s::^^^ H. GAM M ELL. DliAI.KK IN jodts, \\\\]\% IVi'iii'iik Still loiiiT), liiiiii'siila "im, Minei-al S]^eciiiieiis, Judiiiii CTii-i<)sitic\-!, Moccasins, Scalps, Pipes, Bows, Arrows, Quivers, Toma- hawks, Buckskin Dresses, Shirts, Leggins and War Bonnets, ALL KINDS OF liKAI) WORK. MERCHANTS HOTEL, - ST. PAUL, MINN. Ir'ost Oflice ^ValMO N I>, 25 South Second St., 2d floor. ]Millliea poU;^, AriuiL. THE MAGIC NOIITHLAMD. II ILLUSTRJ^TED GUIDE FOR TOURISTS TO THE ^ m EST. EMBRACING DESCPJITIONS OF THE CLIMATE, THE HEALTH AND PLEASURE RESORTS, HUNTING FIELDS, LAKES, RIVERS, WATERFALLS, AND OTHER POINTS OF INTEREST IN MINNESOTA, A¥ISCONSIN AND DAKOTA. ?^ BY A. S. piMOND, EDITOR AND PUBLISHER OF THE TOURIST AND SPORTSMAN. \ -1 ii-'(> j i' MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. HOPPIN, PALMER & DIMOND, PUBLISH|ERS. 1881. ??ldJ-i/, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSi, by A. S. Dimond, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. ^ Seoond Editicn. 35th Thousand. INDEX. A Famous Group, 55 Agricultural College, tis Atrrioult ural Products, 91 Albert Lea, 123 Alexandria, 115 Anchor Mill, 5!) Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, •">« Baid Eagle Lake,.". 10.! Banking Houses, 05 Between IMinneapolis and St. Paul anfl the Dalles of the St. Croix and Lake Superior, 101 Big Medicine Spring, 81 "Big Water," 8,s Boarding Houses, 97 Bridal Veil Falls 53 Bueiia Vista, Building Statistics, 65 Cataract Mill, 59 Cedar Lake 80 Chicago tt Northwestern Railroad Company,. 29 Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha R. R. Offices 75 Chisago Lakes, 105 Churches, 69 City Finances, 65 Crane Island 93 Crown Roller Mill, .56 Dalles of the St. Croix, 108 Dalles of the St. Louis, Ill Deaf, Dumb and Blind Asylum, 32 Duluth. City of, 113 Educational, 31 Educational, 67 Empire Mill, 59 Excelsior, 89 Excelsior Blill, 59 Exemption Laws 33 Extracts from Address of J. Mattocks Brewer, 11 Extracts from Address of J Murphy, M. D.,. . 12 Extracts from Address of Talbot Jones, M. D. 17 Fairview House, O.sakis Lake, 78 Fire Department, 65 Fishing and Hunting on the Upper St. Croix, 125 Forest Lake, 104 Fort Snelling, 84 Galaxy Mill, 59 Goose Lake, 101 Government Lands and How to Obtain Them, 25 Hamline University, 76 Heron Lake, 119 Holly Mill 59 Homes in the Northwest, 25 Home of the Sportsman, 125 Hospital for Insane, 32 Hotels, 97 Hotel Harrow, 96 Hotel St. Louis, 96 How to Reach the New Northwest, 7 Ice Crop, 65 Indians in Minnesota 32 Introductory, 5 Iowa, 128 Iowa City Park, 90 Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, 79 Lake Como, 77 Lake Crystal 121 Lake Elmo, 122 Lake Minnetonka, 87 Lake of the Isles, 80 Lake Park, 91 Lindekes, Warner tt Schurmeier Block, 74 Live Stock, 65 Manufactures, 34 Manufactures, 63 Medicine Lake, so Minneapolis and its Suburbs, 3.5 IMinneapolis Mill, ] 59 ■Minneliaha ]''alls, ''" 32 I\Iinneoi>a Falls, 121 JMinnesota, ' ' . 128 Minnesota Central, Hastings & Dakota and St. Paul & Chicago Railroads, 27 Minnesota Fish Hatchery, [ 77 Minnesota, Its Advantages as a resort tor Invalids, 9 Minnesota University, 32 Minnetonka Lake Park Hotel, % Minnetonka Mills, .59 Miscellaneous, 34. Model Mill '.!.'.'!'.'.!.'.'" 60 New Giltillan Block, \/// 72 New Kelly Block, '. .' .'.'.' ./.,,[ 73 Newspapers, .......'. 65 Normal Schools, 32 Northern Pacific Railroad Company, ....... 30 Northwestern Mill ' cq Old Pilisbury, or "Pillsbury B" Mill,. . .' .' .''"."." 60 Osakis Lake, [' 114 Osceola, .....'.'.'.'.. 108 Other Agricultural Products of 1879,. ....... 31 Palisade Mill, GO Parker's Lake, 80 "Park Region," lU Passenger Steamers, 97 Pettit Mill 60 Phcenix Mill eo Pillsbury "A" Mill, '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. .57 Population " 27 Prices of Wheat during 18d0, 34 Railroads, !!!!'.!! 27 Railroad Lands, 27 Random Sketches of Past and Present,". ..... 61 Reform School, " 30 St. Anthony Falls, 45 St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co., ' .. 51 St. Paul City Market " " " 71 St. Paul it Duluth Railroad, '...'. 28 Saint Paul and Its Environs, " 71 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railroad,. 28 Silver Cascade, 39 Sioux Falls, Dakota, 120 Synop.sis of Game Laws, 128 Spring Park, " 91 Standard Mill, \[[\ 56 State Prison, 32 Street Railways, ,/_ 65 Suspension Bridge, 62 Taylors Falls, 109 The Flouring Mills, '.',[[ 54 The Hermitage 94 "The Land of Promise," 119 The Platform, .53 The St. Croix Valley, 106 The Stillwater & St. Paul Railroad Compa- ny's Lands, 31 The Water Works, .' ; ; 53 Totals of Acreage and Crops of 1879, and Acreage of issii, 34 Trade Steam Mill, 60 Union Mill, 60 University of Minnesota, 67 Unoccupied Lands, 25 Wayzata, 87 Where We Rusticate, 79 Wliite Bear Lake, 99 Wisconsin, 128 Worthington, Minnesota, 122 Zenith Mill, 60 I Introductory. HE nipid development and settlement of the New North- west has attracted capitalists to large and remunerative fields of investment, one of the results of which has been the construction of new lines of railway through sections of Minnesota, Dakota and Manitoba, that were before inac- cessible to the ordinary traveler. By these additional facil- ities for traveling, immense tracts of fertile land have been opened to settlement, and the farmers enabled to reach the markets with their products ; hundreds of beautiful lakes, heretofore comparatively unknown, and many of our rivers, the scenery of which is unrivalled in attractions, are brought v/ithiu reach of the tourist from any part of the continent ; the sportsman has placed before him a land tilled with game of all kinds— a land as wild as nature can produce, yet traversed by the most modem and luxurioiis of traveling equipages, which set him down in the midst of a forest where deer, bear and lynx will give him sufficient I |I|S^^ occupation, or on the vast plains where antelope and buffalo range,. y^^ find when his hunt has ended, return him to civilization. xjJjV*' It is now only necessary to show the attractiveness of this new <^*V^ country fairly to health and jjleasure seekers, emigrants seeking- *^< ^ cheap and good homes, and to sportsmen to increase the tide of trave^ which has already turned in this direction. To assist in this we have compiled tliis "Guide." The information it contains has been selected from reliable sources, much of it having been gathered by the writer during the five years' publication of The: TouiiiST AND Spoktsman, from personal observation. We have endeavored to be- brief so as not to be tiresome, and have rather underrated than magnified the beauty and attractiveness of the country. The pleasure and health to be derived from a,- summer spent at the fore.st-gii't lakes, among the rugged hills, along the rivers, or oni the wonderful wheat farms of the Magic Northland, cannot be overrated ; no lan- guage can exaggerate its attractiveness, and the visitor who spends his summer in. the Northwest will say, "The half has not been told of its wondrous beauty." We have already issued one edition of thirty thousand copies of "Magic North- land," the matter in which was confined to descriptions of Minnesota summer resorts^ In this edition we present additional features of interest, and in subsequent editions shall endeavor to make our information as complete as possible to the time of publi- cation. 2 5 The Ma^ie Nortfiland, pow to gcach the gcw gorthv/c6t. JOUENEY to the Novtliwest, at tlie present time, is accom- panied by so many pleasant incidents that the time seems unexpectedly short, and the traveler reaches his destination almost without fatigiie, and prejDared to attend to business or enjoy the delights of our rural homes. The passenger business has increased to an extent that required the adoption by the railway companies of all the modern improvements for comfort, safety and sjaeed, and perfecting arrangements with connecting lines so as to avoid delays. Through tickets are sold and baggage checked between all prin- cipal stations in the East, South and Soiithwest and Canada, and those of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Dakota and Manitoba. New railway lines in the Northwest are spreading in all directions, several hundred miles having been built in the last two years to afford immigi-ants an oppor- tunity to get lands, and to give them outlets to markets for their ijro- duce. As a matter of fact the Northwest is fully up to the demands of travel in this respect, as will be noted by reference to the railway statis- tics elsewhere in this work. FKOM CHICAGO TO MINNESOTA. There are now three lines of railway from Chicago to St. Paul and Minneapolis, by which passengers are carried through without change of cars, at the same rates of fare and with but little variation in time. Each has its peculiar advantages, and all pass through country rich in picturesque and admirable scenery, and presenting many novel and interesting things to attract the attention. The trains of the line known as the "Short Line," composed of the Chicago, Bur- lington and Quincy, the Burlington, Cedar Eapids and Northern, and the Minneap- olis and St. Louis Kailways, leave Chicago from the Union Depot on the lake shore, and pass through Central Illinois to Burlington, Iowa, thence across the grand prai- ries of Iowa to Albert Lea, Minnesota ; the route from the latter point to Minneapolis l^assing through a rich agricultural district, divided into prairie and woodland, with numerous lakes and streams to vary the landscape. This routed presents to the trav- eler a variety of scenery, passing, as it does, through thickly settled parts of the three great garden States of the West, where all branches of northern agricultural pursuits may be viewed in their best and most ijrogressive phases. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Company operate two lines of railway from Chicago to St. Paul and Minneapolis, from which points their Hastings and Dakota 8 How to Reach the New Northwest. Division extends to the Territory of Dalcota and tlie Far West. By tliis route the passenger is carried through tlie richest portions of Illinois, Wisconsin and Min- nesota, passing tlirough Oconomowoc and other Wisconsin Avatering places. The Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Line traverses a portion of Wis- consin unsurpassed for picturesque scenery, embracing many fine lakes, important lumbering streams, trout brooks, and magnificent forests. On this line are the noted watering places of Geneva Lake, Madison, Devil's Lake, Baraboo, L ike Winnebago, and Sparta. Connecting at St. Louis Avith all leading railways from paints South, East and West, the "Short Line," composed of the Cliicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Bur- lino-ton, Cedar Eapids and Northern, and the Minneapolis ifc St. Louis Railways, form a through line to Minneapolis and St. Paul. This route is from St. Louis via Burling- ton, Cedar Eapids and Albert Lea, to Minneapolis, passing through the finest regions of the West. Arrangements have been made with all leading railwaj^s to ticket and check through, and the passenger makes the journey in luxurious coaches, surrounded by all the safeguards of modern invention. From Omaha and other southwestern points, the traveler reaches Minnesota over the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Line, through a grand and attractive country, where, at some points, vast fields of wheat stretch as far as the eye can see ; and new farms, new manufactories, and new towns may be seen in rapid succession, present- ino- evidences of enterprise peculiar to western people, and not surpassed except by the growing regions of Western Minnesota and Dakota. One of the pleasantest routes to Minnesota during the summer is that from St. Louis to St. Paul bj' steamers on the Mississippi, and many prefer this mode of travel. If one has leisure, it is enjoyable. A trip by the Great Lakes from Chicago to Duluth, and thence to St. Paul over the St. Paul and Duluth Eailway, or to Minneapolis via the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway, forms one of the grandest excursions on the American continent, including, as it does, all the leading ports on Lakes Michigan and Superior. The increase of business by this route has been doubling up, until the demand calls for a large num- ber of steamers. One of the transportation companies has increased its number of vessels to twelve, most of which are first-class steamers, magnificent in equipment, and affording accommodations equal to those found in the finest hotels. They con- nect with railway lines at Ashland and Duluth for the summer resorts of Wisconsin and Minnesota. FKOM MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL. From the two principal cities of Minnesota, the traveler may reach nearly all points in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Dakota and Manitoba by lines of railway which, although comparatively new, are equal to the best of western roads . The St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Company operate two lines, passing through the magnificent Park Region of Minnesota to Dakota, and Manitoba. By this line the great wheat farms of Western Minnesota and Eastern Dakota, and many of the pleasantest summer resorts — notably Lake Minnetonka and the lakes of Otter Tail and Douglas counties— may be reached. The Northern Pacific Eailwav traverses a large portion of Minnesota and Dakota, northward and Avestward of St. Paul, and is rapidly stretching out its arms into the Far West. It has a branch from Brainerd to Duluth, by Avhich a large portion of the grain products from the great wheat farms among which it passes, are carried for shipment by the Lakes to the seaboard. The great National Park will probably be reached by another year, which AviU open up to the tourist the most wonderful region on the globe. How to Reach, the New Northwest. 9 The St. Piml, jMinneapolis and Omaha Company operate a line of railway from St. Paul to Stillwater, by which Lake Elmo and the Valley of the St. Croix is reached. The Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway have recently extended a line from Albert Lea to Fort Dodge, Iowa, passing through a comparatively new country. The Lyndale, Lake Calhoun and Lake Minnetonka Railway Company, ojierate a nan-ow-gauge line — with steam motors— from Minneapolis to Lakes Calhoun and Harriet. An extension of the line to Lake Minnetonka will T)e made early this season. The Hastings and Dakota branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Com- pany, beginning at Hastings, runs through a new but rapidly gi'owing region to Big Stone Lake, and thence into Dakota. Following is a statement of railroads within the State, with number of miles in operation, and points of termini. Januarj' 1, 1881: Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Niime of Roml. FKOM TO Mllen. River Division La Crescent St. Paul laOAl River Division— Short Line St. Paul Minneapolis 10.30 Iowa iVr Minnesota Division Minneapolis Iowa Line (Le Roy) 130.5i Iowa & iMinnesota Division St. Paul Junction St. Paul 5.61 Iowa & Minnesota Division Austin Iowa Line (Lyle) 11.37 Hastings it Dakota Division Hastings Ortonville 202.41 Waljasha Division Wabasha Zumbrota 59.00 Southern Minnesota Grand Crossing Dakota Line 297.25 Central Railroad ot Minnesota Mankato Wells 40.00 Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque & Minnesota Iowa Line La Crescent 25.00 Caledonia, Mississippi A: Western C, C, D. & M. Junction. Pieston 58.71 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Line. St. Paul & Sioux City St. Paul St. James 121.27 Sioux City & St. Paul St. James Iowa Line 66.25 Worthington & Sioux Falls Near Worthington Dakota Line 42.53 Blue Earth City Branch Lake Crystal. Elmore 43.50 Rock River Branch Luverne Iowa Line 10.00 Minnesota & Black Hills Heron Lake Woodstock 44.00 St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylor's Falls St. Paul Stillwater 17.55 Stillwater Junction Lake St. Croix 3.25 StUlwater Bridge 5.50 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway. Main Line Minneapolis Junction Breckenridge 207.10 Branch Line St. Paul Sauk Rapids 75.75 St. Vincent Extension East St. Cloud St. Vincent & N. Boundary 319.62 Red River & Manitoba Breckenridge Barnesville 30.00 Red River Valley Crookston Junction Grand Forks 24.56 Branch Barnesville Moorhead 22.24 Branch fliorris Brown's Vallej' 47.50 St. Paul (£• Duluth Railroad. St. Paul & Duluth St. Paul Duluth 156.00 Stillwater & St. Paul White Bear Stillwater 13.00 Knife Falls Branch Northern Pacific June Knife Falls 6.00 Taylor's Falls & Lake Superior Railroad Wyoming Taylor's Falls 20.30 Northern Pacific Railroad. Northern Pacific Northern Pacific June Moorhead 229.50 Western, or Brainerd Branch Sauk Rapids Brainerd 60..50 Minneapolis tfc St. Louis Railroad. Minneapolis & St. Louis Minneapolis Albert Lea 108.00 Minneapolis & Duluth Minneapolis White Bear 15.00 Branch Albert Lea Iowa Line 13. 5C Winona tfc St. Peter Railroad. Winona & St. Peter Winona Dakota Line 288.50 Winona, Mankato & New Ulm Mankato Junction Mankato 3.75 Plainvie w Plain view Junction Plainview 15.01 Chatfleld Chatfieid Junction Chatfield 11.46 Rochester & Northern Minnesota Rochester Zumbrota 24.48 Minnesota Valley Sleepv Eye Redwood Falls '24.40 Chicago & Dakota Tracy Dakota Line 46.38 Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern. . . Iowa Line Albert Lea 12.50 Total number of miles 3,099.59 ^^S«j. Chested Ceeek Falls, neak Lake Supeeioe. MINNESOTA, Tt6 SdVantagcA a6 a KcAort for |nvalid6. ^"rT seems to be one of the leading charac- j'l teristics of our American people to be al- iiL ways seeking a change of scene; and it has been often said that about one-fourth of the population of the country were to be found in the cars, on steamboats, or in stages, every day, journeying for business, health or pleasure. While the greater number are bent on business, those traveling for their health, seeking by change of scene and climate a cure for physical ailments, largely outnumber the pleasure seekers. Almost every public ve- hicle, at all times of the year— whether it be the ocean steamer or the railway car — will be found to embrace in its list of passengers a full quota of invalids. Those who live in the colder countries of the North, seek the genial climes of the Southern States or foreign re- sorts in the winter. While those of the South seek to escape the perils of fever and malarial diseases in the hot months, by a pilgrimage to the cooler zones of the North. While climate is a most important consider- ation to the business man, emigrant and pleas- ure seeker, it is far more important to those enfeebled by disease, and for this reason we have sought, in compiling this little work, to select our statistics from the writings of those who have made the treatment of invalids a study, so that none may be misled by unreli- able statements. Minnesota, like every other section, has its full share of acute afflictions, and while in old territorial days it was said of certain sections that it became necessary to kill some one to start a village burying ground, because it was too healthy for any one to die a natural death. 12 Minnesota as a Health. Resort. we cannot boast of that now — the burying grounds have all got a good start ;' but there are many kinds of disease which are not peculiar to the country, and which are relieved by a residence here. Of these we may mention malarial fevers and pulmonary diseases, on which our climate has frequentl)'- a favorable effect. As to the causes, and the effects in different localities sought by inva- lids, we give extracts from a lecture before the medical society of Peoria, 111., by J. Murphy, M, D., a resident of that city, who says : The study of climate in relation to its influence on disease is one of the most interesting and important which can occiipy the attention of the physician. When we consider that there is a class of disease which in ordinary climate is almost invariably fatal, and, further, when we consider that this class is a very numerous one, and fatal beyond any other, and when we are aware that this class of disease is a progressive one — that is, it is becoming more frequent every year in every fixed population, and when we know that certain climatic conditions are favorable to this disease, at least as an adjunct to other remedial agents, it is impossible to over-estimate its interest and im- portance. The class of diseases to which I refer are those affecting ^he pulmonary organs— the throat and lungs, which usually baffle every hygienic, dietic and medical treatment which the most accom- plished physician can practice, which literally reckon their victims by hecatombs, and the bare mention of the mortality from which would shock our humanity and almost stagger our belief. If there is any, climate which will aid to any extent in lessening the ravages of consumption, both science and humanity demand that that climate be immediately utilized. It is unfortunate lor the medical profession, as well as for the public, that the ideas of medical men on the subject of climate, as bearing on disease, have not been more firmly fixed and more absolutely maintained. If a man has consumption, he has a right to ask, and be informed, where he should go to be bene- fitted. Is it not time that the question of locality should be definitely settled? That it has not been settled long ago is a blot and degradation on the medical profession, and the thinking portion of the public consider it as such. Ever since consumption commenced its ravages, a change o£ climate has been recommended; but, unfortunately, no particular climate can be settled on. Until within a recent period, we sent our consumptive patients to the tropics, only, however, to deteriorate or die; and we should blush that it should have been a non-professional man — the late N. P. WilUs— who first demonstrated the folly of such a course. Fashionable eastern physicians still send their consumptives to Madeira, to Torquay, to almost every point on the sombre and dingy shores of the Mediterranean, from the Pillars of Hercules to the Bosphorus, besides Algiers and Tunis. Others, again, recommend Cuba and Florida; San Antonio, Texas; New Mexicoj Colorado, California and Minnesota. Unfortunately, we have no positive data to enable us to know with any degree of certainty what relative influence those different localities have over lung diseases; but we do know that the pro rata fatalty of the disease rather increases than diminishes, proving, iindoubtedly, that a removal to a majority, at least, of those localities produces no beneficial effects. We know, also, that in several of those places, consumption, at least, occasionally occurs as an epidemic disease, which, except the principle of like curing like be true, almost precludes the possibility of those already laboring under the disease being benefitted by a residence there. To determine the question of locality, the inductive system of reasoning is just as valuable and decisive as it is in philosophy and logic. Unfortunately the very term climate is liable to infinite misconception, and has generated much confusion. This is a very simple word, apparently ; but it is really one of the most complicated in the language. Every physical phenomenon presented by a country — its geographical position, topography, altitvide, character of soil and subsoil, river system, with reference especially to its drainage facilities and rapidity of current, the mean tem- perature of the different seasons ; the dryness or moistness of the air, the mean force of the air currents at different seasons, the number of calm days during the year, and especially in summer, whether the winds often change their direction, the forest system of the State, and a multitude of other phenomena which might be enumerated, are all, so to speak, conn)onent parts of the cU- mate, and mutually exert a powerful influence on its composition and character. In the first place we must ascertain, as far as our experience and observation may ena1)le us, what climatic considerations are most favorable to consumption. In making this estimate, we must always remember that consumption is a disease of debility; that every one laboring under this disease is already weak, and that whatever has a tendency to increase the existing prostration is positively injurious. We want a climate from which malaria is entirely exempt — the depressing effects of this agent operating most imfavorably on this disease. I am aware that there were at one time, and possibly may be still, some men, calling themselves physicians, who considered that Minnesota as a Health. Resort. 13 there was an autagouism bctwoen malaria and consumption to tlu,' advantage of the latter. Such admirable ignorance, however, it would be an act of unpardonable stupidity to confute. A dry atmosphere is also required — not dry to aridity, because a perfectly dry air i.s positively irritating to the lungs, and has a tendency to render the whole system feverish. A moist, cold air, by chilling the integument, drives the blood into the internal organs, and favors congestion, while moist, warm air has a positively depressing eifect on the system. Both lower the vitality of the body, producing feeble action and insufficient nutrition. A moist atmosphere contains less oxygen than a dry one, and less of that life-giving principle, ozone. It is this excess of moisture in the air that prevents Santa Barbara and San Diego— otherwise so salubrious — from affording any per- manent benefit to consumptives. Constant perturbation of the air is another climatic factor of infinite importance to persons laboring under lung diseases. Stagnation generates impurity, and consequent loss of oxygen. Such air becomes vmfit to enter the invalid's lungs, depressing the spirits, and Inducing general torpidity and prostration. Frequent changes in the direction of the air currents are also essential in those diseases, as it is invariably found that trade winds in the temperate zone become loaded \\ith moisture, and are otherwise unhealthy. Madeira furnishes an admirable illustration of this position, as, notwithstanding its having as equable temperature as any other, its freedom from malaria, its sheltered position, and delightful weather, it is a charnel house for consumptives, owing unquestionably to the atmosphere being too stagnant and the wiuds too unchangeable. While constant motion of the air is requisite, it is of equal importance that the currents should -not be too violent. Living as much as possible in the open air is essential to the consumptive. If the air is moving at a velocity of under ten miles an hour, the invalid can be out and receive en- joyment and vigor; but if this velocity is doubled, the natural heat of the body is rapidly ab- stracted, and depression and debility are produced. This is one cause of the unfavorableness of ■ Colorado for this class of patients. All air possesses more or less moisture. A certain degree of it is essential to comfort and to health. What the consumptive invalid demands is an air in which the amount of moisture is nearly as possible uniform. Every one has felt in the Western States the pungent, i^enetrating south wind, loaded, as it always is, wdth moisture in winter, although the accompanying tempera- ture is comparatively high, and the delicious feeling generated when the wind changes to the •north, with a much lower thermometer, but a perfectly dry atmosphere. It is this consideration which prevents those laboring under lung diseases from deriving any positive advantage from a Tesldence on the shores of the Mediterranean, the degree of moisture In the air constantly chang- ing -with the direction of the wind. Another climatic condition required in lung and throat diseases is that the mean annual rain- fall should be small, but it should fall if possible during the six growing months. I An absorptive soil, and a subsoil possessed of sufficient capillary attraction to absorb rapidly any redundant moisture, and prevent its evaporation, is equally essential. A country in which the natural drainage is as perfect as possible, and in which there are no sluggish flowing rivers or streams, no extensive marshes or stagnant pools, and in which the water is pure and the soil productive, is what those laboring under throat and lung diseases demand. General purity of the air is a climatic necessity for the consumptive, and it is only to be found in northern latitudes, where we have coolness, another conspicuously requisite agent. These climatic conditions comprise everything, almost, which locality can accomplish for the phthisical Invalid. Where are they to be found? Space ^\ill not permit so full a discussion of the different health resorts for this class, which have been recommended, as I could wish. I am not aware of a single locality in Europe which physicians have any confidence in as possessing any curative effects in consumption. Change of climate and of scene has always a healthful influence on every invalid; and this, it is generally supposed, is the chief effect which is experienced by those visiting there. The West Indies, including Cuba, have long since been abandoned by every one not absolutely insane. The climate of Florida is, generally, too stagnant, too moist, and too malarious to benefit lung diseases. To persons with sound lungs, but with constitutions too feeble to bear the rigors of a western winter, this State affords a suitable winter residence. Aiken, South Carolina, and San Antonio, Texas, afford admirable winter residences for those •who have weak lungs, and are liable, in consetiuence, to frequent winter colds ; but we have no satisfactory evidence that really tuberculous diseases are benefitted by either of those climates. The climate of New Mexico is scarcely sufficiently kno'wn to admit of legitimate criticism; and if it were ever so favorable, the country at present would scarcely aft'ord the requisite conveniences for an invalid. California has more remarkable climatic resources than any other country in the world, and for all diseases, except those of the lungs, presents unrivalled facilities for cure; but for this class of affections the air is too stagnant generally throughout the State. In the ■vicinity of San Francisco ^4 Minnesota as a Health. Resort. Bay, it is too pungent and damp; on the southern coast, too moist and relaxing; at the foot-hills,. too hot and dry; in the Sierras, too windy and changeable. Whatever other advantages Colorado may present for tuberculous diseases, and I am not aware of any of an important character, its altitude will always prevent its being a sanitarium for those diseases. The expansion of the walls of the chest at that height is so considerable, requiring pro- portionate expansion of the lung tissue, that almost inevitable hemorrhage must ensue If the- tubercular disease has commenced. I am not informed nor is it important to inquire, whether- tubercle occurs among the residents there or not. Minnesota is the only place that I am aware of in which the various climatic resources that I. have mentioned as being favorable for the cure of consumption can be found. Its ijosition is so high that malarial diseases never originate there ; its system of natural drain- age is the most perfect in the world ; the topography and character of the soil indicate sanitary con- ditions of a high character ; the rainiall is less than in any other State in the Union, and occurs al- most entirely during the growing months ; the air is dryer than in any other section, and the tri- fling moisture it contains more uniformly distributed. The perturbation of the air is more constant, the changes in the direction of the winds more- frequent, and the air currents slower, than in any other part of the world. In addition, it is said, consumption never originates there, and the health statistics show a smaller mortality than any other State, Oregon, I believe, excepted. The trifling amount of rain, and the dry atmosphere, enable invalids to pass the entire day in the open air, while, as I can testify to from actual exuerience, the crisp, elastic atmosphere enables exercise to be indulged in with nothing but pleasurable feelings resulting, which in Illinois would produce almost insufferable weariness and exhaustion. But it, perhaps, is chiefly to the cool, invigorating air, free from impurities, and rich in ozone and oxygen, acting as a tonic on the system, fnvigorating the circulation, strengthening the nerves, stimulating digestion, and promoting the nutritive functions, that Minnesota is fast becom- ing a consumptive sanitarium. But, besides these climatic considerations, there are others — of subsidiary importance, it is true- — but still of importance to the invalid, as amusing his mind, recreating his feelings, -withdrawing his attention from his ailments, and dissipating the ennui which continued ill health invariably generates. Every physician is aware of the powerful influence which the physical surroundings, exercise on the mind of the sick. Probably Minnesota possesses more of those physical requisites than any other country in the world. The entire surface of the State presents everywhere a charm- ing variety. Noble rivers, grand old forests and peerless lakes, the latter in endless variety and beauty, meet the eye and gratify the sense wherever we go. The Falls of St. Anthony, the Dalles of the St. Croix, the weird loneliness of the St. Louis, the Falls of Minnehaha, the junction of the Missis.sippi and the Minnesota at Fort Snelling— remind- ing us of the meeting of the Rhone and the Scone — afford some of the finest scenery on the con- tinent. There is no siiblimity in Minnesota ; none of the savage grandeur of the Eocky Mountain can- ons or the Alpine Jungfrau, or Matterhorn, but there is a quiet beauty, a fascinating aggregation of those delicious details which go to make up a landscape especially charming from the absence of anything exciting or stimulating in its characteristics ; a delicious commingling, of wood, water and prairie, such as it is elsewhere difficult to find, and the soothing influence of wlilch on the invalid mind is infinitely preferable to the stimulus of grandeurand sublimity. This testimony of Dr. Murphy is that of one who has made the treatment of pulmonary diseases a life-long study, and gained for himself a favorable position among the eminent practitioners of Illinois. To pursue the subject further, we quote from a well-written work by Dr. J. Mattocks Brewer, of St. Paul, who has treated the subject at length and in a masterly manner. As our space is limited, we are compelled to omit many parts that are interesting to the invalid; but it will be seen from our extracts that he coincides with Dr. Murphy in many particulars: There is no disease which calls more loudly for room than consumption ; the tendency of the- disease is suffocation, constriction, want of air, and the indication is to supply it, as much for the^ moral effect as the i^hysical. Air, boundless and pure, is the "eau de vie" of the con.sumptive. The- progress of the disease is characterized by an ever-increasing desire for more air, jjurer air, better- air; it is a necessity, it is his life. Pure air is stimulating, it excites, it is tonic. As we write, we feel a certain enthusiasm in dwelling on a health resort, boimded only by latl- Minnesota as a Healtb. Resort. 15 tnde and longitude, called by a soul-inspiriting name, "the great Northwest." We wxite of the northwest quarter of the continent of North America, yet we limit the title of our work to Minne- sota, as Minnesota is at present the only Northwestern State. Minnesota lies between the forty-third and forty-ninth parallels of latitude, and between the eighty-ninth and ninety-seventh degrees of west longitude. It contains aljout eighty-four thou- sand square miles of territory, an area equal to all the New England States. A peculiar, and we may say novel position does our State occupy. Within the limits of Minnesota is what is known as the "height of land of the continent," an immense triangular elevation, almost in the geographical center of the continent, from wliose sides flow the three great watercourses of America. To the east the great St. Lawrence, to the north the Red River, and to the south the Mississippi. At this point we reach an elevation of seventeen hun- dred feet above the Gulf; this rise is almost imperceptible from the Gulf; it is not a mountain, it is- simply a height of land, as its name signifies. In addition to the.se large rivers, some twenty or thirty smaller rivers traverse the State in different directions. The State is well drained— admir- ably drained as a whole. At tliis latitude, however, standing water is comparatively harmless, so far as miasm is concerned. It is generally conceded that above forty-five degrees the seasons are not favorable for the generation of fevers. During the long winters the morasses freeze to the bot- tom, and it is late in the spring or summer before they become heated sufficiently to generate miasm. The system of rivers we have mentioned is not the only means of drainage in the State. Num- erous lakes dot the State in all directions, measuring from half a mile to ten miles in diameter. We made an effort to count them on the map, but we found it impossible— they number thousands. The surface of the State being rolling prairie, these lakes act as reservoirs for the water ; yet the great majority of them contain live xoater and are well stocked with fish. St. Paul is supplied with water from one of the.se lakes. In addition to the lakes and watercourses of the State, the soil absoros moisture very readily. In most parts of the State the soil is a sandy loam, with gravelly subsoil. There is comparatively but little clay in the State— by this we mean clayey land, not an entire absence of clay. Again, the inhabited parts of the State are not very heavily timbered ; forests exist in groves and belts, rather than in large tracts, thus exposing the ground to the direct rays of the sun, which facilitates evaporation. There are no mountains in the State, to contract and condense moisture from the clouds and prevent evaporation by acting as a Ijarrier to the free course of the dry western winds. A damp, cold soil is fully as detrimental to health as a damp, cold climate. Minnesota, then, possesses peculiar advantages, which render the soil very dry : First, the lay Of the land is rolling; second, it is intersected in all directions by rivers; third, the gravelly soil easily absorbs moisture by reason of its composition ; fourth, there is but little timber and no mountains to prevent speedy evaporation of moisture ; and, what is more potent than all, a dry wind passes over our State almost unobstructed at all times. Latterly, medical men are speaking highly of elevated regions for consumptives ; they would send their patients to mountain table-lands. While undoubtedly there are advantages connected with these elevated regions, yet the disadvantages fully offset them. In Minnesota one can enjoy the benefit of mountain air with none of its disadvantages. We quote Wheelock's Minnesota : "Without high mountains, we have, nevertheless, in the high- lands of the northeast, which do not rise more than five hundred feet above the level of the State, all the phenomena of a series of lofty elevations ; and this region deserves to be designated as the mountain district of Minnesota, if not from its actual height, at least from its rapid culmination of low temperature and the development of mountain flora toward the north. Now, to sum up the characteristics of our climate : First, the climate of Minnesota is dry— it is dry of necessity; we are so far from large bodies of water that we are but slightly subjected to their influences. For the past thirty years our annual rain-fall hrs been but twenty-five inches, in- cluding snow; we have also but little foggy or misty weather. On the Atlantic coast the rain-fall, as large as it is, is of little moment compared -with the fogs and heavy dews. This is best illus- trated in Great Britain; the yearly rain-fall in England is the same as in Minnesota, but the island is almost constantly enveloped in mist and fog. We subjoin the rain-fall of parallel forty-five ancS the Gulf States during the four seasons of the year : Spring . . , Summer Winter . . Autumn. Total ATLANTIC COAST. 12 inches. 3 " 10 " 20 " PACIFIC COAST. 8 inches. 10 " 10 " 10 " GITLF STATES. 12 inches. 20 " 9 " 14 " 55 jriNNESOTA 6 inches. 12 " 6 " 2 " 16 Minnesota as a Healtb. Resort. If we were called upon to classify our climate, as a whole, we should call it strictly a tonic cli- mate — tonic in the broad, full sense of the term ; tonic as all northern latitudes are tonic ; tonic as Scotland is tonic, which is called "one of the healthiest climates in the world." The tonicity of her climate is stamped with a physical impress which shows itself upon all of her people; it is a ton- icity which has made the Scotch race big and brawny, broad-shouldered and big-boned; it is a healthfulness which has made them long-lived. The average duration of Scotchmen's life is longer than that of other European nationalities. Their climate has given tone to their morals, health to their religion; theirs was a religion that was nurtured and reared in the open air; it was a religion that took a strong hold upon healthy hearts — not hearts enlarged M'itli enthusiasm or pulsating with excitement — but hearts which beat with the healthy rhythm of a settled purpose ; theirs is a pulse which beats slow, but full. Yet Scotland is not a medicinal climate ; it is a healthy, tome climate. The climate of New England is a tonic climate, and partakes largely of the characteristics of Scotland. The New Englanders are, as a general thing, a large-boned race; they have fine phy- siques, and are a healthy people; their climate is, strictly speaking, in the full sense of the word, a tonic climate. But yet Scotland and New England are tonic for a certain class of diseases. While the climate posses.ses many advantages, still, like all climates, it also has marked disadvantages, and disadvantages insurmountable for the very disease under consideration — consumption. Now, we ask, is there any reason why Minnesota should not be a healthy State ? Too far north lor miasmatic influences ; too tar from the coasts for the deleterious effect of excessive moisture; too far from the alkaline waters of the west not to enjoy the blessings of pure water ; the configura- tion of the land such as to admit of perfect drainage ; the soil such as rapidly to absorb moisture ; the occupation and habits of our population such as to insure health — why should our State not be iealthy and the mortality low ? We clip from Colonel Hewitt's valuable little work on Minnesota, the following table of the re- lative mortality of the different States, which he compiled from the census returns of 1870. It should be borne in mind that these figures, so far as Minnesota is concerned, include non-resident deaths. By non-resident we would be understood to mean those who seek our State for their health : State. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut. . . Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Iowa Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Popula- tion. 964,201 435,450 379,l)'.t4 400,147 112,216 144,425 1,057,286 1,711,951 674,913 1,350,438 107,306 1,155,684 708,002 628,379 687,049 1,231,063 749,113 172,123 791,305 Deaths Per- cent. Ifor every 12,760 1.32 75 8,860 2.03 49 3,705 .97 102 6,138 1.33 74 1,346 1.11 90 1,769 1.25 79 12,807 1.21 82 19,263 1.12 88 7,260 1.07 93 15,205 1.12 88 1,443 1.34 74 16,467 1.44 70 12,329 1.74 57 7,614 1.21 82 7,370 1.07 93 21,304 1.73 57 7,399 .98 101 1,109 .64 155 12,214 1.54 64 State. Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Wisconsin District of Columbia Nebraska New Mexico Utah Popula- tion. Deaths Per- cent. 1,182,012 17,557 1.48 326,073 4,469 1.37 672,035 7,525 1.11 3,880.735 46,881 1.20 992,622 12,607 1.27 2,339,511 24,724 1.05 52,465 251 .47 2,906,115 30,214 1.03 174,620 2,479 1.41 703,708 9,745 1.38 1,109,801 15,176 1.36 604,215 9,369 1.55 315,098 3,355 1.06 1,596,318 22,474 1.40 775,831 7,129 .92 75,080 1,275 1.69 28,841 381 1.32 93,516 1,305 1.39 40,273 374 .92 Ifor every 67 72 89 82 78 94 209 96 70 72 73 64 93 71 108 58 75 71 107 We wish here to mention one great mistake that invalids make in visiting our State, and that is in the briefness of their stay. They frequently come too late in the spring, and go away too early in the fall. June is almost invariably a warm, pleasant month, and October, while it may seem very cool to those accustomed to a warmer climate, is one of the best months of the year, and if the patient exercises reasonable care in keeping warmly clothed, he will find the bracing air beneficial. The winter months are also favoral)le to consump- tives, as is well illustrated by the hosts of people who have made Minnesota their permanent home, simply because its climate has given them the relief they sought. The terrors of a Minnesota winter are easily endured after one has been here long enough to discover that the climate of other States is more Minnesota as a Health. Resort. 17 uncomfortable at ten degrees below zero, than this is at a mucn lower tem- perature. It is a pure, dry air, free from that dampness which no amount of clothing can protect one from. On this subject we quote from a pamphlet compiled by Talbot Jones, M. D., of St. Paul, from the evidence of various medical men throughout the State, who have given the matter their attention, and from his personal observation : When we come to examine into the comparative merits of climate with reference to the influ- ence it exerts for trood, or as a curative agent, we are at the outset almost bewildered at the diver- sity of opinion which is entertained as to just what constitutes a good climate. The great importance of climatic treatment in appropriate cases of consumption nas Deen recoRnized and insisted upon since medicine had its birth as a science. Hijipocrates had very clear ideas as to the ethcacy of climate in the disorder. Areta;us recommended loni; sea voyages, just as Bennett does to-day: while Celsus spoke of the benefit to be derived from camping in the pine forests, as does Professor Loomis now. However widely the profession may differ concerning the etiology and morbid anatomy of consumption, there is a singular unanimity of opinion among authorities that, in order to arrest the progress of the disease already commenced, or diminish to a minimum the probability of its development in those threatened, most reliance must be placed in climatic treatment. The acrimonious contests which have been waged among pathologists for more than half a hundred years, vnth regard to the pathological changes which take place in the lungs of phthisical subjects, have not correspondingly obscured the advantages likely to result to the invalid by a change of situation; but, having concentrated attention upon the whole subject, it has rather been the means of uniting all schools in a common belief that in climate alone can re- liance be placed as a curative agent. "Of all the means hitherto recommended for the cure of phthisis, none have been followed more frequently by complete cessation of the disease than change of situation.' [Laennec on the Chest.] "The most important means in the treatment of phthisis, indeed the sovereign remedy, as compared with all others, is climate. If it is taken advantage of early enough, and not, as unhappily is too often the case, when it is already too late, we may expect the best results from it. I have often observed, and every physician as well as myself must have observed, the most cures of chronic phthisis from climatic influences ; it is true many are but tem- porarily benefited, but sometimes there are perfect cures." fWaldenburg.] These two quotations from eminent authorities, representing different schools of thought, will suffice to show the high estimation which is islaced upon climate as a therapeutic agent. , When we begin to inquire into the character and comparative merits of climate, we are at once struck with the fallacy of the doctrine, which has obtained for generations, that the disease is more frequent in cold than in warm latitudes. Just the reverse of this is true. From an extensive series of data, it has lately been shown that the further we progress north the greater immunity the In- habitants enjoy from consumption. It is well known that "far up in the north, where the Ice King is," consumption is either extremely rare or altogether unknown. In the bleakest, coldest, and most exposed portions of the globe, where winter exists well-nigh continuously, and where sudden and severe changes of the atmosphere hold to a maximum, consumption is very infrequent. In- deed, so true is this that we are forced to the conclusion that extreme cold is inimical to the produc- tion of consumption. Professor Flint (juotes Dr. Hjaltelin, who resides in Iceland, as declaring that phthisis is un- known on that island. Finmaik, northern Greenland, north Sweden and Norway are likewise almost exempt from a disease which carries off one-tenth of the population of the tropics. The mortuary reports of St. Petersburg and Moscow, Russia, show a mortality from phthisis much less than that of either Constantinople or Rome, both of which places are favorite sanitaria for pulmon- ary invalids. Stockholm, in a cold climate, although never spoken of as a health resort, shows an annual death-rate from consumption only half as great as that of either Venice, Florence, or Pisa, which are in a warm climate, and which have been heretofore greatly lauded as health resorts. Thorowgood, in his work on the "Climatic Treatment of Consumption," says that the mortality from consumption in London is 277 in 100,000; while in Norway it is but 100 in 100,000. Northern Sdotland shows fewer deaths from this disease than .southern England, and London mortuary reports com- pare very unfavorably with those of Edinburgh. "The inhabitants of cold climates are not particularly liable to be affected by the external forms' of tuberculous disease." [Mr. Phillips on Scrofula.] Colonel Tulloch, in his report to the British war offices, shows that the .soldiers sent to cold and dry countries are less frequently affected by scrofula than those stationed in hot countries. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where the winter temperature is very low, the disease is less frequent than in Jamaica and at Sierra Leone.' [See Fisk Fund Prize Essay.] The mortality of Montreal, Canada, to-day is less than that of 18 Minnesota as a Healtb. Resort. Havana; and that of St. Paul les.s than that of Jacksonville, Florida. Quebec Is much less scourged by dLsease than Is New Orleans, Mobile, or Galveston. Dr. Forry, who has written exliaustlvely on the subject of consumption as It affects the American army. Is authority for the statement that the proportion of soldiers annually attacked by consumption amounts to 10;3 per l,ooo in the entire country, while in the northern regions, where the climate is most severe, the proportion of phthisi- cal patients is not more.than 5 per 1,000. "Fifteen years ago the belief prevailed tnat the essential climatic element for the arrest and cure of phthisis was a warm, dry atmosphere. More recent observations and investigations have settled the fact that phthisis is not necessarily hastened in its development by a low (cold) temperature, and is not prevented or cured by a higher temperature." [lioomis before the American Medical Association, 1878.] While, therefore, the immunity which cold countries enjoy from phthisis is clearly indicated, attested alike by a large series of data and a vast clinical experience, observation eciually exact, and from authority fully as high, tends to establish the truth that the favorite hab- itat of consumi^tion is included within the isothermal lines of 30° and 40° mean annual temperature. "VVhUe no zone is absolutely free from the disease it is the temperate and torrid ones where the death rate holds to a maximum. When we consider the high rate of mortality in humid southern climates, not only co patients sojourning there in quest of health, but to the natives who have always resided there ; and, on the other hand, when we know the favorable results which, as a rule, attend the sending of patients to cold latitudes, as well as the low rate of mortality to the natives from consumption in these loca- tions, the question is a difficult one to answer. Although practically not so important, the question •why warm climates should exhibit such a large death rate from phthisis, is still an interesting one. Take for example Cuba, or, indeed, any of the West India Islands or Florida. The latter is perhaps to-day more frequented by pulmonary Invalids than any of our southern places of resort. The ex- ceeding fatality of consumption to families who for generations have resided in that State, as well as the unfavorable effects, as a rule, observed upon patients who visit that State in declining health, Is well known. We are not surprised that such is the case after having carefully analyzed the climate, for really there is little that can be said in its favor, and a gi-eat deal which must be said against it. "Two causes predominate over all others — deficiency of muscular exercise and humidity give rise to most chronic disorders. These causes act principally upon the skin; they tend inces- santly to repel within the torrent of the circulation superfluous or excrementltious elements which should be eliminated from the economy; they produce alterations of the blood and cachectic states of the system, of which the origin is unknown." [Edwards]. The effects of a hot and humid atmos- phere upon the .skin is either to entirely suppress cutaneous transpiration, or to reduce it to a min- imum. We have the highest authority for the statement that the suppression of this Insensible persijiration, from whatever cause, is not only Immediately harmful and dangerous, but is very likely to even rise to the tuberculous cachexy. The importance of the skin as a supplementary or- gan to the lungs, in ridding the economy of effete matters, is universally acknowledged. "In hot and damp weather the cutaneovis perspiration is performed with difficulty, a feeling of languor and depression, which makes the heat appear stifling and renders all exertion insupportable." [Folssac, "De laMeteorologie."] This indisposition to exertion, either physical or mental, due in part to hu- midity, suppression of the Insensible perspiration, and to heat, is a serious drawback to a patient's Improvement. A certain amount of exercise in the open air is the sine qua non to the success- ful treatment of a patient with phthisis. Florida would be unfit for a patient to visit, for this reason if for no other. Here everything invites to repose, an irresistible feeling of languor seizes a person, one's energies are paralyzed, and exercise consequently neglected. "There is a sensation of fullness in the head, and it has the effect of diminishing the nervous energies, and of inducing nervous con- gestion of the internal organs." As a natural result of this lack of muscular exertion and neglect of exercise, there follows great relaxation of both the nervous and muscular systems— effects so disas- trous that even the warmth of climate and change of scene, with the fresh hope these inspire, can not counterpoise them. The ideal climate is still undiscovered ; and, while we must admit this, it does not lessen the value of certain features of climate, which have been discovered and shown to possess decided advantages in che treatment of consumption. Out of a vast accumulation of facta with regard to climate, from exhaustive analysis of the influence on phthisis of humidity, altitude, temperature, soil, ozone, direction and velocity of the wind, elevation above the sea, voyages upon the sea, atmosphere pressure, etc., there are some facts upon which the profession are agreed. Care- ful investigation of this matter made by competent and trustworthy men, both in this country and in Europe, clearly indicates the importance of altitude In the climatic treatment of consumption. When the favorable influence which altitude exerted upon consumption became aijparent to the profession, for a time sea voyages were nearly abandoned, and hitherto favorite resorts near the sea coast deserted. The tide turned toward the mountains. Invalids who had heretofore relied on favorable effects of long sea voyages, now placed all their hopes in resorts from 2,500 to 8,000 feet Minnesota as a Health Resort. 19 •feet above the sea— the isreatcr altitude (they supposed) the better. A more lamentable mistake Kjould scarcely have been made. In avoiding Scylla they ran into Charyl)dis. The result of breath- ing this rarefied air, to persons unaccustomed to it, produces very distressintr cllccts. In many it gives rise to haemorrhage from the lunss. It throws sudden increased labor upon tlie lungs and heart. Distressing effects are manifested in divers ways, and these extreme altitudes, after a fair trial, had to be abandoned for situations less elevated. Late investigations seem to indicate that the comparative infrequency of phthisis among inhabitants residing in elevated regions is due, not so much to mere altitude, as to the absence of organic matter in the atmosphere of these high ele- vations. "It is now established beyond doubt that organic substances, whether gaseous products of pu- trefactive processes, or microscopic germs floating in the atmosphere, when they reach the bron- chial tubes in the inspired air, are capable of exerting morbid processes which lead to serious results. It has been demonstrated that these organic substances are more numerous in the lower than in the higher strata of the atmosphere, and that they continue to diminish the higher we ascend, until a ■certain height is reached in the mountain ascent, and they entirely disappear." TLoomisJ. These deleterious organic substances, which are continually inhaled in the lower strata of the atmosijhere, .are one of the strongest arguments against sending patients to Florida, the West Indies, New Or- leans, and cities on our Atlantic and Gulf coasts. In these situations, the altitude being small ( the mean of Florida being but .57 feet above the sea, and that of New Orleans even less ), the effect upou the organism must be most pernicious. The favorable effects of the inhalation of ozone, to con- sumptives, is well known, and the absence of this form of active oxygen in situations with but slight elevation above the sea should discourage phy.sicians from sending their patients to such re- sorts. There is much more ozone in the higher than in the lower strata of the atmosphere. That •ozone is exceedingly valuable in the climatic treatment of phthisis is clearly indicated. The man- aer in which it operates on the organism is best explained by Dr. Schreider in his work on Clima- tology. Ozone possesses high oxidizing power and purifies the atmosphere by chemically uniting with the products of decomposition. It destroys organisms by combining with them. " It also promotes nutrition and blood changes by supplying to the respiratory organs a most active form of oxygen. Therefore, when choosing a health resort for phthisical invalids, we would give the pref- erence to a locality in which there is constantly an excess of ozone in the air, for experience lias es- tablished the fact that there the climate is especially salubrious." It is my belief that a serious misapprehension obtains among authorities vrtth regard to the sup- posed injury which results to phthisical patients from variations of the atmosphere. It is a popular lielief that, the nearer we approach to absolute uniformity of temperature, the nearer we approach to the ideal climate. To my mind a more fallacious idea never gained popular credence; a more pernicious one the professional man has rarely been called upon to correct. If this can be substan- tiated, cold climates should by all means be avoided: and the physican who has heretofore advised patients to seek a cold, bracing, tonic atmosphere, where changes in the atmosphere the world over holds to a maximum, has either displayed ignorance of just what constitutes an atmosphere favor- able to the successful treatment of consumption, or else has been trifling with human life. If variation in the temperature of the atmosphere is so terrible in its effects as many would have us believe, the question at once arises, why is i)ulmonary consumption not more common in <;old latitudes where, as it has been shown, variability is the rule, and uniformity the exception ? After a careful study of the foregoing facts, and by way of summing up, we believe that we are justified in drawing the following deductions : 1. No zone enjoys entire immunity from pulmonary consumption. 2. The popular belief that phthisis is common in cold climates is fallacious. 3. The idea, now so prevalent, that phthisis is rare in warm cliinates is as untrue as it is asujn(;t(ix Avenue. 4k8 Minneapolis and its Suburbs. Minneapolis and its Subiirbs. 49» Southeast Cokner Washington Avenue and Fiest Avenue South. rapids. In 1866, the first wooden apron was constructed, and the tunnel filled ui). The mill owners and others spent large sums of money on these impi'ovements, but the aid of congress being solicited, an appropriation of $50,000 was secured, which was afterwards increased, until over half a million dollars has been spent in the work, besides what had ab*eady been paid out by private enterprise, the total reaching- nearly a million dollars. Extending across the river, between the limestone ledge which forms the river- bed and the sandstone below, a wall of concrete four feet in thickness and thirty- eight feet in height was built, by tunneling under the crest of the falls. This work was nearly three years in process of construction, being completed in 1876. The wall prevents the action of the water from affecting the sandstone beneath, and the dams and wooden apron protect the upper rock from the wear and tear of the elements, above. The last apron was built about two years ago, but has lieen kept in thorough repair. Logs are prevented from going over the apron, and sluice-ways have been jjro- vided for their passage at the side of the falls. Dams extend along and across the river at the crest of the apron, and a short distance above, from which the canals of the various manufacturing establishments receive the water and conduct it to the turbine wheels which operate the machinery. As the visitor to the mills walks or drives along the street on which they are located, he is not aware that he is travelings over numberless streams of rapid running water, for they are hidden by plank cover- ings, fitted so closely as to entirely conceal from view everything below. On the east side of the river the power is supplied to the various mills and man- ufactories in a similar manner to that of the west side, but the improvenxents are not so extensive. 50 Minneapolis and its Suburbs Nicollet Avenue, Looking West feom Washing", on. Nicollet Avenue, Looking East from Washington. Minneapolis and its Suburbs. 51 The water power is owned and controlled by two organizations, the St. .\nthony Falls Water Power Company and the Minneapolis Mill Co. The St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co.. controlling the water power on the east side of the Mississippi river, was chartered February 26th, 1856, and the Minneapo- lis Mill Company, owning and controlling tlie power on the west side of the falls, was chartered on the 27th of the same month and year. The first dam was bnilt on the east side of the river in 1848, and foitr saw miUs built soon after. The first dam was bnilt on the west side in 1857-58. and the first fiouring mill — the Cataract — built by Eastman & Gibson, in 1858. Of the improvements made by the two companies for making the power available, Ave quote from, the Minneapolis Board of Trade Eeport: "The appliances for controlling and utilizing the water poAver of the Minneapolis Mill Company consist of a Ioav or Avaste dam built on the ledge, commencing in the center of the channel of the river and connecting Avith the dam of the St. Anthony Water PoAver Company, thence running down stream diagonally towards the Avestern shore 400 feet; thence a high dam again down stream, parallel Avith the shore 500 feet, forming a pond aboA^e the mills; thence at right angles 400 feet to tlie pier at the head of the canal, upon Avliich last portion is biult the l)lock of saAV mills. With this dam a head of 13 feet is maintained, and a sufficient supply of water directed to the canal, Avhile the large proportion of the Avater passes over the low dam and is wasted on the falls. "The canal is excavated along the shore 350 feet to a point opposite the brink of the faU, of a AAidth narrowing from 80 feet to 55, and below this point 500 feet further of a uniform Avidth of 55 feet, and carrying a depth of 14 feet of water. "The improvements of th<^ St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company consist of a dam from the east shore to Hennepin Island, 400 feet up the shoi'e of Hennepin Is- land, 650 feet from head of Island, Avest 200 feet, thence diagonally to the dam of the Minneapolis Mill Company, 600 feet; total length of dam, 1,850 feet. The company has sold eight saAV mill sites on the dam in the east channel, which, together Avith three Houring mills, and several other manufactories, renting power for manufactur- ing purposes, utilize about 1,300 horse poAver, under varying heads. The Avhole Avater faU on the comi^any's land is 69 feet. " The last named comjiany recently sold its propert}' and franchises to the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Eaihvay Company, and extensive improvements are in progress, with a view to make the poAver available, as well as to secure room for rail- road purjioses along the east side of the river. Considerable improvements have been made during the past Avinter on the canals of the Mill Company on the west side of the falls, and on tlie platform occu- pied by the saAv mills. 52 Minneapolis and its Suburbs. MlNNKAPtiLIS II, UH hCHOtiL BUU^DINO Minneapolis and its Suburbs. 53 THE PLATFOBM. The natui'al inequalities of the grounds about the falls on the "west side of the river were not, apparently, such as to make uhe place adapted to use as mill sites. But the pioneer Imnber- uien did not aUow such trifles to deter them from making im- provements, and a vast frame- work of huge logs and timbers was constnicted, near and upon which seven saw-mills were built, where the daily product of lumber amounts to nearly a miUion feet. Here may be seen the wonderful power this Father of Waters exerts for the benefit City Market House, Minneapolis. ^f tl^e States of the New North- west. These mills, situated at the foot of the dams, receive the logs from the water at one side of the building, and transform them into lumber, lath and shingles, which are loaded on wagons on the other side, to be tjlacity is 650 barrels . The second Washburn mill was the old mill "A," which was built in 1873-4, and was 100x147 feet,, seven stories high, and contained forty run of stones. It was a "new process" mill, and had a capa- city of from 1,200 to 1,500 barrels daily. When it was finished it was by far the largest, most com- plete and modern in its appointments of any mill in the country, and soon acquired a national reputation. It was completely destroyed by the great mill explosion of May 2, 1878, the ruin being: so complete that literally there was not one stone left upon another. The next day the site for mill "C" was surveyed and the stakes set for the foundations of a mill eijual, if not greater in capacity than the one destroyed. Washburn mill "C" was built in 1878, and was at first constructed on the new process system. It contained about twenty pairs of mill stones, and was very thoroughly erjuipped. Since then it has been, by the addition of rollers, etc., made into a roller mill with a capacity of 1,650 barrels per day. It is 105x140 feet, six stories high. It was in this mill that Gov. Washburn started his ex- perimental roller mill in the winter of 1878-9. The last and greatest of the Washburn mills is the mammoth mill "A." It stands on the site of the old mill "A," and was built in 1880-81. It is constructed on the most approved plans for roller milling. The first half of the mill, started up last summer, had a capacity of about 1,500 barrels- per day. The other half of the mill, the machinery for which is now in position, will bring its capa- city up to 3,500 barrels per day, and it is proposed to make the daily capacity of the mill reach tc or exceed 4,200 barrels daily. The mill is 100x244 feet, and eight stories high, the area of each floor" being 24,400 square feet, or considerably over half an acre. A double railway track runs through the mill on a level with the second floor. The daily capacity of the three mills will be, when mill "A" is running fully up to its proposed capacity, 6,500 barrels per day, requiring about 30,000 bushels of wheat daily. To handle tliis large amount it is plain that ample wheat storage is necessary. This is furnished by the elevators con- nected with the mills, and by the storage in the mills themselves. The mill "A" elevator is 35x94 feet, seven stories high, and has a storage capacity of 82,ooo bushels. The cleaning machinery for mill "A" is in the building, and has a capacity for cleaning 900 bushels per hour. When cleaned the wheat is carried into subterranean bins in mill "A," which can hold 68,000 bushels of clean wheat. Mill "B" has storage room for 40,000 bushels, while mill "C" in its subterranean bins can stow away an equal amount. The mill "C" elevator is 50x48 feet, six stories high, and has storage room for 78,000 bushels, and cleaning capacity of 500 bushels per hour. The combined storage capacity of the 56 Minneapolis and its Subiojrbs. mills and elevators is 308,000 ))ushels, or enoush for a ten days' run. In 1880 the three mills turned out 610,000 barrels of flour, although mill "A" was not started up until aloni? in the summer, and •mill "B" was shut down for changina: to the roller system for about five months. Three hundred men are employed in and about these mills. In the three mills 231 pairs of rollers are in operation, and thirty-five run of buhrs Tlie mills are ovraied by C. C. Washburn, and operated by Washburn, Crosby & Co., the firm beinir composed of C. C. Washburn, John Crosby, Wm. H. Dunwoody, and Chas. J. Martin. THE (KOWN KOIjLER MILL. The following (lescriptions of tlie "CroAvu EoUer Mill" find "Standard Mill," are ^Iso from the Northwestern Miller: Minneapolis has long been tnown as the "City of Mills," and its cluster of mills, so near to- •gether tliat a person standing in the center is almost within stone's throw of the farthest one, con- tains more than one which in size, capacity and perfection of equipment has been the wonder of the many visitors who throng the "platform." Of this cluster of mills the "Crown Roller," although ■exceeded in size by one other, is the most conspicuous and the first to claim the attention of the in- coming stranger. This proud prominence it enjoys no less from its immense size than from its com- manding position on the highest ground around the fallr,. The building itself is so immense that the illustration of it on page forty-five fails to convey any adequate conception of its size. It is situated at the corner of First Street and Fifth Avenue South, and fronts 121: feet on First Street, and 14.5 feet on Fifth Avenue. The foundation and basement walls are of native blue limestone, iesting on the solid limestone ledge which forms the crest of the falls of St. Anthony. Above these «nduring foundations tlie massive walls of cream-colored lirick rise to a height of about seventy- five feet, and tlie whole is surmounted by a mansard roof, which forms the sixth or attic story of the mill, and makes the total heiiiht of the building over one hundred feet from the ground. Some idea of its magnitude may be gained when It is known that over two million brick were used in its construction, and that in its interior over a million and a half feet of lumber have been u.sed. Work on the foundations was begun early in April, 1879. The capacity of this mill is now 3,000 bar- rels per day. Enclosed in the same walls, on the west side of the mill, is the elevator. It is separated from the mill proper by a brick wall which rises above the roof, and through which there is only one opening into the mill. The peculiarity of the elevator is that the wheat is stored in circular iron bins. There are thirty of these bins, each seven and one-half feet in diameter and sixty feet deep. The .space between the bins, which are placed close together, is also used for storage bins. The total capacity for the elevator is 98,000 bushels. The mill is owned by Messrs. John A. and Lewellyn Christian and Mr. Charles M. Hardenberg. Mr. C. E. French is associated with them in operating the mill, the firm name being Christian Bros. ■ •& Co. Messrs. J. A. .xl8 inch chilled iron rolls. There is room for ten more of these machines in the same double line. The next floor is the packing flo(n-, containing five Eureka flour packers and one bran packer. Here are also the stock garners and middlings bins over the roller mills and the mill stones. The conveyors are all hung to the joists overhead, so that the floor is free from obstructions. This floor is on a level with the floor of the cars standing on the elevated track of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad, shown in the cut, so that the flour can be rolled directly into the cars. The Chicago, Mil- waukee «fc St. Paul road also have a side track on the south side of the mill, and the packing floor iis- so arranged that cars can be loaded with flour or bran on either track with the least pos.sible labor. On the third floor of the mill are located ten "Standard" purifiers. The bolting chests ...Iso be- giii on this floor, and in this story are twenty reels, each nineteen feefc long. On the north side of the room is the dust room for the ten purifiers, and on the south side are the flour bins over the packers. On this floor are also two aspirators and two bran dusters, and the bins for bran and shorts. The fourtii floor also contains ten "Standard" purifiers, dust room for same, and the upiser half of the bolting chests containing twenty nineteen feet reels and two Richmond bran dusters. The fifth floor, or attic, is one-half the width of the mill building, and contains the gearing,- shafts, etc., to drive the elevator and bolting chests, and lour twenty-four feet and foiu' eighteen feet reels. The mill property, including the land upon which it stands, and the water privileges, which be- long ■with the lot, represents an invested capital of nearly or quite $'2(io,uOO, and is owned and oper- ated by Messrs. E. V. "White and D. Morrison, under the firm name of E. V. White & Co. It has a capacity of 1,000 to 1,200 barrels a day. (See illustration on page 38.) PILLSBXTEY "a" mill. This new mill is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi river, at the corner of Main Stree*'- and Third Avenue, East Division, and being seven stories high, symmetrically projtortioned, and built of blue limestone, presents a massive and commanding appearance. Its dimensions are 175x115 feet, and when completed will be capable of making 4,000 barrels of flour per day. In ex- planation ip may be here remarked that there will be two entirely separate mills under one roof, each of which can be operated independently of the other. Each side is to be an exact duplicate of the other. The front side of the mill, which faces Main street and the river, is the one on which will be no- ticed the words "Pillsbury A." It is along here, commencing a block above, that the East Side Water Power Company have constructed their main canal, sixteen feet wide and about thirty-two feet deep, which conveys the water from the river to the mill. The inlet by which the water passes from the canal to the wheel is in the shape of a large arch directly in the center of the Ijaseraent wall. Power is furnished by two fifty-five inch Victor water wheels, under a working head of forty- five feet. Running across the center of the basement is the main line shafting, 144 feet long, which takes- power from the water wheels by means of two forty-eight incii leather belts, each 120 feet long. This shaft rests on heavy stone and brick piers that reach down to the ledge, two of its pulleys weighing 13,000 pounds each. Located in the basement, and running through to the top of the next p*^ory, is a large wheat bin with a capacity of 5o,ooo bushels. Ascending one story we find ourselves on the grinding floor, the one-half of which is wholly taken up by 100 double roller mills, arranged in six lines — two rows of ten each and four of twenty each — and ten run of millstones. The stones are arranged in one line near the center of the upper end of the mill, and will be elegantly fitted up, the wood work about the top of the husk frame being ot walnut and ash. ©8 Minneapolis and its Suburbs. Ptllsbuey "A" Mill. Going up another story we come to the packing floor, where, arranged in a line at the back side, are ten packers — eight for flour and two for bran. The remaining space, excepting twenty feet at the lower end, is reserved wholly for storing and handling tlie flour after being packed. A little be- low the level of this floor, on both sides, are railroad tracks, giving facilities for shipping flour and receiving wheat. The twenty feet above mentioned contains the wheat cleaning machinery. On the third floor the bolting chests commence, and reach up through the four stories to the attic. They are arranged in one row of eight double and four single chests, and on three of the floors they contain forty fourteen-foot reels. Running parallel with the bolting chests is a row of twenty-three purifiers, and, like the chests, a similar arrangement of them is carcied out through all the four stories. Back of the purifiers are the cylindrical boiler iron flour pacls^r bins, measuring thirty-two feet high and six feet in diameter. In the wheat cleaning department of this floor are lour brush machines, two Kurth cockle separators, and four bran dusters. The only difference be- tween the third, fourth and fifth stories is in the arrangement of the cleaning macliinery. On the fourth there are in the regular department four brush machines and four separators, while in the space between the bolting chests are four bran dusters and two centrifugal flour dressing machines. On the fifth floor this class of machinery consists of two centrifugal flour dressers and four bran dusters between the bolting reels, and in the regular department four scourers and four brush ma- chines. In the sixth and last floor excepting the attic, the bolting chests are not as large as below, containing only twenty-two instead of forty reels. Thus finishes a partial description of what will be one of the most complete mills in the world. To take a trip through it one cannot help but be impressed with the simplicity and nicety of ar- rangement of all its details. Everything has been placed just where it is most convenient, does the most good, and effects the gi'eatest economy of room. The wood work is exceptionally fine, and is claimed to excel anything In the city or elsewhere. Its precautionary measures against fire are most perfect. Foiu- large "risers" run from bottom to top of the building, and to them on each floor will be attached 100 feet of hose, while each floor is provided with four fire extinguishers. The building is heated by steam, generated by two large steel boilers, located in the basement of an addition 25y46 feet, at the lower end of the miU. A large passenirer elevator is ..^ the center of the mill, running from the first to the topmost story. Around tlie elevator shaft is an iron winding stairway. Minneapolis and its Suburbs. 59 For handling the great amount of wheat that will be required Tjy their mills, the firm have built a 200,000 bushel elevator on the line of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & IManitoba railroad, but a short distance from the mill. The plans and macliinery for the mill have all been furnished by Minneapolis establishmonts, and the gentlemen superintending its construction are resident business men. The proprietors, Messrs. C. A. Pillsbury ti®sK ^ye have returned home, its beauty comes to us frequently in thought, standing out clear and disitnct among the beautiful scenes in "The JIagio Northland. " MiXNEHAHA Falls in Wistek. It is in ■v^lnter, however, that Minnehaha ismost enchanting and weird. When the ice has formed in columns from the crest to the pool below, if one can crawl into the chamber back of it, he will witness a sight that is rarely seen. It is like a fairy grotto — but cold as an Esquimaux lodge. The light passing through the ice has a similar effect as that of sunlight upon the falling water, but the colors are deeper and not so fleeting; hence we may recline on an icy couch and take in all its beauty of form and color as leisurely as we choose. With the thermometer down among the thirties the sensations are charming and enticingly romantic — but usually one does not linger long to enjoy them. Illuminations of Minnehaha used to be fashionable in "ttdnter, and were quite well patronized by the lads and lasses of the dual cities; but the enjoyment was generally most vigorous in the hotel parlors. Minnehaha is free ground to all who wish to visit it. The property was pur- chased some years since from the Tnited States government by Hon. Franklin Steele, and though offered for sale 'by him, a stipulation was inserted in the deed that an admission fee should never be charged for entrance to the grounds. 34 "WTaere We Rusticate. FOET SNELLING and CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & Si. PAUL RAILWAY BitlDGE. FORT SNELLING. Located on the lieiglits at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers, thi'ee miles below Minnehaha Falls, is the United States INIilitary Post of Fort Snell- ing. As one of the "old landmarks" around which cluster memories of the early struggles of the pioneers of civilization with the savage tribes that have since been sent to other hunting gi'ounds, this fort is a place of considerable interest. It is a prominent object in one of the finest landscapes in the country, and has frequently been compared by travelers to some old castle on the Pihine. Recent changes, how- ever, have considerably changed and modernized the suiToundings, and deprived it of much of its picturesqueness. The building of officers' quarters outside of the walls, and demolishing of the tower that formerly occuined the extreme point of the bluff, has given it much less the appearance of a fortification than it previously wore, although making it, probably, pleasanter for those who reside there. The fort is free to the inspection of the jiublic, who may enter within its walls and view what- ever of interest there is to be seen. In these days of peace, however, it does not present a very warlike appearance. Of incidents connected with its history many in- teresting stories are told, which illustrate the dangers, trials and hardships to which the early settlers were subjected, and the charact,er of their savage neighbors. As a matter of interest we quote from the Annals of the Minnesota Historical Society con- cerning Fort Snelling and the early days, while the territory now included within the boundaries of our State was the*home of the Dakotas: Beautifully located on an elevated blnff, at the junction of the TVlinnesota and Mississippi rivers, its massive walls make a strong impression on the mind of the traveler. Within its enclosures have been quartered some of the most efficient officers