uaaaaBMMMHiMMMMMaaBaBMMM ■J "yj/s FRANZ J08EF B c iJ N D C I J. E A Copyright N'.vB?.4: QNtT DEPOSir. QsesBMom DEPosir. ; I lARQUESAS IS. ■{, O SAMOA I!. A tf^MA!*!!' 19- •. '.WumoIt SOCIETY is'. • '• Cow I FHIENOLV IS. COOK 19 O' (J- IE' IMAP OF THE WOELD SHOWING UNITED STATES AKD ITS POSSESSIONS United States Fuusesuione in Red fjcile of Blltcf ou the Equator 1000 UOOO 3000 4000 ,ia\J .■^f/l)uDe<3 la'^ 120 Longiiude 140 Ewt fnnn iCO Grecowlcli IbO Ii 1 ^^■L " ..It ^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^K *'^^l ^^^^^M^^^^ '^Bk 1 K |p.^^^l ^^^ ^/^v^.-^ George Washington From the painting by Rothermel AMERICAN HISTORY FOR GRAMMAR GRADES BY EVERETT BARNES, A.M„ GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO COPYRIGHT, I913 AND 192O BY D. C. HEATH & CO. 2 CO iiCN ;.. \^>n ©CI.A570300 PREFACE Interesting narrative — instead of condensation of un- important facts and dates — is the best method of presenting the subject of history to children in grammar grades. It has been the author's aim in developing the essential facts of American history to awaken the interest and hold the at- tention of the pupils. In simplicity of vocabulary and style of narration, it is believed that this text will prove to be adapted to the requirements of class-room use. As the interest of the child centers mainly in the men and women who have become great historical characters, the personal element has not been slighted. An important and valuable feature in method of treatment may be found in the correlation of American with concurrent European history. In the arrangement of subject matter, the relative his- torical importance of topics has been observed. The elabo- rate table of contents, and the summaries and questions at the end of each chapter will be found helpful to both teacher and pupil. It has been the constant purpose to inspire the children, who are to become future citizens, with love for their country and its institutions and with respect and veneration for its great patriots, soldiers, and statesmen. CONTENTS CHAPTER I Early Portuguese and Spanish Discoveries and Explorations SECTION PAGE 1. Early Mediterranean Trade Routes I 2. The Great Question i 3. Portugal the First Nation to try to find a New Route 2 4. Columbus 3 5. The Earth is Round 4 6. Columbus forms a Plan 4 7. Columbus leaves Portugal and goes to Spain 6 8. Columbus decides to leave Spain 6 9. Columbus is called back. Suc- cess 6 10. First Voyage 7 11. Land sighted 9 12. Cuba and Hispaniola 10 13. First Settlement in the New World 10 14. Return to Spain 10 15. Other Voyages of Columbus ... 12 16. Second Voyage 12 17. Second Settlement 13 18. First Battle between White Men and Indians 13 19. Third Voyage 14 20. Columbus finds the Continent . . 14 2 1 . Portuguese reach India by Sea . . 1 22. Fourth Voyage 16 23. Hunting for a Way to India ... 17 24. Castaways on Jamaica 17 25. Death of Isabella and Columbus 18 26. Americus Vespucius, 18 SECTION PAGE 27. Ponce de Leon 20 28. "The Fountain of Youth." Florida 20 29. Balboa 21 30. Balboa discovers the Pacific 22 31. Cortes; Exploration and Con- quest of Mexico 23 32. Troops of Cortes 23 35. The City of Mexico 24 34. Montezuma 26 35. Cortes leaves the City 26 36. Capture of the City 26 37. Ferdinand Magellan, 1519-1522 27 38. Magellan starts 27 39. Straits of Magellan 27 40. On the Pacific Ocean 28 41. Death of Magellan 29 42. Into the Atlantic Ocean again . . 29 43. What the Voyage proved 30 44. Pizarro 30 45. Pizarro tries to find Peru 30 46. He finds Peru 30 47. The Incas 31 48. Vasquez de Ayllon 31 49. Narvaez 32 50. lie visits Florida 33 5 1 . All except Four perish 34 52. The Expedition of Coronado ... 35 5S. Fernando de Soto 33 54. He discovers the Mississippi River 36 VI CONTENTS CHAPTER II The Voyages and Discoveries of the English, Erench, and Dutch SECTION PAGE 55. John and Sebastian Cabot 30 56. Sir Francis Drake 40 57. Drake visits the Pacific Coast of America 41 58. He starts across the Pacific 43 59. England becomes the Leading Power 42 60. Sir Walter Raleigh; Roanoke Island 42 61. First Attempt to found an Eng- lish Settlement in .\merica ... 43 62. Second Attempt 44 63. Raleigh in Prison 45 SECTION PAGE 64. French Voyages of Discovery to the New World; John Verra- zano 46 65. Jacques Cartier 46 66. The Huguenots 48 67. Samuel Champlain; New France 49 68. Champlain attacks the Iroquois Indians 50 69. The Dutch in the New World; Henr>' Hudson 52 70. Hudson employed by Holland 52 71. Dutch Claims 53 CHAPTER III Early Inhabitants of America 72. The Mound Builders 57 73. The Pueblo Indians 58 74. The Cliff Dwellers 58 75. The i\ztecs 59 76. The Indians of North America . . 60 77. Mode of Living 61 78. Government 62 79. Language 62 80. Religious Belief 63 81. Indian Warfare 64 82. Industries 64 83. Tribes 65 84. Present Indian Reservations ... 66 CHAPTER IV How the Spanish and the French Peopled America 85. The First Settlers were Spanish . 69 86. Broad Claims of Spain 69 87. Spain's Claims Disputed 69 88. What France claimed at first ... 70 89. Why France did not people the Country sooner 70 90. The Fur Business 72 91. The French made Friends of the Indians 7^ 92. Algonquins and Iroquois 73 93. Nicolet 74 94. Marquette and Jolict 74 95. La Salle 75 96. The First and Only Voyage of the Griffm 76 97. Fort Crevecceur 77 98. La Salle reaches the Mouth of the Mississippi River 78 99. Death of La Salle 78 100. King William's War 79 101. The French on the Gulf of Mex- ico 80 102. The French Chain of Forts ... 81 103. Queen Anne's War 82 CONTENTS vu CHAPTER V How THE English Peopled America SECTION PAGE 104. Jamestown 84 105. Sickness and Death 85 106. Smith has an Adventure 85 107. More Settlers come to James- town 87 108. The Starving Time 88 109. Governor Dale 88 1 10. Tobacco 89 111. Argall kidnaps Pocahontas .... 89 112. Marriage of Pocahontas 90 113. Better Times 90 114. Government by the People ... 90 115. Prosperity 91 SECTION PAGE 116. Slavery 92 117. The London Company loses its Charter 92 118. Royal Governors 92 119. Death of King Charles I 94 1 20. The Coming of the Cavaliers ... 94 121. The Puritans leave Virginia ... 94 122. The Time of the Common- wealth in England 95 123. Charles II 96 124. Trouble with the Indians 96 125. Bacon's Rebellion 97 126. Country and Climate 98 CHAPTER VI New York and New Jersey 127. The Hudson River. The Com- ing of the Dutch loi 128. A Dutch Settlement loi 129. Dutch Treaty with the Iroquois 102 130. Importance of the Hudson River 102 131. Long Island Sound and Con- necticut River 103 132. The Dutch West India Com- pany 103 133. Peter Minuit buys Manhattan Island 104 134. The Patroons 105 135. War with Indians 106 136. Free Religion 107 137. New Netherland takes New Sweden 109 138. England takes New Netherland 109 139. New York no 140. Jacob Leisler 112 141. John Peter Zenger and the Freedom of the Press 112 142. New Jersey 114 CHAPTER VII The New England Colonies 143. Cape Cod. The Kennebec River Settlement 116 144. Smith explores the New Eng- land Coast 116 145. The Puritans 117 146. The Separatists 118 147. The Pilgrims go to America 119 148. Treaty with the Indians 121 149. The Pilgrims work and prosper 122 150. Puritans settle Salem; Mas- sachusetts Bay Company ... 122 151. Boston 124 152. The General Court 124 153. Business 125 154. Connecticut 125 155. Roger Williams; Rhode Island 126 vm CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 156. Slave Ships 128 157. Maine and New Hampshire ... 128 158. Education in New England ... 128 159. The Pequot War 129 160. The New England Confedera- tion; Population 131 161. The Navigation Laws 131 SECTION PAGE 162. Other Bad Laws 132 163. When New Nethcrland became New York 132 164. King Philip's War 134 165. Massachusetts loses its Charter 136 166. James II and Andros 136 167. Witchcraft in Salem 136 CHAPTER VIII The English in Maryland and Other Colonies 168. Lord Baltimore; his Newfound- land Colony I3Q 169. An English Catholic Colony ... 139 170. Settlement of Maryland 140 171. Claiborne's Rebellion 141 172. Religious Differences 142 173. The Baltimores again; Mason and Di.xon 143 174. The P^nglish in Pennsylvania; the Quakers 143 175. William Penn 144 176. Pennsylvania 14S 177. Philadelphia 146 178. Germans come to Pennsylvania 146 179. Trouble with the New King . . . 146 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 187. 190. 191. The English in Delaware 147 The Carolinas 148 Duke of Albemarle 149 The Model Government 149 Charleston 150 Tar, Turpentine and Other Products 150 Rice, Indigo, and Cotton. Negro Slavery 150 The English in Georgia 151 Oglethorpe 152 Savannah 153 Trouble with the Spaniards. ... 154 Slavery iS4 CHAPTER IX English America and How It was Held 192. Early English Settlers kept to the Coast 156 193. King George's War 156 194. English America at the Close of King George's War 157 195. Industries 158 196. Slaves 159 197. Clothing 159 198. Heating and Cooking 160 199. Houses 161 200. Religion 162 201. Education 162 202. The French prepare for War 163 203. The English begin to take the Ohio Valley 164 204. The French and Indian War . . 166 205. Franklin tries to form a Union . 167 206. General Braddock 167 207. Braddock's Defeat 169 208. Johnson's Victory at Lake George 170 209. The Acadians 172 210. "The Seven Years' War" in Europe 172 211. William Pitt i73 212. Montcalm I73 213. Defeat at Ticonderoga 173 214. Capture of Louisburg. Fort Duquesne i73 215. Plan of Campaign for 1759- Battle of Quebec i74 216. Treaty of Peace i7S 217. Pontiac's War 176 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER X The English Colonies SECTION PAGE 2 1 8. Canada 179 219. English Colonies 179 220. People 179 221. How England treated her Col- onies 180 222. Money used by the Colonists 180 223. Industries 181 224. Writs of Assistance 181 225. England's Need of the Colonies 182 226. The Lords of Trade and the Colonial Governors 182 227. France no longer to be feared. . 182 SECTION PAGE 228. George III 183 229. Taxation without Representa- tion 183 230. England tries to humble the Colonies. The Stamp Act . . 183 231. Committees of Correspondence 186 232. It was the King's Fault 186 233. Tories and Whigs 186 234. First Continental Congress 187 235. The Fisheries 188 236. Privateers 188 237. The Minute-men 188 CHAPTER XI The Revolutionary War 238. The Rebellion against the King 190 259. 239. Lexington and Concord 190 260. 240. England and the Colonies at the Beginning of the Revolution . 192 261. 241. The Second Continental Con- 262. grass 193 263 242. The Siege of Boston 193 264. 243. The Battle of Bunker Hill .... 195 265. 244. Washington, Commander-in- Chief 196 266. 245. Ticonderoga and Crown Point 197 267. 246. The Attempt to take Montreal 268. and Quebec 198 269. 247. Dorchester Heights 198 248. War in the Carolinas 199 270. 249. The War in New York and New 271. Jersey 199 272. 250. The Hessians 200 273. 251. Independence 200 274. 252. Washington's Movements .... 202 275. 253. The Battle of Long Island 203 276. 254. Retreat to Harlem 203 277. 255. Washington enters New Jersey . 204 278. 256. Battle of Trenton 205 279. 257. Money for the Soldiers; Robert 280. Morris 207 281. 258. Battle of Princeton 207 Benjamin Franklin 208 The Campaign in New York State in 1777 211 Burgoyne's March 211 Bennington 211 St. Leger 212 Howe's Army 212 Howe moves against Phila- delphia 2X2 Burgoyne at Saratoga 213 Valley Forge 214 The Treaty with France 215 English leave Philadelphia. Monmouth 215 The Iroquois Indians 216 The West 216 Arnold's Treason 217 John Paul Jones 218 The War in the South 219 Battle of Camden 220 Battle of King's Mountain .... 220 Yorktown 221 The Surrender of Cornwallis . . 222 Peace 224 The Treaty 224 The Greatness of Washington . . 225 CONTENTS CHAPTER XII Articles of Confederation — The Constitution SECTION PAGE 282. The States, from the War for Independence to 181 2 228 283. Articles of Confederation 229 284. Hard Times 231 285. Leading Men 231 286. The Ordinance of 1787 234 287. Constitution of the United States 235 288. Slavery 235 289. Industries 236 290. The First President 236 291. Population; Character of the Country 238 292. Amendments to the Constitu- tion 238 293. TarifiE 239 294. The Capital 239 295. The Census 240 296. Debts, Coinage, Banking 240 297. New States 241 298. Parties 241 SECTION PAGE 299. The French Republic 242 300. The Cotton Gin 242 301. The National Government uses its Power 242 302. America's Chance for Greater Commerce 243 303. Our Vessels searched for Sailors 244 304. The Jay Treaty 244 305. The Spanish Treaty 244 306. A New President 244 307. France 245 308. Thomas Jefferson 246 309. New Ideas in Government .... 247 310. The Barbary States 248 311. Admission of Ohio 248 312. The Louisiana Purchase 248 313. The Oregon Country 249 314. Trouble on the Sea 250 315. Embargo Act 251 316. Election of Madison 252 317. The Non-Intercourse Act 252 CHAPTER Xni Trouble With England 318. The War of 1812 254 319. Hull's Surrender 255 320. Our Navy in 1812 256 321. The Constiiulion and the Guerriere 257 322. Other Naval Battles 257 323. Perry's Victory 258 324. McDonough's Victory 259 325. The British at Washington . . . 259 326. The "Star-Spangled Banner" . 260 327. The Desire for Peace 260 328. Battle of New Orleans 261 329. Close of the War 262 330. Barbary Pirates 262 331. The Tarifif 263 CHAPTER XIV From the War of 1812 to the Mexican War 332. President Monroe 264 333. Florida 264 334. Rise of Slavery Question 265 335. The Missouri Compromise .... 266 336. The Growth of National Pride 266 337. Immigration 266 338. The Holy Alliance 267 339. The Monroe Doctrine 267 CONTENTS XI SECTION PAGE 340. The Tariff 267 341. Manufactures. Inventions . . . 268 342. Improvements 268 343. A New President 269 344. The Erie Canal 271 345. The Railroads 272 346. Andrew Jackson 272 347. The Nullification Doctrine .... 273 348. The Spoils System 274 349. Jackson Reelected; the United States Bank 275 350. The United States Bank and the Surplus 275 SECTION PAGE 351. Two Wings of the Democratic Party. Slavery 275 352. Election of Van Buren 276 353. The Panic 276 354. The South wants Texas 276 355. Election of Harrison 277 356. Public Lands 278 3S7- The Telegraph 278 358. Texas 279 359. Election of Polk 279 360. The Oregon Country 280 CHAPTER XV Slavery Causes Trouble 361. The Mexican War 283 362. The Wilmot Proviso 284 363. Election of General Taylor .... 284 364. Admission of California 284 365. Discovery of Gold 285 366. Threats of Secession 286 367. The Fugitive Slave Law 286 368. Immigration 287 369. Steam 287 370. A President from the North ... 287 371. Cuba 289 372. The Kansas-Nebraska Act .... 290 373. Japan 291 374. Election of Buchanan 291 375. The Dred Scott Case 291 376. Abraham Lincoln 292 377. John Brown 293 378. Admission of New States 294 379. The Election of Abraham Lin- coln 294 380. Secession 294 381. Confederate States of America . 294 CHAPTER XVI The War Between the States 382. Fort Sumter 296 383. President Lincoln 296 384. The South begins the War .... 297 385. Effect of the Capture of Fort Sumter 298 386. Condition of the South 298 387. The Blockade 298 388. Preparation 299 389. Bull Run 299 390. Call for Volunteers. Gen. George B. McClellan 300 39r. West V^irginia 300 392. Mason and Slidell 301 393. Forts Donelson and Henry .... 301 394. Control of the Mississippi .... 303 395. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing. Corinth 303 396. The Duel of the Ironclads .... 304 397. The Monitor 305 398. New Orleans 306 399. The Draft in the South 307 400. The Blockade goes on 307 401. Privations of the South 307 402. The North 308 403. Richmond. McClellan 308 404. Second Battle of Bull Run .... 310 405. Ihe Confederate Army Ad- vances 310 Xll CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 406. Antietam; Fredericksburg ... ,510 407. Third Year of the War 310 408. Slavery and the Emancipation Proclamation 312 409. Results of Emancipation 312 410. Confederate War-ships on the Sea 313 411. England and France 313 412. Exchange of Prisoners 314 413. The Draft Riots 314 414. Gettysburg 315 415. Vicksburg 316 416. Chattanooga and Chickamauga . 316 417. Lookout Mountain and Mis- sionary Ridge 318 418. English and French War- vessels for the South 318 419. Grant in Command 318 420. Grant's Plans 319 SECTION PAGE 421. The Wilderness; a Fighting General 319 422. Spottsylvania 320 423. Cold Harbor 320 424. Petersburg 320 425. The Shenandoah Valley 321 426. Desperate Measures 322 427. Ta.xes in the Confederacy 322 428. The Nation's Credit 323 429. Atlanta falls 323 430. The March to the Sea 323 431. The Elections; the Thirteenth Amendment 324 432. The South fights through Pride 325 433. Sherman marches North 325 434. Grant and Lee at Petersburg . . 326 435. Lee abandons Richmond 327 436. Lee's Surrender 327 437. What the War had cost 328 438. What the War did 329 CHAPTER XVII Reconstruction — Subsequent Events 439. The Death of Lincoln 332 440. President Johnson 332 441. Pardons for Southern Soldiers . 333 442. The Condition of the Freedmen as 443. The President's I^olicy 334 444. The Civil Rights Bill 334 445. The Fourteenth Amendment . . 334 446. The Ku-Klux Klan 335 447. Military Government 335 448. Enmity between Congress and the President 336 449. Mexico 336 450. President Grant 338 451. The Fifteenth Amendment .... 338 452. The Pacific Railroad 339 453. The Alabama Claims 341 454. The Amnesty Act. Election. Panic 342 455. Resumption of Specie Payment; Colorado admitted 342 456. A Disputed Presidential Elec- tion 343 457- Paying the War Debt 343 458. Chinese Immigration 343 459. Election of Garfield 344 460. Death of Garfield 344 461. President Arthur 345 462. The New Navy 345 463. The Brooklyn Bridge 345 464. President Cleveland 346 465. The Tariff 346 466. President Harrison 346 467. Oklahoma 347 468. American Republics 347 409. New States 347 470. The People's Party 347 47 1 . Cleveland Reelected 348 472. The Panic 348 473. The Tariff 348 474. The Monroe Doctrine 349 475. President McKinley 349 476. The War with Spain 350 477. The Treaty of Peace 352 478. American Troops in China .... 352 479. Second Election of McKinley . . 353 480. Death of President McKinley . 353 481. Cuba as a Nation 354 482. The Alaskan Boundary Line . . 354 CONTENTS xiu SECTION PAGE 4S3. The Panama Canal 354 484. The Election of Roosevelt 355 485. President Taft 355 486. The Return of the American Battleship Fleet 356 487. The New Census 357 488. The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution 357 489. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill . . 358 490. Discovery of the North Pole . . . 358 491. The Hudson-Fulton Celebration 359 492. Aerial Navigation 359 493. Arizona and New Mexico 359 494. Notable Inventions; Steam as a Motive Power 359 495. The Development of Labor- Saving Machinery 360 SECTION PAGE 496. The Atlantic Cable 362 497. The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution 363 498. Presidential Election of 191 2.. . 363 499. Trouble in Mexico 364 500. Tariff Bill and Income Tax .... 365 501. Woman Suffrage 366 502. Mothers' Day 367 503. Federal Reserve Banking Act 367 504. The Panama Canal 368 505. The Panama Canal Tolls 368 506. The Immigration Bill 369 507. Progress of the Prohi'jition Movement 370 508. The Presidential Election of 1916 371 CHAPTER XVIII Growth and Development of the Country 509. Territorial Expansion ; Popula- tion 375 510. The Western Movement 376 511. The Homestead Law 376 512. Building a Home in the West; the New Farming 376 513. Trouble with the Indians 377 514. Early Methods of Work 378 515. Inventions 378 516. Electricity 378 517. Motors 379 518. Growth in Manufacturing 380 519. Early Railroads 380 520. The Financial Panic of 1873. ■ ■ 381 521. The Manufacture and Use of Steel 381 522. The New Mining 381 523. Coal Oil and Gas 382 524. Resources of the United States 383 525. Commerce with Foreign Coun- tries 383 526. Education 384 527. Conditions after the Civil War 384 528. The Freedman's Bureau 385 529. The New South 385 530. Southern Expositions 386 531. Northern Expositions 387 532. Western Expositions 388 533- The Alaskan Seal Fisheries. . . . 388 534. The Pan-American Congress. . . 388 535. The Hague Peace Tribunal. . . . 388 536. Trouble with Italy and Chile 389 537. The Hawaiian Revolution 389 538. Porto Rico 390 CHAPTER XIX Changes in Go\'ernment; Business; Labor Troubles 539. The Presidential Succession Act 392 543. Changes in Municipal Govern- 540. The Interstate Commerce Com- ment 393 mission 392 544. The Initiative and Referendum 393 541. Ballot Reform Laws 393 545. The Recall 394 542. Direct Primaries 393 54O. Business Corporations; Trusts 394 XIV CONTENTS SECTION PAGE 547. Labor Unions and Strikes 394 548. A Great Railroad Strike 395 549. The Haymarket Riots in Chicago 395 550. Other Labor Troubles 395 551. The Pullman Car Company Strike 395 SECTION PAGE 552. The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution 396 553. The Proposed Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitu- tion 396 CHAPTER XX The World War 554. The German Scheme of World Control 397 555. German "Kultur" 397 556. The Military Ambitions of Ger- many 398 557- The Middle-Europe Plan 399 558. Austria and the Balkan Penin- sula 399 559- The Pretext for War 399 560. The War Begins 400 561. German Plan of Campaign 400 562. Invasion of Belgium 401 563. The First Battle of the Mame 401 504. Failure of the German Plan of Campaign 402 565. Movements of the Russian Armies 402 566. Serbia, Italy, Japan and Turkey 403 567. German Loss of Territory 403 568. The German and British Navies 403 569. New Methods of Warfare 404 570. Submarine Warfare; the Lusi- lania 405 CHAPTER XXI The United States Enters the War 571. Declaration of Congress, Ajiril 6, 1917 407 572. Revolution in Russia 407 573. Trench Warfare 408 574. The Need of Ships 409 575. Increased Industry 409 576. Government Control of Rail- roads ; the Coal Supply 409 577. The Food Problem 410 578. The Military Training Camps 410 579- The Selective Draft; Liberty Bonds 411 580. General Pershing in Command of the American Forces 412 581. How the Women Helped 412 582. The Great German Drive 413 583. The Supreme Command Given to General Foch 413 584. Further Movements of the German Forces 413 585. Chateau-Thierr>' 414 586. The Second Battle of the Marne 414 587. The Advance of the Allied Armies 415 588. The Argonne Forest 416 589. The Drive on the Center 416 590. The Hindenburg Line Smashed 416 591. The Fighting in Other Sections 417 592. An Exchange of Diplomatic Notes 417 593. The "Fourteen Points'' 417 594. The Armistice 418 595. The Conference at Paris 418 596. What the War had Cost 419 597. After the War; the High Cost of Living 420 598. Labor Troubles ; Strikes 420 599. The Boston Police Strike 421 600. The Death of a Great American 421 601. The American Legion 421 CONTENTS XV SECTION PAGE 602. A Nation-wide Movement for Americanization 422 603. The Bolsheviki 423 604. Distinguished Visitors from England and Belgium 423 SECTION PAGE 605. The Purchase of the Virgin Islands 424 606. A Forecast 424 APPENDIX i The Declaration of Independence i The Constitution of the -United States v Dates of Admission of the States xxi List of Presidents xxii INDEX xxiii LIST OF MAPS PAGE Map of the World, showing the United States and its Possessions (colored) Cover page 2 Map of the United States (colored) Cover page 3 Early Trade Routes to the East (in text) 3 The Voyages of Columbus (in text) 13 The Explorations of Columbus (in text) 15 Explorations of Vespucius (in text) 19 Map of Spanish Explorations (in text) 35 Explorations of the Cabots (in text) 39 Map of Raleigh's Colonies (in text) 45 Map Showing Jacques Cartier's Voyages (in text) . . 48 Map of Early Voyages 54 Map to Illustrate Erench Explorations (in text) 71 Virginia in Early Days (in text) 87 The English Country in North America (in text) 93 The North-South Route (in text) 103 New England of the Pilgrims and Puritans (in text) 117 Holland and a Part of England (in text) 118 European Colonies in America — about 1650 133 Pennsylvania, Marj'land, Delaware, and New Jersey (in text) 141 Early Dutch and Swedish Settlements (in text) 148 Route of Braddock's Expedition (in text) 168 Map showing French and English Forts (in text) 171 Central North America, 1755: At the Beginning of the French and Indian War (colored) Facing 176 Central North America, 1763: After the French and Indian War (col- ored) Facing 176 Map of Boston and Bunker Hill, 1775 (in text) 194 Reference Map for the Revolution: Northern and Middle States (colored) Facing 198 Reference Map for the Revolution: Southern States (colored). . . .Facing 220 Sketch-Map of Yorktown (in text) 222 The United States at the Close of the Revolution 2ii LIST OF MAPS xvii PAGE Lewis and Clark's Route (in text) 249 Territorial Growth of the United States, 1 783-1 867 (colored) Between 250 and 251 Route of the National Road (in text) 269 Map of the Erie Canal (in text) 271 Map Showing the Territory acquired from Mexico as the Result of the Mexican War (colored) Facing 284 The Slave States before the War (in text) 297 Reference Map for the Civil War, 1861-65 (colored). .. .Between 298 and 299 The Confederacy at the Close of 1862 (in text) 311 Map of the Vicksburg Campaign (in text) 316 The Confederacy at the Close of 1863 (in text) 319 The Confederacy at the Close of 1864 (in text) 325 The Confederacy in the Spring of 1865 (in text) 326 Irrigation Centers of the West (in text) 340 Relief Map of the Panama Canal (in text) 355 The Westward Movement of the Center of Population of the United States (in text) 357 The Berlin to Bagdad Railway (in text) 398 Battle Fronts (in text) 408 AMERICAN HISTORY CHAPTER I EARLY PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS 1. Early Mediterranean Trade Routes. — Five hundred years ago Europe was the home of the white race. Except parts of Africa, where the black race dwelt, and of Asia, the home of the yellow and the brown races, the white race knew nothing of the world outside of Europe. Asia is east of Europe, and with its people the Europeans traded. They had little or no trade with the Africans. To the west lay the Atlantic Ocean which, so far as they knew, had no end. To carry goods to Asia, or the East, small ships called car- avels were used. These sailed from Venice and Genoa, ports in the Mediterranean Sea. They went eastward, some to Alexandria, and some to the Black Sea. 2. The Great Question. — From these points goods were sent forward on the backs of camels. A number of camels with their drivers were called a caravan. The caravans with goods from the East met these ships and returned overland to ports in the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf with goods from the West. Thence the goods were sent in vessels to India, by way of the Indian Ocean. The Turks lived along these land routes. They were Mahometans, while the white traders of Europe were Christians, and between them there was war. Because of this it was very dangerous to go by caravan through the Turkish country. 2 AMERICAN HISTORY The great question for the merchants of Europe was, " How can we get to India and back without passing through the land of the Turks? " 3. Portugal the First Nation to try to find a New Route. — Portugal, a country of Europe bordering on the Atlantic, was the home of many hardy and brave sailors. For years Caravan Crossing the Dimri these sailors had tried to find a way to India by going around the southern point of Africa, then known as "The Cape of Storms." "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of a king of Portugal, sent ships south along the west coast of Africa to find the way around its southern end into the Indian Ocean. Each year Portuguese sailors went farther than they had gone before. But it was not until 1487 that one of them suc- ceeded in sailing around the " Cape of Storms." This voyage was made by Bar-thol-o-mew Diaz (De'-ath). While sailing EARLY DISCOVERIES 3 along the western shore of Africa, he was driven south by a great storm. When the wind died away and the sea grew calm, he sailed to the east, expecting to come in sight of land. The storm had carried his three little caravels so far to the south that when- he turned east he sailed by the " Cape Easly Trade Routes to the East of Storms" into the Indian Ocean. Turning to the north, he passed along the east coast of Africa for about six hun- dred miles. Then sailing south, he again rounded the " Cape of Storms " and bore to the north for home. He reached Portugal about Christmas, 1487. But the route was too long to be useful. Then the ques- tion was, "Can a shorter sea route than this be found?" 4. Columbus. — Others besides the wise men of Portugal were studying the question of a short water route to India. AMERICAN HISTORY Among them was Christopher Columbus, who was born about 1436 near Genoa, a city of Italy. WTien he was four- teen years old, he began to sail in the trading ships of the Mediterranean. In this way, while yet young, he became skillful in the art of saiHng the small vessels of those days. 5. The Earth is Round. — Columbus, like many learned men of his time, believed that the earth is round. He thought that by saihng west across ^«?)r'^^ the Atlantic Ocean, he could reach India. He thought that the earth was much smaller than it is, and that India reached much farther around it. He said that the way across the Atlantic must be a short one. He did not know that there was another body of land be- tween the western shores of Europe and the eastern coast of India. When he was about thirty-five years old he went to Lisbon, a city of Portugal. There he got some rare maps which had belonged to his father-in-law, who had been a skillful sailor. 6. Columbus forms a Plan. — His study of these maps strengthened his belief. He formed a plan to search for India by sailing west. But, being without money, he could not carry it out. He lirst went for aid to King John of Portugal. The king turned the matter over to a council of his wisest and most learned subjects. By their advice, he Christopher Columbt's 6 AMERICAN HISTORY refused help and Columbus went away. That refusal cost Portugal the glory and profit of finding a new world. The king did not aid Columbus, but he followed the plan that Columbus had given him. He sent a vessel of his own to find India. It sailed to the Cape Verde Islands and thence westward. It followed this course for several days, but meeting stormy weather, the sailors became frightened. They returned to Lisbon and said that the plan of Columbus was wrong, and that there could be no land in that terrible waste of waters. 7. Columbus leaves Portugal and goes to Spain. — Angry at the trickery of the king, Columbus left Lisbon for Spain about 1484, where he began a struggle for aid which was to last more than seven years. Spending two years in fol- lowing the king and queen from place to place, he at last got a hearing. They told him to appear at Salamanca, before some of the most learned men in Spain, and set forth his plans. Columbus did so, but his success was small. Only a few of those wise men thought as he did. 8. Columbus decides to leave Spain. — Five years after- ward, Columbus again tried to get help from Isabella, queen of Spain, but failed. Disappointed, he decided to apply else- where for aid. He went to a village near Palos to get his son, whom he had left there seven years before. After leaving Palos, Columbus and his son Diego, then a lad of twelve, stoj)ped at a convent to beg for food. Here Columbus spoke of his plans and hopes with the good priest who had received him kindly. This priest, who had been the confessor of Queen Isabella, got for him an- other hearing with the king and queen. But it ended as before, and Columbus now resolved to apply for aid to France. 9. Columbus is called Back. Success. — He had set out EARLY DISCOVERIES 7 for France on mule-back, when a messenger from Isabella overtook him with an order to return. She had decided to help him. Obeying her order, Columbus went back. Plans were then made to give him the ships and men needful for Car.wels of Columbus his voyage. After years of disappointment, his courage and perseverance had won success. His story shows how stead- fast purpose may overcome poverty and ridicule. 10. First Voyage. — Columbus had great trouble in get- ting together his ships and crews. Men were afraid to go on a voyage so full of dangers, which were the more dread- ful because they were unknown. But at length three small vessels were made ready, the Santa Maria (San-ta Ma-re'-a), Pinta, and Nina (Neen'yah). These vessels were hardly 8 AMERICAN HISTORY seaworthy, the Santa Maria, the ship in which the commander was to sail, being the only one fully decked over. The three little ships, manned by about a hundred and twenty sailors, sailed from the harbor of Palos on the morn- ing of Friday, August 3, 1492, bound for the Canary Islands, whence they were to sail westward over the unknown sea. Some time was spent there in making repairs to one of the vessels. Then the little fleet sailed out boldly into the "Sea of Darkness." All went well for a while. But as the days passed and the distance from home grew greater, the fears of the sailors began to overcome them and their courage gave way to ter- ror. Ignorance as to where they were and how far they might have to sail added to their fright. Many of them, believing that the earth was flat, thought that they must be drawing near to the edge of the ocean, where they would surely Mariner's Compass . ,, „ fall oil. To guide him in his course Columbus had the mariner's compass. This had been invented and used for centuries. At one time during the voyage the needle of the compass did not point due north. This alarmed the ignorant sailors, until Columbus told them that the needle did not point to the north star, but to one near it, which was constantly mov- ing, and caused the needle at times to point somewhat to the west of north. For determining his position at sea the great discoverer had the astrolabe, an instrument which has since gone out of use. Columbus did all that he could to cheer his men. He made fun of their foolish fears. At one time they would not obey him and told him that they would throw him into the EARLY DISCOVERIES 9 sea. This state of things had been going on for a month, when signs of land were seen. A branch of a tree floated by one of the vessels, and a carved stick was picked up from the water by one of the sailors. A flock of land birds was seen flying to the southwest. All knew by these signs that land Landing of Columbus, October 12, 1492 After the picture by Dioscora Puebla. was near. Believing that the birds were flying toward land, Columbus turned his course to follow them. 11. Land Sighted. — On the evening of October 11, 1492, the watchful commander saw in the west what seemed to be a moving light. At the same time he heard from the other ships the cry of ''Land!" All waited for what the break of day was to show. It was more than two months since they had left Spain, and every day had been a time of danger lo AMERICAN HISTORY and dread. As the sun rose, October 12, they saw before them a green and low-lying island. Columbus landed and, claiming the island for Spain, named it San Salvador, the Spanish words for Holy Saviour. The natives were unlike any people that the Spaniards had ever seen. They were tall and graceful, of brown or cin- namon-colored complexion. They were peaceful and kind. As Columbus thought that he had reached India, he called these natives Indians. For the same reason, he called the islands that he had found the Indies. The Indians wore gold trinkets. The Spaniards, hoping to find gold, asked them by signs where they got them. They pointed to the south. 12. Cuba and Hispaniola. — Columbus sailed away in search of the land of gold, and reached the island which the Indians called Cuba. The men landed and made several journeys inland. Columbus thought that this island was the mainland of Asia, and wondered that he did not see the great and rich cities of which he had read. He then sailed easterly along the coast of another island, which we know as Hayti, but which he called Hispaniola, or "Spanish Land." Here, on Christmas Day, his largest and best ship, the Santa Maria, was wrecked. 13. First Settlement in the New World. — He left forty of his men to found a settlement on the north coast of this island. This Httle settlement was called The Nati\'ity, or in Spanish, La Navidad. 14. Return to Spain. — Pinzon, the captain of the Pinta, had run away and started for home, and Columbus then had only one ship, the Nina. Taking leave of the Httle settle- ment on Hispaniola early in 1493, he set the Nina's sails for Spain. On the way he overtook the Pinta, and the two ■" Kl 12 AMERICAN HISTORY little caravels sailed together until they were separated by a storm. They did not meet again until they had reached the harbor of Palos. The news of the return of Columbus caused wild excite- ment and great rejoicing. Through him Spain claimed the honor of finding a new and short route to India. At Bar- celona, where the king and queen were staying at the time, he was received with the greatest honors. 15. Other Voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made three more voyages, on the last two of which he visited the main- land of both South and Central America. He found no difficulty in procuring ships and sailors for his second voyage. The ' Sea of Darkness " had been crossed. Its waste of water was no longer terrible to Spanish sailors. They now desired to learn more about this new-found land where the far West and the far East came together. They felt that further search would surely lead to the rich cities of China and India, where gold, spices, silks, and precious stones were plentiful. 16. Second Voyage. — Columbus left Cadiz on his sec- ond voyage in September, 1493. He commanded a fleet of three large ships and fourteen caravels, carrying fifteen hundred men. After touching the Canary Islands, the fleet set forth on its westerly course. Land was first seen early in November. This was a small island southeast of the present island of Porto Rico, and the Spaniards gave it the name Dominica. Shaping their course to the north- west and passing other small islands, they landed at Porto Rico. Leaving that port, Columbus went to the httle colony of La Navidad, wliich had been founded the year before on the island of Hispaniola. The fort was in ruins and not one of the forty men left there was found. All of EARLY DISCOVERIES 13 them had been killed by the natives, with whom they had foolishly quarreled. 17. Second Settlement. — Moving farther to the east, the Spaniards built another settlement, which they named Isabella in honor of the queen. From here Columbus started with a body of armed men to explore the country. He found that Map of the Voyages or Columbus the natives lived in villages and that they also grew maize, or Indian corn. Gold was discovered and some of it was sent back to Spain. 18. First Battle between White Men and Indians. — Early the next year (1494) Columbus set out from Isa- bella in search of what he thought would be the mainland of Asia. He sailed west with three caravels and, changing his course, reached the south coast of Cuba. A little later, while in these waters, he came to the island which the natives 14 AMERICAN HISTORY called Jamaica. When the Spaniards landed on this island, they were met with a storm of arrows and javeHns. But the Indians, who could not long withstand the Spaniards, fled. Columbus was greatly pleased with the beauty of this island, but since those who lived there were savages, he thought it best to keep away. So he sailed back to the southern coast of Cuba, which he followed nearly to its western end. He thought that if he held this course long enough he would reach the Indian Ocean, and passing around the Cape of Good Hope, return to Spain. His men refusing to go farther, he sailed back to Hispaniola, where he remained about two years. After having been away from Spain for nearly three years Columbus at last reached Cadiz in June, 1496. He was kindly received by the king and queen. Shortly after Columbus had left Hispaniola, his brother Bartholomew founded San Domingo on the south coast of that island. 19. Third Voyage. — The great discoverer with a fleet of six vessels started on his third voyage in May, 1498. Stop- ping at the Canary Islands, Columbus ordered that three of his ships should sail for Hispaniola. With the other three, the great admiral sailed in a southerly direction to the Cape Verde Islands. Leaving these islands and steering south- westerly, he crossed the Atlantic. By sailing in this direc- tion, on a southerly course, he thought that he might clear the coast of Cuba, and sail into the Indian Ocean. If he could do this, Spain would share with Portugal the rich trade of India, and by a shorter route. 20. Columbus finds the Continent. — About August ist Columbus reached the island of Trinidad, at the mouth of the Orinoco River on the coast of South America. From the length and the nature of the coast he knew that he had found EARLY DISCOVERIES IS the mainland of a continent. This, he thought, must be Asia, and he beheved that somewhere there must be a strait through which he could pass to the Indian Ocean. He sailed westerly along the north coast of the continent, for about 20 40 Land discovered by Columbus i. '. '. Balboa c5 ^-(r „ p^ f-i"'*" .■S<^^^