be re- garded as much less valuable, and will not as a whole, exceed one-quarter the value of similar lots and improvements in the latter city. Its relative value, as fixed the current year, in the opinion of one of the State Asses- sors, is too high as compared with that of New York. Still, as New York thrives, so must Brooklyn, and its valuation should be annually revised. The City of New York. The city embraces the whole island upon which it is situated, and is bounded on the north by the Harlem river, on the east by the East river, on the south by the bay, and on the west by the North river. As to the great commercial emporium of not only the State, but of the whole continent, the floating capital of the State and of the Union, seeks for investment at this point. Capital that could be employed to advantage in improving the manufacturing facilities which the immense hydraulic power of the State furnishes — or to a more thorough cultivation of the soil, and to its improvement by a higher state of farming, is, by reason of the inducements which commerce holds out for larger gains, withdrawn from the country and concentrated here. Its population and valuations are largely increased each year, and such is the demand at all times for per- manent investments, real estate can be forced upon the market and sold with but a small discount from its estimated value. Such is not the case in the country or among the farmers and farms of the State. For that man must be truly fortunate who at a forced sale of his real estate can re- alize one-fourth of its estimated value. 35 Therefore, while in the aggregate the valuations ot the city appear large, yet, if judged by the convertibility of the property, they are not proportionally higher than the farm lands of the State. The estimate of $5,200 per lot, for all the taxed lots of the city, is under rather than over the value fixed by some of the best judges of the value of real estate in the city. The value of the real estate, if regard be had to the rental, will be found to exceed $1,000,000,000. But as the value of city real estate is affected by the condition of the countiy, and fluctuates more rapidly than farm or agricultural lands, the aggregate value is per- haps the safe one for a present basis of taxation. Queens County. Queens county is bounded on the east bj^ Suffolk county, south by the Atlantic ocean, west by the county of Kings and north by the East river. The surface is generally level, except on the north side it becomes rolling and hilly. The soil is a sandy loam or gravelly clay loam, and admirably calculated for profitable farming, near a large market. The Long Island railroad through the centre, and the bays and harbors on each side furnish alaundant means for a profitable development of its resources. It is be- coming rapidly populated, and when the vacant lands around Hempstead are brought into market, the population and wealth will be rapidly in- creased. It has no commercial or manufacturing centre of importance, but its proximity to the cities of New York and Brooklyn will soon make it nearly, or quite a suburb of those cities, and its population will soon be- come suburban. Its increase of wealth and population must bs such as to require an annual revision of its valuations. Richmond County. Richmond county embraces the whole of Staten Island. Its surface is rocky and hilly, or flat and more or less marshy. As an agricultural county it has small capacity as compared with its surface, and but for its proximity to the city of New York, would be among the least valuable of the second class counties. It has no particular advantages for manufac- turing, over the opposite shore of Long Island, and will not populate as rapidly. Yet, such resources as it does possess are being developed, and considerable manufacturing is carried on at different points along its shores. Its greatest value consists in the advantageous position of its hills and high lauds for suburban residences and villas. It will increase in population and wealth much slower than other points around the city, which arc reached by less water conveyance. Its valuations will require a revision once in two years. Suffolk County. Suffolk county is bounded on the west by the county of Queens, on the north and east by Long Island sound, and on the south by the Atlantic ocean. The surface is broken and hilly, especially in the centre, but along the shores of the bays is level. The soil is generally a sandy loam, which' possesses great capacity for profitable cultivation, as little or no part of 36 the county is situated more than six miles from either a raih'oad or an ac- cessible harbor, so that manures can be cheaply transported by water, and the products of the farm or garden rapidly carried to an ever open market. Much of the bad repute in which Long Island lands have fallen, especially in this county, is due more to the want of enterprise of the inhabitants of the coimty, and to the absence of capital in the cultivation of the land. But capital properly applied will nowhere reap a greater returu in farming and gardening, than here. The great facilities furnished by the fisheries along its shores, and the rich rewards received therefrom, discourage the improvements of the land as rapidly as would be expected from their peculiar location. The large fires which caused the destruction of so much property in the timber lands of the county, were taken into consideration by the assessors in fixing the valuations upon the farm lands. The county is gradually improving and will increase slowly in its popii- lation and wealth, but its valuations will require a revision not oftener than once in three or four years. Area, Population, Agricultural Valuations, Commercial Routes of Traffic. AREA. This group is 2.1-10 per cent, of the whole State, and embraces an area of 1,011 square miles, whereof there are — Improved 493 square miles. Unimproved 518 do The proportion is: Improved 48 per cent. Unimproved 52 do Reduced to acres at the rate of 640 to the square mile and there are: Improved acres 313,360 Unimproved acres 331,893 Total acres 647,253 The improved is 48 per cent, of the whole area, or the improved to the unimproved is 48 to 52. The proportion of the improved land in the group to that of the aggre- gate improved land of the State is 2.02 per cent. POPULATION. The aggregate population of the group is : City 1,080,330 Village 85,951 Rural 52,758 Total population 1,219,039 The proportion of each is: City population 89 per cent. "Village do 7 do Rural do 4 do Thirty-two per cent, of the whole population of the State is in this group. The high percentage of the city population is to be accounted for by the fact that the cities of New York and Brooklyn are included in this group. The small percentage of the rural population sufficiently indicates the ten- 37 dency of the urban and suburban to absorb the available territory embraced within the group. Of the 331,893 acres of unimproved land, about one- half or 165,947 acres are susceptible of ultimate improvement, and will be brought to yield human food, but the balance must always contain a waste, and it will only be by slow degrees that these lands will be brought into cultivation. Small as the proportion of the rural population now is, it must decrease rather than increase. The density of population is — total population to total area, 1,215 to the square mile, or two persons to the acre. The aggregate population to the aggregate improved land, is 2,473 to the square mile, or 4 persons to the acre. Of the rural population there are 52 to the square mile, or 12 acres to the inhabitant. But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land is 107 persons to the mile, or 6 aci'es to the inhabitant, which gives 36 acres as the average number of improved acres to each farm, VALUATIONS. The cash value of farms, stock, tools and implements is: Farms $48,229,322 Stock 4,956,005 Tools and implements 1,060,452 Total capital invested in agriculture $54,245,779 The average value of farms, stock, tools and implements per acre of im- proved land is: Farms per acre $153 GO Stock per acre 15 72 Tools and implements per acre 3 36 $172 08 The whole average farming capital invested is : Farm $5,508 00 Stock 576 00 Tools and implements 121 00 Totalinvested $6,205 00 The aggregate value of all the real estate of the group is : Farm lands $48,229,322 Village and corporations 13,000,000 City 782,200,000 Total value of real estate $843,429,322 The incorporated cities are New York and Brooklyn, each of which have numerous elements for progressive increase in population and wealth. The total number of artificial miles of routes for commercial traffic are, railroad 129 miles, and the proportion of such routes to the square mile of area is 8 square miles of area to 1 mile of traffic route. The valuation of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal estate by the town assessors, whereon the report of the board of equaliza- tion was based for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows. 38 Farmlanda $29,722,339 Village and corporation real estate 13,000,000 City 682,200,000 Total real estate $624,922,339 Personal estate 195,448,899 Total, real and personal $820,371,238 The details are tabulated in table B, of the appendix to this group. The banking- capital in 1861 was $73,080,605. The details are tabulated and shown in table C, of the appendix to this group. DISTRIBUTION OF IMPKOVED LAND. Pasture, acres 85,458 Meadow, do 81,681 Total in acres, grass 167,139 The percentage of acres in grass to the whole area of improved land is: Pasture 27 per cent. Meadow 26 per cent. Total percentage of grass 53 per cent. Spring wheat, acres 4* Winter wheat, do 18,531 Oats, do 20,931 Rye, do 19,404 Barley, do 718 Total in white straw crops 59,430 Buckwheat, acres 9,484 Corn, do • 25,001 Peas, do 569 Beans, do 3,.331 Total in fodder crops 38,385 Potatoes, acres 7,521 Turnips, do 1,403 Total in root crops 8,924 Flax, acres > 1 Hops, do 1 Market gardens, acres 4,944 Total in merchantable crops. 4,946 Recapitulation. Total acres in straw crops 59,630 fodder crops 38,385 root crops.... 8,924 merchantable crops..... 4,946 Total acres in cultivation, exclusive of pasture and meadow, 111,885 which is 35 per cent, of the improved land. There is yet some 12 per cent, of the improved land unaccounted for, which must be included in vacant lots and towns, and in the errors of the census. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. Hay, tons 106,275 at $10 $1,062,750 Grass seed, bushels 2,450 at 2 4,900 Total value of graas products. $1,067,650 Spring wheat, bushels. Winter do Oats, do Rye, do Barley, do Buckwheat, do Corn, do Peas, do Beans, do 752 at $1 25 $940 283,140 at 1 25 353,925 489,690 at 30 146,907 225,778 at 80 180,622 14,370 at 80 11,446 41,640 at 50 20,830 940,848 at 75 705,636 12,794 at 80 10,235 8,000 at 80 6,400 Total grain products 2,017,012 $1,436,941 Potatoes, bushels 692,925 at $ 75 $519,743 Turnips, do 226,269 at 50 113,135 Total roots 919,194 $032,878 Flax seed, bushels 1 at $2 00 |2 Lint, pounds 300 at 10 30 Hops, do 304 at 10 30 Apples, bushels...: 31,228 at 25 7,807 Cider, barrels 456 at 100 456 Market gardens, value of products 697,088 697,088 Total value of merchantable crops $705,413 Recapitulation. Value of meadow products $1,067,650 do grain do 1,436,941 do roots do 632,878 do merchantable products 705,413 Total value of vegetable products $3,842,882 The average annual value of the vegetable products, exclusive of straw, on improved land, is, exclusive of pasture, equal to $11. The aggregate annual grain product is six bushels per acre. ANIMALS AND VALUE OF THE PRODUCTS. Neat cattle — whole number 47,318 Under one year • 6,225 Over one year, exclusive of working oxen and eows 11,905 Oxen 4,373 Cows 24,815 Horses 28,369 28,.369 Mules 567 567 Killed for beef 53,409 Sheep 37,780 Sheep shorn 30,300 Reducing sheep to a cattle equivalent, at seven to one, and they equal cattle, 5,397 Whole number of cattle or their equivalent 81,651 The aggregate of improved land to cattle is four acres to one. But this group is not to be compared with the other groups in its agricultural pro- ducts. Large numbers of cows ai*e kept in the cities of Brooklyn and New York, that are stabled during the year ; and others are kept in the suburbs of each city, and the grain and hay to support them comes from other lo- calities. The large proportion of horses to cattle is also owing to the fact that all the horses used in the two cities are included in this census, and no distinction made between horses on the farm, or for farm labor, or those kept exclusive for the road. This whole group is a cattle, sheep, hog and horse importing group, with small exceptions, in regard to Suffolk and ^ portion of Queens counties. Therefore, the rules whereby we are to judge of the agricultural pros- perity of the people, must be different from those applied to a more rural population. 40 The lands can be most profitably occupied as market gardens, and all its agricultui-e tends to that direction, and will be profitable, as it assimilates that condition. Heavy manuring, and at large expense, requires crops that will pay largely for their cultivation. As a general rule the farms in this group are prosperous, but not so by adopting any system that would be found feasi- ble or profitable in either of the other groups. Few animals are kept which do not yield an immediate profit either in labor or produce. The supply of manure is principally from the town, and that is paid for by the vegetables it stimulates the soil to produce, and animals are only kept to consume the offal of the farm which cannot bo sold in the city. Farming, as understood and practiced in other portions of the State, would be an unprofitable occupation here. The surplus from the land in this group is principally in vegetables and milk for the inhabitants, and forage and bedding for the stables. Swine under six months 11,085 Swine over six months 15, 581 Total swine 26,666 ANTMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. Wool, lbs 89,040 at 40c. $35,616 Butter, lbs 1,118,178 at 20c. 223,636 Cheese, lbs 2,345 at 10c. 234 Milk sold, galls 3,681,055 at 10c. 368,103 Value of poultry sold $116,124 Value of eggs sold , 108,830 Total value of poultry $224,954 Total value of animal products $862,543 To this sum should be added the value of swine over 6 months, which represents the surplus 15,581, at $12 186,962 One-half of cattle over 1 year old, 5,953 head 119,060 One-third of sheep 12,593, at $3 37,779 Of the horses kept in this group there are in the counties of Queens, Richmond, and Suffolk, 15,910 head. Of these perhaps one in twenty is sold annually — say 795 head at $30 23,850 Total value of animal surplus $1,220,194 To this should be added the surplus derived from hay, straw, wheat — indeed, nearly or quite all their vegetable products are sold. Total value of vegetable produce 3,842,882 Add for straw 600,000 Total value of surplus products of agriculture $5,563,076 Or $1*1.65 per acre for the improved land of the groups, or an average annual income to the farm of $635.40, which is not far from ten per cent upon the capital invested. But as the expense of cultivation is much greater here than upon a dif- ferent soil and farther inland, the annual income of the farms does not much if any exceed that of the average of the farmers of the State. It is the opinion of well-informed persons living upon the island that the income from the waters around them furnish an annual revenue equal to if not superior to that from the land, at any rate a very large item of the animal food of the inhabitants is drawn from this source. 41 o 1-1 CO OS «D to oo ■-* ^ (M O Ot> lO "5 >0 C-l C5 O ■* 'J* i-H "* ec to i« *^ "m M >0 00 ^a _H M a CO >o N OS «o e^ o -^ OS C5 C't' 00 >o p- CO m CO en CO ■* ';§ ir- — C<1 ^'^ <=) i-i ^ — t- til Jr^ "« 1— lO CO « 00 in o 1>- — « (M -CJH O II J>> C O t- OS o O 05 C0 •* t^ _H CO e t» 00 O lO O CO CO 1 o «H lO i-< OS lO CO >n o. 1-i I— 1 rH CO 1-H ^ a rH r- M s o "c^ • 5^ 03 12; o < 1-5 1-H -a r ^sid ^ II w fe *> ja ,o ~ II •« « 3 .« rl 1 (4 fe o Pn CQ II [T. C. 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Pd o| • j-^ c s" <^ n c ^ CO 02 ^ «4-l • (M . ■^*-« ^ o» O Oh .^>Or- H 00 . » • *- C 3 t- ^■1 • *\ •^ *\ • OS a 3 t- ©• « CO CO ra CO rH »0 CO I- H CO »- -3 -* t- O CD C > 00 t- O lO O 1> o l§ W 1-1 J>. i-H C > CO <=a H M ^ 02 '=' m CO 00 CO CO «: > CO fci ja i-H t^ e 00 TS a c o r-l CO O r tT & a 1} M CD CO CO o- o e j:^ es cc Tl< 3 T-l W rH I- *- rt -i cc -^ ».•- e^ 1 CO s <<-• <^ CD -i* CO Ir- t- CO -* (M e<) CO t£ > -*l CO «0 (M CO C ■* i: o w »rH <& 1 1 -^ 3 M ig ^ 1 ^ ? — O O CO CO c !M 1 MJ I* =a 00 O -35 (M -^ ^ ;e of ;sors' of re e-i o •»!< M c^ M C to o OJ o o o OJ ° -.J to C =3 o o o State As valuatio real est cities. o o o IM O IM CO CO (M en 00 00 m E S? =s *< o o o <= o o c= o o S a c M ■^^ o o <= o o O C=> c o o o o = o o o o o '^ I ® 3 c« „^ g CO CO CO f- CO m ^ Is m t=> CO CO -* CO t> CD oi es CO CO 5o e^ ■* (M e bCtf c3 ^ tJQ B! ^ <; g^ o o o o o o o o '" to o o o t- °n o ' c^ CO r-< rH o a !-• M o ts 2 €© .« ,r; ca u PL, Cu to 1 o ca 3 O O Jr- CO t- t- umbe; taxed ed by irs. -* e<< CO CO CO co t~ 02 CO M 05 ■* 00 CO O O CD IM r-i r-l 00 CO ^ CO O . 3 g r-H Tjl CO hole acre retu perv ^ ai 1^ M H ^ fa O O '.M :■« : . t. • s . "S • O tc O ^ ■o>^ a a- sjo ft. •^ tt ^j 8 fe^ a, 8- O^ 1-5 CO o 05 to "O 2 ^ O cj P.^ O ^ CO 2 1^ y> = ' 'iV.^ 00 O CO ■* CO ^S o ?, u B -to 3 p-g g "^ 0} u c:i CO -»^ « to^ CO u .0 ^ r; 3 cs a > CC i:^ Cs xC Ci 05 C<> '^ lO ^ .00 CO m CD 00 Cl= 5 CD a P.00 » o t-i (o Ph I CD CO •»+ C<> • jm' a t^>-i a a:S .S o 3 •= a 45 CHAPTER VI. Group II : Counties — Boundaries— Topography — Scenery — Wealthy Men Seeking Homes — Su- burb of New York — Mineral Resources — Counties Described — Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, Rensselaer, Washington, Westchester — Area — Population — Aggregate Valuations — Value of Farms per Acre — Average Capital in Farms — Miles of Traffic Routes — Distribution of Land — In Grass — In Tillage — Quantity of Crops — Value — Straw — Once Wheat Land — Not Now — Crops not what should be — Rye staple Crop — Potatoes — Flax leading Crop — Animals — Do Products — Value — Surplus Vegetable Products — Value — Proportion — Cattle — Agricul- ture — Affect by Markets — General System Bad — Traffic Routes to Square Miles — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Tax Values — Financial. GROUP II Counties : Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, Rensselaer, Washington, West- chester — 6. This g-roup embraces all the territory of the eastern part of the State which bounds upon the States of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, and extends from the Hudson river at the south to near the junction of lake George and lake Champlain in the north, and is bounded on the west nearly the whole distance by the Hudson river. It is not far from 175 miles long by twenty-five broad. It has mountains on the east nearlj'^ the whole distance, embracing- the Taghkanic range, while it has the highlands and parts of the mountains of the Catskill group, extending across from east to west. In its topography it may be termed a broken and hilly region, at many points running into a mountain tract, susceptible of pasturage and broken cultivation over nearly the whole surface. Along the Hudson river the shores are usually rocky bluff's, sloping in- land, but a small portion of the surface can be considered level; yet a large surface is capable of cultivation. The counties are similar in their soil and topography, and are properly embraced in one group, as they have no portion of the State wherewith they properly assimilate. The scenery is excelled in no country for its grandeur, beauty and great variety. The mountains of the other groups, adjoining it to the west, which are ever visible from its hills and plains ; its own mountains always beautiful in their outline, and often assuming proportions of magnificence in their aggregate massing ; a river unsurpassed for the beauty of the views it presents in its ever changing scenery ; an interior diversified by hill and dale, embracing at almost every turn landscapes unrivalled for their richness and beautiful variety. These are its natural charms ; but art is everywhere busy in adding to them by the softening influence of wealth and cultivated taste. The rocky headlands which so abundantly mark the course .of the river, and give such grand views of river and mountain, of lake and hill and dale, are fast becoming the sites for princely mansions, surrounded with all the acquired beauty that unbounded wealth can supply. The wealthy business men of New York are preparing their future homes in this beautiful region, away from the noise and bustle of active city life, and seeking amid its sylvan scenes for that enjoyment of their declining years, which ever comes to the human heart in the contemplation of the 46 grand and beautiful, nowhere so blended by a wise and beneficent creator as in the length and breadth' of this group. It seems to one who has tra- versed this region often, and contemplated it in its relations to the vast city which lies below and yet in its infancy, as wisely designed for an adja- cent suburban territory, whereon might be lavished the wealth and taste of a great metropolis. Wealth and taste are already beautif^'ing the scenery all along the head- lands and bluflFs of the river's bank, and in sequestered dells and vales; and it is not extravagant to anticipate that the whole country will be a succession of villas far up the river to Troy, and even beyond. The scenery has been dwelt upon, perhaps, to a degree scarcely warran- ted in a report like this, for the purpose of calling the attention of the peo- ple of a great city to the unexampled advantages which they possess, almost at their doors, for the enjoyment of a healthful, and, at the same time a beautiful country residence. All below White Plains, in Westchester county, is now little else than a suburb of the city of New York — maintaining much the same relation to the city that Harlem did a few years ago. Its manufacturing facilities are immense, and its mineral resources inexhaustible. The iron mines of the Taghkanic range furnish ore for manufacturing the choicest iron, and its mountains abound with marble of desirable quality, while some of the most beautiful granites for buildings are found in inexhaustible quantities near its great thoroughfares. The facility for cheap fuel in the exhaustless sup- ply of coal from Pennsylvania, through the Hudson and Delaware canal, adds largely to its manufacturing resources. The soil possesses, in the mineral constituents of its prevailing rocks, the elements of inexhaustible fertility. The unrivalled fertility and richness of its pastures is owing to the constant supply of alkaline substances fur- nished by the disintegration of the rocks scattered upon the surface, or washed down from the mountains by the torrent or the rill. There is but very little of the surface that does not afford a profit to the owner, and although one-fourth is uncultivated, j'^et it by no means follows that the greatest portion of the uncultivated is a waste, because the broken and rough hills furnish periodical crops of timber, and annual pasturage on nearly their whole surface. The absolute waste and worthless land will not exceed one twentieth of its whole area. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PRESENT AND FUTURE VALUATION. Columbia County. The county of Columbia is bounded on the north by the county of Rens- selaer, on the east by the State line, on the south by the county of Dutch- ess, and on the west by the Hudson river. The general aspect of the county is hilly, and more or less broken. Few counties have a greater variety of soil over its whole surface. Prom the most fertile to the most rocky and sterile, can often be found upon the same farm, and that not covering a very large surface. Its avenues for commercial intercourse, and its facilities for reaching 47 valuable markets at cheap rates, and by rapid modes of transit, are second to no other county. There are railroads over various portions of its lands, with the Hudson river in its front. There is valuable hydraulic power in the county, already extensively occupied; and it is now a manufacturing centre of importance, and the general productions of its soil, and the improvements of its motive power renders it, by reason of its other facilities, among the most important counties of the State, whose population and wealth are rapidly increasing and whose valuations will require an annual revision. Dutchess County. The county of Dutchess is bounded on the north by the county of Colum- bia, on the east by the State line, on the south by the county of Putnam, and on the west by the Hudson river. The general aspect is hilly, rolling, and more or less broken. The soil is various, and ranges from very fertile to rocky and sterile. Generally it is capable of being used for permanent pasture, when too broken for til- lage, so that there is comparatively only a small portion which cannot, in some respect, be made to yield an income. It has important hydraulic power which is extensively employed, and it has already become an important manufacturing centre of textile fabric, as well as mineral products. The Harlem railroad through its eastern towns, and the Hudson river railr0 -<* O -"Jl cc r-(r-( «0 <1 &. 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Total acres in white straw crops 435,718 do in fodder do 214,713 do in roots do 37,339 do in mercantile do 9,087 Total acres under cultivation 696,857 Which is 28 per cent of the improved land, and leaves only the small fraction of 3 per cent of the improved land unaccounted for, and may be included in orchards. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. Hay tons 658,109 $6,581,090 Grass seed bush 21,176 42,352 Spring wheat bush 121,466 182,191 Winter do 137,267 206,901 Oatg do 4,466,093 1,239,627 Rye do 1,066,047 852,838 Barley do 147,354 117,883 Buckwheat do 838,394 419,197 Corn do 2,007,582 1,606,065 Peas do 112,316 89,853 Beans do 15,892 31,784 Total bushels of grain 8,911,411 Potatoes 1,964,041 982,020 Turnips 141, 047 14,105 Total roots 2,105,088 Flaxseed 12,369 18,554 Lint, lbs 1,406,428 140,643 Hops, lbs » 3,886,620 388,662 Apples, bush 2,025,800 202,680 Cider, bbls 47,476 47,476 Straw 500,000 Total annual value of vegetable products $13,356,988 en . The aggregate grain products are equal to 14 bushels per acre upon the land cultivated with grain crops. The average aggregate value of the annual vegetable products of the groups upon the improved land, exclusive of pasturage, is $9.65 per acre. ANIMALS, AND VALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS. Meat cattle, total number 390,681 Meat cattle, under 1 year 57, 245 Meat cattle, over 1 year, exclusive of working oxen and cows 95,906 "Working oxen 28,965 Cows 208,905 Cattle killed for beef 38,537 Horses, whole number 90,372 Mules, do 474 Sheep, do 388,339 Sheep shorn do 267,612 Whole number reduced to cattle, at 7 sheep for 1 head 55,491 Whole number of cattle or their equivalent 537,018 The aggregate of improved land to cattle is one animal to 45 acres of land. Of cows, there is one to 12 acres. The proportion of cows to the aggre- gate of State is 19 per cent. The proportion of cows to the cattle of the group, or their equivalent, is 89 per cent. But the proportion of cows to neat cattle is 53 per cent. Swine under 6 months old 116,391 Swine over 6 months 91,446 Total number of swine 207,837 ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE, Wool, lbs. 919,796 10c. $367,918 Butter, lbs 20,179,693 20c. 4,035,939 Cheese, lbs 3,527,482 10c. 352,748 Milk sold, gallons 5,553,581 8c. 444,286 Poultry, value sold Ul'^^ll 447,373 Eggs sold 270,116 i Total value of animal products, exclusive of cattle killed and sold $5,648,264 Add the value of swine over six months old, 91,446, $12 per head, 1,097,352 As this is a grazing district, all the cattle killed should be added, viz., 38,537 head at $20 per head 770,740 One -third of the cattle over one year old, exclusive of those killed, viz., 31,969 head, at $20 639,380 One-tenth of the horses, as probably sold, viz., 9,837, at $30.... 271,111 One-fourth of the sheep may be assumed as sold, viz 194,218 Total value of animals and animal products $8,621,065 A portion of the hay and straw of this group are exported. But as the surface of the country in the interior, from the Hudson river, is mountain- ous, and there are but few routes whereby such bulky articles can be brought to market profitably, it is perhaps but fair to assume that there are not to exceed 100,000 tons of hay exported, and about $100,000 worth of straw sold for export. Owing to the market facilities furnished by the canals and river, it may be safely assumed that the oats, rye and barley are made a surplus or mar- keting crop. Corn and peas are generally consumed on the farm; beans only being sold. A portion of the potato crop is sold, perhaps not to ex- ceed one-fourth, for the article is too bulky and cheap to bear long trans- portation. The same may be said with regard to apples and cider; not 69 over one- third of this product reaching a market. But flax seed and lint, hops and grass seed, are all marketed. The value of surplus of vegetable products annually, would be about as follows, viz. : Hay, tons 100,000, at $10 $1,000,000 Straw 1 00,000 Grass seed 42,352 Oats 1,239,527 Rye 852,838 Barley 117, 883 Beans 31,784 Potatoes 245,605 Apples and cider 83,352 Flax seed and lint 159,197 Hops 388,662 Total value of annual surplus of vegetable products $4,261,100 Surplusanimal products.... 5,648,264 Total value of annual surplus products of the farm $9,909,364 This sum is equal to $4 per acre of the improved land, and would make the annual average income of the farms upon the improved land, equal to $320, or not far from seven per cent, upon the capital invested. The indications of thrift, over the largest portion of this group, are such that the improving condition of the inhabitants cannot be mistaken. Away from the great thoroughfares that border it, the accumulations of wealth must be made. by slow degrees and by industry and a rigid economy. Nor will the interior ever be other than a grazing and dairy region. As a dairy region, especially for butter, it has no rival in this State, at least. The pure water and air, and the sweet herbage of the mountain pastures of this region, enable the skillful dairy woman to send from these hills and valleys, butter which has no rival, and deservedly commands the highest price wherever known. AGRICULTURE. The soil and climate over the largest portion of this group, admit of but little variety in its agriculture. Pasturage and the dairy must ever remain the occupation of its rural population. Their industry may be varied to some extent, but their true wealth will be most increased by increasing their annual animal surplus. The soil has the mineral elements of a per- petual fertility, for the rocks of nearly all parts of this group contain either lime or potash in appreciable quantities. Thus it will always be in the power of the farmer to increase his store by a judicious management of his soil. He cannot amend the climate, which owing to the elevation of the great proportion of the land, will partake more or less of Alpine rigors, yet he can, by adopting a system of farming suited to its peculiarities, mitigate its rigors. The attempt to raise grain to any extent beyond the absolute necessities of the farm, except in favored localities, is poor economy. Grass, in pas- ture or meadow, should be the great object of every farmer, and all his en- ergies should be directed to this end, and he must regard this as the sheet- anchor of his success. He should regard a good turf as more important than his wife's best carpet, and be quite as careful of its preservation. The plow should be used as sparingly as possible, and manure husbanded with the greatest care, and applied vfith a liberal hand. The time has 10 come when the farmer may add to his surplus crops, flax and the sugar beet. One prepares the way for the other, and both come well within the means of the dairy farmer. Neither impoverish the soil, and both add to the manurial resources of the farm, for only one ton in five of flax need to be carried from the farm, and the balance forms the choicest kind of bed- ding for stalled animals. And one ton out of five of the gross products of the beet is excellent forage for cows. Thus, by growing less grain, the farmer will be able to increase his gains, to increase his manurial resources, to keep more animals, and to make more manure, which after all is his best crop. He will reach that point of all good farming which is indicated by the increase of his herd, without increasing his acres. The more manure the more cattle, the more cattle the more manure. The general prosperity of this district, therefore, is by the increase of its grass products. The cultivation of hops is carried on largely in this group, Otsego county being the great central hop growing county of the State. Fifty-seven per cent, of all the land in hop gardens in this State is in this group; and fifty- four per cent, of all the hops grown are also grown here. Mr. Caird,* in speaking of the great hop district in Sussex, England, where from 10,000 to 12,000 acres are annually cultivated in hops, thus speaks of the uncertain returns from hop farming: " This plant requires the richest scil of the farm, and receives nearly all the manure produced, robbing the corn and root crops of the share which rightfully belongs to them. The farmer's attention is concentrated on his hop garden, and the rest of his farm receives very little of his regard, and hardly any of his capital. The ope- ration of the duty gives the business a gambling character. A favorable season with a large yield of hops is disastrous to the farmer, as the market value of the article falls, \yhile the duty swells in proportion to the bulky character of the crop. When the crop is a short one the farmer prospers, as the price of the hops rises and the total amount of duty falls. There is thus a constant succession of chances, extraordinary prices being some- times realized, which tempt men to futher adventure, and withdraw them from that steady, persevering industry without which agriculture cannot be profitably carried on. The uncertainty of prices and crops, and the peculiar bearing of the duty, are such that very few of the hop farmers' are enriched by it, many are ruined, and still more are kept on the verge of bankruptcy. It is very probable, therefore, that if the cultivation of hops were to cease, it would in the end be no loss to the Sussex farmer, as his richest land would then be released for the growth of crops of a less hazardous kind, and the rest of his farm receive a fair share of manure and cultivation." The condition of the farms throughout this group, as well as in others, where hops were made the leading feature, fully confirms the remarks of Mr. Caird, and the opinion of some of the best financial men of Otsego county, as well as some of its wisest and most skillful farmers, confirms •Caird's English Agriculture, 1850-61. 71 the belief that the abandonment of hop culture in that county, at least, would add largely to the permanent prosperity of the bulk of farmers engaged in it. That as a subordinate branch of farming, it may be made as profitable as other branches, is perhaps true to a certain extent; but that any crop which returns nothing to the land in manure, but yet requires large quantities to ensure a profitable cultivation, will in the long run be found to add to the permanent prosperity of the farmer, is exceedingly doubtful. 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Gkoup IV : Counties — Boundaries — Topography — Counties Described — Clinton, Essex, Frank- lin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren — Area — Population — Valuations of Land — Farms — Routes of TraflBc — Aggregate — Value of Real and Personal Estate — Distribution of Land — Grass — Tillage — Vegetable Products — Value — Animals — Pro- ducts and Value — Aggregate Products — Annual Value of Farm Products — Agriculture — Sug- gestions when Land first Cleared — Appendix — Agricultural Statistics — Assessed Value — Fi- nancial . GROUP IV. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Warren — 9. BOUNDARIES, &C. This group is bounded east by the west line of Washington county and by Lake Champlain, north by Canada East, northwest by the St. Lawrence river, southwest and west by the counties of Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida, and south by the counties of Otsego, Montgomery, Schenectady and Albany. Its greatest length is from Glens Falls, in Saratoga county, to the north- west corner of Franklin county, and is about one hundred and thirty-five miles. Its average breadth is not far from one hundred miles. This group constitutes an entire whole, and as the northe?n division of the State, is susceptible of no subdivision which will convey an adequate idea of its agricultural capacities, it may be considered as an isolated portion of the State, bordered by three great valleys — the valley of Champlain in the east, the Mohawk on the south, and the St. Lawrence on the north and west. The adjacent country slopes towards each of these valleys, more or less abruptly. Topographically considered, this group presents one great range of highlands, which stretch diagonally across the country, from Little Falls, on the Mohawk river, in Herkimer county, to Trimbleau Point, on Lake Champlain, in Clinton county. Geologically considered it is one great uplift, with gradual but unequal slopes on all sides. Still the country does not slope from a continuous ridge, but rather towards all the valleys which almost surround this group. There is a culminating point in the region of the greatest elevation, from which the several slopes proceed. To a person placed upon one of the most commanding eminences, the whole country would appear studded with a multitude of peaks, which at first are irregular and without order, but on further examination an orderly disposition of the mountain masses becomes evident. These masses may be arranged into chains or ranges, each of which pur- sues a course from the northeast to the southwest, and have evidently given direction and force to the great northern current which has swept up through the valley of the St. Lawrence, between the termination of this range and the commencement of the Laurentian range, which bounds the valley on its northern side. These mountain ranges do not present a uniform unbroken ridge, but are made up of subordinate short ridges, whose axes are oblique to the axis of the main range wherein they are situated. The axis may be called the 78 major and minor axis of the range. The former lies in the principal direc- tion which the range pursues, which is fi'om the southwest to the northeast, the latter in the direction of the short, uninterrupted ridges, which is from the southeast to the northwest.* The highest mountains in the State are in these ranges, reaching an ele- vation of over 5,300 feet, and their peaks within the range of perpetual frost. The table land and lakes have an elevation of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The broken condition of its surface, together witli its general altitude, pre- sents but little attraction to the agriculturist, and except upon its northern slope in the counties of St. Lawrence and Franklin, and its northeastern along the Canada line, in Clinton county, the general condition will be that of wilderness, broken only by now and then a sparse settlement of some hardy pioneers, who find their profits not in the cultivation of the soil but in hunting and fishing, and boarding the summer tourist who seeks in these wilds for the solitude and grandeurs of an Alpine region. The mountains of Essex, the lakes and waterfalls of Hamilton and War- ren have attractions, that once seen and known, will be sure to draw an annually increasing crowd from the sweltering cities to admire and become invigorated by their pure air and limpid waters. These lakes amount in number to several hundreds, and range in size from those covering a few acres to the dimensions of 35 miles in length, and situated at an elevation of nearly 2,000 feet above tide water, and the surrounding mountains often reaching an elevation of 3,000 feet above the surface of the lakes. The attention of the public has often been called to this interesting re- gion. But comparatively few people are aware that a territory, equal in size to the superficial area of several of the separate States of the Union, lies in the bosom of the State, touching on one extremity the long occupied and thickly populated valley of the Mohawk, and encircled by a highly cul- tivated and matured country, is still shrouded in its primeval forests. This territory embraces Hamilton county, parts of Oneida and Lewis, in addition to considerable portions of all the other counties of the group, and extends over one hundred miles in length by about eighty miles in breadth. A large portion of this territory is mountainous and impracticable to cul- ture, for here is found the loftiest mountains east of the Mississippi river. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PRESENT OR FUTURE VALUATION, Clinton County. Clinton county is bounded on the north by the Canada line, on the east by Lake Champlain, on the south by the county of Essex, and on the west by the county of Franklin. The surface is generally rolling or mountainous. The soil of the eastern and northeastern portions is much superior to the balance of the county. • Natural History of State of New York. — [Euuons. It is on the extreme northeastern part of the State, and a frontier county. Its climate modifies the productiveness of its soil, and it is at best but a third rate county. Its railroad connection with the New England States and the Canadas, with the advantage of a connection with the Champlain canal, give it great facilities for market, and if it had a more congenial soil and climate would make it a second class county. One of the State prisons are located in this county, but its inmates can- not be supported from the surplus of its soil. It has, in the iron mines, an inexhaustible supply of the most valuable ores; and there are some furnaces and other manufacturing done in the county; but there is no important manufacturing centre, nor can the present popu- lation subsist from the products of the soil in the county. Its valuations will not require revision oftener than once in five years. Essex County. Essex county is bounded on the east by Lake Champlain, south by the county of Warren, west by part of the counties of Hamilton and Franklin. Its surface is broken and mountainous, and its soil thin, and adapted mainly to grass. For agricultural purposes, it is one of the least valuable in the State. Its mineral resources are apparently exhaustless, and will in their development attract a considerable population. But the population cannot be adequately supported by the products of its soil. It has no public woi-ks, and its only facilities for marketing its mineral products are furnished by Lake Champlain, through the Champlain canal. So slowly will its population and wealth increase, that a review of its valuations will not be necessary oftener than once in ten years. Franklin County. Franklin county is bounded on the north by the Canada line, east by Clinton and part of Essex counties, south by part of Essex and Hamilton, and on the west by St. Lawrence county. It lies wholly within the region known as the " Northern Wilderness," and its surface is mountainous and broken, and more than two-thirds covered with lakes and forests. Its soil is uninviting for agricultural purposes, except a portion of its noi'thern border. Like the rear of all the counties bordering upon the Adirondacs, centuries may elapse before it is sufficiently cleared of its forests to make room for agricultural occupation by even a very sparse population. It is now one of the least valuable counties in the State. It has extensive hydraulic power, which is used to some extent at Malone, a flourishing vil- lage, and a manufacturing centre of some importance. The only public work is the Northern railroad, crossing its northern border from east to west, which furnishes ample facilities for developing all its resources. Its population will increase very slowly, and its valua- tions will require revising only at intervals of six or eight years. Fulton County. Fulton county is bounded on the east by the county of Saratoga, south by Montgomery, west by Herkimer, and north by Hamilton. It lies on the 80 southern slope of the great northern or Adirondac region, and is of a hilly and broken surface, with generally a thin, stony soil, adapted to grass more than to grain. It is for agricultural purposes only a third class county, and as it regards public works entirely inland. There is consider, able hydraulic power, which is used to some extent for manufacturing pur- poses. It has no important manufacturing centre, and although it has an easy access to the Erie canal and Central railroad, yet the population and wealth will increase slowly, and its valuations will require revision not oftener than four or five years. Hamilton County. Hamilton county is bounded on the east by part of the counties of Essex and Warren, south by Fulton west by Herkimer, north by parts of St. Lawrence and Franklin, It lays entirely within the Adirondac region, or the region of the northern wilderness. Its surface is broken, hilly, and more or less mountainous, nearly covered with forests and lakes, and its soil mainly granite, thin and uncongenial, and not desirable for agricultu- ral purposes. It is the least valuable of any county in the State; nor has it any resources to ever make it desirable for agriculture or manufacturing. The value of its lauds, as well as extensive tracts adjoining it on all sides, can be largely increased if the contemplated railroad from the Hud- son to Lake Ontario be ever constructed. Such a work would be the means of developing the mineral resources of this entire region, and its proximity to the navigable waters of the Hudson river and of Lake Onta- rio would warrant an expenditure on the part of the State, if necessary to insure the completion of such an important work, that -would assist to clear its forests, and open it out to agriculture. The people of this State cannot afford to leave as unproductive a tract of land — equal in extent to the State of Connecticut — which can be reached from its great commercial emporium by railroad in less than four hours. Good policy dictates that it should be placed in a condition to pay its portion of the public burthen. Herkimer County. Herkimer county is bounded on the east by the counties of Montgomery, Fulton and Hamilton, north by St. Lawrence county, west by Lewis and Oneida, and south by Otsego. Its surface is bi'oken, hilly, and mountainous; more than one-half of the county, or that part north of the Mohawk Val- ley, lies within the Adirondac or northern wilderness, and the remarks applied to Hamilton county will apply equally well to it. That portion which lies in the Mohawk Valley, and south of it, is prime dairy and sec- ond class grain lands, and it ranks in its agricultural capacities with the best of the second class counties. It has the benefit of the Erie canal and Central railroad, across its terri- tory from east to west. They are not only ample to furnish all the facili- ties for developing its agricultural resources, but help to make Little Falls by reason of its manufacturing, a centre of considerable importance. It has important hydraulic power, which is more or less improved, and at Little Falls important manufacturing establishments are in operation. It is a thriving county, and its advantages are such that it must increase 81 both in population and wealth, and its valuations should be revised at least as often as once in two years. St. Lawrence County. St. Lawrence county is bounded on the north by the St. Lawrence river, on the east by the county of Franklin, south by the counties of Hamilton and Herkimer, and westerly by the counties of Lewis and Jefferson. It is emphatically a frontier county, having a longer frontage upon the State line than any other county in the State. Its surface, except a nar- row strip along the river, is mountainous, broken and hilly, and more than two-thirds of all its acres are unimproved and covered to a large extent with forests that no probable system of public works will bring into mar- ket, except by slow degrees. It lies on the northern slope of the great northern wilderness, and more than a million of acres of its lands partake of the general characteristics of that region, and the same remarks applied to other sections of it, apply equally well to this portion of the county. A strip of land bordering upon the St. Lawrence river, and from twenty to thirty miles inland, embraces all the valuable and improved lands of the county. The soil, here, is well adapted to the spring grains and to grass, ^.nd compares favorably with any second class count}'^ in the State, and would bear an assessment upon its farm lands of not less than $20 per acre, whilst the balance of the county should not be rated higher than one dollar per acre. It has immense hydraulic power, practically inexhaustible, and not sur- passed by any other county in the State, not even excepting Erie or Niagara; but at present, it, in most instances, runs to waste. At some fu- ture day it may become a manufacturing centre of great importance. It has good railroad facilities for reaching the eastern markets of New Eng- land, or the southern ones of this State. In its improved portion it is a prosperous and thriving agricultural county, and -its valuations will require a revision once in two or three years. Saratoga County. Saratoga county is bounded on the east by the Hudson river, on the north by the county of Warren, on the west by parts of Fulton and Hamilton, and on the south by parts of Schenectady and Albany counties. The sur- face of its northern and western portion partakes of the general features of the northern wilderness, of which it is the eastern limit, broken, rough and mountainous. Its southeastern part along and near the river has excel- lent land, but generally the soil is poor and thin, and for agricultural pur- poses it is to be ranked as only in the second class. It has much valuable hydraulic power, and by means of the Champlain canal and its railroads, possesses abundant means for their profitable employment. If the contem- plated railroad to Lake Ontario should ever be constructed, it will help still further to its improvement. It is by means of its medicinal springs and its manufacturing, already an important centre to which population is being drawn annually, and its worth is necessarily increasing. Its valuations, however, will not require revision oftener than once in two or three years. [T. C. P.] 11 82 Warren County. Warren county is bounded on the east by part of Washington county and Lake George, on the south by Saratoga county, on the west by the county of Hamilton, and on the north by the county of Essex, Its surface is generally mountainous, broken and rocky. The soil, where cleared of the original forest, is thin, cold, and not naturally fertile or pro- ductive, and is of little value beyond the production of grass. Its cold and uncongenial climate renders its agriculture of little importance; and the cultivation of the spring grains usually makes the farmer but scanty re- turns. It is at best only a third class or dairying county, and one of the least valuable in the State; yet if the contemplated railroad should be con- structed, so that its timber and mineral resources can be developed, the real estate will be much more valuable than at present. The county, how- ever, lays on the eastern slope of the great Adirondac region, and the same remarks in regard to other counties included therein, will apply to this county with equal force. It will increase very slowly in population and wealth, and its valuations will require revision not oftener than once in five years. Area, Population, Agricultural Valuations and Commercial Routes. This group is 24 per cent, of the surface of the whole State, and embraces an area of 10,047 square miles, whereof there are : Improved, square miles 2,880 Unimproved do 7)167 The proportion therefor, is : Improved 29 per ot. Unimproved 71 do Reduced to acres, at 640 acres to the square mile, and there are: Improved acres 1,842,990 Unimproved acres 4,786,660 Total acres 6,639,650 The improved is 29 per cent, of the whole, or 29 acres only out of every 100 are improved. The proportion of improved land of the group, to the improved land of the State, is 13 per cent. POPULATION. The aggregate.population is 329,385. There being no incorporated cities in the group, it is divided as follows, viz: Rural 189,306 Village 140,079 Total 329,385 The proportion of each is : Rural 58 per cent. Village 42 do The density of the population is, total population to total area, 33 per- sons to the square mile, or one inhabitant to every 19 acres of land. Of the rural population there are 17 to the square mile, or 38 acres of the whole area to each person. The aggregate population to the aggregate 83 improved square mile is 114 persons, or dropping fractions, six acres to each individual. But the aggregate rural population to the square mile of improved land is 66, or 11 acres to each person, which makes the average number of improved acres in each farm 66. The cash valuation of farms, stock and implements, by the State census of 1856, was: Cash valuation of farms... $70,830,044 do of stock 11,713,835 do of implements 2,776,998 Total value of capital invested in agriculture $85, 31 9,877 The average value of farms, stock and implements per acre, improved, is: Farms, per acre $38 00 Stock, do 6 00 Implements, per acre 1 50 $45 50 The whole average farming capital invested is Farms $2,508 Stock 396 Implements. 99 Total invested $3,003 The aggregate value of all the real estate in the group is : Farmlands .- $70,830,044 Villages and corporation 8,800,000 Non-resident 1,000,000 Total $80,-630,044 The principal villages are Ogdensburgh, Saratoga Springs, Malone and Little Falls, each of which have the elements of progressive increase, both in population and wealth. The total miles of route for commercial traffic is 516, as follows: Railroad 318 Canals 87 Lake Ill Total miles 516 The proportion of square miles of area to one mile of traffic route, is one mile of these public routes to nineteen square miles of surface. The valuations of real estate by the State Assessors, and of personal es- tate by the town assessors, upon which the report of the Board of Equaliza- tion was based, for the years 1862 and 1863, are as follows: Farm lands $55,082,165 Village and corporation real estate 8,800,000 Total real estate $63,882,165 personal 9,009, 140 Total personal and real estate $72,891,305 The details are tabulated and shown in table B, of the appendix to this group The banking capital in 1861 was $2,103,525, The details are tabulated in table C; of the appendix to this group. 84 DISTRIBUTION OF FARM LAND. Pasture, acres 769,468 Meadow, acres 523,730 Total acres in grass 1,293,198 The proportion of acres in grass to the whole area of cultivated or im- proved land is: Pasture '• 42 per cent. Meadow 28 do Total percentage of grass 70 do Thus we see that seventy acres of every hundred of the improved land is either in pasture or meadow. Spring wheat, acres 54,982 Winter wheat, acres 9,333 Oats, acres 159,614 Bye, acres 25,873 Barley, acres 7,243 Total acres in white straw crops 257,046 Buckwheat, acres 34,484 Corn, acres 82,950 Peas, acres 11,684 Beans, acres 1,863 Total acres in fodder crops 130,881 Potatoes, acres 41,214 Turnips, acres 622 Total acres in roots 41,736 Flax acres 561 Hops, acres 1,319 Market gardens, acres 295 Total acres in commercial crops 2,175 ^ 431,837 Total acres under cultivation, exclusive of pasture and meadow, 431,637, or 24 per cent, of the whole area of improved land; leaving a fraction, about six per cent, of the improved lands unaccounted for, but which are included in orchards and errors of census. The proportion under cultivation in the group to the whole imprmred land of the State is 13 per cent. VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. Hay, tons 455,636 $3,645,088 Grass seed, bushels 15,140 30,280 Spring wheat, bushels 524,557 655,696 Winterwheat, do 56,347 70,436 Oats, do 3,054,392 916,318 Rye, do 256,282 205,026 Barley, do 118,079 94,463 Buckwheat, do 314,532 157,266 Corn, • do 1,552,042 1,241,633 Peas, do 158,112 146,490 Beans, do 21,199 42,398 Total grain product (bushels) 6,058,542 Potatoes, bushels 2,919,157 729,789 Turnips, do 66,825 6,683 Total roots (bushels) 2,985,982 85 Flax seed, bushels 6,623 9,785 Flax lint, lbs 556,585 55,658 Hops,lb3 .; 970,203 97,020 Apples, bush 1,043,658 104,366 Cider, bbls 24,379 24,379 Market garden value of products 20, 127 Total value of vegetable products «. $8,255,898 The average annual value of the vegetable products per acre of the im- proved land is $4,41 per acre. The average annual product of grain upon the improved acre is three bushels. ANIMALS AND VALUE OF THEIR PRODUCTS. Neat cattle, total number $290,456 Under one year • 40,732 Over one year, exclusive of working oxen and cows. . 78,533 Working oxen - 17,366 Cows 153,825 Horses 70,773 Mules 121 Sheep 295,063 Number shorn 225, 360 Reducing the sheep to an equivalent of horses or cattle, being regarded as seven to one, and they are equal to cattle 42,152 Whole number of neat cattle, or their equivalent in horses and $403,502 The whole number of improved acres to each head of neat cattle is forty- five, and to each cow twelve acres. The proportion of cows to the total stock is thirty-eight per cent., and to all the cows in the State fifteen per cent. ; but of the neat cattle of the group the proportion of cows is fifty-three per cent. Swine under six months old 52,663 Swine over six months old 54,237 Total swine 106,900 ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR VALUE. Wool, lbs 775,773 $310,309 Butter, lbs 11,015,800 1,662,370 Cheese, lbs 11,884,219 1,188,421 Milk, galls , 208,287 16,663 Poultry, value sold 76,729 Eggs, value sold 115,325 Total value of poultry and products $192,054 192,054 Total value of animal products, exclusive of animals sold $3,369,817 To this sum must be added for the value of swine over six months old, which represents the surplus sold, 54,237 head, at $10 per head 542,370 Also the value of cattle killed, as these would be the product of the locality, 20, 014 head, at $20 per head 40, 280 One. third of the cattle over one year old may be assumed as sold exclusive of those killed for beef, 29,266 head, at $20 per head, 686,320 One-tenth of the whole number of horses are assumed to be sold annually, 7,700 head, at $30 per head 231,000 Annual number of sheep sold equal to one-fourth of whole num- ber, makes 73,766 head, at $2 per head 147,532 Total animal products $4,876,319 As this is purely a dairy and grazing group, the products of animals rep- resent the surplus products of its agriculture, except in wheat, flax seed 86 and lint, and in hops and barley. All the other vegetable products are represented in the animal products. Its surplus agricultural products will be as follows, viz: Total animal products $4,876,319 Flax seed and lint 65,443 Hops 97,020 Barley 94,463 Wheat 726,132 Total surplus products of agriculture $5,859,44S Which is |3.n per acre for each of its improved acres. The average number of acres of improved land to each farm being 66, it follows that the average annual surplus of the farm is $209.88, or not far from 6| per cent, upon the capital invested in the farm. Throughout nearly the whole of this region the population present appearances of thrift and prosperity, especially in the agricultural portion of it, near the great lines of traflBc. AGRICULTURE. In its agriculture, this group must ever remain a purely grazing district. In St. Lawrence county, along the borders of the river, and inland for some twenty or thirty miles, spring grains may be grown to some extent, though not profitably as compared with dairy and grazing. In some favored localities in Franklin and Clinton, and in the southeastern corner of Sara- toga county, and in that portion of Herkimer county south of the Mohawk river, some spring grains may also be grown. But a primary or granitic region does not furnish a grain growing soil. Yet when properly managed, it becomes valuable for pasturage. The vast tract of forest which now covers nearly 75 per cent, of the surface of this group, is being slowly removed. The means of transport- ing timber and wood to markets are being improved and enlarged, and as long as fuel and lumber bear the remunerating prices they do now, the forest will disappear rapidly in the more accessible portions, and the land thus cleared if judiciously managed, will soon produce annual returns in the profit of its pasturage. A serious mistake has been made heretofore in management of the new lands of this group. The temptation to seed the newly cleared land with grain, as long as it could be made to produce even a scanty crop, could not be resisted by the needy pioneer, and the result has been the land has become so completely impoverished that the third crop has usually exhausted the vegetable mat- ter of the soil, not even grass, or any other vegetation which would support animal life, has been produced, and the land remains worthless for any pur- poses of cultivation, for it is not in the power of the farmer to furnish the manure necessary to renovate the hungry soil. The true method to be pursued in regard to the lands over nearly all this group, is to seed them down to grass and white clover with the first crop after being cleared. The vegetable matter then in the soil will aid in pro- ducing a strong turf, which becomes the more valuable the longer it remains. In the counties of Dutchess and Putnam, they have pastures upon their rocky hills which have been in grass for fifty, sixty, and in some 87 instances, nearly or quite a hundred years, that the owners would not have plowed up, if such a thing were possible, for any reasonable consideration, so valuable have they become by reason of the richness of the food thus furnished to their cattle and sheep. The true policy of the farmers in this region, where the land is newly cleared, is to lay it down to grass as soon as possible, and to make their meadows and pastures perpetual. By so doing, valuable sheep walks may be established, and an otherwise forbidding farming country, by reason of its climate and soil, becomes comparatively prosperous. The great value of this region, after its forests have been converted to lumber, will be in its mines, which are now only partially brought to light. It is already known that iron ore of the richest quality abounds to an inex- haustible extent. Galena has been found, and it is not improbable that silver and other valuable ores will yet be found abundant in its rugged mountains. Chance or science may yet divulge its hidden treasure, and though its soil can only support a very sparse population, the contents of its subsoil will fill it with thriving, populous towns. In the distribution of its improved land, we have seen that 10 per cent, is in grass, whereof 42 per cent, is pasturage. 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C^ Cq 1-1 S-J 01 (M C^ 1-1 i-i rl CO CO •<:t0I.Ot-00n«2(M-r(Hi— lOiO-^t-^OCCCO-* c^cocO'C^l■^Cii>• -*ONT*^c>(^^co?^T— ib-rHooocoaooo-^iM ioc:>coc:>^^ooi— lOui^a^r-ccc^cococooccq COC^TtldcOOO'rfl^-^ CCCOCO^H,— (rt— ■»110>0-*t-iO'^rJ(^l'^irSr-l rr^ p a o O a a -<« C>OC>OOW-:jh?SOOCCS0cHHP^ M 3 111 cO'<:t-c:>"^c• CO 1-1 ri t- r-i M e<5 rH M T-H W a »rt«Ot^05CO*^C^-^«Ou^^^i I lO -!!)< ^ TtHccco'Ot^t~CiTj#COl— ItMCO-"*?— I03 •^T— l(^^'3Dco(^^cooioo2^-a)o•:t-■oa>cD•* iO^-CCC>T— fCOr-^OOOCOCOCOOicriC/JCOi— ICO «OMu:5j>.Mi— (M"*c:5-^'>^Mco'00i— icocit r- <1— f— 'COCOCOOC^iOOiOOiC^iOOSCO r-tOCOOCOC~>aii—(Oit--«*COTj< ■^COMiO'»i(I>.OCOCO^^CO-^SOt~COCOrHOO »0OC0O3C^rHiO0i0ii0CC(MOr-<^0C0C0»0 1— iOC9^-COOO.— c<=>'^C.iOi— l-<^^-i; cs jd j3 ja o filling .a ^ 112 <5 ca f— I C^CS t-i COOT C^'^iMr-'CSi— iT-'-^ ■ ■^a^rco'-'^icococTsosCii— 't-*c;cicccc C^ 1— 1— * 'O Ci^ -(^ CO l>-i>-OOeOCiCO"^Oi5001r^C^OiCltC-*9'->Oi— I'nj'r—ii-HCC m s I «!l J fp s oO'^cC'^O'^iocoascocc^-iocooMtot* - CS O O COt-ie<(r-ie<3i-(050«'0'-HC»oco ' O^ CX) "^ OS ' -, _ , ^ lO CO 00 ^O ' ^•^rH'^C^lr-COOCOT— tt^C^ODCO-^-^tO^ «0C0C0»O'^'^»O»OT-J00t*C<|i^i0s0»C0t^O C0?Cl:^^^Oi0t--0lc0CiJ:^O»— C0 O 00-* 5D o 2 O CO o Som-H . CO CO tc O3i-o -o o co^ o CO (>j t~ 00 'i' ■* • CO O OO OS 00 CO O . lO C< >« Or— i-^OO^O^OOr-tCOC^rHt^ M ■* CD lOOOOe^eOCOCOtOOtO'OCOOsOtDOtOOO o coSoto ot-t~tc CD CO CO ^ eg o;^o^ M CO M r-H (M t- lO t- (M t~ ■* CO I-H i^- O SS-COOOCOCOcDCSItOOOCOCOOOt-J-^gCO ■<*oooo.o, i-HOt- r-l rH r-4 M lOwO^O^IM'd't-IMOCO.OIM-^'Oe^COt- t-t-OOtDCOMCO.-HCO^O'ncO^'OCOC^ OCOi— COCrsi-t-C5.-H00050(r^t-'OCOt-Ur- «oe^^t-co [T. C. p.] S 3 fl ^"5 g c3 3 C O 5 3 3 C 3 ■2^'Slsll.S • -^5 c3 ft a 15 114 r3 a o O o 2 b' o tD-#co t— t rHi— trHr-*r-tt-ii— (i-H ?-H C5 CO CO r-l o 2 TO O a to o a 10,803 89,122 6,200 56,358 52,820 2.122 13,133 1,173,085 192,192 6,795 31,026 184,108 116,425 125 18,756- 2,567 36,590 40,554 CO 9 » 1,044,977 40,896 1,717,484 1,198,361 7,861 1,212,544 708,679 2,038,392 2,819,459 1.896,741 2,087,594 3,311.114 975.461 32,168 203,329 50,357 60,128 823,105 CO CO IM Cm P4 1,700,755 1,753,417 1,957,183 3,389,837 924,645 3,990,564 2,379,257 1,866,132 3,949,608 1,675,515 1,840,-300 3,912,176 2,036,174 798,953 1,976,129 1,365,783 1,645,947 1,3.33,948 CO CO CO Oi CO 00 CO Cows. Number killed. C^ r-l ^IMCO-*50COOOi-ieC«0-^ covoi— 'uriiooot-J^.'O'jjioo-^O't— icco^coco C<5 CO T^ T?rH CC rn'co M cq rH 00 CO r-l t^C^i-T C^ o 4) « a. o OOJ^^IMCOCOCOOO^r-H^C^IcOi^COOCfttD r-lOD<^J:-'OC:>C^OiOOa5CriC:>cDi-^COCi«DCO 0«OC<<.*lM-*<0>r-IC7STflOOr-|.'o M irt -sjiio CO oi lo m CO rH rH rH r-l CO rH 00 CO r-l 3 o H C<^"*0500rHrH050^CO-*C<^(M■*CO,*^^-QO CO-*CCOi005l:~cO.*.*(MeOJ:^OOOtO.*Ttl COO-^COCncOSO-^C^Jr-CiOOi-lO^COOOO J^- ir- CO CO o cct~ >no5a5-.*j^c. CO W2 H O Allegany Broome Chautauqua Chenango Erie Lewis Oneida Schuyler Tioga ... Wyoming H 115 oo^«ol^^T^lo»ooo50fO!D^~lOo<:o^•lrto I Pi o o ( r-t iH W r-l I 00 >0 lO "O -.-, - - _ _. ._!»— CCOt— 1 ^ lO CO C5 CD 1 r-- Tt rl r-( icooojcqcc.— tooO'^!— ii es p-( CQ t-i CS CO -3 t> ft C^ i-c»^CiC^'^t-'<4^u:5i— '*^ OOC0'050C^e<)00O00-*'»»10Di— liOiOCO«5 00G0J:^r^C"?0iC0OTl-CC>O>OCOt-t- C^ 00 CO rH -O C> < I ■* 05 CO 00 03 to (M Tj«^iM03t~-^tocccoecoo 1-i 1-4 «0 M lOOOlMOtDOOlXOOOOOSe^tDOOO^ ^^iO^Hr^CC5000<:DC^«0'OC^ — ■OiO^^C'^ OOOtDOOrHJt-1— li-eO-^i^CCt-MOOOM o o o o o o o CO o o o o o o o o >o o " o CC CO C50'OOC30'OOOC:'0<0'OOOC3tO<0 <=)OC?.3'^>C5o ^0)C3<0^^<0C^O0'0't^O<^'0OO0JO eOt>.iOO'Our5T3'C50CC'Oi=00<=>0>00 i-'C^r-iCOMi-li-'-^CO e^-*COr-i i>- -^ o 0'0000000O<=' 1— rHi-HC^IMr-IMCSM COCSr-1(Mr-ICS^CO Oi O C-J O I— ' 05 CO I lr-l?O^^COiOOGOl 1-H^^,— icc:)C005*<:t'C0t— •^(MCOCOMCO y ? W) ?„ J ^oS 2 a CIS oc2-s;3^ S = 3 SiS^S o 117 s; OH ^: I; ^ ^ a. -to oooooooooooooooo )»0TfC<)OC00i00cDOlr*00c0C^C5^C^ 1r-ie<i-i(N(M-I i-l o o o o o o OC0OO0><00C0'OOC3O!S i:^ocooc>c^T— tc^o •oeoMi— i-*t-i— u;-^-T-( e^-^co ^^ O CO CO o o> ^ 1 3 § g S 2 § g c ^ .IS' 2 s 2 h -g ta g 1 o g ^ „ g a .>> "-^ J- $9,549,224 Add animal surplus 7,993,775 Total value of surplus products of agriculture $17,542,999 128 Which is equal to $6.*I5 per acre of the improved land of the group, making the annual revenue of the farm |40o,00, or nearly 8 per cent upon the capital invested. AGRICULTURE. The agriculture of tliis group may be termed mixed husbandry, as nearly all the land is capable of successful cultivation in wheat, and all the other grains yield profitable returns. The surplus principally depended upon for revenue is grain; winter wheat is the staple crop, and barley is the next most important one. Rye is grown to some extent as a staple, but only in the vicinity of large towns, where the straw forms a profitable product for the market. The system generally adopted by the best class of farmers is to manure as well as tliey can, a clover sod which is turned over for corn, followed by oats and winter wheat, and seeded with clover and herds-grass. Plas- ter is used extensively upon the clover; manure is also applied to the wheat when sown, if it be in the yard; and some farmers pile their manure, which is more or less of straw, in the spring, and cart it upon the wheat when sown in the fall. The animals which are the most generally kept are sheep, horses and hogs. The necessity of more attention to manure has compelled the adop- tion of a system that keeps less land under the plow and more in clover and grass, and cattle are being kept in much larger numbers than formerly; and albeit tlie farmers do make money from their farms, they by no means make as much as they ought with so rich a soil and so great facilities for markets. Their lands do not present the same advantages for permanent pasture as upon a soil less calcareous, more elevated, and consequently more moist. The plan now gradually growing into favor, of abandoning the fallow system, or plowing in a crop of clover for a crop of wheat, and adopting the system of, 1st, corn; 2d, oats; 3d, wheat and seeds, and mowing or pasturing until the clover becomes less luxuriant, is that from which most money can be taken from the land, and its fertility not only maintained but increased. But it can only be made to produce these results in the highest degree by winter stall-feeding, either of sheep or cattle. If the coarse grains be consumed upon the farm, and by their consump- tion with oil meal, the straw and offal of the farm be converted into manure, the clover consumed by the stock in the yard rather than upon the ground, or plowed in as grain manure, a system will be perfected that must add largely to the profits of the farmer, especially if the land be well drained when it is too wet for early cultivation. Much of the land in this group requires draining, and in no other portion of the State can fai^mers better afford to completely under-drain their clay lands. There are certain facts operating upon their system of farming, as here- tofore followed, which it would be well for them to heed. Their vegetable products fetch but a trifle more than tney did twentj^ years ago — perhaps many articles not so much, whereas animals or animal products have nearly or quite doubled in the same time, and many nearly or quite quadrupled. 129 Any system, therefore, wliich does not recognize this great fact, becomes more or less defective in its proper or desired results. The remarks heretofore made in regard to the effect of markets upon agriculture apply to this group with peculiar force, and properly pondered will add largely to the wealth of the considerate farmer. By an examination of the tables it will be seen that sheep are the pre- vailing stock of this group, there being a trifle over two acres of cultiva- ted land to a sheep, while in none of the others does it fall below four, and in some exceeds six acres to one. But it will also be noticed that the dairy is not successful here, for while iu the adjoining group only eleven acres are required for a cow, here it is seventeen to one. Nor is the proportion of land in tillage to that in grass less remarkable, the grass being only forty-one per cent of the improved land, the pasture being twenty-four per cent, and the meadow only seventeen per cent.. Comparing sheep and cows with this and the adjoining, or Vth Group, we find in this group 260 sheep and 37 cows to the square mile of improved land, and in the other 59 cows and 144 sheep to the same surface. [T. C. P.] 1^ 130 % o <. Ah '-S o "-iS C?5 05NM0S0Jt-->#-*'*McC t- ■OiOOiC-. tDOi-(.-l t- r-ICCC^i-i(M05-*r-l-*MC3 -* "5 »OCOr-ncoi>-«0'^ 1- &. OOCCOCOO'OtC'*CV.C-J a ot^^t-o-r'Ot-oocooos t-eoajot~ir5-«j o o H H -^O'^eoooiiot-ir-inco C: e<5C0C0"00O>-ir-c-*!M-* )J (MOMcnt-iOi-HOO^'* o ■< o C0iOt--^OC0 CO C2 00 a i^O-^tCCOCOOOO-^JfOCO (N 050c^cnt-oo(Mct-C3 .^ =M e-l.(MOO(MO>-'COOO(M->i< ■* o Cicot^co— looe^coccco ^ Cat-CCi— lf-Hl>.T-^COO^C3f— " en P. a lr^OCOOO-^-^t^Cr-iasOrt<0>0 ^H r— 1 r-t i-H 1— 1 O fl ta t- H tf o < -73 >OMCOOCOOOOOOOii--(M Oi Cn.-i(;D-^-*C0-*^iO^ t> i>-o^a)oiotcciC5-^>o jccc;eS'0 CO I— ir-1 coco rHCSi— I ClO-CiOlr^l^-tOOC^"^-^ tOCOCOt~COC.COrHOOCq Oi— ir-11— iocoot-ooeo tOi-l-^OirHiOtoe^t-t--* ■^Ot-C^r-IOOs^CS-^CO tOCR'<=>OCDt^t-rHCO-^l- CO CO t~ (M c: 1;- c^ to -* cncoc-ji^-cooioiMiocOi C5Cias^-«:^O<0tD't^i— t^ C5r-.tOr^iO00-^eOit-.ooo-^e90o Oitoosi— ooc35e^it~ioooto i-Ht-oooo loeoi— ic-IOOe ■^OOCii— ICOl— 'r-ii— ie.p .S £ tea ca g >« •-kiv- a a ». «>>.J» 131 .2 o <5^ CCCDO-^cOCOOOOt^tO-TjH «Ou:50CO(M35tJ(,— iiilGOt- iO 00 i-i ■* Oi CD eo 1-1 Tj* 03iOT-O-*r-HOJ00'O-O<=>00rHIMi— It- iOcocOiOt:^CZ>00i:— t--cOiO C^r-(-MtoCSCOr-lT-l SS ICOOOOOtDOCOi— 1>H(MC0 C0IMT-— I M =3 ■^lOtO-HSDiOOOt-OiJr-OO «0u'^07^COC<10sOi-li-(C4 o < B'^ o■»i^■^C5cco cc r-l cOIM^tC*coco-*-*ooeo lO (M o o ^ OS -^ C5 lO CO ^ CO to M C2 CO J>. C^) !;_ O J>- (M to t- C o CO to cs c^ O lO 00 COO'^^COIMOOCCCMOi 0000 I-H i^MOiOSCOiO 3 > .a ■^cDot-ooiocot-mioo tO-^r^CsiOir^TilcO'^OOt ■^tO"^»OC^*— ilr^-^tOt^iO -^J2 tCi iC o S bO 3S-5c'i^Sg5t>,o 132 O 9 ^r-li-lr-II-ll-li-( 1-1 CO o cc lO r-< Ki ri i^ c-< CO o -* t- CO i~- Oi 1= J CO00CO(MTl<;DOlCOC0t:-Oa OC>Ct-.c- o t- M I-H i-H rH C^ (M Cq I-l I-l i^O5COr-4"^Oi00'nC<1C>00 OiOCiCO-^CCJ>-^OCOOO-^ tS^ t*'«^'^i>«iO£— iOtJicOJ>-C0 - otfcv* s o o h-P5i«rOT)aOffCi>«^^ocooGC •«1< €©1-1 rl s > p to (in >< o r-t~05l^-o-^(^^ooe^c<■ m OOiOCCCOCSCC'Ot^CCl^ «o fl lOi-i-^otocococs-^cocr « H PH rl M M MM 1-1 rl — o "t^-^ OMMC-lCOt-OCOMinC > CO o o 31 C5 o iM « 0-- e-j lO t; o S aJooc^ooo-OMOsc: CO iocOf-r■ '■^c^^-.^cooO'— OMM^ C-. 3 ;S COrHOOrHrH'rilOOaCiOiCv 00 M r-l M I-l M M r-l r-l r- »> p- ^ ^ o OCOOCCOOO>OC^«OOr- -* c^oo:oo-*i^o^.— = CCOCO-^Ci-^OCOOSOO-^ CO -s o s o CO^i:^c:C50005iOOiOC 00 s^ •^rjiiOi^-iOr-*— C^OiOCli^ CO fCC<:eQMMCO«5C^lr-l(^^^ooo•<*e<^1-l^r-'!i^(^■ ■* r^r-it^OSCCO>Tj*C5i> r-l 1-1 r-l r-l r-l r-l rl O m ■*cc«ooeg COrlcOOMCCMlMMtOCT ^r-OC5COOCOC3^t-u: > CO ^S 1-lr-lr-lr-ir-lrHr-l r-lr-1 '^ W Z s OQ «o t^ J:-oca CO ^ rl ijl rl " "O i^ 3 n M >> ^ CO M H c • 1 • !3 ga. see igst roc. ara dag rio ms s. "S o H t >c H IS i£ c C C c oc ^ > 135 » S o ^ C-j e^Bijsa iBuosiad jo nop ■Tjni'BAtSiossassv iBOOfj C^r-IIM-*rHeOCOi- O5O100CO— 'C^ioc-^ciiMoo r-lcCOS^-^>00'JDaDOt>- •^•«i<051Mt-05r-(Mi— iOSGJ o <=> o o o o NlMM->#C<5(MCOMMM.-l i^-COr^OOat^OtOOO<^CS ■^OCOCOOtl'^CCIMl-HCCM OJ O •.» bild "^ W fl In O ^ «* 134 1 « S-^ o ^ -sasst! I'BOoi 0^ Sai JO •BUjd^D I9d e^TJ-^ •C98T '^I'c^ -sa yedi pazii^onba JO mid^j* jad 3^'B'a McoccMC^Mccescoe^ic's JO Tsqid'EO a»d e^'B'a ■I98I 'S-iosiAiad -ns oq') A'q paaau^aa SB 'a^E'jsa ^tjuosjgd JO ■B^iduo jad s^'S-n •a 3 O « fi 15 ** ?i. % ^ ^ Ci g CO o e 5^ O CO cr, O CO "oo 00 ^ % K S ?> rs r2 CO CO ?1 CO ^ « « ^ o •l (^ '■« « K e •2^ iT hO <■/-) ^ w CO R r~ 1 V O « f^ sr- « Ci o 1^ '^ «<%. ^ S Oi .5= o ^ S e -^ o Oj r«- .N cc 'c^ « H g.S 1 o CSS 5h "I'B^id'OO^in'Bq JO T3'\idvo Jtad a^'B'jj 'T98I 'siostAiadns Xq paujn^aj sv 'a'ju^ -sa ^TJaj JO uoi^Bu -\VA (Saossassu ^'boo'i •I98I 'I •snsnoD -g 'U Xq 098X ioj uoi^^indoo ^^ ^^'o ta cnco->*'*M>o(Mr-iir- •* M «D t-i Cs CD <0 O c: <=> CQ -*( O ■* CO o ir- 00 -* -* ca >o 1-1 O 1—1 1— I o >o ri ^^ lO t- CO 00 N IM «0 IM CO N ■^ (^5 I— I rl OS 00 CO Oi C5 05 t- Tjt — < M u*3 CO 1—1 ». ■-^ ci coo*—* = '2 a 2 >- O (U .2.2 3 S 5 *= S g o o s ^S a< 6 1> P5 £ ft< m'C) > 2 "9 g P-5, ci =3 a.-43 S 2 bc te o ^ ^ "^ a> o ft— — ».- c3 >- >- . s ce cs S to tc >% c >H u 3 fco tjo.-ts o a 3 P5 <; «< O (In rt P5 136 ^ ■^ s Si. o o ^ t- M C^ M t- o r^ 00 t-o o b- CO 1-H CO t) 5D O O Crt C3 CO o o CO t- t- 1-H t- >o eD Jt~ 00 CO 1^ ■ O O CO CO e> >o r- e-j ^ c/» ^ o o o o^ t~ oi o CO CO t* i- e3 05 CO O o oi CO CI t~ OQ Oi o cs CO o ■ O « 1^ l^ rH CO CO O 05 t- CO o t^ o t- o o o o o o o 1 o (M = CO O O CO co iM o to M o o o 1 o 1 o o CO 05 o o o o 1 t- 00 M O ^ 00 IN 1 C5 o e M r-( O ■* o <=> o CD i>- tc^ CO <=> CO o» (M CD O O CD o o o 1 o 1 CD CO O o CD O O CD 00 00 rH 00 (M e^ -^ 1 00 1 i^ -ijH CO o O CO i~ o o CO 00 O I-H 1 > CO o> CO Jr- €^ «0 C-0 t- >« lO - -* rH t- IM O CS o C^ o -)* o • -* o o o 1 o O 00 C5 oc o 1 CO CO rH l« CO CD C» 1 CO 1 •O CO »o C5 CO 'K o o • o 0> Cs Oi <=* > CO ^^ i>- €& ^ CO o • CO >0 CO 1 => 1 CO J;- t- CO CO o • 00 1 - M O r^C^ o o CO * w ^ 1 ^ 1:^ .-I CO Ir- m €© ^ ! €/* CO ^ -^ CO o o o o CO o o CO CO Ci CO 1 CO i>- CO 1>- - O O rH 1 rH L-- t~ J:~ CO r^ o o t- 1 .-H t~ l-H 05 c 5 O rH rH T^ 0> CD c^ 1 lO o ^ o o -» C CD ^ 1-5 T-H C^ CO m 0? r- O O c P O CD M 00 t^-ctl Oi oc o o 00 •N »\ M >0 t- lO C^ I-H 00 i-O o -* C<) c^ cs 5 o m \ CO t- ^ t~ o o o o CD O O CD c 2 O <=J O 00 o CO CM 1 o e^j 00 o CO o o CO c 5 O O O -.^ O C2 o 1 •* o o -* -H t- rH o c C<1 O O -* >o C CO o <= CO CO (M CO IM JO O rH lO o o o »r> >0 rH 1> 03 O <= en D 1^ (M O e-5 .O CD ■^ (M c= C T-H C^ S s (M <=> C -=*< *\ '^ O CD CO ■<* l-H -> ! 60 .!3 o : : : ™ '2t)'|< c o 2 a 2 <» >. 3 4 t a • < a • r4 > _, : : : § • • • .9 : : : 3 : ; i 1 ... «* capital emplo stock employ implements e: c 5 a 1- s C 1 e3 O -♦J ! 'S. ' c3 ; . . c : : : «« • • • M Cm Ci-i Cm o o o -*a -*^ -.a c 2 g£ ; t C l4 ; • a- ■ o * 1 t • • . o ... p» (3 c a CJ a iO o a a * f 1 i cS o a a ^ =s *■ \ TO 1) * 1, -ape > ^ 4 CS > ^ : :l 3 Vl h IH « O o • 5 3 t H ^S-£ c! > J5 « ? % ^ < •< : :a ^ fcfl M M I4i 1 af ^ Ti-^£ c9 ce ca ^ b. IH i. L >^ B 2 c* a> o u p 3 (i si It/ 3 1 s % 1 -i — §2 a ■3CQI-H >> 137 o s P 8 I •2 "^ 8 I s I [T. C. P.] o o» os . i-( O IN N 1 M "i" o ^ to lO i-H II ■^ o o O C2 O-w 00 »;::$ >o CO e^ to cc -* 00 ^ o • T— < i-H IM • Ir- O 00 CO ■•# M 1 "i M M 'tl lO o o ':!< CO CO e3 5C >-l t- Oi CO CO 1 M • CO CO o •<* CO 00 IM « ^ ■* CO 05 oi ^ CO o t~ -^ ^ •**- 1-1 eo CO 05 ,-( r-l O to t- to t- 'O CO C^ r-H •* lO to M cn l-H CO e-1 rH , -* T-H >o O r-l (M CO -^ CO M O r-( ':»< C^) 1:- > to CO o IM m «: 00 m CO -* O OS OS t- to CO cq i>- CJ CO CO «5 >o r-H -X> CD t:^ t^ lO CC C<1 o 1:- N o -* -^ C5 I-H T-H CO o t- 1> -* CO o — r-l II to CC O CC IM 00 o 00 IC ■<* M i-H 05 t- to to to C.-5 crs •* e^ t- CO 1- o a> to -* i~ >o eq t- o CO «c o C5 CO CO > -a< CO CO to IM C2 CO t- to 1~ O c< M r^-i to ■"* o -^ -* to 00 3> 0~ 00 O CO 05 IM r-i OC OS oo<= oo 1-1 rl <=> CO ■^ 00 <= ^ IM ■* IM to DO C- c^ CO CO to o a» ^r^ . ec o- 1> »o CO 00 CO -* C" 1— 1 CO «o "* )-l w C^ •"* tH ■" os <= o i» -# CO (X fc^ f_ m -- i^- i-O i>- T-- C- ■"*< 00 t- t: M CQ o- to T3 13 • S 1 n o 02 2 1-3 a< 1— ( a S <» W o P3 s < u m t= eS c3 O" Q fl M OQ d a 12! 1 03-3 a s S ^ a ft ca o C3 »<„ c 1- c^ ^ . II 0> c s ; 1 ent of tot ent of im uved acre: Total ac erage size o sture, acres sadow, acres 1 o3 c- •S.= = 1 I.J O O fc. 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(M -* lO lO >0 >0 02 0 CX) 00 00 O 5D 50 00 t- CiOC^C^^COOS ^HO^OOCO C^Oi— l>OeDCO'^>«00«OMr-l lO^-OOiCOl:— OOCOi— 10^>0 M 05 ^ OS .-I t- -* to >rt t- O (M CO OS IM CO ■>* lO ^H t- C^ -<«H to CO CO N C5 C5 IM Tjt 1-1 CO O 05 M lil 1= C5 ■>* t~ CO to « t- 00 CO OS (M <0 CO CC QO "O lO C5 — o to to •* lO Ir- IM r-l OS i^ CO OS t^ ^ t~ en ^H i;- t-. T— < lO iO OS 1-H c^ -. ^ -> €» •^ ^^ to r-< Tj( t- 00 05 CS -^ CO <=> t-^ 00 00 to CO 'd* •O •<* O CO N CO .-I OS cq -^ M o M lO CO "O r- tJ< CO »0 CO ^H I— I CO CO to OS '^ t- CO 00 t- r-l 00 r-l I 00 •>* CO t- 00 O t- CO 1— I CO O O 1-1 00 ■TS « *= O CS O °* C "" Kl g § >sM o2 TO ® ■^ TO «5 TO M p > •^ o TO • ^ S • -3 * -- tJ TS -^ „ J 11 ■ :: ■ 'W C) t« O © Ci< S C3 m " "^ .*J 142 TABLE G. Animals to square mile of improved land. Groups. KINDS. II. III. IV. V. VI. State. Total neat cattle Under one year old Over 1 year old, exclusive of working oxen and cows . . . "Working oxen Cows Killed for beef Horses Swine under 6 months old.. Swine over 6 months old .... Sheep Total cattle, or their equiva- lent in horses and sheep . . . 24 9 50 108 704 36 46 76 811 76 10 16 9 41 9 20 41 22 144 116 115 17 29 8 62 11 26 34 27 112 157 100 14 27 6 53 7 2t 16 17 102 138 104 16 32 7 59 8 25 17 22 144 149 85 15 29 4 37 7 35 28 35 260 157 100 15 28 7 60 10 28 29 28 140 148 TABLE H. Showing percentage of general crop to each Group. KIND OF CROP. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. 00 4 2 5 00 2 6 7 13 6 3 00 00 02 2 11 40 1 9 13 2 5 14 12 31 00 06 2 16 35 4 34 11 15 7 13 20 30 54 25 1 12 8 4 13 3 18 9 19 12 9 13 57 20 38 10 30 31 32 35 27 30 36 7 30 10 71 Oats 21 Rve 2 61 11 36 23 39 18 Hay 17 20 3 143 C3 •1981 JOJ •9^'B^Sa 1^91 JO uci!)'Bnii5A jSaossassy 9^i5:}g JO a^'cSaiSSy OS t- to US r-l ■»* 1-1 CO O i-l 1-1 i-H M -* N = O O ■ '^ rH r-l 1-1 < t~ec^'oe^(MO icOC^t-OOCOi— icO'^r)(Tl<00 T-it-'^o ^ •sai^io JO a^'B^sa ^-caj eq? jo noi^ -■BniBA ^saossessy o^^^g CO = o> 0> =2 O ooooooocoooooooo o>c5C?CDO'C:>c^oc:>c:>:oc:>o>o>c;o> 'OOC?^C2OOC>C20)O> (^ <=: *■* ^ O Oi o C" ooa3<=>'^oc3t-oooc<^NCC'0'^ccoooco •spu'Bx raj'Bj JO noi'j'Biii'BA q%vS&iSSy -^ -^co . "" •^ «0 Ir- c >fii OS t- < 1—1 m .ooooco>rsoa>ot--TtH— ^COr^ir— OiCi0CiO>ir~0:)»OCOo^^o^x:^C'i:^"S^ocOT^co^t— 'CC'ir^cot^i— ti^-co oo"— ^rH'r-^5o"cro CC ^^-C0O5^-00•^00t^^O■. Ir-C^CCOOCOCO eoco'<*oOTi05«<5c, • ~ ^tD\ s a aisa4S'S-><-Sp. 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(M !>. oo ocoo^occo^i^-ccci^^c» r-'O^O-^CS'OOO?— *CCCCCOr-ir^CDOOC»cccocr)ccooo^coo- •OJOTJ .lad spm3X rnjTJj jo saouj 60 g O t>C>H C fl S3 iH b is4o^iili|f||t ^ o o u © ■ ►^ S S S ;z; a; O O O O O O O Pi C?Ph PS5 P5 OQ OQ CO QQ OQQQ 145 MO-*COCC-*-*M«OOOOOC» CJ N i-i e^ e<5 i-i «o oojooootoomooo oooooo^ooooo 000<=>000>00<0'=0 OOOOiOiOMOOOOUfl Cq 1-1 i-H C* iH *« e* CO OJ r-i rH rHOTjHSOOOCOi-lTCtOCOrHOO ^OitftODT-Ht~0>iOi-HT--^CO coi-Ht~ ca d a » ^"S fl :.S [T. C. p.] 19 146 .'e ■^ e.5 ^.^ 5S a^ ^. « < 'a ^11 C-i C1 Ci -^ tto ;::; G "4^ & <3 1i % 53 ~% C3 O iD o ^ CO ?: C^-lt~l>.Q0 • e^iiocaccoc^o-^i-HOiC^iosco NTHe-C^r-Hl:^CiCO^>-HCO<3>O^CiOCi |-^(M'^C0'0 0iC5?O^0C0-«OcpiOC■§ a ^ o g <^ ^-^ J; o fl p (U © *j _d tn Q o (M -o C50'<='ooO'C>0' <=?O>C5C^<3C'C>OO'CPC5C><^C3:^O>CDC:)O><0>O'OO''OC>C>'OO> ^i0OOOOOO0>0iO'OC'O r-i r-t cq C^ CO C^ rH i-H (>» -^.3DCOCO»-Hir^^OOC'lCC'— ^C01>'CCrH050U^OOt>OJ:--::tiOiOOC:>OOCOr---CX^"^'--*'^C0I:^OC^I^-'^'^C5t0r-'t>>C^L'^OiOC^C^C^t*t-C5:0>^ CO rH Oi C<) «D CO 1 C>C50C5>fiiO'^0'OCOO>001^ o o o o o o o o o o o o 00C300000 iOir50C^(MOOOOC30«0 o o >o cs <=> o o o = o <=■ o <=; o c= o "O es lO o •^e^ooOi-ioooot^Oi-i (>5 o OS lO lO CS <=> <=> o O OlO — o 0*+»OO^iO>Oi— li— < rt CO Ci ^ o o o o o o o c^ o o o C-- o >o CO o o ^ lO >o ^COO^C^OOiOt— 'COCC<0 r^ o t- o o CO r- >0 io >n ■O -# eii cc o iM o co C^ 02 C<) 1-4 iH o 1-( c.'O^C0r-lcD<:0 CO c^ CO <=> o OS CO i-i t~ *- o 00 -* »- OS r^ >-i 1-1 O m r-< T-l M Irt 00 m CI CO o m o ■T)< lO t- M «o «o >o ^ ■>* r-l irs CO 00 OS 00 c^ •^ •n ?D i-H .-( eo i-H fH e^ i-l to r-l C« O I-H lO 1-H •* T-H -i s^ Bi ^1 > S !^ 149 Ifl O CO rH t^ M 00 rH 00 efl OS -* rH II *- o e^ • M o *- CO ■»i< OS m OS OS CO e< CO lO o o tn CO «o -*< CO e<» <£ r- ■o OS CO *- OS »- fr- m r- M eo fH fH CO CO « >n r- OS eo CO OS -^ 00 •«J< lO <=> ■^ s OS t- CO t- lO CD OS 00 Co ■^ 1- ■* OS o o OS ^ o CO O >o t- >n I-H OS <=> ■^ o -11 eo fr- rji 1— ( 00 00 00 OS OS M CO o CD m >n 09 ec e<3 ■^ M CC OS »o o OS fH M OS A>| 1H »- o C<5 >o lO O >* rH OS rH o T-H OS 00 <=> rH *- I- N W CO C^ ■n CO o O O ■># O N OS t~ in O CO cq t- CO m ■^ Jt- OS 00 t- r-< •^ m fr- Jt- o oa OS cn tH CD r-l w fr- rH c< 00 co •<* » l> OS xra OS JtT ee c5 -* e< o oa e^ lO >r OS OO i- e^ fr- o CO CO rH OS 00 ■^ OS •^ rH T- in *- 1-\ OO OS CO ■* r-l c^ e^ fr- tr 1-^ O! c^ o e^ *- o> ifj ec e^ in ^ <= e^ OS ■^ CD 00 e^ •<* t- rH ty iH « •* CD oc ■^ ^ OS t- in rH t- t- ■^ p; *- CH r- O ! e^ r^ ■* T-{ m ■«* t- 09 •<* ■^ a c; OS e<5 r- li" <= os t- c- ■^ fr- oc o- o- o- OS «■ cc ta ec er ee o- lO Dl r- OD e»- S O- OS cc oc ec CC •* M •^ e^ 00 ■^ in ir- CO e a s- c 1 1 1 i: M l-l X X e 1 • i c 1 t \ 4 1 t- c c ^ » a a 2 ' i o i 1 e s c ec a 1 J : 1 i - s .5 4 1- ' c U C f 1 c * Q C > a i ^ i a 2 £ 3 H 1 i 1 1 * I < i t- i 3 (J 2 4 '■ < INDEX. Page. Resolutions passed by Executive Committeo of the New York State Agricultural Society. . 5 Letter to Colonel B. P. Johnson ". 5 Prcfa'ce 5 Introduction 6 Chapter I 8 Boundaries of State 8 Geography, Topography and Division of State into Agricultural Groups by Counties • • 8 Area of 8 Surface of ^ Drainage of 1*^ Counties of, divided into groups H Groups 12 Proportion of, to State area. ; 12 Chapter II 1"^ Markets, and facilities for reaching 13 Facilities for transportation.. 15 1st, local or public highwways 1^ 2d, general or commercial routes 1'' Chapter III • 18 Population, classified 18 Density of • 18 Distribution of improved land 19 Animals, their number 22 Animal products 23 Chapter IV 25 "Value of real and personal estate 25-27 Valuation, modes of 25 Agriculture, relative to groups 29 Chapter V ^^ Group 1 33 Kings and New York counties 34 Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties 35 Area, population, agricultural valuations, commercial routes of trafiSc 36 Statistics from census of 1855 41-43 Digest by State Assessors for Board of Equalization 44 Chapter VI ^^ Group 2 , • 45 Brief description of counties composing 46 Area, population, agricultural valuations, routes of traffic, banking capital ... 4S Distribution of land 50 Agriculture 5* Statistics 56-58 Digest by State Assessors 59 152 Paob. Chapter VII 60 Group 3 — Counties 60 Brief description and resources 60 Area, population, agricultural products and valuations, routes of traflBc, banking capital 64 Agriculture of 69 Statistics of 72-74 Digest by State Assessors 75 Chapter VIII 77 Group 4 — Counties, boundaries, &o 77 Description of counties 78 Area, population, agricultural valuations, and commercial routes 82 Agriculture 86 Statistics 88-90 Digest by State Assessors . . . .' 91 Chapter IX 93 Group 5 — Counties, boundaries 93 Description of counties 97 Area, population, agricultural condition, routes of trafi&c, and banking and manufacturing capital 103 Agriculture 107 Statistics 110-15 Digest by State Assessors 116 Chapter X 118 Group 6 — Counties, boundaries, topography 118 Brief description of counties in 119 Agriculture 123 Statistics 130-32 Digest by State Assessors 133 APPENDIX. Table A — Population, aggregate, in detail and in proportion 135 B — Valuation of real estate, Ac, Ac 136 C — Area of groups, Ac 137 D — Distribution of improved land, crops 138, 139 E — Vegetable products, Ac 140 E — Animals in groups, Ac 141 G — Animals to square miles of improved land 142 H — Percentage of crop to group , 142 I — Digest for 1862, 1863 143-45 J — Population, banking capital, Ac 146 K— Manufacture , 148, 149 -A R E P O R T ON THE ^picttlttttal mi #tki; ^mmm OF THK STATE OF NEAV YORK. THEODORE C. PETERS, STATE ASSESSOR. TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE, JANUARY 7th, 1864. L^ ALBANY : VAN BENTHUYSEN'S STEAM PRINTING HOUSK. 1864. - — • ^ > 4^ * t ^'^^. -> " o « o •• -U ^^ '^^ "^j, i^'•\ o *'2>' 6 " ° • i ~ ^ aV ->U V o " o J > s • • » **'*<. ■ ^ s • • A *c>^