DESIGNS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR New Mexico Public School Buildings ISSUED BY THE TERRITORIAL DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SANTA FE, N. M. Wew Mexican Printing Company 1909. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS PREPARED BY JOHNSTON BROTHERS; SCHOOL ARCHITECTS, ALMA, NEBRASKA UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE Territorial Superintendent of Public Instruction .n> J •j- \ 1 ^ INTRODUCTION. The building of public school houses is an art. An architect who is supremely successful in planning busi- ness houses, great hotels, sanitariums, or state buildings, may be an absolute failure in planning school buildings. The unpardonable waste of money, material, and eifort as well as the irreparable injury to teachers and pupils, physically, due to the ill construction of so many of our public school buildings, have been noted for years by the close obserying, practical school men, and thruout our cormtry at large, there is a well directed effort toward marked improvement in school house construction. The ISTew Mexico Department of Education has secured all the pamphlets published by the educational departments of the various states in the Union and aclcnowledges valu- able assistance from these sources. It is our hope that this l30ok of plans may be of real service thruout our Territory in directing the attention of our boards of direc- tors, county superintendents and teachers to the best approveil plans for sanitary, convenient, and artistic school buildings. The cuts for pages 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, are loaned by the De- partment of Public Instruction, South Dakota. Johnson Brothers, Alma, Nebraska, are specialists in school architecture and any school board may make ar- rangements with them for special plans to meet local needs, in the event that the plans in this book do not suffice. Teriitorial Superintendent Public Instruction. Santa Fe, IST. M., November 10th, 1909. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. THE SCHOOL SITE AND THE SCHOOL HOUSE. "The first problem that presents itself for solution in the erection of a school bniltling is the selection of a site, and in making this selection the chief things to be consid- ered are "size, soil and sightliness and location," in the eom- mrmity with reference to accessibilitv and relative dis- tances to patrons served. While no school lot should contain less than one acre and should preferably lie in rectangular form, about 180 feet front and 240 feet in depth, yet if the land is cheap two or three acres are much more desirable. This will give ample space for all the outdoor sports — an incalcul- able advantage which all rural schools should possess. The soil of a school site should not have beneath it a stratum of impervious clay which will permit ground water to stand in the yard, biit should have a porous soil free from decaying matter. The surface of the school ground should slope toward the road and its elevation should be sufficient to drain all parts naturally. The site most perfectly located would be one with natural drainage in all directions. It should also possess as many natural features of beauty as possi- ble, and while it should not be located in an obscure or isolated spot, yet great care should bo taken to avoid a location where there is "frequent passing, travel or local industries that would disturb the work of the school." Having briefly described some of the necessary requi- sites of a good school site let us consider briefly the ele- ments of a good school house. The size of the building must be determined by the nimiber of occupants that are to use it, but whether it is a small one-room house for the accommodation of twenty-five pupils, or a large struc- ture for twenty-five hundred, the same laws of sanitation should prevail and the same care in the selection of material and good workmanship should be exercised. I know of no better description of what a public school house should be than tlaat given by Mrs. Sigourney, of Connecticut, who said: "I hope the time is coming when every isolated village school house shall be a temple on whose exterior the occupant may study the principles of symmetry and grace. Why need the structures where the young are initiated into those virtues which make life beautiful be divorced from taste or devoid of comfort? Why should they not be erected in fine, airy situations, overshadowed with trees and embellished with shrubbery? Why should not the velvet turf attached to them be bor- dered with hedges, divided by gravel walks, tufted with flowers? It is easier to enforce habits of neatness and PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. order among objects whose taste and value make them worthy of care than amid that parsimonj' of apparatus whose very pitiful means operates as a temptation to waste and destroy." It is in the pioor, dilapidated^ dust begrimed, filthy schoolrooms that the sp)irit of vandalism asserts itself, for there is nothing there to command the respect of the boy. We believe it is as much the duty of the school to cultvate the aesthetic side of the child as it is to teach the multiplication table, or the single rule of three. We do not mean to sacrifice the healthfulness or utility of the school house for the beautiful, in the sense of building a three hundred dollar tower on a two hundred dollar house, but grace and symmetry may be wrought ill the one-room school house just as easily as in the larger and more costly buildings." HON. E. L. JONES, State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Tennessee. VENTILATION. The most important problem in the construction of school buildings is the method of ventilation. Air which is breathed and rebreathed soon becomes very foul and produces a stupor that wholly unfits the pupils for the mental effort required of them. Teachers of experience well know that children often become uncomfortable, dull, and irritable, especially during the last periods of tlic (la\-. This is by no means due simply to mental fatigue. It can nearly always be traced to improper venti- Ltion — a lack of fresh air. The necessity for some scheme for ventilation, and its value in the school room, can not 1)6 overestimated. Doors and windows alone cannot ade- quately supply the school room with fresh air. Other means must be provided for securing this and for the with- drawal of the foul air. It is too often taken for granted that foul air will, of its own accord, escape from the room if we provide an outlet. This is a great mistake; not only must we furnish a proper outlet, but we must see to it that the bad air is forced from the room, in order to make way for pure, fresh air. The only practical plan of ventilation in small build- ings is the gravity system, of which the following is an explanation : The chimney is divided into two parts — a smoke flue and a ventilating flue. The one should measure at least 8x13 in., and the other 16x16 in. inside measurements. If for any reason the chimney is built less than 25 ft. in PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. lieight (for instance, in a flat roofed building), the in- side measurements should be made correspondingly greater, for the reason that the velocity of heated air in a chimney increases with its height. At the base of the ventilating flue, and opening out into the school room, is a register the same size as the cross section of the flue. It is a well Icnown fact that, when air is heated, it expands and tends to rise. Consequently the colder air of the room will be found near the floor. Now the heat from the smoke chimney warms the air in the adjoining air vent and causes it to rise. The cold foul air near the floor rushes through the open register at the base of the air vent to take the place of the escaping column of warmed air, and it, in turn, is heated and passes on through the chimney. Fresh air is introduced inside the room, by means of a flue built under the floor and conducting the air from outside the building to a cham- ber directly under the stove. From this chamber the air passes up through several small openings between the stove and the jacket, is heated, and passes out over the jacket to the ceiling where it spreads and falls uniformly over the room. As the air cools it gradually sinks to the floor, and with the heavier impure air, is drawn out through the register and up the ventilating flue. In this way the room becomes flUed with pure warm air without sensible currents or drafts. Small ventilating registers should also be placed in the halls and cloak rooms. During warm weather and when there is no fire in the stove, ventilation may be secured in either of two ways. (1) By opening the transoms and raising the windows on one side of the room only. This prevents drafts. (2) Bet- ter ventilation, however, is secured by heating the air column in the ventilating flue by means of a lighted lamp placed inside the flue just aljove the register, on a wire rest which has been built into the wall. This will create the necessary draft for ventilation, and when so arranged the windows need never be opened. The fresh air flue should be built from an outside wall directly to an air chamber under the stove. The cross sec- tion of the flue should be at least 20 in. x 20 in. and the cJiamber should be about 6 ft. square and 24 in. in depth. School buildings should be so constructed as to provide for each pupil at least 216 cu. ft. of air space, and supply him with 30 cu. ft. of fresh air per minute. A room 24 ft x 30 ft. with 12 ft. ceiling, and seating 30 pupils, needs the equivalent of a chimney 16 in. x 16 in. inside measure- ments, to furnish the required amount of fresh air. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Another good plan may be suggested here: Build but one flue, but make it 20x20 in. Eun a stove pipe up through this large flue, allowing it to extend about 3 ft. above the top of the chimney. This plan gives us the smoke flue within the ventilating flue. It is some- what cheaper but is not so substantial as the other plan. Figure 1. Showing Inlet at one end of Room and Outlet at the other. (Shaded portion showing warm fresh air in room. Unsatisfactory method.) PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. f^^H Breathinb Linc. ^1 iNLEri Figure 2. Expensive Heating- Poor Circulation and Ventilation. Any system of ventilation where the foul air exhausted is above the breathing line will have the same fault as illustrated in hgures 1 and 2. no matter where the fresh air properly warmed is admitted. The fresh air does not circulate so as to give children any benefit. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Fig 3. Poor Circulatiom and Ventilation. If the fresh air intake and the foul air exhaust are at opposite sides or ends of the room with the exhaust near the floor it is liable to g'ive a circulation as shown in figure 3. 10 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. n m -'-'. S .^^ — _ -1 =,"" jr-vm-_ ■^ ^ ^NLCT 1 >i: V) X 1 BoeATHiNG' L/jvs. J 1 i ^OUTLE^^^ d Figure 4. The Best Plan of Gravity Ventilation. If the room is heated by a stove it may best be set anywliere near" the wall that contains the ventilator provided it is a few feet to the right or left of the foul air reg-ister. The stove should not be set in the center of the room. With proper circulation all parts of the room will be properly warmed. The stove may, if more convenient, be placed in any part of the room with less harm to the heating and ventilation than will attend such arrangement of a hot air furnace. Where such furnace is used warm air inlet should always be six or seven feet above the floor and on fhe same wall as the ventilator, not directly above it but a little to the right or left. This cut shows outlet under teacher's platform, but the platform is not only unnecessary but undesirable. The foul air register should be in the wall at the baseboard. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 11 In small buildings, stoves of proper construction and size, afford the most practical method of heating. When a building is heated with a stove, the following directions should be observed. SIZE. — It should be large. Large stoves give a more uniform heat and require less attention. For a small school room it should have a fire pot 32 in. in diameter, and should be correspondingly larger as the size of the room is increased. Avoid all rims and flanges that will interfere with the upward flow of air, between the stove and its Jacket. POSITION. — It should be placed at one side or in a corner of the room, where it will be less in the way. When pi'ovided with a jacket it will be just as effective as if placed near the center of the room. JACKET. — It should be jacketed. A jacket can be made of sheet iron or tin at a small cost. Beginning at the floor, it should extend to a height of 5 ft. or 6 ft. and should entirely surround the stove at a distance of from 12 in. to 18 in. Eor further description of heating apparatus and the circulation of the air in the room, see the article on "Ven- tilation." With such a system as this, the back part of the room is as well heated as any other part, and the pupils near the stove are not imcomfortable from the heat. In win- ter, a window need never be opened, and yet the air is always pure. If the foundation walls are good, the floor is al- ways warm. The room is warmed in a short time. The cost is insignificant. The saving of fuel alone will pay the additional cost in a few years. It is a well Icnown ffict that a steady fire consumes less fuel than an un- steady one. The temperature of a school room should be kept be- tween 68° and 70° Pahr. Fireplaces are good only for ventilation. They are wasteful of fuel, create drafts, and heat unevenly. They are not at all satisfactory for heatinff a school room. 12 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ri-tsk A,,^ jPuct Figure 2. Plan for Jacket Stove. Dotted lines represent fresh air duct under floor. CC. Circle on floor over which jacket will stand. B. Back of stove. aaa. Openings in floor to let fresh air rise into ducts of j acket. XXX. Arches under jacket to permit air of room to circulate freely around stove. yy. Sliding- valves to be placed at walls to close fresh air ducts. Figure 1. Section of Jacket Around Stove. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 13 The school room can not be too well lighted. It has been estimated by the best authorities that the amount of transparent glass surface admitting light should be no less than one-sixth of the floor space of the room. In a school room 2-1: ft. x 30 ft. tlie amount of window glass should be at least 120 sq. ft. ; and if the building is at all shaded, the amount should be increased. Light should always enter from the left of the pupils. If, however, it must enter from two sides, windows on the left, and half windows placed high in the rear, should be pirovided. Windows should never be placed on oppo- site sides of the room, as the resulting cross light is very hard on the eyes, and light from the front is still more injurious and should never be tolerated. It is best to locate windows in batteries — i. e. several in a group — rather than distribute them at equal dis- tfinces along the side of the room. ' The top of the window should extend entirely to, or within a few inches of the ceiling, and the window sill should be somewhat above the level of the eyes of the pupil when seated. No window should be placed in front of the front row of seats, in any school room. There can be no question but that the healthfulness and desirability of a school room is very much increased by having the rays of the sun shine into it during some portion of tlie day. Sunlight — besides being the best puri- fier Imowp., and for this reason making impossible a great many diseases and a large number of discomforts — adds much to the cheerfulness of the room. It is unwise, however, to allow the direct rays of the sun to fall upon the children, and particularly upon their books or desks. ■ In some localities, especially in the South, where the south light is ver^^ strong, it would seem advisable to face the building so that the school room light will come from the east or the west. Window shades of ecru should be provided for all win- dows, and, as the best light enters througli the upper half of the windows, the shades should either be adjustable, or roll from the bottom, being raised by a cord and a pulley at the top. 14 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. Perhaps no one thing helps more in individual develop- ment than the seating of a school in single seats. Discip- line is easier, more work can be accomplished by the stud- ents, and there is less danger of contagion by the handling of one another's books and pencils. It is easier to accommodate all sizes of pupils with sin- gle seats than it is with double ones. In many coimtry schools the seats have been so arranged that all small children are in the front part of the room and all large ones in the back. It is better to put seats of one size in each row. Desks are made in sizes from No. 6, the smallest, to ISTo. 1, the largest. If there is room for four rows of seats, probably one row each of sizes 2, 3, 4, and 5 will bo best; but if there is room for five rows, add another row of size 5. Every pupil should be so seated that his feet will touch the floor; so if there should be some pupils for whom ISTo. 5 seats are too high, place all of these in one row and put a twelve inch plank lengthwise under their feet, blocking it up until it is the right height. Too often the seats are placed so far apart that the pujjil must lean forward in an unnatural position in order to write or draw. ISTo. 5 desks should be nine inches apart; that is, the edge of the desk in front of the child shoiild be nine inches from the back of the seat in which he sits. No. 4's should be ten inches apart. No. 3's eleven inches, and No. 2's twelve inches. The aisles at the sides and at the rear of the room should be at least thirty-six inches wide, and those be- tween the rows of seats at least twenty-four inches. The smaller desks should be placed nearest to the light and no desk should be farther than twenty-five feet from the source of light. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 15 The Badly Arranged Schoolroom. Disorder, idleness, mischief, discomfort, ill-temper, disease— due to unfavorable physical conditions. (This and three following- cuts were loaned by Superintendent Payson Smith, of the Department of Education of the State of Maine.) 16 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. The Well Arrang'ed Schoolroom. Good order and industrious habits fostered, comfort and health promoted by favorable physical conditions. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 17 Improperly Arranged One Room Schoolhouse. B— Bench, C— Chimney, D~Desks, d— Door, S— Stove, T— Teacher's Table, W— Window. 18 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. >-| o ol 1 o 1 o o 1 o o 1 o o 1 o _Q..| P T OO OO OO OO OO OO OO D D o o OO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO OO 015- OO |T,T J d? An Improved Arrang-ement of Foreg-oing. (Intended merely to suggest improvement in the foregoing-— lighting and proportions of room not approved.) B C— Bookcase, C-Chimney, D-Desk, d— Door, P T— Primary Pupils' Table, S . J— Stove Jacket, S— Stove, T T- leacher's Table, W-Window, W bb— Wood Boxes, W B— Water Buckets. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 19 INTERIOR DECORATIONS. In the general color scheme for the interior of school houses the floor should be the darkest surface except the blackboards. If there is a wainscot it should be of some lighter shade than the floor, and of the same shade as the casings. Above this the walls may be tinted with some light shade, as buff, gray, or green; and, if the room is particularly well lighted, olive may be used. But in every case a light shade of color shoukl be used and in no case should a shade of red be allowed. The ceiling should be the lightest surface of the room in order to reflect as much light downward as possible. A picture molding should be put up from which to hang the few good pictures which every school can have in time. Where there is a picture molding there is not so great a temptation to drive nails and tacks into the wall on which to hang the cheap and flashy colored calendars and other advertisements that so often are the only deco- rations. Eeproductions of the old masters are to be ob- tained at so low a price now that there is no reason why each district may not have two or three. The blackboards are not a part of the decorative scheme, although many teachers persist in so using them. They should be so placed that the light falls on them from one side only to avoid cross lights, and should never be placed between two windows, as is so often done. They should be of slate forty-two inches wide, and should be placed twenty-six inciies above the floor in rural schools where all grades miist use them. If slate should prove to be too expensive Hyloplate or Lithoplate will make a very good substitute at a lower price. 20 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. HEATING PLANTS. STOVES. — The system of simplest and cheap- est heating is stoves. The heat is carried by radia- tion and by convection without any tubes or pipes or other equipment. But for use in school houses the chief objections are : First : — Owing to the size of the rooms a stove as usually put up heats the air immediately about it too hot, while that farther away is not hot enough. Second : — The size of the stove is so great for a large room that considerable space is wasted. Third: — The amount of dirt and litter caused is greater than in any other system. Objection No. 1 may be disposed of Ijy enclosing the stove in a sheet iron jacket and bringing in fresh air from the outside to a point immediately un- der the stove. With this arrangement and proper ventilating flues the best results can be obtained, so we shall only consider that type of stove. FURiSrACES. — Next in original cost and in simplicity of operation is the hot air furnace. While furnaces are more costly than stoves they have the advantage of being out of the way, and of keeping most of the dirt in the basement, and of heating more than one room at a time. Having a cold air duct through which fresh air is con- stantly coming, rooms so heated are usually well venti- lated but at the expense of fuel. But in windy weather it i-" sometimes very difficult to heat exposed rooms. DIEEGT STEAM.— Buildings heated by direct steam heat are kept at a uniform temperature without regard to which way the wind may be. But in school houses there must be some extra provision made for ventilation, with a consequent change in the amount of heating surface re- quired. Compared with hot water heating, steam has the advantage of freedom from frozen pipes when the heat has been shut oif for a day or two. But with this system of heating there is no way of regulating the amount of heat in mild weather, except by shutting off the steam and turning it on again at more or less fre- quent intervals. INDIEECT STEAM.— In this system there is a com- bination of furnace and direct steam methods. Air is heated by coils of jjipe containing steam and is then ad- mitted to the rooms through registers. This provides a system of ventilation — an all important consideration in school Ijiddings. It also has the advantage of being un- affected by winds, since the coils can be put at the bottom of the flue leading to any given room. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 21 HOT WATEB,. — In any country where there is danger of pij^es freezing this method is not practicable for school rooms. In comparing the cost of the various systems it is bet- ter to consider the expense for a period of years. The original cost of stoves is least, with furnaces next, and steam last. But the expense of repairing and maintaining is greatest in stoves and furnaces and least in steam. Comparing original costs and assuming that the cost of stoves is 1, furnaces would be 1.5, and steam 2. Bu.t for a period of five years covering initial cost, repairs and fuel, stoves 1, furnaces 1.3, and steam 1.4. For fifteen years, covering initial cost, repairs and fuel, stoves 1 furnaces 1.1 steam .8. Summarizing: — In buildings having a basement, for a long period of time steam proves cheapest, but where a basement would have to be added to contain the heat- JBg apparatus, and for small buildings in the country, the stove proves the cheapest and most efficient. OUT BUILDINGS. Each school should have two separate out house build- ings, located in that part of the school grounds, at the farthest point from the main entrance of the school house, and as far apart as possible. They should be kept clean in every respect, and in good repair. For the average school these buildings should be about G ft. square, and 7 or 8 ft. high, surrounded by a tight board fence 6 ft. high. The vault under the building should be of some sub- stantial material and plastered on the inside with cement. This prevents drainings into the soil and any possible con- tamination of the water supply. Such an amount of dry soil washes should be placed in the receptacle as will ab- sorb all liquids in the vault, and keep the excreta covered. The vault should be thoroughly cleaned at least twice each term. Proper urinal troughs should be provided in the boys' closet on the inside of the guard fence. The outhouses fhoiild be provided with windows, the sills of which are not less than 6 ft. from the ground. See cut, page 69. 22 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADVANTAGES OF BUILDINGS SUGGESTED IN THIS BOOK. The 8IZE of all rooms is: the same — 34 ft. x 30 ft. Such a room will easily seat 40 jiupils. A teacher having charge of more than this number can not do satisfactory work — especially in a rural school. A room should be no wider than 24 ft., for the lighting would then be poor for 23upils sitting at the farther side of the room. A VESTIBULE is found in each building. This has its advantages at all times, and in a windy country espe- cially is almost indispensible. Otherwise the wind would get a full sweejj down the halls, whenever the outside iloor was opened. Ample CLOAKROOMS are too often wanting in our school buildings. The offensive odors given off from cold damp wraps while drying are often very disagreeable and should never be brought into the study room. Cloak rooms which are shut off from the main school room, as well as protected from the outside cold, should be found in every building. One CLOSET for the teachei-'s supplies, and one or two for pupils' lunch pails and other articles, are foimd in or adjoining each school room. These closets are each provided with lock and key. A JACKETED STOVE is placed in the corner of each room, where it is in the way as little as possible. If the system of heating suggested is carefully carried out, all parts of the room will be equally well heated. The LIGHTIiSTG is in batteries, and is uni-lateral, except in a few instances where it is necessary to add half windows for decoration only. The light is always from the left of the pupil. In case half windows are placed at the rear of the room, they should be of ground or stained glass, well shaded, so that the teacher need not face a strong light. The TEACHER'S DESK is in front and on the lighter side of the room. In this position she does not obstruct the pupils" view of the front blackboard, and can see all of the pupils seated without looking directly toward the full light of the windows. Plenty of BLACKBOARD space is a great advantage to both teacher and pupils. Uni-lateral lighting allows space for blackboards on two or even three sides of the room. TRANSOMS are all hinged at the bottom to prevent cold air drafts from being forced down upon the pupils' heads. FRESH AIR FLUES from the outside of the build- PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOE SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 23 ing must be equal in size to the cross section of both air vent and smoke flue, to provide the best ventilation. The VE]\TTILATING FLUES are of sufficient capa- city to take out the foul air. They must always be heated to be of any value in exhausting air. Consequently they are built in connection with the smoke flue, and on the inside walls to be of greatest value. At the base of each air shaft is a register through which the cold and the foul air of the room is drawn into the ventilating flues. GENERAL CONDITIONS. Contracl Drawings.^ — The drawmgs which will with these specifications form the basis of an agreement for the erection of a public school building, for District Ko. (^ ), are numbered consecutively, and are drawn to a scale of % in. to the foot. The drawings consist of Floor Plans, Foundations, and Eoof Plans — four elevations, a cross section, and miscellaneous details. Chang;es. — ISTo alterations shall be made involving change in cost, until the same is fully set forth in writ- ing; and the terms and conditions of which are fully imderstood and signed by both parties to this contract. Eesponsibility of Contractor. — The contractor is to be entirely responsible for producing the finished work in place; and in carrying it out, he is to furnish all tools and appliances with which to carry out the work. If plastering is done in cold weather, he shall keep the tem- perature above the freezing point, and if in hot weather, he shall close all the openings, so that the plaster will not crack from drying too fast. The contractor is to be re- sponsible for all material delivered on the site both before and after it is put into the building, and as this claim covers loss by fire, he is to keep the material insured imtil the last payment is made to him by the owner, as evidence that the work is accepted. Contractor's Foreman. — II the contractor does not per- sonally superintend the work, he shall have a competent foreman on the ground at all times when the work is going on. The contractor is to be responsible for any damage done t.> adjoining property, such as buildings, fences, bridges, trees, lawns, sidewalks, etc. The contractor shall comply with all city laws and ordinances, and arrange for the use of all streets and water privileges if necessary. 24 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. MASONRY. Concrete. — The concrete work of all footings and out- side walls below grade^ shall be composed of one part of good fresh Portland cement, three parts of clean sharp sand and six parts of gravel or broken stone that will pass through a two inch screen. In order to make this proportion efBcient. it will be necessary to mix the cement and sand dr}', turning it over at least four times, or until no uncolored particles of sand can be detected — after which, add just enough water to dampen the mass thor- oughly, then add the gravel and mix wet — and put in place. Brick Work. — Eough brick partition walls in basement, and all chimneys and the backing of all exterior walls shall be laid and thoroughly embedded in Portland ce- ment. Mortar to be one part cement to four parts sand, and all brick are to be drenched with water before being laid. Face brick shall be used for the visible surfaces of all walls and chimneys. All work to be properly bond- ed and laid with % to % inch joints, trowel pointed as the work is laid, and all mortar kept off the face. After all brick work is done, all outside surfaces are to be washed with muriatic acid, diluted with water, 1 part in 10. Provide and build into each brick ventilating flue a coarse wire screen placed just below the opening of the register, so that a lamp may be placed thereon, for heat- ing the column of air in the ventilating fine . Provide and build into the chimney an 8 in. x 8 in. clean-out door at the most convenient place. What ever bond is used, see that the outside and inside brick walls are firmly bound together at suitable distances. Build into the brick walls, around all the openings, at least four wooden brick on each side, on which to nail the casing. Build into the walls at the top and the bot- tom of the base, a string of 2 in. x 4 in.s on which to nail the base. Where stairways follow brick walls, build in 3 in. x 4 in. to receive the finish, also provide nailing pieces in closets. The plate on top of all outside brick walls is to be a Sin. X 8 in., bdlted to the wal wi1ii% in. x 24 in. boilt built into the wall with a large washer, or a piece of 2 in. x 4 in. at the lower end, and washer and nut on the top of the plate. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 25 CARPENTER WORK. Material. All rough lumber such as Girts^ Joists, Stud- ding, Eafters, etc., are to be straight, sound, and free from large knots. Other miscellaneous lumber, such as bridg- ing, sheeting, braces, etc. is to be sound so as to hold a nail firmly. Lumber for frames and grounds must be sound and square edged. Floors and base will be of A 1 Best grade of Yellow Pine. The casings may be made of soft pine. The stair treads are to be'1^'4 in. thick. Carpenter Construction. — All girts are to rest on 12 in. X 12 in. piers made of brick or cement stone. All joists are to be set one foot four inches from cen- ter to center with a bearing on all supporting walls of four inches. When in brick walls the ends of the joists are to be leveled so that the upper edge is just on a line with the inside of the brick. All trimmers are to be doubled, and all headers over 10 ft. long, are to be tripled. Every third joist in the brick wall is to be anchored thereto by a strap anchor of iron in shape of a T ex- tending two feet on the joist, and to within 4 inches of the outside of the wall, well spiked on to the joist, and built into the wall. All joists are to be crossbridged with 1 in. x 6 in. ma- terial. In spans of 12 feet or over, use 10 ds. nails in each end of each piece of bridging. Studding are to be placed 1 ft. 4 in. from center to center, and in all frame buildings to have a run of brace bridging of 2 in. x 4 ins. run both ways to each corner. All slates on the outside walls are to be doubled and joints broken; inside walls are to have a bottom plate. Where double floors are used the first floor may be laid before plastering. Plank frames may be used for sash under the first floor; all other frames to be of soft pine % in. thick. All planic door frames to be rabbeted to receive doors. Floors. — All finish floors are to be nailed over each joint with 8 ds. nails, and are to be laid after all other finish, except the base, is complete. All finish work on the inside is to have the nails set, ready for puttying. Shingle Roofs. — Where shingles are used for roofing, the sheeting may be laid with 1% in. space between boards, except over the cornice where the sheeting should be laid of matched and surfaced boards, or flooring. Shingles are to be laid 4V2 in. to the weather, and at least two nails to each shingle of 4 in. width. All hips are to be covered on top of shingles with galvanized iron ridge roll, or a saddle board made of 4 in. shingles. 26 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. liidges are to be finished with ridge roll, or 6 in. saddle boards. Tar and gravel roofs are made of three thicknesses of heavj' tar felt, lapped 6 in. and hot tar put in the laps. All to be covered with two inches of gravel, put on hot in a bed of hot tar. 'No painting has been figured in the cost estimate given. Painting. — Before any painting is done, all knots and places colored by the sap should be killed with a good coat of shellac. The first or priming coat should be put on as soon as possible after the carpenter gets it up. The first coat should contain a large portion of white lead, which will adhere to the new wood better than any other substance, and will retain the second coat well. Pure linseed oil should be used, after the prime coat is put on ; all holes and cracks should be stopped with putty. Putty should be colored to suit the grain of the wood, in light and dark places, where oil finish is used. HARDWARE. The door locks should all be Mortise locks, and the door locks, window locks, and also all the door butts should be o:r' a uniform finish, as "Old Copper," "Bronze," and so forth. Use common wire nails in all sizes, and use plenty of them. A common fault is poor nailing. ALL WOEK must be done in the best, most approved, and workmanlike manner. The foundations must be laid up level, plumb, and true. The floors must all be leveled. The door and window frames must be set plumb, and must be level at the head. The doors must close easily, and without binding, and good joints must be made in all work. Floor Plans, Bills of Material, Estimates of Cost. 28 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— ONE ROOM. Floor Plan No. 1 and Elevation No. 1. East or west light is considered best for school build- ings in New Mexico. This building should be set, there- fore, so as to face one of these directions. In the event that your building must face north or south, plan No. 3, page 45, might well be followed. In many instances, brick or frame plans may be used for adobe, and vice versa. Ventilating flues, supply closets, wash benches, etc., are as essential in small school buildings as in large ones. The cost of this building will range from $400.00 to $900.00 ,depending upon material, strength of floors, etc. See page 70 for estimate of costs and page 71 for specifications. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 29 (S a (K) =^r f5) K0 ® R3 es (o) ^

e =3 r=j lb 1^ 30 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— ONE ROOM. Design No. 1, or elevation No. 1, is suggested for Floor Plan No. 1 on the preceding page. A plain exterior is out- lined in order that the expense of the building may not be too great for districts having but small funds for build- ing purposes. Note the half windows at the side, placed above the blackboard line. If this side of the building is not exposed, or is little seen, the windows may be left out. They are entered for relief only. Of course, the builder may relieve the plain exterior by constructing circular, oval, oblong, square, keystone, or other forms on the surface, and thus save the expense of windows. For a more attractive exterior, we would refer you to Floor Plan No. 2, page 57, and Design or Elevation No. 2 , page 59. The adobe may be used in this plan for frame, but the specifications for it on page 79 would not apply PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 31 DcsiG M N o. 1 FOR K 32 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— TWO ROOMS. Floor Plan Xo. C is practicall}- two No. 1 Plans placed side by side. An advantage in constructing a biiilding with uni-lateral lighting is found in the fact that addition- al rooms may be provided without interfering with the conveniences of the original structure. The two wash rooms in this building are very great conveniences. This building should face east or west. The cost will vary from $700.00 to $1,650.00 depend- ing upon class of material, nature of finish, etc. See estimates of cost, page 70, and detailed specifica- tions page 73. The same might be said concerning the half windows on the side as is noted on the second page preceding. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 33 34 . PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— TWO ROOMS. $700.00 to $1,650.00. Design No. 6^ or Elevation No. 6, is a beautiful ex- terior suggested for Floor Plan No. 6. It shows a frame roof which is somewhat more expensive than a flat one. A flat roof such .as is shown in Design No. 1 for a one room building might be itsed and the expense of the build- ing very much reduced. Design No. 6, however, is grace- ful and wherever the school fund will permit, the board of directors should construct an attractive building. The school building and the grounds aboiit it should be as beaixtiful as any home in the district. It shotild be a source of pride to every patron. If the location requires a north or south front. Floor Plan No. 4 and Elevation No. 4 or Floor Plan No. 5 and Elevation No. 5 may be used. They are fo\ind on pages 49, .51, 61, 63. PLANS AND SHECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 35 IFlSOMvEiLg^^VllOtM '^-e* T^WS^l^OiSM i^OSgeHMatEDKl© 36 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— THREE ROOMS. Floor Plan No. 7 is a coinljiiiation of Plans 1 and 6, enclosing a space for wash rooms, closets, and halls, in the center of which is found a large wire screen cloak- rack. A fourth room might easily be added at the upper left of the jilan having a separate entrance at the left, and a hall and cloak room between the additional room and the left room shown. This building should face north or south for the best light. If local conditions require an east or a west facing, Plan ISTo. 8 is suggested. The cost of a building constructed on these plans will be from $1,300.00 to $2,100.03. See estimates, page 70, and specifications page 75. !N"ote that the large arch windows are for decoration or relief only. Wall surface decorations may be substi- tuted or the walls may be plain if good sized trees stand close in front of the points where the windows are shown. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 37 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— THREE ROOMS. . $1,300.00 to $2,100.00. This pleasing Mission exterior for Floor Plan No. 7, preceding page, is mucli less expensive and fully as satis- factory in every way as a frame roof wonld be. Flat roofs, too, are an advantage when additional rooms are desired. For the rather expensive arch windows there might be substituted wall surface ovals, in relief or receding, brok- en by four keystones. If the windows are used, the glazing should be of ground glass or stained glass, and window shades should be drawn over them at all times during school hours, in order that no light may enter to try the eyes of the pupils. Note that these windows are set above the blackboard line. Face the building north or south. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 39 Front Elevation •• - Three Roen Adobe Building 40 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— FOUR ROOMS. Floor Plan N'o. 9 is suitable for a village school. It is arranged for north or south front; has front and back entrances, ample hall space, plenty of coat room, two wash rooms, and closets for each room. Between the two front rooms is a court, with seats and a drinking fountain, entered through a roofed porch or pergola. The general appearance of the building is good, and it is not nearly so expensive as the ordinary four room building found in villages. The cost is about !ji>3,000.00. See estimates, page 70, and specifications page "77. Note the four half windows aliove the blackboard line for relief of the plain wall. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 41 42 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. ADOBE— FOUR ROOMS. Approximately $3,000.00. This Front Elevation No. 9 is a very attractive Mis- sion type. For proper ligliting, tliis building should face north or south. If your building must face east or west, we would suggest consideration of the brick building pages 53 and 55, Floor Plan No. 10 and Elevation No. 10. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 43 T D D D D D \r err mnni mnnna % ^mm rrc err m rcr IF'^QlSVdlLlSWA^lllslMl -■•■' - ir®t!iK-l^®eMAt8)®®sfliaot®nW© 44 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. BRICK— ONE ROOM. Floor Plan No. 3 lias tlie same general characteristics as the preceding plans. The building should face north 01 south. For plans of a one room building to face east or west, see Floor Plan l^o. 1 (Adobe) page 29, and Elevation jSTo. 1, page 31, or Floor Plan iSTo. 2 (Frame) page 57, and Elevation Xo. 2, page 59. The cost of this one room brick complete, with ever}'- thing of first class material, is aliout -$1,200.00. See es- timates page 70, and specifications page 88. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOH SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 45 Sh,.. Cove. S^,w r»<,.I- ^,^ U..VS B5TWS£. SrovC ,„„ J„«.r I^INE or BknCKROBRD 2F*f--.— aiM^me .o-S(0„,..>,c)-rH.tcSc-...I^„.HS-E«..3 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. FRAME— THREE ROOIVIS. Cost $2,400.00. By removing the tower and the porches. Design ISTo. 8 may be changed into a four room building. If the building is to be so located that the blank walls on either side of the porch should be relieved, half win- dows might be entered above the blackboard line and close cnrtained. The batteries of light in this building should face east or west. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 67 ))ESE©M (?8s« 'TTlBKlS-HseiSlfKfi.MS ©iBntOBM® PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. OUTBUILDING. Too great care can not be taken in the location and construction of tlie outhouses. See article, page 21. When properly located and properly constructed, special atten- tion should be given to their care. 'So one thing speaks more strongly in favor of or against a Board of Directors and the teacher than the condition of the outhouses. They should be in such condition at all times that the teacher \Yould not hesitate to call the attention of any patron of the district to them. PLANS ANDaSPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 69 W ^ « D 1 O o o o , -Hi 11 vj ft. FRAMING TIMBER. Flooring- joists— 96 pieces. 2 in. x 11 in.— 21 ft. 48 ■•2 in. x 10 in.— 16 ft. 48 •■2 in. X 10 in.— 12 ft. Ceiling— 48 pieces, 2 in. x 8 in. —24 ft. 24 " 2 in. X 8 in.— 16 ft. 23 '■ 2 in. X 8 in.— 12 ft. Braces and Ijridging— 134 pieces. 1 in. x 5 in.— 18 ft. ~ "2 in. X 4 in.— 12 ft. Studding— 1.36 pieces, 2 in. x 4 in.— 16 ft. 114 "2 in. X 24 in.— 14 ft. Rafters— 48 pieces. 2 in. x 6 in.— 24 ft. 24 "6 in. X 2 in.— 16 ft. 24 '• 2 in. X 6 in.— 12 ft. Sheeting-- Roof, 3.000 ft. Rough floor, (i.OOO ft. "^'entilating flues and chamber — Flooring. 420 ft. EXTERIOR FINISHING WORK. 2 flights of cement steps. 3 '■ stairs, inside (wood.) Windows— 40 windows, 30 in. x 48 in. --2 lights. 4 '• 32 in. X 32 in. — 2 ■• 10 basement sash, 30 in. x 30 in — 2 lights. 3 transoms, 60 in. x 30 in. — 1 light. 2 glass, 24 in. x 54 in.— 1 light. 2 " 24in. X 24 in.- 1 light. Doors- 4 sash doors. 2 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 24 squares of 5-ply tar and gravel roof. INTERIOR FINISH WORK. Flooring. 5,400 ft. Base, 1,000 ft. " mould. 1.000 ft. Quarter round mould. 1.000 ft. 140 base blocks, li in. x 12 in. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 93 Doors — 2 sash doors, 2 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft. 12 panel doors, 3 ft. x 7 ft. 16 " " 2 ft. 6 in. X 6 ft. 6 in. Siielving- — 14 pieces. 1 in. x 12 in. — 10 ft. Door and window frames and casing's, Stool, 152 ft. lineal. Casing-, 4,420 ft. " Cap trim. 250 ft. lineal. Sub. casing- 2,000 ft. lineal. Window stop mould, 824 ft. Parting- " •• 821ft. Chalk troughs, 288 ft. Cap mould, 288 ft. Panel " 288 ft. 18 pieces 2 in. x in. — 12 ft. 7 pieces 1 in. x 6 in. — 16 ft. 32 pieces 1 in. x 6 in. — 14 ft. 5 pieces 1 in. x 6 in. — 12 ft. 120 pieces 1 in. x 5 in. — 18 ft. 20 pieces 1 in. x 5 in.— 16 ft. 14 jaieces 1 in. x 5 in. — 12 ft. LATH AND PLASTER. Lath, 12,240. Plaster, 170 sacks. Sand, 35 yds. HARDWARE Nails -200 lbs. 20 ds common. 600 • 10 " " 200 ' 16 " " 400 ■ 8 " flooring-. 60 ' 3 • lath. 40 ' 8 " casing'. 40 ' 10 ■■ casing'. 20 ' 6 ' " 16 ' 4 " '^ 8 ' 3 '■ casing'. 4 registers, 20 in. x 20 in. 4 flue thimbles, 6 in. 2 front door locks. 8 mortise locks. 20 rimlocks. 94 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR SMALL SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 18 pairs door butts, 4 in. x 4 in. 12 " •• •• 3Hn. X 3+ in. 16 ■' ■■ •' 3 in. X 3 in. 3 pairs transom butts. 3 •' lifts. 176 sash pulleys. 44 sash locks and lifts. 2,400 lbs. sash weig^hts. 1,156 ft. " cord. 16 dozen cloak hooks. 8 pairs door bumpers.