.^********************************************** Crushed Agricultural Limestone Under Control OF Mississippi State Penitentiary Plants at Ofcolona and Waynesboro, Miss. By Authority of the Legislature, Acts of 19 H. * t * * *• — «.-~->... - m ^ A Limestone Country is a Rich Country Crushed Limestone for Agricultural Purposes. Under Control of Mis- sissippi State Penitentiary Compliments of HON. L. Q. STONE. Trustees: J. F. THAMES, President Mendenhall, Miss. L. Q. STONE, Tupelo, Miss- W. A. MONTGOMERY, Edwards, Miss. North Mississippi Plant, located near Okalona, Miss. Shipping Point, Stone Switch ; Postoffice, Okolona, Miss. W. C. PHILLIPS, Sergeant. South Mississippi Plant, located near Waynesboro, Miss. Shipping Point, Limestone Switch ; Postoffice, Waynesboro, Mississippi. W. L. HICKS, Sergeant. Address all communications to MISSISSIPPI STATE PENITENTIARY Jackson. Mississippi. TO THE FARMERS OF MISSISSIPPI : In presenting this little pamphlet it is our purpose to render you all the asistance we can in the intelligent appli- cation of crushed limestone to your soils, and to that end we have culled, from the best and most reliable sources, the sub- ject matter contained herein, giving it to you with the hope that all who apply the crushed limestone may receive abun- dant returns therefrom. In addition to such matter as we have collected on the subject of applying limestone to the soil, has been added some useful rules and information which we deem of inter- est to you. We are pleased to announce that both plants, (one at Okolona and one at Waynesboro) are now in full operation, and from now on can supply all demands. The price will be One Dollar per ton f. o. b. plants. Send all orders to Jackson, Miss., where they will re- ceive prompt attention. Respectfully, Your obedient servants, L. Q. STONE, President, J. F. THAMES, W. A. MONTGOMERY, Trustees. n. Of »• rLb 21 1919 HON. L. Q. STONE, Trustee, Third District. — 5— Act of the Legislature Creating the Lime- stone Crushing Plant. AN ACT PROVIDING LIMESTONE CRUSHING PLANTS. Chapter 132, Acts of 1914. An Act providing for the establishment of stations for the crushing of limestone authorizing the use of convict la- bor for same, and supplying the product to farmers at actual cost. Crushing of Limestone, Stations Established for. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi that the Board of Trustees of the Mississippi Penitentiary, in co-operation with the State Geologist, are hereby authorized to establish at a point or points within the State of Mississippi, convenient to railway lines, one or more stations for the purpose of crushing limestone for agricul- tural purposes, and are charged with the duty of operating said station or stations, and suplying the crushed limestone to the farmers of the State at actual cost. Distribution Station to Be Maintained. Section 2. The Board of Penitentiary Trustees shall establish and maintain a station or stations at some point or points where limestone can be secured convenient for the distribution of crushed limestone at economical rates. Penitentiary Trustees Empowered to Buy Limestone Deposits. Section 3. The Trustees are empowered to acquire by purchase or gift suitable deposits of limestone, and in suffi- — 6— cient quantities to provide a supply for a long period, in no instance to consist of less than 80 acres carrying a heavy de- posit of said limestone. Board to Equip Stations, and Provide Cages for Convict Labor for Same. Section 4. The Board of Trustees of the State Peniten- tiary shall equip such station or stations with suitable ma- chinery for the handling, crushing and loading of cars of said limestone in an economical manner, also with the nec- cessary buildings, cages, etc., for the humane treatment of the convicts designated for the operation of the station or stations, also any other buildings and conveniences deemed necessary. Superintendent of Penitentiary to Supply Convicts. Section 5. When the construction of said plant or plants is ready to begin, the Trustees shall call upon the Su- perintendent of the Penitentiary for a certain number of able bodied male convicts, not to exceed 50 for each station, for the- purpose of building and operating the same. The Superintendent of the Penitentiary shall promptly comply with said request, and supply the convicts as requested, when same will not interfere with cultivation of State crops. Product to Be Sold at Cost. Section 6. The product from these stations, or station, shall be sold to the people of the State of Mississippi at the actual cost of all expenses connected with the crushing and loading of same upon the cars. Section 7. That this Act take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved March 27, 1914. The Legislature creating the establishment of the lime- stone crushing plants failed to make an appropriation to carry into effect the provisions thereof, thus preventing the erection of the plants for two years. After the adjournment of the Legislature the Board re- ceived many letters from farmers of the State insisting that they be supplied with agricultural limestone. The board be- ing anxious to comply with their wishes, called upon the At- torney General for an opinion as to whether they could use any part of the appropriation made for the support and maintenance of the penitentiary, in the erection of said plants. The Attorney General replied that they could not use any part of said appropriation for that purpose. The Legislature of 1916 made an appropriation of $20,- 000.00 for the two plants. Immediately after this appropri- ation became available, the Board of Trustees advertised for sites, and with the State Geologist, visited each available place offered. The selection of the plant for North Missis- sippi was located on the Houston branch of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad about two miles west of Okolona, in Chicka- saw county, the plant for South Mississippi was located about five miles north of Waynesboro, Wayne county, on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. The opinion of the State Geologist is that there is an abundance of rock, and of excellent quality, at both places. — 8- TO THE FARMERS OF MISSISSIPPI: I wish to bespeak for this little booklet your careful consideration. It has been prepared with a great deal of pains and labor by the Board of Trustees of the Peniten- tiary. The establishment of the lime-crushing plants by the State Legislature and their successful inauguration by the Board of Trustees of the Penitentiary mark the beginning of a new era in our agricultural development. It now only remains for our farmers to avail themselves of this new opportunity so generously provided by the State. P. P. GARNER, Commissioner of Agriculture. — 9- ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONE ROCK AT STONE SWITCH, MISS. (Near Okolona, Miss.) Moisture , 1.65% Lime, Cao 41.39% Calcium carbonate, CaCo 3 (Calculated) 73.86% Made by Dr. W. F. Hand, State Chemist. ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONE AT LIMESTONE SWITCH, MISS. (Near Waynesboro, Miss.) Moisture 0.52% Lime, Cao 52.27% Calcium carbonate, CaCo 3 (Calculated) 93.27% Made by Dr. W. F. Hand, State Chemist. —10— FREIGHT RATES ONAGRI- CULTURAL LIMESTONE No. 4204. THE COMMISSION vs. ALL RAILROADS In re Rates on Limestone. It is hereby ordered that all railroads shall establish and apply on Agricultural Limestone, ground or pulverized, in bags, barrels, or in bulk, carload, minimum weight 10% less than marked capacity of car but not less than 60,000 pounds, except when marked capacity of car is less, in which case the marked capacity of car shall apply, rates no higher than the following per ton of 2,000 pounds : To apply over one railroad, or over two or more rail- roads under the same ownership, management or control : TABLE "A." 25 miles and under $0.30 35 miles and over 25 35 45 miles and over 35 40 55 miles and over 45 .45 65 miles and over 55 .50 75 miles and over 65 55 85 miles and over 75 .65 95 miles and over 85 65 110 miles and over 95 70 125 miles and over 110 .75 140 miles and over 125 .80 155 miles and over 140 .85 170 miles and over 155 .90 185 miles and over 170 .95 —11 — 200 miles and over 185 1.00 220 miles and over 200 1.05 240 miles and over 220 1.10 260 miles and over 240 1.15 280 miles and over 260 1.20 300 miles and over 280 1.25 320 miles and over 300 1.30 340 miles and over 320 1.35 360 miles and over 340 1.40 380 miles and over 360 1.45 400 miles and over 380 1.50 To apply in movement over two railroads not under the same ownership, management or control rates no higher than the following : TABLE "B." 25 miles and under $0.27 35 miles and over 25 31 14 45 miles and over 35 36 55 miles and over 45 39 65 miles and over 55 42 V^ 75 miles and over 65 46% 85 miles and over 75 51 95 miles and over 85 55^4 110 miles and over 95 59 Vi 125 miles and over 110 63% 140 miles and over 125 68 155 miles and over 140 70 170 miles and over 155 72 185 miles and over 170 76 200 miles and over 185 .80 220 miles and over 200 84 240 miles and over 220 88 260 miles and over 240 92 —12— 280 miles and over 260 96 300 miles and over 280 1.00 320 miles and over 300 1.04 340 miles and over 320 1.08 360 miles and over 340 1.12 380 miles and over 360 1.16 400 miles and over 380 1.20 On Agricultural Limestone, in sacks or barrels, less than carload, the same rates as apply on Fertilizer, less than carload, with minimum of five (5) cents per 100 lbs. for each line. The above rates to become effective on December 1st, 1916, superceding the rates named in order of October 4th, 1916. ORDERED, this 9th day of November, 1916. —13— AGRICULTURAL LIMESTONE From Bulletin No. 13 Mississippi Geological Survey, Dr. E. N. Lowe, Director. The application of mineral fertilizers to the soils of Mississippi is of paramount importance to its agricultural development. That much of its soil is deficient in certain minerals cannot be disputed. That other soils which are now fertile will become deficient in certain minerals is not to be gainsaid. That many of our soils, even our upland soils, are so deficient in lime as to be acid has been demonstrated by hundreds of field tests. That the growing of alfalfa on some of our soils can be accomplished by the application of lime to these soils and not otherwise is a matter of record. That the yield of many of our common field crops has been increased by the application of lime and ground limestone is an established fact. All of these demonstrable facts con- vince one of the importance, to the citizens of the State, of the subject selected for this report, the marls and limestones for agricultural purposes ; and has led the writer to a study of our resources along these lines. The results obtained and the co-ordinate facts gathered are set forth in this pub- lication which the writer hopes will prove of value to those interested in the development of our agricultural resources. There are many localities in the State where limestone suitable for agricultural purposes may be obtained. Before, however, any great expense in the preparation and the ap- plication of this limestone is incurred an analysis should be obtained of the limestone as a test of its value for liming purposes. There are many so-called lime deposits in the State which are not limestone at all but are composed of either white clay or white silica and are utterly valueless for -14- liming purposes. Many of the so-called marls are also de- void of fertilizing constituents. SOIL ACIDITY. Free acids in soils are detrimental to the growth of most crops. There are some forms of vegetation which seem to thrive best under acid conditions but farm crops in general do not produce well in the presence of soil acidity. Acidity in Mississippi soils has received the attention of the writer during a series of years of field and experimental work. Hundreds of field tests have been made and acid con- ditions were found to obtain in many types of both bottom and upland soils. The vastness of such acid-soil areas is a matter of surprise and concern. Some of the soils tested gave an acid reaction when the clear water solution from them was tested with blue litmus paper. However such soil areas are not believed to be large as in the majority of cases it was necessary to bring the soil particles in direct contact with the litmus paper in order to get the reaction which con- sists in changing the blue coloring matter of the paper to a red or pink color. There are at least two ways by which the above named reaction may occur. The reaction has been commonly ac- counted for by saying that the soil contains complex organic acids which are insoluble in water but which give the acid reaction when brought in direct contact with the litmus pa- per which is enclosed by the soil particles. Another ex- planation as that the acid reaction is due to the absorption of the base of the litmus paper by the colloidal matter pres- ent in the soil. Causes of Soil Acidity — There is no doubt that the pres- ence of organic acids in the soil is often responsible for soil acidity. Such soils usually have an abundance of organic —15— matter, the decay of which produces the acids. The peaty soils of shallow lake basins and marshes and the soils of poorly drained alluvial bottoms are typical examples. Soil acidity is less frequently caused by inorganic acids produced in the soil by weathering processes. Soils formed from lignite-bearing rocks usually contain quantities of iron pyrite which in the process of decomposition forms sul- phuric acid. The chemical reaction may be as follows: 2FeS 150 4HO Fe 4H SO. Soils deficient in lime are soon depleted of their lime content and become acid. Some up- land soils owe their acidity in part at least to the oxidation of sulphides. A soil that contains only a small amount of lime will soon become acid through the leaching action of meteoric water and through the loss sustained by the solv- ent action of plants. Rainwater contains small quantities of carbonic and other acids which aid in dissolving lime compounds some of which are moderately soluble even in acid-free water. The organic acids exuding from the roots of plants aid in the lime-leaching process. The use of com- mercial fertilizers which contain free or partially free acids may reduce a soil even moderately deficient in lime to an acid condition. When an acid phosphate which is composed of monacalcic and dicalcic phosphate is applied to a solid containing lime compounds some of the lime is used up in converting the monocalcic and the dicalcic phosphates into tricalcic phosphates. TIME OF APPLICATION. When ground limestone is to be applied to cultivated land it may be applied at any time when the dryness of the ground will permit if its application will not interfere with the growing crop. When the fields are plowed either in the fall or spring the ground limestone may be spread upon the —16— surface and disked or harrowed in. If the application is to be of coarse material it may be spread upon the surface of the unplowed field, allowed to weather for a time and then plowed under. A second and lighter application may then be made to the surface of the plowed field. If the Selma chalk is used it may be broken up in pieces having a diameter of three or four inches and applied to the soil in the fall. If the weather conditons are the usual ones of our winter months the limestone will be largely disin- tegrated by spring. If the application is to be made in the spring the rock should be reduced to a greater degree of fine- ness. The Vicksburg limestone will resist weathering more than the Selma chalk and should be ground to smaller parti- cles. The Devonian and the sub-carboniferous limestones are still more resistant and require a still greater degree of fineness. Fall-applied limestone has the advantage of hav- ing a longer period of time to weather and after the crop is gathered the farmer has more time for its application. HOW TO APPLY THE LIMESTONE, Ground limestone may be applied by hand or by ma- chine. In spreading by hand the limestone may be scattered from a wagon box by the use of a shovel as the team is driv- en back and forth across the field. Grain drills may be used for spreading lime or limestone but the small amount held by the hopper is a drawback. The limestone may be placed on the field in piles and spread by hand or machine from these piles. Dr. Hopkins, in the publication already refer- red to, gives the following description of a home-made spreader: "Make a hopper similar to that of an ordinary grain drill, but measuring 8*4 feet long with sides at least 20 inches wide and 20 inches apart at he top. The sides may be trussed with %-inch iron rods running from the bot- —17— torn at the middle to the top at the ends of the hopper. Let the bottom be five inches wide in the clear with 2-inch holes 5 inches between centers. Make a second bottom to slide under the first on straps of iron 10 inches apart, which should be carried from one side to the other under the hop- per to strengthen it, also with holes to register. Both bot- toms may be of sheet steel or the lower one may be of hard wood, reinforced with strap iron if necessary. "To the lower movable bottom attach a V-shaped arm projecting an inch from under the hopper, with a half-inch hole in the point of the V, in which drop the end of a strong lever, bolting the lever loosely but securely to the hopper with a single bolt, and fasten to the top of the hopper a guide of strap iron in which the lever may move to regulate the size of the opening by sliding the lower bottom. Make a strong frame for the hopper, with a strong, well braced tongue. "Take a pair of old mowing machine wheels of good size and with strong rachets in the hubs, and fit them to an axle of suitable length (about 10 feet) and 1% or l 1 /^ inches in diameter. The axle should be fitted with journals bolted to the under side of the frame. Make a reel to work inside the hopper by securing to the axle, 10 inches apart, short arms of %-inch by 1-inch iron and fastening to these arms four slats or beaters of %-inch by 3 /4-inch iron about an inch shorter than the inside of the hopper, the reel being so ad- justed that the beaters will almost scrape the bottom but will revolve freely between the sides. The diameter of the completed wheel is about 5 inches and it serves as a force feed." Dr. Hopkins also makes the following suggestions re- garding application : "In hauling and spreading limestone it is of first importance to save time and labor. As a rule it is —18— far more economical to purchase in bulk and have it ship- ped in box cars, although wetting will do no harm except to give trouble in spreading. Bags are expensive and easily damaged, and with tight wagon boxes they are wholly un- necessary. If bags must be used in handling the limestone the purchaser should bag it when hauling from the car. As a rule the plan should be to haul the limestone directly from the car to the field, transfer from the wagon to the spreader and spread at once upon the land. With a haul of two miles or less and with two men, one boy and two teams, with three wagons and one spreader, 40 tons of ground limestone can be taken from the car and spread over 10 or 20 acres of land in three days, providing the roads and other conditions are favorable, or 30 tons can be removed from the car in two days, the last two or three loads being kept on the wagons and spread the third day if necessary. When the haul is longer one or more additonal teams are needed on the road." USE OF LIMESTONE AND GREEN MANURES. One of the most economical methods of building up the nitrogen content of the soils of Missisippi is by growing a crop of legumes and plowing under the crop after it has reached the forage-crop degree of maturity. Of course it is more profitable to feed the legume crop to stock and return the barnyard manure to the soil. But on many farms suffi- cient stock is not fed and green manure may then become the most economical method of adding nitrogen to the soil. Most of the soils deficient in nitrogen are also deficient in- other plant foods. Some are deficient in lime, some in pot- ash and some in phosphorus and some in all three. Soils deficient in lime are acid or sour and the addition of green manure to such a soil would not be beneficial even if it were possible to successfully grow the crop of legumes used for the purpose. Some form of lime must be added to such a -19— soil before it can become productive. The best form of lime to use for such a purpose is ground limestone. It will serve to neutralize the acid in the soil and also the acids formed by the decomposition of the manure crop. The best time for its application is before the growing of the legume crop as the beneficial effects of the lime upon the soil produce a large crop of legumes. The amount of ground limestone to apply will depend upon the degree of acidty but it will usually re- quire from 2 to 4 tons per acre. If the soil is deficient in phosphorus this should be sup- plied in the form of ground phosphate rock before the grow- ing of the crop of legumes. Not much of the phosphorus will become available for the legume crop but a little will be- come available for the growth of the crop increased thereby. To assure the best growth of the legumes the soil ought to be inocculated with bacteria which will aid in the growth of the legume plant and in the fixing of nitrogen from the air. This inoculation may be made by the addition of barnyard ma- nure to the soil or by the addition of soil from a field where this legume had been successfully grown, or a pure culture of the organism may be applied to the seed of the legume be- fore planting. Closely allied legumes are the hosts of sim- ilar organisms and these are interchanageale for such plants. The soil prepared for mellilotus, alfalfa or burr clover may be inoculated with soil taken from the ' fields where any of these have been grown. In the same way the organisms of red clover, alsike, white clover and crimson clover are interchangeable ; those of the cowpea and the part- ridge pea ; and those of the common vetch and of the hairy vetch. Of the total nitrogen in leguminous plants about one- third is taken from the soil and two-thirds from the air. In alfalfa about 42 per cent of its total nitrogen content is con- —20— tained in its roots. So that the growing of alfalfa may in- crease the total nitrogen content of the soil even though the hay crop be removed each year. Red clover and crimson clover will come close to returning through their roots as much nitrogen as is taken from the soil during their growth. A legume like the cowpea has only six per cent of nitrogen in its roots and so takes out of the soil more than four times as much nitrogen as it restores through its roots. It is a fallacy to suppose that the growing of such a plant in a crop rotation in which the hay crop is removed will increase the total nitrogen content of the soil. Dr. Chas. F. Briscoe, Bacteriologist of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, has conducted some experiments to determine the bacteriological effect of green manure. He used alfalfa for the green manure. His conclusions are as follows: "1. There is a direct relation between bacterial count and the amount of organic matter added. 2. The quantitative bacteriological test and the vegetable test agree very uniformly. 3. A light dressing of stable manure with a green manure gives a marked effect as shown both by the crop grown and the bacterial counts. 4. The addition of a bacterial culture along with the green manure has as great an effect as the addition of the light dressing of stable manure which indicates that the benefit of the addition of the stable manure is due largely to the adidton of the bac- teria contained in the manure. 5. The addition of organic matter gives not only a larger growth but a better quality of feed as shown by the analysis for total nitrogen in the straw." Professor C. T. Ames of the Holly Springs Branch Ex- periment Station in conducting some experiments to deter- mine the value of liming in the growing of cowpeas found that the addition of 500 pounds of air-slack lime in drill in- —21— creased the amount of hay by 960 pounds and the number of bushels of peas by 8 bushels ; that the addition of 500 pounds of crushed limestone per acre increased the yield of hay by 1,280 pounds and the number of bushels of peas by 5.5 bush- els per acre; and that the addition of 2,000 pounds of air- slack lime broadcast increased the yield of hay per acre by 1,660 pounds and the number of bushels of peas by 5 bush- els per acre. In discussing these tests Professor Ames says : "One application of lime, at the rate of two tons of crushed stone or one ton of air-slack lime per acre, will increase the yield of most legumes each year for several years. Lime will give better results when used under leguminous crops ; however, on these soils, almost any crop will respond to the use of lime. * * * In 1912 at this Station, the yield of seed cotton was increased from 600 pounds on unlimed land to 820 pounds on soils that were limed, and the same year the yield of corn was increased 13 bushels per acre by the use of lime; that is, the unlimed soils produced 57 bushels per acre and the limed soils in the same test 70 bushels per acre. * * * We have adopted the practice of applying lime in the fall on land that has recently been turned and harrowing it in thoroughly so as to incorporate it with the soil. Such a method has proven satisfactory. * * * The successful growing of alfalfa here may be summed up in the following: Lime, fertility, inoculation and fall planting. Lime should be applied the fall before at the rate of from 2 to 4 tons per acre on land that was broken for this purpose. This would be a fine time to add from 10 to 20 loads of ma- nure per acre. Plant this land the next spring in some short-lived crop such as cowpeas, potatoes, or beans ; remove the crop early in July ; turn the land very shallow and keep well harrowed until seed are sown. Plant 25 pounds of seed per acre, after rain, from the last of August to the middle of October, and harrow in. The seed bed should be firm. —22— Three or four hundred pounds of soil from a well establish- ed alfalfa field will furnish sufficient incoulating material for one acre. Sow this soil on the land at seed planting and harrow in with the seed. You should get the first cutting of hay by the middle of May the next season, and this cutting should pay you for all the expense you have had, except the manure'." Bulletin No. 165. LIMESTONE IN MISSISSIPPI SUITABLE FOR AGRI- CULTURAL USE. Mississippi contains a number of limestones suitable for grinding and applying to soils. In the northeastern part of the State, particularly in Tishomingo County, there are beds of limestone belonging to the Devonian and to the Mis- sissippian periods. A little to the west extending from Cor- inth to Macon and beyond there is a belt of soft limestone called the Selma chalk which is suitable for agricultural pur poses. Lying west of the Selma chalk between Houston and Ripley are the Ripley marls which can be used locally. Bor- dering the Selma and the Ripley areas on the west is the Clayton limestone which can be used for liming purposes. Through the central part of the State extending from Vicks- burg to Wanyesboro is the outcrop of the Vicksburg lime- stone and the marls which are associated with it. This for- mation contains beds of marl and layers of limestone which are suitable for use in the liming of lands. These limestones and marls vary in the percentage of lime carbonate and oth- er plant food which they contain. They also vary in the de- gree of hardness and the ease with which they can be crush- ed. As a rule the Selma marl is the most easily crushed and the others stand in this order, Ripley, Clayton and Vicks- —23— burg about the same hardness, the Devonian and the sub- Carboniferous (Mississippian) the hardest. The table on the following page exhibits the amount of phosphorus, potassium, and lime in some of the limestones and marls of Mississippi. —24— TABLE NO. 1. Showing the per cent and pounds per ton of phosphoric acid, potash, lime and lime carbonate in Mississippi lime- stone. Showing the Percent and Pounds Per Ton of Phosphoric Acid, Potash, Lime and Lime Carbonate in MISSISSIPPI LIMESTONE. Locality Acid i Phosphoric| |P. C. | Lbs.| Baldwyn |0.51 |10.2 Bear Creek |0.1325| 2.65 Brandon |0.0425| .85 Brandon |0.12 | 2.40 Brooksville j 0.36 | 7.20 Booneville 1 0.6325112. 65i Potash Corinth |0.3775 Corinth |0.3325 Crawford |0.27 Crawford ._ |0.3725 Indian Creek |0.1925 Jackson j 0.175 Jackson 0.2625 Macon |0.2725 Macon [0.14 Macon J0.165 Okolona |0.235 Okolona, |0.1552| Okolona |0.185 Okolona |0.3575 Plymouth |0.195 Plymouth |0.19 Waynesoro j 0.135 Van Vleet |0.31 Van Vleet |0.1625 Van Vleet [0.1375 7.55 6.65 5.4 7.45 3.85 3.50 5.25 5.45 2.80 3.3 4.7 3>05| 3.7 7.15 3.9 3.8 2.7 6.2 3.25 2.75 P. c. |0.3080375 0.0265375 0.178525 0.062725 [0.275025 0.193 0.207475 0.390825 0.1351 0.313625 0.08926 0.197825 0.26035 0.197325 0.18476 0.154'? 0.190545 0.043425 0.08685 0.0554975 0.207475 0.159225 0.05996 0.1351 0.16646 0.07735 | Lbs 6.16 .53 3.57 1.25 |5.50 3.86 4.15 7.81 2,70 6.27 1.78 3.95 5.21 3.96 3.69 3.09 3.81 0.86 1.73 1.109 4.15 3.18 1.19 2.7 3.33 1.55 Lime Lime | Carbonate P. C 29.74 29.44 46.04 48.08 44.50 41.52 24.20 28.76 46.28 39.58 29.60 11.40 14.93 41.36 41.44 43.58 45.88 35.67 44.66 41.44 30.18 P. C 52.94 52.40 81.95 85.58 79.21 73.90 43.07 51.19 82.37 70.45 52.68 20.29 26.57 73.62 73.76 77.57 81.66 63.49 79.49 73.76 53.72 24.40143.43 14.48|25.77 25.66|45.67 40.98J72.94 41.97l74.70 Lbs. 1958.8 1048.0 1639.0 1711.6 1655.14 1478.0 861.4 1023.8 1647.4 1409.0 1053.6 405.8 1472.4 1472.4 1475.2 1551.4 1633.2 1269.8 1589.8 1475.2 1074.4 868.6 515.4 913.4 1458.8 1494.0 —25— THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF MISSISSIPPI CONTAINING LIME. There are a number of geological formations in Missis- sippi that contain calcareous (limey) matter or marls. These vary as to the amount of lime and the proportions of other substances. They vary also in degree of hardness and hence in the ease with which they may be crushed and pre- pared for agricultural purposes. Some of the salient facts regarding these formations are given in the following para- graphs : Devonian. — The Devonian period of geological time is represented in Mississippi by formations consisting of shales and limestones. The area of outcrop of these forma- tions is small and is confined to bluffs of the Tennessee River in Tishomingo County. The limestone is a bluish-gray rock of almost flint-like fracture and of considerable hardness. Exposures occur on Yellow Creek near its mouth, on Whet- stone Creek near Short, near Old Eastport on the bluff of the Tennessee River, at Bluff Spring and on Goodman and Indian Creeks. The limestone attains a thickness of 40 feet or more and consists of layers of dark, compact, non-fossili- f erous rock. The individual layers attain a thickness of eight or more feet and are intersected by numerous joint planes. The following table gives the analysis of four samples of De- vonian limestones from Tishomingo county, 1 and 3 from In- dian Creek and 2 and 4 from Old East Port.' 1 and 2 were reported by Dr. E. W. Hilgard and 3 and 4 by Dr. W. F. Hand. —27— TABLE NO. 2. ANALYSES OF DEVONIAN LIMESTONE FROM TISHOMINGO COUNTY. Insoluble matter (SiO*) 54.201 35.281 42.00 48.18 ....Alumina (A1 2 3 ) 1.064 1.914 1.98 3.43 Iron oxide (Fe,0 3 ) 0.903 1.581 6.02 3.13 Lime (CaO) 23.247 32.603 23.25 39.47 Magnesia (MgO) 0.788 0.630 0.27 3.19 Carbonic acid (CO.) 15.572 27.643 24.10 5.06 Organic matter and water .... 3.752 0.40 0.40 Potash (K 2 0) 0.473 0.348 Sulphur tricxide (SO :: ) 1.50 2.23 Another sample of limestone from Indian Creek con- tained 29.60% of CaO and 52.68% of calcium carbonate. Since the highest percentage of lime carbonate shown by any of these samples is about 70^ this limestone is not as good for liming purposes as some other limestones. It would have the advantage of remaining in the soil for a longer per- iod since it disintegrates less rapidly than some other lime- stones of the State. Lower Carboniferous. Overlying the Devonian for- mations in Tishomingo County and outcropping in a small area in Itawamba County are beds of shale, sandstone and limestones of lower carboniferous age. The best exposures of the limestone are along the banks of Bear River and on a small creek entering Cypress Pond near Mingo Bridge. The bed of limestone exposed has a visible thickness of 15 feet but the total thickness is not exposed. One of the layers is broken up into large quadrangular blocks which have a thickness of seven feet. This limestone contains some bitu- minous matters, which ignites after being held for a short time in a flame. When heated, sufficient bitumen exudes to change the color from gray to balck. The table given below —28— exhibits the composition of a sample of the limestone : TABLE NO. 3. ANALYSIS OF CYPRESS POND LIMESTONE. Constituent. Per cent. Moisture 1.10 Volatile matter (C0 2 ) 27.00 Silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ) 10.91 Iron oxide (Fe,0 ;! ) 5.00 Aluminum oxide (A1 2 3 ) 8.71 Calcium oxide (CaO) 47.06 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.16 Sulphur trioxide (SO*) 0.85 Since this limestone contains about 84.03% of calcium carbonate from the standpoint of lime content it is one of the best limestones in the State. It is not as easily crushed and not as readily soluble as some others. TABLE NO. 3a. Analysis of Limestone from Cypress Pond. Collected y C. F. Wagner, Iuka, April, 1916: Per cent Moisture 0.06 Lime (CaO) 55.96 Calcium Carbonate, CaC0 3 (Calculated) 99.86 Selma Chalk. — The most widely distributed and the most abundant lime-bearing formation is the Selma chalk of the Upper Cretaceous system. This formation is for the most part a fine-grained chalk or chalk marl. The outcrop of this formation extends from the northern line of the State in vicinity of Corinth to Kemper County on the south, occu- pying a strip of territory varying from 30 to 50 miles in width. On unweathered surfaces the rock has a bluish tint but weathers white or yellow. The amount of calcium carbonate varies in different parts of the area but as a rule increases toward the west and toward the south. The thickness also increases toward the west and toward the south. In the —29— northeastern part of the area the total thickness is less than 100 feet while in the extreme southwestern portion it reach- es a thousand feet in thickness. The Selma chalk in many places contains minerals of potassium and of phosphorus, which add to the fertility of the soil when the limestone is applied to the land. Ripley Marls. — The Ripley formation of the Upper Cretaceous system borders the Selma chalk on the west in the northern part of its outcrop. It extends from the north line of the State above Ripley to Houston on the south, oc- cupying the strip of territory known as the Pontotoc Ridge. The marl is a highly fossiliferous sand clay which in some places passes into a layer of shell rock of a sandy nature. The marl contains grains of glauconite which contribute to the fertility of the soils formed from the decomposition of this rock. The Calcareous Claiborne. — Beds of greenish marl con- taining large numbers of shells occur in the upper portion of the Claiborne formation of the Eocene epoch of the Ter- tiary period in Mississippi. In some places the percentage of lime is sufficiently high to render the marl valuable for local liming purposes, though if it had to be transported by rail, it would be more economical to use a rock containing a higher percent of lime carbonate. The outcrop of this for- mation occupies the central part of the State in a line run- ning from Yazoo County to Clarke County. Silicious Claiborne. — At Vaiden there is a green sand exposed in some railroad cuts south of town. A heavy pur- plish-brown clay forms the principal part of the outcrop with thinner layers of green sand. The grains of the sand are dark green and yellowish-green in color. An analysis of a sample of the sand was made by Dr. Hilgard with the following results : —30— TABLE NO. 4. VAIDEN (SHONGALO) .GREENS AND. Coarse sand, and insoluble silica 36.707 Soluble (in Na0 2 CO.,) silica 18,296 Potash 1.604 Soda 0.045 Lime 0.166 Magnesia 1.630 Peroxide of iron, with little alumina 34.377 Phosphoric acid trace Carbonic acid 0.129 Water 7.012 Total 99.948 The percentage of lime in this rock is too low to make it of use as a liming material and the other fertilizing constit- uents are hardly abundant enough to make it of value when applied to the soil. The Jackson Marls. — Calcareous matter is sufficiently abundant in certain parts of the Jackson formation to ren- der it useful locally for liming purposes. The formation borders the calcareous Claiborne on the south. It consists of beds of sand, clay and marls. The marls contain the shells and bones of marine animals. Outcrops occur on the Pearl River at Jackson, at Brandon and other places. The Vicksburg Limestone. — The Vicksburg limestone belongs to the Oligocene epoch of the Tertiary period. The lime of its outcrop parallels the Jackson formation on the south, extending from Vicksburg to Waynesboro. It con- sists of beds of limestone and marls. Typical exposures occur at Vicksburg, Brandon and Byrum. Exposures of limestone occur in the bluff of the river at Vicksburg. In the exposures along the river front, there are five or six layers of limestone interbedded with marl and clay. They overlie dark colored clays and sands. The limestone varies in thickness in the different ledges and even in the same ledge. The individual —31— layers are from 1 to 6 feet thick. The following table gives the chemical composition of Vicksburg limestone from a number of exposures : TABLE NO. 5. ANALYSES OF VICKSBURG LIMESTONE. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Moisture 40 1.00 1.79 2.10 Volatile matter (COi) 37.22 35.20 35.40 33.16 Silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ) 7.08 7.31 6.77 14.88 Iron oxide (Fe 2 3 ) 2.50 4.00 2.00 3.59 Aluminum oxide (Al a O s ) 61 13.66 4.68 5.70 Calcium oxide (CaO) 50.44 36.62 45.51 36.86 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.07 .29 .64 .99 Sulphur trioxide (SO,) 38 2.78 3.00 .25 Total ■ 99.70 100.86 99.79 97.72 Sample No. 1 is from Warren County ; No. 2 and No. 3 are from Wayne County, and No. 4 is from Rankin County. At Brandon, in Rankin County, there are some excel- lent exposures of Vicksburg limestone. On the Robinson place, 4 miles southeast of Brandon, there is a stone quarry in which six layers of limestone are found interbedded with marl in the following stratigraphic order : TABLE NO. 6. Section of Vicksburg at Robinson Quarry, Near Brandon. 13. Soil and decomposed rock 2 12. Limestone I-IY2 11. Marl 1 10. Lmestone 2 9. Marl - - 2 8. Limestone 1 % 7. Marl 1 % 6. Limestone % - - - Wz-I 5. Marl 2 4. Limestone 2 3. Marl - 1 % -32- 2. Limestone 2 1. Marl : 2 The limestone is bluish on fresh fractures but weathers white. It is fossiliferous, containing abundant evidence of marine life. Grand Gulf and Pascagoula Formations. — These con- sist of clays, silicious clay stones, quartzites, impure lignites, sands, gravels, and to a limited extent of shell beds and marls. The lime in the marls ranges from less than one per cent to 12 per cent, the magnesia from 1 to 2 per cent; the potash from y± to 1^4%; the phosphoric acid from .10 to .15%. A shell marl outcropping at Lyman, Harrison Coun- ty, is typical of the marls of these formations. It is a dark- colored sandy clay with oyster and other shells thickly imbedded within it. The shells have undergone but little change since they were deposited, except that they are par- tially disintegrated and rapidly crumble when exposed to the weather. —34— HOW TO DETECT SOIL ACIDITY. The Litmus Test for Soils. By Dr. Hopkins. Any one can make a very satisfactory and trustworthy test for soil acidity with very little trouble or expense., Lit- mus is an organic coloring matter which is red in acids and blue in alkalies, and sensitive blue litmus paper is prepared by moistening absorbent paper with litmus disolved in a very dilute solution of alkali. This dried paper can be pur- chased in small packages of 25 or 50 strips for ten cents, preferably in small vials for better preparation. For the test, make a ball of moist soil, break it in two, insert a strip of sensitive blue litmus paper and press to- gether firly. After five or ten minutes open the ball and examine the paper. If it has changed from blue to pink or red, the soil is acid. If the soil is moderately dry the change in color may appear only in spots, or greater pressure and more time may be required. The rapidity of change and in- tensity of color developed indicate to some extent the rela- tive degree of acidity. It is very important to test the sub- soil as well as the surface soil, for if the subsoil is strongly acid then the capillary moisture which rises in time of drought will tend to carry increased acidity to the surface, whereas if the subsoil contains lime the rising moisture will tend to neutralize the surface acidity and this may even save the life of such plants as clover during a critical period. If the blue litmus paper is not reddened, the soil may be either alkaline or neutral ; that is, it may or may not con- tain limestone. WHEN TO USE LIME. Ground limestone never injures soils, crops or fertili- zers. —35— In general it may be said that the best time to apply ground limestone is on a growing small grain crop which is to be followed by cow peas, soy beans, peanuts or corn. Where bermuda pastures are disked in the fall, lime- stone can be profitably applied ; and this is still more the case where vetch, bur or other clovers, or lespedeza is to be grown with the bermuda. HOW MUCH TO APPLY. The best experience proves that an application of two to three tons of ground limestone per acre followed by a second application of two tons per acre in two years, and thereafter two tons every four years will maintain a proper lime con- tent of the soil. HOW TO APPLY LIMESTONE. Ground limestone should be applied broadcast, either by a lime spreader, or from the wagon hauling it, on freshly broken ground or on growing small grain, and then harrow- ed well into the soil. It should never be plowed under. PHYSICAL EFFECT OF LIME ON SOILS. The physical effect of lime on clay soils makes it less likely to bake, easier to work, and more porous, by holding together the very fine particles of clay soils ; while on sandy soil the opposite effect is true ; it holds the large particles to- gether, thus retaining the moisture longer. The land is al- so made sweet and wholesome; conditions which are most favorable to the growth of grain and legumes. FORMS OF LIME. Carbonate of Lime is the unburned limestone pulverized to a very fine powder. Its value for agricultural purposes —36— depends on its fineness and percentage of calcium contained. Hydrated lime, often called slacked lime, is manufactur- ed by first burning the rock in a kiln and then removing it to cool. The farmer should know how much calcium oxide, and how much impurities are in his lime, and should pay for the same on a basis of the amount of calcium oxide contained. THE NECESSITY OF LIMING. All the Agricultural Experiment Stations throughout the country have demonstrated that lime must be added be- fore the full capacity of soil for crop production can be rea- lized and that not only do manures and fertilizers fail to per- form the functions of lime, but that the full effect of ma- nuring and fertilizing is not attained until lime is added. The Stations' experiments have demonstrated conclu- sively that lime applied to the corn crop returns its cost at least twice over in its direct effect upon that crop and those immediately following in rotation, while the indirect effect upon subsequent crops through the greater growth of clover produced by the liming may amount to nearly or quite as much more. LIME BUILDS PLANT TISSUE. There was a time when lime was valued only as an acid neutralier or soil sweetner, then experts did not know of its fertilizing qualities. Now lime is known to be a fertili- zer — a real plant food. If you desire proof of this, have your crops analyzed. READ WHAT GOVERNMENT EXPERTS SAY. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station "Bulletin No. 159" says Lime is absolutely indespensable to growth of —37— plants." No fertilizer, nor combination of fertilizers, has materially increased the yield, except when used in con- junction with lime. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station "Bulletin No. 187" says: "Liming is the best remedy for diseases which attack certain crops." "Lime acts upon the insoluble potash and liberates it, making it available for the growth of plants." Virginia Truck Experiment Station "Bulletin No. 1" says: "Much fertilizer is wasted because the crops cannot use it until lime is supplied." Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station "Bulletin No. 165 says : "One application of lime, at the rate of 2 tons of crushed stone or 1 ton of air slacked lime per acre, will increase the yield of most legumes each year for several years. Lime will give better results when used under le- guminous crops, however, on these soils almost any crop will respond to the use of lime. "In 1912 at this Station, the yield of seed cotton was in- creased from 600 pounds on unlimed land to 820 pounds on soils that were limed, and the same year the yield of corn was increased 13 bushels per acre by the use of lime ; that is, the unlimed soils produced 57 bushels and the limed soils in the same test produced 70 bushels per acre." VALUE OF LIME ON VARIOUS CROPS. Alfalfa: The influence of liming on the increased growth of alfalfa is noted by all agricultural writers, where soils are not of limestone origin. In preparing land for alfalfa, at least half of the total amount of lime should be used in the spring of the year be- fore the alfalfa is planted, preferably on small grain crop to —38- be followed by cow peas, which should be turned under. Clover: Attains maximum yields only in well limed soils. Cotton: Farmers should make it a rule to apply lime at least once every four years to their cotton soils. In order that cotton shall derive the greatest benefit from lime, the application should be made where a crop of cow peas, soy beans, velvet beans is to be grown, to be followed by cotton. On any soil needing lime which is richan vegetable matter, lime should be applied on the freshly broken soil as far ahead of the actual planting of the cotton as the work of the farm will permit. Corn : That corn is benefitted by application of lime to the soil, is proven by the experiment made at Holly Springs Experiment Station as recorded in Bulletin No. 165, which shows an increase of 13 bushels per acre by the use of lime. It is a known fact that corn grows better where there is an associated crop of legumes. The incorporation of large amounts of vegetable matter in the soil will be imperative, and cheaply supplied by growing early maturing velvet beans in the drill with the corn, and a heavy seeding of peas in the middle when the crop is laid-by. It does not pay to plow under such a crop if there are cattle or hogs on the farm to graze it down. Small Grain — Oats : The beneficial effects of lime on these crops is well established. Rye, oats and wheat give larger yields where the soil has been limed. Where lime can not be applied to the soil before plant- ing a small grain crop, it should be applied on the growing COL. W. A. MONTGOMERY, Trustee, First District. —41— crop and harrowed thoroughly. Cow peas, peanuts or soy beans should follow the grain crop. Soy Beans: Like the great majority of legumes, it does its best in well-limed soils. Soy beans make a profitable ad- dition to the corn crop, and larger yields of corn are made where soy beans are planted in the drill with the corn. This will not prevent the planting of peas in the middles when the crop is laid-by. Many farmers grow soy beans to be hogged off. Hogs make heavy gains on this pasturage, but the meat is soft, and requires finishing. If corn, with velvet beans and cow peas were grown also, to be grazed and hogged off, and the hogs turned on after grazing soy beans, a very superior pork should be the result. When hogs are first turned on soy beans, they should be allowed to grae them only about two or three hours a day, and then turned on a grass pasture. It takes time for a hog to accommodate itself to the high-protein content of soy beans, and a great waste of valuable feed will result where they are turned on these crops all day from the start. Later, the number of hours a day they are allowed to graze may be lengthened, but always it will be found better to turn them on grass, or corn, velvet beans and cow peas part of the day. Peas and Beans : Lime has a decided beneficial effect on peas, soy beans, velvet beans as well as garden peas and garden beans. Lespedeza: It has been ascertained by Mississippi farmers, in the boll-weevil district, that while this most ex- cellent pasture and hay grass is an acid-resistant it reaches maximum production only on lime soils. It is a natural soil bulder, and a great gatherer of nitrogen from the air. -42— GOOD SUGGESTIONS. Broadcast limestone on lands to be planted to cotton or corn, if it can not be used when the land is broken. Culti- vation afterwards will distribute it in the soil. If lime can not be applied before seeding the oat crop broadcast it on the growing oats. The first rain will carry it into the soil. Don't plow under entire green crops without using lime- stone, as they tend to make soils sour, and can not, in the nature of things, give the highest profit on unlimed soils. Use limestone in your stalls as an absorbent. Unlike burnt lime, it does not liberate ammonia. When lands have been limed, give the land a square meal in the shape of an entire crop of cow peas, clovers, vetch or velvet beans. The difference between rich soil and poor soil is humus, and this plan provides humus of the highest quality. Sprinkle a little crushed limestone on the cattle and hog feed. It takes lime and phosphorus to make the big bone, big muscled, healthy animal. Poultry will do better if they have plenty of limestone in their scratchfeed. A limestone spreader is a fine investment. More uni- form distribution and a saving in limestone follows its use. Determine to get more for your labor and investment. Make up your mind to lime your lands before planting it to legumes, and inoculate your legumes so you will get more growth and more nitrates. In a lecent article from the U. S. Department of Agri- culture issued by Carl Vrooman, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, we take the following: "It may safely be said, I believe, that if all sources of artificial chemical fertilizers failed, our total farm output in —43— many sections could not only be maintained, but even in- creased for a considerable time simply by the application of lime to acreages that now are low in yield or lying fallow be- cause they are too sour to grow profitable crops. Lime can and should be put on all sour land. By a plentiful use of lime we can, figuratively speaking, make our 'war bread' of 'stones.' "The initial returns from the application of lime to sour land are sometimes remarkable. An investment in lime- stone often pays a dividend of one hundred per cent or more the first year, if care is taken at the same time to maintain the organic content of the soil. "It is the duty of American farmers, in this national crisis, to make the most of this, our cheapest and most eas- ily available agency for speeding up production. War or no war, a car load of crushed limestone where needed is always money in the farmers' pocket at the end of the crop year. And a car-load of limestone, judiciously used by each farmer whose land is too acid, will augment our supply of bread- stuffs by a surprising number of millions of bushels." HOW TO ORDER. The limestone plants being under the control and man- agement of the Mississippi State Penitentiary, all orders should be addressed to them at Jackson, Miss. The board is required to furnish the farmers of the State crushed limestone at actual cost. It is costing the penitentiary at present, One Dollar per ton delivered on the cars at the plants, therefore, this will be the price unless the cost is either reduced or advanced. All orders will receive prompt attention. —44— SOME THINGS THE FARMERS SHOULD KNOW. From Henry's "Feed & Feeding" we learn that the av- erage value of the manure produced by each horse in a year is worth $27.00, each head of cattle $37.50, each hog, $3.30. Figure this against the number of stock you keep, and you will find the value of the manure produced on your place. TO LAY OFF SMALL LOTS OF LAND. Farmers and gardeners often find it necessary to lay off small portions of land for the purpose of experimenting with different crops, fertilizers, etc. To such the following rule will be helpful : One acre contains 160 square rods, or 4840 yards, or 43,560 square feet. To measure off one acre it will take 208 7-10 feet each way. One half acre it will take 147V 2 feet each way. One-third of an acre it will take 104% feet each way. One-eighth acre it will take 73% feet each way. NUMBER OF CORDS IN A PILE OF WOOD. A cord of wood is a pile 8 feet long, 4 feet wide and 4 feet high, and contains 128 cubic feet. RULE : — Multiply the length in feet by the width in feet and that result by the height in feet and divide the pro- duct by 128 and you have the number of cords. EXAMPLE : — How many cords in a pile of wood 4 feet wide 7 feet high and 24 feet long? SOLUTION :— 4x7x24— 672 cubic feet. 672^128=5y 4 . cords. NUMBER OF SHINGLES REQUIRED FOR A ROOF RULE : — Multiply the length of the ridge pole by twice the length of one rafter, and if the shingles are to be exposed —45— 4i/ 2 inches to the weather, multiply by 8, and if exposed 5 inches to the weather multiply by 7 1-5, and you have the number of shingles. Shingles are usually 16 inches long and 4 inches wide, and put up in bundles of 250 each. One bundle of 16 inch shingles will cover 30 square feet. When laid 5 inches to the weather, 5 lbs of 4-penny nails or 3% pounds of 3-penny nails will lay 1000 shingles. TO FIND NUMBER OF BUSHELS OF GRAIN IN BIN. RULE : — Multiply the length in feet by the height in feet, and then again by the breadth in feet, and then again by 8, and cut off the right hand figure. The last result will be the number of bushels. EXAMPLE:— How many bushels in a bin 12 feet long, 8 feet wide and 4 feet high ? SOLUTION :— 12x18x4x8=307.2 bushels— Answer. TO FIND THE CONTENTS OF A WAGON BED. A common wagon bed is a little more than 10 feet long and 3 feet wide, and will hold bout two bushels for every inch in depth. RULE : — Multiply the depth of the wagon bed in inches by 2, and you have the number of bushels. A bushel to the inch is calculated for corn on the cob. AMOUNT OF BARBED WIRE REQUIRED FOR FENCES Estimated number of pounds of barbed wire required to fence space or distance mentioned, with one, two or three lines of wire, based upon each pound of wire measuring one rod (161/2 feet.) —46— 1 line 2 lines 3 lines 1 Square acre 50 3-4 lbs. - 101 1-8 lbs. 152-lbs 1 side of square acre 12 2-3 lbs. 25 1-2 lbs. 38-lbs 1 square half acre 36 lbs. 72' lbs. 108-lbs 1 square mile 1280 lbs. 2560 lbs. 3840-lbs NAILS REQUIRED IN CARPENTER WORK. To case and hang one door 1-lb To case and hang one window 1,4 -lb Base 100 lineal feet 1-lb To put on Rafters, Joists, etc 3-lbs to 1000 ft. To put up studdings .....3-lbs to 1000 ft. To lap a 6-inch floor 15-lbs to 1000 ft. NUMBER OF NAILS TO THE POUND. 3 penny, 1 3-8 inches... 480 4 penny, 1 1-2 inches 300 6 penny, 2 inches 160 8 penny, 2 1-2 inches , 92 10 penny, .3 inches 60 12 penny, 3 1-4 inches 44 20 penny, 4 inches 24 40 penny, 5 inches 14 TO FIND THE WEIGHT OF LIVE STOCK BY MEASUREMENT: The only instrument necessary is a measure with feet and inches marked upon it. The girth is the circumference of the animal just be- hind the shoulder blades. The superficial feet are obtained by multiplying the girth and length. The following table contains the rule to ascertain the weight of the animal: If less than one foot in girth, multiply superficial feet by 8. If less than three and more than one, multiply superfi- cial feet by 11. If less than five and more than three, multiply the su- perficial feet by 16. —47— If less than seven and more than five, multiply superfi- cial feet by 23. If less than nine and more than seven, multiply the su- perficial feet by 23. If less than eleven and more than nine, multiply the su- perficial feet by 42. EXAMPLE : — Suppose the girth of a steer to be six feet three inches, length five feet six inches, the superficial feet will be 34, and in accordance with the table, the weight will be 782 pounds. Table showing amount of Hay or its equivalent required each day for every one hundred pounds an animal weighs : Working Horses 3.08 lbs. Working Oxen 2.40 lbs. Milch Cows 2.25 to 2.40 lbs. Dry Cows * 2.42 lbs. Young growing cattle 3.08 lbs. Sheep 3.00 lbs Number of Trees or Plants for an acre of ground set at regular distances apart : Distance No. of Plants 3 feet by 3 feet - 4,840 3% feet by 3% feet - 3,555 4 feet by 4 feet 2,722 10 feet by 10 feet 435 15 feet by 15 feet , 193 20 feet by 20 feet 108 Quantity Qf Seed Required to Plant an Acre: Kind of Seed Quantity. Barley 2% bu. Beans, Bush, in drills 2% feet 1% bu. Beans, Pole or Lima 20 qts. Beets, in drills 2% feet 9 lbs. Broom Corn, in drills 12 lbs. Cabbage, outside for transplanting 12' ozs. Clover, White Dutch 13 lbs. Clover, Lucerne 10 lbs. Clover, Red 10 lbs Clover, Red with Timothy 12 lbs. Corn, Sugar 8 qts. Corn, Field 10 qts. Grass, Orchard 25 qts. Grass, Red Top 20 qts. Melons, Water in hills 8x8 ft 3 lbs. Oats 2V 2 bu. Pumpkin, in hills 8x8 ft 2 qts. Peas, in drills 1 to 1% bu. Peas, broadcast 2 to 3 bu. Rye, Broadcast 1% bu. Turnips, in drills 2 feet ...3 lbs. Turnips, Broadcast 3 lbs. Wheat, in drills - 1% bu. Wheat, Brosdcast 2 bu. Number of years se2ds retain their vitality: Melon - - 8 to 10 years 'Pumpkin 8 to 10 years Squash 8 to 10 years Pea 5 to 6 years Radishes ----4 to 5 years Beets 3 to 4 years Lettuce - - 3 to 4 years Mustard 3 to 4 years Okra 3 to 4 years Turnips .—3 to 6 years Beans 2 to 3 years Corn on cob —.2 to 3 years Tomato .."..... 2 to 3 years Weight of Cubic Foot of Earth, Stone and Metal : Brass, gun metal 543 lbs. Brick, common 102 lbs. Copper 547 lbs. Clay 120 lb? Coal 56 lbs. Earth, loose 94 lbs. Iron, cast 450 lbs. Lead, cast 702 pis. Mortar 110 lbs. Mud 102 lbs. Live Oak, 'seasoned 67 lbs. HON. J. F. THAMES, Trustee, Second District. —51— Pine, yellow 34 lbs. Hickory 52 lbs. Stone, common 158 lbs. Sand, when wet 128 lbs. Hay, in bales 9 lbs. Hay, pressed 25 lbs. HOW TO PRESERVE EGGS. To each pail full of water, add two pints of fresh slack- ed lime, and one pint of common salt; mix well. Fill a bar- rel half full with this fluid, put your eggs down in it any time after June, and they will keep two years if desired. THINGS TO REMEMBER. Cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable fabrics. Fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling water for a minute. Milk that has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use again by stirring in a little soda. Kerosine, or coal oil, will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened by water, and will render them as pli- able as new. One teaspoon of ammonia to a teacup of water applied with a rag will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly. Charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gasses in the milk room where foul gasses are present. It should be freshly powdered and kept there continually, especially in hot weather. Apply kerosine, or coal oil, with a rag to your stoves when taken down for the summer. It will keep them from rusting. Treat your farming tools in the same manner when you lay them aside in the fall. —52— A teaspoon of borax put in the last water in which clothes are rinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the borax so it will dissolve readily. HOW TO START A BALKY HORSE. Take the horse out of the shafts and make him go around in a circle till he is giddy. You will not have to do it more than twice. HOW TO MEASURE TIMBER AND LUMBER. To ascertain the number of cubic feet in round timber, find the average circumference by adding the circumference of the larger and smaller ends, and dividing by 2, multiply the square of one-fourth of this average circumference by the length in feet ; the result gives four-fifths of the real con- tents in cubic feet, one-fifth being customarily allowed to the purchaser for waste in sawing. To measure square timber, multiply the width by the thickness in inches, this product by the length in feet, and divide by 12, results give feet. HOW DEEP IN THE GROUND TO PLANT CORN. The following -is the result of an experiment with In- dian Corn that was planted at the depth of 1 inch came up in 8% days IV2 inches came up in 9% days 2 inches came up in 10 days 2% inches came up in 11% days 3 inches came up in 12 days 3% inches came up in... 13 days 4 inches came up in 13% days WATER TEST FOR EGGS. An egg placed in a glass of water if fresh will remain at the bottom, if not quite fresh it will rest with the big end -53— raised higher than the small end, and the higher the big end is raised out of the water the older is the egg. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Section 5065, Code 1906. STANDARDS ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS. The Standards established by Congress are the stand- ards of the weights and measures in this State ; and a fac- simile of each is deposited with the Secretary of State, as well as at each of the State institutions of learning. The Secretary of State and the Proctors of those institutions are authorized to conform and seal all weights and measures brought to them, and to receive the fees allowed therefor. And on all sales by weight of the agricultural products here- inafter named, the number of pounds per bushel as stated in the following schedule, shall be the true and legal standard, viz: Wheat, per bushel 60 lbs. Corn in the ear, per bushel 72 lbs. Corn, shelled per bushel 56 lbs. Rye, per bushel 56 lbs. Buckwheat, per bushel 48 lbs. Barley, per bushel 48 lbs. Oats, per bushel 32 lbs. Peas, per bushel 60 lbs. White Beans, per bushel 60 lbs Castor Beans, per bushel 46 lbs. Irish Potatoes, per bushel - - - 60 lbs. Sweet Potatoes, per bushel 60 lbs. Onions, per bushel 57 lbs. Turnips, per bushel - 55 lbs. Dried Peaches, per bushel 33 lbs. Dried Apples, per bushel - 26 lbs. Clover Seed, per bushel 60 lbs. Flax Seed, per bushel 60 lbs. Millet Seed, per bushel 50 lbs. Hungarian Grass Seed, per bushel 50 Jbs. Timothy Seed, per bushel -45 lbs. Blue Grass Seed, per bushel 14 lbs. Hemp Seed, per bushel 44 lbs. —54— Salt, per bushel 50 lbs. Corn Meal, per bushel 48 lbs. Ground Peas, per bushel 24 lbs. Malt, per bushel 38 lbs Bran, per bushel 20 lbs. Stone Coal, per bushel 80 lbs. Lime, unslacked, per bushel 80 lbs. Sorghum Seed, per bushel 42 lbs. Corn Meal, bolted, per bushel 44 lbs. Corn Meal, unbolted, per bushel 48 lbs. Flour, in barrels 196 lbs. net Flour, in one-half barrels 98 lbs. net Flour, in one-fourth sacks 48 lbs. net Flour, in one-eighth sacks 24 lbs. net Meal, in barrels 200 lbs. net Section 5070. Weight of Cotton Seed: Unless other- wise agreed upon, a bushel of cotton-seed shall be thirty-two pounds avordupoise. Section 5071. Measure of Charcoal: Unless otherwise agreed upon, charcoal shall be sold by measure, and the measure of charcoal shall be a barrel of the capacity of three and one-quarter bushels. Section 5072. Measure of Saw Logs and Square Tim- ber : The table known as "Scribner's Lumber and Log Book by Doyle's Rule" is the standard rule of measurement by which saw-logs and square timber shall be measured. The use of any other rule of measurement is unlawful ; and any person who shall use any other rule which gives a less num- ber of feet in a given log, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished accordingly, and be liable to any person injur- ed for triple damages. -55- 9 SOME FUN FOR THE BOYS. Rule for Telling a Girl's Age : Tell her to put down the number of the month she was born, then to multiply it by 2, then to add 5, then to multiply it by 50, then to add her age, then to substract 365, then to add 115, then ask her to tell you the amount she has left. The two figures to the right will tell you her age, and the remainder the month of her birth. For example, the amount is 822, she is 22 years old and was born in the eighth month, (August) . Try it and have some fun. TITLES IN USE IN THE UNITED STATES. "The President of the United States," "His Excel- lency;" Governor of any State, and Ministers to foreign countries. "Honorable" is applied to the Vice-President of the United States, members of the Cabinet and members of Congress, heads of departments, judges, consuls, mayors of cities, etc. D. D., doctor of divinity; LL. D., doctor of law; Rev., minister of the Gospel ; Dr. ; physician and surgeon ; Prof., professor or teacher ; Esq., member of the legal profession, etc., indiscriminately used ; and other professional titles too numerous to mention. EXPLANATIONS OF GRAIN TABLES. The figures in heavy type represent the weight of the load, the number of bushels and pounds over are found at the right under the kind of grain. Example. — How many bushels in a load of wheat weighing 1490 pounds ? Run down the first, or weight col- umn, to 1490 and find opposite under "wheat" 24 bushels and 50 pounds —57— Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a Load of Grain. Net II Corn, |! Ear Ear 1 Oats || Rye | Wheat 11 Corn | Corn || Barley Weight 32 Lbs. ||56 Lbs. 60 Lbs.jj' 70 Lbs. 175 Lbs.||48 Lbs. Bu.|lbs.!'Bu.llbs. Bu.| lbs.!!! Bu. lbs. |Bu. lbs.! Bn.llbs. 1010 31 18| 18 02 16 50| 14 30 1 13 35| 21| 02 1020 31 28 18 12 17 ooii 14 40 1 13 45| 21| 12 1030 32 06| 18 22 17 10JI 14 50 1 13 55| 21 1 22 1040 32 161 18 32 17 20J1 14 60 1 13 65| 21[ 32 1050 32 26|| 18 42 17 301! 15 00|| 14 ooj 21 42 1060 33 041 18 52 17 40l| 15 10 1 14 10| 22 04 1070 33 14 19 06 17 50|| 15 20 1 14 20J 22 14 1080 33 24] "19 16 18 ooll 15 30 1 14 301 22 24' 1090 34 02 1 19 26 18 10|| 15 40 | 14 40| 22'| 34 1100 34 12 1 19 36 18 20 1] 15| 50|| 14| 50| 22| 44 1110 34 22 1 19 46 18 30|| 15 60 i 14) 60! 23| 06 1120 35 00| 20 00 18 40|j 16 00 | 14 70| 23| 16 1130 35 10| 20 10 18 50'l 16 10|| 15| 051 23 i 26 1140 .35 20 1 20 20 19 oo|| 16 20!| 15| 15| 23| 36 1150 35 30| 20 30 19 ion 16 30|| 15| 25) 23| 46 1160 36 08| 20 40 19 20|| 16 40 | 15) 35| 24| 08 1170 36 18| 20 50 19 30|1 16 50il 151 45| 24| 18 1180 36 28| 21 04 19 40|| 16 60 | 15 55! 24[ 28 1190 37 06| 21 14 19 soli 17 00|| 15| 651 24] 38 1200 37 161 21 24 20 ooii 17 101 1 16| 001 25| 00 1210 37 26 1 ' 21 34 20 1011 17 20 | 161 101 25| 10 1220 38 04| | 21 44 20 20|1 17 30 1 16 20! 25| 20 1230 38 14|' 21 54 | 20 3011 17 40|| 16 30| 25| 30 1240 38 24|| 22 08 | 20 40|| 17 50 1 16 401 25| 40 1250 39 02|| 22| 18 20| 50)1 17j 60 1 16 50| 26| 02 1260 39 12|| 22 28 1 21 ooll 18 00|| 16 60| 26| 12 1270 39 22|l 22 38 | 21 10|| 18 10 1 16 70| 26| 22 1280 40 00|| 22 48 1 21 20j| 18 20 1 17 05| 26|| 32 1290 40 10| | 23 02 1 21 30i| 18 30 1 17 15| 26 1 42 1300 40 20|| 23 12 1 21 40! i 18 40 1 17 25 27j 04 1310 40 30|| 23 22 1 21 50|| 18 50 1 17 351 27| 14 1320 41 08|| 23 32 | 22 ooll 18 60 1 !7 451 271 24 1330 41 18|| 23 42 22 10|| 19 00 1 17 55| 271 34 1340 41 28H 23 52| 1 22 20 ii 19 10 i 17 65 j 27 44 1350 42 06) | 24| 06 1 22 30l| 19 2)0 I 18 00! 28 1 06; 1360 42 16|| 24| 16|| 22 40]| 19 30 1 18 10 1 281 16 1370 | 42 26|| 24| 261 1 221 50| 19 | 40 II 12 | 20: 28| 26 1380 43| 04|| 24!' 36|| 23| 00|| 19 60 | 18 301 28j 36 1390 43 1 14|| 24 461| 23| 10|1 19 60 1 I 8 40[ 28| 46 1400 43 24 25 00|| 23 20 20 00 1 18 50| 29 08 1410 44| 02|| 25 10(1 23| 30!| 20 10 1 18 60| 291 18 1420 441 1211 25 20l| 231 40|! 20 20 1 18 70| 29| 28 1430 44| 2211 25 3C|| 231 50!) 20 30 1 19 051 291 38 1440 45| 001 1 25 40 24 00|| 20 40 1 19 15' 30! 00 1450 45 1 10|| 25 S0|| 24] 1011 20 50 1 19 25| 30| 10 1460 '45 1 2011 26 0411 24| 20!| 20 60 1 19 35! 30| 20 1470 45 1 30|| 26 1 14|| 24| 30l| 21 00 1 19 45| 30| 30 1480 461 08! 26| 2411 24| 4011 21 10 1 19 551 30i 40 1490 46 18l| 261 34l| 24| 50|| 21 20 1 19 65! 31| 02 1500 46 1 28,'i 26! 44|| 25| 00|| 21 30 | 20| 001 31[ 12 —58— Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a Load_of_Grain. — Continued. = _______^^^_ Net Weight 1510 1520 1530 1540 1550 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 1610 1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670 1680 1690 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 || Corn, Oats || Rye 32 Lbs. 1 156 Lbs. 47 061 261 47 16 27 47 26| 27 48 04 1 27 48 14| 27 48 24| 27 41) 02| 28 49 12| 28 49 221 28 50 00| 28 50 10| 28 50 20 28 50| 30 51 |08 Bu.|lbs.|Bu.|lbs. 08 18 28 38 48 02 12 22 32 42 52 291 06 29| 16 291 26 29] 36 29 1 46 30| 00 30 1 10. 30| 20 301 30 301 40 30| 50 31| 04 31| 14 31| 24 3l| 34 3l| 44 31| 54 321 08 32| 18 32] 28 32 1 38 32| 48 1 33| 02 33| 12 33 1 22 .33 32 33 1 42 33| 52 34| 06 34| 16 34 1 26 34| 36 34( 46| 351 00] 35| 10| 35) 20| 35 1 30 1 35| 40| 51 51 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 18 58 06 16 26 04 14 24 02 12 22 00 10 20| 30 08 18 281 06 16 26 04 14 24 02 12 22 00 10 20 30 08 18 28 06 62 16 Wheat! Bu.|lbs.|| 25| 10|| 25| 201 1 25| 30|l 25| 40|| 25 1 50|| 26| 00j| 26 1 10|| 26| 20|| 26| 30|| 261 40|| 26| 50[| 27| 00|| 27| 10|| 27| 20l| 27| 30|| 27| 40|| 27| 50] | 28| 00|| 281 10|| 28 1 20|| 28| 30|| 28 1 40| 28 50|| 29 00| 29 10 29 20 29 30 29 40 29 50 30 00 30 10 30 20 30 30 30 40 30 50 31 00 31 10 31 20 31 30 31 40 31 50 32 00 32 10 32 20 32 30 32 40 32 50 33 00 33 10 33 20 Ear | E ar 1 Corn || Corn 70 Lbs.| 75 Lbs.| Bu.|lbs.| BuJlbs.] 2l| 40| j 20| 10| 21 1 50|| 20| 20| 21| 60|| 20| 30| 22 00 1| 20] 40] 22 10|| 201 50| 22 20|| 20] 60] 22 30|| 20| 70] 22 4011 21| 05| 22 50|| 21| 15! 22 60|1 21| 25| | 23 00|| 21| 35| | 23 10j| 21 1 45 23 20|| 21 55| 23 30[ 1 21 65! 23 40 1| 22 001 23 50|| 22 101 23 60]| 22 20| 24 00|| 22 30| 24 10|| 22 40 1 24 20|| 22 50| 24| 30|-| 22 60 1 24| 40|| 22 70| 24] 50|| 23 05 1 24 601 1 23 15| 25 00[ I 23 25] 25 10 | 23 35| 25 20 | 23 45 [ 25 30 | 23 55] 25 40 23 65] 25 50 24 00] 25 60 24 10] 26 00 24 20] 26 10 24 30| 26| 20] 24 40 1 26| 30 24 50| 26| 40 24 60| 26| 50 24 70 1 26 60 25 05 1 27| 00 25 15| 27 10 25 25| 27| 20 25 35| 27| 30] 25 45 1' 27| 40| 25 55| 27| 50| 25 65| 27| 60! 26 00] 28| 00| 26 10| 28| 10|| 26 20| 28| 20j| 26 30] 28| 30|| 26 40] 281 40 1 26| 50 1 Barley 48 Lbs. Bu. lbs. 31 22 31 32 31 42 32 04 32 14 32 24 32 34 32 44 33 06 33 16 33 26 ,83 36 33 46 34 08 34 18 34 28 34 38 35 00 35 10 35 20 35 30 35 40 36 02 36 12 36 22 36 32 36 42 37 04 37 14 37 24 37 34 37 44 38 06 38 16 38 26 38 36 38 46 39 08 39 18 39 28 39 38 40 00 40 10 40 20 40 30 40 40 41 02 41 12 41 22 41 32 —59— Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a Load of Grain. — Continued. Net Corn, 11 Ear |1 Ear | Oats | Rye l| Wheatl Corn || Corn || Barley Weight 32 Lbs. ||56 Lbs.||60 Lbs.| 70 Lbs.| 75 Lbs'.| 48 Lbs. Bu.|lbs.| Bu.|lbs.||Bu.| lbs.| Bu.|lbs.l| Bu.| lbs.li Bu. lbs. 2010 62 26| 35 50] 33| 30| 28! 501 26 60| 41 42 2020 63 04| 36 04| 33 401 28| 60| 26 70] 42 02 2030 63 14| 36 14 33 50| 291 00| 27 05| 42 14 20 SO 63 24| 36 24| 34^ 001 29] 101 27 15 1 i 42 24 2050 64 02| 36 34] 34 io| 29| 20| 27 251 42 34 2060 64 121 36 441 34 2011 29| 301 27 351' 42 44 2070 64 22'| 36 54 34 30| 29| 401 27 45J 43 06 2080 65 Ofi 1 37 08! ?4 40! 29] 50| 2''' 55| 13 16 2090 65 ioi 37 18|| 34 50| 29 | 60| 27 651 43 26 2100 65 201 37 28|| 35 00! 30| 00! 28 00| 43 36 2110 65 30i 37 38|| 351 101 30| 101 28 101 43 46 2150 67 06] 38 22 1 35 50| 30| 501 28 50| 44 38 2130 66 18| 38 02| 35 301 30| 30! 28 30| 44 18 2140 66 28| 38 12| 35 401 30 40| 28 40 1 44 28 2150 67 06| 38 22| 35 50 1 30 1 50 1 28 40] 44 38 2160 67 |16| 38 32| 36 00! 30[ 60| 28 60| 45 00 2170 67 26| 38 42| 36 101 3H 00 1 28 70| 45 10 2180 68 04| 38 52| 36 20| 31| 10| 29 0511 45 20 2190 68 14| 39 06 36 301 31| 20| 29 151 45 30 2200 68 24| 39 16 36 40 1 31| 30J 29 25| 45 40 2210 69 |02| 39 26 36 50] 31[ 40| 29 35| 46 02 2220 69 12.1 39 36 37 00| 31| 50| 29 45| 46 12 2230 69 22 1 39 46 1 37 101 311 601 29 55| 46 22 2240 70 00| 40 00 37 20 1 ■32| 001 29 65| 46 32 2250 70 10] 40 10 37 301 32J 10 1 30 ool 46 42 2260 70 20| 40 20 37 40 1 32| 20] 30 101 47 04 2270 70 30| 40 3Q 37 50] 32 1 30 1 30 20| 47 14 2280 71 08] 40 40 38 00| 32 1 40 1 30 301 47 24 2290 71 181 40 50 38 101 32 1 50 1 30 40| 47 34 2300 71 28| 41 04 38 20 1 32| 601 30 50| 47 44 2310 72 06| 41 14 38 301 33 1 00| 30 60 1 48 06 2320 72 16| 41 24 38 40| 331 10| 30 70| 48 16 2330 72 26| 41 34 38 50| 33 1 201 31 05| 48 26 2340 73 04| 41 44 39 00! 331 30| 31 15' 48 36 2350 73 |14 1 41 54 39 10 1 33| 401 31 251 48 46 2360 73 24 | 42 08 39 201 33| 50| 31 35' 49 08 2370 74 021 42 18 39 30| 33| 601 31 45| 49 18 2380 74 12| 42 28 39 40 1 34| 00| 31 55' 49 28 2390 74 22 | 42 381 39 50 1 34| 10| 31 65| 49 38 2400 . 75 00 | 42 48 1 40 00| 341 20| 32 00' 50 00 2410 75 10 | 43 02| 40 io| 34J 30| 32 10| 50 10 2420 1 75 | 20 | 43 1 12 40 1 20 | 34| 40 32 20'| 50 £'0 2430 75 30 I 43 I 22 40 30| 34 1 50| 32 30| 50 30 2440 76 | 08 I 43 | 32 40 40| | 34| 60| 32 40| 50 40 2450 76 18 | 43 42] 40 501 35' 00| 32 50| 51 02 2460 76 28 ] 43 [ 52 41 00| | 351 10| 32 60| 51 12 2470 77 06 | 44 06| 41 ioj 1 35 1 20| 32 70 1 51 22 2480 77 1 16 | 44 1 16 41 20] 35| 301 33 05| 51 32, 2490 77 | 26 | 44 | 26 41 30 | 35| 401 33 15| 51 42 2500 78 [ 04 | 44 i 36 41 40 1 351 S01 33 25] 52 04 -60— Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a Load of Grain. — Continued. Net II Corn, || Ear | Ear Oats || Rye '(Wheat | Corn || Corm Barley Weight 32 I Jbs.||56 Lbs.||60 Lbs.| lbs.|'Bu.llbs.!!Bu.|lbs.| |70 Lbs.| Bu.llbs. 11 75 Lbs. Bu.llbs.; |48 I |Bu.j jbs. | Bu.| lbs. 2510 78 141 1 44 46|| 41| 50| 35 60| 33 35 | 521 14 2520 78; 24|| 45 001 1 42| 00 | 36 00| 33 45 1 52 24 2530 79 1 02|| 45 10|| 42:| 10 | 36 10| 33 55|| 52| 34 2540 79; 12|| 45| 20|| 42 1 20 36 20 1 33 65 | 52| 44 2550 79 22|| 45 30|| 42| 30 36 30| 34 00 | 53| 06 2560 .80 .0011 45 40 42 1 40 I 36 40 1 34 10 | 53| 16 2570 80| 10|| 45 50' 42 1 50 | 36 50 1 34 20 | 531 26 2580 80 20i| 46 04| 43' 00 | 36 60| 34 30 | 53| 36 2590 80 30 46 14 43 1 10 | 37 00| 34 40 1 53| 46 2600 81 08|| 46 24 43 1 20 | 37 10 1 34 50 | 541 08 2610 81 18|| 46 34 43j 30 | 37 20| 34 60 1 541 18 2620 81 28|| 46 44 43' 40 | 37 30| 34 70 | 54| 28 2630 82 06|| 46 54 43| 50 37 40! 35 05 1 54' 38 2640 82 16|| 47 08J 44 l 00 1 37 50j 35 15 | 55| 00 2650 82 26|| 47 181 44 1 10 | 37 60 1 35 25 1 551 10 2660 83 04|| 47 28 1 44 1 20 | 38 00| 35 35 55! 20 2670 83 14|| 47 38| 441 30 1 38 101 35 45 1 55' 30 2680 83 24|l 47 48 1 44' 40 38 20| 35 55 | 55 40 2690 84 02 1 48 02| 44| 50 38 30| 35 65 1 56 02 2700 84 121 48 12| 45' 00 38 40| 36 00 | 56 12 2710 84 22|| 48 22 1 45| 10 38 50| 36 10 ' 56 22 2720 85 00|| 48 32 45 1 20 38 601 30 20 | 56 32 2730 85 101 ! 48 42 1 45| 30 39 00| 36 30 1 56 42 2740 85 20|| 48 52| 45 40 39 101 36 40 1 57 04 2750 85 30!| 49 06 45 50 39 20| 36 50 1 57 14 2760 86 0811 49 161 46 00 1 39 30| 36 60 1 57 24 2770 86 18|| 49 26 1 46 10 1 39 40 1 36 70 1 57 34 2780 86 28|| 49 36| 46 20 1 39 50) 37 05 1 57 44 2790 87 05 49 46|[ 46 30 | 39 60| 37 15 1 58 06 2800 87 16|| 50 00 46 40 | 40 00| 37 25 | 58 16 2810 87 ..26|| 50 10! 46 50 40 10| 37 35 1 58 26 2820 88 04|| 50 201 47 00 1 40 201 37 45 | 58 36 2830 88 14|| 50 30) 47 10 | 40 30| 37 55 I 58 46 2840 88 24|| 50 40 1 47 20 | 40 40| 37 65 I 59 08 2850 89 02|| 50 50 47 30 | 40 50| 38 00 1 59 18 2860 89 12|| 51 04| 47 40 | 40 60| 38 10 | 59 28 2870 89 22|| 51 14|1 47 50 1 41 00| 38 20 | 59 38 2880 90 00l| 51 24| 48 00 41 10| 38 30 1 60 00 2890 90 10|| 51 34| 48 10 1 41 20 1 38 40 1 60 10 2900 90 20|| 51 44 1 48 20 1 41 30| 38 50 1 60 20 2910 90 30|| 51 |54| 48 30 1 41 40 1 38 60 | 60 30 2920 91 08|| 52 08| 48 40 1 41 50 1 38 70 ] 60 40 2930 91 181 1 52 18 | 48 50 I 41 60| 39 05 1 61 02 2940 91 28]| 52 28' | 49 00 | 42 00 1 39 15 | 61 12 2950 92 06| ! 52 38l| 49 10 ' 42 10| 39 25 1 61 22 2960 92 16|| 52 48|| 49 20 1 42 20| 39 35 1 61 32 2970 92 26|| 53 02|| 49 30 .1 42| 30| 39 45 1 61 42 2980 93 04|| 53 12|| 49 40 | 42 1 40| 39 55 1 62 04 2990 93 14H 53 22|| 49 50 | 42| 50| 39 65 | 62 14 3000 93 24|| 53 32|| 50 00 42 60 40 00 1 62 24 —61— Table Showing the Number of Bushels and Odd Pounds in a Load of Grain. — Continued. Net (| Corn, || | Ear [ Ear | Oats | Rye || Wheat | Corn || Corn \ Barley Weight |32 Lbs.|[56 Lbs.||60 Lbs.| |Bu.|lbs.rBu.llbs.||Bu.!lbs.| 70 Lbs.|]75 Lbs.] 48 Lbs. Bu.|lbs.||Bu.|lbs.|| Bu.|lbs. 3010 | 94| 02|| 53| 421) 50| 10' 43 1 00|| 40! 10| | 62'J 34 3020 | 94| 12|| 53| 5211 50| 20| 43] 1011 40 1 20] 1 621 44 3030 | 94| 22|| 54| 06l| 50] 30| 43 1 20|| 40| 30] 63| 06 3040 | 95| 0011 54| 16|| 50] 40| 43| 30|| 40| 40 1 63] 16 3050 | 95J 10|| 54| 26 | 50] 50| 43| 40' ( | 401 50| 63| 26 3060 | 95] 20l| 54] 36|| 51] 00] 43| 50|( 40 1 601 631 36 3070 | 95] 30|| 54| 46l| 51| 10| 43 1 60-]| 40 1 70| 63 1 46 3080 j 96| 08| | 55] 00 51] 20| 44] 0O|| 41 05] 64! 08 3090 | 96| 18 55| 10 51] 30'| 44| 10|| 41] 15| 64| 18 3100 | 96| 28 55] 20 51 1 40] | 44] 201! 41 1 25] 64] 28 3110 97 1 06 55] 30 .51| 50'j 44] 30|| 41] 35| 64| 38 3120 | 97| 16 55| 40 52 1 00 1| 44| 40 | 41 45| 65! 00 3130 97| 26 55] 50 521 lO'l 44] 50! 1 41 1 55 65| 10 3140 98] 04 561 04 52| 20|] 44| 60|| 41 65|1 65| 20 3150 98J 14 56| 14 52] 30'| 45J 001 1 421 00|| 65| 30 3160 98] 24 561 24 521 40|] 45 1 10|| 42 10|| 65! 40 3170 99J 02 56| 34 521 50'| 45] 20|| 42 20|| 66| 02 3180 99| 12 56 44 53] 00|] 451 30|| 42 30] | 66' 12 3190 99 1 22 56 54 53| 10] 45 40]| 42 401 66] 22 3200 100| 00]| 57 08 53| 20|| 45 50|| 42 501) 66| 32 3210 100] 10|| 57 18 53 30] | 45 50|| 42 60|| 661 42 3220 100] 201] 57 28|| 53| 40'J 46 00| 1 42 70|l 67| 04 3230 100| 30|| 57 38| 53| 50|| 46 10|| 43 05|| 67' 14 3240 101] 08|| 57 481 541 001 46 20|| 43 15i) 67| 24 3250 101| 18|| 581 02|| 54 10|| 46 30|] 43 25|| 671 34 3260 101| 28|| 58] 12|1 54 20 | 46 40)1 43 35|; 67| 44 3270 102| 06|| 58| 22|| 54 30|! 46 501 j 43 45|j 68] 06 3280 102| 16 58| 32 | 54 4011 46 60|| 43 55l| 68| 16 3290 102 26 58| 42']] 54 50|| 47 00|| 43 65|| 68| 26 3300 |103| 04 58| 52]j 55 0011 47 10]| 44 00|| 68] 36 | 3310 103| 14 59| 06j 1 55 10|1 47 20|| 44 10|| 68| 46 3320 |103] 24 59| 16 | 55 20|| 47 30|l 44 20|| 69] 08 3330 |104| 02 '59] 26l| 55 30 47 40|i 44 30|| 69] 18 3340 |104| 12 59| 36H 55 4011 47 50!| 44 40|| 69] 28 3350 |104| 22 591 46|| 55 50|| 47 60 44 50|| 69| 38 3360 |105| 00 60 00 56 OOJ] 48 0011 44 601! 70] 00 3370 |105| 10 60] 10|| 56 1011 48 10|| 44 70]i 70| 10 3380 1105| 20 60] 20H 56 20 1| 48 20|| 45 | 05ii 70 20 3390 |105| 30 60] 3011 56 30|| 48 30| | 45 1 15|| 70| 30 3400 ]106| 08 60 40 | 56 40|| 48 40|| 45 | 2511 70| 40 3410 11061 18 601 50|| 56 5011 48 50|| 45 | .35|| 71 1 02 3420 [106| 28 | 61| 04|| 57 001 1 48 60ii 45 | 45|l Tl| 12 3430 |107| 061 ! 61| 14'| 57 10|| 49 1 00|| 45 | 55|| 71| 22 3440 |107| 16|| 61| 24|' 57 20|| 49 1 10|| 45| 65|| 71| 32 3450 |107| 26|| 61| 34|| 57 30|| 49] 201! 46| 0011 71] 42 3460 |108| 04|| 61| 44|| 57 40 1 49 1 30|| 46) 10|l 72] 04 3470 1108| 14|| 611 54|[ 57 50|| 49| 40|| 46] 2'0|| 721 14 ' 3480 |108( 24|i 62| 08| ! 58 00|| 49] 50|| 46] 30|| 72| 24 3490 109 0211 62| 18|| 58 1 10]! 49| 60|1 46| 40|.| 72| 34 !■ 3500 1109' 12|| 62] 28|| 58! 20 i 501 00!' 46| 50j| 72| 44 -62- TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DAYS BE- TWEEN TWO DATES. To >-. bi fa'i SI < S < I r/3 I O January |365| 31| 591 99|120|151 February |334|365| 28! 59 S9|12'0 March |306'|337|365! 31| 61| 92 I I I !— i I April |275 306|334365| 30| 61 O M*y |245|276|304l335i365| 31 « I I I I I ^ June - |214'245|273';304|334!-365 181|212|243|273!304l334 150|181|212|242|273|303 122|153|184|214|245|275 91|122|153|183|214!244 III! 61| 92|123|153il84|214 I I I I I 30| 61| 92|122|153|183 July . ..'|184|215!243!274|304|335|365| 31| 62| 92|123|153 Aug-ust |153|184|212|243|273 304|334|.365| 31| 61| 92|122 September |122|153|181i212|242|273|303|334|365| 30| 61| 91 "j I I I" I I i I I I— I I October „:| 92 123|151|182|212|243|273|304!335|365| 31| 61 November | 6li 92|120|151|181|212|2:42|273|304|334|365l 30 December ...I -31| 621 90ll2lH5l!l82|212|243|274|304|335|365 For example : From any date in July to the same date in February there are 215 days. When the day of the month to which you count is later, add the difference; if earlier, substract it. Thus, from January 1 to May 1 are 120 days ; to the 11th of May it is 10 days more; while from January 11 to May 1 it is 10 days less. In Leap Year add 1 day if the last day of February is included in the given time. Dividing the table diagonally by short horizontal lines, the numbers below show the day to a date in the year follow- ing, and numbers above to a date within the same year. HON. E. J. O'KEEFE, Superintendent. —65— Regulating the Running ana Operation of Automobiles SENATE BILL NO. 67. AN ACT to regulate the running or operation of motor vehi- cles and other vehicles whose motive power is other than animals, along or over the public highways of this State, and the streets, avenues or alleys of any city, town or village situated therein ; to provide that in an action to recover damages for injuries inflicted to per- son or property by any motor vehicle that proof of operation or running of same contrary to any provision of this act and proof of injury to make a prima facie case for plaintiff; and to provide the method of pro- cedure to enforce the provisions of this act and to fix a penalty for the violation of any of the provisons there- of. Defining the Term "Motor Vehicle." Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Mississippi, That the term "motor vehicle," in this act shall include all vehicles propelled by any power other than aimal, whether the same be used for pleasure or business or commercial, purposes except road rollers, street sprinklers, fire engines and fire department apparatus, police patrol wagons, ambulances and such vehicles as run only on rails or tracks. Speed Permitted. Sec. 2. No person shall operate a motor vehicle on a public highway, or street, avenue or alley of any city, town or village in this State at a greater rate of speed than is reasonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic and use of the highway, or so as to endanger the life or limb of any person or the safety of any property, or in any event on any public highway where the territory contiguous thereto is closely built up, at a greater rate of speed than fifteen miles per hour, or elsewhere in any incorporated city, town —66— or village at a greater rate of speed than fifteen miles per hour or elsewhere outside of any incorporated city, town or village at a greater rate of speed than thirty miles per hour, subject, however, to the other provisions -of this act. Special Speed Regulations. Sec. 3. No person running or operating, or causing to be run or operated a motor vehicle shall pass a person driv- ing a horse or horses or other domestic animal, or foot pas- sengers walking in the roadway of the highway, at a greater rate of speed than eight miles per hour, nor pass a public school, in school days, when school is held between the hours of eight o'clock ante meridian, and four o'clock post meri- dian or pass a building of public worship on the Sabbath day during the usual hours of service, at a greater rate of speed than eight miles per hour, or cross a levee or causeway where the travelled portion of the road bed is less than twen- ty feet wide at a greater rate of speed than ten miles per hour. Speed at Bridges, Crossings, Sharp Curves, Steep Descents or Dams. Sec. 4. Upon approaching a bridge, levee, sharp curve or steep descent, a person operating a motor vehicle shall have it under control and operate it at a rate of speed not ex- ceeding ten miles per hour, and upon approaching a crossing of intersecting highways, at a speed not greater than is rea- sonable and proper, having due regard to the traffic then on such highway and the safety of the public. Meeting Pedestrians, Drivers and Riders. Sec. 5. Upon approaching a person walking in the roadway of a public highway, or a horse or horses, or other draft animals, being ridden, led or driven thereon, a person operating, or causing to be operated a motor vehicle, shall give or cause to be given, reasonable warning of its ap- proach, and use every reasonable precaution to insure the safety of such person or animal, and, in case of horses or other draft animals, to prevent frightening the same. —67— Stopping on Signal. Sec. 6. A person operating or causing to be operated a motor vehicle shall at request or on signal by putting up the hand, from a person riding, leading or driving a restive horse or horses, or other draft animals, bring or cause to be brought such motor vehicle immediately to a stop, and, if travelling in the opposite direction, use reasonable caution in thereafter passing such horse or animal ; provided that, in case such horse or animal appears badly frightened or the person operating such motor vehicle is requested to do so, such person shall cause the motor of such vehicle to cease running so long as shall be reasonably necessary to prevent accident and insure safety to others. Giving Name and Address in Case of Accident. Sec. 7. In case of accident to a person or property on the public highways, streets, avenues or alleys of any city, town or village in this State, due to the operation thereof of a motor vehicle, the person operating, or causing to be oper- ated such motor vehicle shall stop, and upon request of a per- son injured, or any person present, give such person his name or address and if not the owner, the name and address of such owner. Rides of the Road. Sec. 8. Wherever a person operating a motor vehicle or causing the same to be operated, shall meet on a public high- way any other person riding or driving a horse or horses, or other draft animals, or any other vehicle, the person so operating such motor vehicle or causing the same to be operated, shall reasonably turn or cause the same to be turn- ed to the right of the center of such highway, streec, avenue or alley, so as to pass without interference. Any such per- son operating, or causing to be operated a motor vehicle shall, on overtaking any such horse, draft animal or other vehicle, pass on the left side thereof, and the rider or driver of such horse, draft animal or other vehicle shall, as soon as practicable, turn to the right of the center of such public highway, street, avenue or alley so as to allow free passage -68- on the left. Any such person so operating, or causing to be operated a motor vehicle shall, at the intersection of public highways, streets, avenues or alleys of any city, town or vil- lage, keep to the right of the intersection of the centers of vhe highways when turning to the right and pass to the right of such intersection when turning to the left. Nothing in this section, however, shall be construed as limiting the meaning or effect of any of the other provisions of this act. Brakes, Bells, Horns and Lamps, and Muffler. Sec. 9-. Every motor vehicle shall carry, during the pe- riod from one-half hour after sunset to one-half hour be- fore sunrise, at least two lighted lamps, showing white lights, visible at least two hundred feet in the direction to- wards which such motor vehicle is proceeding and shall ex- hibit one red light visible in the reverse direction. Said red light shall be so hung upon the motor vehicle so that it will illuminate and make visible the register number of said ve- hicle ; provided however, that the user of such motor vehicle may proceed to his destination in event of a bona fide fail- ure of his lights to operate, if he sounds his bell, horn or other signal device at least once in every two hundred feet, does not proceed at a rate of speed greater than six miles an hour, and takes the first reasonable opportunity to put his lights in order, otherwise such operator to be deemed guilty of a violation of the foregoing provision. Every motor vehicle while in use on the public highway or any street, avenue or alley, shall be provided with at least two good and efficient brakes, and also with a suitable horn, bell or other signal device, for giving notice of its approach. Every motor vehicle using gasoline, gas, oil, naptha, or other similar source of energy, shall use the "muffler" so called, and the same shall not be cut out or disconnected within the limits of any city, town or village within this State. Intoxicated Persons Shall Not Operate a Motor Vehicle. Sec. 10. No person shall operate or attempt to operate —69— a motor vehicle w\ile such person is in a state of intoxica- tion, or is in other 1 aspects incapable of properly and safely operating said motor vehicle, on any public highway, street, avenue or alley, within this State. Penalty for Racing on Public Highway. Sec. 11. Any person driving a motor vehicle upon any public highway, public road, street, avenue or alley, or any other public driveway in this State in a race or on a bet or wager, shall on conviction, be fined in a sum not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, and, in de- fault of the payment thereof, be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding twenty days. Right to Recover Damages for Injury; Rules of Evidence. Sec. 12. Nothing in this act shall be so construed as to curtail or abridge the right of any person to prosecute a civil suit for damages by reason of injuries to person or property resulting from the negligent use of the highways by any motor vehicle, or its owner, or his employee or agent. And in any action brought to recover any damages, either to person or property, caused by running or operating such motor vehicle in violation of any of the provisions of this act, the plaintiff or plaintiffs shall be deemed to have made out a prima facie case, by showing the fact of such injury and that such person or persons operating, or causing to be run or operated such motor vehicle was, at the time of the injury, running or operating, or causing the said motor ve- hicle to be run or operated in a manner contrary to the pro- visions of this act. Constable, Any Peace Officer, or Other Officer Authorized to Make an Arrest May Arrest Without Warrant. — Operator's Rights When Arrested. Sec. 13. Any constable, peace officer, police officer, or other officer authorized to make an arrest, is hereby author- ized to arrest without warrant any person running or oper- ating, ar causing to be run or operated, any motor vehicle contrary to the provisions of this act, within the limits of —70— their respective jurisdiction. And in case the owner, or person, or persons operating, or causing to be operated, a motor vehicle shall be taken into custody because of a viola- tion of any provision of this act, he or they, shall be forth- with taken before an accessible justice of the peace, or police justice or mayor having jurisdiction of such offense, and be entitled to an immediate hearing; and if such hearing can- not then be had, be released from custody on giving a good and sufficient bond to appear and answer for such violation, at such time and place as shall then be designated, in the manner as now provided for by law or secured by the sum equal to the maximum fine for the offense with which he is charged, or in lieu thereof, by leaving the motor vehicle, be- ing operated by such person, with such officer as may have the accused in charge ; provided, however, that should the person or persons in custody so rqeuest the justice of the peace, police justice or mayor before whom the complaint is made, or before whom the person or persons in custody shall be taken, shall adjourn the hearing of said case for ten days upon the execution of a good and sufficient bond in the man- ner as above provided, and if the defendant or defendants fail to appear to defend said case the sum or sums so deposit- ed, or bond so given, shall be forfeited to the State and de- posited for bail as in other cases, or the motor vehicle which may be so left by said person or persons may be sold at a public auction by order of the justice of the peace, police jus- tice or mayor, after giving notice of said proposed sale for three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of a general circu- lation in this State, in county where arrest is made if there be such newspaper in said county, describing accurately the motor vehicle therein and giving the date of the proposed sale, and from the amount realized upon such sale, a sum equal to the maximum fine for the offense charged shall be disposed of in like manner, and the surplus, if any, after de- ducting all expenses incurred in keeping or sale of such mo- tor vehicle, be returned to such owner on demand, but no —71— such forfeiture and disposition of such security shall in any wise impair the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace, po- lice justice or mayor to hear and edtermine any such charge made against the owner of such motor vehicle, or the person or persons operating or causing to be operated the said mo- tor vehicle, or to inflict upon conviction thereof, any punish- ment prescribed by this act. Penalty for Violation. Sec. 14. The iolation of any of the provisions of this act, except as otherwise provided for in Section 11, by any owner, chauffeur, or operator, or any person causing to be run or operated any motor vehicle, shall be deemed a misde- meanor punishable, upon conviction thereof by a fine of not exceeding one hundred dollars for the first offense, and not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding ten days, or both for a second offense, and punishable by a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than two hundred dollars and imprisonment not exceeding thirty days for a third or subsequent offense. Local Ordinances Prohibited. Sec. 15. Local authorities shall not pass any ordinance, by-law or resolution, in violation of or in conflict with any of the provisions of this act ; provided, however, that noth- ing contained herein shall curtail or abridge the right of local authorities to enact ordinances, resoltuions or by-laws, or prescribe rules and regulations affecting motor vehicles which are offered to the public for hire and to maintain and enforce the same. Unconstitutionality of Part Not to Affect Entire Act. Sec. 16. If any section or provision of this act be de- clared unconstitutional,, then such unconstitutionality shall apply only to such section and shall not invalidate any other section or provision of this act. Sec. 17. That this act take effect and be in force thirty days after passage. Approved April 8, 1916. —72— Farmer's Bulletins Bulletins in this list will be sent free, so long as the sup- ply lasts, on application to any Senator, Representative, or Delegate in Congress, or to the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Foreign residents may purchase the Bulletins from the Superintendent of Documents, Govern- ment Printing Office, at 6 cents each, including postage. 34. Meats: Composition and Cooking.* 51. Standard Varieties of Chickens.* 121. Beans, Peas, etc., as Food. 127. Important Insecticides. 139. Emmer: Grain for Semiarid Regions.* 254. Home Fruit Garden.* 157. Propagation of Plants.* 181. Pruning. 200. Turkeys.* 203. Canned Fruits, Preserves and Jellies.* 204. Cultivation of Mushrooms. 205. Pig Management. 206. Milk Fever and its Treatment. 218. School Garden. 229. Production of Good Seed Corn. 232. Okra : Its Culture and Uses. 249. Cereal Breakfast Foods.* 254. Cucumbers. 255. Home Vegetable Garden. 256. Preparation of Vegetables for the Table. 270. Conveniences for the Farm Home.* 279. Method of Eradicating Johnson Grass. 287. Poultry Management. 289. Beans. 291. Evaporation of Apples.* 304. Growing and Curing Hops. 311. Sand-Clay and Burnt-Clay Roads. 318. Cowpeas. 324. Sweet Potatoes.* —73— 338. Macadam Roads. 339. Alfalfa.* 345. Some Common Disinfectants. 350. Dehorning of Cattle. 351. Tuberculin Test of Cattle for Tuberculosis.* 354. Onion Culture* 359. Canning Vegetables in the Home.* 363. Use of Milk as Food.* 365. Farm Management in Northern Potato Growing Sec- tions. 367. Lightning and Lightning Conductors. 369. How to Destroy Rats. 372. Soy Beans. 375. Care of Food in the Home. 379. Hog Cholera. 382. Adulteration of Forage Plant Seeds. 390. Pheasant Raising in the United States. 391. Economical Use of Meat in the Home. 411. Feeding Hogs in the Soutk. 413. Care of Milk and Its Use in the Home. 414. Corn Cultivation. 416. Production of Cigar Leaf Tobacco. 417. Rice Culture.* 424. Oats : Growing the Crop. 428. Testing Farm Seeds in the Home and in the Rural Schools. 431. The Peanut. 433. Cabbage. 434. Home Production of Onion Seed and Sets. 436. Winter Oats for the South. 438. Hog Houses. 440. Spraying Peaches for the Control of Brown Rot, Scab, and Curculio. 442. Treatment of Bee Diseases. 443. Barley : Growing the Crop. 444. Remedies and Preventives Against Mosqadtees. 446. Choice of Crops for Alkali Lands. 447. Bees. 449. Rabies or Hydrophoiba. 450. Some Facts About Malaria. 452. Capons and Capenizing.* —74— 455. Red Clover. 460. Frames as a Factor in Truck Gardening. 461. Use of Concrete on the Farm.* 463. Sanitary Privy. 464. Eradication of Quack Grass.* 466. Winter Emmer. 471. Grape Propagation, Pruning, and Training. 473. Tuberculosis. 474. • Use of Paint on the Farm. 475. Ice Houses.* 477. Sorghum Sirup Manufacture.* 480. Methods of Disinfecting Stables.* 481. Concrete Construction on the Live Stock Farm. 482. Pear and How to Grow It. 485. Sweet Clover. 487. Cheese ; Economical Uses in the Diet. 488. Diseases of Cabbage and Related Crops. 490. Bacteria in Milk. 491. Profitable Management of the Small Apple Orchard on the General Farm. 492. The More Important Insects and Fungus Enemies of the Fruit and Foliage of the Apple. 493. English Sparrow as a Pest. 494. Lawns and Lawn Soils. 495. Alfalfa Seed Production. 496. Raising Belgian Hares and Other Rabbits.* 497. Some Common Game, Aquatic, and Rapacious Birds in Relation to Man. 498. Exterminating the Texas Fever Tick. 501. Cotton Improvement under Weevil Conditions. 503. Comb Honey. 505. Benefits of Improved Roads. 507. Smuts of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Corn. 508. Market Hay. 509. Forage Crops for the Cotton Region. 511. Farm Bookkeeping. 512. Boll Weevil Problem. 515. Vetches 516. Production of Maple Sirup and Sugar. 518. Winter Barley. 521. Canning Tomatoes ; Home and Club Work.* 523. Tobacco Curing. 524. Tile Drainage on the Farm. 526. Mutton and Its Value in the Diet. —75— 528. Hints to Poultry Raisers.* 529. Vetch Growing in South Atlantic States. 530. Important Poultry Diseases.* 531. Larkspur, or Poison Weed. 533. Good Seed Potatoes and How to Produce Them. 535. Sugar and Its Value as Food. 537. How to Grow an Acre of Corn. 540. Stable Fly. 541. Farm Buttermaking. 543. Common White Grubs.* 544. Potato-Tuber Diseases. 545. Controlling Canada Thistles. 548. Storing and Marketing Sweet Potatoes. 550. Crimson Clover : Growing the Crop. 551. Cultivation of American Ginseng. 552. Kafir as a Grain Crop. 553. Pop Corn for the Home. 554. Pop Corn for the Market. 555. Cotton Anthracnose. 559. Use of Corn, Kafir, and Cowpeas in the Home. 562. Boys' and Girls' Poultry Clubs. 564. Gipsy Moth and Brown-Tail Moth, with Suggestions for Their Control. 565. Corn Meal as a Food ; Ways of Using It. 566. Boys' Pig Clubs. 567. Sugar-Beet Growing under Irrigation. 568. Sugar-Beet Growing under Humid Conditions. 569. Texas or Tick Fever. 571. Tobacco Culture. 572. System of Farm Cost Accounting. 573. Angora Goat. 574. Poultry House Construction. 576. Breeds of Sheep for the Farm. 577. Growing Egyptian Cotton in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. 578. Handling and Feeding of Silage. 580. Beef Production in the South. 583. Common Mole. 585. National and Artifcial Incubation of Hens' Eggs. 586. Collection and Preservation of Plant Material for Use in the Study of Agriculture. 587. Economic Use of North American Skunks. 588. Economical Cattle Feeding in the Corn Belt. —76— 589. Homemade Silos. 591. Classification and Grading of Cotton.* 593. How to Use Farm Credit.* 594. Shipping Eggs by Parcel Post. 595. Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide Against Horn- worms in Dark Tobacco Districts. 596. Culture of Winter Wheat in the Eastern United States. 597. Road Drag and How Used. 601. New Method of Cotton Culture and Its Application. 602. Clean Milk : Production and Handling. 603. Arsenical Cattle Dips. 605. Sudan Grass. 606. Collection and Preservation of Insects and other Ma- terial for Use in the Study of Agriculture. 607. The Farm Kitchen as a Workshop. 608. Removing Garlic Flavor from Milk and Cream. 609. Bird Houses and How to Build Them. 610. Wild Onion : Methods of Eradication. 612. Breeds of Dairy Cattle. 613. Goldenseal under Cultivation. 614. Efficient Farm System for the Corn Belt. 616. Winter Wheat Varieties for the Eastern United States 617. School Lessons on Corn. 618. Leafspot: A Disease of Sugar Beets. 619. Breeds of Draft Horses. 621. How to Attract Birds in Northeastern United Slates. 622. Basket Willow Culture. 623. Ice Houses and Use of Ice on Dairy Farm.* 624. Natural and Artificial Brooding of Chickens. 625. Cotton Wilt and Root Knot. 626. Carpet Beetle, or "Buffalo Moth." 627. House Centipede. 630. Common Birds Useful to the Farmer. 631. Growing Peaches : Sites, Propagation, Planting, Till- age, and Maintenance of Soil Fertility. 632. Growing Peaches : Prunning, Renewal of Tops, Thin- ning, Interplanted Crops and Special Practices. 633. Growing Peaches: Varieties and Classification. 635. What the Farm Contributes Directly to the Farmer's Living. 636. Chalcis-Fly in Alfalfa Seed. 637. Grasshopper Problem and Alfalfa Culture. —77— 638. Laboratory Exercises in Farm Mechanics for Agri- cultural High Schools. 639. Eradication of Cattle Tick Necessary for Profitable Dairying. 640. Hessian Fly. 642. Tomato Growing in the South. 643. Blackberry Culture. 644. Manufacture and Use of Unfermented Grape Juice. 646. Crimson Clover: Seed Production. 647. Home Garden in the South. 648. Control of Root Knot. 650. San Jose Scale and Its Control. 652. The Sheep-Killing Dog. 653. Honey and Its Use in the Home. 655. Cottonseed Meal for Feeding Beef Cattle.* 656. Community Egg Circle. 657. Chinch Bug. 658. Cockroaches. 659. True Clothes Moth. 660. Weeds : How to Control Them. 661. Method of Analyzing the Farm Business. 662. Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar. 663. Drug Plants Under Cultivation. 664. Strawberry Growing in the South. 666. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. 667. Colts : Breaking and Training. 668. Squash Vine Borer. 669. Fiber Flax. 670. Field Mice as Farm and Orchard Pests. 671. Harvest Mites or "Chiggers." 674. Control of the Citrus Thrips in California and Ari- zona. 675. Round-Headed Apple Tree Borer. 676. Hard Clover Seed and Treatment in Hulling. 677. Growing Hay in the South for Market. 678. Growing Hard Spring Wheat. 679. House Flies. 680. Varieties of Hard Spring Wheat. 681. Silver Fish: An Injurious Household Insect. 682. Simple Trap Nest for Poultry. 683. Fleas as Pests of Man and Animals. 684. Squab Raising. 685. The Native Persimmon. —78— 686. Uses of Sorghum Grain. 687. Eradication of Ferns from Pasture Lands in the East- ern United States. 688. Culture of Rice in California. 689. Plan for a Small Dairy House. 690. Field Pea. 691. Grasshoppers and Their Control on Sugar Beets and Truck Crops. 693. Bur Clover. 694. Cultivation of Peppermint and Spearmint. 695. Outdoor Wintering of Bees. 696. Handling and Shipping Citrus Fruits in the Gulf States. 697. Duck Raising. 698. Trenching Machinery Used for the Construction of Trenches for Tile Drains. 699. Hydrocyanic-Acid Gas Against Household Insects. 700. Pecan Culture. 701. Bagworm: An Injurious Shade Tree Insect. 702. Cottontail Rabbits in Relation to Trees and Farm Crops. 703. Suggestions for Parcel Post Marketing. 704. Grain Farming in the Corn Belt, with Live Stock as a Side Line. 705. Catalpa Sphnix. 706. Laws Relating to Fur Bearing Animals, 1905.* 707. Commercial Grading, Packing and Shipping of Can- taloupes. 708. Leopard Moth: A Dangerous Imported Insect Ene- my of Shade Trees. 709. Muscadine Grapes. 710. Bridge Grafting. 711. Care and Improvement of the Woodlot. 712. School Lunches. 713. Sheep Scab. 714. Sweet-Potato Diseases. 715. Measuring and Marketing Woodlot Products. 716. Management of Sandy Land Farms in Northern In- diana and Southern Michigan. 717. Food for Young Children. 718. Cooperative Live Stock Shipping Association. 719. Economic Study of Farm Tractor in Corn Belt. —79— 720. Prevention of Losses of Stock from Poisonous Plants.* 721. Rose Chafer. 722. Leaf Blister Mite. 723. Oyster-shell Scale and the Scurfy Scale. 724. Feeding of Grain Sorghums to Live Stock. 725. Wireworms Destructive to Cereal and Forage Crops. 726. Natal Grass : A Southern Perenial Hay Crop. 727. Growing Fruit for Home Use in the Great Plains Area. 728. Dewberry Culture. 729. Corn Culture in the Southeastern States. 730. Button Clover. 731. True Army Worm and Its Control. 732. Marquis Wheat. 733. Corn and Cotton Wireworm in Its Relation to Cereal and Forage Crops, with Control Measures. 734. Fly Traps and Their Operation. 735. The Red Spider on Cotton and How to Control It. 736. Ginseng Diseases and Their Control. 737. The Clover Leafhopper and Its Control. 738. Cereal Crops in the Panhandle of Texas. 739. Cutworms and Their Control in Corn and Other Cer- eal Crops. 740. House Ants : Kinds and Methods of Control. 741. The Alfalfa Weevil . 742. The White-Pine Blister Rust. 743. The Feeding of Dairy Cows. 745. Waste Land and Wasted Land on Farms. 746. The Farmer's Income. 748. A Simple Steam Sterilizer for Farm Dairy Utensils. 749. Grains for the Montana Dry Lands. 751. Peanut Oil. The Issue Print, Jackson, Miss. The following is taken from the last bi-ennial report of the Board of Trustees : The penitentiary, in development of the property of the State, uses a large quantity of lime and cement, and in our inspection of the limestone plants it has occurred to us that it might be well to put in a lime kiln and cement plant at each place ; with this idea we addressed a letter to Dr. E. N. Lowe, State geologist, and give you his reply as follows : ''Hon. L. Q. Stone, President Board of Trustees Mississippi Penitentiary, Jackson, Miss. "My Dear Sir: "Replying to your communication asking my opinion as to the advisability of establishing a lime kiln and cement works at Okolona and Waynesboro : "An average of nearly a dozen analyses of limestone from Okolona and its immediate vicinity shows the lime- stone there to contain a little more than 75 per cent of lime carbonate, about 8 per cent of silica (partly sand), and a little more than 2 1/2 per cent of alumina (clay). While a large percentage of lime carbonate would be desirable to make the highest grade of quicklime, this rock at Okolona, if properly burned, would undoubtedly make a very good grade of lime. "The rock at Waynesboro, on the other hand, has an average content of lime carbonate of considerably more than 90 per cent, which is very high. This rock would be es- pecially good for the making of quicklime. We very seldom see extensive lime deposits of such high degree of purity as exists at Waynesboro. It would be ideal for treatment in a lime kiln, and the lime would undoubtedly be of the highest order. "For the manufacture of Portland cement (the kind in common use) , a limestone is required containing from 20 to 24 per cent of silica (sand) , 6V2 per cent of alumina (clay) , and from 58 to 64 per cent of lime oxide, equivalent to 65 per cent to 80 per cent of lime carbonate. It will be noticed that the proportions required for cement manufacture are not very far different from the proportions found in the Oko- lona limestone. Rock is practically never found in nature proportioned just right to make Portland cement; but the proportions have to be made up by admixing with the ground rock, clay, sand and other ingredients necessary. I know of no cement plant in this country that does not have to mix their materials to get required proportions. In the Okolona rock, however, comparatively little admixing of other materials would be necessary to bring it to the right composition, and this could almost surely be found in the clay soils covering the limestone throughout the prairie belt. "Prof. Crider in his bulletin on cement resources of Mississippi, specifically mentions the limestone at Okolona as suitable for cement, and his statements in that report have the endorsement of E. E. Eckel, the highest authority in this country on cement manufacture. "The Waynesboro rock could also be made to conform to the standard composition of cement rock by admixture with clay, sands, etc. ; but the Okolona rock is nearer the ideal. "Hoping that I have given you the information requir- ed, I am, with sincerest regards, yours very truly, "E. N. LOWE." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 002 762 345 1 4