ii 
 
Biennial Report 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 1801-1802 
 
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BIENNIAL REPORT. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDEN 
 
 m 
 
 OF 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 WYOMING, 
 
 FHOM SEPTEMBER 30th, 1890, TO SEPTEMBER 30tli, 1892. 
 
 (INCLUDING STATISTICS FOR YEAR 1890.) 
 
 STEPHEN" T. FAR\^.'EivL, Superinbe-dei^b. , 
 
 CHEYENNE, .WYO.: 
 
 THE S. A.; BRISTOL COMPANY, PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS. 
 
 1892. 
 

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CONTENTS 
 
 x^ 
 
 Introductory _ _ _ _ _ ^ 
 
 County School Reports, 1890, 1891, 1892 - - 7 
 Census of Children of School Age and 
 
 Distribution of Common School Land Income - 10 
 
 Selection of Text Books - - - - 12 
 
 Free Text Books - - - - - i7 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition - - 18 
 
 New Legislation - - - - - 20 
 
 School Law Commission - - - 21 
 
 The State University - - - - 22 
 
 University Extension - - - - 30 
 
 General Description of Schools: 
 
 Albany County - - - - 31 
 
 Carbon u _ _ _ _ - 33 
 
 Crook " - - ' - 35 
 
 Converse << - - - _ - 36 
 
 Fremont " " ~ ~ ~ 37 
 
 Johnson <« . _ _ _ _ - 40 
 
 Laramie " " " ~ " 43 
 
 Natrona " _ _ _ _ - 44 
 
 Sheridan " - - - - 45 
 
 Sweetwater " - - - - "47 
 
 Uinta " - ... . 48 
 
 Weston " _ - - _ - 50 
 
 Conclusion - - - - - 51 
 
 List of County Superintendents - - - 53 
 
REPORT. 
 
 Office State Supt. of Public Instruction, } 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming, Nov. ist, 1892. j' 
 
 To His Excellency the Governor, 
 
 AND THE State Legislature: 
 
 I have the honor to submit for your information, as re- 
 quired bv Laws of 1890, Chap. 5, Section i, the following 
 report of the condition of the public schools of this State. 
 The reports from the County Superintendents for the year 
 iSpo not being received in time to be included in the biennial 
 report of my predecessor in office, a table including the 
 main items of these reports is presented herewith together 
 with similar tables for the years 1891 and 1892. 
 
 The enrollment of pupils in all the schools, as shown 
 ftv these statements is as follows: 
 
 For the years 1890, - 7875 pupils. 
 
 1891, - - 8726 " 
 
 1892, - 9426 " 
 indicating a progressive growth in numbers. 
 
 The tabulated reports from the Counties, though in- 
 complete, are published as the best at present obtainable. 
 In nearly every County, I regret to say, complaint is made 
 of the negligence of district clerks in forwarding detailed 
 information to the County Superintendents. This difficulty 
 will in time disappear, and it is evident that the school law 
 
6 Refort of Superintendent 
 
 should explicitly provide for returns upon legally prescribed 
 forms to be promptly and regularly made by the district 
 school otficers. In this connection I particularly refer to 
 my remarks herein, under the head of "New Legislation," 
 and wish to emphasize the importance of the appointment 
 of a (Joiiiiiiission to prepare a new school law. 
 
 The general description herein of the schools of each 
 County by the several Superintendents indicates the condi- 
 tions existing in each of these sections of the State and also 
 shows clearly an intelligent enthusiasm and an inspiring 
 confidence in the future prospects of the schools. 
 
 On September tenth of this year. Judge Nelson L. An- 
 drews died at his home in Buffalo, Wyo. He was actively 
 identified with the school interests of his County as member 
 of the school board of District No. 2 and later as 'County 
 Superintendent, which position he occupied at the time of 
 his removal from our midst. He was untiring in his efforts 
 to promote the educational interests entrusted to his super- 
 vision, and from a personal acquaintance with him of many 
 years I can the more fully realize the loss sustained by the 
 community when so valued a citizen is called to rest from 
 hih labors. 
 
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10 Report of Superintendent 
 
 CENSUS QF CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE, — DISTRIBUTION OF 
 COMMON SCHOOL LAND INCOME FUND. 
 
 With reference to the requirement in Article VII, Sec. 
 8 of the State Constitution, that "provision shall be made 
 by general law for the equitable distribution" of the income 
 derived from the school lands "among the several counties 
 according to the number of children of school age in each," 
 the early attention of the legislature is requested in order 
 that these funds, amounting to $9,649.48 on Sept. 30th, '92, 
 may be distributed to the several counties. 
 
 "The school age," as defined under existing law, 
 would include all between the ages of seven and twenty 
 3^earSj inclusive; that is, those over six years or under 
 twenty-one years. (Sec. 3949 Rev. Statutes.) 
 
 It is important that an accurate annual census should 
 be provided for, and I would suggest the enumeration re- 
 quired be made in January by the clerks of each school 
 district, who shall keep a book of record, entering therein 
 annually: 
 
 First — The head of families and place of residence. 
 
 Second — The name and age of each person of school 
 age in the district. 
 
 And on or before the tenth day of Februar}- the clerk 
 should certify to the County Superiniendent the total num- 
 ber of persons of school age, specifying the number of 
 males and females separately, found in that district for that 
 year. An oath as to its correctness and that same has been 
 made of record, as provided by law, should also be re- 
 quired. This can be taken before a justice of the peace, 
 without charge of fee. 
 
 It would then be the duty of the County Superintend- 
 ent of schools to prepare a complete list showing the number 
 of male and female persons of school age in each district. 
 
of Public Instruction. ii 
 
 with total footing, showing the number of each in the 
 county, which list should be certified under oath, taken before 
 the county clerk, and transmitted to the State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction on or before the first day of March 
 of each 3'ear. A duplicate list should also be certified to 
 and transmitted by the Count}^ Superintendent of Schools 
 to the Count}' Treasurer, for his guidance in making ap- 
 portionment of the sum annually transferred to him by the 
 Statt/ Auditor, as hereinafter provided. 
 
 The State Superintendent of Public Instruction should 
 then prepare a list giving the total number of persons of 
 school age m each county and certify same to the State 
 Auditor (and that same has been made in accordance with 
 law) on or before March 31st of each year. Thereupon it 
 shall be the duty of the State Auditor to set aside and 
 make a pro rata distribution to each county of the common 
 school income funds found to be on hand in the State 
 Treasur)^ on the 31st day of March, dividing same among 
 each count}^ in proportion to the number of persons therein 
 of school age, and he shall on or before the twentieth day 
 of March transmit warrants to the several County Treasurers 
 for the sums so apportioned to each county. 
 
 The County Treasurers shall immediately make dis- 
 tribution of the sum so received to* the treasurers of the 
 several school districts in their county, dividing same among 
 each district in proportion to the persons of school age as 
 appears on the duplicate certified enumeration list fur- 
 nished the County Treasurer by the County Superintendent 
 of Schools. The distribution of said funds to the several 
 school districts should be completed on or before the fourth 
 Monday in April, enabling each district to vote such addi- 
 tional sums as may be required for school purposes within 
 the district, in time for certifying same to the clerk of the 
 
12 Report of Superintendent 
 
 Board of County Commissioners, as now provided in Rev. 
 btatues, Sec. 3965. 
 
 Should the County Treasurer at any time be in doubt 
 as to the census report of the children of school age in one 
 or more of the school districts, the clerk of that district 
 shall, on demand, produce the record of same and verify 
 the certified list. 
 
 The few detailed suggestions here given are made only 
 with a view of recommending that legislation required by 
 the constitution be adapted to the school and other laws 
 now in force, and the dates given for the taking of the 
 census and reports thereof, are such as would enable the 
 various school boards to be advised of the amount of state 
 school funds available for each before the date now estab- 
 lished for voting the amount of their local school funds. 
 
 March 31st of each 3'ear is one of the dates now estab- 
 lished by law for the books of the State Auditor and 
 Treasurer to be balanced, and is a convenient date to deter- 
 mine the amount of school funds to be distributed in any 
 one year. 
 
 The importance of this matter would also seem to 
 make it expedient to provide some penalty should the clerks 
 of the school districts fail to comply w^ith the law, and also 
 making it one of the duties of the School District Board to 
 see that the census is taken by the clerk at the proper time, 
 and should the clerk by disability be prevented from attend- 
 ing to this duty, it should devolve upon the school board to 
 appoint some person duly qualified, to act for the clerk 
 during such disability, thus securing a more infallible com- 
 pliance with the law. 
 
 SELECTION OF TEXT BOOKS. 
 
 Concerning the important matter of the selection of 
 text books under existing law, the following correspondence 
 
of Public Inslriiclion, tj 
 
 of this office with the Attorne}^ General of the State 
 explains fully the situation, viz; 
 
 July 2d, 1892. 
 Hon. Chas. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General, Cheyenne, W^-o.: 
 Dear Sir — The time for which the text books now in 
 use in the public schools of Wyoming were adopted, expir- 
 ing the coming fall, I respectfully request 3'our opinion as 
 to my authority in calling a meeting of the several count}^ 
 and city superintendents, for the adoption of a new series of 
 books for the ensuing five (5) years, as provided in the 
 Session Laws of 188S, chapter 72, Schools, chapter 4, sec, 
 3, page 165. 
 
 Is it imperative that said meeting be called, or is such 
 adoption of text books in conflict with the constitution of 
 the state of Wyoming? Awaiting your reply, 
 I am, very respectfully, 
 
 (Signed) S. T. Farwell, 
 Supt. of Public Instruction. 
 
 State of Wyoming, ) 
 
 Attorney General's Office, I 
 
 Cheyenne, August 31st, 1892. \ 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, W3oming, 
 Dear Sir — I am in receipt of your lette^ of July 2nd, 
 1892, in which you call my attention to the fact that the 
 time for which text books now in use in the public schools 
 of Wyoming, were adopted, expires the coming fall, and 
 you request my opinion as to your authority to call a meet- 
 ing of the several city and county superintendents of scliools 
 in the state, to adopt a series of text books, as provided in 
 section three of chapter four, of an act entitled "an act to 
 
ijf Report of Sufcrmtende7it 
 
 provide for the bonding of school districts, and for other 
 purposes," said act being known as Chapter 72 of the Ses- 
 sion Laws of 1888. 
 
 You ask whether it is imperative that such meeting be 
 called, or whether such adoption of text books conflicts 
 with the constitution of this state. 
 
 Your letter was received during my absence from the 
 state, from which absence I did not return until the fifteenth 
 instant. Since that time I have given the matter suggested 
 by you my careful thought and attention. 
 
 The text books now in use in the public schools were 
 adopted, as I am advised, in pursuance of the provisions 
 of section 391 1 of the Revised Statutes of Wyoming, by 
 what was then knowm as the Territorial Teachers' Institute, 
 and that it was provided by such institute that the series of 
 books thus adopted should continue in use for a period of 
 five years thereafter. 
 
 The Legislative Assembly of the Territory at its ses- 
 sion in 1 888, repealed that section and enacted the act 
 above referred to, section three of chapter four, which is 
 as follows: 
 
 Sec. 3. At the expiration of the period of five A^ears 
 for which the books now in use are adopted, the county 
 superintendents and city superintendents of schools in the 
 territor}', shall meet at a call of the Territorial Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, to adopt a series of text 
 books, and the books thus adopted shall be the only legal 
 text books to be used in the public schools of the Territory 
 for the ensuing five years. 
 
 Section eleven, of chapter seven of the constitution, 
 is as follows: 
 
 Sec. II. Neither the Legislature nor the Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction shall have power to prescribe text 
 books to be used in the public schools. 
 
of Public Instruction. /j 
 
 The evident purpose and object of this constitutional 
 provision was to prevent a monopoly in the sale of text 
 books to the pupils in the pubHc schools. It was undoubt- 
 edly intended to prohibit the adoption of any series of text 
 books for anv period of time which would tend to reduce 
 competition among the publishers of books, and would im- 
 pede the progress of the schools ot the state by prevent- 
 ing them from changing from time to time to such newer 
 or better text books as might be published and come on to 
 the market, and be more advantageous for use in the public 
 schools. 
 
 Undoubtedlv section three of chapter four of the act of 
 the legislature of iS88, above referred to, contravenes the 
 spirit of said constitutional provision, if it is not, indeed, in 
 conflict with its letter. 
 
 Touching so important a matter as the education of 
 the children of the state, through the medium of the public 
 schools, and possibly applicable also to the State University, 
 its collegiate as well as its academic department, the ques- 
 tion presented is at once of considerable importance and 
 delicac\". 
 
 It has been decided bv the supreme court of the state, 
 in a case recentlv pending therein, following a long line of 
 decisions of other courts of high repute, that prohibition 
 upon the legislature, such as is contained in the above men- 
 tioned section of the constitution, applies onlv, and is pro- 
 hibitory onl}' upon future legislation. Therefore, I feel very 
 clear that so far as the prohibition upon the legislature is 
 concerned, the section of the law of 1888 would be valid 
 and in full force bv reason of that provision in the constitu- 
 tion which retains in full force and effect all laws of the 
 territory not repugnant to the provisions of the constitution. 
 
 But section eleven, of chapter seven of the constitution, 
 contains a prohibition upon the Superintendent of Public 
 
/ 6 Rcforf of Suferintendeni 
 
 Instruction^ and is imperative in its statement that such 
 officer shall not have power to prescribe text books to be 
 used in the public schools. If the statute of 1888 confers 
 upon the Superintendent of Public Instruction any such 
 powers, then I am of the opinion that the law of 1888 is 
 in conflict with the constitution, and therefore at present of 
 no force. 
 
 But it is a matter of great doubt whether the Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, under section three, of chapter 
 four of the said act of 1888, becomes a member of the 
 board upon which the duty is^ imposed by that section, of 
 adopting such books which shall be the onl}' legal text 
 books to be used in the public schools of the state. 
 
 It is also a matter of great doubt whether, in view of 
 the constitutional provision referred to, the Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction would have the power to even call 
 together a board to do that which he has not the power 
 under the constitution to do himself, especially when that 
 act to be done by that board is in conflict with the spirit, at 
 least, of the constitution in eveiy respect. 
 
 I have heretofore hesitated, and shall at all times hesi- 
 tate, to declare in my official capacity any statute seemingly 
 in force, to be unconstitutional and invalid, before the matter 
 has been before the courts and passed upon by the judicial 
 authorities of the state. 
 
 The question presented being a very delicate and close 
 one, and about which there is in my mind considerable 
 doubt, I refrain from giving a positive decision as to whether 
 the said section three, of the act of 1888, is in conflict with 
 the constitution or not. 
 
 In view of this situation, however, I have the honor to 
 advise that you do not at the present time, call the county 
 and city superintendents of schools together for the purpose 
 indicated by the act of 1888, and especially so, in view of 
 
of Public Instruction. jy 
 
 the fact that the legislature of the state will again meet in 
 biennial session within a few months, and the series of text 
 books, if adopted at any meeting which should be called by 
 you, at this time, could not be put into uniform use until 
 
 after the legislature shall have met and adjourned. 
 
 ***** jif 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 (Signed) C N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 I would call your attention to the fact that, a grave 
 doubt existing as to the right of the State Superintendent 
 to call the county superintendents together, as provided in 
 the act of i8S8, that you direct the attention of the legisla- 
 ture to the matter, suggesting that they harmonize the 
 legislation of the state with the constitutional provision that 
 there may be no dispute respecting so important a matter. 
 
 In view of the fact that the legislature convenes at so 
 early a date after the expiration of the period for which the 
 present text books are in use, I have deemed it best to 
 await their action before assuming to act under a section, 
 the validity of which is at least doubtful. 
 
 ^ FREE TEXT BOOKS. 
 
 In connection with any proposed new school law, I 
 would urge a provision for the supply of free text books to 
 the pupils of the public schools, I quote the following from 
 the report of the Hon. Fred Dick, Supt. of Public Instruc- 
 tion for Colorado, on this subject: "The school law of the 
 State (Colorado) permits districts to own the text books 
 used in school and furnish them free to pupils in attendance. 
 At the present time 201 districts have availed themselves of 
 this privilege, and I have yet to hear a single complaint 
 
1 8 Report of Superintendent 
 
 raised against the plan, while very many, both officers and 
 parents, have expressed themselves in its favor. The argu- 
 ments usually presented in its favor may be summed up as 
 follows, and these points are sustained by evidence gained 
 from the experience of districts in other States throughout 
 the Union, which have for years owned their text books: 
 
 "First — A gain of from 25 to 40 per cent, on first cost. 
 
 "Second — A gain of at least 33 per cent, in the time 
 the book will be in proper condition for use. 
 
 "Third — Considering first cost and time of use, there 
 is a gain of about 50 per cent, in cost to the community. 
 
 "Fourth — The classes are uniformly supplied at the 
 proper time and with the proper text books. 
 
 "Fifth — The very unpleasant distinction between rich 
 and poor is avoided. 
 
 "Sixth — -Increased attendance. 
 
 "Seventh — Schools are more successfully graded. 
 
 "Eighth — A State or County system is more easily 
 carried out. 
 
 "Ninth — A very great and unnecessary expense to 
 teachers is avoided." 
 
 From the report of the Superintendent of Schools for 
 New York, it is noted that during the year 1891 Delaware 
 has made her text books free, and that Missouri, Te^as and 
 West Virginia have adopted the system of purchasing text 
 books under State contracts. 
 
 ' THE W'ORLd's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 
 
 The schools of the State are at this date all 
 earnestly preparing to be represented at the Chicago 
 Exposition in 1893, and all work contributed by them 
 should reach Cheyenne by Jan. ist, 1893. The State Com- 
 mittee, A. A.Johnson, Laramie, Chairman, J. O. Churchill, 
 
of Public Instruction. ig 
 
 Cheyenne, Secretary, give the following list of what is de- 
 sired for exhibition, i. e. : 
 
 1. Large banner showing Slate school system. 
 
 2. Chart showing funds and revenues. 
 
 3. Chart showing school enumeration, enrollment and 
 attendance by Counties. 
 
 4. Chart showing women in the public schools. 
 
 5. State map showing location and distribution of 
 school houses. 
 
 6. Volume of Wyoming School Journal. 
 
 7. Volume of papers in the State arranged by counties. 
 
 8. Town and city school reports and courses of study. 
 
 9. Specimen collection of text books used in Primary, 
 Grammar, and High Schools. 
 
 10. Scrap books — one showing blanks used by school 
 officers, one showing blanks, reports and promotion cards 
 used in the various town and city schools, one showing pro- 
 grams of County Institutes, graduating exercises, school in- 
 vitations, etc. 
 
 11. Compiled school laws of Wyoming. 
 
 12. Photographs of school buildings, school officers, 
 teachers, and all classes graduating from the accredited 
 High Schools of 1892. 
 
 13. Written work and drawings from the different 
 grades in various schools of the State. 
 
 14. Charts, maps, mmeral and botanical collections 
 made by pupils. 
 
 15. Graduating essays and orations delivered in 1892. 
 
 Details are given in the same circular as to the prepara- 
 tion of work to be forwarded by the schools. This office has 
 requested each of the County Superintendents to prepare a 
 count}' map showing the location of schools, and also to 
 ascertain and report the children of school age and the value 
 of school property in each district, thus giving the informa- 
 
20 Report of Superintendent 
 
 tion required for the preparation of the banner and chart 
 specified in items Nos. i and 2 of the foregoing list. 
 
 The most important and valuable result of the Colum- 
 bian Exposition thus far, has been the celebration October 
 2ist of the landing of Columbus, which was participated in 
 not onl}', I think, by every school in this state, but by the 
 schools of all of the states, all animated by the same com- 
 mon patriotic purpose, and marking this year of school 
 hislor}' beyond all previous years as one, wherein at one 
 time, all of the educational interests of this country were 
 remarkably stimulated to common action and in the best 
 possible direction, and comprising in its entirety a most 
 noticeable event in the world's history. 
 
 The programme of the exercises, issued by the "Youth's 
 Companion," and universally used, w^as most excellenth' 
 adapted to the purpose, and the teachers and pupils of this 
 state are to be congratulated upon the end attained by their 
 combined exertions. 
 
 NEW LEGISLATION. 
 
 Provision is required bylaw for an annual census of the 
 children of school age and the distribution to the counties of 
 the common school land income. See remarks in detail 
 hereinbefore given. , 
 
 The question as to the selection of text books is also 
 explained in -another place in this report, and I do not hesi- 
 tate to recommend the adoption of free text books under 
 proper restriction or regulations as to method of purchase, 
 for reasons given previously in detail. 
 
 Whatever new laws may at present be passed should, 
 in my opinion, be such as will not disturb, more than need 
 be, the existing laws relating to the schools. Whatever 
 difficulties now exist are not so much the result of poor 
 laws now in operation, as due to the wide and comparative- 
 ly sparse settlement of the State, and under present condi- 
 
of Picblic Instruction. 21 
 
 tions it is necessary that the school laws be simple and di- 
 i-ect in their action. 
 
 SCHOOL LAW COMMISSION. 
 
 "With a view to anticipating future requirements, I have 
 earnestl}- to recommend that a Commission of not less than 
 live persons, competent and experienced in educational 
 matters, be appointed by this Legislature to revise the 
 present school laws and make such changes or additions 
 therein as may seem necessary, taking also into considera- 
 tion the recent legislation of other States, and that this 
 Commission prepare a comprehensive school law supersed- 
 ing all pre\ious legislation and submit the same to the Leg- 
 islature of the 3'ear 1895. 
 
 This matter is so important and the results from 
 changes made require so much consideration that the two 
 3'ears intervening between the legislative sessions can be 
 well occupied by the Commission, and an appropriation to 
 pay them for the time they are necessarily in session will 
 be well spent in view of the results which can be easily an- 
 ticipated. 
 
 I sincerely trust that this action will be taken by this 
 Legislature. This office has prepared a written compilation 
 of the laws now in force in this State, which will be placed 
 at the disposal of such a Commission, 
 
 The preparation of this compilation led me to the con- 
 clusion that a new and complete school law will be very 
 valuable, yet at the same tmie I see that great care should 
 be taken in its preparation and adoption, and can suggest 
 no better method than the one herein proposed. The success 
 of the schools is the success of tiie future State government in 
 a greater degree than is directly apparent, and I am in favor 
 of laying a careful foundation for future excellence by the 
 adoption of a sthool law comprising all practical modern 
 
22 Report of Siipcrinlendent 
 
 methods of instruction, and my recommendation as to the 
 preparation of this law is with the desire to place Wyoming 
 in educational matters in a position fully equalling an}' other 
 State in the Union. 
 
 THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 This report, while dealing particularly with the com- 
 mon school system of the State only, would be incomplete 
 without special mention of the State University. The ori- 
 gin, purpose and present work of this institution is ably set 
 forth in the annual catalogue for the year 1890-91 and their 
 announcement for the ye"ar 1891-92, These catalogues are 
 mailed free to all applicants. 
 
 I quote the following from this catalogue relative to the 
 Mioh Schools of the State, i. e.: 
 
 "High Schools in the various Counties which adopt 
 our academic course of study and give competent instruc- 
 tion in the same will be enrolled as 'Accredited High Schools' 
 of the University, and their graduates will be admitted to 
 the freshman class of the College of Liberal Arts without 
 examination. And also into the first class of all technical 
 schools of the University. 
 
 "The following High Schools have been enrolled as 
 Accredited High Schools: 
 
 "Chevenne High School, Evanston High School, Lar- 
 amie High School and Rawlins High School." 
 
 The Act of Incorporation of this University, as follows, 
 shows the high purposes intended by its estabHshment, all 
 of which will undoubtedly be realized. And as the reputa- 
 tion of this University becomes in time established, there is 
 every reason to suppose that not only will large numbers 
 of the youth of this State, but those of adjoining States, 
 take advantage of the opportunities there offered. 
 
 The catalogue of 1890-91 shows an attendance of sev- 
 
of Public Instruction, 2J 
 
 entv-six students in all courses, which number has been con- 
 siderably increased during the current 3ear. 
 
 Act of Incorporation. 
 
 An Act to amend so much of Chapter One, Title Forty- 
 two, of the Revised Statutes of Wyoming, as relates to 
 the establishment, government and maintenance of the 
 University of Wyoming. 
 
 Be it Enacted by the Legislature of the State of H yonung: 
 
 That so much of Chapter One of Title Forty-two of 
 the Revised Statutes of Wyoming as relates to the estab- 
 lishment, government and maintenance of the University of 
 Wyoming is hereby amended so as to read as follows: 
 
 Section i. There is established in this State, at the 
 City of Laramie, an institution of learning under the name 
 and st3le of "The University of Wyoming." 
 
 Sec 2. The objects of such Universit}^ shall be to 
 provide an efficient means of impafting to young men and 
 to young women, without regard to color, on equal terms, 
 a liberal education, together with a thorough knowledge of 
 the various branches connected with the scientific, industrial 
 and professional pursuits. To this end it shall embrace col- 
 leges or departments of letters, of science and of the arts, 
 together with such professional or other departments as in 
 the course of time may be connected therewith. The de- 
 partment of letters shall embrace a liberal course of instruc- 
 tion in language, literature and philosophy, together with 
 such courses or parts of courses in the college or depart- 
 ment of science as are deemed necessary. 
 
 The college or department of science shall embrace 
 courses of instruction in the mathematical, physical and natu- 
 ral sciences, together with such courses in language, literature 
 and philosophy as shall constitute a liberal education. The 
 
2/f Report of Superintendent 
 
 instruction in the practical and fine arts; especially in the appli- 
 cation of science to the arts of mining and metallurgy, me- 
 chanics, engineering, architecture, agriculture and com- 
 merce, together with instruction in military tactics and in such 
 branches in the department of letters as are necessary to 
 a proper fitness of students for their chosen pursuits, and as 
 soon as the income of the University shall allow, m such 
 order as the wants of the public shall seem to require, the 
 said courses in the sciences and their practical applications 
 shall be expanded into full and distinct schools and depart- 
 ments. 
 
 Sec. 3. The government of the University shall rest 
 in a board of nine trustees 10 be appointed by the Governor; 
 three, and only three, of whom shall at all times be residents 
 of the County of Albany, together with the President of 
 the University and the State Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction, as members, cx-officio, as such having the right to 
 speak but not to vote. 
 
 The term of otfice of the trustees appointed shall be six 
 years, excent as provided in the next succeeding section. 
 
 Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Governor, during 
 the present session of the Legislature, to nominate, and by 
 and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint 
 nine residents of the State as members of the said board of 
 trustees; three of whom shall serve for two years, three of 
 whom shall serve for four years, and three of whom shall 
 serve for six years; and thereafter, during the session of 
 each succeeding Legislature the Governor shall nominate, 
 and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 appoint successors to those of said trustees whose term of 
 office shall have expired, or will expire before the next 
 session of the Legislature. Any vacancy in the board of 
 trustees caused by death, resignation, removal from the State, 
 or otherwise, shall be filled by appointment to be made 
 
of Public Instructio]!. 2^ 
 
 by the Governor, which appointment shall continue until 
 the next session of the Legislature, and no longer, "but no 
 member of the faculty, while holding that position, shall be 
 appointed a trustee." 
 
 Siic. 5. The board of trustees and their successors iti 
 office shall constitute a body corporate by the name of 
 "The Trustees of the University of Wj^oming." They 
 shall possess all the powers necessary or convenient to ac- 
 complish the objects and perform the duties prescribed by 
 law, and shall have the custody of the books, records, build- 
 ings and all other property of the Universit}'. The board 
 shall have power to elect a president, secretary and treas- 
 urer, who shall perform such duties ^s are prescribed in the 
 by-law^s of the board. The treasurer shall execute such 
 bond, with approved sureties, in double the sum likely to 
 come into his hands, for the faithful discharge of his duties, 
 as the board shall require. The term of office of said 
 officers, their duties severally, and the times of holding- 
 meetings, shall be fixed in the by-laws of the board. A 
 majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the 
 transaction of business, but a less number may adjourn 
 from time to time, and all routine business maybe entrusted 
 to an executive committee of three members, subject to such 
 conditions as the by-laws of the board shall prescribe. The 
 actual and necessary traveling expenses of non-resident 
 members in attending the annual meeting of the board may 
 be audited by the auditing committee thereof and paid by 
 warrants on the treasurer out of the general fund of the 
 University. 
 
 Sec. 6. The board of trustees shall prescribe rules for 
 the government of the University in all its branches, elect 
 the requisite officers, professors, instructors and employes, 
 any of whom may be removed for cause, as well as fix the 
 
26 Report of Superintendent 
 
 salan^ and term of office of each, prescribe tlie studies to be . 
 pursued and the text books to be used, and determine the 
 qualifications of appHcants for admission to the various 
 courses of study; but no instruction, either sectarian in 
 religion or partisan in politics shall ever be allowed in an}- 
 department of the Universit}', and no sectarian or partisan 
 test shall ever be exercised or allowed in the appointment 
 of trustees, or in the election or removal of professors, 
 teachers or other officers of the University or in the admis- 
 sion of students thereto, or for any purpose whatever. The 
 board of trustees shall have powder to confer such degrees 
 and grant such diplomas as are usual in universities, or as 
 they shall deem appropriate; through by-laws, to confer upon 
 the faculty the power to suspend or expel students for 
 causes therein prescribed; to possess and use for the benefit 
 of the institution all property of the University; to hold, 
 manage, lease, or dispose of, according to law, an}- real or 
 personal estate, as shall be conducive to the welfare of the 
 institution; to expend the income placed under their control, 
 from whatever source derived; and finally to exercise any 
 and all other functions properly belonging to such a board 
 and necessary to the prosperity of the University in all of 
 its departments. 
 
 Sec. 7. At the close of each fiscal year the trustees, 
 through their president, shall make a report in detail to the 
 Governor, exhibiting the progress, condition and wants of 
 the University and of each school or department thereof, 
 the course of study in each, the number of professors and 
 students, the amount of receipts and disbursements, together 
 with the nature, costs and results of all important investiga- 
 tions, and such other information as they may deem impor- 
 tant or as may be required by any law of this State or of 
 the United States. 
 
 Sec. 8. The president and professors of the Univer- 
 
of Public Instruction. 2J 
 
 sity shall be st3led "The Faculty," and shall have power, 
 as such body, to enforce the rules and regulations adopted 
 be the trustees for the government of students, to reward 
 and censure students as they may deserve, and j^enerally to 
 exercise such discipline, in harmony with the said regula- 
 tions, as shall be necessarv to the good order of the institu- 
 tion; to present to the trustees for degrees and honors such 
 students as are entitled thereto, and in testimony thereof 
 when ordered by the board, suitable diplomas, certificates, 
 or other testimonials, under seal of the University and the 
 signatures of the Faculty. When, in course of time, distinct 
 colleges or departments of the University are duly organ- 
 ized and in active operation, the immediate government of 
 such departments shall, in like manner, be entrusted to their 
 respective faculties. 
 
 Sec. 9. The president of the Universit}^ shall be 
 president of the several faculties and the executive head of 
 all the departments. As such, subject to the board of 
 trustees, he shall have authority to give general direction 
 to the instruction and investigations of the several schools 
 and departments, and, so long as the interests of the institu- 
 tion require it, he may be charged with the duties of one 
 of the professorships. 
 
 Sec. 10. To the end that none of the youth of the 
 State who crave the benefits of higher education may be 
 denied them, and that all may be encouraged to avail them- 
 selves of the advantages offered by the University, tuition 
 shall be as nearly free as possible, and it shall be wholly 
 free to such students from each county as are selected and 
 appointed by the Board of County Commissi(jners therein. 
 
 Sec. II. After any student has graduated from either 
 of the chief departments of the University, and received the 
 degree of bachelor ot arts, of letters, of philosophy or of 
 science, and has had a subsequent experience as a success- 
 
28 Report of Superintendent 
 
 ful teacher of a public school in WN'oming for a period of 
 one school year, the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion shall have authorit}- to countersign the diploma of such 
 teacher after such examination- as to moral character, learn- 
 ing and ability to teach, as to the said Superintendent may . 
 seem proper; and such graduate so tested shall, after his 
 diploma has been countersigned by the State Superintendent 
 as aforesaid, be qualified to teach in any of the public 
 schools of this State; and the diploma so countersigned 
 shall be his certificate for such qualification until annulled 
 by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Sec. 12. In order that the University may be kept 
 "in a condition of full efficiency," as required by the terms 
 of section sixteen of Article seven of the Constitution of 
 the State of Wyoming, there shall be assessed upon all 
 taxable property of the State in each year, as heretofore, a 
 tax of one-eighth of a mill on each and every dollar of the 
 assessed valuation of such property, which tax shall be levied, 
 collected and paid to the State Treasurer in the manner 
 provided by law for the lev}', collection and payment of 
 other State taxes. Said tax, when so paid to the State 
 Treasurer, shall be paid to the Treasurer of the said board 
 of trustees upon the warrant of the State Auditor, to be 
 issued upon request of said board of trustees. 
 
 Sec. 13. "The University of Wyoming" having been 
 designated bv the Secretary of the Interior as the proper 
 institution to receive and expend the moneys appropriated 
 by an act of Congress, approved August thirtieth, eighteen 
 hundred and ninety, entitled "An Act to apply a portion of 
 the proceeds of the public lands to the more complete en- 
 dowment and support of colleges for the benefit of agricul- 
 ture and the mechanic arts, established under the provisions 
 of an act of Congress, approved July second, eighteen hun- 
 dred and sixty-two," until such time as there may be an 
 
of Public hisiniclion. 2g 
 
 agricultural college established in this State, separate and 
 apart from the said University of Wyoming, assent is here- 
 by given to all the terms and conditions of said act of 
 Congress, and grants of money, authorized and made b}^ 
 said act, by the act of March second, eighteen hundred and 
 eight3f-seven, relative to the establishment of agricultural 
 experiment stations, or any other act for like purposes, are 
 hereby assented to and accepted b}'- the State of Wyoming. 
 E.xcept where other designation is made by Congress, all 
 moneys granted or donated by Congress in aid of scientific 
 instruction or experimentation, and set apart by the Legis- 
 lature for such use by the University of Wyoming, shall be 
 accepted and received by the State Treasurer, and by him 
 placed at the disposal of the board of trustees of the said 
 University by transfer to the Treasurer of said board, for 
 disbursement in accordance with the provisions of the act 
 or acts of Congress aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 14. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with 
 the provisions of this act, are hereby repealed. 
 
 Sec. 15. This act shall take effect and be in force from 
 and after its passage. 
 
 Approved January lOth, 1891. 
 
 The first annual report of the University, covering a 
 period of about fifteen months, from January ist, 1891, to 
 March 31st, 1892, shows that a good, broad foundation has 
 been established, and at the rate of progress, and with a 
 continuance of the interest manifested thus far, the people 
 have reason to expect a most excellent future for this State 
 institution, and a course of study therein will form a most 
 fitting conclusion to the studies now taught in the High 
 Schools of the State. And if we as a people believe and 
 realize that we have within ourselves in this State all the 
 possibilities of a good University education, the self respect 
 
JO Report of Stiferinlendent 
 
 this knowledge brings, is a valuable factor in the future 
 development of the State. 
 
 The Wyoming Schcol Journal^ a monthly periodical 
 published at Laramie, Wyo,, by Prof. Henry Merz,js a 
 new and valuable .actor in the educational interests of the 
 State and is worth}' of an extended circulation. 
 
 UNIVERSITY EXTENSION. 
 
 This represents a wide-spread movement both in Eng- 
 land and America, having as an object the acquirement b}' 
 the people of the same information and instruction as is pro- 
 vided in the University com-ses, not complete, but as nearly 
 so as regularly prescribed courses of study, lectures, organ- 
 ized societies and periodicals can contribute to that end, and 
 resulting in the advancement of higher education both within 
 and without the Universities. 
 
 "The Wyoming University Extension Association," at 
 Laramie, Wyo., having a membership including other cities 
 and towns throughout the State, has been active in awaken- 
 ing interest in educational matters, including as a part of its 
 work the organization of a State Teachers' Associatwji, 
 which brings one more good influence to the aid of the 
 schools. The county institutes now provided by law are 
 of great service to the teachers of the State and thus inci- 
 dentally to the pupils, who are correspondingly benefitted 
 by the interchange of ideas and methods by the teachers at 
 these annual meetings. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING, \ 
 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, I 
 
 Cheyenne, September 22nd, 1892. \ 
 
 County School Superintendent, 
 
 Dear : 
 
 I would like to receive from you, to be included in the 
 
of Public Instruction. ji 
 
 biennial report of this ofiice, a brief general description of the 
 schools under your supervision for the two years ending 
 Sept. 30th, 1892. 
 ***** 
 
 Yours Very Respectfully, 
 
 S. T. FARWELL, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction. 
 
 The foregoing circular sent to the Superintendents of 
 each County has been responded to in each instance as fol- 
 lows. No particular method of making this repoit was 
 prescribed because it was desired to give expression to the 
 individual opinions of each of the County Superintendents 
 without restriction except the requirement of necessary 
 brevity. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY. 
 
 General Description of schools of Albany County, Wyo., 
 
 from Jan. 1891, to Sept. 30, 1892. 
 
 The report of County Superintendent for the year end- 
 ing Sept. 30, 1890, stated that there w^ere 34 schools taught 
 in Albany Co. the preceding year; there were 1,035 pupils 
 enrolled; 34 teachers employed; $15,513 was the aggregate 
 amount paid teachers; $3.81 was the average cost of each 
 pupil per month. There were tw^enty-five organized 
 school districts in the county, but only twenty districts held 
 schools, and two of those schools did not have legal number 
 of pupils. During the following year there were two new- 
 districts organized and one district that had had no school 
 for some time reorganized and held a six months school, 
 hence there were twenty-one districts represented in the 
 county report for year 1891. There were 37 schools taught 
 and 47 teachers employed. Aggregate amount paid teach- 
 ers was $15,740.50. Average cost of each pupil per month 
 was I3.84. Whole number of pupils enrolled 1,108. 
 
J 2 Repo7-l of Sufcrinlcndent 
 
 During the present year — 1892 — there have been 42 
 schools taught and 50 teachers employed. Aggregaie 
 amount paid teachers $17,820.57. Average cost for each 
 jmpil per moiiih ,^1.88. Whole number pupils enrolled 12 16. 
 There ai^e at present 27 organized districts in the county, 
 and all but Nos. 18, 20, 21, and 25 holding schools this past 
 summer. There are ten sciiools in Dist. No. 4, also in Dist. 
 No. 15 and in No. i — Laramie and vicinity — there are 19 
 schools. The country schools are small, attendance being 
 from 8 to 25 pupils, and only one scliool in the county, ex- 
 cept those in Laramie, has 25 pupils enrolled. But what 
 the schools lack in number they make up in general char- 
 acter. The patrons, teachers and pupils unite to make the 
 schools a success. There are exceptions to this rule, but 
 taken as a whole the country schools are doing good work. 
 The few months of school and great distance pupils must 
 come are the two threat drawbacks to the success of the 
 schools. The city schools do not have to battle with these 
 disadvantages, hence their condition is vastly superior to 
 those of the country districts. Laramie — wherein is located 
 the only graded school of the county — has two school build- 
 ings; one — in the east ward — contains 13 school rooms and 
 15 teachers are employed. The building is heated by steam 
 and supplied with w^ater. There are wide halls and com- 
 modious cloak-rooms. Teachers are supphed with appara- 
 tus suited to the work of the different grades. In the west 
 ward there is a frame building containing four rooms, and 
 four teachers are emplo3'^ed. So much for material advan- 
 tages. As to the work done by the teachers, one need but 
 visit the schools to learn that there is an active, wideawake 
 corps of teachers, directed by an able and cultured Superin- 
 tendent. I'he latter brings years of experience and prepa- 
 ration to his work, and hence directs with wisdom and suc- 
 cess. Several years ago there was a course of study pre- 
 
of Public Instruction. j^ 
 
 pared by the Board of Education of the city and the County 
 Superintendent. This course has been generally followed 
 in the schools of the county. In the country schools, where 
 the length of term varies from three to six months — this 
 term being the only one held in the district for the year — 
 the grade work as laid down in the county course has been 
 imperfectly done, but in the city schools, where the teach- 
 ers have the advantage of time, the work is thorough and 
 complete. During the past two years a special teacher of 
 music has been employed in the Laramie schools. The re- 
 sult has been very satisfactorj-, the pupils making good 
 progress under the direction of the special teacher, and in 
 every department of the work of the schools there is cause 
 for commendation. While the system of the county has not 
 reached the high standard that those at the helm desire, 
 still in this fact there is hope; the teachers are not satis- 
 fied with '-well enough," but aim for the highest develop- 
 ment in character and work. And thus the schools of Al- 
 bany County may be called prosperous for the present, pro- 
 gressive for the future. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MARY WRIGHT, 
 
 County Supt. of Schools, 
 
 Albany Co., Wyo. 
 Laramie, Wyo., Oct. ii, 1892. 
 
 CARBON COUNTY. 
 
 In answer to a request made bv State Superintendent 
 Farwell for a synopsis of my work for the last two 3'ears, 
 I have the honor to submit the following: — 
 
 Carbon County is large, being nearh' 100 miles square. 
 
j^ Report of Superintendent 
 
 Hence much of my work is done by correspondence. Have 
 written 1138 letters. Have disbursed $18,648.19 to the 
 various districts. Have organized 3 new school districts. 
 We have 29 districts, 34 public schools and 3 private ones. 
 Five of the districts can be reached by rail, the remainder 
 by stage or private conveyance. Have traveled bv rail 502 
 miles, by stage 388 miles, making 50 school visitations. 
 When in some parts of the county all the schools would not 
 be in session. 
 
 Have held 6 public examinations for teachers' certifi- 
 cates, 36 teachers being examined; 21 private examinations 
 (a defect in the law that a teacher can come any time and 
 demand an examination);! have honored 8 State normal 
 diplomas and i University graduate. 
 
 When the schools came under my supervision we had 
 but 2 graded schools in the county. We now have 4, viz.: 
 Rawlins with six departments. Carbon two, Hanna two, 
 Saratoga two and one private kindergarten. It has been 
 mv constant aim for improvement and to raise the public 
 schools to a higher standard. I find we are more progress- 
 ive as we have better qualified teachers. Many of our 
 teachers have taken a term at normal school, and we now 
 have over the county 5 State normal graduates teaching in 
 our schools, from the following named States: Pennsylvania, 
 Massachusetts, Iowa, Nebraska, and, last but not least, Wy- 
 oming. And still we have much room for improvement. 
 
 Have held two Institutes of a week's duration each. 
 In '91 had a very interesting session with an enrollment of 
 20 teachers, conducted by Prof. J. R. Rollman. In '92 a 
 session of one week conducted by County Supt., with in- 
 structors as follows: Prof. Rollman, Prof. Churchill, Prof. 
 I. C. Adams and Miss Helen C. Tilton; Lecturers, Dr. 
 E. Stuver, Prof. Wedgwood, Profs. Churchill, Rollman and 
 Adams; — with an enrollment of teachers, 31. It was con- 
 
of Public Instruction. jj 
 
 ceded by the public at large to be one of the most instruct- 
 ive and interesting sessions ever held in Carbon County. 
 
 While we have been successful in much of the work, 
 not in all. I did not succeed in organizing an Agassiz As- 
 sociation, nor have we succeeded in having the Extension 
 Course of the Wyommg University taken up by the teach- 
 ers in the different localities. 
 
 I have made mistakes; hope you will deal gently with 
 them. 
 
 I owe thanks and feel grateful to the teachers of Car- 
 bon County. They have always been very courteous and 
 respectful to me, and it is to their co-operation and assist- 
 ance is due my success as County Superintendent. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MRS. M. L. JENNINGS. 
 Rawlins, Carbon Co., Wyo., Oct. 19, 1892. 
 
 CROOK COUNTY. 
 
 Twenty-one of the school houses outside of Sundance 
 are good frame buildings, nearly all 16x24 feet and nearly 
 all completed. A number, and especially so in the large 
 district No. 2 and the independent districts 4, 5 and 6, are 
 quite well furnished. Six buildings, intended for school 
 houses, are of logs and of various sizes. Some of the 
 schools are held in old and vacated dwellings, and while 
 they are fairly comfortable they are after all only makeshifts, 
 but I think in the ver}- near future these will all be replaced 
 by good substantial frame buildings. 
 
 Districts 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 are new and each district 
 voted such amounts as they deemed necessary for running 
 
J> 
 
 6 Report of Superintendent 
 
 expenses. All of the above until one year ago belonged to 
 No. I. 
 
 No. I now has one school building, at Sundance, of 
 four rooms, two of which are occupied with the public and 
 one with the kindergarten school. 
 ***** 
 
 The idea in all districts is a longer term. 
 JOHN N. HOFFER, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CONVERSE COUNTY. 
 
 Within the two years past three new school districts 
 have been organized and three schoolhouses built. Some 
 of the schoolhouses have been furnished with more conven- 
 ient desks and seats, with new maps and blackboards, and 
 improved charts for use in primary work. 
 
 Our Teachers' Institutes have been well attended and 
 nearly all the teachers are subscribers to one or more edu- 
 cational papers. 
 
 The reports from the clerks of the various districts 
 show a better attendance of pupils during the school year 
 that has just closed. 
 
 With increasing prosperity we hope to be able to have 
 more apparatus for the use of teachers and pupils, school 
 libraries, and longer terms of school. 
 
 I have the honor to remain, 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 MRS. M.J. GOODWIN, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
of Public Instruction. jy 
 
 FREMONT COUNTY. 
 
 Fremont County is a very large expanse of country, 
 extending from Sweetwater Count}' on the south to the 
 Montana State line on the north. The county consists of 
 29 school districts, with over 400 pupils. Considering the 
 age of the count}'^ the educational growth is quite marked. 
 
 Especially during the last two years the schools of this 
 county have made a pronounced improvement, both in en- 
 rollment and progress. 
 
 We have as a class a higher grade of teachers, not- 
 withstanding wages are steadily on the decline. 
 
 The people of the county take a 'higher pride, a deeper 
 interest, and work with more zeal for the educational inter- 
 ests of our schools than has heretofore been manifested. 
 The aim of the people seems to be, to furnish comfortable, 
 commodious and pleasant school buildings where the 3'outh 
 of the country are being educated. Most or a part of the 
 school houses are furnished with all necessary apparatus, 
 such as globes, maps, charts, etc., and ample blackboards 
 are provided. The buildings are well ventilated — in most 
 cases have clear, pure mountain streams running at a con- 
 venient distance — in fact, everything conducive to the health 
 of the pupils. 
 
 Lander, the county seat of Fremont Countv, has a fine 
 graded school. It has opened the fall term wath a full at- 
 tendance of eager pupils. The building itself is a fine 
 structure. Built of stone and fitted to grace any town of 
 older growth, it was built at a cost of $4,500. Originally 
 it consisted of but two departments, but during this fall it 
 has been so reconstructed as to admit of three rooms or de- 
 partments- -a principal, intermediate, and primary rooms. 
 These departments are managed by a board of three com- 
 petent and thoroughly able teachers. 
 
 As the school has been lately graded, and a thorough 
 
^8 Report of Stiferinlendent 
 
 course of study arranged, great results may be looked for. 
 The people of the pleasant Lander valley may well 
 look with pride upon their educational buildings which give 
 promise of so much. Where l)ut a very few years ago the 
 Indian chased the buffalo over the length of this fair "valley 
 of the Rockies," now pleasant school houses dotted here 
 and there are seen. 
 
 The central schools are composed of districts Nos. 2, 
 4, 6, 8, 12, i6, 19, 21 and 28, all within a radius of ten miles 
 around Lander. These schools are mostly new districts 
 with the exception of the first four mentioned, being formed 
 within the last four years. All have good comfortable and 
 attractive school houses. No. 2 has a fine brick school 
 house at a cost of ;|^6io, all furnished with patent seats and 
 desks and other modern conveniences. 
 
 The pupils are eager and energetic and will surely 
 make their mark. The winter terms have opened in nearly 
 all of these schools, or will by the first of November. 
 
 Districts No. 5, 14 and 15 are situated to the south ot , 
 Lander. No. 5, near the celebrated oil wells, is situated on 
 the Popo Agie River in a very pleasant spot. Nos. 15 and 
 14 are situated above and below No. 5, on the same pleas- 
 ant stream. Still further to the south, in the heart of the 
 grand old mountains within the mining district, nestle the 
 pleasant little schools of Atlantic and South Pass, and still 
 farther on to the west are the schools of the New Fork dis- 
 trict. There are three school districts, Nos. 17, 23 and 24. 
 They are in a little world of their own, as one might say, 
 surrounded by those tall mountains with their great lakes 
 and wonderful mountain streams. 
 
 Still to the extreme southern part of the county, situ- 
 ated one at the niouth and one at the head of the Cotton- 
 wood stream — a branch of the Sweetwater River — are two 
 
of Public Instruction. jp 
 
 small schools. One district, No. 9, has been formed since 
 1884 — the other formed but recently. 
 
 The northern schools of the county consist of all the 
 districts north of the Indian Reservation line. Embar (dis- 
 trict No. 11) is the first school we come to in this direction. 
 It is situated on the banks of the Owl Creek, in a pictur- 
 esque spot surrounded by tall cottonwood trees, with which 
 this stream is lined. The school is small but progressive, 
 with an intelligent class of people as patrons. 
 
 Fifty miles farther north we come to the schools of the 
 Grey Bull River, which consist of districts No. 3, 18, 25 
 and 26. Said schools are dispersed in various places from 
 the mouth of Gre}' Bull River to the foothills near its 
 source. District No. 25, situated at the mouth of the Grey 
 Bull where it empties into the great Big Horn, is a new dis- 
 trict of but 2 terms of school with but 8 scholars. No. 26, 
 next in order, formed at the town of Otto, is a new district, 
 but in a flourishing condition. No. 18, still farther up the 
 stream, is a district of older date, with but few scholars but 
 a very intelligent class of people. Still fifty miles up the 
 stream is the Meeteetse school (district No. 3) which owing 
 to the negligence of the inhabitants has not made much 
 progress of late years; they have no established school 
 house as yet. We expect better results from them this 
 coming season. 
 
 Two new districts, formed last year and this — Nos. 27 
 and 29 — are situated beyond, on the Stinking Water River. 
 No. 27 held their first term this summer. No. 29, at Mar- 
 quette, has been but lately formed. Has had no school as 
 yet, but will hold school this winter term witii a goodly 
 number of pupils. This includes all of the districts of the 
 county which are actively engaged in the work of educa- 
 tion, there being two districts in which (the inhabitants hav- 
 ing deserted) the schools are discontinued. They are re- 
 
^0 Rcfort of Stij^crinlcndenl 
 
 spectively No. 13 on Beaver Creek and No. 20 on the Big 
 Horn River. There is, I am sorry to say, a deserted school 
 house on Beaver Creek, but both districts may yet be in a 
 flourishing condition at some future day. T think with an 
 increased school fund the schools of Fremont County would 
 be second to none in this State. The objective point is 
 scarcity of school funds, which greatly interferes with the 
 length of school terms. 
 
 At no greatly distant day Wyoming may be proud to 
 class the schools of Fremont among the first of the State. 
 Although the county is but young yet there is great encour- 
 agement ahead. For the best interests of the public schools 
 of Wyoming, I am 
 
 Most respectfully yours, 
 
 (Mrs.) MARY A. MASON, 
 
 County Superintendent of Schools, 
 
 of Fremont Co., Wyo. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 In attempting to make out ^ report of the Johnson 
 County schools, I am obliged to fall back upon my deep in- 
 terest in, and general knowledge of, the educational work 
 of the county for the few years past, rather than upon any 
 special data which I have at hand. 
 
 As you know, the office of County Superintendent of 
 Schools has recently been left vacant by the death of Judge 
 N. L. Andrews. For nearly four years he has been con- 
 nected with this work, and few people in the State have 
 been more interested in everything pertaining to educational 
 matters than he has been during his whole residence in Wy- 
 oming. During the illness of nearly a year which ended 
 
of Public Instruction. ^i 
 
 with his death, his interest in the schools never flajjged, and 
 almost the last time of his going out of doors was to see the 
 children upon "Decoration Day." The schools of our county 
 have lost a warm and devoted friend in his removal from 
 their midst. 
 
 I find that the eight districts of Johnson County report 
 fifteen schools with four hundred pupils enrolled. These 
 four hundred pupils doubtless represent a larger number of 
 children of school age in the county, since in each of the 
 outlying districts there are pupils who cannot attend school 
 on account of the distance from their homes to the school 
 house. Most of the districts have ver}' good school houses. 
 The old New England idea, "First a home, then a school 
 house," which for a century and a half has made the New 
 England States leaders in the education of American citi- 
 zens, seems to have taken root in Wyoming, or at least ip 
 Johnson Count}'. Indeed the white painted school house 
 itself might be transplanted from our Wyoming count}^ to a 
 New England village and seem to belong to its surround- 
 ings. 
 
 It has been a pleasure to the Superintendent to find that 
 nearly all of the districts are awake to the importance of 
 supplving to the pupils the best help possible. No school is 
 so small that charts, globes, dictionaries, etc., are not apart 
 of its furniture, and our district schools would be all that 
 could be desired but for one or two drawbacks that neces- 
 sarily belong to a newly settled country. 
 
 Very few schools keep a teacher longer than one 
 term, and the terms are very short. The progress made 
 b}' pupils during a three months' term under a thorough 
 teacher, is almost lost sight of after a nine months' vacation 
 when a new teacher comes in who must "beo-in at the be- 
 
 gmnmg. 
 
 It is easier to see drawbacks than to suijijest remedies. 
 
^2 Report of Superintendent 
 
 But the one effectual remedy, under our present district 
 school sysiem, is, I think, being applied as fast as possible. 
 The districts are seeing the necessity and adopting the plan 
 of "direct taxation" to give longer terms of school where 
 they cannot be supplied by the general fund. The burden 
 that might fall heavily upon the one, falls lightly upon the 
 manv, and it is found that money is never better spent than 
 in training the young. 
 
 District school terms of six, seven, or eight months are 
 taking the place of the three months' term, and the teacher 
 has some chance of doings a jjood work and returninir to 
 the same place for the next school year. 
 
 The graded work of the Buffalo school is much better 
 than ever before. The four departments enroll over two 
 hundred pupils in the city schools. The teachers being 
 capable, earnest, and enthusiastic, are able to arouse the 
 same spirit in their pupils. 
 
 With such teachers and the natural growth of the 
 city, even the $20,000 school house, standing in the 
 midst of five acres of ground, will soon have to be 
 enlarged or supplemented by other buildings, and Buffalo 
 may look forward to advancement in every department of 
 graded school work. 
 
 Johnson County has probably $30,000 worth of school 
 property, and it is to be hoped that the districts that have 
 taxed themselves to build school houses will not be unwil- 
 ling to continue the good w<n-k in building up the schools 
 themselves. No better way of building up good schools 
 can be found than by obtaining good teachers, and no dis- 
 trict should be satisfied without the very best that can be 
 had. The time has gone by when it can be said "anything 
 will do for a primary school," and the very best talent is 
 demanded for the little children. This is as economical as 
 it is wise, for children who are well trained at the beginning 
 
of Public Instrtiction. ^^ 
 
 will not themselves be satisfied as they pass on to higher 
 grades, without a high standard of teaching, and thus each 
 grade will be kept up to its best. And is it not a wise 
 economy which will enable every child in the State to make 
 the most of himself whether his talents be one or many? 
 Respectfull}^ submitted, 
 
 MARY S. WATKINS, 
 
 Superintendent, Johnson County. 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY. 
 
 During the two 3'ears ending September 30lh, 1892, 
 seven school houses have been built in Laramie County, 
 one ot them, the Cheyenne High School building, at a cost 
 06 $41,700.00. The increase in the number of schools has 
 been seven, and in the number of pupils two hundred. The 
 condition of the school buildings in the different districts is 
 as follows: In number one the buildings are convenient, 
 comfortable, and are kept in first rate condition and are 
 supplied with all the applliances, maps, libraries, etc., essen- 
 tial to successful school work. In district number two the 
 buildings are in fair condition and are adequate to the 
 requirements of the district at the present time. In district 
 number three the buildinjjs and schools are in excellent con- 
 dition. In district number four the school buildings are in 
 fair condition. In district number five the buildings are in 
 good condition. From district number six I have received 
 no report; the buildings in the district are poor and several 
 schools are held in buildings owned by private individuals. 
 In district number seven ^ new building has been erected 
 during the past year; the other school buildings are in 
 poor condition and are inadequate to the needs of the dis- 
 
44 Report of Superintendent 
 
 trict. In district number eight the school buildings are in 
 poor condition. In district number nine the school build- 
 ings are poor and are not sufficient in number. In district 
 number eleven there are no buildings belonging to the dis- 
 trict, the schools being held in private dwellings. 
 
 MISS ESTELLE REEL, 
 
 County Supt. 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY. 
 
 Biennial School Report for two Years Ending Septem- 
 ber ist, 1892: 
 
 Natrona County has six school districts. There are 
 nine schools established in the six districts. At close of the 
 tirst year, September ist, 1891, the number of pupils en- 
 rolled, - - - 130 
 The number of pupils enrolled Sept. ist, 1892, 143 
 Amount paid teachers 1891, - - $i5537-!?'5 
 " " " 1892, - - 1,926.50 
 Cost of pupil per month, 1891, - ^ 5.62 
 Cost of pupil per month, 1892, - - 3-8o 
 Most of the teachers employed have used the new sys- 
 tems of education. 
 
 The Kindergarten method is successfully used. 
 With the exception of one district, the discipline has 
 been excellent. 
 
 Civil government, philosophy, chemistry, bookkeeping, 
 language, and the higher mathematics have been taught in 
 the schools. Some of the pupils passed 98 per cent, on a 
 teacher's examination at the close of the school year. 
 
 The parents and public generally arc interested in the 
 schools. Natrona can now supply half her schools with 
 home teachers. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 CORDELIA M. CHENEY, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
of Public hislriiciion. ^j 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY. 
 
 There are at present twenty-one districts in Sheridan 
 County, District No. 13 having" been annulled. 
 
 District No. i. The original hrst formed district in- 
 cludes the village of Big Horn and vicinity. The village 
 school has two departments, primary and grammar. There 
 are other outlvinij schools. 
 
 District No. 2, recently cut off from the Sheridan dis- 
 trict, is situated in the valley of Big Goose Creek. This 
 district has one school and a comfortable school house. 
 
 District No. 3 is in the southern part of the county. 
 Its one school is located near the mouth of ihe Big Pinev 
 Canon, among picturesque surroundings. 
 
 District No. 4 includes the valley of Columbus Creek. 
 It has one school. Its sessions are held in a primitive log 
 school house, one of the very few yet remaining in the 
 country. 
 
 District No. 5 comprises the village of Dayton and its 
 immediate vicinitv. It has one ur^graded school. 
 
 District No. 6 is situated upon Beaver Creek. It has 
 one small school. 
 
 District No. 7 includes Sheridan and immediate vicin- 
 ity. This district has a town school of four departments: 
 First Primary, Second Primary, Grammar School and High 
 School. The schools are under the efficient management 
 of the Principal, Prof. B. F. Ogden. The synthetic method 
 is being successfully taught in the primary departments. 
 District No. 7 has lately erected a commodious brick school 
 house from which float the Stars and Stripes, a banner 
 presented to the district by the Woman's Relief Corps. 
 
 District No. 8 includes the valleys of Soldier Creek 
 and Wolf Creek. It has tw^o schools. 
 
 District No. 9 includes the small village of Beckton and 
 vicinity. This district has one school. 
 
 District No. 10 is situated upon Twin Creek, in the 
 
y(.6 Report of Sttjpen'nleiidcnt 
 
 northern part of the county. There is one school in the 
 district. The old \o'g school house was last year replaced 
 by a convenient frame building. 
 
 District No. ii, recently cut off from the Sheridan 
 district, lies upon both Prairie Dog Creek and Cat Creek 
 It has two schools. 
 
 District No. 12 is situated in the extreme northern part 
 of the county upon Pass Creek. This district has one 
 school. 
 
 District No. 14 is situated in the southern part of the 
 county. It has one large, ungraded school. 
 
 District No. 15 has this one peculiarity of lying "Over 
 the Range" from the other districts of the county. It has 
 one small school. 
 
 District No. 16 is found in the valley of Lower Tongue 
 River. This district has two schools. 
 
 District Nq. 17 is in the northern part of the county, 
 and has one school. 
 
 District No. 18, recently cut off from District No, i, 
 has one school. 
 
 District No. 19, in the extreme northern part of the 
 county, was recently cut off from District No. 12. It has 
 one school. 
 
 District No. 20, cut off from No. 12, has one school. 
 
 District No. 21, in the eastern part of the county, of 
 recent formation, has one school. 
 
 District No. 22, in southeastern part of the county, has 
 
 one school. 
 
 MRb>. S. MINNIE PAXTON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
of Public hislriiclion. ^y 
 
 SWEETWATER COUNTY. 
 
 District No. i, situate at Point of Rocks, fort}' miles 
 east of county seat. No school here at present for lack of 
 sufficient children of school age. 
 
 District No. 2, situate at Green River, the county seat, 
 has a $5,000.00 frame school building. Only three of the 
 six rooms are used at present. Three teachers are em- 
 ployed at salaries of $65.00 to $85.00 per month. One 
 hundred and fift^'-eight pupils are enrolled, including an 
 accredited high school. School 3'ear of ten months. 
 
 . District No. 3, situate 65 miles east of the countv seat, 
 is a smull country school held in the upper room of a section 
 house; eight pupils enrolled and the common branches 
 taught. 
 
 District No. 4, situate at Rock Springs, 15 miles east of 
 the county seat, has a fine stone school house costing $20,- 
 000.00; two stories and basement containing eight rooms, 
 principal's office, two play rooms, store room and janitor's 
 dwelling house. It is heated by steam. Eight teachei's 
 are employed, with salaries of $60.00 per month for prim- 
 ary and intermediate teachers, $70.00 for assistant principal 
 and $125 per month for principal. Six hundred and twentv- 
 eight pupils are enrolled, including the high school. There 
 is also a private night school here, with an enrollment of 
 twenty-four to fifty, most of whom are boys from fourteem 
 to twenty years of age, who are obliged to work during 
 the day. 
 
 District No. 5, at Burnt Fork, about 65 miles south- 
 west of the county seat, is a typical country school avith the 
 log school house of our fathers, has an enrollment of twenty 
 pupils from * six to twent}- years of age. The common 
 branches are taught. 
 
 District No. 6, at Granger, about thirty-live miles west 
 of the county seat, is without a school building, but school 
 will commence soon in a rented building. 
 
4.8 Report of Sufcrintendent 
 
 District No. 7^ at Vermillion. There is a small school 
 held in a spare room of a ranch; eight scholars, and the 
 common branches are taught. 
 
 District No. 8, at Henry's Fork, about forty-five miles 
 south of county seat. This district owns two log school 
 houses; has nine pupils. The common branches are taught. 
 Term, about four and one-half months. 
 
 District No. 9, at Hopkins', a new mining camp about 
 three miles south of Rock Springs, is without a school 
 house, but the Sweetwater Coal Company kindly donated 
 the use of a vacant office, which makes a very pleasant 
 school room. Twenty- four pupils are enrolled; the com- 
 mon branches taught; had school of nine months last year. 
 MRS. SARAH SHEDDEN, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 UINTA COUNTY. 
 
 The thirty-four school districts of Uinta Count}^ are 
 scattered over a tract of country extending one hundred and 
 fifty miles from north to south and about seventy-five miles 
 from east to west. Many of them are situated at a distance 
 from any hne of railroad, and reached only by long stage 
 rides over the mountains. 
 
 Evanston, the largest of the districts, has a fine brick 
 school building, with well graded schools, reaching in the 
 upper rooms a high school grade, where pupils are pre- 
 pared for entering the Wyoming Universit}', making it an 
 accredited high school. 
 
 The Principal, Prof, J. B. Logue, is a very pleasant 
 gentleman, as well as a successful teacher. He has nine 
 assistant teachers in the different departments^ and the 
 number of pupils enrolled is over six hundred. 
 
of Public Instruction. ^p 
 
 The Almy district is located in a coal mining region, 
 and is the second largest in the county, having an enroll- 
 ment of five hundred and ninety pupils, and employing a 
 corps of seven teachers. There are Principals at two dif- 
 ferent points, Messrs. Wm. Beveridge and E. Stevenson, 
 both teachers of ability and experience, and the schools 
 under their charge are in a prosperous condition. , 
 
 Afton and neighboring districts, (often called Star 
 Valley,) although situated in a remote part of the county, 
 are much interested in the cause of education, and their 
 schools and teachers would be a credit to any section. They 
 employ about ten teachers, and enroll about five hundred 
 pupils. 
 
 There are also large and flourishing schools at Coke- 
 ville. Piedmont and Big Pine}'. At the latter of these 
 places, a ranching neighborhood, the pupils are so scattered 
 that they attend school on horseback, often coming a dis- 
 tance of six or eight miles. It is a sight both novel and 
 pleasant to see them dashing up, full of life and enthusiasm, 
 and it is much to their credit, that no school in the county 
 reports a better attendance than theirs. 
 
 Man}^ other schools though smaller are no less inter- 
 ested and flourishing, and children often come long dis- 
 tances braving difficulties, of which those in thickly settled 
 communities bave no conception. 
 
 Over fifty teachers are employed in the county, there 
 being about an equal number of ladies and gentlemen. 
 Salaries range from $45 to $50 in district schools, from $65 
 to $75 in larger places. Number of pupils enrolled is a bout 
 two thousand, a larger number than in any other county of 
 the State, according to the last annual report. 
 
 The people of Uinta county have reason to be pleased 
 with the progress already made in educational matters, and 
 if the interest thus far shown is continued and the appro- 
 priations as liberal as in the past, the time will soon come 
 
50 Report of Superintendent 
 
 when the children of Uinta county will have advantages 
 second to none, even in this land, where the importance of 
 education and the advancement of its interests have always 
 had a first place in the hearts. of the citizens. 
 
 MISS E. F. STRONG, 
 
 County Supt. Schools. 
 
 WESTON COUNTY. 
 
 In compliance with your request, I write 3^ou a brief 
 description of the schools of Weston County. You will no 
 doubt remember that two years ago we had but one school 
 in Weston County, that in Newcastle, with an enrollment 
 of about sixty pupils, and employed but one teacher. We 
 now have in the public school, Newcastle, an enrollment of 
 one hundred and twenty-six, divided into three grades, with 
 Prof. A. L. Putnam, of St. Paul, as Principal,, Miss E. C. 
 Patterson and Miss Eva Ogden, assistants. 
 
 On a slight eminence overlooking the cit}' of New- 
 castle has been erected a magnificent school building, at a 
 cost of $10,000.00. The building is of brick and our native 
 white sandstone, planned by Conver & Porter, architects of 
 Madison, Wis. It is beautifully finished and furnished, 
 thoroughly ventilated, and heated by the Ruttan system. 
 Of her school and school building Newcastle is justly proud. 
 
 The first school in Cambria was opened in March, 
 1 89 1, with an enrollment of thirty pupils. We now have 
 in the same school an enrolhnent of about seventy-five, have 
 nine months' school, and employ two teachers: Miss Luella 
 Roadifer, Principal; Miss Laura Cla}-, assistant. At Cam- 
 bria, has just been completed a new school building, at a 
 cost of $2,500.00, which is well finished and furnished. 
 
 At the Beaver Creek, Briar Hill and Giipton schools 
 we have six months' school during the year, and about 
 
of Public Instruction. j/ 
 
 November ist we will open a school at Merino, with an 
 enrollment of fifteen pupils. 
 
 Though our schools are few and the enrollment com- 
 paratively small, I doubt if any county in Wyoming can 
 show a greater rate of increase during the two years just 
 past. 
 
 Our motto for the schools of Weston County is: "Not 
 the largest, but the best." 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 MRS. J. L. BAIRD, 
 
 Supt. of Weston County. 
 October 15, 1892. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 I have endeavored in the foregoing pages to give the 
 public a correct impression of the condition of the public 
 schools of the State. In comparison with the older States 
 which have a larger population not so widely scattered, 
 Wyoming has made great progress in school matters. We 
 have some of the best methods of school instruction now 
 known in operation, and have also to contend with difficul- 
 ties incident to early settlement. The apathy and inatten- 
 tion of some of the district school officers, while but a small 
 fraction of the entire number, yet is enough to perceptibly 
 interfere with the perfect operation of a school system. 
 Should the Legislature appoint a commission to prepare a 
 new school law, many interests are to be recognized and 
 the utmost simplicity and directness of the law is essential. 
 Many educators try to do too much, others are too con- 
 servative. Some of the educational ideas receiving atten- 
 tion include public manual training schools, a public kin- 
 dergarten with incidental implements and devices. It seems 
 
^2 Report of Stiferintendent. 
 
 most important that the public schools should not under- 
 take too much but rather try to do a few things well. Text 
 ■books are being improved daily, and all methods of a pro- 
 gressive nature should be carefully considered, and when 
 deemed practical, should be promptly adopted. There is, 
 however, nothing that can take the place of hard and earnest 
 study on the part of the pupils of the schools and the road 
 to knowledge is as full of labor for this generation as it has 
 been in the past; while the facilities are greater the multi- 
 plicity of things to be learned has, if anything, increased 
 the scholar's difficulties. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 STEPHEN T. FARWELL, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction. 
 
STATE or WYO/niNG. 
 
 County Superiiiteiuleiits of Schools. 
 1893-4:. 
 
 County. Superintendent. County Seat- 
 
 Albany Mrs. Sarah Pease ..Laramie. 
 
 Carbon Mrs. Mary L. Jennings Rawlins. 
 
 Converse Mrs. M.J. Goodwin Douglas. 
 
 Crook Miss Barbara Gunn Sundance. 
 
 Fremont Mrs. Stella C. Kirwin Lander. 
 
 Johnson Miss Mary S. Watkins Buffalo. 
 
 Laramie Miss Estelle Reel .Cheyenne. 
 
 Natrona Mrs. Florence Kennedy Casper. 
 
 Sheridan ...Miss Bernice Kyle Sheridan. 
 
 Sweetwater Mary A. Clark Green River. 
 
 Uinta - Mrs. J. M Young Evanston. 
 
 Weston Mrs. Mollie Baird Newcastle. 
 
 Term of Office of Each Expires January ist, 1S95. 
 
 SCHOOL LAWS OF 1888. 
 
 CHAPTER THREE. 
 
 Miscellaneous Provisions. 
 
 Section 2. Neither the territorial superintendent or any person in 
 his office, nor any county superintendent, nor school district officer, nor 
 any officer or teacher connected with any public school, shall act as agent 
 or solicitor for the sale of any school books, maps, charts, school library 
 books, school furniture, apparatus or stationary, or furnish any assistance 
 to, or receive any reward therefor, from any author, publisher, bookseller 
 or dealer doing the same. Every person violating this section shall forfeit 
 not less than fifty nor more than two hundred dollars, for each offense 
 and be liable to removal from office therefor. 
 
 Approved March 9th, 188S. 
 
 Published by order of the Superintendent of Public Instruction^ March 
 I sty i8gi. 
 
L 2 13 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 1893 and 1894 
 
(y 0'-/'/^^.ir--*'>^<e.'p7- id' tfLczT 
 
 9? // 
 
 
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 '.'^X'^'.t 
 
 ^^' 
 
BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 lie feliiirfioii 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 SEPT. 30, 1892, TO SEPT. 30, 1894. 
 
 STEPHEN T. FARWELL, Snpt, 
 
 CHEYENNE, WYO. 
 
 THE S. A. BRISTOL GOlIPANY, PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS, 
 1894 
 
\^ 
 
 APR 23 19n^ 
 D. ot D. 
 
Office, j 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, I 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Dec. 15th, 1894. ) 
 
 To His Excellency, the Governor, 
 
 and the State Legislature: 
 
 As required by the provisions of Ciiap. 5, Sec. i. Laws of 
 1890, I have the honor to submit herewith my biennial report of 
 the condition of the public schools of this State. The statistics 
 published herein for the ^^ears 1893 and 1894 '^'"^ more complete 
 than have been heretofore secured. 
 
 I desire particularly to invite attention to the recommenda- 
 tions made in the preceding biennial report of this office relative 
 to census of children of sclwol age and provision for the distribu- 
 tion of the Common Sc/wol Land Income Fund. 
 
 This fund on September 30th of this year amounted to 
 $24,602.63, which sum will be available for the use of the sev- 
 eral counties as soon as necessary legislation can be secured. 
 M}' recommendations in that report as \o free text-books are re- 
 newed this year for the reasons therein stated. 
 
 The appointment of a school I azv Commission is again urgent- 
 ly recommended. 
 
 This Commission, it is suggested, should be composed of 
 not less than five persons competent and experienced in educa- 
 tional matters. Their duties would be, first, to examine carefully 
 the school systems of the other States, and possibly to extend 
 their examination also to the methods now adopted in German}-, 
 France and En^iland. The result of this research should be to 
 
^ Superintendent Pnhlic Instruction. 
 
 create a system of education adapted to the present and suitable 
 for the future needs of the State. 
 
 The school laws presented for the consideration of the First 
 and Second State Legislatures failed to pass. The appointment 
 of a Commission to carefully prepare a law for presentation to 
 the Legislature two years hence is in my opinion very necessary, 
 and appears to be the most suitable means of securing appropri- 
 ate legislation which will lay a foundation for the future excel- 
 lence of our common schools. 
 
 In relinquishing the office of State Supenntendent, I desire 
 to say that my duties as Superintendent have been very materi- 
 ally increased by the additional duties imposed upon me as Reg- 
 ister of the State Land Board. It has been a false economy to 
 combine these two offices, and at the earliest possible date the 
 State Land Office should be independently established. 
 
 In securing statistics of the schools from the various coun- 
 ties new forms have been prepared, by which it is for the first 
 time ascertained how much money is expended in the entire 
 State for school purposes, with statement in detail showing ihe 
 objects for which expenditures are made. In the year 1893 the 
 entire cost of school-houses in Wyoming was reported as $380,- 
 473.86, with a bonded indebtedness of school districts amounting 
 to $192,707.58, and a total of 9,933 pupils enrolled. The total 
 annual expenditure for the common schools was $197,151.86 for 
 that year. During the year 1894, there is a slight increase in 
 bonded indebtedness and the total school expenditures are $215,- 
 479.64, with an enrolment of 10,310 pupils. Uinta County has 
 the largest number of scholars, 2,131, accommodated in 34 
 school-buildings. Crook County, with 35 school-buildings, re- 
 ports 550 pupils. 
 
 I am exceedingly obliged to the County Superintendents, 
 one and all, who have patiently assisted me in securing official in- 
 formation which has often entailed much correspondence on their 
 part. The present general law requiring the biennial report of 
 this office to be made on November ist, of business to include 
 September 30th, does not give the County Superintendents time 
 
Superintendenl Public Instriiclk n. j 
 
 in which to ^ttt reports from the district clerks, as provided by 
 law, and forward a correct compilation of them to this office by 
 November ist. Hence preparation of this report has been un- 
 avoidably delayed. 
 
 I would suggest December loth as a more convenient date 
 and one that will answer equally well for the purpose of furnish- 
 ing the information required b}' the Governor and the Legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 As frequent reference is necessary to the opinions of the At- 
 torney General on various questions that have arisen in this office 
 I publish herewith all such opinions relating to school matters as 
 have been received during my term of office, believing they will 
 be valuable for convenient reference. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING. 
 
 The annual catalogue issued by the State University is ver}'^ 
 complete for the current year. This institution is intended to 
 provide the commencement of a higlier education, continuous 
 and extending from the courses as taucjht in the Higrh Schools of 
 the State. 
 
 Graduates from the accredited High Schools at Cheyenne, 
 Evanston, Laramie, Rawlins and Rock Springs are admitted 
 without examination to the freshman class of the Collecre of Lib- 
 eral Arts and also into the first class of all technical schools at 
 the University. 
 
 The catalogue of the University will be sent gratuitously, 
 postage paid, to all who apply for it. 
 
 The following memorandum of the results attained at the 
 meeting of the County and City Superintendents in July, 1803, 
 for the adoption of text-books under the present law, was pub- 
 lished in leaflet form and is included in this report for the inform- 
 ation of all interested. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 TEXT-BOOKS. 
 
 As required by Section 3 of Chapter 4 of an act known as 
 Chapter 72 of the Session Laws of the year 1888, a meeting of 
 the County and City Superintendents of Schools, called by the 
 State Superintendent for the adoption of text-books, was held at 
 the Capitol Building, Cheyenne, July 12, 1893. 
 
 The following text-books were adopted. 
 
 Publications of the American Book Company, 
 new york chicago. 
 
 Barnes' New National ist Reader 
 
 4t li a 2d " - 
 
 « « a ^th " 
 
 " « u ^th " 
 
 Barnes' Elementarj'- Geography 
 
 " Complete " _ _ 
 
 Barnes' Brief History of the United States 
 Long's New Language Exercises, Part i 
 
 (( (( (( a " 2 ' 
 
 Steele's Hygienic Physiology 
 Pathfinder Physiologies No. i. Child's Health 
 Primer _ . - - 
 
 ExcliaiiEe 
 
 Introdncll'ii 
 
 Price, 
 
 Price, 
 
 $ .12 
 
 $ .20 
 
 
 21 
 
 •35 
 
 
 30 
 
 •50 
 
 
 42 
 
 .70 
 
 
 54 
 
 .90 
 
 
 33 
 
 •55 
 
 
 75 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 60 
 
 1. 00 
 
 
 12 
 
 .20 
 
 
 15 
 
 -25 
 
 
 60 
 
 1. 00 
 
 
 .18 
 
 .30 
 
Superintendent Piihlic Instruction. 
 
 American Book Company — Contimied. 
 
 Pathfinder Physiologies No. 2, Young People's 
 Townsend's Shorter Course in Civil Government 
 Harper's Penmanship, Primary Course, Nos. i 
 
 to 7 - - - 'per doz. 
 
 Harper's Penmanship, Grammar Course, Nos. i 
 
 to 8 - - - per doz. 
 
 Publications of Sheldon & Company, 
 new york — chicago. 
 
 Hunt & Gourley's Modern Spelling Book 
 Sheldon's Elementary Arithmetic 
 
 " Complete " 
 
 Stoddard's New Intellectual Arithmetic - 
 
 Publications of Maynard, Merrill & Co., 
 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO. 
 
 Reed & Kellogg's Graded Lessons in English 
 
 " " Higher " " " 
 
 Reed's Introductory Language - 
 
 Publications of The Prang Educational Co., 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 Prang's Drawing, Shorter Course, Nos. i to 5 
 " " Complete " " i to 6 
 
 « « " " '• 7 to 10 
 
 Exchange 
 Price, 
 
 Introduct'n 
 Price. 
 
 ? .30 
 
 $.50 
 
 •43 
 
 .72 
 
 
 .80 
 
 
 I.O§ 
 
 .10 
 
 .20 
 
 .20 
 •35 
 
 .40 
 .67 
 
 .20 
 
 •35 
 
 .20 
 •30 
 
 .40 
 .60 
 
 •25 
 
 .40 
 
 ■per doz 
 
 1.80 
 
 
 1.20 
 
 i.i. 
 
 2.40 
 
 On motion the selection of books for Hicrh Schools was left 
 to the various School Boards. 
 
 The following resolutions were adopted : 
 
 Whereas, In order to secure the best results in teaching 
 it is often necessary to supplement the work outlined in the reg- 
 ular text-book, therefore 
 
 Resolved: i. That we heartily approve the action of 
 
8 Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 
 school officers in furnishing supplementary work for teachers 
 and pupils. 
 
 2. That we earnestly recommend that the various District 
 Boards furnish a still more liberal supply of supplementary mat- 
 ter along the hnes of science, history, literature and geography 
 whenever in their judgment the interest of the schools demands 
 it. 
 
 On motion a vote of thanks was offered the Chairman^ 
 Mrs. M. J. Goodwin, and F. W. Lee, Secretary. 
 
 When the meeting adjourned. 
 
 S. T. FARWELL, 
 
 Superintendent. 
 Cheyeinne, Wyo., July 20th, 1893. 
 
PLII3LIC SCHOOLS OF WVOMIXO 
 
 Kor the Year ending September SOth, 1883. 
 
 Albany ... 
 Carbon .... 
 Converse. 
 
 Crook 
 
 Irt-mont . 
 lohnson... 
 Laramie.. 
 Natrona... 
 
 Sweetwnti 
 Sheridan . 
 
 Laramie... 
 Rawlins... 
 Douglas... 
 
 Sundance 
 Lander — 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 Cheyenne 
 Casper 
 
 Green Riv 
 
 . Sarah W. Peas. 
 ■J? 
 
 Mary 
 .M./. 
 
 
 Lusk.. 
 
 s Barbara Gunn 
 
 i. Slclla C. Ker«in.... 
 « MarvS. Watkins... 
 
 s Estcile Reel „ 
 
 :. Florence Kennedy, 
 Frecland 
 
 i. Marv A. Clark 
 
 s Bcrniec G. Kyle 
 
 .M.J. Young I 3 
 
 ,. J. L. Baird : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■JJ 
 
 fi 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 z. 
 
 A 
 
 Pupils 
 Enrolled. 
 
 lotals I190381 2+75,101 4,8329,933 
 
 .1851 
 
 145,168 
 95.'94 
 
 33.863 
 37-35 
 
 ■ S7.196 
 
 10,867 
 
 87-735; 2 
 45.0521 
 164,6881 
 2i.S79| 
 
 886,129196 
 
 2,872 
 4.407 
 
 2,29' 
 3.033 
 2,640 
 1,367 
 
 1 = * 
 
 60.S0 
 
 67.77 
 
 4739 
 4933 
 47.28 
 6541 
 .38.00 
 
 500Q 
 105.00 
 
 63-75 
 63 So 
 76.66 
 
 47- 85 
 50.77 
 
 60.00! 3.46 
 60.20; 4.79 
 
 5r-.59 3-63 
 
 5' bs 
 49.96 
 
 .59.684.C 
 
 21,865. 
 11,050 
 8,100 
 24,623, 
 148,35800 
 
 '3-691192,707. 58'38o ,473.86 
 
 Compiled from Reports of County Superintcndent.s. 
 
 SCHOOL FUNDS 
 
 On Mond tmd RECKIVED cUiring Year ending September 30tlT, ISSy. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■3 . 
 
 c ^ 
 
 ■= w 
 
 
 h » 
 
 -13 
 
 
 ,; 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 CorNTiiii.. 
 
 ! ^ 
 11 
 
 1 
 £6 
 
 -a 
 I i 
 
 c 
 
 8 '^ 
 
 1" 
 
 C u 
 
 1 is 
 
 g 
 
 ^ c — 
 
 1 
 
 _ 8 
 j= 
 
 s 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 u* 
 
 H 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 OT 
 
 a, 
 
 - 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .Mbanv 
 
 $ ■,032.03 
 
 $ 10.251.19 
 
 $ 92-13 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 17,069.24 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 8,18207 
 
 * 
 
 % 
 
 $ 
 
 * 
 
 $ 36,626 66 
 
 C.irhon . 
 
 4.242.94 
 
 9.999-'8 
 
 
 
 8-.564-3" 
 
 
 152 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 22.9.58 .53 
 
 h: 
 
 ■ ■7-2 .5S 
 
 3.4>)o.4y 
 
 
 
 4.S8063 
 7,094.36 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 3,012.I2 
 
 5.0,. 
 
 
 
 
 10,392.75 
 ■ 3.312.23 
 
 /"'■■""" 
 
 ;,p.-g5 
 
 3,903.7.. 
 ■5,770.84 
 
 
 
 3,381.34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8,386.89 
 
 
 .6,841. ,4, 
 
 
 
 30,723-90 
 
 2,,500.00 
 
 1,20.3.21 
 
 
 
 
 
 67,039.09 
 
 .Natrona 
 
 '•304-73 
 
 
 
 
 682.05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,352.88 
 
 .Sweetwater. 1 
 .Sheridan 
 
 5..503-7o| 
 
 1,810.751 
 
 7,706.24 
 5.09558 
 
 
 
 3,553.93 
 535-33 
 
 4,.5oo.oo 
 
 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 16,76387 
 
 
 ■48 33 
 
 774.86 
 
 .70 
 
 100.50 
 
 10,230.82 
 7,062 26 
 
 25-25 
 
 1.991 76 
 
 
 3000 
 
 75.00 
 
 1000 
 
 
 Weston ' 
 
 27,>4"-7f> 
 7.985-45 
 
 TotaU...,i 
 
 I 
 
 .?9.2 12.53 
 
 76,866,62 
 
 125.6S 1 
 
 100.50 
 
 95,185-62 
 
 8,025.25 
 
 14.541-16 
 
 5.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 S6.00 
 
 1000 
 
 234.1SS..36 
 
 Compiled from Reports of County Superinteiident.s. 
 
 SCHOOL FUNDS 
 
 DISBI:RSED and Reiinaining on Hand for Year ending September SOth 1893. 
 
 .Mbanv 
 
 Carbon .. ,. 
 Converse. 
 
 Crook .. 
 
 Fremont . 
 *J<.hnson . 
 
 Natrona 
 
 .Sweetwater. 
 
 Totals.. 
 
 $ 28,701.79 
 13,168.28 
 6,,594-oo 
 5..595-32 
 4,607.80 
 S,,540.23 
 
 33.940.34 
 2.C08.45 
 8,184.80 
 7.055-80 
 
 17,618.93 
 4.21.S.S3 
 
 '37.23>-57 
 
 1,208.53 
 2,3.38.20 
 109.40 
 246.55 
 195.40 
 162.05 
 497-63 
 
 1,.547-oS 
 
 1,69723 
 
 85846 
 
 30.29 
 
 * 1,860.42 
 
 22500 
 '.< 39-32 
 299.00 
 539-10 
 10,589.21 
 22090 
 
 40000 
 
 2,416.07 
 
 175.00 
 
 lS2tjS 
 
 833-55 
 161.51 
 754-25 
 130.02 
 399.77 
 
 629.20 
 
 36367 
 
 1,268.00 
 
 301. 58 
 
 6.90 
 
 $ .500 oof $ 
 
 3,460.00 
 
 11.40 
 
 31 5.00 
 279.56 
 
 $1,485.. 
 
 2,71879 
 
 ■ 49 78 
 
 387. 
 ■ .264.73 
 
 443-43 
 1,070.1 
 
 1,808.96 
 893.90 
 
 T I K - r^ 8,8^.82, 18,201.56 5.199.53I 163..5I 7.5 gg ,600^ 
 
 is noTindute°?ofroi,;' T^M . ; "T"' """ *''r°° '■" ^'"emption of bonds for School District N 
 D"st.-ic" Treasu'er" ■" ' ' '■■^P'"""!, the result of reports ,„ade bv the School District Clerk 
 
 Compiled from Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
 ,921.26 
 
 .4^9-l4 
 29454 
 8S7.41 
 68010 
 432 62 
 
 * .36,62666 
 22,9.58.53 
 <o, 392.75 
 
 13.31223 
 8.275.59 
 8,386.89 
 67,039.09 
 3.352.S8 
 16,763-87 
 11,952.66 
 27.^4".76 
 7.98545 
 
 >.S3o.83 5,770.07 36,926.50 234,188,36 
 was p.iid by County Treasurer and 
 of money received and disbursed bv 
 
PUBLIC SCHOOLS 0¥^ WYOMING 
 
 Kor the Year ending September 30th. 1894. 
 
 Pupil. 
 Enrolled. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 z S 
 
 s 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 fc 
 
 g 
 
 z 
 
 " 
 
 
 •~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ " 
 
 C.S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;,'s 
 
 s<5 
 
 
 Kg 
 
 
 
 ^n 
 
 |« 
 
 
 
 »6. 
 
 « c4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 ° 
 
 Albaiiv ... 
 Carbon — 
 
 Kroinont . 
 John.on... 
 
 Sweetwater. 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Uiiila . — 
 
 Weston 
 
 Larainif 
 Rawlins 
 Dnuglai 
 
 Sundan< 
 Lander 
 Diiffalo . 
 
 Shcrid.in ., 
 Evnnston . 
 Newcastle 
 
 . Mary 1 
 .M./.( 
 
 . Sarah W. Pease 
 
 Jenning.. 
 . Goodwin, 
 
 Lusk... 
 
 s Barbara Gunn 
 
 '.. Stella C. Ker«in... 
 » Marv S. VVatkins._ 
 
 & Estcile Reel 
 
 I. Florence Kennedy 
 
 Frceland 
 
 :. Marv A. Clark. 
 
 » Eflie' Benjamin. 
 
 .M.J. Young 
 
 . J. L. Baird 
 
 2S; 4** 23 
 27 39 
 
 S40 
 
 SS' 
 
 152.3S0 
 104,829!! 
 
 3.';-7'7" 
 33.092 
 3.';.493 ■ 
 
 3S.06S 
 
 I95,6j6 4 
 
 43| 48 3. 195 
 i» 38 3.037 
 
 870.00 »5i.73l*4 16 
 
 68.00, si.isi 3.67 
 
 24' 38' 
 
 i;6 3,530 
 1.913 '<H.'54 3 
 
 739 6o.9'>i - 
 
 64,473 
 
 24,091 
 
 2,854 
 4,247 
 
 3.663 
 919 
 
 46.76 
 4546 
 S430 
 
 52.50 
 87.00 
 58.33 
 4S.79 
 
 4".96; 3.2 
 
 41.83! 2.8 
 
 52.10 4.76 
 
 56.46 4.86 
 
 57.06 3.56 
 
 40.1 
 
 840.644.00 
 38.97- 
 
 1 1 ,050 
 
 8,350 c 
 
 24,400.1 
 
 I4$,627c 
 
 58.500.C 
 
 ,457.42 
 24.60000 25,^00. 
 5.>23..58| "t 
 zs.coo.oo 37.262.80 
 lo.ooo.ool 13,500. 
 
 Totals |2oi 379 257 5,339 4,971 10310 942,41 1I96 31 1!407[ 38,3991*66.70 *49.i5 *3.S" 8'99,223 .58 $381,914.22! 3,528 
 
 ^ Not reported 
 
 Compiled from Reports of Count}- Superintendents. 
 
 SCHOOL FUNDS 
 
 On ri;iiid ,-irid RECEIVED dt.iring Year ending Septenmber 30th, 1SG4. 
 
 VVeslon 
 
 Totals 
 
 1.921.26 
 
 2,419.14 
 
 J 'i.-i;4 Si, 
 
 } *fi'.33l 
 
 ( 16.S87.41 
 
 ) *>7.9S| 
 
 t 557 60 
 
 4,43262 
 
 I S25.03 
 
 3.24421 
 
 '27.78 
 
 4,o;8.i9 
 6,648.01 
 
 3917.60 
 
 20,207 30 
 1,638.60 
 9.037.7 
 3.000.01 
 
 11,297 60 
 984.23 
 
 Not pi 
 
 I 35.S96.53I 85,901.07 
 
 ,. reported in reports of last ve 
 •f One di'strict in Natrona County not i 
 
 $ lB,u6.22 
 9,2*77 
 
 5,2.«.04 
 
 9.'7».i5 
 
 28,463.86 
 2.734. '7 
 i,>9i.9S 
 8,233.61 
 
 12,057,87 
 6.59345 
 
 3,180.40 
 
 108,079 26[ 5,648.00 
 avment of bonds and 
 ■e' tills vear less than 
 
 !04.25 331.33 I 535.00 
 
 terest. X Sheridan County 
 
 as reported last year as reinaini 
 
 978.80 
 1,650.16 
 
 $30,412.87 
 23,898.19 
 12.12399 
 l6,7757''> 
 11,945.9s 
 
 68,5,r;9.52 
 4.93''.,37 
 14,842.29 
 12,058.64 
 26,703.9s 
 7,7.^0.46 
 240,023.18 
 plete. 
 
 Compiled from Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
 SCHOOL FUNDS 
 
 UISBURSEU and Ren^iaining on Hand for Vear ending Septei^-iV>er 30tl> 18f)4. 
 
 COI-NTIKS. 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 2 I 
 
 11 
 
 ^ 3 
 1 § 
 
 School Apparatus. 
 
 School Books. 
 
 — -0 *' 
 
 S 
 .S H t 
 
 
 1 
 
 Cash Remaining, 
 Sept. .30, 1S94. 
 
 f2 
 
 Albany 
 
 $ 20,181,31 
 
 * 2,195.52 
 
 * 131.55 
 
 $ 2,055.98 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 5846 
 
 $ 
 
 $,(,02695 
 
 $1,250.95 
 
 $ 1.512.15 
 
 $3041287 
 
 Carbon 
 
 13,840.30 
 
 8.5489 
 
 61706 
 
 444.85 
 
 56.59 
 
 1,980.40! 1.. 352 00 
 
 2,288.04 
 
 
 2,464.06 
 
 23,898 19 
 
 Conver-i 
 
 6,797.15 
 
 37992 
 
 2S700 
 
 '92 25 
 
 
 l»40o.oo 
 
 2.360.0,, 
 
 
 707.67 
 
 
 12,123.99 
 
 Crook 
 
 9,141.96 
 
 313.90 
 
 3.08300 
 
 197.78 
 
 35.60 1:6.32 
 
 \ 1,128,97 
 ) 1.037.19 
 
 
 339.38 
 
 1,381.66 
 
 16,775.76 
 
 FrC'nont 
 
 6,442x>a 
 
 153.40 
 
 
 191. 28 
 
 35.7S 
 
 
 J 31.1.32 
 ! '27-5<' 
 
 661.72 
 
 3,739.23 
 
 11,945.98 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Lar.iinie 
 
 5.604.91 
 
 71247 
 
 47050 
 
 43798 
 
 320.00 
 
 I.OtXJ.CO 
 
 
 704.61 
 
 780.60 
 
 10,031.13 
 
 37,316.7; 
 
 2,003.4; 
 
 5.415.2; 
 
 1.994.5; 
 
 2O.0O } 148.55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 3.46000^ 3.429.34 
 
 7,687.47 
 
 1 20.00 
 
 6,964.15 
 
 68,569.52 
 
 Natrona 
 
 2,089.11 
 
 1.652.4; 
 
 
 4800 
 
 9'.6;, ! 
 
 
 323.86 
 
 725.30 
 
 4.930 37 
 
 SMCCtw.iter 
 
 8,280.00 
 
 1.83400 
 
 
 4 ■7.7; 
 
 
 296.00 
 
 2,038.2s 
 
 
 1,976.31 
 
 14.842.29 
 
 Sheridni 
 
 8,770.16 
 
 155.86 
 
 171.18 
 
 24785 
 
 
 3'S.oo, 
 
 
 1,1287; 
 
 1,269.83 
 
 1 2.058.64 
 
 L'inta 
 
 16,724.66 
 
 1,040.42 
 
 1.152.20 
 
 S92.05 
 
 160.50 
 
 19857 i.99'.76 
 
 S37 45 
 
 158.27 
 
 3.548.10 
 182.16 
 
 26,703.98 
 
 Weston 
 
 4.787.16 
 
 146.35 
 
 
 8100 
 
 lo.6a 
 
 277.73! 
 
 2.255.46 
 
 
 7,740.46 
 
 Totals — 
 
 '39.975 51 
 
 11,442.63 
 
 11.608.54 
 
 7.201.32 
 
 410.67 
 
 8.57'04 
 
 12.299.26 
 
 '8,57544 
 
 5.395.23 
 
 24.54354 
 
 240,023.18 
 
 Compiled from Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
Supcrintcndoil Public Instruction, g 
 
 The annual reports received this year from the County Sup- 
 erintendents show that a general interest is felt in the success of 
 the schools throughout the State. The conditions incident to 
 early settlement in the districts outside of the cities and towns, 
 where pupils have long distances to go, are difficult to overcome 
 and in these sparsely settled districts it is also the most trouhle to 
 secure prompt annual reports from the District Clerks. As the 
 State becomes more populous these difficulties will disappear. 
 
 Numerous applications have been received by me to grant 
 State certificates to teachers, this being permitted by Section 
 3908 of the Revised Statutes, 1887; however, as the statutes also 
 provide that the County Superintendents shall examine every 
 person offering himself or herself as a teacher of public schools, 
 and if in their opinion such person is qualified to teach shall give 
 a certificate authorizing them to teach in the schools of that 
 County, It has been my decision that, as this duty was mandatory 
 upon them as County Superintendents, any certificate issued by 
 this office would be superfluous and possibly conflicting, therefore 
 no State certificates have been issued during my term of office. 
 
 Miss Estelle Reel, of Cheyenne, State Superintendent-elect, 
 will assume the duties of this office for the term of four yeai-s 
 commencing January yih next. 
 
 A list is herewith appended of the (bounty Superintendents 
 elect for the two years commencing January ist, 1895. 
 
 The foregoing report is respectfully submitted. 
 
 STEPHEN f. FARWELL, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 County Superintendents of Scliools. 
 1895=6. 
 
 County. Superintendent. Postoffice Address. 
 
 Albany Mrs. Sarah W. Pease Laramie. 
 
 Carbon Miss Gertrude M. Huntington Saratoga. 
 
 Converse - —.Charles A. Sherman Manviile. 
 
 (3i-ook - Loren D. Bailey Hulett. 
 
 Fremont - Mrs. Mary A. Mann Milford. 
 
 Johnson Miss Mary S. Watkins Buffalo. 
 
 Laramie - Mrs. Elizabeth Hawes ......Cheyenne. 
 
 Natrona - Miss W. M< Clark Casper. 
 
 Sheridan - ....Miss Effie Benjamin Sheridan, 
 
 Sweetwater ..Mrs. Mary A. Clark — Rock Springs, 
 
 Uinta ^ Mrs. Mary J. Young Evanston. 
 
 Weston .Miss Emma C, Patterson.. Newcastle. 
 
 Term of Office of each e.\pires January ist, 1897. 
 
 SCHOOL LAWS OF 1S88, 
 
 CHAPTER THREE, 
 
 Miscellaneous Provisions. 
 
 Section i. Neither the Territorial Superintendent or any person in his 
 office, nor any County Superintendest, nor school district officer, nor any officer 
 or teacher connected with any public school, shall act as agent or solicitor for 
 the sale of any school books, maps, charts, school library books, school furniture, 
 apparatus or stationer}-, or furnish any assistance to, or receive any re^vard there- 
 for from, any author, publisher, bookseller or dealer doing the same. Every 
 person violating this section shall forfeit not less than fifty nor more than two 
 hundred dollars for each offense and shall be liable to removal from office 
 therefor. 
 
 Approved March 9, 1S88. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Decisions of Hon. Charles N. Potter, Attorney General, re- 
 latint^ to the common schools. 
 
 Pages 13 to 16 x\pportionment and application of County School 
 Funds. 
 " 17 " 18 Public Schools — How number in District is de- 
 termined — Apportionment of Funds — Legal 
 holidays. 
 
 18 " 19 School district "elections. 
 
 19 " 22 Schools in newly organized school districts — Re- 
 ports of district clerks. 
 
 22 " 23 Disbanding and re-organizing school districts. 
 
 23 " 26 School directors. 
 26 " 29 School districts. 
 29 " 32 Relating to funds realized from lease of school 
 
 lands. 
 32 " 36 Adoption of text books. 
 36 " 39 School directors. 
 
 39 " 40 New school districts — As to disposition of funds 
 when district has been divided. 
 
 40 " 42 Adoption of text books. 
 42 " 45 Apportionment of school funds. 
 45 " 47 Relating to attendance of children from outside 
 
 school districts. 
 47 " 49 Fuel for school. 
 50 " 52 Changing district boundaries and disposition of 
 
 funds or other property. 
 
OPINIONS. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAl's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Apportionment and Application of County School Fund. 
 
 April 13th, 1891. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 You have handed me a communication addressed to you, 
 from Mary Wright, County Superintendent of Schools of Albany 
 County, requesting my opinion upon certain questions therein 
 propounded to you. 
 
 The County Superintendent states that she had been in- 
 formed by a former superintendent, that the apportionment of the 
 public school funds made to the various districts in the county, 
 on the first Monday in December, is to pay for the schools held 
 after the making of the reports of the district clerks furnished on 
 the first Monday in September; and that a new district has been 
 formed in said county, and the inquiry presented is, how is the 
 new district to pay for the schools held therein prior lo the first 
 Monday in September, following its organization? I assume 
 that the new district was formed after the apportionment made in 
 December. 
 
//f Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 
 Section 3957, of the Revised Statutes, requires district clerks 
 to furnish reports on the first Monday in September, for the year 
 past, tlien ending. 
 
 Section 3914, of the Revised Statutes, as amended by Chap- 
 ter 67, of the Session Laws of 1890, (page 141), requires that 
 the County Superintendent shall on the first Monday in Decem- 
 ber, annually portion the county school tax and all the money in 
 the county treasury belonging to the covmty school fund in the 
 manner therein pointed out, viz: one hundred and fifty dollars to 
 each district wherein there are eight or more scholars of school 
 age, and all remaining money to be apportioned to each district 
 pro rata, according to the number of pupils in attendance at the 
 schools of the districts as reported by the district clerks (obvious- 
 ly by the September reports). A supplementary apportionment 
 mav be made thereafter and prior to the first day of June, which 
 shall be made pro rata, as aforesaid, based upon the last annual 
 reports of the district clerks. The provision tor a supplementary 
 apportionment is evidently intended to cover any moneys which 
 ma}' have come into the county school fund by reason of the col- 
 lection of delinquent taxes, fines and penalties, after the regular, 
 apportionment shall have been made. 
 
 Provision is made by Section 3927, of the Revised Statutes, 
 which remains in this particular the same after amendment in 
 1888, (Laws 1888, page 163), for supplying any deficiency in 
 the teachers' fund by a vote of money at district meetings for 
 that purpose, to be raised by a special tax upon property within 
 the district. 
 
 The County School Fund — so-called — goes to the teachers' 
 fund of the districts. 
 
 Answering the inquiry submitted, it is m}' opinion that the 
 new district cannot receive any of the county school fund until 
 the next regular apportionment. At the annual meeting it may 
 vote a sum of money to supply deficiency in the teachers' fund, 
 and in so doing, may take into consideration the probable 
 amount which may be apportioned to it at the next apportion- 
 
Superintendent Public Instriiction. i$ 
 
 ment. The apportionment seems to be based entirely upon the 
 number of scholars in attendance during the previous year, and 
 upon such attendance and that onh- depends the right of the dis- 
 tricts to the county school fund. No provision seems to have 
 been made by statute for a division of moneys upon a division of 
 districts. 
 
 I cannot agree with the statement that the mone}^ appor- 
 tioned to a district out of the county school fund can only be used 
 to defray expenses incurred after the September reports are 
 made. I think the mone}' thus received may be used to pay sal- 
 aries of teachers earned prior to such September reports, or to 
 pay outstanding warrants issued to such teachers for their sala- 
 ries so earned. 
 
 The County Superintendent further asks if there is to be an 
 apportionment in April, and if so, on what basis. 
 
 That mjList depend upon the condition of the unapportioned 
 mone3'S, if any, remaining in the county treasury belonging to 
 the school fund. If there is enough of any such money, in the 
 judgment of the superintendent, to warrant an apportionment, 
 she may and should make one prior to the first day of June, and 
 if so made, it must be based upon the last annual reports of the 
 district clerks. 
 
 Again, she asks, if such additional appropriation is made, for 
 what period must the money received therefrom be used.'^ I an- 
 swer, such money goes into the teachers' fund, to be used in 
 paying any legitimate obligation of the district to teachers, re- 
 gardless of the period during which the obligation was incurred. 
 
 In referring to the use of money to pay teachers, I do not 
 use such language so arbitrarily as to preclude the right of the 
 board to transfer surplus money from one fund to another, in 
 proper cases, as permitted by Section 3930, of the Revised Stat- 
 utes. 
 
 The County Superintendent further desires an opinion re- 
 specting some financial difficulties in the case of District No. 20 
 in Albany County. She states, in substance, that no reports 
 were made by that district in 1889, and that it was not recog- 
 
1 6 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 nized in the apportionment of the county fund for that year; that 
 the district treasurer had asked her if they could pay that year's 
 school expenses with the money received upon the DecemberjiSpo, 
 apportionment; that she had informed him such deficiency must 
 be met by a special district tax, and that the 1890 apportionment 
 could not be used to pay for school held prior to September, 1890. 
 It appears also that warrants were issued to the teacher in 1889 
 and 1890, and that the treasurer had refused to pay them. As 
 indicated by what I have already said, I do not understand that 
 the law prevents the board from using the 1890 apportionment 
 to pay the teacher for services rendered previous to September, 
 1890. In my judgment, the treasurer can pay the warrants is- 
 sued to the teacher in 1889, and previous to 1890, out of any 
 funds in his hands belonging to the teachers' fund, whether such 
 funds have been realized from the 1890 apportionment, or not. 
 To fill up the fund, the district can vote a special tax at its next 
 regular annual meeting, upon which it will receive the money 
 about the time it receives money upon the next regular appor- 
 tionment. 
 
 Permit me to add by way of suggestion that the proper 
 method for the district to pursue, is, at its annual meeting to es- 
 timate the probable amount it will obtain from the next regular 
 apportionment and vote a sufficient sum to supply the deficiency, 
 in the teachers' fund, within the statutory limit, to cover all out- 
 standing debts and run the school another year. 
 
 The mistake seems to have been in ruling that no deficiency 
 in teachers' fund can be supplied out of the proportion coming to 
 the district from the county fund. With reference to such defi- 
 ciency, it may be as well said that current expenses, or those to 
 be incurred by holding a school in the future, forms the deficien- 
 cy in the absence of sufficient funds with which to pay past and 
 future expenses, as to say that the past indebtedness constitutes 
 or creates such deficiency. 
 
 Very respectfully. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 Charles N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
opinions of Attorney General. /y 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAl's OFFICE, 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Subject — Public Schools. 
 
 April 13th, 1891. 
 Hon. S. T. Farvvei.l, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: — 
 
 You have requested my opinion concerning certain questions 
 contained in a letter of March I3th,'i89i, from E. Minnie Whit- 
 tington, of Otto, Wyoming, adA-essed to you. 
 
 She asks if there shall be a school already in session in a 
 large country district, and there shall be in said district eight or 
 twelve children who are too far away to attend the school in 
 session, and are also unable to attend upon account of inclement 
 weather, whether or not the parents of such children may build 
 a school-house convenient to their homes, and demand another 
 teacher in said district, even if there should not be sufficient funds 
 to pay the second teacher, during the term of three months, pro- 
 viding they were willing to wait for part of the monev needed.' 
 
 It is within the power of the qualified electors of a district, 
 when assembled at any annual, or at any special meeting, called 
 for that particular purpose, to determine the number of schools 
 which shall be established, and the length of time which shall be 
 taught, and to also fix the site of each school-house, taking into 
 consideration when doing so the wants and necessities of the people 
 of each district. (3927 Revised Statutes.) 
 
 It is also within the power of the district at such meeting to 
 delegate such powers to the Board of Trustees, and when so 
 properly delegated, the Board of Trustees may determine the 
 number of schools to be taught, and tix the site of each school- 
 house. I do not tind anything in the statute requiring a partic- 
 ular number of scholars to be enrolled to constitute a legally or- 
 ganized school. 
 
 3— 
 
1 8 Opinions of Atto7'ney Genera/. 
 
 She also asks how much per capita is each pupil entitled to 
 from the county treasury and how much from the State? 
 
 Of course, there are no' State funds at present to be distrib- 
 uted. On the first Monday in December, the Count}' Superin- 
 tendent is required to make an apportionment of the county 
 school fund as follows: One hundred and fifty dollars to each 
 district having eight or more scholars of school age, and tiie re- 
 mainder of the money pro rata according to the number of pupils 
 in attendance during the previous year, as shown by the annual 
 reports of the district clerks, required to be made on the first 
 Monday of September of each year. The school year, for the 
 purpose of reports, ends on tht* first Monday of September of 
 each year, but there is no provision made by law as to when the 
 school year shall end for the purpose of holding school. 
 
 The legal holidays in W3'oming are as follows, to-wit: The 
 first day of January, the 22nd day of February, the 30th day of 
 May, the 4th day of July, the day that may be appointed by the 
 President of the United States as the annual Thanksgiving day, 
 and the 25th day of December, of each and every 3'ear. 
 
 I think this answers all the questions that you desire to have 
 my opinion concerning. 
 
 Very respectfully. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Public Schools, 
 
 May 22iid, 1891. 
 Hon. Stephen T. Farwell, 
 
 State Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. * 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 You have referred to me a letter of May nth, addressed to 
 you by E. F. Strong, County Superintendent of Schools for Uinta 
 
opinions of Attorney General. jg 
 
 County, stating that there is a disagreement in one of the school 
 districts of that county, each party claiming that the school elec- 
 tions for the last three years have not been conducted legally, 
 that people voted who had no right to vote, that the trustees had 
 not qualified, so could not act legalise, etc., and the letter states 
 further that they have appealed to the County Superintendent, and 
 she desires to know whether that comes in the line of her duties, 
 and what steps she should take in the premises. 
 
 The question of the illegality of the election of the trustees 
 of a school district, is not one to be decided bv the Countv Sup- 
 erintendent, but is a matter for the courts. The County Super- 
 intendent has no jurisdiction in the premises, and she should su^^- 
 gest to them to pursue their remedy in the Court. 
 I am, very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 Altornev General. 
 
 STATE OF' WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Public Schools. 
 
 May 22nd, 1891. 
 Hon. Stephen T. Farwell, 
 
 State Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 You have requested my opinion respecting various matters 
 submitted to you by Mary Wright, County Superintendent of 
 Schools of Albany County, said matters being submitted to vou 
 by her letter of May 12th. 
 
 First: Must schools in a newly organized district be opened 
 on or before the first of June in order to be entitled to a report 
 by the first of September? 
 
 I assume that this means the report by the District Clerk as 
 provided by Section 3957 of the Revised Statutes. The require- 
 
20 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 merit of that section is that the District Clerk shall, on the first 
 Monday in September, of each year, submit a report to the 
 County Superintendent, for the past year then ending. Such re- 
 port to contain a statement of the various matters mentioned and 
 required by said section, and among others, the number of pu- 
 pils in each school. 
 
 There is no doubt but that this report must include the en- 
 tire year up to the first Monday in September, excluding that 
 day, of all the schools in the district for the past year, which ends 
 at that time. Therefore, it should be the Clerk's duty to make 
 a report on the first Monday of September, and to include a re- 
 port of all schools which have been taught during the preceding 
 year then ending, whether the same has been opened on or before 
 the first of June, or not, so long as the same has been opened 
 prior to the date of the report. 
 
 The County Superintendent states that but three or four 
 districts have sent notices of annual meetings, nor have they sent 
 copies of the oath of office, and she desires to know if it is neces- 
 sary for her to do anything in the matter. 
 
 I take it that it is not necessary that she take any action in 
 the premises, but it would not be out of place, but entirely proper 
 and I suggest that she notify the various districts that the newly 
 elected trustees are required to send to her a copy of their official 
 oath. 
 
 She desires advice from you regarding the re-organization 
 of old districts, and wishes to know what steps are necessary to 
 take in that particular. 
 
 1 assume from what she states, that she refers not to chang- 
 ing or altering the boundaries of districts, but the re-organization 
 of districts retaining the same boundaries, but which have not 
 had any school taught therein for some time and perhaps have 
 not held their regular annual elections. 
 
 I do not think that anything is necessary to be done by the 
 County Superintendent in this respect, if my assumption is cor- 
 rect. 
 
 Section 3933 provides that if for any reason the regular elec- 
 tion shall not be held at the regular annual meeting, a spec- 
 
Op/in'oiis of Attorney General. 21 
 
 ial meeting for that puriiose may be held. Therefore, if anv dis- 
 trict has, for any length of time, for any purpose, failed to carry 
 out the purpose of its organization, by having schools therein, 
 and bv holding the regular annual meetings and the elections of 
 trustees, and they desire to ag lin proceed in regular manner, the 
 trustees last in office, w ho would hold until their successors are 
 dulv elected and qualified, should call a special meeting, either 
 upon request of five legal voters of the district, or if thev them- 
 selves deem it expedient. Sections 3942 and 3956 provide the 
 method of calling and giving notice of such special meetings. At 
 such special meeting, new trustees can be elected and the district 
 can be again put in running order. 
 
 If the County Superintendent desires to change or alter the 
 boundaries of a district, her duties are ver}- clearl\- set down by 
 Section 3914, of the Revised Statutes as amended by the Laws 
 of 1888. 
 
 She requests further advice regarding the circumstances un- 
 der which a County Superintendent shall give her decision in re- 
 gard to retaining or dismissing a teacher, in case there is trouble 
 respecting such teacher, and whether the Superintendent must 
 either endorse or expel the teacher? 
 
 The dutv of a County Superintendent regarding teachers is 
 to examine them and furnish certificates for the applicants who 
 are found qualified to teach a public school. The District Board 
 has the power to employ teachers for their district. Such teach- 
 ers must, however, be in possession of a certificate of the Couniy 
 Superintendent showing her qualification. The Superintendent 
 can only dismiss a teacher in case he or she mav be found incom- 
 petent. It is not within the province of a Countv Superinten- 
 dent to interfere with the teachers employed in any other circum- 
 stances than in case of incompetency, and a Superintendent be- 
 fore dismissing a teacher for incompetency should be fullv con- 
 vinced that the teacher is incompetent. It ma^• indeed be a ques- 
 tion whether the province of a County Superintendent with re- 
 gard to dismissal of teachers as incompetent is not limited to an 
 inquiry as to whether a teacher possesses a good and sufficient 
 
22 
 
 Opinions of Attonicy General. 
 
 certificate of qualificaiion, or not. Jud^ifing from the letter before 
 me, that is not the question presented to her, as she states that 
 the teacher in question has found disfavor in the eyes of some of 
 her patrons and that one of them stated to the Superintendent 
 that they would come to her, if they could not get the teacher 
 
 out in any other way. 
 
 I am, verv respectfully. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 C. N. POTTRR, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY general's OFFICE. 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Public Schools. 
 
 October 30th, 1891. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Chevenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: * 
 
 You request advice from me respecting the inquiries made 
 by Essie F. Strong, County Superintendent, Evanston, Wyo- 
 ming. 
 
 She inquires in her letter of October 19th, what steps are 
 necessary to disband a school district legally, and what disposi- 
 tion ought to be made of the funds remaining in the treasur}-, 
 and what steps are necessary to reorganize an old district, now 
 that the number of children has so increased as to warrant it. 
 
 I know of no way in which a County Superintendent can 
 disorganize a school district Our statute has certainly made no 
 provision for such a proceeding. It is the duty of the Superin- 
 tendent to divide the County into school districts, and the Super- 
 intendent may from time to time change or alter the boundaries 
 of the various districts, as the convenience of the inhabitants of 
 such districts may require, and she shall make such change on 
 the petiuon of two-thirds of the legal voters in said district. 
 
opinions of Attorney General. 23 
 
 Therefore, in my judgment, a Superintendent cannot completely 
 disorganize a district, but the boundaries of any district already- 
 formed may be changed or altered to conform to the present ne- 
 cessities of the locality. 
 
 The answer to this question settles practically the second 
 question, yiz: 
 
 What steps are necessary to re-organize an old district? 
 There being no proyision for the dissolution of a school district, 
 it necessarily follows that there can be no re-organization of a 
 dissolved district, the statutes of the State making no provision 
 for the dissolution of a district, it, of course, follows that there is 
 no provision fur the re-organization of the district once dissolved. 
 Should there have been such a thing as a district entirely dis- 
 solved, the only thing the Superintendent could do would be to 
 organize a new district as provided by law. 
 
 It is possible that the school district may have ceased to act 
 by reason of the scarcity of pupils, but the district remains the 
 same, retaining its boundaries, etc. Under those circumstances, 
 all that is necessary is to have a meeting properl}- called for the 
 election of trustees, if the terms of those last elected have expired. 
 That is to sa}', have the vacancies filled in the board and provide 
 for such schools as the district shall think it necessary to put in 
 operation. Yours very truh', 
 
 C.'N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAl's OFFICE, 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Subject — School Directors. 
 
 December i6th, 1891. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 My' Dear Sir:— 
 
 I am in receipt of your favor of the loth instant, requesting 
 my opinion respecting certain questions asked of you by Mr. B. 
 
2/L Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 F. Shipley, a school director of District No. 2, of Converije 
 
 County. 
 
 The first question to which he desires an answer, is as fol- 
 lows: "Is it proper or legal for the district treasurer to pav 
 warrants which have not the director's signature, especially 
 where a dispute is pending in regard to the justice or legality of 
 the claim, for which the order is drawn." 
 
 Section 3959 of the Revised Statutes provides that "The 
 Treasurer shall have the custody of all moneys belonging to the 
 district and shall pav out the same upon the order of the clerk, 
 countersigned by the director." 
 
 Section 3951 provides, "The director when present shall 
 preside at all meetings of the Board of Trustees, and countersign 
 all orders on the treasurer for the payment of money." 
 
 There is no doubt that the treasurer is not authorized to pav 
 any orders or warrants drawn upon him unless the same shall be 
 signed by the clerk and countersigned by the director, and in 
 my judgment the same must be countersigned by the regularly 
 elected director, if he be present or accessible. But I think it 
 competent, in the absence of the director, for the Board to select 
 a director pro tem., and if the director was still absent, the di- 
 rector pro tem. could legally sign all warrants or orders drawn 
 upon the treasurer, but such warrants when presented to the 
 treasurer for payment by him, should have the counter-signature 
 of the director or the regularly selected director pro tem. 
 
 The second question propounded is, "Can two of the Board, 
 viz: the clerk and treasurer, meet and do business lawfully, with- 
 out notice to the director, when there are no stated or regular 
 meetings understood by the Board?" 
 
 The use of the word "understood" is hardly an apt expres- 
 sion in this connection. It would not be dependent upon the un- 
 derstanding of the Board, but whether or not the Board had 
 fixed any time for meetings. 
 
 Section 3935 of the Revised Statutes provides that "The 
 Board of Directors may hold such regular, special or adjourned 
 meetings as they may from time to time determine." 
 
opinions of Attorney General. 25 
 
 It is within the power of the Board to fix bv resolution, or 
 otherwise, the time for regular meetings, and the manner in which 
 special meetings shall be called. There is no doubt that if each 
 member of the Board of Trustees is within ordinary reaching 
 distance, he should be notified of any special meeting to be held 
 bv the Board, still I would not say that the presence of a quorum 
 of the Board at a meeting, wherein they acted unanimouslv upon 
 the proposition before the Board, would not bind the district, and 
 would not be legal. I am inclined to think that it would bind the 
 district, still if this practice upon the part of a quorum of the 
 Board to hold meetings without notice upon the other director 
 that thev intend to hold such meeting should continue, the direc- 
 tor might possibly be able to prevent them bv proceedings 
 brought for that purpose. 
 
 To give a definite and responsible answer to the above in- 
 quiry, I should be in possession of more facts than are given by 
 vour correspondent. There are undoubtedly occasions when 
 two of the Board might meet and lawfully do business, although 
 no notice had been served upon the other director. The legality 
 of such meeting might depend upon the subject coming before 
 the Board for consideration, as well as upon the additional ques- 
 tion whether notice could be reasonabh' had upon the other di- 
 rector. 
 
 Mr. Shipley further asks, "Is the clerk justified in issuing 
 warrants for the payment of claims never acted upon bv the 
 Board?" 
 
 To this I answer no. Section 3941 of the Revised Statutes 
 provides "They (meaning the Board of Trustees) shall audit and 
 allow all just claims against the district, and the directors shall 
 draw an order for all demands thus audited on the district treas- 
 urer." And again. Section 3955 provides, "He (meaning the 
 clerk) shall keep an accurate account of all the expenses incurred 
 by the district, and shall present the same to the district Board, 
 to be audited and paid as herein provided, out of the school 
 fund." 
 
26 opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 In my opinion the clerk of the district is not justified in is- 
 suing warrants for the payment of chiims against the district 
 which have not been acted upon and ordered paid by the Board 
 of Trustees. I do not think he has any such authority. To give 
 him that authorit}- is practically turning over to him the most 
 important duty conferred upon the Board itself, and the law has 
 seen fit to entrust that duty to three instead of one. 
 
 With reference to the second question above quoted, and 
 partially answered, permit me to suggest that Mr. Shipley should 
 submit all of the facts to the County Attorney, or to some other 
 attorney with whom he can consult, and obtain from him an opin- 
 ion upon the question. It would be impossible, as above stated 
 by me, to satisfactorily respond to his inquiry in that respect un- 
 less one have knowledge of all the facts as they actually exist. 
 
 I return herewith Mr. Shipley's letter. 
 
 Yours very respectfully, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF W^YOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Subject — School Districts. 
 
 December i6th, 1891. 
 Hon. S. T. Farv^ell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, W3-oming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter of 
 the 8th instant, requesting my opinion upon certain questions 
 propounded in a letter addressed to you By Mary Wright, County 
 Superintendent of Schools of Albany County, dated December 
 5th, 1891. 
 
 The County Superintendent states that in her county is a dis- 
 trict in which a school was held last winter, and from which "dis- 
 trict a report was received as required by law, and which the 
 
opinions of Attorney General. 27 
 
 Countv Superintendent included in her report to vou. But that no 
 annual meeting of the district was held in May, the time required bv 
 la\v,and that there is no treasurer of the distnct,and no bond filed, 
 and that she has been informed from outside sources that bv rea- 
 son of there being no work in the mines situated in this district, 
 that families have moved out, that consequently there were no 
 children there to attend school this winter, and she desires to 
 know whether she should include that district in her annual ap- 
 portionment of school funds? 
 
 I have to sav, respecting this question, that the County 
 Superintendent makes a slight error when she states that there 
 is no treasurer of the district. The old treasurer must hold his 
 office until his successor is elected and qualified. Section 3933, 
 as amended by Act of March 4th, 1890, page 154, Session Laws 
 of 1890, provides that, "If for any cause the annual election 
 should not be held at the regular annual meeting a special meet- 
 ing may be held for that purpose, if so specified in the notice for 
 such special meeting." 
 
 That section also prcnndes, as well as other sections refer- 
 ring practically to the same matter, that the trustees when elect- 
 ed are elected for their respective terms, and until their succes- 
 sors are elected and qualified. 
 
 The fact, therefore, that there was no annual meeting held 
 in May, and no new trustees elected, and no new treasurer elect- 
 ed, does not affect in any manner the matter of the annual ap- 
 portionment by the School Superintendent. Nor does the fact 
 that the treasurer has not given a bond affect the matter of ap- 
 portionment. 
 
 Section 3914 of the Revised Statutes, as amended bv Chap- 
 ter 67 of the Session Laws of 1888, provides in respect to mak- 
 ing the apportionment, that the County Superintendent shall ap- 
 portion the County School tax and all monev in the Countv 
 Treasury belonging to the school fund at the time or times there- 
 in specified and to every school district shall be apportioned the 
 sum of one hundred and fifty dollars for the payment of teachers 
 in such district, and all money remaining thereafter shall be ap- 
 
28 opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 portioned to each district according to the number of pupils in 
 the district reported to him by the school district clerks; and pro- 
 vides further that the County Treasurer shall be notified by the 
 County Superintendent of such apportionment, and the Superin- 
 tendent shall also draw an order on the County Treasurer in fa- 
 vor of the treasurer of each district for the amount of his ap- 
 portionment, and transmit the same to the treasurer of the dis- 
 trict, provided, however, that such district treasurer shall have 
 <riven his official bond. 
 
 In my judgment, the proviso referring to the district treas- 
 urer having given his official bond, refers to the draft of the 
 County Superintendent, upon the County Treasurer, in favor of 
 the treasurer of the district, and not to the making of the appor- 
 tionment. 
 
 I have heretofore in a previous opinion stated to you that 
 the apportionment was made by the County Superintendent up- 
 on the basis of the reports made by the several district clerks to 
 the County Superintendents in September, and this is all that the 
 County Superintendent can refer to in arriving at a proper ap- 
 portionment to be made, and, therefore, the failure of the district 
 treasurer to give an official bond, will not relieve the County 
 Superintendent from making an apportionment, but until the of- 
 ficial bond has been given by the district treasurer, the County 
 Superintendent should not give any order upon the County 
 Treasurer for the payment of the money included in the appor- 
 tionment. This money should remain in the County Treasury 
 until the district treasurer has furnished his official bond, as pro- 
 vided by law, and upon that being furnished, the County Super- 
 intendent will then give the treasurer an order upon the County 
 Treasurer for the money included in the apportionment. 
 
 The above statement also answers the inquiries of the 
 County Superintendent with regard to the probable failure of the 
 district to hold school during the present winter. The appor- 
 tionment is made to the district upon the report made by the dis- 
 trict clerk the preceding September, which report is based upon 
 the attendance at school during the year then ending. 
 
opinions of Attorney General. 2g 
 
 The other question upon which the County Superintendent 
 desires information is respectin^^ the followin<r facts: 
 
 If the treasurer of the district has not given anv bond and 
 does not intend to do so, and if for that reason he cannot receive 
 the money due the district with which to pay the teachers, and 
 thus prevent the teachers from receiving payment, what is her 
 duty in the premises. 
 
 Neither you nor the County Superintendent have any juris- 
 diction, as I understand it, in this matter. I should say that it 
 was the duty of the board of trustees to elect another treasurer 
 from among their number who will give a bond, and if this could 
 not be done, and the treasurer refuses to give a bond, some rem- 
 edy could undoubtedly be had by resort to the courts. The 
 party interested should take such proceedings as he or she may 
 be advised to do, to obtain the money jusily due from the dis- 
 trict. 
 
 I return the letter of the County Superintendent herewith. 
 
 Trusting this answers all of your inquiries, I have the honor 
 to be, 
 
 Ver}^ respectfully. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 Attorney General. 
 
 state of wyoming, 
 
 auditor's office, 
 
 cheyenne. 
 
 June 17th, 1892. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Register State Board of Land Commissioners. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The following is a copy of a decision by the Attorney Gen- 
 eral rendered to this office on the i6th instant relating to funds 
 realized from lease of school lands, i. e. 
 
jQ Opinions oj Attorney General. 
 
 "I am in recfipt of your letter of the 24th of March, request- 
 ing my opmion upon the following question: 
 
 ."Do the rentals of State lands, both school sections and such 
 as are set aside for other public benefits, constitute permanent 
 funds, the interest of which can only be used for the benefit of 
 the particular institution designated in the grant? 
 
 "You state that the law seems to be clear as to the disposi- 
 tion of the proceeds of sales of such lands, but there is an ambig- 
 uitv both in the Constitution and in the statutes as to the proper 
 disposition of the income from leases. 
 
 "Section 2 of Article VII of the Constitution provides as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 " 'The following are declared to be perpetual funds for 
 school purposes, of which the annual income only can be appro- 
 priated, to-wit: Such per centum as has been or may hereafter 
 be o-ranted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State; all 
 moneys arising from the sale or lease of sections number sixteen 
 and thirty-six, in each township in the State, and the lands se- 
 lected or that may be selected in lieu thereof; the proceeds of all 
 lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to this State, 
 where by the terms and conditions of the grant, the same are not 
 to be otherwise appropriated.' 
 
 "Section 7 of the same Chapter of the Constitution provides, 
 'The income arising from the funds mentioned in the preceding 
 section, together with all the re its of the unsold school lands and 
 such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be ex- 
 clusivelv applied to the support of free schools in ever}'' county in 
 the State.' 
 
 "The preceding section, (being section 6), provides: 
 
 " 'AH funds belonging to the State for public school pur- 
 poses, the interest and income of which only are to be used, shall 
 be deemed trust funds in the care of the State, which shall keep 
 them for the exclusive benefit of the public schools, and shall 
 make good any losses that may in any manner occur, so that the 
 same shall remain forever inviolate and undiminished. None of 
 such funds shall ever be invested or loaned except on the bonds 
 issued by school districts, or registered county bonds, of the 
 State, or State securities of this State, or of the United States.' 
 
 "Section 8 provides that the Legislature shall make provis- 
 ion by general law for the equitable distribution of such income, 
 
opinions of Attorney General. ^i 
 
 (referring to the provisions of Section 7), among the several 
 counties according to the number of children of school age in 
 each; which several counties shall in like manner distribute the 
 proportion of said fund by them received respectivelv to the sev- 
 eral school districts embraced therein. 
 
 "In giving my opinion upon the inquiry presented bv vou, I 
 shall contine myself in the first place to the school lands known 
 as sections sixteen and thirty-six, in each township, and the lands 
 selected or that may be selected in .lieu thereof. In respect to 
 such lands, there seems to be a direct conflict between Sections 
 two and seven of Chapter VII of the Constitution. Section two 
 providing that all moneys received from the sale or lease of such 
 lands shall be perpetual funds for school purposes, of which the 
 annual income onl\- can be appropriated; and Section seven pro- 
 viding that the rents of the unsold school lands shall be exclu- 
 sively applied to the support of free schools in ever}/ countv in 
 the State. In other words, one section seeming to place the' 
 moneys derived from the lease of such lands into the permanent 
 fund, and the other seeming to provide that such rents shall be 
 used for the support of schools, together with the income arising 
 from the perpetual funds. 
 
 "The question is, what is the proper construction to be 
 placed upon these two apparently conflicting sections of the Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 "While the ordinary rules of statutory construction would 
 favor the adoption of such a construction as would give to said 
 Section seven the greater force, the question would be neverthe- 
 less an extremely grave and doubtful one, were it not for the 
 fact that the Supreme Court of Nebraska has construed two sec- 
 tions of the Nebraska Constitution upon this same matter, w^hich 
 were nearly identical with the two conflicting sections of our Con- 
 stitution. In the case of the 'State of Nebraska ex rel McKenzie, 
 vs. McBride, State Treasurer,' reported in the 5th Nebraska, 
 102, the Supreme Court of that State considered Sections three 
 and four of Article VIII of their Constitution, \vhich were sub- 
 stantially identical with Sections two and seven of our Constitu- 
 tion respectively. In that case said Court decided that the rent 
 from the unsold lands was proper to be included in the distribu- 
 tion of school money authorized by their Section 7 which corres- 
 ponded with Section 8 of our Constitution. 
 
 "I can do no less than accept the argument, reasoning and 
 decision of that Court in that case, and I therefore state as my 
 
02 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 opinion that the rentals of such school lands known as Sections 
 i6 and 36, and the lands so selected, or that may he selected in 
 lieu thereof, do not constitute under our Constitution, or under 
 any statutory provisions of the St^ate, a permanent school fund, 
 the interest of which oniv can be used for the benefit of the pub- 
 lic schools, but that such rents may be applied together with the 
 other income from the perpetual funds to the support of the free 
 schools in every county of the State, to be distributed under such 
 laws as may be enacted by the Legislature in accordance with 
 the authority given by Section 8 of Article vii of the Constitution. 
 "I reserve the question with reference to the lands set aside 
 for other public benefits, and which seems to be embodied in 
 your question, for further consideration, and will submit my opin- 
 ion thereon at an early date. 
 
 "Respectfully yours, 
 
 [Signed] ^ C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General." 
 
 The foregoing is respectfully submitted for your information. 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 C. W. BURDICK, 
 
 State Auditor, 
 by C. F. Putnam, 
 
 Deputy. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAl's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 Subject — Text Books. 
 
 August 31st, 1892. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 My Dear Sir: 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of July 2nd, 1892, in which 
 you call my attention to the fact that the time for which the text 
 books now in use in the public schools of Wyoming were adopt- 
 ed expires the coming fall, and you request my opinion as to your 
 authority to call a meeting of the several City and County Sup- 
 
opinions of Atlorncy General. ^j 
 
 erintendeiits of Schools in the State, to adopt a series of text books, 
 as provided in Section 3, of Chapter IV of an Act entitled, "An 
 x'Vct to provide for the bonding of School Districts, and for other 
 Purposes," said Act being known as Chapter 72 of the Session 
 Laws of 1888. 
 
 You ask whether it is imperaiive that such meeting be 
 called, or whether such adoption of text books conflicts with the 
 Constitution of this State? 
 
 Your letter was received during my absence from the State 
 from which absence I did not return until the 15th instant. vSince 
 that time I have given the matter suggested b}- you very careful 
 thouo-ht and attention. 
 
 The text books now in use in the public schools were adopt- 
 ed, as I am advised, in pursuance of the provisions of Section 
 391 1 of the Revised Statutes of Wyoming, b\' what was then 
 known as the "Territorial Teachers' Institute," and that it was 
 provided bv such Institute that the series of books then adopted, 
 should continue in use for a period of five years thereafter. 
 
 The Legislative Assembly of the Territory at its session in 
 1 888, repealed that Section, and enacted the Act above referred 
 to. Section 3 of Chapter IV of which is as follows: 
 
 "Sec. 3. x\t the expiration of the period of five \'ears for 
 which the books now in use are adopted, the Countv Superin- 
 tendents and the City Superintendents of Schools in the Terri- 
 tory shall meet at a call of the Territorial Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction, to adopt a series of text books, and the books 
 thus adopted shall be the only legal text books to be used in the 
 public schools of the Territory for the ensuing five years." 
 
 Section 11 of Chapter VII of the Constitution is as follows: 
 
 "Sec. II. Neither the Legislature nor the Supei-intendent 
 of Public Instruction shall have power to prescribe text books to 
 be used in the public schools." 
 
 The evident purpose and object of this Constitutional pro- 
 vision was to prevent a monopoly in the sale of text books to the 
 pupils in the public schools. It was undoubtedly intended to 
 prohibit the adoption of any series of text books foranv period of 
 
 5— 
 
j^ opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 time, which would tend to reduce competition among the pub- 
 Hshers of books, and would impede the progress of the schools of 
 the State, preventing them from changing from time to time 
 to such newer or better text books as might be published 
 and come on to the market, and be more ad'/antageous for use in 
 the public schools. 
 
 Undoubtedly Section 3 of Chapter four of the Act of the 
 Legislature of 1888, above referred to, contravenes the spirit of 
 said Constitutional provision, if it is not, indeed, in conflict with 
 its letter. 
 
 Touching so important a matter as the education of the 
 children of the State, through the medium of the pubhc schools, 
 and possibly applicable also to the State University, its collegiate 
 as well as its academic department, the question presented is at 
 once of considerable importance and delicacy. 
 
 It has been decided by the Supreme Court of the State, in a 
 case recently pending therein, following a long line of decisions 
 of other Courts of high repute, that a prohibition upon the LegivS- 
 lature such as is contained in the above mentioned section of the 
 Constitution applies only, and is prohibitory only upon future 
 legislation. 
 
 Therefore, I feel very clear that so far as the prohibition up- 
 on the Legislature is concerned, the section of the law of 1888 
 would be valid and in full force by reason of that provision in the 
 Constitution which retains in full force and effect all laws of the 
 Territory not repugnant to the provisions of the Constitution. 
 
 But Section 11, of Chapter VII of the Constitution contains 
 a prohibition upon the Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
 is imperative in its statement that such officer shall not have 
 power to prescribe text books to be used in the public schools. 
 If the statute of 1888 confers upon the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction any such power, then I am of the opinion that the law 
 of 1888 is in conflict with the Constitution, and, therefore, at 
 present of no force 
 
 But it is a matter of great doubt whether the Superinten- 
 dent of Public Instruction, under Section 3 of Chapter IV of said 
 
opinions of Attorney General. jj 
 
 Act of 1888, becomes a member of the board upon which the 
 duty is imposed by that section, of adopting such books which 
 shall be the only legal text baoks to be used in the public schools 
 of the State. 
 
 It is also a matter of great doubt whether, in view of the 
 Constitutional provision referred to, the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction would have the power to even call together a board 
 to do that which he has not the power, under the Constitution, to 
 do himself, especially when that act to be done by that board is 
 in conflict with the spirit, at least, of the Constitution in everv 
 respect. 
 
 I have heretofore hesitated, and shall at all times hesitate, to 
 declare in my official capacity any statute seemingl}- in force, to 
 be unconstitutional and invalid, before the matter has been before 
 the Courts and passed upon by the judicial authorities of the 
 State. The question presented being a very delicate and close 
 one, and about w"hich there is in my mind considerable doubt, I 
 refrain from giving a positive decision as to whether the said 
 Section three, of the Act of 1888, is in conflict with the State 
 Constitution or not. 
 
 In view of the situation, however, I have the honor to ad- 
 vise that you do not at the present time call the County and Citv 
 Superintendents of Schools together for the purpose indicated bv 
 the Act of 1888, and especially so, in view of the fact that the 
 Legislature of the State will again meet in biennial session within 
 a few months, and the series of text books, if adopted at any meet- 
 ing which should be called by you at this time, could not be out 
 into uniform use until after the Legislature shall have met and 
 adjourned. 
 
 I would further advise that in }'0ur report to the Governor, 
 prior to the meeting of the Legislature, you call his attention to 
 the fact that a grave doubt exists as to your right to call the Super- 
 intendents together, as provided in the Act of 1888, and request 
 him to direct the attention of the Legislature to the matter, su<>-- 
 gesting that they harmonize, if possible, the legislation of the 
 
J> 
 
 6 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 State with the Constitutional provision, to tiie end that there mav 
 be no dispute respecting so important a matter, and staling to 
 him that you have deemed it best in view of the fact that the 
 Legislature so soon convenes, after the expiration of the period 
 for which the present text books are in use, to await the action of 
 the Legislature, before assuming to act under a section the va- 
 lidity of which is at least doubtful. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOxMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 March 28th, 1893. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: — 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of the i6th of February', ask- 
 ing m}- opinion respecting certain questions propounded to you 
 by A. M. Brock, of Mayovvorth, Johnson County, Wyoming, and 
 I would answer the same as follows: 
 
 I. Can a Board of School Directors employ a teacher and 
 run a school until the treasury is exhausted, without consulting 
 the will of the district in a district meeting (annual)? 
 
 The statute provides that the qualified electors of a district 
 when assembled shall have power to determine the number of 
 schools which shall be established in the district, and the length 
 of time each shall be taught. It also provides that such electors 
 of the district when assembled shall have power to delegate said 
 power to determine the number of schools and the length of time 
 each shall be taugrht to the District Board. 
 
opinions of Attorney General. y/ 
 
 In the absence of any dclet^aiion of such power by the elec- 
 tors of the district, at their meeting, the Board is not authorized 
 to determine the number of schools, or the length of time each 
 shall be taught. It is usual to have such delegation of power, 
 and if that power has been so delegated, that entire question is 
 then left to the determination of the Board. 
 
 This power may be exercised by the electors of the district 
 in a special meeting, as well as an annual meeting, in case such 
 special meeting has been legally called for that particular pur- 
 pose, and such purpose has been stated in the call. 
 
 2. Can a member of the Board who has been living outside 
 of the district for a year, and who has no successor, still act on 
 the Board as a resident of the district.'^ 
 
 If the member of the Board who is said to have been living 
 outside of the district has retained his residence and citizenship 
 in the district, of course the fact that he has been temporarily 
 staying outside of the district does not disqualify him. if he has 
 permanently removed from the district, then there is a vacancy 
 in his ofiice, and he would have no authority to act. If he does 
 act, he would p'-obably be considered a de faeto officer and his 
 acts might not be illegal. Nevertheless, he would have no legal 
 right to act under such circumstances. 
 
 The fact that a person has been temporarily living in some 
 other place does not determine his residence or citizenship. This 
 matter of citizenship is one that has to be decided according to 
 the facts of each particular case. 
 
 3. On the removal of a director or clerk, or the failure of 
 the clerk to call the school meeting, has the treasurer the power 
 to make such call? 
 
 It is provided by Section 3942 of the Revised Statutes, that 
 the District Board shall upon the written request of five legal 
 voters of the district, or whenever they deem it expedient, call a 
 special meeting thereof, but in all such cases the notice of such 
 meeting shall clearly state the precise object for which it is called 
 and the time when and place at which it is to be held. 
 
jS opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 A special meeting can not be held except upon a call of the 
 Board. A majority of the Board may, either upon the written 
 request of five legal voters of the district, or whenever they deem 
 it expedient, call a special meeting thereof. It would be the du- 
 ty of the clerk upon the order of the Board to give the notice of 
 such meeting. Should he fail to do so, he would be liable as for 
 failure to properly and faithfully discharge his duties. Should 
 he however fail to give such notice, the statute does not specific- 
 ally provide that the notice may be given by any other officer. I 
 am inclined to the opinion, however, that should the clerk so fail 
 to give such notice, a majority of the Board might sign and give 
 such notice for a special meeting. 
 
 4. Can the annual school meeting be held at the time ap- 
 pointed by law without the call or presence of a member of the 
 Board? 
 
 The time of the annual meeting is fixed by laws and 1 am in- 
 clined to the opinion that it could be legally held, even should 
 there be no notice thereof given by the clerk. It is the duty of 
 the electors to meet at the time provided by law; it is also the 
 duty of the clerk to give notice of the lime and place of such 
 meeting. But if the meeting is held without such notice, and it 
 appears that by reason of the notice not having been given, the 
 ■place of meeting was not .understood, and the electors were not 
 properly informed, an election or anything done at such meeting- 
 might possibly be set aside. But ordinarily, I would say that 
 such annual meeting held without the notice would be legal. 
 Certainly it would be legal in the absence of fraud or some ad- 
 vantage which might have been taken, by reason of the failure 
 of the notice as required by law. 
 
 The annual meeting can be held without the presence of a 
 member of the Board. The law provides that in the absence of 
 the director or clerk, at the annual meeting, the electors may 
 choose a chairman and clerk. 
 
 5. Does a member of the Board forfeit his position by re- 
 moval from the district? 
 
opinions of Attorney General. ^g 
 
 This is alreads' answered; however, I will say thai the per- 
 manent removal from the district creates a vacancy in the office 
 of trustee. 
 
 The letter of Mr. Brock is herewith returned. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE. 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 April 19th, 1893. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwf:i.l, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 In your letter of April 17th, you request my opinion with 
 respect to two questions submitted to you by Mrs. Sarah W. 
 Pease, County Superintendent of Schools, of Albany County. 
 
 First: It appears that in forming new school districts in 
 her county, said County Superintendent has formed two new dis- 
 tricts by the division of existing districts, and the origmal district 
 from which part has been taken to form a new one has some 
 money on hand. The Superintendent inquires of vou whether 
 the money in the possession of the old district should be kept for 
 use of such district. 
 
 I answer yes. There is no provision made by law for the 
 division of money, or a contribution as to the payment of indebt- 
 edness upon the division of school districts. The original district 
 must therefore, pay all the obligations of said district, and is en- 
 titled to all the money then on hand. This question was so de- 
 cided with reference to the division of counties, by the Supreme 
 Court of the Territory of Wyoming, in the case of the Board of 
 
JO opinions of AUorncy General. 
 
 the County Commissioners of the County of Laramie versus the 
 Board of the Countv (Commissioners of tlie County of Albany 
 and the Board of Countv Commissioners of the County of Car- . 
 bon, ist Wyoming, page 137, and this decision was affirmed by 
 the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 This decision was rendered before the passage of the pres- 
 ent law providing for a settlement between counties upon the 
 formation of a new count}' from an old one. The Legislature 
 has not, however, made any similar provision in the case of the 
 division of school districts. 
 
 Second: Mrs. Pease states that one district in her county 
 has at present no inhabitants or children or school, but has a bal- 
 ance to its credit of three hundred dollars in money, and she 
 wishes to know whether anv use can be made of that money .'^ 
 
 There being no statutory provision upon the subject, no use 
 can be made of that money, except in the payment of the legit- 
 imate oblii'-ations of the district for whose benefit the money is 
 held. Yours truly, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 ^Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 May 31st, 1893. 
 Hon. Stephen T. Farwell, 
 
 State Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Chevenne, W3oming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 In your letter of April 6th, you direct my attention to your 
 letter of July 2nd, 1892, and my reply thereto, under date of 
 
Opinio)is of Attorney General. ^/ 
 
 August 31st, 1892, with reference to calling a meeting of the 
 County and City Superintendents of Schools for the adoption of 
 text books. 
 
 In my letter of August 31st, 1892, I stated that a grave 
 doubt existed as to the right of the State Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction to call the County and City Superintendents to- 
 gether, as provided in the Act of 1888, for the purpose of adopt- 
 ing text books for use in' the public schools, and in view of that 
 fact, I advised you to call the attention of the Legislature to the 
 marter, suggesting that the legislative and Constitutional provis- 
 ion be harmonized if possible. 
 
 The Legislature not having taken anv action in the matter, 
 you now request my opinion as to 3-our authorit}- and dutv in the 
 premises. 
 
 In my former letter, above refejrred to, I stated my views 
 quite full}- touching this important matter, and I take it that it 
 will be unnecessary to now repeat what I then said. I still con- 
 sider it a question of some considerable doubt as to whether the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction has authority bv reason of 
 the provisions of Section 2 of Chapter 7 of the Constitution, to 
 call the City and County Superintendents together, to act as pro- 
 vided by vSection 3 of Chapter 4 of the Act known as Chapter 72 
 of the Session Laws of 1888. 
 
 The only cause for such doubt is the Constitutional provis- 
 ion referred to, which is as follows: 
 
 "Section 11. Neither the Legislature, nor the Superinten- 
 dent of Public Instruction, shall have power to prescribe text 
 books to be used in the public schools." 
 
 As I stated in my former letter, I have heretofore hesitated, 
 and shall at all times hesitate to declare, in my official capacity, 
 an}' statute, seemingly in force, to be unconstitutional and invalid 
 before the matter has been before the Courts and passed upon by 
 the judiciary of the State, should there be any doubt upon the 
 question. 
 
 6— 
 
/f.2 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 I do not deem it my duty, therefore, at this time to pass an 
 opinion upon the constitutionality of the Act of 1888, in the re- 
 spect now under consideration, but I beheve that until it has been 
 decided by the Courts to be unconstitutional and invalid, that 
 question not being at all certain, but one about which, in my 
 mind at least, there exists considerable doubt, an executive officer 
 should treat it as a valid and existing law. 
 
 Your truly, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 September 22nd, 1893. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 In your letter to this office of September 8th, 1893, you re- 
 quest my opinion in response to two inquiries presented to your 
 office by Mrs. M. L. Jennings, County Superintendent of Carbon 
 County. The first inquiry which you quote is as follows: 
 
 "We have about four schools in Carbon County, that had 
 their number of pupils enrolled of school age required by law 
 the last year, by removals from the district only four or five pu- 
 pils are left. Are these districts entitled to apportionment of 
 monev to hold school the ensuing year.'^" 
 
 The opinion from this office to you, of date April 13th, 1891, 
 (Report of Attorney General, 1891-92, page 32), discusses the 
 question of apportionment of school funds; to which I respect- 
 fully refer. 
 
opinions of Attorney General. ^j 
 
 The inquiry so far as concerns the apportionment of the bal- 
 ance of the school fund, after each district entitled thereto has 
 received the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars, is covered by 
 the views expressed in that opinion. 
 
 As to such moneys which are to be apportioned, pro rata, 
 the apportionment is based upon the number of pupils in attend- 
 ance during the previous year, as shown by the September re- 
 ports of the district clerks. Therefore, as to such moneys, the 
 districts in question will be entitled to their pro rata share as de- 
 termined by the reports on file in the office of the County Super- 
 intendent. 
 
 A more serious question, however, is presented with respect 
 to the right of those districts to receive the sum of one hundred 
 and fiftv dollars. The doubt arising from the rather ambiguous 
 language of the statute: the question depending upon whether 
 the statute is to be so construed as to allow the Superintendent 
 to go behind the September reports in determining whether there 
 are eight or more pupils of school age in the district. If there 
 are less than eight scholars of school age in the district it is not 
 entitled to the said sum of one hundred and fifty dollars. (Laws 
 1888, page 141.) 
 
 Does that mean, that if there are less than eight at the time 
 of making apportionment, or as shown by the September reports, 
 which cover only the last preceding year? 
 
 A reasonable construction must be accorded this statute, as 
 all others, having in view the purpose to be subserved, and the 
 means provided for observing its provisions. 
 
 The only reports required from districts as to the number of 
 pupils, are those to be rendered in September, covering the last 
 preceding year. These are official, and upon these the County 
 Superintendent can ordinarily rely. There is no other official 
 method whereby the Superintendent can acquire a knowledge of 
 the number of pupils in any given district. If a report so fur- 
 nished from an}' district discloses that there are less than eight 
 scholars, then it would seem clear that the district would not be 
 entitled to the one hundred and fifty dollars. 
 
^A Ofinioiis, of Attorney General. 
 
 I am also inclined lo the opinion that if the contrary is shown 
 by such report the district will be entitled thereto, so far, at least 
 as the County Superintendent is concerned, in making the ap- 
 portionment. 
 
 I am more strongly impressed by this view, from the consid- 
 eration, that in sparsely settled districts, it might occur that at the 
 time of making the annual apportionment there might, in fact, be 
 less than eight pupils of school age therein, and yet thereafter 
 during the year others might come in, and the next report show 
 the fact that there were during the year a sufficient number of 
 pupils to have entitled the district to the money. 
 
 I can understand also that if the matters in question are to be 
 determined outside of the reports, there will cease to be method 
 and uniformity in making the apportionment, and other difficul- 
 ties would arise to further complicate the question. 
 
 It is certainly not beyond doubt but I incline to the view 
 herein expressed. 
 
 The other question, as you state it, is as follows: 
 
 "When the tax payers had property in both districts, are the 
 children entitled to pro ratejn both districts?" 
 
 Abstractly, this question is answered in the negative. A 
 child is entitled to attend school free in the district wherein lies 
 the domicile of the parent. 
 
 Authority is given to the district board to admit pupils from 
 adjoining districts, but this is not compulsory, and in such case a 
 tuition fee may be required in the discretion of the board. (Re- 
 vised Statutes Section 3937.) 
 
 It is possible that owing to laxity in the provisions re- 
 specting such matters some children may be reported from two 
 districts, and that this fact could not be ascertained from the re- 
 port. Thus, they would during one and the same year be ac- 
 credited to two districts for apportionment purposes. I know of 
 no way to avbid such a state of things, unless in the event of act- 
 ual fraud, a case should be made for the Courts. The law is at 
 
opinions of Attorney General, ^5 
 
 fault in not providing more careful and stringent regulations to 
 guard against such a condition of things. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAl's OFFICE, 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 September 22nd, 1893. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, W3'oming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of September 8th, enclosing a 
 communication to your office from J. R. Rollman, of Saratoga, 
 presenting certain questions for your decision, upon which you 
 desire my opinion. 
 
 Mr. Rollman states that during the last school year there 
 were enrolled in the Saratoga school about thirty-five pupils 
 who properly belong to outside districts. That this over-crowd- 
 ed said school, so that the district board made an order that all 
 pupils belonging to other districts who wished to attend the Sar- 
 atoga School during the coming term, should be charged a tui- 
 tion fee of $1.25 per month. 
 
 That the parents of some of these children own a house in 
 town into which they move at the beginning of the school term, 
 and send their children to school there, and during the remainder 
 of the year they live on their ranches and send their children to 
 the ranch schools, and that some of them claim that since thev 
 own property in the Saratoga district they should not be obliged 
 to pay for sending their children to the Saratoga school. 
 
 The question he has submitted is as follows: If a man owns 
 property in several separate school districts and moves from one 
 
a6 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 to the other at different seasons of the year, to which of these 
 several districts are his children to be accredited, and which of 
 the districts should receive the .per capita appropriation of the 
 school fund for such children? 
 
 In the absence of any expressed statutory provision, it is, in 
 my opinion, quite clear that the district within which a child is 
 allowed as a matter of right to attend school free, is that district 
 wherein lies the regular domicile of the parent. While such 
 parent retains a regular domicile in some particular district, the 
 temporary living by the parent in another district would not, in 
 my judgment, authorize his children to attend school in such 
 other district, as a matter of right, but, under the provisions 
 of Section 3937, they may be admitted by' the district board 
 of the last named district, and such district board may, in its dis- 
 cretion, require the payment of a tuition fee. 
 
 However, the right of parent must be recognized, to change 
 his regular domicile, and this, I apprehend, may be done oftener 
 than once a year, and if the removal from one district to another 
 is not intended at the time to be temporary, but the parent inten- 
 tionally takes up his domicile in the new district, intending there- 
 bv to abandon his residence in the former district, he then with- 
 out question acquires a domicile for the purposes aforesaid in the 
 new district. To authorize a child to attend school free in a dis- 
 trict, it is not necessary that the parent shall have acquired such 
 residence in the new district as would authorize him or her to 
 exercise the elective franchise. In other words, a parent is not 
 required to reside in a district a sufficient length of time to be- 
 come an elector in order that his child shall have the privileges 
 of the free school of the district. Such domicile must be in good 
 faith, and must be the only present residence and domicile of the 
 parent in order to give his children such right. 
 
 It will, therefore, be observed that the question depends up- 
 on where the legal present residence and domicile of the parent 
 is. That depends largely upon the intention of the party, but 
 may yet be shown by the facts and circumstances. 
 
opinions, of Attorney General. ^7 
 
 With reference to the inquir}'' as to which district shall re- 
 ceive the per capita apportionment of the school funds for such 
 children, I respectfully refer you to my letter, of tliis date, re- 
 specting certain questions submitted to you b}' the County Sup- 
 erintendent of Carbon County, which I think sufficiently answers 
 that inquiry. 
 
 Yours Truly, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAl's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 October 5th, 1893. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Superintendent of Pubhc Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am in receipt of 3-our letter of the 20th of September, en- 
 closing a communication to you from D. E. Goddard, of Lusk, 
 Wyoming, referring a matter to you. 
 
 Mr. Goddard states that at the annual meeting of the dis- 
 trict in which Lusk is located, the electors of the school district 
 voted that no fuel should be purchased for the town school, and 
 that the same condition of affairs applies as to the countr\- 
 schools, and that it w^as voted that the fuel for the town school 
 should be furnished by the patrons of the school. That the 
 board have hired a teacher for the term of seven months, and re- 
 fuse to furnish the fuel and that the patrons of the town school 
 also refuse to pay for fuel, and he inquires whether under that 
 condition of affairs, the board can be compelled to furnish fuel. 
 He also asks whether if fuel is not furnished and for that reason 
 school cannot be held, the teacher can hold the board under the 
 
^S opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 contract with him for seven months school. You ask my opin- 
 ion respecting the inquiries presented. 
 
 In the first phice, I have to say that it is not proper for- me 
 to pass officially upon the question whether the teacher could 
 hold the Board for seven months school, if he is prevented from 
 teaching. Therefore, 1 do not give my opinion respecting that 
 matter. That is a private matter between the board and the 
 teacher. 
 
 As to the other question presented, 1 cannot very well give 
 an intelligent opinion without more data. I ought to have a copy 
 of the minutes of the meeting of the school district, showing just 
 what the electors did in this respect. 
 
 But generally speaking, I might say, that under the laws of 
 Wyoming, the electors of a district at their annual meeting, have 
 the ri"-ht to determine the number of schools which shall be held 
 in the district, and the place w^here such schools shall be estab- 
 lished. If they do not so determine, they may delegate the mat- 
 ter to the board, if they so desire, and when so delegated the 
 board may act in the matter. 
 
 I think that as a general proposition also it may be stated 
 that the electors, if they choose to act, or in the absence of their 
 acting, the district board may determine the conditions upon 
 which a school may be estabHshed or held within any particular 
 locality in the district. Certainly this would be the case so long 
 as the conditions were reasonable, having in view the necessity 
 for a school in an}' particular locality, the number of children to 
 be benefitted thereby, and other matters which ordinarily regu- 
 late the establishment and maintenance of a school. 
 
 Whether the conditions mentioned in this case, as to fuel, 
 would be reasonable or not, will depend to a certain extent upon 
 the funds which the district has at its disposal, as well as upon 
 the necessity for a school in the town, and I take it, it is certainly 
 necessary and reasonable that a school be established in the 
 town. 
 
 It is certainly true that the patrons of a school cannot be 
 compelled by any legal proceedings, or otherwise, to furnish fuel 
 
opinions of Attorney General. ^p 
 
 for a school. Whether the electors or the board would have the 
 right to dispense with a school in the town of Lusk, should the 
 patrons refuse to furnish fuel, that being the condition imposed 
 upon them, is a question not very easy to determine, especiallv 
 upon the limited facts which are now before me. 
 
 The electors having acted in the matter and instructed the 
 board as to their duty respecting the town school, it might be 
 said to be a question of considerable doubt whether the board 
 could act in the matter in opposition to the wishes of the electors, 
 as expressed at their annual meeting. There is no doubt in mv 
 mind, that under certain circumstances, the Courts of the State 
 would have authority to compel the performance of the public 
 duties imposed upon the school board, but I cannot now say un- 
 der the facts as presented, whether there is sufficient in the mat- 
 ter to authorize a Court to interfere in this particular case. 
 
 Neither your office nor this one has any authority over the 
 district board, and if the board refuses to maintain a school in the 
 town of Lusk, or such conditions have been imposed that it is 
 impossible to maintain a school there under the regulations and 
 conditions, and the patrons are dissatisfied, then the proper way 
 would be to test the matter bv some proper proceeding in Court. 
 
 I return herewith the letter of Mr Goddard. 
 Yours respectfully, 
 
 Charles N. Potter, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
^o opinions of Attorney^ General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL's OFFICE 
 
 CHEYENNE. 
 
 February 5th, 1894. 
 Hon. S. T. Farwell, 
 
 Supt. of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyomin<r. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of the 20th of January enclos- 
 ing a letter of Mrs. S. C. Kervvin, Superintendent of Public 
 Schools in Fremont County, dated January 15th, in which she 
 states that about one-half of the people of one school district 
 have handed her a petition to be placed in one adjoining, and the 
 other one-half protest against such change being made; that she 
 can compromise the matter by so extending the boundaries of the 
 three districts as to utterly destroy one district, in which there is 
 no school house, but is a small amount of money and some 
 school house furniture, and she desires your advice as to what 
 would become of such money and school house furniture, and 
 whether or not she has the power to divide it. 
 
 By an examination of her letter, I obser^/e that the territory 
 now embraced in the district to be annihilated will thereafter be- 
 come parts of the two districts, about one-half going to each of 
 such other districts. In case of the legal alteration of districts so 
 as to take away all of the territory of one and leave it abolished 
 so far as the including of any territory is concerned, the property 
 and money would go to the district to which the territory is 
 given — this upon general common law principles. There being 
 no statute relating to the matter, the County Superintendent 
 would have nothing whatever to do with the question of division. 
 The district taking the old territory would be obliged to take 
 such proceedings as might be necessary to get control of the 
 property. But in the absence of any statute governing the mat- 
 ter, and as the property is entirely personal and the old district 
 going to two different ones, it presents a very difficult question 
 and one in which there is no precedent in the absence of statute. 
 
opinions of Attorney General. j/ 
 
 I am inclined to the opinion, that either of the districts tak- 
 ing the territory of the old one would find it impossible by any 
 proceeding, either in Court, or otherwise, to legally get posses- 
 sion of the money and property of the old district, unless it was 
 disposed of in a peaceable manner, and with the entire consent of 
 the officers of the old district. 
 
 If the County Superintendent proceeds upon her plan, I can 
 only suggest that before doing so, she obtain the consent of all 
 of the officers of the old district, that the two districts taking the 
 other's territory have an equal division of the property and 
 money among such other two districts, so as to save any possible 
 legal difficulty. 
 
 I am inclined to the opinion, however, judging from the 
 statements contained in Mrs. Kerwin's letter, that as the petition 
 which she has received for the annexation of No. 21 to No. i, is 
 not signed by the statutory number of legal voters so as to com- 
 pel her to take action in the premises, that unless the whole 
 matter can be arranged peaceably, including a division of the 
 property, she had better abandon the whole project. 
 
 It is proper that I should say that there might be some 
 question about the authority of the officers of the district pro- 
 posed to be abolished to deliver up the property and money of 
 the district except to the authority properh' authorized by law 
 to receive the same and there being no sure legal authority in 
 my judgment to receive it, they would have a very good excuse 
 for refusing to take any action in the premises, but I apprehend 
 that the number of inhabitants in the district proposed to be 
 abolished is small, and that the officers can readily ascertain and 
 decide whether it is safe and proper for them to take the chances 
 of entering into such an amicable arrangement. 
 
 I have had a number of inquiries with reference to matters 
 of this character, and it is unfortunate that our statutes contain 
 such meager provisions respecting the duties of the County 
 Superintendents and the alteration of the boundaries of 
 school districts, and that the Legislature has entirely failed to 
 
^2 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 provide for the division of property upon the alteration of such 
 boundaries. 
 
 I shall in my next report to the Governor and Legislature 
 recommend that ample provision be made governing these mat- 
 ters, and as the matter is one which, in my judgment, will com- 
 mand the favorable attention of the Executive and Legislature, I 
 think we can safely expect the next Legislature to provide fully 
 for these matters, and if the alteration of districts wherein any 
 difficulty would be hable to be encountered, could be postponed 
 until after the next session of our Legislature, I should certainly 
 deem it most advisable. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 C. N. Potter, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
. . . REPORT OF THE . . 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING. 
 1895-1896- 
 
y 
 
 Compliments of ESTELLE REEL, 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wyoming. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 or THF: 
 
 State Soperioteniteiit of Piililic liislruriiofi 
 
 SEPTEMBER 30, 1894 to 
 SEPTEMBER 30, 1896. 
 
 E:5TELLE: RCEL, 5vi]Der-it\<cKc|ct\t. 
 
 CHEYENNE, WYO. 
 
 SUN-LEADER PRINTING HOUSE. 
 
\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^> 
 
 Office ) 
 
 State Superintendent Public Instruction, I 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., No^^ i, 1896. ' 3 
 
 To His Excellenc}", AV, A. Eicliards, 
 
 (loveriioi* of Wyoming. 
 Sir: — I herewith transmit my biennial report of the 
 condition of the public schools of Wyoming from Sep- 
 tember 30, 1894, to September 30, 1896. 
 Yours Very Hespectfully, 
 
 ESTELLE REEL, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 APR 23 1905 
 D. ot 0, 
 
STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 Okfk'k ] 
 
 vStatp: Superintendknt PruLic Instiultion, 
 
 CllEVENXK, VV'VO., N()\ . I, 1896. j 
 
 To the Leiiishiture: \ 
 
 C()iii]>l.viini with the re<iuirenieiits of Chapter 5, Laws 
 of Wyoiniiiii', lS81)-'90, I resj)eetfiilly transmit to thi^ L'.'SJ,- 
 ishitmc information relatiniii- to the (•on<lition of the ])nl)- 
 lic scliools of the state for the period from September 30, 
 1894, to Sej)tember 30, 181)G, ami I rospectfnllv invite the 
 members of your body to visit this department for ex- 
 amination of its records a^Ml methods of work. 
 Yonrs Very Respeetfnlly, 
 
 ESTELLE REEL. 
 Superintendent of Public Instrncticni. 
 
WYOMING STATE UNIVERSITY. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 Office J 
 
 State Superintendent Public Instruction, V 
 
 Cheyenne, W'vo., No^^ i, 1896. ) 
 
 As required by the provisious of Chapter 5, Section 1, 
 Laws of 1S90, I have the iiouor to submit herewith my 
 bieuiiial report of the comlitiou of the public schools of 
 this state. The statistics published herein for the years 
 IbUo and 189G are as com^jlete as it is possible to get 
 them under present conditions. 
 
 Let it be recorded to the credit of the people of Wyo- 
 ming, that they hold the interests of education second 
 to none, and that the iiumense amount of money needed 
 to carry on our system of public schools has been paid by 
 inem cUeerlully. 
 
 The present facilities of this department for obtain- 
 ing correct and reliable statistics of the educational 
 work of the common schools have embarrassed me and 1 
 hiid tluit this has been the experience of my predecessor. 
 County Superintendents have often been unable to ob- 
 tain from the subordinate officers suiflciently accurate 
 data to enable them to formulate their reports to this 
 office. It should be a in-ominent feature of anv law en- 
 acted for the schools that the securins' from school offi- 
 cers the requisite data for tabulatinn- accurate statistics 
 of education within the state is made sure and reliable. 
 
6 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 As tlie years pass, aiul our (Mliuatioiial interests increase, 
 and the amount of money (expended for this purpose is 
 auiiiuented, tliis will he a \vv\ important eonsi(h'ration. 
 
 Much credit is due our county superintendents for 
 tlieir untirinji' efforts to secure correct reports under the 
 present conditions. The school law, as it now stands, 
 ]-e(piir<^s district treasnrers and <lerks to furnish a re- 
 port to the votei's at the annual district meetings on 
 the first Monday in May, closinii,- their accounts up to 
 that date. A fnrtliei- rei)ort to the cf)unty superintend- 
 (Mits is rc(]uired on the first Monday in September and it 
 is this latter re])ort that causes so much com])laint. 
 
 The State Examiner gives it as his opinion that 
 three-fourths of the balances now reyxn'ted are forced 
 balances, and recommends that the school year shall 
 close with the b»*iness of tin- first Monday in May, and 
 that County Superintendents of Schools shall make their 
 report to the Sni)erintendent of Public Instruction an- 
 nually, showing tin* business transacted for the i)revions 
 tw(dve months, ending the first Monday in May of the 
 ( urrent year. 1 heartily endorse this recommemlation 
 of the State Examiner. 
 
 Remarks Upon the Comparative Summary. 
 
 Attention is called to the increase in the nnniber 
 of scho(ds taught throughout the state. The report for 
 1S94 shows 379 schools taught, while in 1896 there have 
 been 425, an increase of 4(1, and the increase in the num- 
 ber of pupils in the same time has been 1,272. The fig- 
 ures for the attendance of pupils are better than ever be- 
 fore. The number- of teachers in the state has increased 
 to the number of 4(55 while in 1894 only 407 were re- 
 ]K)rted. Th(^ average of wages has not increased but de- 
 clined for the last rear. Our fi<iures show that the cost 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^ 
 
 t 
 
 of tuition lias also slij;htly decreased as compared with 
 1894. The increase in the number of school buiklings 
 is quite remarkable, 189-1: showing 257, and the present 
 year, 306 buildings. Fremont county has expended 
 more than any other county during the past year for the 
 construction of school buildings and may be justly proud 
 of the handsome new building at Lander. Sheridan 
 county ranks next in the amount expended for school 
 buildings and the enrollment in that county has in- 
 creased from 739 in 1891 to 1,171 in 1896. All new 
 buildings erected are substantial and a credit to the tax- 
 payers. It is encouraging to note that over 1,000 vol- 
 umes have been added to the school libraries duj'ing the 
 last two years. 
 
 The total amount exuended for the common schools 
 of the state during the year ending September 30, 1896, 
 was 1253,119.25. For the year ending September 30, 
 1894, the total expenditure reported was |240,023.18. 1 
 am glad to note that the redemption of school bonds is 
 increasing. 
 
 , In accordance with the provisions of the act of the 
 last Legislature, approved February 15, 1895, the num- 
 ber of districts in Fremont and Uinta counties has been 
 reduced, making the total number of school districts in 
 the state 182. 
 
 County Supervision. 
 
 The activity of the C(>unty Superintendents is shown 
 by the fact of the great number of visks made by them 
 in their official capacity during the past two years. 
 
 The County Superintendents in Wyoming are an 
 earnest self-sacrificing body of workers. They have 
 the cause of education at heart and are most important 
 factors in our educational system. The countv salary 
 
3 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 bill passed by the last Legislature, and which goes into 
 effect in January, 1897, will, in many counties, work a 
 hardship upon the County Superintendents, wliose salai- 
 ies should be increased rather than diminished. The 
 coni])eusation in some of the counties will not be over 
 1300 a vear. 
 
 Daring the ]3ast year, one of the foremost educa- 
 tional A^ orkers of the state, Mr. Loren D. Bailey, formerly 
 County t;?u])erintendent of Crook county, has been taken 
 from us by the hand of death. Mr. Bailey was very act- 
 ive in his efforts for the advancement of the educational 
 interests of Crook county and will long be remembered 
 for his services in this respect. The following resolu- 
 tions were adopted by the officers of that county at the 
 time of his death, viz: 
 
 Whereas, It lias pleased Almighty God to take from 
 this earth our friend and associate, L. D. Bailey, and. 
 
 Whereas, We recognize the fact that in tue death 
 of otir friend, L. D. Bailey, one of the most efficient and 
 wortln^ ofiicers of Cr(K)k county has been taken from 
 our midst: therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That these resolutions be spread on the 
 records of the Board of County Commissioners of this 
 county and be ptiblished in the Monitor, Freeman and 
 Gazette, and a copy of the same be transmitted to his 
 parents at lltibUard, Ohio. 
 
 (Signed.) J. L. STOTTS. 
 
 S. A. YOUNG. 
 G. D. TODD. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^ 
 
 Course of Study. 
 
 In some of the counties during the past two years 
 a unil'orni course of study has been adopted, and it is the 
 desire of this department to have a uniform course 
 adopted tliroughout the state. It is evident to one ac- 
 quainted with our needs, that a satisfactory course of 
 study for the rural schools in each of the counties is a 
 necessity. Circular letters have been prepared and sent 
 to each County Superintendent requesting that they give 
 an outline of a course of study which, in their judgment, 
 could be used to advantage in all schools of the state, 
 graded or ungraded. By so doing, it is hoped that a 
 course may be arranged, which, if carefully followed, 
 will give the pupils a thorough common school educa- 
 tion and secure a symmetrical development of their in- 
 tellectual powers. A complete system of education will 
 then be formed, fitting the pupils for high schools, and 
 later, for the State University. This method will also 
 serve to systematize the work of teachers and County 
 Superintendents throughout the state, as well as making 
 their work more effectual. The best results can only be 
 secured by close and watchful supervision on the part of 
 the Superintendent. jSext year the course of study will 
 have an important place on all institute programs and 
 the County Institutes will thus give all teachers an op- 
 portunity of familiarizing themselves with the Avork re- 
 quired of them. 
 
 County institutes. 
 
 In visiting the County Institutes throughout the 
 state, I have been pleased to notice the excellency of our 
 teaching force and the great interest manifested b}^ our 
 County Superintendents and other school officers in se- 
 curing the best talent ])ossible. The teachers of Wyo- 
 
iO REPORT OF STATE 
 
 ming compare very favorably with those of other 
 states and are rapidly advaucing. 
 
 While many of onr teaehers are supplied with the 
 best educational magazines and papers, this good work 
 should go on until every teacher in the state is a sub- 
 scriber to some educational journal. Our teachers must 
 do this, if they expect to keep abreast of the times in 
 educational matters. I might suggest here that, in 
 counties where no educational journal is published, the 
 teachers have an educational column in one or more 
 county Aveeklies, conducted by an experienced teacher, 
 in which the latest and best thought on theory and prac- 
 tice, together with other matters of professional interest, 
 can be promulgated. The attention of our teachers is 
 directed to the Use of books suitable for their use in- 
 cluded in the supplement to this report. 
 
 Free Text Books. 
 
 My predecessor in office, lion. S. T. Farwell, made 
 the following recommendation in reference to free text 
 books, in which 1 heartily concur, 
 
 "In connection with any proposed new school law, 
 I would urge a provision for the supply of free text 
 books to the pupils of the public schools. I quote the 
 following from the report of Hon. Fred Dick, Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction of Colorado, on this sub- 
 ject: "The school law of the state (Colorado) permits 
 districts to own the text books used in school and furn- 
 ish them free to pupils in attendam-e. At the present 
 time 201 districts have availed themselves of the privi- 
 lege, and I have yet to hear a single complaint raised 
 against the plan, while very many, both officers and 
 parents have exDressed themselves in its favor. The 
 arguments usuallv presented in its favor may be 
 summed up as follows, and these points are sustained by 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. j ] 
 
 evidence j^aiued from the experience of districts in otlier 
 states througliout the Union, wliich have for years owned 
 their text books: 
 
 "First — A o-ain of from 25 to 40 per cent on first 
 cost. 
 
 "Second — A gain of at least 33 per cent in the time 
 tile book will be in proi)er condition for nse. 
 
 "Third — Considering first cost and time of nse, there 
 is a gain of abont 50 per cent in cost to the commnnity. 
 
 "Fourth— The chisses are uniformly supplied at 
 the proper time and with the proper text books. 
 
 "Fifth — The very unpleasant distinction between 
 rich and poor is avoided. 
 
 "Sixtli^ — Increased attendance. 
 
 "Seventh — Schools are more successfully graded. 
 
 "Eighth — A state or county system is more easily 
 carried out. 
 
 "Ninth — A very great and unnecessary expense to 
 teachers is avoided. 
 
 From the report of the Superintendent of Schools 
 for NeAV York, it is noted that during the year 1891 Del- 
 aware has made her text books free, and that Missouri, 
 Texas and West Mrginia have adopted the system of 
 ])urchasiug text books under state contracts." 
 
 The great drawback to the adoption of a system of 
 free text books has been the fact that such acti(m would 
 require a very large (unginal outlay which our Legisla- 
 tures did not wish to place ui)on the people, al- 
 though such an (uitlay would result in a Qvent saving 
 hereafter. It is recommended that the adoption of a 
 system of free text books be left to the voluntary action 
 of districts, authority being given them to puchase books 
 to supply their i)upils whenever they feel able to do so. 
 Any thoughtful i)ersou will readily see that the adop- 
 tion of free text books means a great saving to Individ- 
 
12 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 uals. One district iu Laramie county lias, during the 
 past year, purchased a supply of school books, and is sell- 
 the same to the i^upils at cost. The experiment has 
 resulted in giNiug ueiK^ial satisfaction to the Datrons 
 of the schools, reducing the outlay for this purpose to 
 a considerable extent. 
 
 Common School Lands. 
 
 The following statement shows the status of the 
 common school lands of the state in regard to the leasing 
 ol' the same. 
 
 RECiLPirLJLA.XION 
 
 Of Common School Lv£iiacls, lSQo = '06. 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Location. 
 
 X 
 
 t 
 
 '/■ 
 
 :: 
 
 >t 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 f,< 
 
 2 
 
 
 - 
 
 ~ 
 
 ? 
 
 B 
 
 
 ;; 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 — 
 
 ?-P-i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 'A 
 
 K 
 
 H 
 
 K- 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 Albany 
 
 ) 3 
 
 19,848.00 
 
 
 # 10,220.00 
 315.00 
 
 .81 
 
 f 811.(X) 
 10.75 
 
 ( 'itrliou 
 
 i 44 
 
 17,2!t9.74 
 
 
 17,ll(i.79 
 
 .98 
 
 800.84 
 
 Coiivcr.Ke 
 
 ■IS 
 
 21,280.00 
 
 
 15,700.00 
 
 .73 
 
 785.(Kt 
 
 Ci'ook 
 
 42 
 
 17,920.00 
 
 
 11,084.(X) 
 
 .02 
 
 .>54.20 
 
 Fioiiioiit 
 
 80 
 
 12,144.1)8 
 
 
 10,484.50 
 
 .81 
 
 524.24 
 
 .Johnson 
 
 ;?4 
 
 7,205.50 
 
 
 7,909.97 
 
 1.10 
 
 398..50 
 
 
 t 110 
 
 
 
 1,777.00 
 
 
 88.8;5 
 
 Laraniie. 
 
 5i;409'.22 
 
 
 30,213.79 
 
 .70 
 
 1,810.07 
 
 Natrona 
 
 17 
 
 r,i 
 
 9,920.00 
 19,5*5.25 
 
 
 7,244.00 
 14,797.71 
 
 .73 
 .70 
 
 302.20 
 
 Slieridau 
 
 1,743.89 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 2 
 
 080.00 
 
 
 720.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 30.00 
 
 Uinta 
 
 22 
 
 5,320.00 
 
 
 (i,302.00 
 
 1.19 
 
 318.10 
 
 Westoii 
 
 12 
 
 5,440.00 
 
 
 3,940.00 
 
 .72 
 
 197.00 
 
 
 
 
 472 
 
 188,022.39 
 
 29 
 
 1149,91-1.70 
 
 .70 
 
 »8,501.24 
 
 It has been estimated that the total acreage of all 
 lands granted to the state for the benefit of the common 
 fe'chools will be, when surveyed, in the neighborhood of 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 13 
 
 3,600,000 acres. The present acreage leased there- 
 fore only amounts to about one-twentieth of the whole. 
 Since this one-twentieth yields an annual revenue of 
 |8,500, it is fair to suppose that, if the entire amount 
 were leased, the annual revenue would amount to 
 1170,000, or more than half of the full amount expended 
 for school purpos<^s duriuji' the past year. If this 
 amount could be received as rental, and reapportioned 
 to the schools of the state through the Common 
 School Land Income Fund, the school taxes would be 
 decreased 50 per cent. It would be of public benefit in 
 many wnvs if the entire bodv of school land in the 
 state could be leased, even if tho rates of rental were 
 lower than at pre*««ent obtained. The peonle gener- 
 ally would be aided b^- th*^ reduction of taxes; the 
 schools would cease to be a burden; and with the great 
 area of school land leased, the present conflicting inter- 
 ests in sheep and cattle raising might be amicably ad- 
 justed. 
 
 In order to aid in this matter, the Board of Trustees 
 of the F'tnte Fr.iversity and the members of the Soldiers 
 and Sailors' Home commission have interested them- 
 selves in the leasing of lands granted for those institu- 
 tions and have succeeded in materiallv increasing the 
 revenues derived therefrom. I wish that this fact could 
 be brought to the attention of the votf^rs at every 
 district school meeting and that each district board 
 would constitute themselves a committee to see that 
 all school lands in the district are leased. If our -peo- 
 ple would realize bow much this would contribute to 
 reduce thpir taxes. T am sure the matter ^"ould recf^ive 
 their attontiou. F-ir-li di«tnVt pliould ma^-^e their school 
 lands r>av at least half their exnenses. It is an imnos- 
 sibilitv for the members of the Land Board to keep 
 themselves informed of all trespassers on school lands. 
 
lA REPORT OF STATE 
 
 and district boards could be of <;reat assistance in tliis 
 res])ect and also in seeiuc,' that all lands are leased at 
 their real valuation. 
 
 Common School Land Income Fund. 
 
 The amount of .f24,S88.24, received from the 
 rental of lands donated to the common schools by the 
 general government, was distributed by the State Sup- 
 erintendent on March 31, 1800, as provided in the act 
 approved February 10, 1805, on the basis of the (Miroll- 
 ment of school children reported by each County 
 Superintendent for the school year endino- September 
 30, 1895. 
 
 Such apportionment Avas made as follows: 
 
 Albany county $ 2,488 16 
 
 Carbon county 2,397 48 
 
 Converse county 1 ,090 37 
 
 Crook county 1324 81 
 
 Fremont county i»59o 21 
 
 Johnson county 1. 165 56 
 
 Laramie county 3i9^7 9^ 
 
 Natrona county 599 37 
 
 Sweetwater county 2,461 62 
 
 Sheridan county 2,224 97 
 
 Uinta county 4,958 63 
 
 Weston county 659 08 
 
 Total 24,888 24 
 
 The total amount of rentals to the credit of the 
 school fund at the time of the distribution was 137,- 
 032.88. Of this amount, 112,144.04 was, on account of 
 the failure of the bank in which the funds were de- 
 posited, not in the hands of the State Treasurer, and 
 therefore was not available for distribution. 
 
 The annual receipts for the Common School Land 
 Income Fund during the ])ast tAvo years have been |0,- 
 000.00, and this amount is increasing each year. The 
 distribution of this fund will tend to reduce school 
 taxes. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 15 
 
 The act of the State Legislature, approved Jan- 
 uary 1(), 1891, provided that the fuuds arisiug from the 
 sale of school lauds shall coustitute a Common School 
 Permanent Fund, of which the interest only shall be 
 used for the support of tlie common schools. The last 
 legislature wisely provided that this fund may be in- 
 vested in interest bearing bonds of the school districts 
 of the state. The interest on school bonds is not a small 
 burden on our people, |7,022.79 having been paid out for 
 that purpose during the past year. Hitherto this money 
 has been sent to investors outside the state in a sreat 
 many cases. As soon as practicable it is hoped that the 
 Oommon School Permanent Fund may be invested in 
 these bonds, aufl, as the interest arisino- from such in- 
 vestment will become a part of the Common School 
 Land Income Fund, the taxes for interest will be again 
 apportioned over the state through the latter fund. 
 
 Department of Public In5t**uction. 
 
 The gr^r't oood to our sr-h'-»ols! r<^«nltiTio- from nu i^i- 
 telbVc^^f and o-eueral sui"»evvi«!ir>u is a matt'^r t^^at 
 strides even the mo«t simerfioinl obapwer. but it i«' ■^^^- 
 cult for one unfaun'b'nr with the rlnties of this o^ce to 
 realize the bnrrleu of Inbor imv>f>'-''^'1 bv statute ou this de- 
 partment. A brief snmmarv of the worV which must 
 be done mav helu to explain wliv mnnv more important 
 reforms have not been effected in the past two years. 
 
 The letter booVs of the office show that the o^cinl 
 correspondence durinir this P'^riod has amounted to 
 nrer fi,000 Ipffprs, besides circ^ilars and pamphlets. 
 Questions nri'^p -n-lnV-h nre uo^ pnntrolled bv anv ex'stin": 
 statute and which have not b-p^i decided bv the courts. 
 Extensive correspondence is often necessary to acquaint 
 the people with their rights. 
 
1 6 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 The siiperiutendent is required to visit teachers' in- 
 stitutes, summer schools, and attend meetings of various 
 other educational societies for the i)nr])ose of aAvaken- 
 ing interest and in the effort to arouse an educational 
 sentiment in the community. Almost the entire tim-^ 
 of the superintendent durinji the summer is devoted to 
 tliis work. Institutes and associntions at Sheridan, 
 Bipi: Horn, Buffalo, Newcastle, Doucrlas, Casper, Lander, 
 EvAnston, Kock Rprinos, TJai^dins, Laramie and Chey- 
 enne, demand special attention. Lectures nnd educa- 
 tional papers have been delivered and read at every in- 
 stitute in the state, with the exception of two. This 
 '''''ork necessitates much thoueiitful effort nnd it h-ns 
 bf^en our <-onstant aim to ouicken the interest in the 
 country schools, to secure better suT>prvision, and to 
 G:ive to teachers a better appreciation of the work needed 
 in the school room. 
 
 The state superintendent is, ex-officio, a member 
 of the Board of Trustees of the Wvominc; FniversitVjand 
 as sncli, is required to attend all meetin<js of the board. 
 
 The law requires that the Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction shall also ho S-^cretary of the State Board 
 of Charities and Eeform, and, as such, shall keep a record 
 of the proceedings of thf> board, shall countersign all 
 documents made or approved by the board, and shall 
 make an annual report to the governor. 
 
 The Superintendent of Public Instruction is Secre- 
 tary and Eesjister of the State Board of Land Commis- 
 sioners, and is required to make out and countersign all 
 leases of state lands and keep a record of the same; file 
 and preserve the bonds pven bv lessees or purchasers to 
 secure deferred payments; make out and record certifi- 
 cates of purchase to purchasers; keep the seal of the 
 board and a record of all' meetings held by the board; 
 and receive the rental of state lands, receipting for 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. , y 
 
 same nnd tnrniiio- over the money thus I'eceived to the 
 slate treasurer. The work in tliis department dnring 
 the past tAvo years has been excessively heavy. The 
 State Board of Control, dnrinti; this period, has selected 
 over 175,000 acres of land in addition to the amount for- 
 merly controlled by the state. The necessary work of 
 selecting-, recordinii, ])lattiniT^ an<l leasing- this land has 
 fallen entirely np(m the office of the Uejiister of the 
 I'.oard of Land Commissioners. Resides this there has 
 been a c(mstantly increasinu' nnmbei' of leases issued for 
 school lands. ^^'hen it is considererl that this amount 
 of 175,000 acres of land is comi^ri -^ed of small bodies, 
 ranjiino- from forty acres to tAvo and three thousand 
 acres in a tract, it will be seen that the number of leases 
 required is very laroe. BetVre the leasinti' of a tract can 
 be considered, the land must be selected in the sevf^ral 
 Ignited States land offices ami be recorded and Dlatted 
 on the records in the office of the reni'^ter. After art- 
 plications have been fi^ed and af-ted uiion, each l^ase 
 must be issued and recorder!, a bend filled out, and the 
 l>apers forwarded to tlir» comitv clerk of the county in 
 which the land is situatetl for execution. When the 
 tirst payment is forwarded, notatujii'-" must ap,ain be made 
 on all records. 
 
 If a lease could be i^yued for tive years and not re- 
 quire' any further attention <iTn'in«r that period, the work 
 W(nild be comr>aratiyel'- li-cht, h^'t ■ :!ch mo!i(h the rec- 
 ords must be looked over to see, ti" t, Avhat rentals are 
 due, in order that notices may be sent; second, Avhat 
 leases have run beyond the time for execution; third, 
 what leases avIU expire Avirlsin a short period; and fourth, 
 all payments that are deb'n ]ueiit after several notices, 
 in order that the cases may be reported to the board for 
 action on the bonds. AYhen leases are about to expire 
 notices of that fact are sent to lessees, together with 
 
1 3 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 blanks for making application to renew their leases. 
 Quite often, three and fonr notices are required to be 
 sent before the payment of rental is forwarded. This 
 requires a continual oversight of all leases and certifi- 
 cates of purchase on the records, besides a large corres- 
 pondence in regard to all new applications which are 
 being received. It is sometimes thought it is a very sim- 
 ple matter to receive an application to lease and file it, 
 but it must be considered that the papers require a care- 
 ful examination^ to see that no conflicts exist and that 
 a fair valuation is placed upon the land before it can be 
 filed to await the action of the board. In the same man- 
 ner, it seems a small matter to receive a half dozen pay- 
 ments on leases in a day, but even this one item requires 
 a great deal of time to fully record. Taking into con- 
 sideration the cash entries winch are made, each pay- 
 ment is noted five different times, and a letter is then 
 written to the lessee acknowledging the receipt of the 
 rental. Three of these entries are full receipts, one re- 
 ceipt is sent to the lessee, one is noted on the lease in the 
 office, and a further receipt must be given to the state 
 auditor. 
 
 The law authorizes a contingent which allows the 
 heads of other departments to appoint such clerks for 
 their office as they deem advisable, and it is not easv to 
 discern the wisdom of the rostrictious placed upon the 
 clerical assistance afforded to this department. 
 
 In order that the usefulness and benefits of the su- 
 pervision of schools mav be felt, the arnoronriation for 
 this office should be largelv increased. Schools should be 
 visited, and it must be taken into consideration that 
 Wyoming is a large state and that the cost of traveling 
 from one section to another is not a small i1»em. In or- 
 der to reach Lander, for example, or the schools of Fre- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. jo 
 
 mont or Big Horn counties, a person ranst travel over 
 500 miles, while from Cliej^enne to Buffalo, about an 
 equal distance must be traveled. The purchase of school 
 registers, (which are used in every school and cost about 
 |1.00 each), blanks for teachers' reports, clerks' reports, 
 teachers' certificates, county superintendents' reports, 
 Avith stationery, postage and incidentals for use in the 
 office of the state superintendent, almost entirely ex- 
 hausts the present appropriation, leaving very little for 
 visiting schools or clerk hire. In some states, it is the 
 rule to deduct the cost of all school registers, report 
 blanks, etc., from the a])i)ortionment of funds to the dif- 
 ferent counties, but, in Wyoming, we have no law au- 
 thorizing this and thus the entire cost unfairly comes 
 from the amount appropriated for the contingent ex- 
 ])enses of tlie state superintendent. 
 
 New bhmk forms have been prepared sliowiug the 
 trustees elected in each district at the annual 
 school meeting in May. These election reports enable 
 this department to have a complete record of all school 
 officers. 
 
 Arbor Day. 
 
 April 26 was appointed by the governor in 1895 to 
 be observed as Arbor Day, and, in 1806, May 1st was set 
 apart for this purpose. The interest in this day is stead- 
 ily increasing and our schools have aided very much in 
 this respect by the public exercises lield by the pupils. 
 Circulars and programs for the observance of the day 
 have been sent out each year from this department. 
 
 Flag Day. 
 
 June 14 is the anniversary of the adoption of the 
 stars and stripes as the national flag of our country. 
 While it is not a legal holiday it seems fitting that the 
 
20 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 day should be remembered, especially in the schools of 
 the state. School trustees and superintendents are re 
 quested to call the matter -to the attention of local 
 school authorities so far as possible with the recom- 
 mendation that special care be taken to display the na- 
 tional flag upon every school building on that day, and 
 that a short i)rogram of ap]^roi)riate souses and recita- 
 tions be arranged . 
 
 In this way a reveren(*e for our institutions will be 
 impressed upon our school children and through them 
 upon the people of the state. Admiration for the flag 
 need not imply military spirit, but rather love of country, 
 obedience to law, patriotic devotion to our government, 
 and generous desire for peace and good will among all 
 nations. Let the day be fittingly celebrated. Let the 
 children be taught what the flag represents. 
 
 "With its red for love, and its white for law. 
 And its blue for the hope that our fathers saw 
 Of a larger liberty." 
 
 University Lands and State University. 
 
 The following statement, taken from the records in 
 the office of the Register of the State Board of Land Com- 
 missioners, shows the condition of the university lands of 
 the state on September .30, 1800. 
 
 By the act of congress, approved February 18, 1881, 
 46,001,. '^4 acres of land were granted to the state univer- 
 sity and these lands have been selected as follows: 
 
 Albany county iS.i.il 46 acres 
 
 Cnrbon ronntv 1 1 -5 '9 80 acres 
 
 Conver'sp coniifv 5.043 70 acres 
 
 Johnson cou"tv 1.263 91 acres 
 
 Laramie connty 8 261 06 acres 
 
 Natrona county 1,841 41 acres 
 
 Total 46,091 34 acres 
 
 Of the land selected, 4704.87 acres have been leased 
 i'i tlie following counties: 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 21 
 
 Counties. 
 
 No. Leases. 
 
 Acreage. 
 
 AV. Val. 
 
 An. Rental. 
 
 Albany 
 
 2 
 
 4. 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 1,024.87 
 
 1,920.00 
 
 640 . 00 
 
 640 . 00 
 
 480 . 00 
 
 .81 
 2.07 
 •25 
 •25 
 ■50 
 
 $ 41 .62 
 
 Carbon 
 
 I 99 . 00 
 8.00 
 8.00 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Converse 
 
 Natrona 
 
 12.00 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 4,704.87 
 
 1.07 
 
 ^268.62 
 
 It will be seeu by the above that the annual rental 
 from these lands is }!?2G8.GlI and the total revenue re- 
 ceived from them by this ofBce during the period ex- 
 tending from April 1st, 1891 to September 30th, 1896, 
 has been |1,250.27, for which the legislature has pro- 
 vided no means of disbursement. 
 
 I also submit the following correspondence from 
 Hon. F. P. Graves, president, in reference to the present 
 status of the university: 
 
 Laramie, Wyoming, November 28th, 1896. 
 Miss Estelle Reel, State Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction, Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 Dear Madam: I enclose herewith the report of the 
 university as requested. I am pleased to have the op- 
 portunity to make it, and to contribute to your biennial 
 statement. Yours Most Respectfully, 
 
 (Signed.) FRANK PIERREPONT GRAVES. 
 
 President. 
 
 The State University is the consummation of the 
 public education of the state. This fact is growing more 
 widely into recognition of late years, and students from 
 all over the state are now in attendance. This move- 
 ment should be encouraged. The faculty of the univer- 
 sity is unusuallly strong, even for a state institution, 
 
2 2 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 and is superior to that of most denominational colleges 
 
 t(> Nvliich some citizens are still sending their children. 
 
 The attendance at tlie nniversity for the fall term 
 
 is over 140, and will probably reach 1()0 or more before 
 
 the end of the next term. This is a .gain of one-third over 
 
 any previous year. The attendance for the last five 
 
 years is as follows: 
 
 1892-93 107 
 
 1893-94 109 
 
 1894-95 106 
 
 1895-90 118 
 
 1896-97 (probable attendance) i6o 
 
 To make the university more truly an institution 
 of higher learning, the trustees this year removed the 
 sub-preparatory class. Had that remained the number 
 of students would probably have reached 200 this year. 
 The university extension courses are also growing into 
 populai' favor. 
 
 In other directions the university has made marked 
 advances during the past two years. The standard of 
 scholarship has been greatly raised and educators of 
 high rank have been added to the faculty. It will go 
 on increasing in usefulness, if given the proper support 
 and patronage by the people of the state. 
 
 A dormitory for 3^oung men is absolutely neces- 
 sary at the present time, to keep pace with the growth of 
 the university. That the expenses of living might be 
 greatly reduced, the president and a few of the faculty 
 have this year established at their own expense a 
 boarding house where male students may obtain board 
 at |17 per month. If the legislature would build a 
 dormitory for the university, board could be given the 
 young men at cost and the influence of the university 
 outside of Laramie would be more strongly felt. 
 
 The university at the present time includes the fol- 
 lowing departments: 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 23 
 
 The preparatory department. 
 
 The college, with classical, scientific, literary and 
 philosophical courses of study. 
 
 The agricultural college. 
 
 The college of mechanic arts. 
 
 The school of mines. 
 
 The normal school. 
 
 High schools which adopt the university prepara- 
 tory^ course of studj^ will be enrolled as "Accredited High 
 Schools," and work done in these schools will be ac- 
 cepted on presentation of grades, in so far as it is 
 equivalent to corresponding studies in the preparatory 
 department The following have been enrolled as Ac- 
 credited schools: Cheyenne, Evanston, Lander, Lara- 
 mie, Eawlins, Rock Springs and Sheridan. 
 
 Very Eespectfully, 
 FKANK PIERREPONT GRAVES. 
 
 President. 
 
 State Teachers' Association. 
 
 One of the most effective aids in educational devel- 
 opment in the state has been the work of the State 
 Teachers' Association and the continuance of the meet- 
 ings of this organization should be encouraged and 
 aided by all who desire to see the teachers of the state 
 maintain the high standard required by modern educa- 
 tional methods. 
 
 The Wyoming State Teachers' Association was 
 formed in 1891, the first meeting being held at Laramie, 
 when Dr. A. A. Johnson was elected president. 
 
 The second meeting was held December 28-30, 1892 
 at Cheyenne. The third meeting was at Rawlins in 
 1893, the fourth at Rock Springs in February 1891, and 
 the fifth at Evanston in 1895. All of these meetings 
 
24 
 
 REPORT OP STATE 
 
 have iii-oused entlmsiasiii aiul luucli iuterest lias been 
 taken in the instnu-tions and lectures forming the pro- 
 grams. 
 
 The sixth meeting will be held in Laramie in ISOT. 
 The aims and purposes of the association are sho\yn by 
 the constitution and bvdaws adopted in 1891 and under 
 which its work is conducted, as follows: 
 
 Preamble, Constitution and By=Laws. 
 
 VllKAMBLK. 
 llesolved, That we, the teachers of Wyoming, in con- 
 vention assembled, in order to advance the interests of 
 education and to diffuse an educational spirit among the 
 teachers of the commonwealth, do now and hereby form 
 a State Teachers' Association. 
 
 CUCWSTITUTION. 
 
 Article 1. This association shall be called the Wyo- 
 ming (State Teachers' Association. 
 
 Article 2. The association shall hold its meetings 
 annually. Special meetings may be called at any 
 time by the written request of the executive committee. 
 
 Article o. The otticers of this association shall 
 consist of a president, a vice-president, a secretary, two 
 assistant secretaries, a treasui'er, and an executive com- 
 mittee of live, of which the president of the association 
 shall be chairman and the secretary of the association 
 secretary. All officers named in this article shall be 
 elected annually and hold their office until their suc- 
 cessors are elected. 
 
 Article 4. It shall be the duty of the president to 
 preside at the meetings of the association, and to attend 
 to the duties incumbent upon said office. The vice-presi- 
 dent shall preside in case of his absence. 
 
 Article 5. The duties of the secretary shall be such 
 as usually pertain to that office. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^h 
 
 Article .6. It shall be the duty of the treasurer to 
 receive all funds belouoing to the association and pay 
 out the same only on orders from the chairman of the 
 executive committee. He shall keep a faithful account 
 of all moneys received and expended, and report the 
 condition of the finances when called upon to do so at 
 an}' regular meeting of the association. 
 
 Article 7. The executive committee shall de- 
 termine the duration of the annual meetings, arrange 
 for the literary exercises, prepare programs, make terms 
 with railroads, and determine the time and place of an- 
 nual meeting, when the same has not been indicated 
 b}'^ the association. They shall hold one meeting dur- 
 ing the year, at such time and place as the chairman 
 may select, which shall be at least three months prior 
 to the annual meeting. 
 
 Article 8. This association shall consist of teach- 
 ers and of state, county and district school officers, in 
 Wyoming. Each member shall sign the constitution, 
 and pay 50 cents annually before being entitled to vote 
 or hold office. Honorary members may be elected at 
 any annual meeting, and may participate in the debates, 
 but not be entitled to vote. 
 
 Article 9. All officers shall be elected by ballot ex- 
 cept when otherwise ordered bj^ the association. A 
 majority of the votes cast shall elect 
 
 Article 10. This constitution may be altered or 
 amended by a vote of three-fourths of the members 
 present at any regular meeting of the association. 
 
 BY-LAWS. 
 
 1. The standing committees shall be composed of 
 five members each and shall be appointed annually by 
 the chair. They shall be as follows: 
 (a.) Committee on finance, 
 (b.) Committee on resolutions. 
 
26 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 (c.) Committee on school law. 
 
 2. The duties of the standing committees shall be 
 those indicated by their titles. 
 
 3. During debate this association shall conform 
 to the laws of deliberative bodies generally. 
 
 4. There may be a nominating committee ap- 
 pointed by the chair on the first day of each session and 
 shall consist of one member present from each county. 
 This committee shall select the officers subject to the ap- 
 proval of the association. 
 
 School Libraries. 
 
 The benefits to be derived by teachers and pupils 
 from a well selected school library are inestimable 
 While the statistical reports submitted herewith show 
 that the number of volumes in our school libraries is 
 increasing, still the number of books is greatly dispro- 
 portionate to the number of pupils. In fact there are 
 many schools in the state which do not contain even 
 books of reference. 
 
 I strongl}^ urge upon school trustees the necessity 
 for providing libraries for every school. Their librar- 
 ies should, first of all, contain necessary reference books, 
 dictionaries and encyclopedias. 
 
 After these works are supplied a general library 
 will be fouud invaluable. I include in this report sev- 
 eral lists of books, which can be secured at moderate 
 cost and the purchase of which would prove a valuable 
 investment for every school at present unsupplied with 
 a library. (See Appendix XI.) 
 
 Agricultural College Lands. 
 
 A grant of 90,000 acres has been made by the gen- 
 eral government for the benefit of the State Agricultural 
 C'oUege. In connection with this grant, it was pro- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 2- 
 
 videcl tliat the laud could uot be selected iu bodies of 
 less tliau IGO acres aud that uot more than 640 acres of 
 land granted for this purpose should be leased 
 to any individual. The i^ractice of only selecting lands 
 which can be immediately leased and thus yield a rev- 
 enue, has prevented the selection of any quantity of 
 laud for the agricultural college. It has been thought, 
 however, that this plan will result in securing more 
 valuable laud for the institution, for as the state grows 
 older aud population increases, the people will realize 
 the immense advantage of procuring title to govern- 
 ment land through state selections, a process which 
 does not take over a year to secure final patent, and the 
 tedious process of homesteading and irrigating land. 
 
 Opinions. 
 
 I have included in this report, for the information 
 of school otticers, several opinions rendered by the at- 
 torney general in matters upon which decisions have 
 been asked. (See Appendix VIII.) 
 
 The state examiner has also kindly furnished this 
 oflice with copies of opinions rendered by him in refer- 
 ence to the financial affairs of school districts. (See Ap- 
 pendix IX.) 
 
 Statistics. 
 
 Lists of County Superintendents aud statistical 
 tables showing the school attendance, number of teach- 
 ers, average compensation of teachers, cost of tuition, 
 etc., for the years 1895 and 1896 Avill be found in this re- 
 port. (See Appendices I, II, and VII.) 
 
 Tabulated reports of the financial condition of the 
 schools of the state, as reported by the county superin- 
 tendents for the vears 1895 and 1896 are also included. 
 (See Appendices III, IV, VI, aud VII.) 
 
28 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 In conclusion I desire to express my sincere thanks 
 to the county superintendents, school trustees and 
 teachers of the state for the cheerful support they have 
 given me and for their hearty co-operation in the work 
 of advancing the educational interests of Wyoming. 
 
 Very Kespectfully, 
 ESTELLE REEL, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
APPENDIX 1. 
 
 List of County Superintendents, 1897-1 S98 
 
30 
 
 REPORT OP STATE 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 County Superintendents of Schools. 
 
 CotTNTY. Superintendent. 
 
 Albany, Mrs. Sarah W. Pease, 
 
 Carbon, Miss Gertrude M. Huntington, 
 
 Big Horn, Mrs. Belle T. Howell, 
 
 Converse, Mr. Charles A. Sherman, 
 
 Crook, Miss Barbara Gunn, 
 
 Fremont, Mrs. Mary A. Mason, 
 
 Laramie, Mrs. Elizabeth Hawes, 
 
 Johnson, Mrs. Cornelia Snyder, 
 
 Natrona, Miss W. M. Clark. 
 
 Sheridan, Mrs. Marion Dillon^ 
 
 Sweetwater, Mrs. Mary A. Clark, 
 
 Uinta, Mrs. Mary J. Young, 
 
 Weston. Miss Emma C. Patterson, 
 
 POSTOFFICE APDBESS. 
 
 Laramie. 
 
 .Saratoga. 
 
 Strong. 
 
 Manville 
 
 Sundance. 
 
 Lander. 
 
 Cheyenne. 
 
 BuBalo. 
 
 Casper. 
 
 .Sheridan. 
 
 Rock Springs. 
 
 Evanston. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 Public School Statistics, Year Ending September 
 30, 1895- 
 
32 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
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 School Funds on and Hand Received Dui<in<; Ykak 
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34 
 
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APriiXDLX IV. 
 
 SciioDL Funds Disbursed and on Hand During Year 
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REPORT OF STATE 
 
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APPENDIX V 
 
 Public School Statistics, Year Ending September 
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APPENDIX VI. 
 
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APPENDIX VII. 
 
 School Finds Disbursed and on Hand During Yeak 
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42 
 
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APPENDIX VIi: 
 
 Opinions of the Honorable Attorney General. 
 
. . REPORT OF STATE 
 
 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming, March 7, 1895. 
 Miss Estelle Reel, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 Dear Madam: I have received your letter of Feb- 
 ruary' 3rd, enclosing a communication from Miss W. M. 
 Clark, County Superintendent of Natrona county, in 
 which she states that "On the 14th of September, Dis- 
 trict No. 0, in this county (Natrona county) was formed. 
 Our late superintendent refused to make any appropria- 
 tion whatever, on the ground that there was not three 
 months of schooling before the first of December. The 
 board is of the opinion that they should have an appro- 
 priation on which to start the school. Now I should 
 like to have jonr opinion on the matter. Would it be 
 projier for me to make an appropriation to the said 
 school district?" 
 
 You request my advice as to the proper legal meth- 
 ods to pursue in adjusting the matter in question. 
 
 Under Section 3957 of the Revised Statutes, the 
 clerk of each district is required to submit to the County 
 Superintendent of Schools, on the first Monday of Sep- 
 tember of each year, a report for the past year; that is, 
 for the year immediately preceding the first Monday in 
 September, which report shall contain among other 
 things, the number of schools taught in each district, 
 the number of days each scholar attended the same, and 
 the number of schools and branches taught; the num- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 ber of pupils in each school aud of each sex; the number 
 of teachers employed in each school ; the number of days 
 the school has been taught and by Avhom. 
 
 Section 3914 of the Eevised Statutes, amended by 
 Chapter 07, of the Session Laws of 1888, page 141, pro- 
 vides that the county superintendents of each county 
 shall on the first Monday in December annually apnor- 
 tion the county school tax, and all the money in the 
 countv treasury belouo:ini>- to the county school fund, the 
 said fund to be distributed in the following manner: 
 
 Each school district in his county shall be appor- 
 tioned the sum of .1?150, for the payment of teachers in 
 such district, and all moneys remaining after such ap- 
 portionment shall be apportioned in each district ac- 
 cording to the number of pupils in attendance at schools 
 of said district reported to him bv the several district 
 clerks, but no district shall be entitled to the amount of 
 %lirtO, for the pavmeut of teachers, beside the pro rata ap- 
 portionment, as provided in this section, where there nrp 
 less than eijiht scholars of school ace in said district. 
 Said section aVo Drovides for the supplementary ap- 
 portionment of the monev of the countv school fund at 
 any fim^'. aftf>v the first Mondav of Dec^mbfr and r»rior 
 to the fiv'^t of the followinq: JnrtP. nnrl f^^^o]^ nrjnorfion- 
 ment shall be pro rata in acoordnncp to tho numbpr of 
 nupils in attendnnce in anv and all srhools in paid dis- 
 friof. as r«^r>orted bv the several district clorVs in thpir 
 Inst nnnnal reports. 
 
 Thf oinf»etir»n T^'^hioh i« onbrn'tt^'l in T^nnT" r>rkTnnTnri- 
 inatinn. serums to involve the inolit of tho snnorint/^i^'i'^nii 
 to rofnc'O mi n^'»T~»Arfif>nTn<^nt r>l^ tlio ncfonn'l thnt th'^ro 
 Tras not ^lirAP montlT^ onlmolino- l^riforo thc» ti^^'t ^Tonrlav 
 in T^opAnihoT". As to this obipction, tho noint is cer- 
 tainlv not ■^\-ell tal-en. 
 
 However, the difficnltv which nntnrallv arisos in 
 this district. No. 9, of Xatronn comitv, is that not havin<T 
 been formpd until aftor the first Mondav in Sontpmber. 
 and subsenuent to tl^e tinre wlipu renorts had boon sent 
 to the conntv surterintendpnt® hr- the district clerl's. ^f 
 the old districts from which it was taken, the new dis- 
 
^6 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 trict Avoiild not be entitled to be considered by the 
 county superintendent in . making the apportionment 
 based upon Sections 3957 and 3914 of the lievised Stat- 
 utes as amended. 
 
 In the biennial report of the attorney general of 
 Wyoming 1891-1892, page 32, referring to a communica- 
 tion from your predecessor, lion. S. T. Farwell, Avith ref- 
 erence to certain questions submitted by County Super- 
 intendent Mary Wright of Albany county. Attorney 
 (reneral Potter I think very correctly takes the ground 
 that not only the December apportionment, but also the 
 June apportionment, are based upon the reports of the 
 District Herl-'s furnisher! to th<^ Tountv Superintendent 
 on the first Monday of Sentember. While this would 
 leave the new district without funds from the 9th of 
 September, 1894, the date upon which it was organized, 
 until the December, 1895, apportionment, still at the 
 same time, as the statute has made no other provision, 
 I can see no method by which an exception can be made 
 of the new district. Had District No. 9 been organized 
 prior to the first Monday in September, the clerk would 
 have filed the report required by the statute, and said 
 district would have received its share of the public funds 
 in the December distribution. 
 
 I think that if the County Superintendents in appor- 
 tioning new districts, wcmld be careful to see that no 
 new districts are organized between the date at v/hich 
 the report of the district clerks is called for, and the 
 date of the apportionment, any further trouble in this 
 respect could be avoided. 
 
 Very respectfullv yours, 
 BENJAMIN F.' FOWLER, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Oct. 7, 1895. 
 
 Miss Estelle Keel, State Superintendent of Public In- 
 struction, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 Dear Madam: Referring to your communication of 
 
 the 7th of September, in which you refer to a commu- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^^ 
 
 iiicatioii received by your office from Miss Emma C. 
 I'atterson, County Superintendent of Weston County, 
 and in which you submit the following statement of 
 facts: 
 
 "A new District has been formed in Weston County, 
 embracing portions of Districts Nos. 1 and 2. The meet- 
 ing to elect officers w^ill be held on July 10th. The 
 greater portion of their district has been in District 
 !No. 2. Now, the question is this: The levy on taxable 
 j'.roperty that was made last May was paid of course 
 to District No. 2. The new District being formed, we 
 wish to know what the law is concerning this tax. If 
 the new District (Xo. 3) receives any portion of the 
 funds in the treasury of District No. 2, also, if the cash 
 on hand in District No. 2 is apportioned to District 
 No 3 according to the number of scholars in the new 
 District." 
 
 In reply, I desire to state that the question of the 
 division of the cash on hand in District No. 2, is fully 
 discussed by Attorney Geneial Potter, on page 22 of his 
 Bi-ennial report, 1893-4, his decision being to the effect 
 that Avhen a school district is divided, the old district 
 retains the money on hand. I have this day forwarded 
 to you a copy of his opinion in which I fully concur. 
 
 In reo:ard to the question of the division of the tax 
 which is levied at the May meeting, I desire to state 
 that und(-r Section 31)()5 of the Revised Statutes of Wyo- 
 ming, it is provided that "Whenever a sum of money lias 
 been voted by a district, the clerk shall, under the super- 
 vision of the director, make out and certify, over his 
 omcial signature, the amount of money voted in this 
 district, and on or before the 4th Monday in May, in 
 each year, cause the same to be filed in the office of the 
 clerk of the Board of County Commissioners." 
 
 It is also provided that the levy shall be made upon 
 this certificate, and under the provisions of Section 
 3968, it is provided that the money collected upon the 
 district tax roll shall be paid by the director directly 
 to the treasurer of the proper district, and shall take his 
 receipt therefor. 
 
48 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 The "treasurer of the proper district" referrinoj to 
 the district where the tax. was voted. There is no pro- 
 vision made under tlie laws of this State, or any au- 
 thority ojiven for a district organized subsequent to the 
 annual meeting- to vote a special tax. 
 
 As to the regular tax, the County Superintendent 
 shall apportion in December the districts which are 
 organized prior to the month of September, and where 
 reports have been tiled with the County Clerk in the 
 manner provided by law, they are entitled to a share in 
 the division of the funds, both as to the floO.OO allowed 
 for each district and also for the pro rata share accord- 
 ing to the number of pupils in attendance at the schools 
 of the district as reported by the district clerks, in the 
 September report. 
 
 I am therefore of the opinion that Districts Nos. 1 
 and 2 are entitled to all of the cash on hand in their re- 
 spective treasuries and to the proceeds of the special tax 
 levy for their districts and that the new No. 3 will re- 
 ceive no funds whatever except its pro rata share of the 
 county tax according to the division which will be made 
 in December by the County Superintendent, as based 
 upon the September reports of the District Clerks of the 
 County, 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 BENJ. F. FOWLER, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Dec. 12, 1895. 
 Miss Estelle Reel, State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 
 ti(m, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 Dear Madam: Referring to your favor of the 11th, in 
 which you request a construction of the fifth paragraph 
 of Section 3027, set forth in page 22 of the School Laws 
 of this State: 
 
 I desire to state that I think the law is very clear 
 in its provisions, viz., that each school district in this 
 state may levy a tax which shall not exceed ten mills 
 on the dollar of taxable property in such district, with 
 the exception that no school district where the taxable 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^g 
 
 property exceeds the sum of three millions of dollars 
 shall levy a tax in excess of five (5) mills, and in districts 
 where the valnation sliall be less than two hnndre<l 
 tlionsand dollars the tax shall not exceed five mills. 
 In all districts where the valnation is between two hnn- 
 dred thonsand dollars and three million dollars the tax 
 may be voted and levied np to the limit of ten mills. 
 
 Yonrs truly, 
 BENJAMIN F. FOWLEIl, 
 
 Attorney (lencral. 
 
APPHNDLX IX. 
 
 Opinions ok 'jhe Honorable State Examinei^. 
 
REPORT OF STATE 
 
 Opinions of State Examiner. 
 
 Mr Eil L. ratriok,* Clerk, School District Xo. (I Tatriik, 
 Wvomiiiir. 
 
 Dear Sir: Keplyiiiii to voiir letter of the ."Ust ultimo. 
 2so aceouuts shall be allowed by the Board of School 
 Directors unless the same shall be made out iu separate 
 items, properly dated and the value of each item speci- 
 tically described, and when no specitied fees 
 are alh>w"e<l by law, the date that such services were 
 rendered and time actually and necessarily devoted to 
 the performance of any service charued in such account 
 shall be specilied, which account so made out shall be 
 veritied by the affidavit, sottinsx fo.th that said ac -ount 
 is just and correct, and that the whole or no part of the 
 same has been paid by tlie Districts or any individuil. 
 
 T]:e fore^o-'ns: i^ wl at is leqrived of the State. Conntv 
 aiid :>fnnicipal accounts in order that they nmy conn>ly 
 with the provisions of Section 7 of Article i(> of the 
 co^istitution and the same rule should apply to school 
 districts. 
 
 I do not understand that this will have any effect 
 in the matter of the preparation of your reports. 
 
 "Referrins: to the duties of the clerk as well as other 
 officers. I will o-ive you the followinj.; references which 
 appear to cover almost all the matter; , to-wit: 
 
 Chapter 78, Laws 18S8, Revised Statutes, Sections 
 3935, 3939, 3940, 3941, 3951. 3953, 3954, 3959. 
 
 Very resjiectfully, 
 HARKY B. HENDEBSOX, 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 53 
 
 October 9, 1895. 
 lion. Estelle Reel, State Superintendent of Publif In- 
 struction. 
 
 Dear Madam: I beg leave to call your attention to 
 Section 7, of Article 10, of the Constitution, which reads 
 as follows, to- wit: "No money shall be i>aid out of the 
 state treasury except upon ax)propriation by law and on 
 \\arrant drawn by the proper officer, and no bills, claims, 
 accounts or demands against the state, or any county or 
 political subdivision, shall be audited, allowed or paid, 
 until a full itemized statement in writing, verified by 
 affidavit, shall be filed with the officer or officers." T am 
 of the opinion that a school district is a xxditical sub- 
 division, and that all accounts rendered to the officers 
 of school districts for payment should be fully itemized 
 and verified bv affidavit before the same should be consid 
 ered or allowed by .-^uch officers, ^yill you kindly advise 
 the County Superintendents of the several counties of 
 the State, to bring the matter to the attention of the 
 District officers, and ask that they obsf^ve the re piire 
 iiicnts of the section of the Constitution herein quoted. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 HAItRY B. IIEXDERSOX. 
 
 Miss E. C. Patterson, Newcastle, Wyo. 
 
 Dear Madam: Ifef erring to our conversation of a 
 few days since relative to institute expenses, I have the 
 honor to refer y<ju to Chapter 72, Subdivision 1, Section 1, 
 of the Laws of 1888, which provides among other things 
 that "It shall be the duty of the Count}' Board of Com- 
 missioners, in each Cotmty, to appropriate annually the 
 sum of one hundred dollars for the payment of such 
 instructors or lecturers, as the County Superintendent 
 ma^' employ to assist him in holding the County Insti- 
 tutes." You will notice that the statute carefully indi- 
 cates just what expense shall be paid from such appro- 
 priation. 
 
 In the event of an appropriation so made by the 
 Board of Commissioners and the accounts of lecturers 
 and instructors not being as great as the amount aj)- 
 
REPORT OF STATE 
 
 propriated, the residue of the appropriation Avouhl revert 
 to the fund from which it was originally appropriated. 
 
 Accounts should be hied for payment with the 
 Board of Commissioners, as in payment of County ex- 
 penses, and further should bear the approval and en- 
 dorsement of the Superintendent to the effect that the 
 service was actually i)erformed and that the same shouhl 
 be paid from the appropriation made by the Board of 
 Commissioners for that purpose. 
 
 I construe the law as being mandatory upon the 
 Board to make the appropriation but it does not necessa- 
 rily folloM' that it should all be expended. 
 
 The Statute is very vague as to the fund such ap- 
 propriation shall be made from, and inasmuch as it i^ 
 within the province of the Board to determine the number 
 of mills that nmy be levied for general school purposes, 
 they may make the appropriation from the General 
 School Fund, or that ])art of such fund derived from the 
 avails of the levy for that purpose. Had the statute not 
 provided a definite lev}^ for general school purposes it is 
 possible that the approi)riatiou would have to he made 
 from the general county fund, I am therefore of the opin- 
 ion that your Bi ard of Commissioners may appropriate 
 from the fund realized from the general school levy, 
 a sufficient amount to ])ay such accounts as come within 
 the meaning of the statute incurred at your recent 
 session of County Institute. 
 
 Very truly, 
 HARRY B. HENDERSON. 
 
APPENDIX X. 
 
 Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
56 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 Statement of Schools in Albany County. 
 
 There are in Albany county twenty-five (25) regularly 
 organized i^chool Districts, and schools have been tanght 
 dnriug the past y(^ar in all of them. Applications are 
 constantly being received for the organization of new 
 districts, but the hiw limiting the number to twenty- 
 live, in each county, prevents the granting of such peti- 
 tions. 
 
 The total number of ^ chools taught during the nast 
 year in this county was lifty-four (54). Total number 
 (if pu])ils, 1,100. 
 
 The aggregate amount paid teachers |21, 002.80. 
 ]'^)ur substantial scliool houses have been built during 
 the past year and there is a growing tendency to eouip 
 tlie schools with suitable apparatus so essential to aid in 
 school work. Xearly all schools are supplied with com 
 bination school charts treating on topics taugiit, and 
 Jiumy schools have globes and maps. They are also 
 seated with regular school seats and desks, ten/ling 
 greatly to render school work easy and ])leasant, for the 
 ])upils, and lessen to a great degree the labors of the 
 teachers. 
 
 There is an increasing demand for more schools and 
 longer terms in the country districts. Our city schools 
 were never in a more prosperous condition than during 
 the past year, equijjped as they are by a most excellent 
 corps of teachers, and directed by an etificient principal, 
 who devotes all his energies durino- the entire year, to 
 render more eflicient the work of the Laramie schools. 
 
 The school year in the Qitw schools has been reduced 
 to nine months. A large and successful Countv Teach- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^^ 
 
 ers' Institute was held the hist week in June, "The best 
 one we ever had," was the general verdict accorded it. 
 The teachers of the County almost without exception 
 availed themselves of an opportunity to attend, and ren- 
 dered all the assistance in their power to make it a suc- 
 cess. The small amount appropriated for coiiductini; 
 the institute prevents the employing of educators from 
 a distance, but the President and Faculty of the State 
 University, rendered valuable aid and contribut(Hl miicli 
 to its success. 
 
 Eespectfullv submitted, 
 SARAH T^\ PEAwSE, (>)unty Superintendent. 
 
 Carbon County. 
 
 Carbon County had on September 1, 1894, twenty- 
 six scliool <]istricts, and has gained none, on account of 
 the law limiting the number of districts according to 
 population. There are in my office no less than six peti- 
 tions for the (U'ganization of new districts, none of whicli 
 can be granted, though all are deserving and at least 
 two would enroll twenty children each. Five schools 
 only are on the railwaj'^, leaving twenty-one to be reacherl 
 by stage or private conveyance. 
 
 On account of the large size of Carbon County, this 
 stage travel is inconvenient particularly in the winter 
 time. Our country schools have from nine to forty pu- 
 pils enrolled. Three schools, distant fifty to seventy 
 miles from the railway, have forty pupils each, while six 
 toM'u schools have from TOO to 400 in attendance. We 
 have four graded schools in the county, viz: Rawlins, 
 Avith eight departments, Carbon two, Hanna three, and 
 Saratoga two. Rawlins has a fine high school, supports 
 a free kindergarten department with an average attend- 
 ance of sixty, and employs a special teacher to instruct 
 all the departments in music. 
 
 Three substantial school buildings, two frame an 1 
 one log, all of large size, have been erected in country 
 districts during the past year. 
 
 Four buildings are poor, but two of these are soon to 
 be replaced with good ones. The dirt roof and stove 
 
-3 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 pipe chimney is becoming a thing of the past Twenty- 
 rive districts own buihlings, and the majority of these 
 are very comfortable. Quite a number of districts are 
 well supplied with the most necessary apparatus, as 
 charts, dictionaries, maps and reference books, and four 
 own musical instruments. 
 
 Have examined during the two years thirty-five 
 teachers, endorsed four certificates from Laramie and 
 Albany Counties, and honored eight normal school or 
 university diplomas and one kindergarten diploma. 
 
 With the aid of the Assessor, I have redistricted the 
 County and prepared a large maj) of same, showing cor- 
 rect boundaries of school districts — a thing greatly 
 needed. 
 
 During the year 1895, under instructions from our 
 State Superintendent, a census of the school population 
 of the County was taken, and it disclosed the fact that 
 we have nearly 1,300 pupils of school age. 
 
 Have held two successful Institutes, in Carbon and 
 Kawlins, respectively. Attendance was large on each 
 occasion, and the. sessions and lectures, by men prom- 
 inent in educational and State affairs, w^ere interesting 
 and profitable. The presence of our efficient State Su- 
 perintendent at these Institutes was a great encourag- 
 ment to us, and was highly appreciated by both teachers 
 and County Superintendent. 
 
 Have visited every school district in the county — all 
 except two districts — two or three times and find that 
 nscL'llent work is being done in nearly every instance, 
 though there is, and ahvays will be, room for improve- 
 ment. The greatest drawback with which we have to 
 deal, is the lack of continuity and uniformity in our coun- 
 try school work. Our teachers are alive to this fault and 
 we all hope it may be remedied at an early day. The 
 main essential to a good school is a good teacher, and 
 Carbon County is endeavoring to improve in this regard. 
 The standard is being raised as rapidl^^ as is wise, and 
 ^^e ^'point with pride" to the fact that twent^^-four of the 
 thirty-six teachers of the County hold first grade certifi- 
 cates. Inexperienced teachers, or those holding low 
 grade certificates, are seldom employed, even by country 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^^ 
 
 districts, and these facts must have a good effect upou 
 our schools. Patrons everywhere take great interest, and 
 manifest a pardonable pride in the schools. 
 
 We find that a healthy rivalry between neighboring 
 districts is frequently benelicial, but it should be wisely 
 controlled. The energy and even enthusiasm manifested 
 by a number of progressive teachers of the county is a 
 constant source of inspiration to me, and to all the teach- 
 ers I owe a debt of gratitude for kindness and encour- 
 agement on many occasions. 
 
 Eespectfullv submitted, 
 GERTIIUDE M. HUNTINGTON, 
 
 Countv Superintendent. 
 Saratoga, Wyo., October 12, 1896. 
 
 Converse County. 
 
 On nialdng a report of the progress of the schools 
 in Converse- County for the past years, the first thing 1 
 Avish to note is the unusual percentage of attendance. 
 By a census of the County, I found there were 510 chil- 
 dren of school age in the County and the enrollment tlie 
 same year (1895) w\as 493, or 91 per cent, actually attend- 
 ing school. 
 
 The financial condition of our schools is very good. 
 Most of the districts are on a cash basis or uearfv .*«). 
 Some use warrants for a part of the year. Most of the 
 districts are trying to come to the cash system by raising 
 a little more money each year than is needed for the ex- 
 penses of that year. We expend on our schools annually 
 about 113,000 and many of the districts tax themselves 
 to the limit allowed by law. During the two years we 
 have built six new school houses at a cost of about $3,000. 
 
 One district (Glenrock) has paid her bonded indebt- 
 edness of 12,500 and Douglas has paid |1,000 on her 
 bonded debt. Two years ago no attempt had been made 
 to bring the schools into uniform grades, Douglas was 
 the only town in the County that had more than one de- 
 partment. Now the four towns, Lusk, Manville, Douglas 
 and Glenrock have two departments each and Douglas 
 will soon have three, and to bring the schools to a uni- 
 
5o REPORT OF STATE 
 
 form grade we adopted at the Institute in 1895 the Min- 
 nesota standard grade system and each teacher was sup- 
 plied with a grade guide. 
 
 A school cannot be graded in a day. Little can be 
 done with the older j)upils, but we hold the beginners 
 strictly to the grade and in time we will have graded 
 schools uniform throughout the country. 
 
 In 1895 we employed thirty-three teachers in twen- 
 ty-eight schools. In 1S9G we employed thii'ty-eight 
 teachers in thirty-one schools, six gentlemen and thirty- 
 two lady teachers. 
 
 I always insist on examinations and as far as pos- 
 sible make the examination competitive, so every certiti- 
 cate issued in this County is earned by the holder and 
 shows as nearly as possible, the true merit of the 
 teacher. 
 
 The schools throughout the county have steadily 
 advanced in grade and thoroughness. This is especi- 
 ally true in the four towns, Douglas, Manville, Glenrock 
 and Lusk, where it is our plan to gradually advance the 
 standard until we liave four high schools to which chil- 
 dren in the higher grades can come from the country 
 districts. This, we hope, will save much expense, now 
 incurred by sending pupils away to school and give 
 the advantages of a higher education to mau}^ families 
 who cannot afford to send their children away. 
 
 We have held our county institute each year as re- 
 (juired by hiw. In 189.5, twenty-eight teachers attended 
 and in 189G our number rose to thirty-three. Great in- 
 terest and enthusiasm was manifested by those attend- 
 ing. I have conducted my own institute and most of 
 the work has been well done b^' the teachers themselves. 
 
 The citizens of this county are alive to good schools 
 and cheerfully bear the burdens necessary to their suj)- 
 port. 
 
 I wish to take this opportunity to thank the teach- 
 ers of the county for their cordial support and hearty 
 co-operation in all my plans for the advancement of ed- 
 ucation in Converse County. 
 
 Eespectfully yours, 
 CHARLES A. SHERMAN, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Fremont and Big Horn Counties. 
 
 Lander, Wyoming?. 
 
 In eomi)lian('e with the request of our State Super- 
 iuteudent, Miss Estelle Heel, I herewith have tlie honor 
 to submit the following report of the work done in these 
 counties, during the last two years. 
 
 Til tln^ Tear beginning ,lanuary 1, 1895, the school 
 districts of Fremont County, including those of the Big 
 norn County, numbered 35, and the total number ot 
 
 ^'"^' At^the beginning of the year 1896, the school dis- 
 tricts numbered 25, and the total numbei. of P^^P^l^ 'j^' 
 a reduction of 10 school districts over 189o, with an in- 
 crease of 88 pupils. +1 ^ low 
 
 The reduction of districts in pursuance with the la\s 
 enacted and approved February 15th, 1895, necessi- 
 tated a redistricting or reorganization of all the districts 
 ip these two sections— reducing our list of 35 districts 
 to 25, 13 of wliich were confined to Fremont County 
 proper— the other 12 situated within the limits of the 
 section known as the Big Horn County. 
 
 We have at the end of tliis fiscal year 25 school 
 district" ^vit'^ 30 schools taught therein and an enroll- 
 ment ^^ nbout 740 pupils. The total amount of funds 
 y-POPiypfl from January 1st, 1895, to September 1st, 1890, 
 beinir $n,.571.37. 
 
 The schools of these two sections of the county 
 are in a most prosperous condition, the reduction of dis- 
 tricts has caused a larjxer school fund to be distributed 
 {imong a less number of districis, thereby giving lonnfer 
 terms of school. District "NTo. 1, the central school situ- 
 ated at Lander, has a new and elegant brick school 
 buildinc-, which, when completed, would grace a city 
 of larcer size than Lander. Tt has two stori«^s with 
 four rooms to each storv, with the former school bniVL 
 irinr, which IS uoT^' iT^sed Dart for primary and nart f'>r 
 laboratory work. Th^ rooms all have a seating canacitv 
 for between 50 and f^O nuDils. and are wpll lip'hted and 
 furnished with patent seats and desks, also, all of the 
 latest and best school apparatus. 
 
52 REPORT OP STATE 
 
 The school is divided into five departments, High 
 school, Grammar, Intermediate, first and second pri- 
 mary, givino- employment to five teachers, who, under 
 the leadership of Prof. R. M. Little, constitute a most 
 able and efficient corps of educators. Prof. R. M. Lit- 
 tle first organized the graded school system in the Lan 
 der schools about three years ago, Avhich system now 
 places her schools among the first in the state. 
 
 The first graduating class, numbering five, gradu- 
 ated in June, 1896, and some of these are teaching with 
 us in this county now. Districts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 are 
 within a radius of ten miles of Lander, and all in a 
 flourishing condition. District No. 9 is situated on the 
 Sweetwater river. 
 
 District No. 11, at Ilailey on Beaver creek. 
 
 District No. 12 is situated to the south and west, 
 in the New Fork country. 
 
 District No. 13 is situated at Dubois on the Wind 
 river. These comprise all the districts within Fre- 
 mont county, the remaining 12 districts are situated be- 
 yond the Owl Creek mountains, within the bounds of 
 that portion of Fremont county, belonging to, or soon 
 to be. Big Horn County. 
 
 Schools have started in nearly all these districts 
 for the fall and winter terms, with a good attendance 
 of yjupils. We are gradually securing a better class of 
 teachers which denotes a more progressive interest in 
 the educational line. 
 
 "Upward and Onward" is our motto, our aim is to be 
 one of the foremost counties of Wyoming in educational 
 advancement. During the two years past we have held 
 two institutes of one week each, with a good and appre- 
 ciative attendance of teachers and educators. 
 
 We do not claim to have reached the highest point 
 of excellence in our school s^^stem, but that is our aim 
 and toward that point we will progress. 
 
 With the best interests of the educational work of 
 Fremont County at heart, this is, most respectfullv sub- 
 mitted. 
 
 MARY A. MASON, 
 
 County Superintendent of Schools, 
 of Fremont County. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. f.^ 
 
 Johnson County. 
 
 Very reluctantly I approach the task of making for 
 this County anything like a detailed report of the 
 schools, being but recently appointed deputy of our much 
 respected County Superintendent, Miss Mary S. Watkins, 
 who has for a period of four years served the people of 
 our County in that capacity. How well she has served 
 is evidenced by the universal regret, expressed by all 
 classes, that she should find it to her interest to make 
 her home among the orange groves of California rather 
 than among the snow-capx)ed hills of Wyoming. 
 
 In a general manner I may say that the schools of 
 our County have been greatly improved during the ad- 
 ministration of the past four years, perhaps the most no- 
 ticeable improvement being in the increased number of 
 school months taught in the district schools and the fact 
 that teachers have been retained longer than just the 
 f)ne term. 
 
 I observe from the records that in the twelve dis 
 tricts there are twenty -two schools showing an enroll- 
 ment of 509. This is not counting district twenty-seven, 
 which is partially within Johnson County, and partially 
 in Sheridan County, and of which district this office has 
 no very reliable data, but the number of Johnson Oountv 
 scholars would probably increase the number enrolled 
 to 525, or an increase of 125 since 1892, or more than 
 30 per cent. 
 
 Each school, no matter how small, seems to be wfll 
 supplied with charts, globes and other school supplies 
 so necessary to successful work. 
 
 The graded work of the Buffalo schools is indeed (ret- 
 ting better year by year and gaining for itself a place 
 among the best schools of the State. At the close of the 
 last term the citizens of Buffalo and vicinity o^avp heartv 
 greeting to the first o-raduating class of our High S^^'hool 
 and indeed it would seem that we were beginninsr to 
 reap the fruits of a number of vears of earnest labor 
 given by faithful teachers. 
 
 ^ Another year will perhaps see our present school 
 building enlarged as the departments are now very much 
 
64 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 over crowded, there beinj^- for tlie present year ab(nit 220 
 pupils in the five departments. 
 
 The cnttino; of wages in some of onr sister States 
 has brouo-ht to Johnson Connty a number of espeeiallv 
 gifted teachers who are rapidly bringino: both city an<l 
 district schools up to a very high standard. 
 
 With all our adA\ancement we have yet much to at- 
 tain and we still look forward with a determination to 
 continue the good work of the past and laboring not in 
 vain, for indeed our public schools are the future hope 
 of the nation. I have the honor to remain, 
 
 Very respectfullv, 
 
 JAMES f). GALLUP, 
 Deputy County Superintendent. 
 
 Laramie County. 
 
 There are at present eleven scliool districts in Lar- 
 amie County. In District No. 1, there are seven school 
 buildings, valued at |134,753.03. Twenty-nine teachers 
 are employed in the district, of which twenty-four are 
 employed in the Cheyenne schools. In this district the 
 school buildings are in good condition, well supplied with 
 furniture and all the necessary paraphernalia for suc- 
 cessful work. 
 
 In District No. 2, a new school has been built, mak 
 ing five school houses in the district, the balance of the 
 schools being taught in private residences. 
 
 In Districts Nos. 2, 3 and 4, the school buildings are 
 in excellent condition and well supplied with all the a])- 
 pliances for teaching. 
 
 In Districts No. 5 and C, while the accommodations 
 are not as good and convenient as could be desired, yet 
 a deep interest is taken in school work both by patron 
 and scholar. 
 
 In District No. 7, there are seven schools, all small, 
 but the teachers are wide awake and active in the per- 
 formance of their duties. 
 
 District No. 9, in which the town of Wheatland is 
 situated, ranks next to District No. 1, in size and import- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 65 
 
 ance In this district the membership of scholars has 
 increased from 57 in 1894 to 102 in 1896. Several school 
 buildings have been erected at convenient points dnring 
 the present year. 
 
 In District No. 10 there are three schools, while m 
 District No. 11, there are but two, both of which are 
 tauiiht in private residences. 
 
 There are ninety-one schools in the county, and 1 818 
 l)upils enrolled. The aggregate amount paid teachers 
 during the past two years was |80,438.11. The teachers 
 are active, wide-awake and doing good and efficient work. 
 The annual Teachers' Institute was well attended and a 
 deep interest manifested in the work by the teacliers 
 and the public. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 ELIZABETH HAWES. 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Natrona County. 
 
 The following is a description of the work dom^ 
 in this county during the last two years. 
 
 During the two years ending September 30th, 1896, 
 two school districts have been added to our number, 
 making in all 10 districts, with an enrollment of from 
 350 to 400 pupils. 
 
 In Districts Nos. 2, .3, 5 and fi we have rery eood 
 school buildings, and most of the schools throughout the 
 county have lately been supplied with charts, globes, 
 maps, etc., necessary to successful teaching, though in 
 the two new districts there are at present no convenien- 
 ces whatever. 
 
 In District No. 2 we have a splendid graded school, 
 managed by a corps of very fine teachers. lender very 
 trying circumstances our first Institute was established 
 this fall, and at present we are arranging for a series 
 of Teachers' Association meetiuas to be held during 
 the winter months. We expect to have one graduate 
 at the close of our school year, namely; Miss Bessie 
 Jameson. She will be our first graduate, but not by any 
 
66 REPORT OP STATE 
 
 means our last. The teachers in this district are receiv- 
 ing higher wages than they have hitherto done, a marked 
 compliment for the work they are doing. 
 
 At no greatly distant day the schools of Natrona 
 County will rank among the first in the State. Our 
 County is young yet, but there are great prospects for 
 her future. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 MISS WILHELMINA M. CLARK, 
 County Superintendent of Schools Natrona County, 
 
 Wyoming. 
 
 Sheridan County. 
 
 One great difficulty with which Wyoming has had 
 to contend in educational matters is the remoteness of 
 the different sections from one another, remoteness if 
 accessibility is taken into consideration. South Dakota 
 and Nebraska lie practically between the northern and 
 soutliern portions of Wyoming, and the western part is 
 reached by rail from the north only by traversing the 
 eastern and southern portions of the state. 
 
 Sheridan county, lying in the extreme northern part 
 of the state, has felt its isolation from the more populous 
 portions of the other sections, still it has grappled with 
 its educational problems with perhaps more determina- 
 tion because of its difficulties in the line of conference 
 Avith other educators of the State. 
 
 "In union there is strength." Doubtless with in- 
 creased railroad facilities Wyoming educators would 
 feel spurred to greater activities in their line of work, 
 and would unite their efforts to solve the great enigma 
 of child-life that has baffled the wisdom of all ages. 
 
 J^very true teacher attempts to solve this riddle, 
 and it is a riddle Avorth guessing. The wise men and 
 women of the East have thrown much light upon it 
 during the last half century, still, it is from such simple 
 minded, earnest men as Frederick Froebel and his fol- 
 lowers that the greatest truths lia,ve been learned. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 5- 
 
 But we must not forget Sheridan county, with its 
 2,100 square miles of survevefl hind and thirty-two school 
 houses. In spite of the long distances between these 
 school houses in some portions of the country, there are 
 but few children deprived of school privileges. 
 
 Bronchos are plentiful, and although saddles are 
 sometimes lacking, the avei-age Wyoming boy or girl 
 will make a distance of four or five miles to a school 
 house in less time than an Eastern child would traverse 
 half a dozen blocks. Now and then you will see a cute 
 little cart vrith two or three chiltlren within, headed 
 for a distant school house, but the ordinary youth pre- 
 fers the back of a broncho. Wyoming boys and girls 
 — ^and teachers as well — have learned the art of annihi- 
 lating space. They thrive on difficulties generally. 
 
 Most of the school buildings of Sheridan county are 
 small — yet large enough for the attendance. There are 
 a few ])rimitive log houses — but most of the buildings 
 are neat little frame structure?;. Something over a year 
 i\<xo Sheridan erected its third building, a prettv $0,000 
 brick structure. The town now gives employment to 
 nine te.achers. 
 
 In the matter of wages Sheridan County does not 
 discriminate between the sterner and gentler sex — ex- 
 cept in the two districts employing principals. 
 
 Although there are but four schools in the county 
 that can be reached bv r^H, au<l but five others on a 
 stage line, a goodly number of th^ Sheridan County 
 teachers have attended au-l ^^s.^i^^t(:>.^ in the meetings of 
 the Countv Teachers' A«''^c''itior>, '^>rn-anized during the 
 earlv r>art of the writer's a'l'Mi'ii'^tv<atiou. These meet- 
 in ns have been held nunrt<^vlv. mvl have been dcA^oted 
 mainlv to the practical ^^ov''' of V^o. school room. There 
 is no doubt that thev hav*^ ]y^^n v<^^'v helpful to us all. 
 
 Our County Institutes have b-^^en well attended. The 
 enrollment last summer was larger than ever before in 
 the history of t^'e countv. 
 
 Trusting that the uf^xt two venvs Avill witness still 
 greater progress in matt^^rs educational. 
 
 Yours resTtectfullv, 
 
 ELFTE BENJAMIN, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
63 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 Sweetwater County. 
 
 As requested b}- the State SuiJeriutendent I submit 
 the following report of my work for tAVO years: 
 
 There are ten organized districts in the County, 
 of which four are abandoned. 
 
 In my frequent visits, I have noted a steady growth 
 and general improvement in all grades. There are only 
 two graded schools in the County. District No. 2, at 
 Green River, has 200 pupils, and three teachers, have 
 a good two story frame building not entirely finished. 
 
 District No. 4, Ivock Springs, has two buildings, 
 nlso a school at No. 6 mine, in a rented building. The 
 one on the South side is a substantial two story build- 
 ing, heated by steam, water throughout building, eon- 
 tains eight rooms, and same number of teachers; also 
 good rooms in basement for janitor. 
 
 The different rooms are well supplies with mate- 
 rial, the only drawback being the over-crowded con- 
 dition, especially in lower grades. 
 
 At No. 4 mine there is one teacher and 80 pupils, 
 also one teacher and 40 pupils. 
 
 Prof. A. J. Matthews, an efficient suDerintendent, 
 has the general supervision of all the schools in the 
 district. 
 
 District No. 5, Burnt Fork, about 65 miles southwest 
 of Countv seat, has a good log school house, 34 purjils, 
 reported last year to have the most successful school 
 ever held. 
 
 District No. 6, Granger, 35 miles west of County 
 seat, reorf>anized two years ago with 15 pupils, in a 
 rented buihling and poor surroundings; they voted a 
 special tax a year ago and hope to own a comfortable 
 building ere long. 
 
 District No. 0, Hopkins, within 'wo years, has built 
 a very good frame school house, employ one teacher, and 
 have 47 enrolled, and are doing good work. 
 
 District No. 10, a new district recently organized 
 at a mining town. Black Butte, 05 miles east of Rock 
 Springs, had only three months school, reporting eight 
 pupils. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OB^ PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 69 
 
 I have held three public examinations and two 
 County Institutes, with an enrollment of fifteen teach- 
 ers. 
 
 With the hearty co-operation of teachers have 
 formed a County Association. We meet once a month; 
 have adopted the following course of study: Psycho- 
 logy, Literature and Current Events. 
 
 Most respectfully, 
 
 MIfS. MARY A. CLARK, 
 County Superintendent Sweetwater County. 
 
 Uinta County. 
 
 There are now thirteen school districts in Uinta 
 County, all of whicli are so located as to take in a por- 
 tion of either the Union Pacific or Oregon Short Line 
 railroads, excepting five, namely: Teton District No. 35; 
 Jackson District, No. 37 ; Two Star Valley Districts, Nos. 
 17 and 26, and the Big Piney District, No. 18. 
 
 Within the last two years new school houses have 
 been built in four districts and four new schools opened. 
 
 At Diamondville there is now being erected a very 
 nice building, with two departments, which will be 
 completed about the 20th of October. This year they 
 have a good school at this new mining camp, have 59 
 pupils enrolled. Prof. E. Stevenson has charge of this 
 school and is doing excellent work. 
 
 In our Evanston schools we have an enrollment of 
 seven hundred and one (701) pupils, and may justly feel 
 proud of our able corps of teachers. Prof. E. J. Flemings 
 is the principal, and he has ten assistants. So far the 
 school year has been a very satisfactory one. 
 
 At Almy, District No. 2, there is an enrollment of 
 four hundred and sixty (160) pupils with six teachers. 
 
 At Star Valley the number enrolled reaches five 
 hundred and seventy-seven (577). At this place teach- 
 ers living in the settlement are usually employed. There 
 are about eleven resident teachers in the Valley. As 
 a rule they make good teachers, and are interested in 
 their work. 
 
sq report of state 
 
 The total number of pupils enrolled in the County 
 this year is 2,210; the number of schools taught forty- 
 seven (4T); the number of teachers employed, fifty, 
 thirty -three (33) ladies, and seventeen (17) gentlemen; 
 tue average salary paid is |5G.OO per month. 
 
 The pupils of the Evanston High [School have pur- 
 chased about three hundred volumes for the "Public 
 tSchool Librar}'," this year, and deserve great credit for 
 their untiring zeal in securing the same. Prof. E. M. 
 Perdue made the selections and certainly deserves 
 praise for his excellent judgment. Every volume is a 
 standard work and just what is needed to aid the pupils 
 in their studies. 
 
 The legal text books are used throughout the 
 County and seem to give general satisfaction. 
 
 The people of Uinta County, who give the matter 
 any thought, cannot but feel that they have every rea- 
 son to be grateful for the educational advantages their 
 children are receiving. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 M. J. YOUNG, 
 County lSui3erintendent, Evanston, Wyo. 
 
 Weston County. 
 
 In compliance v\ith your request I send a report 
 of our schools for the two years ending September 30, 
 1896. 
 
 In District No. 1 we now have eight schools, three 
 of which are in Newcastle ; two in Cambria ; one in Me- 
 rino; one on Plum creek, and one on Skull creek. These 
 five school h6uses are in good condition and well sup- 
 plied with maps, charts, dictionaries, etc. The build- 
 ing on Skull creek was built in July and school opened 
 August 31. 1896. 
 
 District No. 2 has a good frame school house, well 
 furnished and supplied with all necessary apparatus. 
 
 District No. 3, organized in August, 1895, has a well 
 built school house. The salaries are flO.OO per month, 
 in the country schools, and from |75.00 to |95.00 per 
 mouth in the graded schools. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^ j 
 
 With great pleasure do I visit these schools and 
 observe the interested manifested alike by parents, 
 teachers and pupils. 
 
 We hope for continued interest and increase of at- 
 tendance throughout the schools of our county. 
 
 Very resjjectfully, 
 EMMA C. PATTERSON, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
APPENDIX XI. 
 
 List of Books Rkcommended for School Libraries, 
 
APPENDIX XL 
 
 List of Books Recommended for School Libraries. 
 
16 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 List of Books for School Libraries. 
 
 Morley— A Song of Life |1.25 
 
 Baldwin— The Booli Lover 1.00 
 
 Kirkland— Short History of France for Young 
 
 People 1.25 
 
 Cox — Tales of Ancient Greece 1 .25 
 
 Putnam — Children's Life of Abraham Lincoln .... 1 . 25 
 
 Parker — Familiar Talks on Astronomy 75 
 
 Hewett — Notes for Boys (and Their Fathers) 75 
 
 Starrett — Letters to a Daughter 75 
 
 Keyser — In Bird Land 1 . 25 
 
 Kirkland — Speech and Manners for Home and 
 
 School 75 
 
 ('umnock^ — ^School Speaker 1 . 50 
 
 Ninde — We Two Alone in Europe 1 . 50 
 
 Lummis — The Spanish Pioneers 1 . 50 
 
 Bouvet — Sweet William 1.50 
 
 Noll— A Short History of Mexico 1 . 00 
 
 Porter— The Scottish Chiefs 2.00 
 
 Bouvet — A Child of Tuscany 1 . 50 
 
 Moore — Lalla Rookh 1 . 00 
 
 Published by A. C. McClurg, I17 Wabash avenue, Chicago. Ills. 
 
 Defoe — History of Plague in London 
 
 NA^atkins — American Literature 
 
 Morgan — Patriotic Citizenship 
 
 Guerber — Myths of Northern Lands 
 Dana — Plants and Their Children . . , 
 Stockton — Stories of New Jersey . . . 
 
 Electic School Readings 
 
 Defoe — Robinson Crusoe 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^ti 
 
 Guer-ber — The Story of the Greeks 
 
 Bakhviii — Old Stories of the East 
 
 Baldwin — Fifty Stories Eetold 
 
 Harris— -Stories of Georgia 
 
 Kooi)iiiiui — The jMastery of Books 
 
 I'lihlished by American Book Co , 521 Wabash avenue, Chicago, Ills. 
 
 Kiugsley — Water Babies 50 
 
 Kingsley— Swiss Family tvobinsou 50 
 
 Martineans — Peasant and the Prince 50 
 
 Published by Ginn & Co , Boston, Mass. 
 
 BIVERSIDE SCHOOL LIBBAKY. 
 
 1. Lamb — Tales From Shakespeare 6tt 
 
 2. Andersen — ^Stories 50 
 
 3. Cooper— The Last of the Mohicans 70 
 
 4. Fiske— War o£ Independence 60 
 
 5. P^ranklin — Autobiography 60 
 
 6. Goldsmith— Vicar of w'akefield 50 
 
 7. Holmes — Autocrat of the Breakfast Table 60 
 
 8. Scott— Ivanhoe 70 
 
 9. Scudder— W^ashington 60 
 
 10. Stowe— Uncle Tom's Cabin 70 
 
 11. Aldrich— Story of a Bad Boy 70 
 
 12. Bacon — A Japanese Interior 60 
 
 13. Brown, John — Bab and His Friends, and Other 
 
 Friends 60 
 
 14. Bunyan — Pilgrim's Progress 60 
 
 15. Burroughs — Birds and Bees, Sharp Eyes, and 
 
 A Bunch of Herbs \ 60 
 
 16. Dana— Two Years Before the Mast 70 
 
 17. Defoe — Robinson Crusoe 60 
 
 18. Eliot— Silas Marner 50 
 
 19. Did- ens — Christmas Carol and Cricket on the 
 
 Hearth 50 
 
 20. Emerson — Essays and Poems 60 
 
 21. Griffis— Brave Little Holland 60 
 
 22. Grimm— Fairy Tales 50 
 
 23. Hawthorne— Wonder Book, Tanglewood Tales .70 
 
 24. Hawthorne— The House of Seven Gables 70 
 
 25. Hawthorne — True Stories and Biographical 
 
 Stories 70 
 
78 
 
 REPORT OF STATE 
 
 26. Holmes — Grandmother's Stories and My Tlunt 
 
 After the Captain - 50 
 
 27. Hughes — Tom Brown's School Days at Ruj2:b3^ .60 
 
 28. Trvin.i>- — Essays From the Sl:etch Book 50 
 
 29. JeAYett, Sarah Orne— Tales of New England. . .60 
 
 30. Larcom, Lucy — A New Enoland Girlhood 60 
 
 31. Longfellow — Evanoeline, Gonrtshi]) of Miles 
 
 Standish, Elizabeth, Hiawatha 60 
 
 32. Lonj2:fellow — Tales of a Wavside Tnn 60 
 
 33. Lonajfellow — Paul Revere's Bide and Children's 
 
 Hour 60 
 
 34. Lowell— Under the Old Elm, Etc., Visions of 
 
 Sir Launfal, Etc 60 
 
 35. Miller, Olive Thorne— Bird Ways 60 
 
 36. Milton — L' Allegro, H Pensorso and Other 
 
 Poems 60 
 
 37. Parton — Captains of Industry, First Series 60 
 
 38. Parton — Captains of Tudustrv, Second Series. . .60 
 
 39. Bichardson, Abby Sa<»'e — ^Stories From Old 
 
 English Poetrv 60 
 
 40. Scott— Lady of the Lake 60 
 
 41. Shakespeare — Julius Caesar and As You Like 
 
 It 50 
 
 42. Scudder — Fables and Folk Storif^s 50 
 
 43. vSwift — Gulliver's Voyages to Lilliput and 
 Brobdingnag 50 
 
 44. Tales From Arabian Nichts 50; 
 
 4.^. Thaxter, Celia — Stones and Poems for Children .60 
 -^7. Warner — Beins" a Bov 70 
 
 48. Wio"gin, Kate Donola« — Pollv Ob'vpr''^ PvoV^lam .60 
 
 49. Whittier — Snowbound. Amono- the HiUs, Etc., 
 
 With Mabel Martin, Cobbler Ko^zar, Etc 60 
 
 50. Whittier — Selections From Child Life in 
 
 Poetry and Prose 50 
 
 Published by Houghton & Mifflin, 158 Adams street, Chicago, Ills. 
 
 The use of supplemental readers in our schools 
 should be encouraged b}' the district boards, and, for 
 the aid of those who cannot examine the books pub- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. (jq 
 
 lished for that purpose, the following are suggested as 
 being excellent for use in the primary and higher grades: 
 
 TRIMAEY. 
 
 Little Nature Studies, Volumes I and II. 
 
 All the Year Ivound Series, Volumes I, II and III. 
 
 Published by Ginn & Co., Chicago, 111. 
 
 In Mythland, 
 
 Stories From Birdland. 
 
 Published by Educational Publishing Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 ADVANCED. 
 
 Kiverside Literature Series. 
 
 Published by Houghton & Miiiiin, 158 Adams street, Chicago, Ills. 
 
 Standard Literature Series. 
 
 Published by University Publishing Co., New York. 
 
 English Classic Series. 
 
 Published by Maynard, Merrill & Co., New York. 
 
 Electic English Classics. 
 Electic School Headings. 
 Patriotic Citizenship. 
 Studies in Civics. 
 
 Published by American Book Co., Wabash avenue, Chicago, Ills. 
 
 The following books are recommended to the teach- 
 ers throughout the state, as a careful reading or study 
 of them will not fail to prove of great assistance in the 
 profession of teaching: 
 
 Methods of Mind Training. 
 
 Published by Harper. 
 
 Teaching the Language Arts. 
 
 Published by D. Appleton. 
 
 School Management. 
 
 Published by Ginn & Co. 
 
8o SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Psychology in Education. 
 
 Published by American Book Co. 
 
 School Interests and Duties. 
 
 Published by American Book Co. 
 
 Patriotic Citizenship. 
 
 Published by American Book Co. 
 
M^^i^^^^^ ^Mhm^^^Mh^i^^^ Mk^ii'^^^^^ ^&^a^WM 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 Biennial IReport 
 
 Supcrintenbcnt of 
 
 lP>ubUc ITnetruction 
 
 1897A898. 
 
 iai?^fe4^ ^8B^fe^l^lK^fe|^i^Sw^fe|^lis'^te¥iBartfel^»s^fe|^ 
 
STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Superintendent of 
 
 Public Instruction 
 
 SEPTEMBER 30, 1896,10 SEPTEMBER 30, 1898. 
 
 C. H. PARMELEE, SUPERINTENDENT. 
 
 Laramie. Wyo , 
 The Republican Book and Job Print. 
 
(.PR 23 1905 
 
 0. ot u. 
 
STATE OF WYOiNrTNG. 
 
 Office of Sni)erint«nideiit of Public Instruction, 
 
 Clierenne. Wyoming-, December 1, 1898. 
 To His Excellency. 
 W. A. Kicliards. 
 
 (lovernor of Wyoming. 
 Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the biennial 
 report of this office for the twt) years ending September 30, 
 1898, setting forth the condition of this department as re- 
 quired by laAV. Very respectfully, 
 
 C. H. PARMELEE. 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
F^Bt^OI^Tr. 
 
 Office of Supei-iiiteiulent of Public Iiistrnctiou, 
 
 ('heyeiinc, Wyoniiii«', December 1, 1808. 
 
 1 have the hoiioi- to siimbit herewith my biennial report 
 of the business entrnsted to the Dei)artment of Tublic In- 
 struction for the period of two years endinji September .:>ll. 
 18{)8. The delay in the appearance of this report is not tlie 
 fault of this office. No i>revious report of my predecessors 
 has appeared without ai)ologies and explanations ro«;arding 
 delays, and the inaccuracy of the statistics given. I have 
 no desire to depart from a custom which has such estab- 
 lished sanction. Knowing the ditticulty which has troubled 
 fornuM- incumbents of this office to get the reports of the va- 
 rious county superintendents in seasonable time, I began 
 early to urge }»rompt action. No doubt my efforts were more 
 than duplicated by the county superintendents in their en- 
 deavors to secure i)r<»m]>t and accurate reports from the dis- 
 trict cl(Mks. The result has. llowe^'er, been far from satis- 
 fact<M-y. There a]>pears to be great inditference on the part 
 of the officers charged with making reports, and often care- 
 lessness combined with it. No people ])lace a higher esti- 
 mate upon the value of education than do the citizens of this 
 state, but they seem to be reluctant to give the nect^ssary 
 personal attention to secure the best results of our school 
 system. 
 
 The rei)orts of the county supointendents fi-om which 
 the statistics of this re]>ort are compiled, bear the marks of 
 having been hastily prepared from careless and often inac- 
 curate returns of district clerks. In some instances, they 
 have had to be returned for correction, and in others thev 
 
Biennial Report. 
 
 bonr on their- faco such (|nestioiiable marks as lead one to en- 
 tertain fi'rave doubts as to their accuracy. It is not pleasant 
 to issue a report and at the same time to give warning of its 
 defects, but a regard for scientific accuracy compels me to 
 say that the statistics found in thisre})ort are not to be re- 
 lied upon as absolutely correct, although they will doubtless 
 answer the general purposes for which they are prepared. 
 It is but proper to say that my re]>ort is doubtless as accu- 
 rate as those which have ])receded it, and the best that could 
 possibly be made from the statistics furnished, and from the 
 present means available by law for procuring them. In the 
 last ])receding re]»ort it is suggt^sted with the apparent 
 assent of the Honorable Su]>eriutendent, that three-fourths 
 of the balances reported to her were pi-obably forced. 
 
 This state of affairs cannot be entirely remedied until 
 people who accejtt the office of school trustee learn that their 
 duties are real, and that they assume a responsibility for 
 which the j)ublic is eutilled to hold them to a strict account. 
 Much better results might, however, be obtained if a change 
 were made in the time for closing the school year and for 
 rendering reports, according to the recommendations of both 
 my predecessors. 
 
 SCHOOL LEGISLATION. 
 
 It is im])ossible to rei)ress a conviction that the school 
 lawvS of our state are very unsatisfactory and stand in need 
 of a thorough revision. They are sometimes conflicting, fre- 
 quently inadequate and always lacking plan and continuity. 
 Particulai'ly should it be said that the Superintendent of 
 IMiblic Instruction can never render to the schools of the 
 state such effective supervision and efficient aid as such offi- 
 cer should, until there is some extension of power given him 
 by law. To point out the particulars in which our laws should 
 receive emendation, would be to construct a new code, which 
 is scarcely within the province of this re])ort. I believe also 
 
^tate Supermtendoit of Puhllc Instruction. 7 
 
 that it is within bounds to express the opinion that the state 
 will never receive the benefit contemplated by the constitu- 
 tion and demanded by the people from this officer until the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction is relieved from the 
 duties of Keoister of the Board of Land Commissioners. The 
 business of the Register has grown far beyond what could 
 have been foreseen, and yet at a time when the reasons were 
 five times less potent, Superintendent Farwell had the good 
 sense to place in his report the following: ''It has been a 
 false economy to combine these two offices, and at the ear- 
 liest possible date the State Land Office should be independ- 
 ently established." 
 
 TEXT BOOKS. 
 
 Attention should be called to the fact that the period 
 for which uniform text books was provided by the law of 
 1888 has expired bj' limitation, and Wyoming is at j)resent 
 without any law regulating the selection or use of text- 
 books. It is probable that the state does not desire to return 
 the old law, and the present condition, which in effect gives 
 to each local board the power to prescribe the books to be 
 used, may be as satisfactory as any. Nevertheless, it is to be 
 hoped that the Legislature will take some action in order to 
 set at rest any doubts that exist. The books now in use have 
 been in general quite satisfactory, and yet there exists in 
 several localities a strong desire for a change. Perhaps 
 some changes would be advisable, and yet those most desir- 
 ing it hesitate to make a change lest some action of the Leg- 
 islature may necessitate further substitutions and conse- 
 quental loss of books purchased. 
 
 The argument in favor of state uniformity is almost 
 fully met by a free text-book law. If I had but one recom- 
 mendation to make, it would be that the Legislature provide 
 the school children of the state with free text-books. Many 
 of The advantages of the system are obvious. I would re- 
 
Biennial Report. 
 
 speotfiiUy refer to the reports of my predecessors, both of 
 whom have warmly advocated the proposition, for a further 
 discussion of this subject. In no way does it lie open to the 
 Fifth State Legislature to render such a signal and lasting- 
 benefit to the schools. It should be done now. Almost the 
 only objection to the system of free text-books, as already 
 pointed out by Hon. Estelle Keel in her last report, "has 
 been the fact that such action would require a very large 
 original outlay, which our Legislature did not wish to place 
 upon the ])eo])le, although such an outlay would result in a 
 great saving hereafter.'' Even this objection applies with 
 much less force at the present time, and, in view of what is 
 about to be ex])lained, it dwindles to almost nothing. Dur- 
 ing the j)ast six months, the state has selected state lands 
 in lieu of original school sections amounting to more than 
 800,000 acres. These lauds have all l)een leased at an annual 
 rental of five cents per acre, producing an annual income for 
 the common school fund of the state of |15,000. This 
 amount is in excess of the land income fund of previous 
 years, and will be available for distribution in the coming 
 year. This will furnish an ample fund for the original out- 
 lay, there will be required no increase in taxation whatever, 
 and at the same time there will be a substantial saving to 
 the patrons of the schools in relief from book buying. There 
 will be no time in the future when the matter can be so easily 
 accomplished as now. and it is hoped that the Legislature 
 will not hesitate to adopt a measure so beneficial. Atten- 
 tion is called in this connection to the recommendations of 
 the county superintendents in their letters published in the 
 appendix to this report. 
 
 TEACHERS' CERTIFICATES. 
 
 The law with reference to the issuance of teachers' cer- 
 tificates should receive some attention. Our present law, 
 unwisely, as it seems to me, recognizes but one grade of 
 
{^tatc t^Kpcrhitcndetit of Public Instruction. 
 
 certificates, and county superintendents are authorized to 
 issue tlieni for the term of one year only. Tliis appears to 
 be an unnecessary limitation. There also appears to be 
 considerable reason for the authority to endorse and approve 
 certificates originally issued in other counties or states, but I 
 find no such authority given by the statutes. The law 
 should be made specific in regard to these matters, and such 
 provisions adopted as will secure a practical uniformity of 
 grade throughout the state. Graduates of the State Uni- 
 versity and ]»arti(ularly of its Normal Department should 
 be entitled to certificates without further examination. 
 
 It would in t^ome cases facilitate justice if it were pro- 
 vided that an a}»peal might lie to the State Su]»ei-intendent 
 from the action of a county su}»erintendent in refusing a 
 c(M-tificate. 1 would favor a provision of the law whereby 
 certificates of the hig-hest grade, good throughout tlie state, 
 might be issued by the State SujHM-intendent u}>on a rigid 
 examination revealing high scholarship, and proof of suc- 
 cessful experience for a considerable period. 
 
 THE STATE T NIYERSITY. 
 
 The head of the educational system of the state is the 
 University. The excellence of this institution is one of the 
 chief things of which our state may boast. Complete in- 
 fonnation can be gained from the catalogue, but believing" 
 that some mention should be made of it here, I have re- 
 quested President Smiley to prepare a statement concerning' 
 it, which he has done in the following: 
 
 REPORT OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING. 
 
 It is with a university as with anything else, the inter- 
 est we take in this state school of ours is in direct proportion 
 to our intelligence regarding it. The next thing we need is 
 for the people to know more about us. Really it is not gener- 
 ally known to the fathers and mothers as it ought to be. 
 
lo Biennial Report. 
 
 what are the advantages either for a practical or a higher 
 educatioD offered by our Tlniversity; nor do they all under- 
 stand as they should that their sons and daughters can come 
 here free of charge, and rich and poor are welcomed alike to 
 pursue" the courses of study in anA^ of its departments. 
 
 We are here for the good of the young people of Wyo- 
 ming, and are anxious to do the best we can by the boys and 
 girls that come to us for an education. Their interests are 
 our interests, and we stand ever ready to help them — the 
 University exists to that end. We can train them in school- 
 teaching, or give them a good business education; we are 
 prepared to teach them surveying, mechanics, or civil en- 
 gineering, or we can offer them a course in assaying in the 
 School of Mines; they can study irrigation in the Agricul- 
 tural Oollege and prepare themselves as practical ranchmen, 
 or they can get a good start in the professions of law or 
 medicine; or they are given their choice of a thorough class- 
 ical training as complete as can be had anywhere. 
 
 We only wish that the teachers over the public schools 
 of Wyoming were better posted in regard to our advanced 
 state school, as to Where we are. What we are, and What 
 we do. For if they once became interested, they could do so 
 much for us by interesting the school children in turn, and 
 so reaching the parents with a matter which it would be 
 greatl.y to their advantage to know more about. 
 
 Out in the far West we all take a special pride in our 
 common school system. In these sparsely settled states we 
 know the benefits the children of the rich and poor derive 
 from the public schools so generously supported by the com- 
 monwealths. The American idea is, that the republic will 
 stand secure just so long as the school-master is abroad in 
 the land. The theory with us has been, therefore, and we 
 have practiced it so far as we can with our school houses 
 everywhere planted on mountain and plain, to make educa- 
 tion as free as the sunlight to the youth of our land; until 
 
^tate Superintendent of Public Instruction. 1 1 
 
 we say in this day and this land, it is no diso^i-ace at all for a 
 man to be ]>oor, bnt it is a disj^race for him any longer to 
 remain ignorant. 
 
 However, very often yon will hear parents in the West 
 with a sigh expressing their regret, becanse ont here their 
 children will be deprived of the opportunities which, if born 
 back East, they wonld have been afforded in the way of edu- 
 cation. And it is true, that we have not as richlj^ endowed 
 institutions as New England, or the show of many buildings 
 that are the accumulation of many years. But wherever in 
 the West the people have rallied to the support of their in- 
 stitutions of learning, they have always been able to accom- 
 plish grand results. As instanced in the case of Michigan, 
 Avith its State T"ni versify at Ann Arbor, which has now en- 
 rolled more than 3,000 students, and Nebraska with its Uni- 
 versity at Lincoln, which has an attendance of over 1,900 
 students at the present time. With the people of Wyoming 
 all loyal to our University there is no reason why we cannot 
 have here in this state, in the course of the next five years, 
 an institution of learning that will take rank with the best 
 of these state schools. 
 
 Our attendance reached its high-water mark during the 
 past year, when we enrolled in all 180 students. We are al- 
 ready well equipped with good buildings, library, museum, 
 and laboratories. Best of all, we have as eflticient and faith- 
 ful a corps of professors as can be found anywhere. Not 
 only does the faculty take a general interest in the student 
 body, but every student has some member of the faculty as 
 his or her special adviser. We have a fine class of students, 
 becoming more and more representative of all parts of the 
 state, and more than a dozen coming this year from over the 
 state-line. 
 
 We close this report as we began, if parents knew more 
 about the work we are doing, we believe they would mani- 
 fest their appreciation of the bounty of the Federal and 
 
12 Biennial Report. 
 
 State governments by according- us a more liberal su})port 
 in the future. And we may add, instead of our influential 
 citizens sending their sons and daughters, as many are now 
 doing, to institutions outside the state that are in no way 
 better furnished than our own for good work, that we hope 
 they will see their mistake some day and come to join hands 
 with all the people of Wyoming in a loyal endeavor to build 
 up a State University that will prove a continual blessing 
 to the commonwealth and be the pride of coming genera- 
 tions. ELMER E. S^lILEV, 
 
 President. 
 DISTRIBUTION OF STATE FT NDS. 
 
 The income from rentals on school land and interest on 
 the investment of the permanent school fund, form an in- 
 come fund for the immediate benefit of the common schools 
 of the state, and this amount is distributed by the State Su- 
 perintendent among the several counties, according to the 
 number of children of school age therein, on or be- 
 fore the ;^lst of March of each year. These funds are 
 in turn distributed by the county superintendent to 
 the districts, and thus each school is an immediate par- 
 ticipant in the benefits of the increase in the leasings 
 of school lands. There is in the ti-easury at this time 
 112.850.39 to the credit of this fund, which will be 
 distributed, together with the accumulations to the time 
 of distribution, on or before the 31st of next March. 
 The four months remaining will be far more productive to 
 this fund than any previous period of like duration, on ac- 
 count of the large number of incomplete school leases now 
 pending, and may increase the amount fifty per cent. 
 
 A statement of the income fund apportioned and dis- 
 tributed by the State Superintendent in the years 1897 and 
 1898 is given below. 
 
 Apportionment of the Common School Land Income 
 Fund for the year ending March 31, 1897, made in accord- 
 
state Supcriiitciidriit of Public Instniction. 13 
 
 anie with the provisions of Chapter 53 of the Session Laws 
 of 1S95, by Estelle Reel, State Sui)erintendent of Public In- 
 struction, according- to the number of children of school age 
 in each county, as determined by the last annual reports 
 furnished by the county superintendents. 
 
 County. No. of Pupils. Amount. 
 
 Albany County 1,160 % 1,053.71 
 
 Carbon County 1,118 1,015.56 
 
 Converse County 482 437.82 
 
 Crook County 716 650.40 
 
 Fremont County 673 611.33 
 
 Johnson County 481 436.93 
 
 Laramie County 1,818 1,651.42 
 
 Natrona County 292 265.25 
 
 Sweetwater County 1,099 998.30 
 
 Sheridan County 1,174 1,066.43 
 
 Uinta County 2,216 2,012.85 
 
 Weston County 353 320.66 
 
 11,582 $10,520.76 
 
 Apportionment of the ('ommon School Land Income 
 Fund for the year ending March ;U, LSDS, made in accord- 
 ance with the provisions of Chapter 53 of the Session Laws 
 of 181)5. 
 
 County. No. of Pupils. Amount. 
 
 Albany County 1,352 % 1,429.08 
 
 Big Horn County 421 445.00 
 
 Carbon County 1,242 1,312.81 
 
 Converse County 593 626.80 
 
 Crook County 624 659.58 
 
 Fremont County 517 546.48 
 
 Johnson County 460 486.22 
 
 Laramie County 1,852 1,957.58 
 
 Natrona County 311 328.73 
 
 Sheridan County 1,037 1,096.13 
 
 Sweetwater County 915 967.17 
 
 Uinta County 2,215 2,341.28 
 
 Weston County 398 420.69 
 
 11.937 $12,617.55 
 
14 Biennial Report. 
 
 THE COMMON SCHOOL PERMANENT FUND. 
 
 This fund is made up from the sale of school lands, and 
 five per cent upon the public land sales within the state., 
 received from the general government under the provisions 
 of the Act of Admission. This fund may be invested in gov- 
 ernment, state, county or school district bonds, or state war- 
 rants, and the interest thereon is available for distribution 
 every year as part of the income fund. 
 
 A statement of the permanent school fund and the ad- 
 ditions Thereto in the last two years is as follows: 
 
 Amount on hand September 30. 1896 $23,566.50 
 
 Received from sale of school lands, Sept. 30, 1896, to Sept. 
 
 30, 1897 1.645.07 
 
 April 15, 1897, from United States, 5 per cent on land sales. . 1,525.12 
 Received from sale of school lands, Sept. 30, 1897, to Sept. 
 
 30, 1898 1,975.61 
 
 July 13, 1898, from United States, 5 per cent on land sales 1,381.63 
 
 Total amount in fund $30,093.93 
 
 SCHOOL INCOME FROM LEASED LANDS. 
 
 The amount distributed to the counties is d(M-i\pd al- 
 most wholly from lentals I'eceived upon leases of school 
 lands. Two yeais ago the rejxtrt of the Register of the State 
 Pioard of Land Commissionei-s shows 1(S8,()22.H!) acres of 
 school land leased, producing an annual i-ental of .fS,.3( 11.24. 
 The current report of that officer shows the acreage under 
 lease on September 30th of the i»i-<^sent year to be 425,857.21, 
 and the annual rental therefor to be |]5,:>57.<S(>. Tliere are 
 now pending and uncompleted leases for at least 25(K(MM> 
 acres of indemnity school land, which will yield an addi- 
 tional income of |12,5(M). Doubtless all of this will be pro- 
 ductive in from f(nir to six months' time. The additional 
 income to the C(unmon schools of the state will be of yast 
 benefit in advancing their efticiency. 
 
i^tate ^Superintendent of Public Instruction. i 5 
 
 SCHOOL STATISTICS. 
 
 Tables showiug- eurolliiieiit, attendance, receipts and 
 expenditures and general scliool statistics for the two years 
 covered by this rei)ort have been appended hereto. Tlie in- 
 crease in the number of school children and of tcacliers is 
 quite marked, and it is noticeable that there is improve- 
 ment in attendance, length of terms, and in the amount of 
 money expended in the maintenance of the schools. Doubt- 
 less much remains to be done, but we are progressing. 
 
 I have also attaclied special reports from the various 
 county superintendents showing the general condition of 
 the schools in their res])ective counties. These reports are 
 believed to be valuable as repealing to a certain extent the 
 nature of the school work carried on, and showing tlu^ diffi- 
 culties and the needs of the various counties in school mat- 
 ters. 
 
 OPINIONS. 
 
 Fre(iuent a]»]»lications have been i-eceived at this office 
 re(iuesting advice upon all sorts of matters pertaining to the 
 schools. SouK^ in(iuiri(-s have been disposed of by ](4ters of 
 the Superintendent, but (juestions involving an int(M-i>reta- 
 tion of the law hav(^ been referred to the Attorney Oeiieral. 
 Three oi)inions of that officer have been deemed of sufficient 
 importance and general interest to warrant their ]niblicntion 
 here, and they are accordingly found in the ai)])endix. 
 
 In conclusion, 1 would say that there is mucli in tlu^ re- 
 port of my predecessor which deserves attention from those 
 who are studying school ccuiditions of the state with a view 
 to their improvement. I have for the greater jjart avoided a 
 repetition of the recommendations found in former re]>orts. 
 believing they should stand by themselves. On the subje<'t 
 of free text books I have ventured to add what little weight 
 might be given by my endorsement to the strong recom- 
 mendations of V)(»th my i)redecessors. because I believe that 
 
1 6 Biennial Report. 
 
 is the (]iiesti<)ii most vital to the schools of the state at the 
 present time. 
 
 Had my predecessor. Miss Estelle Reel, continued in 
 office, this report from her hands would doubtless have been 
 more valuable, as her experience and observations through 
 the extent of her term would have enabled her to make it 
 such. However, her abilities and her devotion to the cause 
 of education having- led to her appointment to a more respon- 
 sible and influential position at the hands of the general 
 government. I was called upon in June last to take charge of 
 the duties of this office. While I have not been able in the 
 short period of mv tenure to gain as accurate or extensive 
 knowledge of school affairs of the state, or to offer as effi- 
 cient assistance as would be expected of one who had greater 
 opportunities, nevertheless, I have done what I could, 
 and I submit this re])ort with such observations and reconj- 
 mendations only as seem fully warranted. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 C. H. PARMELEE, 
 State Superintendent. 
 
APPENDIX I. 
 
 Lists of County Sui>ei-intendents — 1897-19(11, 
 
Biennial Report. 
 
 State of Wyoming. 
 
 COUNTY STTPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS, 
 
 1897-1809. 
 County. Superintendent. Postoffice Address. 
 
 Albany Mrs. Sarah W. Pease Laramie 
 
 Big Horn Mrs. Belle T. Howell Eagle 
 
 Carbon Miss Gertrude M. Huntington Saratoga 
 
 Converse Mr. Charles A. Sherman Douglas 
 
 Crook Mrs. Barbara G. Andrews Sundance 
 
 Fremont Mrs. Mary A. Mason Lander 
 
 Johnson Mrs. Cornelia Snider Buffalo 
 
 Laramie Mrs. Elizabeth Hawes Cheyenne 
 
 Natrona Mrs. Kenneth McRae Casper 
 
 Sheridan Mrs. Marion Dillon Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater Mrs. Mary A. Clark Rock Springs 
 
 Uinta Mrs. Mary J. Young Evanston 
 
 Weston Mrs. Emma P. Bowman Newcastle 
 
 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS, 
 
 189J)-10(H 
 County. Superintendent. Postoffice Address. 
 
 Albany Mrs. C. M. Simpson Laramie 
 
 Big Horn Mr. W. O. Lester Lovell 
 
 Carbon Miss Gertrude M. Huntington Saratoga 
 
 Converse Mr. Charles A. Sherman Douglas 
 
 Crook Miss Bessie Moodie Sundance 
 
 Fremont Mrs. Mary A. Mason Lander 
 
 Johnson Mrs. Cornelia Snider Buffalo 
 
 Laramie Mrs. Elizabeth Hawes Cheyenne 
 
 Natrona Mr. James L. Craig Casper 
 
 Sheridan Mrs. Marion Dillon Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater Miss Agnes L. Davis Rock Springs 
 
 Uinta Miss Nellie Pepper Evanston 
 
 Weston Mrs. Emma P. Bowman Newcastle 
 
APPENDIX II. 
 
 Public School Statistics, Year Ending September 30, 1897. 
 
20 
 
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APPENDIX III. 
 
 School Funds on Hand and Received During the Year End- 
 ing Se)»teni1)(n' oO. 1S97. 
 
22 
 
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APPENDIX IV. 
 
 School Funds Disbursed and On Hand During Year End- 
 ing September 30, 1897. 
 
24 
 
 Biennial Report. 
 
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APPENDIX V. 
 
 I'ubli." Scliool Statistics. Year Ending- September 3(1, 189S. 
 
26 
 
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APPENDIX VI. 
 
 School Funds On Hand and Received During Year Ending 
 September 30, 1898. 
 
28 
 
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APPENDIX VII. 
 
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 ^?eptember 30, 1808. 
 
30 
 
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APPENDIX YIII. 
 
 Opinions of the Honorable Attorney General. 
 
32 Biennial Report. 
 
 Opinions of Attorney General. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 Attorney General's Office, 
 
 riieyenne. March, 25th, 1897. 
 Miss Estelle Reel, 
 
 ^>uperintendent of IMiblic Iiisnnction, 
 riieyenne, \A\voniinii. 
 Dear Madam: — On Febrnai-y iSth. you called upon this 
 ottiee tor an opinion with reference to the distribution of 
 juiblic funds by the De])uty County Superinti^ndent of 
 Schools of .Tohnson County. In your coniniunication you 
 submitted the letter of James D. (lallup, as follows: 
 
 Hon. P^stelle Reel, 
 
 Cheyenne. AVyo. 
 
 My Dear Madam: — I wr-ite you at this time for informa- 
 tion regardinji certain jtoints in the law of this state regard- 
 inji the a}ti»ortionment of school money. The law I r>^fer to is 
 an amendment to Sec. :>1»14 Rev. Stat, and the particular por- 
 tion beini>- that part relating- to the payment to each district 
 rhe sum of fl5(> first, then a])portion pro rata the balance. 
 Now when I came to ])erform this duty, I found on hand 
 (not including polls) but $l,.*?S5.r)l, and if each district were 
 to receive |!15(), I would re(iuire .^51,875, as we have twelve 
 and a half distiicts. (Dist. No. 27 being half in -lohnson and 
 lialf in Shoridan Co.). Plainly I could not follow the law. 
 and u]M)n the suggestion of those who should know, I made 
 the ajiportionment of the money i)ro rata and ordered the 
 Treasurer to disliurse it in this way. Now what I want to 
 Icnow is first, was this right? Next, if not, what should have 
 been done, and, further, what must be done to undo what 
 has been done? 
 
 An early reply will greatly oblige me. 
 Sincerelv vours, 
 
 JAMES 1). (JALU'P. 
 
i<t<ifc Siiprrintoidcnt of Public I ii.^t ruction. 33 
 
 A\'itli i-eferencp to flu* (]U('stioii submitted by Mi*. Gal- 
 ]\]]K I would state tliat he sliould have distributed the school 
 funds without lefereuce to the amount equally between the 
 \;n-ious disti-icls rntil the amount received by each one 
 aiiM.uiited 1(» the sum of .f ir)().(t(). If the funds on hand would 
 iioi amount to 1150 for (^ach, he should have given them such 
 a iii-o]iortio]i of tliat amount as would result by an equal 
 (li\ isiou. There is no authority given under the statute by 
 whicli he was justitied in disregarding the pi-inciple of mak- 
 ing a provision foi- each district in the county. The mere 
 fact tliat a larger amount of taxes was paid by certain of the 
 <listricts in his counly. did not justify his action in this 
 connection. Probably the difficulty would not have arisen 
 had there been fewer districts in Johnson County. 
 
 I am therefore of the oi)inion that he did not adopt the 
 right course in the matter of distribution: that he should 
 first have divided the |1,;W5.51 equally among tlie vai'ious 
 <lisTricts. 
 
 As to his request that you should suggest s(nne way of 
 disentangling the difficulty, that is a matter which can only 
 be adjusted by a settlement being made with the districts 
 of the amount to which they were entitled, whicji settlement 
 must be made through the School Directors of the respect- 
 iv(^ districts. 
 
 Very respectfully submitted, 
 I Signed.) BENJAMIN F. FOWLER, 
 
 Attorney General. 
 
34 Biennial Report. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING, 
 
 Attorney Geneiars Office, 
 
 Gheyenne. Wyo.. July 8, 1898. 
 Hon. C H. Parnielee. 
 
 Superintendent Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoniino. 
 
 Dear Sir: — I am in receipt of your communication of 
 the 5th instant, in whidi you desire an answer to the follow- 
 ino; questions: 
 
 First. \Miat are the duties of the County Superintend- 
 ent upon finding- a teaduM- who has no certificate^ em])loyed 
 by the School Hoard? 
 
 Second. Has a School Board the right to employ a 
 teacher who has no certificate as required by law? 
 
 Third. Has a School Board a right to pay a tiMcher 
 who has no cerrifi<aTe as required by law? 
 
 Fourth. In case no such right exists, what is the reme- 
 dy and by whom should the necessary steps be taken? 
 
 In answer to The above questions. I have the honor to 
 ad\ise you as follows: 
 
 Among the duties imposed upon the County Su])erintend- 
 ents of Schools in this State, as ju-ovided in S. L. 1S88, Chap- 
 ter ()7. W(- find the following: "He shall examine every per- 
 son offering- himself or herself as teacher of public schools, 
 and if, in his ojunion. such person is qualified to teach a pub- 
 lic school, shall give him or her a certificate authorizing- 
 him or her to teach a public school, in his county, for one 
 year."" One of the reipiisite steps necessary for any person 
 desiring to teach school in the State of \Vyoming, is the pro- 
 curing of a certificate from the County Superintendent, and, 
 until such certificate is secured, such person would be dis- 
 (jualified. under the law. from teaching in the public schools 
 of the State; and. until such certificate is secured, the per- 
 son would uot be a (jnalified teacher under the law. R. S. 
 
state Superintendent of Public Instruction. 35 
 
 1887, Section 3948, provides. "The District Board shall em- 
 ploy nil tc^achers nccessju-v for the scho(»ls of the district, 
 and ]>a.v them by draft on the treasurer."' This ]»rovision of 
 the statute can im]»ly but one thiii<i'. that the IJoard is au- 
 thorized to employ te;ichers w lio have the (lualihcations re- 
 quired by law. One of tliose (lualitications, and the ]»iin(i]>al 
 one. is that such teacher shall liold a cei-tificate from the 
 County Superintendent of Schools. It is also provided, 
 amonji' the duties of the County Superintendent. S. L. ISSS. 
 su]na. "He shall have the general sni>erintendeuce of the 
 schools in his county, and shall visit each school at hMst 
 once each term, and shall have power to dismiss all teach- 
 ers he may find to be incompetent." The County Su}»eriu- 
 tendent, under his j>eneral supervision of the schools, and 
 under the provision of law cited above, is authorized to dis- 
 miss any teacher In^ may find incompetent; and certainly the 
 greatest test of incompi^eucy. either under the law. or in 
 the judgment of the Su]»eriuteudent. would be in a teacher 
 attempting to teach without first having comi>lied with the 
 re(|uiremeut of law in secuiing a certificate. Therefore, in 
 accoi'dance with the above o]»iuion. I will answer youi- (pies- 
 tions in (U-dei-, as follows: 
 
 First. It is tlu' duty of a County Su]>erintendent, u{»ou 
 finding a teacher who lias no certificate em]»loyed by the 
 School Hoard, to (Mthei- disuiiss such teacher or recpiire sui-h 
 teacher to iniinediattd.\ pi-esent hiuiself or herself f(u- exam- 
 ination before the ( 'ouuty Superintendent, and, if the teacher 
 fails to ])ass a satisfactory examination, the duty of the Su- 
 periuten<lent would be to dismiss such teachei-. 
 
 Second. The School IWtard has a i-ight. only, to employ 
 such persons to teach in the }»ublic schools of the State as 
 ])ossess the necessary (pialifications re(]uiied by law. one of 
 which is that tlu^ teachei- shall luive a cei-tificate. 
 
 Third. I am of the opinion that, should the school 
 treasuier of the district ]iay a teacher who does not possess 
 
3^ Biennial Report. 
 
 the (iiialifications reciuired by law, he would be liable, upon 
 his ofticial bond, for the amount of money paid. 
 
 Fourth. This question is answered by the first. Tlie 
 remedy provid(*d by law is for the County Su])erintendent 
 to dismiss a teacher not possessing the qualifications re- 
 quircKl by law; but 1 am of the opinion that, should the 
 <%)i!iity Su]>erintendent, in his discretion, forthwith examine 
 sucli pf-isou and find such teacher qualified, the defect 
 would be cured by issuing the necessary certificate. The 
 necessary stei)s in this matter should be taken by the County 
 S\i))printendent. Wry respectfully yours, 
 
 iSion(Ml.) J. A. VAN ORSDEL, 
 
 Attorney Centn-al. 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING. 
 Attorney (leneral's Office, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., August l.■^ 1S!)8. 
 Hon. C. H. Parmelee, 
 
 Su])erintendent of I'ublic Instructi<tn, 
 ( Mieyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 Dear Sir: — Replying to your letter of the !Mh inst., re- 
 questing answer to questions submitted by Mis. Saiah W. 
 Pease, County Superintendent of Albany County, under 
 date of July 25th, I have the honor to advise you as follows: 
 
 The question submitted, "Whether a siiecial disti'ict 
 meeting can be called and held and s])ecial tax voted, pro- 
 vided all points of law have been comi)lied with, and there 
 is sufficient time from the date of the special meeting to 
 send the notice required by law to tlic County Clerk and 
 Assessor, within the period prescribed by law for the notice 
 to be sent." Section 8926, R. S. 1887, provid<\s for the hold- 
 ing of a regular annual district meeting on the first Monday 
 in May, at which time it is provided in S. L. ISOO. i)age 154, 
 that the district may vote such sum of money as the meeting 
 
state Siipci iittcHitcitf of Piiltlic [ nsii action. 37 
 
 shall deem sufficient to meet the demands of the district. 
 The District ('lerl< is recinired, on or before the fonrtli Mon- 
 day in May in eacii year, to file in tlie office of tlie Clerk of 
 the Hoard of County Commissioners, a certificate showing 
 the sum of money voted by said regular district meeting, R. 
 S. Section M'Mi;"). Section :{941\ K. S. ISST, provides for the 
 holding of sjiecial district meetings and that the notice of 
 such meeting sliall clearly state the precise object for which 
 it is called and the time and place at which it is to be held. 
 Upon an examination of the ])apers submitted in this t-ase, 
 it api)ears that a notice was regularly giAen by the Board 
 of Directors, that there was a good attendance at this meet- 
 ing, that the notice specified the purpose for which the meet- 
 ing should be held, and that the sum of money there voted 
 was certified and sent to the Clerk of the Roard of County 
 Commissioners before the fourth Monday in May, the time 
 requir(Ml by law. It also ap])ears that the assessment of 
 the property of the district for the purposes of taxation for 
 the current yt-ar. and the levy of taxes and equalization 
 thereof by the Hoard of County Commissioners were regular 
 and legal. It would seem that all the steps necessary to es- 
 tablish the legality of the assessment and levy of taxes for 
 the payment of the amount so voted at the special district 
 meeting w«Me ]»ro])er and legally taken, 
 
 I am therefore of the o]Mnion that where all the reipiire- 
 ments of law are complied with, and the amount of money 
 voted is certified to the Clerk of the Hoard of County Com- 
 nnssionei's within the time provided by law, so that the as- 
 sessment, levy, and equalization of the taxes so levied can 
 be legally and regularly conducted as required by law, that 
 a special tax can be vot(^d at a s])ecial meeting of the dis- 
 trict, so long as such special tax is within the limit provided 
 by the statute. Very respectfully, yours, 
 
 (Signed.) J. A. VAN ORSDEL, 
 
 Attornev General. 
 
APPENDIX IX. 
 
 Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
40 Biennial Report. 
 
 Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
 ALBANY COIKTY. 
 
 I submit the following' report of the scliools of Albany 
 County : 
 
 First. The schools of this county show marked progress 
 from year to year. The attendance of pu]>ils is better, and 
 the terms are longer in most of the districts. There is a 
 strong probability that two or three districts will be reor- 
 ganized in the near future, owing to the fact that the large 
 ranchmen are encroaching upon the smaller ones and are 
 crowding them out. 
 
 Nearly all the districts have built school houses, though 
 there is a tendency in a few cases to have all the schools 
 taught at the private homes, a custom I do not approve of, 
 for various reasons, when it can possibly be avoided. I con- 
 sider it far better for both teacher and i)ui)ils. to have the 
 school away from the home. 1 always recommend that a 
 school house be built in evei-y district to accommodate the 
 greatest number of children possible, and make that the cen- 
 tral school in the district, but, at the same time, other chil- 
 dren living at too great a distance from the school to attend 
 should not be ignored, but be provided with a school. Last 
 year, several new, comfortable school houses were built, but 
 this year there have been only two new om^s built. Exten- 
 sive repairs have been made on many school buildings, es- 
 pecially in District No. 1. Several new floors have been put 
 down in different rooms and many of them have new seats of 
 the latest pattern. The Laramie schools are up to date in all 
 matters of progress, and no necessary expense is spared in 
 procuring apparatus. A fine set of relief maps were pur- 
 
l^tate Superintendent of Public Instruction. 41 
 
 chased during the summer vacation at a cost of |100. They are 
 models of perfection in tlieir line. In the country schools, 
 apparatus is being furnished as fast as the limited means at 
 their command will permit. There is a lack of supplies in 
 all the schools, but there is a growing tendency toward bet- 
 ter school buildings and improved equipments. I jioint with 
 pride to the fact that, during the juist two yeai's, there has 
 been a marked impi'ovement in the efficiency of teachers, 
 due, to a great extent, to the Normal Department of the 
 State X^niversity. We have an excellent corps of teachers 
 in the county who are, for the most i)art. exerting their best 
 energies for the advancement of their schools. 
 
 Second. I make it a rule "to visit each school in the 
 county at least once each term," as the law directs. The only 
 exception to this rule is where winter schools begin in re- 
 mote localities after I have paid a visit to the section, and 
 the long distance and ex])ense would not warrant ni}^ going 
 over the ground a second time, but I always endeavor ta 
 keep in touch with the teachei- and school by corresi)ondence 
 and by securing reports. 
 
 I hold public examinations quarterly, and private ones 
 as often as necessary. Some of the County Superintendents 
 in this state charge a fee for every teacher's certificate 
 granted, but I do not find any law permitting it. 
 
 We hold a County Teachers' Institute every year, last- 
 ing four days. I procure the very best local talent available 
 to assist as instructors and lecturers, and all the teachers 
 of the county cheerfully give their best efl'orts to its success. 
 The last one, held the last of August, was very well at- 
 tended and much interest manifested. Prof. Lee, Principal 
 of the Laramie schools, acted as Conductor, and many of the 
 up-to-date topics were presented and fully discussed by the 
 teachers present. The results of these meetings are far- 
 reaching, for, when I go into the country schools, T observe 
 
42 Biennial Report. 
 
 that the su<>-^estions reooiiimended in the Institute have 
 been introduced into the schools. The teachei's receive a 
 new inspiration foi' their work after attending an Institute, 
 a proof of which is the fact that the city schools can no 
 hunger lay claim to a monopoly of the revolving blackboard, 
 for, since the.\ were introduced to the teachers at the Insti- 
 tute, I find them doing excellent work in many schools. 
 
 Third. The greatest need of our country schools is 
 longer terms, and 1 am glad to note a decided improvement 
 in this dii'ection. All interested are combining their efforts 
 to this end. 
 
 There is great need of a change of text books, and it is 
 earnestly hoi)ed that the Legislature, at its session this com- 
 ing winter, will enact a law providing for a uniformity of 
 text books in this state. In this county I would recommend 
 that every text book now in use in our schools be changed 
 for later and better publications. Some of our school books 
 have been in use for fifteen years and were not very good to 
 begin with. Great proficiency has been attained in that 
 time in the making of school books and the welfare of the 
 pupils of this state demands that they be furnished with 
 the very best. 
 
 I would jtlso recommend that the Legislature pass a 
 bill increasing the salaries of County Superintendents of 
 Schools to cover, in some degree, the work requii-ed. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 SARAH W. TEASE, 
 
 Superintendent Schools, 
 Albany County, Wyoming. 
 
 BIG HORN COUNTY. 
 
 The schools of this county are in as favorable a con- 
 dition as can be hoped for in a new county and where there 
 seem so many obstacles to meet and overcome, and espe- 
 
state Supcrhitendeiit of Public Instruction. 43 
 
 cially witli regard to the (inestioii pertaininji' to school 
 finances, which, for the past year, was rather limited, though 
 we liopefnlly look forward to a brighter outlook in the near 
 future. I note with j)leasure that there is an abiding inter- 
 est, on the part of the peoi)]e. taken in our schools, and there 
 are many indications of a continuous, steady growth to- 
 wards a higher intellectual development among our youth. 
 
 Theie is a steady determination on the part of our citi- 
 zens to increase the length of our school terms by means of 
 a special district tax. 
 
 The school buildings are princij)ally log structures, but 
 most of them are comfortable and commodious and suf- 
 ficient for the present needs, though there is a gradual ten- 
 dency toward establishing bt^tter buildings as the district 
 becomes able to afford them.. Otto, in District No. U), has 
 a very neat and attractive frame structure. com])leted last 
 year, and is well e(iui|)ped with all necessary apparatus, 
 llui-lington. in the adjoining district. No. 20. has the largest 
 enrollment in the county and is looking forward to soon es- 
 tablish what ])romises to be our first graded school. 
 
 W'liile some of our schools are well sui)])lied with ap- 
 ]»aiarus. still there are others having very little or non(\ 
 Thei-e is a gradual tendency towsirds impi-ovement in this 
 I'egard, as there were several ])urchases made last year. 
 
 The school work in general, save in some few instances, 
 is carefully and conscientiously done. Most of our teachers 
 are tlioi'oughly alive to the best interests of the pupils and 
 jhey, in return, seem wide-awake to their duties. Our 
 teachers on the whole are an earnest, conscientious -body of 
 workers and I feel deeply grateful to them for the efforts put 
 forth during these two years of our association, in so loyally 
 aiding me in my endeavors to advance the educational inter- 
 ests of Kig Horn County. 
 
 The growing demand for a better grade of teachers 
 
44 Biennial Report. 
 
 causes the inefficient ones to finally fall out of the ranks and 
 give place to better and more capable ones. Our present 
 corps of teachers, with but few exceptions, are first-class 
 teachers of more or less experience and well capacitated for 
 their work. Teachers' Institutes were held during each 
 year of my administration. They consisted of quality rather 
 than quantity with regard to attendance. As many of the 
 teachers were so remotely situated, attendance seemed diffi- 
 cult. Our last Institute, conducted by Mr. O. H. Woods, 
 was especially interesting, profitable and successful, and, 
 though we numbered but fifteen, still a more earnest body 
 of teachers rarely comes together. 
 
 I have held five publi<- examinations, two of these being 
 held at the close of each Institute; the others when there 
 seemed a demand for them. In addition to these, a number 
 of private examinations have been granted, though 1 greatly 
 prefer the competitive examination when possible. 
 
 It was with much regret that I could not visit all of the 
 schools, but the county's finances did not seem to justify the 
 expense, though at various times I visited the greater por- 
 tion of the districts and nil the schools that were in session 
 at the time. Our county is yet very large and it requires a 
 great deal of travel over long weary distances to reach all 
 of the schools. 
 
 The one great essential need at present seems to be suf- 
 ficient money to enable us to have longer terms of school, 
 as the majority of them have averaged only about three 
 months to the term the past two years. 
 
 One other fact, it seems to me, should not be overlooked 
 and that is when a good teacher is secured, he or she should 
 be retained. As it is in most cases, too frequent changes 
 are made. 
 
 While I think some of the text books might profitably 
 be improved upon, yet with regard to the schools of Big 
 
' Ktafe Supoinfcndoif of Public Instruction. 45 
 
 Horn Count}', it is a question with me as to the advisability 
 of chanjiinjn at present, for the reason that there is now a 
 general hick of uniformity in text books and a change, it 
 does not seem to me, would be beneficial, in view of the fact 
 that parents are not all able to buy new books for their chil- 
 dren, thereby increasing the present existing difficulty. 
 
 BELLE T. HOWELL, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CAKBOX COINTY. 
 
 The schools of Carbon County are in most excellent con- 
 dition and are making steady advancement under the en- 
 coiiragement given them by patrons. We have a splendid 
 force of teachers, nearly all of whom hold first grade certifi- 
 cates and have had several years' experience. They enter 
 lieartily into their work and are ever striving to improve 
 themselves and be faithful to the trust reposed in them. 
 During the past two years I have visited twice or more al- 
 most every district in the county, the three exceptions be- 
 ing due to inaccessibility of schools or illness. T\m town 
 schools have been visited from four to six times each, or 
 once in each term, as required by law. Nearly all our coun- 
 try districts have now comfortable buildings, nine having 
 been erected since 1894. Three were completed during the 
 past yiNir, and two are in course of erection. All these 
 buildings su]>plant old and generally very primitive struc- 
 tiii'cs. ( )ne new district. No. IS, at Encampment, was organ- 
 ized this year, but has no building as yet. Two districts 
 have established No. 2 schools for the better accommodation 
 of ]>upils within their boundaries, and one of these has 
 erected an additional building. One department has been 
 added each year to the Rawlins school, which now employs 
 ten teachers, and Saratoga gained one department this year. 
 J find almost all the districts have purchased apparatus 
 
46 Biennial Report. 
 
 this year, and, in several cases, notably Rawlins and Hanna, 
 tlu' outlay for this purpose has been (piite heavy. Among^ 
 country districts, Xos. 11 and '21 deserve esjuH-ial credit for 
 comfortable, attractive and well-furnislu^d buildinj^s. Dis- 
 trict No. 5 was also in tliis list, but had tlie «^reat misfortune 
 to lose its property by tire, evidently incendiary. A new 
 buildinji- has been erected, but it will take several years to 
 reidace the ai)])aratus destroyed. It is a matter for {general 
 congratulation that patrons are talvinji' greater interest in 
 this work of sui»])lyin^' teachers with aids and tools for 
 their work, for they mi«ht as well ex])ect a carptmier to do 
 g-ood work without tools as a teachei-. 
 
 Four very successful Institutes have been held in the 
 county since 1894, and the teachers are almost unauimons 
 in the o])inion that the last one, held in Rawlins in August 
 of this year, was the most ]»rotitable. We departed some- 
 what from the old paths, and the teachers did the work of 
 the morning sessions, while Prof. (\ R. Ridgaway of the Tni- 
 versity of Wyoming, occu])ied the time of the afternoon 
 meetings with lectures upon ])ractical subjects, mainly 
 methods. The evening sessions were, as usual, devoted to 
 lectures and social entertainments, which were greatly en- 
 joyed by the teachers and the peoi)le of Rawlins. The av- 
 erage attendance at the institute is twenty-five teachers, 
 (Hit of a total of thirt-tlve en)ployed in the county. .Most of 
 our teachers are faithful about attending, but we must adr 
 mit that there are a few who numage to escape this duty 
 year after year, and we have resolved never again to grant 
 such teachers favors in the shape of riMiewed or endorsed 
 certificates. Our laws provide no adeciuate penalty for neg- 
 lect of Institute duty, unless school directors are willing to 
 CO (>i)eiate with the County Su]»erintendent to prevent it. 
 and little can be done, consequently, to remedy the matter. 
 'Tarbon Countv's record in this regard is not a ])Oor one-, but 
 
state Superintendent of Public Instruction. 47 
 
 we hope the day may soon come when each teacher will 
 williuj^ly, not of necessity, contribute his or her share to the 
 success of these annual gatherings. 
 
 Tublic examinations are held quartely in Rawlins, 
 and I have given many private examinations, for conveni- 
 ence salce, at my oltice in Saratoga. I have renewed, with- 
 out examination, tirst grade certificates held by teachers 
 who have been at work in the county four or more years, be- 
 lieving that the schools will be as well served by such a 
 course. • 
 
 Some changes in text books now in use would be advis- 
 able, but teachers ditter widely as to this matter. They real- 
 ize that sonu^ of the ])ublications in use are not of the best, 
 yet contend that economy is more to be desired than the 
 possible benefit from changes. Nearly all, I believe, favor a 
 cliangt^ of i-eaders, esjx'cially foi- higher grades, and some 
 would adopt new geograi)hi(^s. There is no doubt that some, 
 aye many, of the late ])ul)lications are great improvements 
 ()\'er the old l)ooks, and it seems poor economy to retain th(^ 
 latter. 
 
 My greatest difiiculty is in securing i»rom]»t and coiiect 
 reports fi-om school boards. Although the law is very ])lain 
 as to date of malving annual reports, it is usually necessai*y 
 for me to write two letters to each district board to secui-e 
 these rejtorts, and then Ilu\v are too often inccu'rect, or but 
 partially completed. This should not be. Otherwise, I have 
 no (•omi)laint to make, but am indebted to teachers, school 
 ol1icei-s and patrons for unifoi-m kindness and continued aid 
 and encouragement in my woik. 
 
 (lEKTHlDE M. HTXTINdTON. 
 
 ( "ounty Sujierintendent. 
 
48 Biennial Report. 
 
 (X)NVERSE COUNTY. 
 
 The *>:eneral condition of oni* schools shows a substan- 
 tial im])rovement. TIk^ number of schools in the county has 
 increased from twenty four in lS!>o to thirty-seven in 1898. 
 Forty-one teaclie.rs were (Miiployed durinj^- the last year at a 
 cost of |8,S5(). The attendance has lisen fr<mi 41):*) to 6:'>8. 
 
 Great irregularity j)revails in the time of the year for 
 holdinff schools. Most of the town schools open in Septem- 
 ber and close the first of May or June. The lenp;th of term 
 also Varies from three to nine months. There are schools in 
 the county in every month of the year. My policy has been 
 to discourage holding school in the hot weather of July and 
 August. A nunibei' of the districts now open the schools for 
 the sunrmer in April, but this is obstructed by the date of 
 the annual meeting of the district, the first Monday in May. 
 I recounnend that this be changed to March, and also that 
 the time for uuiking the annual re])ort to tlie Superin- 
 tendents be changed to correspond with the date for the an- 
 nual mcH'ting. W'e have now two fiscal years for school pur- 
 pose's. This causes much confusion and much needless work 
 for the school officers. Uy opening schools in AjU'il we can 
 have three mouths befoie hot weather and then <)i)en again 
 in S('])t('mber or October. This ])rog'ram is being adopted 
 in many districts. It gives the little children a cnance to go 
 in s]U'ing and autumn, while the older ])U])ils, who must 
 work in the suunuer, can go to school in winter. The climate 
 in this valley is too mild to be an obstacle to winter schools. 
 A^'hat few severe storms we have deti-act less from the 
 schools tlian the j)rotracted hot weather in sunnuei*. 
 
 Many of tlie schools need apparatus and libraries, espe- 
 cially di<'tionaries and sup])lementary readers. I find it 
 slow work interesting the school boards in these essentials, 
 ^lucli of the apparatus now in the schools is too complicated. 
 The teachei's do not know how to use it. The law pi'ovides 
 
state Superintendent of PuMic Instruction, 49 
 
 for The purchase of books by the district, but the average 
 school director does not understand the art of book-buying. 
 They do not know what to buy, or where to get them. The 
 l»nr(hasing power should be vested in some one who knows 
 what is needed and where to buy and funds should be placed 
 at his disposal. The "free text book" system would be a 
 great benefit here. I hope this question is not abandoned in 
 NVyoming. Twenty-four of the states now find the system a 
 success. 
 
 Four years ago we adopted a grade system in this coun- 
 ty and last year we changed to the state system. A few 
 teachers have succeeded in applying these grades and have 
 im]»r(»vcd their schoo.ls, but, in most of the schools, it has 
 failed, owing to inexperienced teachers. To reduce the pres- 
 ent heterogeneous mass to a graded school requires more 
 skill in the teacher than to teach the school after it is 
 graded. We employ the best teachers we can get for the 
 money the people are willing to pay, but most of them fail 
 to accomplish the task before them of using the grade 
 guide. 
 
 We need a higher standard for our examinations. The 
 law regulating teachers' certificates is inadequate to the 
 needs of the schools. In education, there are four grades, 
 viz: Common School, High School, College, and Profes- 
 sional, or Post-graduate. The law provides for examination 
 in The lowest of these grades and there is no way To show 
 ThaT The Teacher has any higher education. The examinaTion 
 required in This sTate is known in other states as a third 
 grade examination. A first grade certificate should require 
 a high school education, or an equivalent examination. A 
 state diploma should be provided for which should be based 
 on a college course and five years successful work. In some 
 sTaTes, none are allowed To Teach excepT The graduaTes of 
 normal training schools or colleges. 
 
50 Biennial Report. 
 
 There are many things about the school system of this 
 state that could be improved" by a study of the laws and 
 exi)erience of other states. I hope the next Legislature will 
 appoint a commission composed of experienced educators to 
 prepare a revised draft of our school laws. The people of 
 this state are alive to the need of good schools — let us have 
 them. The future prosperity of the commonwealth depends 
 largely upon the schooling of this generation. 
 
 On the question of text book revision, there is much to 
 be said — too much for discussion here. I hope the commis- 
 sion contemplated in tlie Constitution will be called together 
 this winter. Before much is done with the text book list, it 
 would be well to adopt the free text book system. 
 
 C. A. i^HEKMAX, 
 
 Superintendent: 
 
 CROOK COUNTY. 
 
 The majority of the schools in the county are held in 
 fairly good buildings. Some schools are still furnished with 
 miserable home-made desks, but these are rapidly passing 
 away and their place being supplied with ])atent seats. 
 Many schools are furnished with charts. .V few still lack 
 large dictionaries. 
 
 The majorit}' of the teachers are good ones, but. as in 
 any community, there are a few who pass examinations all 
 right, but will never make successful teachers. 
 
 Examinations are generally held each month. 
 
 Institute is always held one week, and quite fully at- 
 tended. Schools are usually visited during each term of 
 three months, but they are so scattered that sometiuies they 
 are visited only once during six months. The attendance in 
 the majority of the schools is small. 
 
 Schools need more library books. It would be a good 
 thing if the districts would own and furnish text books. 
 
Slate Supfiiiifvinleiii of f*i(hlic Instruction. 51 
 
 Many children are very poorly supplied with text books. 
 Dictionaries are especially needed. 
 
 BARBARA G. ANDREWS. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 FREMONT COT NTY. 
 
 The schools of this county are in a tine proj^ressive con- 
 dition. The educational advancement ranks hi«iher than 
 in any previous year. 
 
 The school buildinos, as a rule, are comfortable, commo- 
 dious, and i»leasantly situated. It is true in this county 
 as elsewhere, that there are some schools buildinjis which 
 cannot be thus described, but I am pleased to say that their 
 number is small. On the other hand, we have educational 
 structure>< of which any county or state might well be 
 proud. The Lander public school buildinos are as tine as 
 can be found in any place of much greater size than this. 
 The buildino has been further improved this fall by complet- 
 ing' within the second story one large school or study room, 
 one large class room, and a laboratory for high school work. 
 
 The school employs six teachers (five besides the princi- 
 pal). The enrollment is over 275 pu])ils, and tliis number 
 will be increased from time to time during the winter. The 
 teachers are very eflficient, competent and thorough, all un- 
 der the direction of the principal. Prof. A. H. Martel. The 
 instructions and methods are strictly "up-to-date.-' There 
 will no doubt be most excellent results obtained through 
 their efforts. 
 
 The majority of the schools are furnished with all kinds 
 of school apparatus, such as maps, charts, globes, and ample 
 blackboards. 
 
 The teachers, as a rule, are progressive and in every 
 way equal to the teachers of the older states. In fact, the 
 
52 Biennial Report. 
 
 greater number of the teachers are fjradiiates of eastern 
 universities and normal training* schools. 
 
 The progress in the advancement of the ]>ni)ils of this 
 connty has but one drawback and that is the lack of school 
 funds to enable the districts to have longer terms of school. 
 Tlie people are very energetic and intelligent, and, in all 
 matters ])ei'taining to the educational work of the county, 
 are ev( r ready, wide-awake, and willing to aid the super- 
 intendent in all school work. They feel that the education 
 of their children is of vital imjtortance. The action of the 
 County Commissioners in reducing the levy foi' the General 
 School f'und in order to comply with the law. althoug^h 
 against their will, brought out the sound judgment of the 
 ])eople, for they met this reduction with a special tax U^yj in 
 every district. In this manner, the school funds were in- 
 creased more than the genera] ley^- could have done, and the 
 district boards were enabled to have much longer terms of 
 school tluin formerly. 
 
 The yearly teachers' institutes are usually held in the 
 month of September — the week previous to the o])ening of 
 the Lander public schools. The distance teachers have to 
 travel while they are engaged in teaching in various parts 
 of the county, and the difficulties they exi)erience in going 
 from one jdace to another, lessen the attendance at our 
 yearly institute. This fact is greatly regretted and there 
 should be some way to remedy this evil, for the County In- 
 stitute is for the benefit of the teacher, and, through the 
 teacher, the school. Our instructor for the past two ses- 
 sions has been Prof. A. H. Martel. He is a most able and 
 thorough instructor. His methods are the best and latest 
 normal methods in use. I would gladly recommend him to 
 any County Superintendent who might wish to secure the 
 services of an able instructor for the coming year. 
 
 We have but one public examination during the year — 
 
state Superintendent of Public Instruction. 53 
 
 that held at the time of the Teachers' Institute. Private ex- 
 aminations are held at anj' time for the convenience of 
 teachers coming- from a distance. I would like to make a 
 suggestion, if it is not deemed out of place. With regard to 
 examination questions, whv could not the State Sujierin- 
 tendent send out uniform ({uestions for examinations 
 throughout the counties of the state? Would it not tend 
 to better systematize the educational work of this state? 
 
 Regarding the frequency of visits to schools, T usually 
 try to visit each school once every term. Most of the schools 
 of this county have but one term during the year, and thus 
 it means but one visit to a school a year. The distance to 
 some of the outside schools is so great, and especially in the 
 remote mountainous regions where their school term is held 
 in the winter, it is almost impossible to visit some of them. 
 Since Janury 1st, I have visited eleven schools, and still 
 have live more to visit before the close of the year, most of 
 the Ave being now in session. I have traveled oTo miles 
 and crossed the mountain range twice. 
 
 The needs of onr schools are too numerous to nunition. 
 We need longer terms in oar country schools, but hoAv is 
 it to be accom])lished? I do not know, for the tax limit for 
 special district tax (5 mills) is reached in most of the dis- 
 tricts at every annual meeting. 
 
 The text book problem seems to present a most f<uinida- 
 ble array of i)er])lexing questions. One question is this, is 
 it wise to place the power to make selections of text books 
 with the district boards? ^^'ill it not necessarily Itring an 
 endh^ss variety of text books into our })ublic scluxds by so 
 doing? Would it not be better to i)lace the power to select 
 the uniform text Ijooks for the state in the hands c»f the 
 State Superintendent and other pronnnent local educatois? 
 X deem it necessarv to make some changes in our text books 
 
54 liiciDiial Report. 
 
 — that is, if we wish to keep our educational standard up to 
 the iiiaik, and this we must do at all hazards. 
 
 -MARY A. MAS()N, 
 County KSiijxM-intendent of Schools. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 1 am phnised to report the scliools of tliis county as in 
 a wvy satisfactory condition. Nearly all of the districts 
 have _i»ood school buildings which are fairly well furnished 
 with blackboards and other school furniture. In some dis- 
 tiicts. the schools are well suj)]>lied with apparatus, while 
 in others bej»inninj;s in securing- libraries are now being 
 made. 
 
 The ayeraj«e qualifications of teachers are good, the ma- 
 jority having had either a high school or normal school 
 tiaining. Many teachers, attracted by a healthful climate 
 and higher wages, have come from the overcrowded states 
 farther east. With them have been brought into the county 
 new ideas 'and increased vigor. But the large number of 
 students doing high school work, with those attending nor- 
 mal schools and colleges, indicate that, in a short time, the 
 <-ounty will hav<* a sur])lus of good teachei's rather than a 
 lack. 
 
 Dui'ing each yeai* of my official service, 1 have visited 
 each school in the county one or more times. By means of 
 these visits. I have learned much about the needs of the 
 schools, and I have endeavored to make such suggestions as 
 seemed best to increase the efficiency of the schools. 
 
 Each year a teachers' institute has been held, and, for 
 these occasions, an elfort has been made to secure able in- 
 structors. The instructi()n has been of a professional na- 
 ture and no academic instruction has been attempted. The 
 teachers have manifested marked interest and but a few 
 
^tate Superintendent of Public Instruction. 55 
 
 have shown a desire to be excused. Au examination for 
 teachers has been held at the close of each institute and at 
 sucli other times as has been found necessary. An attempt 
 has been made to j;radnally increase the thoroughness of 
 the teachers, and tlu* (juestions for examinations are being- 
 made more and more pedagogical. 
 
 The needs of the schools of the county are very )nuch as 
 ixre found else\\ here. Im])rovenient may be made all along 
 the line. The text books in use are, as a general thing, nei- 
 ther among the latest noi- the l)est books. We ijeed au en- 
 tire fhange of texts. In consideration of the fact that now 
 we virtually have no text book law, I think it advisable 
 that the next Legislature be urged to enact a law favoring 
 county uniformity and free text books, or purchase of text 
 books .by the district boards. 
 
 The Buffalo schools, which, for many years, have been 
 a source of pride to Northern Wyoming, continue to grow in 
 efficiency. The course has been broadened and .deepened 
 until a good secondary education can be obtained in them. 
 Two years of Tyatin are now ottered and enough of English, 
 mathematics, science, and history to adinit students to the 
 Freshman year of our best universities. The grades below 
 the high school are being strengthened and are rapidly be- 
 ing made equal in efficiency to the corresponding grades of 
 the best schools in older states. 
 
 In all, T tind the schools of the coupty in a very, health- 
 ful condition, enjoying a growth in keeping with the rapid 
 development of the commercial and social interests of the 
 county. (H)RNELIA SNIDER, 
 
 County Siiperintendent. 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY. 
 
 Natrona County has at present eleven school districts. 
 We have a fine school building in District No, 2, and the 
 
56 Biennial Report. 
 
 school is divided into five departments, High School, Gram- 
 mar, Intermediate, First and Second Primary. One of these 
 departments was added during the past winter. This school 
 gives employment to five teachers, who, under the leader- 
 sliip of Prof. (i. Cudebec, constitute a most able and efficient 
 corps of teachei's. 
 
 Throughout the county, our teachers are bright and ac- 
 tive and take great interest in their work and the advance- 
 ment of theii* i)U])ils 
 
 In District No. 8, a fine school building has been erected 
 and furnished with all necessary maps, charts and globes. 
 In this district they now have five and six months of school, 
 when, a short time ago, they had but three. 
 
 Districts No. 1. 4, 5, (5, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are in a progressive 
 condition, although in Districts Nos. 4, 5 and 9, the build- 
 ings are not all that could be desired. Thej- are all, with 
 the exception of District No. 9, comparatively well equipped 
 with school apparatus. 
 
 District No. 11, wliich has been recently established, 
 has a splendid school ])uilding, well situated for the con- 
 v(Miience of all the patrons of the district. 
 
 No Institue has yet been called in this county this fall. 
 
 I nearly always insist on examinations, and, as far as 
 possible, niake them competitive, so that all certificates 
 issued in this county are earned by the holders. 
 
 Schools have started in most of the districts for the 
 fall and winter terms with a good attendance of pupils. I 
 visit every school in the county once each term. 
 
 At the close of our last term of school in Casper we 
 had two graduates, the first for Natrona County. 
 
 WILHELMINA McRAE, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
Sltate Superintendent of Public Instruction. 57 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY. 
 
 I herewith have the honor to submit the foHowing' re- 
 port of the work done in this county during the past two 
 years. 
 
 There are at j)resent eleven school districts in Laramie 
 County. In District No. 1 there are seven school buildings 
 valued at |130,758.03 and real estate valued at |3,000. 
 Thirty-three teachers are employed in this district, of which 
 twenty-eight are emploved in Cheyenne. We have a fine 
 high school in connection with the graded school, with an 
 efficient superintendent and a corps of excellent teachers, 
 a school we have reason to be proud of. There have been 
 no new buildings erected in this district during the past 
 two years, but the present ones are well furnished and in 
 good repair. 
 
 In District No. 8, at North Salem, a new school house 
 has been built, and this is the only one of much value built 
 in the county during the past two 3^ears. 
 
 Sin(^e January 1, 1897, I have examined seventy-live 
 teachers. Thirty-two received first grade and thirty second 
 grade certificates Examinations are held every quarter. 
 
 With but few exceptions, I have visited the schools 
 twice or once each year, and usually find the teachers doing- 
 excellent work, though there is a chance for improvement. 
 
 Two Institutes of one w^eek each have been held, with a 
 good attendance of teachers and educators. 
 
 Much has been said of late relative to the change of 
 text books. I would not recommend an entire change, 
 though it might be well to do so in some cases where they 
 have been in use some tinu^. Nothing of any great im- 
 portance has transpired during the past two years. Many 
 of the teachers liave been retained and we are gradually 
 securing a better class of teachers. Patrons are taking a 
 ii'reat interest in their schools and demandina' bettei- teach- 
 
58 Biennial Report. 
 
 ers. In many districts only those holding first grade certifi- 
 cates are employed. 
 
 ELIZABETH S. HAWES, 
 
 Toiinty Superintendent. 
 
 SHERIDAN COl XTY. 
 
 Since the last biennial re])ort from this office, there have 
 been added to our county two new districts, four new school 
 houses, and six new schools. One of our new buildings is an 
 11,100 one. in the Dayton District, and was very badly 
 needed. Three of the others are small buildings, built out of 
 native rock, which, when cut and dressed, makes the warm- 
 est and most comfortable school buildings we have. 
 
 Still, more districts and more schools are needed. The 
 law limiting a county to twenty-five districts is a detriment 
 and a terribly hated law in our county. Some of the districts 
 being from twenty to forty miles long, much travel is neces- 
 sitated to get to the May meetings and one school in the dis- 
 trict is sure to be neglected. 
 
 The schools, both cit^' and district, have all been graded 
 and are all working under the State Course of ssrudy, aided 
 by a supi)ilementary course which divides the former into 
 seven and eight months' work for the year. This grading 
 has been a great encouragement to both pupils and teachers, 
 which can be noted by better and more enthusiastic work 
 being done by both. 
 
 We have some excellent t(^ach(M's and I believe all are 
 striving to become better. A\'e have had an attendance of 
 fifty and sixty at our two Institutes, which, I believe, have 
 been good. We have the Teachers' Association which meets 
 once in three months, while the city teachers have a reading- 
 circle which meets once in two weeks. Examinations are 
 held once in three months. 
 
&tate Superintendent of Public Instruction. 59 
 
 All schools are visited twice a year, while the nearer 
 ones are reached three or four times. 
 
 We are using the adopted text books, there being a uni- 
 versal desire for a change as soon as possible. 
 
 <.)ur county on September 1st of this year is giving em- 
 I>loyment to forty-three teachers, but I am sorry to say that 
 there has been a decrease in the wages of teachers, owing to 
 the increase in number of schools, school months, and a 
 plentiful supply of teachers. 
 
 LaFayette Day was celebrated quite generally through- 
 out the county and the pennies will soon be forwarded to 
 
 your office. 
 
 MARION DILLOX, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 SWEETWATER COUNTY. 
 
 In compliance with the request of our State Superin- 
 tendent, I send report of work done in this county during the 
 last two years. 
 
 The year beginning January 1, 1897, there were five dis- 
 tricts and total number of pupils, 915. At the commence- 
 ment of the year 1898, there were no new districts, but an 
 enrollment of 1,012 pupils. 
 
 Scarcely- a mouth has passed that I have not visited one 
 of my schools and have noted a steady growth. Our aim is to 
 rise to the highest and we press forward with a determina- 
 tion that will not fail. 
 
 Have held two successful Institutes in Rock Springs 
 with full attendance of teachers and great interest by the 
 public in general. 
 
 We have two graded schools in the county, Rock 
 Springs containing nine departments, and Green River, 
 three. A stone building was purchased to supply the ^row- 
 
6o Biennial Report. 
 
 ing school at No. 6 mine. Rock Springs. A new frame school 
 house was built at Granger. • 
 
 All the departments in the various districts are supplied 
 with the most necessary apparatus, viz: Charts, maps, dic- 
 tionaries, and slate blackboards predominate 
 
 The text book is a question to be regulated by the Legis- 
 lature, as we certainly know there can be a great improve- 
 ment in the books now in use. 
 
 In closing my duties as County Superintendent, I wish 
 to thank the teachers for their hearty and cordial support; 
 also the different school directors and the public in general. 
 
 MARY A. CLARK, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 T'INTA COUNTY. 
 
 We have not made the rapid strides toward ])erfection 
 that T wish we had. but still I feel that we are advancing- 
 slowl^^ but surely toward a higher standing. 
 
 The increase in the school funds has made it i)ossible 
 for the members of our school boards to have our buildings 
 in a much better condition than ever before. 
 
 We have three new school houses completed, two more 
 under way of erection. One at Piedmont has two apart- 
 ments, and the other is located at Kemmerer, the new min- 
 ing camp on the Oregon Short Line. The last mentioned 
 building will contain four rooms. As a rule, the schools are 
 well provided for in the way of books, apparatus, etc. I 
 have had some difficulty in securing teachers to take charge 
 of the schools in places far distant from the railroad. This, 
 however, is not to be wondered at Avlien we take into con- 
 sideration the wages that are paid by outside districts and 
 the expense that must be incurred in order to reach the 
 schools. 
 
 ^^'e have held two Institutes. . Botli have been verv sue- 
 
state >>ui)ciiiitrit<1cnt of PuhUc Instruction. 6i 
 
 c-essful, particularly the one held last year. This was con- 
 ducted by Miss F. C. Blackburn, of vSalt Lake City, assisted 
 by Miss Belle Fleming, Assistant Principal of the Evanston 
 High School, and others. 
 
 Two examinations are held each year, besides several 
 private examinations. 
 
 Uinta County being so large, I find it impossible to visit 
 each school more than once during the year. This, however, 
 I try to do. I feel that our schools are better than they were 
 two years ago, but there is still room for improvement in 
 many cases. 
 
 In regard to the text books in use, T feel that some 
 changes would be beneficial to the schools, principally the 
 readers and histories. That there should be an established 
 «et of text books throughout the state cannot be questioned. 
 If we stop to consider the number of children who move from 
 one town or county in the state to another, we can readily see 
 that it is not wise to allow each teacher to introduce such 
 books as he or she may see fit. We would soon have such a 
 mixture of knowledge and books that the result would be a 
 little of everything and not much of anything. 
 
 In 1890, forty-seven schools were taught in Uinta 
 County. 
 
 In 1808, fifty-nine schools were taught in Uinta County. 
 
 In 1896, there were 2,215 pupils in the schools. 
 
 In 1898. there were 2,832 pupils in the schools. 
 
 In 1890, fifty teachers were employed. 
 
 In 1898, seventy-one teachers were employed. 
 
 There are fifteen districts in the county. District No. 2 
 has The largest enrollment, it being 763 pupils. No. 1 has an 
 enrollment of 737, No. 31 of 145, and No 17 of 137 pupils. 
 
 The only Hij^h School in the county is at Evanston. 
 Prof. C. C. Norwood is Principal. Pie has thirteen assist- 
 ants. So far the school year has been very satisfactory. 
 
 M. J. YOUNG, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
62 Biennial Report. 
 
 AVESTON^ COT KTY. 
 
 The schools of Weston ( 'ounty are doing excellent work. 
 School bnildinos have been erected during the past two 
 years, old ])uildings have been repaired, and apparatus has 
 been purchased. Nearly every building has a dictionary, 
 reference books, and supplementary reading. The Canibria 
 schools have a library of about 200 volumes, also a reading 
 table containing the best magazines. 
 
 Institutes have been held each August, and tea<hers 
 jind parents agree that they are exceedingly helpful. Public 
 examinations have been held at close of Institute. 
 
 The visits each term to the various schools are among 
 the pleasant features of the Superintendent's work, and 
 observation proves that schools taught by the same teacher 
 for a series of terms advance more rapidly than where a 
 change is made each term. 
 
 As there is improvement in text books each year, we 
 would be greatly benefited by securing the best texts. 
 
 At the close of 1898, w^e have seventeen schools in the 
 county, while in 1890 there was but one. District No. 1 
 maintains fifteen schools of from six to nine months each 
 year. District No. 2 has one school of six months each year. 
 District No. 3 has one school of six months' term, but half 
 the term is taught in a remote part of the distnct. There 
 are over sixty scholars in the district and but fifteen can 
 attend school on acount of distance. Lack of funds prevents 
 their having longer terms and a greater number of schools. 
 
 EMMA P. BOWMAN, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
h' 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORTS 
 
 State Sttpefintendeat 
 of Ptiblic Ifistfiiction 
 
 1 899- 1 900 
 I90I-J902 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Superintendent of 
 
 Public Instruction 
 
 1899 - 1900 
 
 LARAMIE, WYO. : 
 
 CHAPLIN, SPAFFORD t MATHISON, PRINTERS 
 
 1904 
 
'R 23 19C6 
 U. ot D, 
 
 t 
 
STATE OF WYOMING. 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming, January i, 1901. 
 To His Excellency, 
 
 DeForest Richards. 
 
 Governor of Wyoming : 
 Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the biennial 
 report of this office for the two years ending September 30, 
 1900, setting forth the condition of this department, as re- 
 quired by law. Very respectfully, 
 
 THOMAS T. TYNAN, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming, January i, 1901. 
 
 In compliance with the provisions of Section 180. Re- 
 vised Statutes. I have the honor to submit herewith the bien- 
 nial report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
 the period of two years, ending September 30, 1900, showing 
 the condition and progress of the public schools, the receipts 
 and disbursements of the school funds, state, county and 
 district, during that period, with such other statements, facts 
 and statistics as are deemed of interest to the public. 
 
 In the report of my predecessor is made mention the fact 
 that apologies have been offered heretofore for the delay in 
 the appearance of the report and for inaccurate statistics, and 
 that he had no desire to depart from a custom that had such 
 an established sanction. The same difficulties attendant then 
 being attendant now. I, too, desire to follow the established 
 precedent. The same efifort has been made as suggested and 
 the same result as to delayed and inaccurate reports followed. 
 The main cause, I find, is the failure of the District Clerks 
 to report promptly to the County Superintendents. While I 
 attach no blame to the Superintendents, when using a certain 
 amount of diligence, still I believe that, if they would exercise 
 their full authority, this difficulty might be overcome. We 
 can only hope that the voters will come to realize how much 
 the district sufifers by the election of incompetent trustees. 
 
 The information in this report is mainly composed* of 
 material furnished the office by the several County Superin- 
 tendents and other officers and teachers of the State. Many 
 of these have responded to every request for information, in 
 addition to submitting their annual reports. In some instances, 
 however, reports have been so long delayed that the work 
 has been campleted over great difficulties. 
 
 By comparing the tables of statistics with the former re- 
 ports of this office, you will see that the State is endeavoring to 
 keep pace with the educational advancement of the day and 
 our schools were never in a better condition. One thousand 
 iour hundred and seventy additional pupils have enrolled since 
 
6 Biennial Repqrt 
 
 the last report of this office. The attendance is reported from 
 all quarters as much better, and an intelligent interest in the 
 system is being taken by teachers and parents, as well as by 
 the pupils. Two of the counties, to'my knowledge, have estab- 
 lished free kindergartens, and in three of the small towns a 
 special teacher of music is employed. Private kindergartens 
 are maintained in several cities and towns, and it is to be hoped 
 that these will be supplanted by public institutions. 
 
 In districts where several schools are held, pupils are often 
 enrolled in more than one school, and, in consequence, dis- 
 tricts have an apportionment on a greater enrollment than 
 there are pupils in a district. To remedy this, I would suggest 
 that clerks reporting to the Superintendents avoid counting 
 pupils who appear on the rolls more than once. 
 
 The public schools of the State have done good work for 
 the past year or two. The great hindrance in the past has 
 been the lack of money in districts of limited valuations. The 
 moneys now derived from the leasing of school lands have 
 placed the schools in nearly all districts in a better financial 
 condition, and districts that formerly conducted schools barely 
 three months out of the year are now able to provide six and 
 nine months' terms. 
 
 The spirit pervading the schools as a whole is excellent, 
 and the members of the teaching stafif, with few exceptions 
 here and there, are intelligent in their aims and energetic in 
 the performance of their duty. The general quality of class 
 work has been maintained, and, although in some schools 
 there has been a falling ofif in important branches by placing 
 too many studies on the course, still in other schools this has 
 been compensated by substantial progress. The great diffi- 
 culty in maintaining a high grade of class work in our advanced 
 graded schools, I believe, is due to a superfluous course of 
 study — we are not content with having the children know a few 
 things and know them thoroughly. The present system tends 
 toward making the pupils" work superficial, and introduces 
 that very obnoxious system called cramming. The youth of 
 that age where merit is one of its ambitions, finding himself 
 unable legitimately to cope with the amount of work set out 
 for him. invariably resorts to this method, and the result in 
 the end is disastrous to his fund of knowledge. 
 
 As statistics show that the great majority of pupils in 
 our public schools do not go any further than the seventh 
 and eighth grades, I believe that more attention should be 
 given to the primary and intermediate departments of our 
 schools. It is more important to have sufficient room and 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 7 
 
 good teachers for the primary and intermediate classes, than 
 to have expensive high schools. 
 
 The past two years, and especially the last year, have been 
 busy ones in the educational affairs of the State. All depart- 
 ments of education, from the University to the rural schools, 
 have felt the influence of the great business life and activity. 
 Perhaps the schools were the last to suffer business depres- 
 sion, and suffered the least, but they have by no means been 
 the last to feel the enthusiasm and encouragement that comes 
 with true business prosperity. 
 
 The most noticeable increase in all of the statistics fur- 
 nished is in the number of volumes in the school libraries. 
 Two years ago but 4,240 volumes were reported, and for the 
 present year 15,210 volumes are reported. 
 
 The treasurers of school districts had on hand at the close 
 of the fiscal year 1900 something over ninety thousand dollars, 
 while at the close of the fiscal year 1899 there was but fifty 
 thousand dollars on hand. 
 
 The Rural School. 
 
 The greatest number of our pupils receive their education 
 in the rural schools, and, for this reason, these schools should 
 command our closest attention. I am inclined to believe that 
 the Districts Boards are alive to that fact, as their efforts to 
 obtain better and more capable teachers indicate. These 
 schools are at a great disadvantage. While the movement is 
 forward, they still have to contend with many serious draw- 
 backs. Long distances cause small children to become tired 
 on reaching school ; bad weather prevents regular attendance ; 
 many of the buildings are wholly unsuited for the conduct of 
 school ; but the greatest obstacle is the irregularity of attend- 
 ance and the small number enrolled in many of them, thus 
 preventing proper grading. Yet, in spite of these serious ob- 
 stacles and disadvantages in the small rural schools, the people 
 feel compelled to and do favor them. 
 
 How can it be expected that our country schools will keep 
 improving when the brainiest and most competent teachers 
 are lured to the town schools, or other lines of employment, by 
 salaries commensurate with the work performed ? The aim of 
 the law as to the certification of teachers and attendance at 
 institutes should be to make better the corps of teachers we 
 have, and to create a public school sentiment that will pay 
 good teachers what they deserve, not to grind out a new grist 
 of teachers. 
 
8 Biennial Report 
 
 High Schools. 
 
 Many of the counties have established high schools at the 
 county seats, and it is to be hoped that all counties in the near 
 future will be able to have at least "one district high school. In 
 order that i)upils may derive as much benefit as possible from 
 the high school courses, principals and teachers should see 
 that the work in the primary and intermediate grades is made 
 thorough, in order that pupils taking up higher work may 
 have a good foundation. 
 
 The State University. 
 
 The State University has had a fair attendance — much 
 better than formerly. Reference is here made to the report of 
 the President of that institution, that you may have a full and 
 clear idea of its condition. School officers throughout the State 
 feel grateful to the Trustees of the University for making an 
 appropriation which has enabled the President to visit the 
 institutes and schools in the larger towns, thus doing much 
 to arouse interest in the University and keep the people in 
 touch with our own institutions. 
 
 The Text Book Law. 
 
 The law in regard to free text books seems to have met 
 with universal approval. The expenditures under this law for 
 the past two years have amounted to $29,596.88, a greater ex- 
 pense in establishing the system than will probably be incurred 
 for a number of years to come. However, the Common School 
 Land Income Fund, from which expenditures for text books 
 are made, amounted, during the same period, to $68,871.90. 
 Though the law does not bring about State uniformity, yet 
 State uniformity is possible by having the counties come to- 
 gether and agree on the books to be used. Some counties have 
 secured uniformity by representatives from each district meet- 
 ing together and agreeing on the adoption of certain text books. 
 This, I am informed, was done without the aid or knowledge 
 of publishers of text books, or their representatives, so that 
 the business interests of these concerns were not furthered, 
 but the people's interest alone considered. 
 
 The following named publishers have complied with the 
 law in filing bonds and price lists: 
 
 American Book Company. 
 
 Butler, Sheldon & Co. 
 
 Werner School Book Company. 
 
 Silver, Burdett & Co. 
 
 Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
 
Superintendent oe Public Instruction. 9 
 
 County Superintendents. 
 
 For the advanceihent of education and the good of our 
 public school system, the salary of the Count}^ Superintendents 
 should be raised. It is false economy to pay a small salary to 
 ofificers who cannot afford to devote much time to the work, 
 and I cannot urge that more duties be imposed unless the 
 salary be increased. It is only by having better and closer 
 supervision that we can hope to raise the standard of our coun- 
 try schools. 
 
 I would recommend that the salaries of County Superin- 
 tendents be fixed on a basis of $800 per annum for every county 
 having a voting population of one thousand or less, and that 
 $200 be added for every additional thousand votes in the county 
 until a salary of $1,200 is reached. The County Commissioners 
 should be prohibited from paying traveling expenses, but 
 should provide an ofifice and furnish the same with postage, 
 stationery, etc., as in the case of other county officers. 
 
 In order to assist the County Superintendents in securing 
 more prompt and accurate reports from district officers, I would 
 recommend that this office be authorized to have printed simple 
 forms of account books, vouchers, receipts and warrants, and 
 to require the use of the same by district officers. In many 
 districts the officers at present do not have the proper facil- 
 ities for keeping systematic accounts. In addition to this, the 
 County Superintendents should have authority to audit the 
 accounts of district officers at least once in every fiscal year, 
 and, should any irregularity be found, to call on the State Ex- 
 aminer to make an examination at the expense of the district. 
 
 The County Superintendent should be required to keep in 
 her office a record of the visits made to each school once in a 
 term, as required by law, said record showing name of teacher, 
 total enrollment, subjects taught, etc. The teacher's term 
 report should also be filed with the County Superintendent, as 
 well as with the Clerk. The reports of the District Clerks 
 should be checked with those of the teachers, to see that no 
 pupil is reported enrolled more than once in the same district. 
 
 County Institutes. 
 
 The institute work in this State for the past two years has 
 been very successful, and attendance better than at any time 
 in the history of the State. Reference is made to the annexed 
 reports of the County Superintendents for special accounts of 
 the work in the several counties. The arrangement of insti- 
 tutes has been made by the County Superintendents to con- 
 form to the requirements of the law for the examination of 
 
lo Biennial Report 
 
 teachers, and this has prevented the State Superintendent from 
 visiting all the institutes, although an effort was made to be in 
 attendance at least one day in each county. The result was 
 that nine institutes were visited .during the year 1900, and, 
 from the visits made, I was gratified at the work accomplished 
 at each of these, and was sorry that I could not have attended 
 all of them. 
 
 The arrangement and management of the Coimty Insti- 
 tutes are probably two of the most important and perplexing 
 questions with which we have to deal. I have taxed my mind 
 to the utmost to offer suggestions that would be beneficial 
 along this line, but feel that I am unable to offer suggestions 
 that would strengthen the law as I desire. I am certain, how- 
 ever, that more money should be authorized or raised in some 
 way, the institute held for a longer term, and a penalty im- 
 posed for non-attendance. Our institutes have, no doubt, 
 improved very materially during the past two years, but it is 
 due to the great interest taken by the teachers, who are anx- 
 ious to keep up with the movements of the day, and not the 
 money expended by the county. Now is the time for the adop- 
 tion of some strong measures to meet the demand of new 
 times and new conditions in a comparatively new State. Some 
 organization of the nature of a traveling Normal School, or 
 corps of instructors, which all of the counties would combine 
 to pay, might be practicable. 
 
 Teachers' Associations. 
 
 An effort is being made by the teachers of the State, with 
 the assistance of the County Superintendents, for the organi- 
 zation of a State Teachers' Association. The first evidence of 
 this work is now manifest by teachers in several of the coun- 
 ties forming local associations. Reports received from teach- 
 ers attending the association meetings give good accounts of 
 the work performed. Were it not for the difficulties in trav- 
 eling, through lack of railroads, which do not reach three- 
 fourths of the territory forming our State, the time would be 
 ripe for such an organization. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 
 
 After the passage of the act of the State Legislature pro- 
 viding for the establishment of ,a State Board of Examiners,! 
 appointed as members of said board. Prof. C. B. Ridgaway 
 of the State University, Prof. J. O. Churchill, Superintendent 
 of Schools, Cheyenne, and Prof. F. W. Lee, Superintendent 
 of Schools, Laramie. Reference is made to the report of said 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. ii 
 
 board forming a part of this document. The board has not 
 had much encouragement in its work, for the reason that it has 
 been working without an appropriation for printing, or for 
 traveling expenses, and will be able to do more effective work 
 when not handicapped in this manner. 
 
 I desire to especially recommend that the law as to the 
 examination and certification of teachers be amended, so as to 
 provide for certificates for longer terms. While it is well to 
 limit a teacher to one third-grade certificate, still that should 
 be made for a sufficient period to encourage them to try for 
 something better. I also think that the law as to State and 
 Professional certificates shovdd be amended so as to authorize 
 the granting of these certificates to those who are experienced 
 and qualified primary and grade teachers, as well as to high 
 school teachers. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 The laws passed at the last session of the Legislature pro- 
 vided for a great deal of additional work in this department. 
 First, we were beseiged with inquiries from publishers and 
 school officers regarding the new text book law. After ex- 
 plaining the law and giving all the information possible, the 
 amount of bond to be given by the several publishers desiring 
 to enter into business was fixed, the bonds received and filed, 
 together with price lists and sworn statements. Certified 
 copies of these price lists, with blanks for making contracts 
 with publishers, were sent to each County Superintendent for 
 distribution to the district clerks in his or her county. The 
 preliminary work took up a great deal of time and led to much 
 correspondence. 
 
 The next problem confronting the office was as to the law 
 for the examination and certification of teachers. Here was a 
 law directing that certain acts be performed, yet making no 
 provision for carrying the same into effect. Furthermore, 
 there were numerous questions as to the power left to County 
 Superintendents under the new law. After due consideration, 
 the members of the State Board of Examiners were appointed, 
 and have been carrying on the work laid down in the law, 
 trusting that the coming session of the Legislature will make 
 provision for the expenses incurred. 
 
 Owing to the number of changes in the school laws, there 
 has been a great demand for copies of the law, revised to date. 
 It was. therefore, found necessary to have printed, in pam- 
 phlet form, a thousand copies of the school law. These have 
 been distributed as carefully as could be. and the supply is 
 
12 Biennial Report 
 
 now almost exhausted. As the new law required teachers to 
 be examined in the Constitution and Civil Government of the 
 State of Wyoming, and thus, indirectly, required the subject 
 to be taught in the schools, it was found necessary to have 
 printed a thousand copies of the Constitution, and these pam- 
 phlets have been distributed among the teachers of the State. 
 
 These unexpected demands upon the contingent fund of 
 the office have prevented us from having our report printed, 
 as had formerly been done, and yet we feel that, for the good 
 of the State, some appropriation should be made for printed 
 matter to be distributed in answer to inquiries. Should it be 
 deemed inexpedient to allow this office a larger contingent 
 fund than any other department of the State, could not a spe- 
 cial appropriation be made for printing expenses, such as ac- 
 count books, report blanks, copies of the school laws, and a 
 State course of study? 
 
 On account of the limited appropriation, I was prevented 
 from visiting all of the counties of the State during anv vear 
 of my incumbency. In 1899 I visited two counties in my 
 official capacity, and this year. 1900, I was enabled to visit 
 nine counties, devoting one day's time to each of eight coun- 
 ties. These brief visits did not enable me to gain much prac- 
 tical information, nor give me the acquaintance with the 
 actual school work, which the State Superintendent sh<:>uld 
 have. 
 
 COMMON SCHOOL LAND INCOME FUND. 
 
 On March 31, 1899, the following amounts were distrib- 
 uted from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County. Enrollment. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany .^ 1 ,276 $ 2,552.00 
 
 Big Horn 509 i. 018.00 
 
 Carbon i ,292 2,584.00 
 
 Converse 628 1,256.00 
 
 Crook 700 1,400.00 
 
 Fremont 565 1,130.00 
 
 Johnson 452 904.00 
 
 Laramie 1,846 3,692.00 
 
 Natrona 299 598.00 
 
 Sheridan 1,198 2,396.00 
 
 Sweetwater i ,012 2,024.00 
 
 Uinta 2,832 5,664.00 
 
 Weston 433 866.00 
 
 Totals 13.042 $26,084.00 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 13 
 
 On ^larch 31, igoo. the above mentioned fund was dis- 
 tributed as follows : 
 
 County. Enrollment. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany ." 1,070 $ 3,464.32 
 
 Big Horn 576 1,864.91 
 
 Carbon Ij30I 4,212.22 
 
 Converse 623 2,017.08 
 
 Crook 780 2,525.39 
 
 Fremont 597 1,932.90 
 
 Johnson 514 1,664.17 
 
 Laramie I>9I7 6,206.63 
 
 Natrona 286 925.98 
 
 Sheridan 1,244 4,027.67 
 
 Sweetwater '. . . . 960 3,108.17 
 
 Uinta 3>047 9,865.21 
 
 Weston 448 1,450.48 
 
 Totals 13,363 $43,265.13 
 
 The statements given below will enable you to form some 
 idea of the manner in which this fund has grown from one fiscal 
 )'ear, ending September 30th, to another: 
 
 1892. . . .$9,193-52 1895. . . .$7,384-86 1898. . . .$13,140.83 
 
 1893 6,651.19 1896 9,590.38 1899. ... 34,145.87 
 
 1894. . . . 7,211.13 1897. . . . 9,979-44 1900. . . . 52,870.56 
 
 It is expected that on March 31, 1901, we will have on hand 
 an amount of $65,000 to distribute. Though the enrollment has 
 increased to a greater degree the past year than in any former 
 year since the enactment of the law requiring a distribution of 
 the Common School Land Income Fund, yet the amount per 
 capita is greater than ever before, showing that the system 
 now in vogue of leasing lands is of greater benefit to the 
 schools than revenue derived from any other source, and is 
 undoubtedly less burdensome to the people. 
 
 COMMON SCHOOL PERMANENT FUND. 
 
 The Common School Permanent Fund, which consists of 
 moneys derived from the sale of school lands and the five per 
 cent, of sale of all lands paid to the State by the United States, 
 amounted on September 30, 1900, to about $48,000. This 
 money can only be invested in state, county or district bonds, 
 under the direction of the Governor, Treasurer and Attorney 
 General. At the present time the amount of $21,000 is invested 
 and yields interest, which forms a part of the Common School 
 Land Income Fund. 
 
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20 Biennial Report 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING. 
 
 Hon. Thomas T. Tynan, 
 
 State Superintendent : 
 
 Dear Sir : — I take pleasure in submitting the following 
 report of the University of ^^'yoming", in accordance with 
 your request : 
 
 The University gives more evidence of real progress at 
 the present time than ever before. The generosity of the last 
 Legislature, that gave us the appropriation for a Science Hall 
 and Museum, has also given us a new lease of life. The fact 
 that the campus since has been doubled in size, and that the 
 new Science building is now in course of erection on the eleva- 
 tion north of and in line with the other buildings, shows that 
 the outlook for the University has broadened and has grown 
 more hopeful. The State is putting more faith in the en- 
 terprise. Naturally the return of more prosperous times to 
 the State has had its influence on the University. Parents 
 are in better condition financially and are feeling more able to 
 spare their sons and daughters from home, and can better af- 
 ford to send them away to college. In consequence, our at- 
 tendance the past year has been the largest in the history of 
 the institution. 
 
 The Courses Offered by the University. 
 
 The University of ^\'}'oming is founded and maintained 
 for the purpose of being as useful as possible to the people of 
 A\'yoming. To this end, and that the 3-oung men and women 
 of the State may not be compelled to leave its borders in order 
 to obtain a business education, the Board of Trustees has 
 recently established a commercial department, with a two 
 years' course, at the University. So that the University at 
 the present time includes the following departments: 
 
 I. The College of Liberal Arts. There is first the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts, giving in four years what is commonly 
 knowm as a "college education." In the first two years of this 
 department all the studies are prescribed, although the stu- 
 dent has a choice between classical, literary and scientific 
 courses. In the last two years almost all studies are elective. 
 By this arrangement it is believed that a sufficiently broad and 
 thorough course is insured, and at the same time the tastes 
 and needs of the individual student are allowed free scope. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 21 
 
 II. The Preparatory School. Since there are many parts 
 of the State not yet provided with high schools fitting for the 
 University courses, a Preparatory School, with a course of 
 three years' work, is maintained. 
 
 III. The Graduate School. This department affords an 
 opportunity to those who wish to carry their studies bevond 
 the limits of the college courses. 
 
 Then, for the benefit of those who cannot devote so much 
 time to a general education, but who wish to be trained for 
 some special profession, there are four technical schools pro- 
 vided, viz. : 
 
 IV. The Normal School. 
 v. The School of Mines. 
 
 VI. The School of Agriculture; and 
 VII. The College of Mechanical Engineering. 
 
 These courses all require less time by two years than the 
 College of Liberal Arts, and are designed to give a thorough 
 and practical preparation for those professions which are more 
 particularly demanded now in Wyoming. 
 
 VIII. The Business College. The more recenth- or- 
 ganized Business College oft'ers two years' training in com- 
 mercial methods and practice. 
 
 Our University Extension Work. 
 
 Besides the instruction of students in residence, the Uni- 
 versity is coming to extend its educational advantages to a 
 considerable extent to the people of the State generally, both 
 by lectures and correspondence. The professors of the Uni- 
 versity are often called on for lectures and addresses before 
 schools, clubs and Teachers' Institutes, and are always glad 
 to meet such demands as far as their time permits. In this 
 connection a word may be said concerning the publications of 
 our Agricultural Experiment Station. It has been decided- 
 to make the bulletins that are published for distribution more 
 popular and educational in their nature, and such as will meet 
 the demands of our own farmers by giving them practical in- 
 formation. Already this change seems to have met with gen- 
 eral approval. The more popular bulletins published thus far 
 by the station have been as follows : 
 
 No. 28. First Report on the Flora of Wyoming, A\en 
 Nelson, Botanist. 
 
 No. 31. The Worst Weeds of Wyoming and Suggested 
 Weed Legislation, Aven Nelson, Botanist. 
 
22 Biennial Report 
 
 No. 33. The Composition of Prepared Cereal Foods. E. 
 E. Slosson, Chemist. 
 
 No. 34. Fruit Growing in Wyoming, B. C. Buffum, Hor- 
 ticulturist. 
 
 No. 38. Cultivated Shade and Forest Trees, B. C. Buf- 
 fum, Horticulturist. 
 
 Xo. 40. The Trees of Wyoming and How to Know Them, 
 Aven Nelson, Botanist. 
 
 No. 42. Some Native Forage Plants for Alkali Soils, Aven 
 Nelson, Botanist. 
 
 Xo. 43. Alfalfa as a Hay Crop, B. C. Bufifum, Agricul- 
 turist. 
 
 No. 45. Artesian Basins of Wyoming, Wilbur C. Knight, 
 Geologist. 
 
 Any of these bulletins will be sent free upon request to 
 residents of the State. No. 40, "The Trees of Wyoming and 
 How to Know Them," has been in demand particularly among 
 the schools of the State. Another bulletin that will interest the 
 young people will soon be published by Professor Wilbur C. 
 Knight on "The Birds of W'yoming and How to Know Them." 
 
 St. Matthew's Hall. 
 
 Especially the parents who have been sending their daugh- 
 ters to the University have long felt the need of a dormitory in ' 
 connection with the institution. They would not only lessen 
 thereby the expense of room and board, but they have also been 
 anxious to have the more strict supervision of a matron over 
 their daughters while away from home. St. ^latthew's Hall is 
 a young ladies' dormitory, belonging to and under the control 
 of the Episcopal Church in Laramie, without any official con- 
 nection with the University, and which has been opened this 
 year for the first time. Their intention has been to make of it 
 a Christian home, not only for Episcopalians, but for young 
 ladies of all denominations who may attend the University. 
 While the students are expected, of course, to keep the rules of 
 the institution, yet they are left entirely free to attend their 
 own church services. They are able this year to accommodate 
 very satisfactorily about twenty young ladies at $18 per month, 
 which seems very reasonable. 
 
 Heretofore we have suiifered oftentimes from a lack of co- 
 operation on the part of the churches. It is a good sign, how- 
 ever, when they begin to interest themselves in opening dor- 
 mitories in connection with the University. And I do not 
 Icnow why it isn't possible thus through co-operation with the 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 23 
 
 churclies to make this arrangement take the place of the de- 
 nominational college. 
 
 The Vesper Services. 
 
 In our anxiety that the Universit}' shall be above criticism 
 in all matters touching religion, we must guard against giving 
 the impression that reHgion is ignored altogether in our institu- 
 tion. During the past year the University Vesper services, 
 held regularly in the Chapel at 4 o'clock on Sunday afternoons, 
 have proven very popular, and have been well attended by the 
 students and townspeople. They have consisted largely of 
 music furnished mostly by the students, and of short addresses 
 by whatever talent we have happened to have at our command. 
 While everything looking toward sectarianism has been strictly 
 barred out of these services, still they have been from the first 
 more or less of a religious nature. And the feeling is unanimous 
 that the results have been only beneficial to the University. 
 The services have afforded an opportunity to the faculty and 
 their families also of meeting personally and shaking the hands 
 of the students for a iew moments at the close of the exercises 
 every Sunday, a feature of the service which has not been with- 
 out its good effects. Yours respectfully, 
 
 ELMER E. SMILEY, 
 
 President. 
 
24 Biennial Report 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 
 
 Hon. Thomas T. Tynan, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction : 
 
 Dear Sir : — The State Board of Examiners has the honor 
 to submit the following brief report of its work during the past 
 two years : 
 
 The board met in the City of Laramie, June 22, 1899, ^^^ 
 organized by electing C. B. Ridgaway President and J. O. 
 Churchill Secretary. In order that the powers and duties of 
 the board, under the law, might be definitely understood, the 
 Secretary was instructed to submit questions, covering dis- 
 puted points, to the Attorney General of the State for an opin- 
 ion. A copy of this opinion, we believe, is on file in your office. 
 
 The second meeting was held in Cheyenne, June 29, and 
 to save expense all subsequent meetings, five in all, have been 
 held in Laramie City. There being no money available to pay 
 the expenses and transportation of the board, our work has 
 been with the expectation that some provisions will be made 
 by the coming Legislature by which our obligations may be 
 met. 
 
 We have formulated rules for examinations, and prepared 
 for the use of County Superintendents sixteen sets of questions. 
 These questions are intentionally elemejitary in their nature ; 
 but from all counties, with one exception, the board has learned 
 that they were considered sufficiently difficult for the applicants 
 who desired certificates. We have examined thirty-three ap- 
 plications for State or Professional certificates ; recommended 
 sixteen, and declined to recommend seventeen. Many of those 
 applicants, who were not favorably recommended, are success- 
 ful primary or grade teachers, but they were not able to comply 
 with that section in Chapter 70 of the Session Laws of the Fifth 
 Legislature, which requies all applicants for this certificate to 
 show themselves competent to teach all of the subjects usually 
 taught in high schools of the State. 
 
 From our experience as a board, we desire to recommend — 
 First — That the law governing examinations be amended 
 
 and made definite in regard to the powers and duties of the 
 
 Board of Examiners and its relation to County Superintendents. 
 Second — That it be specific in regard to the qualifications 
 
 of applicants for teachers' certificates, or else leave that matter 
 
 to the discretion of the Board of Examiners. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 25 
 
 Third — That certificates for primary and grade teachers be 
 issued for a longer term than one and two years. 
 
 Fourth — That there be stated times for teachers' examina- 
 tions. 
 
 The law at present provides that one examination must be 
 held at the close of the County Institute. The County Institute 
 may be called at the discretionof the County Superintendent, 
 and it has frequently happened that the board has not been able 
 to learn from the County Superintendents just when the insti- 
 tute would be held ; and, consequently, it has not been able, 
 without much difiiculty, to furnish suitable questions for those 
 County Superintendents. 
 
 Fifth — That provision be made for closer supervision of the 
 ungraded country schools. 
 
 Sixth — That County Superintendents be required to fur- 
 nish evidence of ability to grade papers of applicants for cer- 
 tificates. 
 
 Seventh — That School Boards, in districts which employ 
 Superintendents, who devote at least half of their time to super- 
 vision, be authorized to issue district certificates, vmder such 
 rides and regulations as they may deem necessary. 
 
 Eighth — That, if the work of the State Board of Examiners 
 is valuable, an appropriation should be made to cover past ex- 
 penses and provide for a cash payment of future expenses. 
 
 The members of the board will be pleased to meet the Edu- 
 cational Committees of the Legislature, and render any assist- 
 ance in their power, whenever they desire to consider the 
 revision of the school laws. 
 
 Very respectfullv yours, 
 
 C. B. RIDGAWAY. President, 
 J. O. CHURCHILL, Secretary, 
 F. W. LEE, 
 
 State Board of Examiners. 
 
26 Biennial Report 
 
 Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY. 
 
 Laramie, Wyoming, October 20, 1900. 
 Air. Thomas T. Tynan, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming : 
 
 Dear Sir : — I am pleased to submit the following report of 
 school work in Albany County for the school year ending Sep- 
 tember, 1900: 
 
 At the close of the school year a very successful institute 
 was held, forty-seven teachers in attendance. The instructors 
 recognized the real need of the teachers, and explained and 
 taught the common branches in the broadest sense. The chief 
 purpose of an institute is to inspire the teacher to gain a 
 broader and deeper understanding of the common branches. 
 Those are the subjects to be taught. Teachers were shown how 
 to make the worn-out and never understood subject of United 
 States history, the various and almost wonderful processes of 
 presentation of fractions, etc., interesting. The time is too 
 short for the discussion of the subjects in which the teachers 
 should be hefped and instructed. No instructor should be em- 
 ployed to teach in an institute who is not a teacher in actual 
 practice. I am sorry the law is svich that it provides for only 
 four days of institute work. 
 
 The suggestion was made that no teacher be given more 
 than thirty-five pupils, and that when our young teachers have 
 had two years of efficient and successful teaching they be paid 
 the same wages as the more experienced teachers. 
 
 The instructors in institute work were Professors Roberts 
 and Ridgaway, Mrs. D. C. Royer, Miss Ida Gerig and Mr. 
 Matheny. 
 
 The teachers expressed themselves by a vote of thanks to 
 all who had helped to make the institute so helpful and the 
 most profitable of any they had ever attended. 
 
 The records show that from eight to ten new teachers are 
 needed each year to supply the demand of the schools of ovtr 
 county. The patrons are anxious their children should be given 
 that which produces a well formed character — an education. 
 This fact has caused a marked improvement in attendance. 
 Last year I issued "Rank Class Certificates" to each pupil in our 
 
Slterintkndent of Public Instruction. 27 
 
 county schools, on which the average in each study was required 
 to be marked by the teacher, also the grade. It has been a 
 great help to the teachers this year. They were able to place 
 the pupils where they belonged without taking a week or longer 
 to know in what grade they should be. This year I have re- 
 peated the experiment of last. The general standings of the 
 schools are much improved from last year. They are now in 
 good condition financially, with one or two exceptions, and 
 most of the districts are well equipped with apparatus. ^Ve 
 have some excellent teachers in this county. They are striving 
 for better, more systematic and fruitful work. In the majority 
 of districts the parents are aiding in many ways the endeavors 
 of the teachers, never questioning but that she has the best 
 interest of their children constantly in mind. Most of the 
 schools have purchased the books required and have had ex- 
 cellent results. Weeks have been spent in traveling to and 
 from and in visitation of the schools of the county. So far every 
 school except three has been visited once and many twice. 
 During these visits I have made a study of the schools as I 
 found them, have advised with the teachers as to discipline, 
 methods used in teaching, etc. In some schools of last year the 
 discipline was found very weak. It is pleasing to note this year 
 there is much improvement. In the twenty-one months I have 
 been engaged in the work as County Superintendent of Schools 
 I have traveled nineteen hundred and ninety-two miles, written 
 seventeen hundred and fifty-nine letters, sent out three hundred 
 and ten circulars and notices, kept in touch with the teachers, 
 receiving from the teachers in the county a monthly report of 
 their work. 
 
 There is great need of the children being taught practical 
 education — moral, industrial and economical. I would recom- 
 mend that school savings banks and manual training be intro- 
 duced into our schools. For school legislation, I would recom- 
 mend that the County Superintendent be furnished as good an 
 office as the Clerk or Treasurer, and supplied with all modern 
 conveniences for saving labor, for systematic work and for ex- 
 pediting business. That he or she should be as qualified (a) for 
 teaching as the teacher in the schools; (b) for business as the 
 average business man of the county; (c) should have judgment 
 enough to carry out the spirit of the law without seeming to 
 violate the letter of it. He should be held responsible to a de- 
 gree in proportion to the measure of his authority — lay off, alter 
 or abolish school districts : provide for transfer and transporta- 
 tion of pupils, always with due regard to the right and best 
 interest of pupils and school patrons ; visit schools and audit 
 all records of school officers. He should receive a straight sal- 
 
28 Biennial Report 
 
 ary from one thousand to twenty-five hundred a year, according 
 to the qualifications and work required. 
 
 I would also recommend that the State Board of Examin- 
 ers be given authority to arrange a State Reading Circle course, 
 which would be optional with the teachers, but the board covdd 
 give the teachers credits for work done. The teachers of sev- 
 eral counties have passed resolutions favoring such action. The 
 County Superintendent should be given power to revoke cer- 
 tificates of teachers who refuse to attend the institute, who 
 prove to be inefficient and who are immoral — the teacher hav- 
 ing the right to appeal to the State Board of Examiners, whose 
 decision shall be final. 
 
 The law giving teachers pay for attendance at the ses- 
 sions of the institute should be made more definite. There is 
 no uniformity in interpreting law, and in many places the in- 
 terpretation has been made to the detriment of the teacher. 
 Yours respectfully, 
 ]\1RS. CAIRA M. SIMPSON, 
 
 County Superintendent of Schools, 
 
 Albany County, Wyoming. 
 
 BIG HORN COUNTY. 
 
 The schools of Big Horn County are progressing in a 
 gratifying manner. The revenue for school purposes has more 
 than doubled during the four years of the county's existence. 
 The first year after the county was organized every district 
 was short on funds to pay teachers with, and either closed 
 school or made obligations for future payment. Now, with 
 very few exceptions, all outstanding warrants have been paid, 
 and there is a good cash balance in the hands of the district 
 treasurers to commence the year with. This increase in rev- 
 enue is noticeable in longer terms of school, better school 
 houses and better equipped school rooms. 
 
 The enrollment has increased fully fifty per cent, in the 
 past four years, and at the present rate of settlement the ratio 
 of increase will be much greater. 
 
 The Free Text Book law has been quite largely complied 
 with. In a few instances where the districts were well sup- 
 plied with text books new books have not been purchased. A 
 list of text books was selected and recommended to the school 
 boards. This list has been adopted, with four or five excep- 
 tions, where the school boards had ordered books before the 
 list was prepared, and as a result we have nearly a uniformity 
 of text books in the county. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 29 
 
 The annual Teachers' Institutes have been attended by a 
 large per cent, of the teachers, and much benefit to the teachers 
 and schools derived therefrom. At the last institute eighteen 
 teachers were enrolled, the largest attendance of any institute 
 yet held in this county, and we believe everyone present was 
 worthy the name of teacher, and will do good work in the 
 school room. A visit from the State Superintendent was a 
 feature of the last institute highly appreciated by the County 
 Superintendent and teachers. 
 
 In issuing certificates, an honest endeavor has been made 
 to raise the standard of qualifications of teachers, as contem- 
 plated by the recent law on that subject. Only in rare cases 
 are old certificates endorsed. Applicants are required to earn 
 their certificates by public or private examination upon a list 
 of questions prepared by the State Board of Examiners. 
 
 In conclusion. I am pleased to state that improvement has 
 been accomplished in everv line of school work, and the outlook 
 for the future is hopeful. " W. O. LESTER, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CARBON COUNTY. 
 
 The schools of Carbon County are in a very flourishing 
 condition, and the enrollment has increased steadily during the 
 past two years. Two new districts, having about seventy chil- 
 dren, have been organized at Encampment and Battle Lake, 
 in the copper region, and a third will soon be established there, 
 at Rudefeha. Seven applications for schools have been filed 
 within two months. The Ferris district, set apart in early 
 days in the northern part of the county, has just been aban- 
 doned, as it lacks the number of pupils required by law. The 
 remaining schools of the county are increasing instead of losing 
 in size. We have nine country schools of between twenty-five 
 and sixty pupils, and the smallest enrollment in any district is 
 thirteen. Fewer small districts and larger enrollment in exist- 
 ing districts is working to the betterment of our schools. 
 Money expended in holding perhaps three months' school in 
 a year, all that is possible in small districts, is practically 
 wasted. By weeding out these small districts, the larger 
 schools are enabled to have longer terms and do work that is 
 really beneficial. Of course, efifort is made to place the larger 
 schools where they will draw from a wide country, so that 
 few children will be deprived of an education. 
 
 Some complaint reaches us that country districts having 
 the same enrollment now as in 1898 are receiving less money, 
 
30 Biennial Report 
 
 and one'taxpayer has requested an explanation. This condition 
 of affairs is accounted for by the fact that the enroOment in the 
 county is increasing more rapidly than are the funds for school 
 purposes, thus decreasing the pro rata of apportionment. Al- 
 most every school in the county has increased its enrollment in 
 the last year except Rawlins, where the establishment of a 
 thriving Catholic parochial school has interfered considerably 
 with the attendance at the public school, taking out at least 
 one-fifth of the children. 
 
 Saratoga has in course of erection a handsome brick school 
 building, wdiichwill cost, when completed and furnished, in the 
 neighborhood of six thousand dollars. It is ex])ected that it 
 will be ready for occupancy in January. Encampment and 
 Battle Lake are also arranging for frame buildings. 
 
 The State Land Income Fund has provided text books for 
 the schools of the county, and nearly every district has in that 
 fund a surplus, which is generally transferred and used in the 
 payment of teachers. People who have naught to do with the 
 public schools, and who are not in a position to know their 
 sources of revenue, can hardly realize the great benefit derived 
 from the leasing of public lands in Wyoming. The school rev- 
 enue from this source alone, in this county, has increased from 
 $1,312.81 in 1898 to $4,212.12 in 1900. This land fund, in a few 
 years more, will contribute a sum larger than we care to un- 
 flertake to estimate for educational work in the State, and re- 
 duce taxation very materially. 
 
 Institute work in Carbon County has been raised very 
 much in standard during the past three years. The services 
 of a competent and experienced conductor from the Cniversity 
 of Wyoming, one who has at heart the advancement of educa- 
 tional interests in our State, have brought about a change for 
 the better, and it is a matter of regret that the fund at our dis- 
 posal is too small to admit of the employment of several such 
 leaders, so that the work might be divided. Our institute pro- 
 grams have been based upon the lecture plan, and the lectures 
 and discussions have been largely upon methods in teaching 
 and discipline. Teachers who have been deprived of normal 
 training find the plan especially valuable, while it awakens in 
 others an interest in discussions not attainable in any other 
 way. Many teachers have expressed themselves in favor of 
 these institutes, and have urged us to continue the programs, 
 and endeavor again to secure the able services of Prof. C. B. 
 Ridgaway, who has given us three highly successful sessions. 
 His range of subjects is wide, adding variety and interest to the 
 meetings, and many years' experience in teaching enables him 
 to treat each in a masterlv manner. Note books are freelv used 
 
Superintendent OF Public Instruction. 31 
 
 by the teachers, and the discussions and "experience meetings" 
 following the lectures have been general and profitable. 
 
 Some provision for increasing the institute fund should be 
 made by the Legislature, either by fixing an enrollment and 
 examination fee, or by larger county appropriations. The pres- 
 ent small appropriation is wholly inadequate and a heavy han- 
 dicap to effectual work. 
 
 GERTRUDE M. HUNTINGTON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CROOK COUNTY. 
 
 Syndance, Wyoming, October 13, 1900. 
 Hon. T. T. Tynan : 
 
 Dear, Sir: — I have the honor to submit to you the follow- 
 ing report of the schools of Crook County, Wyoming, for the 
 past two years : 
 
 This county is divided into fourteen districts, maintains 
 fifty-three schools and has an aggregate of 856 pupils. Most 
 of the districts are in a prosperous condition, and, with one or 
 two exceptions, will be on a cash basis after the first of the year. 
 
 Our teachers, on the whole, are well qualified, earnest and 
 painstaking; and the School Boards, for the most part, per- 
 form their duties in a prompt and impartial manner ; still the 
 work accomplished by the pupils in our schools seems hardly 
 commensurate with the amount of mone}^ expended. This 
 seems to be chiefly the result of two causes — the frequent 
 change of teachers and the irregularity of attendance on the 
 part of many of the pupils. It is true that in most of our dis- 
 tricts the length of term is only six months, and, while this is 
 not so. long as we could wish, still, if every pupil would make 
 an honest, earnest efifort to be present every day, the result 
 would soon be apparent. 
 
 When the "Free Text Book" law went into effect repre- 
 sentatives from each District Board met in the County Super- 
 intendent's office and adopted uniform books for the county. 
 At the same time a committee was chosen, who outlined a 
 course of study, based upon the State course and especially 
 adapted to the new text books. The teachers have tried to 
 follow this course as far as practicable, so. though but one year 
 has passed since its adoption, there is no school in the county 
 that is not graded to a certain extent. 
 
 We have held one Teachers' Institute -during each of the 
 past two years, and were fortunate enough to secure for each 
 
32 Biennial Report 
 
 a thoroughly able, energetic and agreeable conductor. These 
 two gentlemen. Prof. J. A. McNaught of Sheridan, Wyoming, 
 and Prof. C. H. Miller of Wahoo, Nebraska, I can most heartily 
 recommend to any Superintendent in need of a conductor. At 
 our last institute we were also fortunate in having a visit from 
 our State Superintendent. Although many of the teachers 
 had long distances to come, the attendance was excellent, only 
 five teachers being absent during the two years. 
 
 I visit each school at least once a term, and where there is 
 a change of teachers I usually go a second time. These visits 
 are an agreeable part of the work, as the patrons of the various 
 schools make my stay among them so pleasant. 
 
 Throughout my two yeairs in office I have been greatly in- 
 debted to the State Superintendent, School Boards, teachers, 
 patrons and the local newspaper for kindness and aid in my 
 work. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 BESSIE MOODIE, 
 County Superintendent, Crook County, Wyoming. 
 
 FREMONT COUNTY. 
 
 Hon. Thomas T. Tynan, 
 
 State Superintendent, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming: 
 
 In compliance with your request, I herewith furnish you a 
 report of the conditions of the schools of Fremont County : 
 
 First — There has been a marked improvement in grading 
 among the schools of this county during the past two years. 
 The Lander public schools, at this time, are under a very com- 
 plete system, their course of study being one of the best and 
 most complete and practical courses of study I have seen. It is 
 arranged for work in twelve grades, each grade covering a 
 space of nine months. To take time and space to mention the 
 work of all the different grades in this report would make too 
 extensive an article. 
 
 If there are any schools wishing a copy of the course of 
 study of the public schools of Lander, they could, I am sure, 
 secure them of the School Board or at the Superintendent's 
 office. 
 
 In speaking further of this grading work, there are some of 
 the districts of this county which, through the earnest efforts 
 of some of our teachers, with the co-operation of the School 
 Boards and County Superintendent, are doing most excellent 
 work in that line. Districts Nos. 2, 4, 5 and 8, as well as some 
 
SUPERINTENDKNT (U* i'tULiC IxSTRUCTlON. 33 
 
 Others, are making very good progress. The only drawback 
 in the way of more extensive work in this line is a lack of funds 
 to continue the schools a proper length of time to cover the 
 requisite amount of school work for each grade. Those schools 
 which are in session only three and four months of the year 
 cannot make good progress in grade work, or in any manner of 
 studv. for that matter, there being nothing so detrimental to 
 successful school work as short terms and frequent change of 
 teachers. Some of our schools suffer through these condi- 
 tions — short terms through lack of funds, change of teachers 
 from the same cause. No teacher can live upon the wages 
 earned in a three or four months" term of each year. They 
 must seek employment elsewhere, lea\ing the School Board to 
 secure whom they can. This cause also forces the School 
 Boards to hire inconipetent teachers, for it is a case of neces- 
 sitv — "poor teachers or none," as a good teacher will seek 
 schools with longer terms and better wages. 
 
 Second — The average attendance of the pupils after their 
 enrollment is, as a rule, good ; but as every rule has exceptions, 
 there are some instances which are governed mostly by local 
 surroundings, where the children are not compelled by the 
 parents to attend regularly at school. The laws of Wyoming 
 are rigid enough in this respect, and where cases of this kind 
 occur the School Board should do their duty and compel at- 
 tendance. I find ver}^ frequently, if this matter of non-at- 
 tendance is presented in the right manner to the parents and in 
 a proper light, they almost invariably comply with the law 
 without further trouble. 
 
 Third— There are but a very few of any children of a school 
 age within the county, who have access to schools, that do not 
 attend nearly if not all of their respective school terms. I know 
 several instances where children walk six miles to and from 
 school each dav, their homes being three miles distant from 
 the school house ; still they attended regularly during the most 
 severe winter weather. On the whole, there has been during 
 the past school year a very fair attendance, on an average of 
 over ninety-five days per pupil. 
 
 The schools are in a fine progressive state, there being a 
 better public sentiment with regard to teachers and the stand- 
 ing of their schools. The voiced sentiment is, as to teachers, 
 "the best are none too good for us," and as to schools. "\\> want 
 our schools to rank among the best in Wyoming." ^\'ith this 
 general feeling, there must be progress in an educational line. 
 
 Our institutes for the past two years have been of a very 
 high grade, and much good work has been done. In the month 
 of September of iSgc; we held a two weeks' institute. Prof. A. 
 
34 Biennial Report 
 
 H. Martel being the instructor. The attendance of teachers was 
 small, but those who attended were well pleased with the in- 
 structions and benefits derived. This work was handled in the 
 form of a summer school, instructions given daily in the latest 
 normal methods. In nearly all the high school branches a spe- 
 cial line of mathematics was also introduced, for the benefit 
 of the teachers who would be teaching that branch. 
 
 The County Institute for the year 1900 was held during 
 the week commencing September loth, and was a "red letter 
 week" to all who had the privilege of attending. It was under 
 the supervision of Prof. Frank H. H. Roberts of the Wyoming- 
 University. There was also in attendance President Smiley 
 of the University and the State Superintendent, Hon. Thomas 
 T. Tvnan. With so many illustrious guests and educators, 
 there could be but one result — a grand sviccess for the institute. 
 There was an enrollment of thirty-two members, with an av- 
 erage attendance daily of twenty-nine, besides a great many 
 visitors, who were with us every day. The best methods in 
 teaching and school government were presented and discussed, 
 also many most excellent lectures delivered by all three of these 
 educators, making the week all too short. The teachers with 
 one accord declared the institute to be the very best they had 
 ever attended. 
 
 If we could only have more of these rousing institutes our 
 teachers would find there was something more in the world of 
 teaching than a mere name and position. It would awaken new 
 thoughts and aspirations, which would increase with their daily 
 labors. They would strive to be first in their profession, not 
 simply machines, performing their daily work in a listless, aim- 
 less kind of manner. 
 
 I fear that I have not given as good and thorough report 
 as you wished. I know that I have trespassed too long upon 
 vour time. And wishing you success in your aim for a better 
 and higher standard in the schools of AVyoming, I respectfully 
 submit this report to your inspection. 
 
 Very respectfullv vours for the best welfare of the schools 
 of Wyoming, ' ^ (Mrs.) MARY A. MASON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
SUPRRINTKNDENT OF PuP.LIC INSTRUCTION. 35 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 It is with pleasure that I submit my second biennial report. 
 The last two years have been years of progress in educational 
 work. The general conditions of the schools and the increasing 
 jfitness of teachers are matters of pride to all concerned. The 
 public is zealous in promoting the welfare of the schools, and 
 it is a very rare thing to find children who do not attend school 
 during the greater part of the time that the schools are in 
 session. An effort has been made to grade the schools of the 
 county. 
 
 Nearly all of the teachers have purchased copies of the 
 Illinois State Course of Study and are making it the basis 
 of their work. 
 
 A five-day institute has been held each summer, and an 
 endeavor has been made to render it as helpful as possible to 
 young teachers. I find in almost every school room visited that 
 teachers are making practical applications of the principles dis- 
 cussed. Only in a few instances have the teachers failed to 
 attend. 
 
 The Buffalo schools are in a very prosperous condition. 
 They are well disciplined and graded, and offer a good, thor- 
 ough three years' high school course. At present an addition 
 to the school building, costing eleven thousand dollars, is being 
 constructed. 
 
 I suggest that recpiirements for teachers' certificates are 
 sufficiently rigid at present, but that the laws regulating the 
 granting of the same should be amended in a number of 
 instances, and that teachers should be required to pay an 
 examination fee. I think it would be unwise to have all ex- 
 amination papers marked and graded by the State Examining 
 Board. County Superintendents know best the conditions 
 in their respective counties, and shovild exercise the power of 
 granting or refusing certificates. Again, there always will be 
 cases of emergencies where County Superintendents can at- 
 tend to matters at once without the delay attendant upon 
 matters brought before the State Board. 
 
 I think it would be of advantage to have included in your 
 report statistics from the graded schools of the State. Per- 
 haps nothing would do more to unite work and advance the 
 interests of the schools of the State than a State educationaf 
 paper. CORNELIA SNIDER, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
■36 BiKNXIAL RkI'ORT 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY. 
 
 Hon. T. T. Tynan, 
 
 State Superintendent, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming.: 
 Deir Sir: — In compliance with your reciuest. T tal<e pleas- 
 ure in submitting- to you the following- report of the work done 
 in this county during- the past two years: 
 
 There are in Laramie Ccnmty eleven reg"ularly org'anized 
 school districts. The total number of schools taught during 
 the past year was one hundred and fourteen, the total number 
 .of pupils in 1900 being 2,088. 
 
 The aggregate value of school property in this county is, 
 in round numbers, $150,000. Most of the buildings are owned 
 by the districts, and are substantially built of brick and stone, 
 well furnished with modern seats, books, maps and charts. In 
 all of the districts free text books are furnished, and they have 
 been a great help to both teachers and pupils. 
 
 During the past two years two institutes have been held, 
 each during the last week in August, followed by the teachers* 
 examination. Two instructors were employed for each, and 
 the attendance was considered very good. At the last one 
 hundred and five teachers were enrolled— a larger number 
 than ever before. A good degree of interest was manifested by 
 the teachers, and all seemed to feel that the institutes had been 
 very instructive. 
 
 An effort has Ijeen made to grade the county schools, so 
 that pupils can enter the high school after completing the 
 eighth grade. We hope to reach a greater success than has 
 yet been attained. Tt is our aim to gradually raise the standard 
 of our teachers, and improve the schools, each year as much as 
 possible. A greater interest is being taken by the parents in 
 -the schools, and we hope to attain better results in the next 
 Iwo years than ever before. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 ELIZABETH S. HA WES, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY. 
 
 Hon. Thomas T. Tynan, 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming: 
 Dear Sir :— I have the honor to submit to you the follow- 
 ing report on the condition of the public schools under my 
 charge in Natrona County, Wyoming: 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 37" 
 
 The population of Natrona County is small, owing- to tlfe 
 fact that there is but one town in the county, and that much 
 of the county is occupied by sheep herders, who necessarily live 
 far apart, and, as a rule, have no families. It is difficult to pro- 
 vide adecjuate school accommodations for children living- in 
 these sparsely settled districts; yet. in every instance \\here 
 the required number of children could be gotten together, we 
 have organized and maintained schools. These smaller schools, 
 however, are not always permanent : the removal of two or 
 three families from a community sometimes causing- the re- 
 moval of the school. A\'e have been obliged during the past 
 two years to discontinue two districts, and in some instances 
 have had the location of schools changed. One new district 
 has been organized. Nearly all of the country districts are 
 building better school houses, purchasing good apparatus and 
 providing for longer terms of school. 
 
 The Casper schools have made marked progress. The 
 present principal is an able and scholarly man, and we feel 
 certain that under his management the Casper schools will 
 soon be ranked among the very best of the State. Ranchmen 
 are already beginning to send their children here to school. 
 Fifty more pupils have been registered since September thaa 
 were enrolled last year. A professional vocalist has been en- 
 gaged to teach music in all of the grades. The kindergarten, 
 which existed heretofore largely in an experimental state, has 
 been set aside by itself, given a separate teacher and ])rovided 
 with proper kindergarten materials. The attendance of en- 
 rolled pupils has been good. In one case I prosecuted for non- 
 attendance. 
 
 After the passage of the law providing for free text books,. 
 I recommended a list of books to be used in the countN. This 
 list was generally accepted, ■ giving us at least count \ uni- 
 formity. 
 
 In regard to the State school funds. I wish to call vour 
 attention to the fact that almost one-tenth of the whole amount 
 came from Natrona County, and yet in the pro rata a]>i)ortiou- 
 ment she received less than one-fortieth of the whole amtnmt. 
 I am not prepared at the present time to suggest au\- remedy, 
 but such a proportion seems unjust to our countv. I'>ut little, 
 if any, relief would be given by making a census of the district 
 the basis for the pro rata apportionment, instead of the school 
 enrollment ; yet we cannot see why the same basis should not 
 be used for the distribution of money which is used for the 
 formation of districts. At present a school may be demanded 
 in a district where the children live too far apart to be able to 
 attend, and for whom no State money is received. 
 
38 Biennial Report 
 
 We have held two successful Teachers' Institutes, under 
 the management of Prof. Frank H. H. Roberts of the Uni- 
 versity of Wyoming. These institutes have been both inter- 
 esting and instructive, and were well attended by the teachers. 
 To supi)lement them we are forming a Teachers' Association. 
 The object of the association is to provide lectures and discus- 
 sions, for the good of the public, as well as the teachers, and to 
 bring parents and teachers into close connection with each 
 other. It seems to us, also, a practicable way of prtnnoting 
 University extension. 
 
 A\'e are pleased, on the whole, with the recent law in regard 
 to teachers' certificates. It has helped in producing a higher 
 standard of competency among teachers. If any change were 
 to be made in the law. we would suggest only that a longer 
 time limit be given to first and second grade certificates, and 
 that the examinations be held at least four times each year. 
 It makes comparatively little difl:'erence whether the County 
 Superintendents or the State Board correct the papers. It has 
 been my custom to use my own judgment as to whether or not 
 an applicant is old enough to teach, but it would seem better 
 to have this authority expressed rather than implied in the 
 school laws. Provision should be made that certificates be not 
 issued to applicants under a certain age. 
 
 The accounts of district ofificers have not always been as 
 well kept and accurate as we should wish. We would suggest 
 that the manner of keeping these accounts be simplified as 
 much as possible. The Teachers' Fund and the School House 
 Fund may be transferred and retransferred to an extent that 
 might puzzle any inexperienced bookkeeper. Proper blank 
 books with simple directions would assist greatly in keeping 
 the accovmts straight. We should like to see such books fur- 
 nished from the State office to all School District Treasurers 
 and Clerks, and also to the County Superintendents. 
 
 AA'e believe that an annual meeting of the County Super- 
 intendents would result in much benefit to the school system. 
 Such a meeting, under the direction of the State Superin- 
 tendent, would undoubtedly assist in producing more intelli- 
 gent, enthusiastic and uniform work throughout the State. 
 
 RespectfuUv submitted, 
 
 JAMES Louis craig, 
 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
SuPERIxNTENDEXT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 39 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY. 
 
 The country schools have all been graded and classified, 
 first, according to the State course of, study prepared by Miss 
 Reel, and, later, when the course of study was changed in the 
 city schools, it was also done in all country grades, as so many 
 country children move into Sheridan for a part of the year, it 
 was thought best that they be made to correspond. I find that 
 the grading of the pupils and the regular visits of the County 
 Superintendent have proven a great incentive to both teachers 
 and pupils, and a great help toward constant and regular at- 
 tendance. The attendance is good throughout the county, ex- 
 cept in about three districts. Some children are obliged to ride 
 seven and eight miles to school, and many children walk as far 
 as three and four. About one and one-half years ago I investi- 
 gated the matter all over the county to find how many families 
 Avere not sending their children to school, and found that there 
 were seven families who did not send at all, but, upon calling 
 on them, I found that five out of the seven were intelligent, 
 educated people and were teaching the children at home in 
 preference to sending so far on horseback. 
 
 There have been two new districts formed where badly 
 needed, making in all about ten schools added to the county. 
 Ten new school buildings have been built, two of them being 
 of the native rock, and the last one being modeled after the 
 modern plan, being seated, lighted and ventilated according 
 to best and latest methods. 
 
 We have a complete change of text books, making county 
 tmiformity, and the new text book law is giving almost uni- 
 versal satisfaction. 
 
 We have an excellent attendance at our County Institute, 
 all teachers and prospective teachers except two being in con- 
 stant attendance. Our Teachers' Association meets occasion- 
 ally, and we have a program, after which a social is held. 
 
 Although we have had a scarcity of teachers, wages have 
 come up but very little. The County Superintendent should 
 be paid as much at least as the best teachers get. as the work 
 that a Superintendent must do, if she does her dutv. is far 
 beyond the salary paid. 
 
 The five mills' levy allowed is not enough when the valua- 
 tion is small, and either this should be raised or the railroad 
 tax should be uniform throughout the county and divided 
 equally among the districts. 
 
 The law in regard to the number of months a child should 
 be kept in school should be raised to six instead of three. 
 
 MARION DILLON, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
40 Biennial Report 
 
 SWEETWATER COUNTY. 
 
 I have the honor to submit the following report of the 
 schools of this coiint}^ and the work done in their behalf during 
 the past two years : 
 
 In 1898 there were five school districts in Sweetwater 
 County, in which seventeen schools were taught. We now 
 have nine districts, with twenty-three schools. 
 
 Four districts have graded schools — Rock Springs. Green 
 River, Sweetwater and Granger. It is only lately that an at- 
 tempt has been made to grade the last two named, but with a 
 sincere efifort on the part of the teacher and the support of the 
 School Board, there is no reason why it should not be a success 
 and a permanent thing. All of the teachers have the State 
 Course of Study, published by Miss Reel in 1897, and I have 
 instructed them to follow it as closely as the prevailing condi- 
 tions will allow. 
 
 I have found all of our School Boards interested and will- 
 ing to co-operate with me in any measure which will improve 
 their schools. With a uniform course of study, records and 
 report cards adhered to by every Superintendent in the State, 
 it would be possible to grade all of the schools in the State, and 
 thus bring our standard much higher. This cannot be> done, 
 however, without a closer organization of the educational 
 forces of the State. 
 
 In all of the old districts the enrollment has increased and 
 the attendance is unusually good. In the larger schools there 
 has been a marked decrease in attendance as the grades ad- 
 vanced, many boys and girls seeking wage-earning employ- 
 ment before they are through the fifth or sixth grade. 
 
 During the past two years a strenuous efifort has been 
 made by our City Superintendents and teachers to overcome 
 this condition, and. through an increased interest, to keep all 
 pupils in school until the course is completed. 
 
 Much credit is due City Superintendents Conner and Dun- 
 bar of Rock Springs for the work they have done in this respect. 
 The attendance here has steadily increased, until this month, 
 October, 1900, shows an attendance of 94.3 per cent, of the 
 pupils enrolled. 
 
 I have noticed a marked improvement in the general stand- 
 ing of all the schools of the county, while the patrons and the 
 public in general have shown a renewed interest. 
 
 There is a growing sentiment in favor of employing only 
 teachers who have had professional training, or its equivalent 
 in successful experience. The Directors of District No. 4 have 
 
SUPERIXTENDENT OE PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 4I 
 
 passed a resolution that they will employ only such, and it is 
 hoped that more schools in the county will follow their example. 
 
 We have a County Teachers' Association, which meets 
 twice a year. This organization has done much toward keeping 
 alive that professional enthusiasm so necessary to the success- 
 ful teacher, ^^"e are indebted to President Smiley, Prof. Ridg- 
 away and Prof. Slosson of the Wyoming University for assist- 
 ance at our association meetings. 
 
 Two successful County Institutes have been held. The 
 first was conducted by Prof. J. F. Conner. McAIurray's ]\lethod 
 of Recitation was used as a text book on methods, and the 
 session proved unusually beneficial. Prof. J. L. Fleming con- 
 ducted the institute of 1900. With but one exception, all the 
 teachers of the county were in regular attendance, taking part 
 in all the discussions and displaying more than ordinar}^ interest 
 in the subjects before them. The question of school legislation 
 was considered at length, and a number of resolutions passed 
 recommending several changes in the laws regulating the 
 granting of certificates. 
 
 I regard the law providing for a State Board of Examiners 
 an excellent one, but am in favor of a salary being paid them, 
 and believe that they should correct all examination papers. I 
 believe there should also be a strict criminal law on the sanita- 
 tion of all school buildings in the State. 
 
 MRS. AGNES L. DAVIS, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 UINTA COUNTY. 
 
 Hon. T. T. Tynan, 
 
 State Superintendent, 
 
 Cheyenne. Wyoming: 
 
 Dear Sir: — In reply to your request contained in your 
 letter of the 20th inst., I herewith hand you the following 
 statement : 
 
 First— Some improvement has been made in the grading 
 of the district schools during the past two years. A complete 
 revision was made in the graded course of study of our 
 Evanston school, both in the primary and intermediate grades, 
 also in the high school work. Some efifort has been made tc> 
 establish a graded school at Afton, in Star Valley, though plans 
 are not yet completed. A new building is at present being 
 erected there. 
 
 Second — The attendance of pupils after enrollment is gen- 
 erally good throughout the district schools, while in our town 
 
42 Biennial Report 
 
 schools the attendance is not so good. Such non-attendance, 
 it is thought, is due mostly to the negligence of the parents. It 
 does seem as though something might be done toward com- 
 pulsory education of the boys and a few girls, who run the 
 streets during school hours. The present law seems to be of no 
 avail. 
 
 Third — During the past two years the number of schools 
 has increased from fifty-nine to sixty-eight, and the general 
 standing throughout the county, with one or two exceptions, 
 shows a gradual improvement. 
 
 The thirteenth annual session convened at Evanston in 
 September, 1900, with an enrollment of forty teachers actually 
 engaged in teaching in the county, and twelve who are pre- 
 paring themselves for teachers, making a total enrollment of 
 fifty-two interested members of our County Institute. The 
 work was again conducted by Prof. Roberts, who is an excellent 
 instructor. He presented the several subjects handled in a very 
 interesting and helpful manner. Especially grateful were the 
 teachers for the many hints given on the methods of teaching, 
 and the suggestions offered on "How to Prepare for Exam- 
 inations." 
 
 During the session we were pleased to have with us Presi- 
 dent E. E. Smiley of our State University, who favored the 
 teachers with an address on the subject of "The Dignity of the 
 Profession of Teaching," and kindly offered suggestions in re- 
 gard to the formation of Teachers' Associations, which met 
 with the hearty approval of the teachers. 
 
 A call from our State Superintendent was greatly appre- 
 ciated by the members of our institute, and the remarks made 
 by him in regard to teachers' certificates suited the needs of 
 the teacher and were particularly well received. In fact, the 
 manifest interest on the part of our State Superintendent in the 
 educational welfare of Uinta County was much appreciated by 
 both teacher and parent. 
 
 The teachers expressed themselves as being greatly bene- 
 fited by the advantages and privileges furnished for their ad- 
 vancement, and voted the entire session a success. 
 
 I wish, as does also nearly every teacher in Uinta County, 
 that the limited number of four days' institute be extended. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 NELLIE PEPPER, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
SuPERINTEiNDENT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 43 
 
 WESTON COUNTY. 
 
 Hon. Thomas T. Tynan, 
 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming: 
 
 Dear Sir: — I am in receipt of your communication, in 
 which you desire a general report of the advancement made in 
 our schools. 
 
 We have adopted a course of study embracing two years of 
 strictly high school work, and for the first time will graduate 
 a class of six this year . 
 
 Since January, 1894, I have had charge of the schools of 
 this county, and can honestly state that there has been some 
 improvement in that time. In 1894 we had : 
 
 At Newcastle, 3 teachers ; attendance, 145. 
 
 At Cambria, 2 teachers ; attendance, 95. 
 
 At iNIerino, i teacher; attendance, 21. 
 
 At Dry Creek, i teacher : attendance, 10. 
 
 At Plum Creek, i teacher ; attendance, 8. 
 
 At Skull Creek, i teacher ; attendance, 10. 
 
 In 1900 we have : 
 
 Eighteen schools in District No. i ; attendance, 367. 
 
 Two schools in District No. 2 ; attendance, 28. 
 
 Three schools in District No. 3 ; attendance, 66. 
 
 \\'e have several new buildings at a cost of $250 each. 
 
 The average attendance of pupils is all that could be de- 
 sired, but there are about a dozen children of school age wha 
 are not in school ; some of the number because they are obliged 
 to work, others from neglect. 
 
 In the six institutes which have been under my supervision, 
 we have had two teachers who did not attend — one in 1896, the 
 other in 1900. Other than these two cases, the attendance has 
 been perfect, and their work and school spirit most excellent 
 and helpful. We have employed instructors for all save one 
 institute ; but our principals and assistants have done at least 
 half of the instructing, which work was quite as beneficial as 
 that of the former. 
 
 As institutes furnish a means of distributing enthusiasm, 
 we organized a County Teachers' Association, to meet every 
 month at various places, and have for several years conducted 
 these on much the same plan as our institutes, having papers 
 read, study of White's School ^^lanagement and reading and 
 number methods exemplified. These meetings have been a con- 
 tinual source of help to teachers and schools. 
 
44 Biennial Rkport 
 
 I know of no change in the school law that would benefit 
 us so much as having a two weeks" institute. We also need 
 some penalty attached to enforce attendance at institutes and 
 public examinations. Making school months of twenty days 
 each would simplify matters somewhat. I believe there are no 
 other States where they teach calendar months. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 EMMA P. BOWMAN. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Superintendent of 
 
 Public Instruction 
 
 1901 - 1902 
 
 LARAMIE, \VV(5. : 
 
 CHAPLIN, SPAFFORi:) t MATHISON, PRINTERS 
 
 1904 
 
STATE OF WYOMING. 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 To His Excellency, 
 
 DeForest Richards, 
 
 Governor of Wyoming: 
 Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herew^ith the biennial 
 report of this office for the two years ending September 30. 
 1902, setting forth the condition of this department, as required 
 by law. Very respectfully, 
 
 THOMAS T. TYNAN, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT 
 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne. Wyoming. 
 
 In compliance with the provisions of Section i8o, Revised 
 Statutes. 1 have the honor to submit herewith the biennial re- 
 port of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for the period 
 of two years ending September 30, 1902 : 
 
 As usual, the precedent long established in the appearance 
 of this report is still in order, and the same apologies are to be 
 supplied. An extra effort has been made, without resorting to 
 the stringent measures of the law, to induce the school of- 
 ficers supplying the principal statistics for this report, and who, 
 under the law, are required to supply such data at a stated time, 
 to use every endeavor to comply with the law in this respect. 
 Still the same results obtain, and, in fact, greater and more seri- 
 ous delays have been made than ever before. It means now that 
 the statutes covering these difficulties, imposing penalties in 
 case of dereliction, must be resorted to if a change is to be e^ 
 fected, in order that this report be made up and filed with the 
 executive on the date prescribed by the statutes. 
 
 In addition to the statistics herein enumerated, I have in- 
 corporated such other subject matter as I believe to be of most 
 general interest to the people of the State. Among the subjects 
 to which special attention is directed are. Consolidation of 
 Schools, Introduction of Report Cards to Parents. Complete 
 Daily and Term Registers in the Country Schools, Adoption 
 of the State Course of Study, Free Text Books, County Insti- 
 tutes, County Superintendents, State University. State Board 
 of Examiners, and Districts Officers and Their Ability to Keep 
 Accounts. An attempt is made to give as nearly as possible 
 full information concerning the condition and progress of the 
 public schools, the receipts and disbursements of the school 
 funds. State, County and District, and other data concerning 
 the educational interests of the State. The basic matter con- 
 tained in this report is primarily reported from the district, 
 and any district failing to supply this information in the time 
 required by law delays the issuance of this report, ^^he district 
 officer reports to the County Superintendent of his respective 
 
50 Biennial Rhport 
 
 county, and in turn the County Superintendent re]:)Orts to 
 this office. 
 
 A comparison of the tables in this report with those con- 
 tained in former reports shows conclusively a steady ad\'ance- 
 ment of the schools throughout the State. Much work has 
 been accomplished in an educational way. and more money 
 is being expended yearly in the support of the same. The 
 spirit pervading all of the schools indicates a progressixe and 
 healthy growth. The enrollment has increased 3.000 since 
 the last report ; the average attendance is much better, and 
 more interest is being manifested by the parents and teachers, 
 and the work of the pupils is much more satisfactory. 
 
 Many towns in the several counties have established 
 kindergartens in connection with the schools and all counties 
 are provided with high schools. 
 
 The increase in the moneys derived from the leasing of 
 school lands has enabled many of the districts to provide longer 
 terms, hire a greater number of proficient teachers, and build 
 more and better school buildings. The apportionment of 
 money from this source for the two years covered 1)}' this 
 report is $56,573.13 greater than for the two years covered 
 by the last report. Notwithstanding the great increase in the 
 enrollment of pupils, hereinbefore mentioned, the apportion- 
 ment has increased to the extent that the distribution per 
 capita is greater by $1.05 in 1902 than in the year k^oo. 
 
 The unprecedented prosperity of the nation during the 
 past two years, keenly felt and experienced by our State, has 
 made it possible for our youth not only to avail themselves of 
 the advantages offered by our splendid public schools, but of 
 higher institutions, and this they are doing in greater num- 
 bers than ever before. 
 
 High Schools. 
 
 The high schools were authorized by law in 1887. ^vhen 
 we were yet a territory, and they are receiving universal sup- 
 port wherever situated. The people have confidence in them, 
 for we have now a high school in every county, many of the 
 counties sustaining two or more. The exceptional growth of 
 these schools augurs well for the success and prosperity of 
 the State ; the great increase in the number of these schools 
 gives opportunity to nearly all of our children to secure a good 
 secondary education and still remain under the influence of the 
 home. They are supplied with the best of teachers, latest 
 appliances, and are well ecjuipped to turn out a product ready 
 to receive the smooth and finished touches of the State Uni- 
 versity. 
 
Superintendent oe Public Instruction. 51 
 
 The State University. 
 
 I would respectfully call your attention to the report of 
 the President of this institution, which gives a succinct and 
 comprehensive detail of its growth, methods and condition 
 during the past fifteen years. I am glad, indeed, to be able to 
 present this report at this time, which speaks well tor this 
 splendid institution, the recognized head of our educational 
 system, the finale of the knowledge seeking student's life and 
 the pride of our State. 
 
 The faculty has steadily increased from year to year until 
 now there are employed nineteen instructors, specialists in 
 their particular departments, whose splendid and thorough 
 work is being recognized generally by the public and by the 
 sister institutions in this Western country. 
 
 This institution is in close touch with the graded and high 
 schools of the State, admitting graduates from the high schools 
 to the Freshman class without examination. Those students 
 who come not quite prepared may enter the Preparatory 
 school, a department of a very high standard, where the}' may 
 advantageously prepare themselves for the regtdar course. 
 The Normal department makes a special effort in the training 
 of students desiring to become teachers. 
 
 Under such an able administration, the Universitv has 
 made steady advancement, and ])arents seeking an advanced 
 school in which to educate their childreen need not go beyond 
 the borders of our State, so long as the State retains such men 
 as now constitute the head and faculty of this institution. 
 Student graduates of our Univeristy rank well in work when 
 continuing their studies in the recognized leading institutions 
 of learning in this country. Reference may here be made to 
 several student graduates who are now continuing their studies 
 in Harvard, Yale and West Point. 
 
 Free Text Books. 
 
 The law in regard to free text books is very popular and 
 meets with general approval in our State, and the results are 
 entirely satisfactory. In addition to supplying free text books, 
 most of the districts furnish the pupils with pencils, pens, 
 paper and ink and other necessary supplies for the conduct of 
 the schools. The schools of W^yoming are now, in fact, free 
 in every particular, and a pupil or parent cannot now urge as 
 an excuse for non-attendance inability to purchase books and 
 supplies. According to the reports received from the Countv 
 Superintendents, nearly all counties report increased average 
 attendance, and that all the children of school age are recei\-- 
 ing the benefit of public school education. 
 
52 Biennial Report 
 
 The greatest expense in placing the books in schools of 
 the State was incurred during the first two years after the law 
 became operative, and. according to the report of this office 
 two years ago. the amount expended for this purpose was $29,- 
 596.88. an average cost per pup'il enrolled of $2, while the 
 amount expended for books for the two years covered by this 
 report was $18,343.30, or an average cost per pupil of $1. The 
 life time of the book, under the system adopted by the districts 
 in the care of books, is considered to be three years, and from 
 this it will be readily seen that the expense will decrease from 
 year to year, as the districts are supplied, and as the books 
 are purchased from the moneys derived from the renting of 
 school lands, no burden is imposed upon the parent or tax- 
 payer, and necessarily this is a great sa^•ing to the people of 
 the State. 
 
 Many things are commendable in this law: children are 
 able to enter their classes the first day of the term, and the 
 transfer of a pupil from one grade to another may be made 
 without delay. The schools are perfectly free, and the law 
 removes a barrier that otherwise prevented poor children from 
 attending school. It secures uniformity of books in the county 
 and is possible in the State ; it is much cheaper, as all books 
 are purchased at the lowest possible price, and each book is 
 used by more than one pupil ; it secures better classification 
 in rural or country schools and gives the pupil an opportunity 
 to study the best and more modern publications, and secures 
 for him a much longer school life, and especially in secondary 
 education, wdiich might be curtailed if the pupil were com- 
 pelled to furnish the necessary books for advanced grades. 
 It also removes an unpleasant distinction between those who 
 can and those who cannot afford to purchase their own books, 
 such as arises under the law, providing free books for indigent 
 persons. 
 
 County Superintendents. 
 
 In ni}- report two years ago I recommended that the sal- 
 aries of County Superintendents be raised, for the reason that 
 it was impossible to secure a competent person to assume the 
 duties and responsibilities of that important office for a less 
 salary than was paid the lowest salaried teacher of our country 
 schools ; that, in order to secure closer and better supervision, 
 a salary must be paid commensurate with the duties imposed ; 
 that it was false economv to pay small salaries and have the 
 officer feel that he could not afford to devote much time to 
 the \vork : that it was impossible to raise the standard of our 
 schools unless closer and better supervision was obtained, and 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 53 
 
 the services of an efficient and capable officer were secured. 
 The last Legisalture passed a law raising the salaries of these 
 officers, and I now feel confident that the result will be more 
 satisfactory and the schools be much benefited thereby. These 
 officers will now feel that they can devote all of their time to 
 their work and will become more interested in it. and if any 
 more duties are imposed, will be more than willing to per- 
 form them. 
 
 I would respectfully call attention to the biennial reports 
 of these officers, which relate in detail many changes and im- 
 provements made during the two years just closed. These 
 reports also ask that certain changes be made in the law re- 
 specting schools and school management, and I would earnestly 
 urge your consideration of these matters. 
 
 County Institutes. 
 
 County Institutes prescribed by law are universally held. 
 The principal obstacle to this source of school improvement is 
 found in the lack of means to maintain them. In nearly all 
 States they are looked upon as of vital importance to the 
 teaching force of a county, and I commend to your considera- 
 tion a more liberal provision as to length of time the institutes 
 should be held and the amount appropriated for their use. and 
 that the law should provide that a fee of $i be charged the 
 teachers attending and receiving benefit. The teachers are 
 hard working, self-sacrificing public servants, and every means 
 that can be devoted to their benefit and improvement should 
 be cheerfully afforded. The institute is conducted in each 
 county under the direction of the County Superintendent, and 
 the work in these meetings in all the counties during the ])ast 
 two years has been quite up to the standard, and I believe 
 greater interest has been manifested than ever before. A 
 greater per cent, has been gained in the attendance of teachers 
 and the improvement in the work in these meetings is due to 
 the increased interest of the teachers and those engaged in 
 the work. 
 
 Arrangements for these meetings are made by the Super- 
 intendents of the dififerent counties to conform with the re- 
 quirements of the law for the examination of teachers, and 
 the institutes are held during the beginning or end of the 
 svimmer vacation, thus preventing the State Superintendent 
 from being able to visit all of the institutes held during the 
 year. However, during the years 1901 and 1902 I have attended 
 seventeen institutes out of the twenty-six held ; seven of the 
 counties I have visited each year; three counties, one year, and 
 
54 Biennial Report 
 
 two of the counties I did not reach at all. It is to be hoped 
 that in the future the institutes may be so arranged that it 
 will be possible for me to visit e\ery institute during each year. 
 
 Teachers' Association. 
 
 A\'voming is the only State in the I'nion without such 
 an organization. Xo little elTort in years ])ast, and, in fact, in 
 recent years, has been made to efifect an organization of this 
 character by the teachers and others interested in educational 
 work, yet without avail. It is recognized almost as an impos- 
 sibility to effect an organization without State aid, as the 
 State is so large and sparsely settled and the lack of railroad 
 facilities makes it expensive for teachers residing in counties 
 without these facilities to attend. No one will deny that the 
 interests of public education are as great and urgent as the 
 interests of any other department of our State's administration. 
 The cost of maintaining our schools each year is as great as is 
 expended in the conduct of our State's government. There- 
 fore, it is apparent that from whatever standpoint we consider 
 the educational interest of our commonwealth, the problem of 
 the public school is of exceptional importance. It is. therefore, 
 quite imperative that, in order to perfect the great system of 
 education in our State, a greater expenditure of money should 
 be niade in training our teaching force, and an association 
 should be organized under legal provisions and encourage- 
 ment, and I, therefore, would recommend that an appropriation 
 be made for the purpose of promoting and effecting an organ- 
 ization of this character. 
 
 State Board of Examiners. 
 
 The law of 1899 creating this board was a progressive 
 measure, and necessary to meet the conditions of the schools in 
 this State. It was the first step by way of legislation enacted 
 in years towards the protection of our pupils against incom- 
 petent teachers, and especially pupils attending the country 
 schools, and the raising of the standard of our schools by re- 
 quiring and maintaining higher qualifications of teachers. The 
 change being so radical, caused considerable criticism at first, 
 but, bv subsequent changes and modifications in the law, these 
 objections are now nearly all removed. The board has pre- 
 pared nearly all of the examination questions for the examina- 
 tion of teachers held by the County Superintendents during 
 the past two years, thus bringing about uniformity in exam- 
 inations and a higher standard of qualification. For the past 
 four years it has been the policy of the board to encourage 
 
SUPKRIXTHNDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 :)^ 
 
 teachers to a higher and better preparation, and from year to 
 year the requirements for certificates have been raised, in or- 
 der to bring' about a higher standard in the teaching force. 
 The granting of Professional certificates is by the State Super- 
 intendent, after an examination and n])()n the recommendation 
 of this board. 
 
 It has been proposed that the board be empowered to hoUl 
 all examinations and grant certificates, reserving to County 
 Superintendents the right to veto the board's action, if the 
 candidate lack in moral character, aptness to teach or ability 
 to govern. This, no doubt, would give uniformity throughout 
 the State, but would deprive the County Superintendent of a 
 certain responsibilit}- in the examination of a certain class of 
 teachers, who would be provided with a legal certificate with 
 authority to teach, which might make it impossible for the 
 Superintendent to work in harmony or secure co-operation of 
 the teacher in his work. 
 
 The work by this board during the two years just closed 
 has been performed with high efficiency, notwithstanding the 
 inconvenience of an inadequate appropriation to properly con- 
 duct the duties imposed upon it. Reference should be made to 
 the report furnished by the Secretary, whose suggestions are 
 worth}' of careful consideration. 
 
 School District Officers. 
 
 In the beginning of this report is made mention of the 
 fact that this office has been seriously embarrassed by the in- 
 completeness and tardiness of reports from the County Super- 
 intendents, due to the ignorance or carelessness of District 
 Clerks in furnishing reports of their districts. These statistics 
 are of value and constitute nearly, if not all, of the statistics 
 herein given, and it is important that full information be sup- 
 plied, and that reports be made in the time required bv statute. 
 
 From the reports of many of the County Superintendents, 
 to which your attention has been invited, it is found that the 
 cause of most of the delays by the County Superintendents 
 was due to ignorance of the District Clerks in knowing how to 
 make their reports, and especially in so far as that part of it 
 pertains to the financial condition of the district. The Super- 
 intendents universally have this complaint to ofifer, and verily 
 believe that legislation regarding the school officer and his 
 duties is the greatest need of the rural schools at this time. 
 They ask that an educational qualification be required of all 
 district officers, in order to secure competent members to serve 
 on tlie boards, and that one of the requirements be ability to 
 
56 Biennial Report 
 
 keep accurate accounts. As the law now stands, any person 
 may be elected to serve as a member of a District Board, 
 whether he is able to read or write or not, and ofttimes such 
 persons are elected in order to get even with some person in 
 the district against whom he may -have a personal grudge. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 During the past biennial period of 1901 and 1902 I have 
 made every endeavor to promote the rural schools of the State, 
 feeling that they required the most attention, if we expected 
 to bring about a greater degree of efficiency in our public school 
 system. At the cost of time and labor, and a goodly share of 
 the office contingent, I determined to put into operation certain 
 reforms in the rural schools. 
 
 I first supplied every district in the State with report cards, 
 which required about 10,000 in number ; the cards were sent 
 to the County Superintendents, with instructions that they be 
 used in every school and by every teacher. These cards are 
 made out by the teacher, and show the progress made by the 
 pupil from month to month in his studies. When the supply 
 becomes exhausted, the boards are instructed to furnish them 
 thereafter at the expense of the district. In addition to this, I 
 furnished five hundred complete daily registers and five hun- 
 dred complete term registers, which are also to be supplied by 
 the districts, when exhausted. These registers are adapted to 
 the course of study, and show the progress of each pupil in 
 said course, whether regvilar or irregular in advancement, with 
 a reorganization of classes for the next term. 
 
 I also adopted a State Course of Study, and purchased six 
 hundred to place one in each grade in all the schools of the 
 State. These have been distributed and are being used uni- 
 versally. With the adoption of the State Text Book law. State 
 Course of Study and classification register, we expect soon to 
 have a uniform system of public school education, which, if 
 brought about, will make us the first State in the Union to 
 obtain such results. 
 
 We are about to begin "the consolidation of schools" in 
 this State, the concentration of rural schools and the establish- 
 ment of a real rural high school. This is a question I have 
 given a great deal of consideration. For the past three or four 
 years at the national educational meetings this question has 
 been brought up from time to time, and is receiving much at- 
 tention from many of the Western States ; in fact, all of the 
 Northern and Western States are putting the system into 
 operation, as they believe it to be the only solution of the rural 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 57 
 
 school problem. I am not satisfied as to its feasibility in this 
 State, though I am informed that an attempt is to be made at 
 Wheatland in the near future to consolidate nine rural schools 
 into a central school, making a graded and high school out of 
 the nine schools above mentioned, and by said consolidation 
 have fewer and better teachers, by paying better salaries, and 
 giving to the pupils opportunities for more advanced work. 
 The rural schools have always been at a disadvantage on ac- 
 count of inabilit}^ to pay good wages, the city drawing upon the 
 towns for their best teachers and the towns in turn upon the 
 rural districts. If the consolidation can be obtained without 
 extra expense and discomfort to the children while being trans- 
 ported, I am heartily in favor of the plan. 
 
 Recommendations. 
 
 Many of the laws now on our statute governing the schools 
 of the State no longer serve the purpose for which they were 
 intended, while others give endless trouble to officers in at- 
 tempting to carry out their provisions. I would respectfully 
 recommend that the law designating the date of the district 
 meeting be changed from the first Monday in May of each year 
 to the first Monday in September ; that the law relating to the 
 election of School Trustees be so amended as to make the qual- 
 ification of each member to be elected an educational one, and 
 that the Trustee so elected shall be able to read and write, and 
 to keep accurate accounts : that the statute be changed as to 
 defining a school month, the month to be divided into four 
 weeks of five days each, thus making the month twenty days, 
 instead of the calendar month ; that school meetings or dis- 
 tricts be empowered to abandon schools under their jurisdiction 
 for the purpose of consolidation, and they be permitted to vote 
 money to purchase wagons, horses and other necessary things 
 for the transportation of pupils, and that two or more districts 
 may be permitted to consolidate in order to concentrate the 
 schools, for the purpose of securing better gradation, etc. ; that 
 a greater distinction be made between the life of the first and 
 second grade certificates, the complaint being made that there 
 is not enough distinction between these two grades to warrant 
 a person having a second in making the extra efifort to obtain a 
 first ; that a penalty be exacted from any teacher who fails to 
 attend the County Institute when due notice is given by the 
 County Superintendent, unless they have first been excused 
 by that officer or can give good reasons for non-attendance. 
 I would recommend as a penalty that power be given the 
 County Superintendent to revoke the certificate of the teacher 
 
58 Biennial Report 
 
 so offending, and the penalty be applical^le to all teachers com- 
 ing under his jurisdiction. That authority be given County 
 Superintendents to charge a fee of $1 of all teachers attending 
 institute, to help defray the expenses of such meeting ; that 
 the Board of County Commissioners be empowered to make a 
 more liberal appropriation for the conduct of the County Insti- 
 tute, and that the money so appropriated may be used to defray 
 all expenses in connection therewith, and that more days may 
 be set aside for holding such institutes ; that the State make a 
 liberal appropriation for the organization of a State Teachers' 
 Association and encourage the same by legislation. 
 
 This office is flooded daily with letters requesting reports 
 from this office, giving such information as relates to the schools 
 and their condition. These letters are required to be answered 
 in particular, and I would recommend that, in order to obviate 
 the great amount of work necessary to carry on this corre- 
 spondence, an appropriation be made to have the report of this 
 office printed. 
 
 COMMON SCHOOL LAND INCOME FUND. 
 
 On March 31, 1901, the following amounts were distributed 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 Counties. Enrollment. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany 1,338 $ 5'352.oo 
 
 Big Horn 644 2,576.00 
 
 Carbon 1,338 5.352-00 
 
 Converse 714 2,856.00 
 
 Crook 856 3,424.00 
 
 Fremont 643 2,572.00 
 
 Johnson 567 2,268.00 
 
 Laramie 2,088 8.352.00 
 
 Natrona 288 1,152.00 
 
 Sweetwater 1,106 4,424.00 
 
 Sheridan Ij303 5,212.00 
 
 Uinta 3,166 12.664.00 
 
 Weston 461 1 ,844.00 
 
 Totals 14,512 $58,048.00 
 
SrPERINTENDKXT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 59 
 
 On ^Aiarch 31, 1902, the above mentioned fund was dis- 
 tributed as follows : 
 
 Counties. Enrollment. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany 1,461 $ 6,281.29 
 
 Big Horn 943 4.054-25 
 
 Carbon 1,450 6,233.99 
 
 Converse 698 3,000.92 
 
 Crook 902 3.877.97 
 
 Fremont 720 3.095.50 
 
 Johnson 580 2,493.60 
 
 Laramie 2,266 9,742.23 
 
 Xatrona 323 1,388.68 
 
 Sweetwater 1,190 5,116.17 
 
 Sheridan 1.340 5,761.07 
 
 Uinta 3.303 14,200.60 
 
 Weston 588 2.527.99 
 
 Totals 15.764 $67,774.26 
 
 The statements given below will enable you to form some 
 idea of the manner in which this fund has grown from one fiscal 
 3^ear, ending September 30th, to another : 
 
 1892 S9.193.52 1896 $ 9,590.38 1900 $52,870.56 
 
 1893 6,651.19 1897 9.979-44 1901 60,885.74 
 
 1894.... 7,211.13 1898.... 13,140.83 1902.... 67,449.90 
 
 1895.... 7.384-86 1899.... 34.145-87 
 
 COMMON SCHOOL PERMANENT LAND FUND. 
 
 The Common School Permanent Land Fund, which con- 
 sists of moneys derived from the sale of school lands and five 
 per cent, of all the sales of lands in the State of \Vyoming by 
 the L^nited States under Government laws, which, under the act 
 of admission, the State is entitled to, amounted on September 
 30, 1902, to the sum of $9i,774-.2i, out of which there was in- 
 vested the sum of $56,490. This fund can only be invested m 
 State. County or District bonds, under the direction of the 
 Governor, the State Treasurer and the Attorney General. This 
 shows an increase of over $43,000 over the amount of moneys 
 on hand in this fund reported two years ago, and an increase 
 of $35,000 in the amount invested, the interest of which goes to 
 the Common School Land Income Fund, which is distributed 
 the first of April of each year. 
 
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64 
 
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66 Biennial Report 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING— ITS GROWTH IN 
 FIFTEEN YEARS. 
 
 Grounds and Buildings. 
 
 The University first opened its doors to students in an 
 unfinished building, September 6, 1887. It started from small 
 beginnings in territorial days, without a large population or 
 greatly developed wealth behind it. Not until 1890, the first 
 year of our statehood, was the first building, the Hall of Lan- 
 guages, completed. During the short fifteen years of its history, 
 only just finished, however, it has been advancing step by step 
 until at the present time the institution shows a very satisfac- 
 tory growth. 
 
 In May, 1893, a second building, the Mechanical building, 
 was completed with back moneys which had accumulated 
 sufficiently to pay in full for its erection. 
 
 At the present time we are just moving into a third 
 building, our new Hall of Science and Museum, erected by a 
 special State tax levy, which was authorized by act of the 
 Legislature in 1899. 
 
 A general heating plant has also only recently been in- 
 stalled at a central point on the campus, from which all the 
 buildings will hereafter be heated. Thereby greater economy 
 and safety will be secured. 
 
 In the meantime, the original campus of twenty acres 
 has been increased to forty acres, a successful artesian well has 
 been sunk on the same at considerable expense, the lawn 
 has been improved and many trees planted, and a substantial 
 iron fence now surrounds the property. The Experiment 
 Farm in connection with the /Vgricultural College contained 
 originally only forty acres, but is now enlarged to 120 acres of 
 improved land, all under irrigation, with a comfortable cot- 
 tage built for the foreman and sheds for the live stock. A 
 handsome barn and an extensive greenhouse belonging to the 
 station adorns the campus. 
 
 Faculty and Students. 
 
 In 1887 the faculty consisted of only seven members, but 
 has steadily increased to nineteen instructors in all. In pro- 
 portion to our population, the attendance at our University 
 compared very favorably with that of State Universities else- 
 where. The average attendance for the first five years was 85 ; 
 for the second five, 120, and for the last five years it has been 
 172. At present we have representative? in our student body 
 
Superintendent oe Public Instruction. 67 
 
 from every county in the State. In June, 1891, were held the 
 first graduating exercises, the class consisting of two members. 
 Since then twelve classes have graduated in all. Thus far 
 ninety-eight graduates have gone forth from our institution, 
 some to enter the professions, others to become teachers in 
 our public schools, still others to become practical engineers, 
 or to pursue some line of business ; but all of them to become 
 good and useful citizens. 
 
 Library, Laboratories and Museum. 
 
 The University Library now contains 15,000 volumes, 
 and in addition several thousand unbound bulletins and re- 
 ports. Since the foundation of the institution $75,000 in all 
 .has been expended for apparatus in the different scientific de- 
 partments. As a result, the laboratories are remarkably well 
 equipped for an institution in the West. The Museum of 
 Geology and Paleontology has more than a national reputa- 
 tion, and is constantly growing in importance. 
 
 Our botanist has practically completed a collection of the 
 flora of the State. The Herbarium at the present time con- 
 tains 40,000 specimens, and among them are the types of manv 
 new species recently described. The collection of the birds of 
 the State has been practically completed by the ornithologist, 
 and in all 288 specimens have been identified. The entomol- 
 ogist has made a collection of 10,000 bugs and butterflies. 
 
 Courses of Study. 
 
 The College Proper. There is first the College of Liberal 
 Arts, giving in four years what is commonly known as a "col- 
 lege education." on the completion of which either the degree 
 A. B. or B. S. is conferred. In the first two years of this de- 
 partment all the studies are prescribed, although the student 
 has the choice between the classical, literary and scientific 
 courses. In the last two years almost all the studies are 
 elective. By this arrangement it is believed that a sufficientlv 
 broad and thorough course is insured, and at the same time 
 the tastes and needs of the individual student are allowed 
 free scope. 
 
 The Preparatory School. Since there are manv parts of 
 the State not yet provided with high schools fitting for the 
 L'niversity courses, a Preparatory School, with a course of 
 three years' work, is maintained. 
 
 The Graduate School. This department is for those wiio 
 wish to carry their studies beyond the limits of the college 
 courses, and affords the graduate an opportunity to pursue 
 
68 Biennial Report 
 
 work for the Master's degree. The Doctor's degree is not yet 
 offered by the University, and no honorary degrees have ever 
 been given. 
 
 The Five Technical Schools. Then, for the benefit of 
 those who cannot devote so much lime to general education, 
 but who wish to be trained for some special profession, there 
 are four technical schools provided, viz. : The Normal School, 
 The School of Mines, The College of Agriculture and The 
 College of Mechanical Engineering. These courses all require 
 less time by two years than the College of Liberal Arts, and 
 are designed to give a thorough and practical preparation for 
 those professions which are more particularly demanded now 
 in this new State. The more recently organized School of 
 Commerce offers from two to three years' training in business 
 methods and practices. 
 
 The School of Mines and Experiment Station. 
 
 The University at once began rendering this new State 
 incalculable service in more practical ways than that merely 
 of teaching. There is. for example, the work which the Uni- 
 versity is accomplishing for the mining interests of the State. 
 For a number of years the School of Mines has been engaged 
 in making a geological survey of the State, a work which is 
 done elsewhere only by heavy annual appropriations by the 
 Legislature, but which has been assumed in Wyoming by the 
 University, without any extra expense to the State. Special ex- 
 aminations are being made of the different mining districts, and 
 the results are being published in bulletins for free distribution. 
 Hundreds of assays are made each year by this department 
 for the miners and prospectors over the State. 
 
 Again, the Agricultural Experiment Station is doing a 
 great deal for the agricultural interests of the State. Over 
 fifty bulletins on agricultural subjects have been published by 
 the station. The aim of these bulletins and reports of experi- 
 ments by our station staff is to give the farmers, ranchmen 
 and stock growers, so far as possible, the information which is 
 most needed in this new State. Among the topics treated 
 are: Irrigation and Economy in the Use of Water, Alkali and 
 Its Remedies, The Best Variety of All Grains and Crops to be 
 Grown in the State, The Location of Artesian W^ells, Fruit 
 and Forest Trees, Injurious Insects, Feeding Experiments, 
 Alfalfa, The Best Native Grasses for the Open Range, etc., etc. 
 In these ways the people of Wyoming are getting back more 
 than value received for every dollar expended on the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 69 
 
 The Normal School. 
 
 The University completes the public school system of the 
 State. The common country school covers the first eight 
 grades; the city high school continues through the twelfth, 
 and the State University embraces the thirteenth to the seven- 
 teenth grades of our school system. Wyoming is only keeping 
 in line with the traditions of the States in thus maintaining a 
 complete school organization, with free tuition to the children 
 of the State in all the grades of her school system. As the 
 head of the public school system in W'yoming, the University 
 is taking a large interest in all educational matters, and is en- 
 deavoring in every way possible to further the educational 
 interests of the State. 
 
 The Xormal School, in connection with the University, is 
 fast meeting the demands for well qualified teachers, and is 
 already a prominent factor in the educational affairs of the 
 State. Within the last two or three years a representative 
 from the Xormal School has been in attendance on at least one 
 County Institute in every county of the State, either as the 
 conductor of the institute, or he has had some part in the pro- 
 gram. The aim in all our work is to develop higher ideals of 
 the teacher's duty and opportunity in this new West, and to 
 awaken a love for the teaching profession. 
 
 We are gratified at the action of the last Legislature in 
 appreciation of the good work accomplished alreadv bv the 
 University. For our graduates with the degree of A. B., P>. S. 
 or B. Fed., are now exempt from taking the teachers' exam- 
 inations for certificates of the first, second and third grades, 
 and upon presentation of their diplomas to the Countv Super- 
 intendent of Schools, first grade certificates are issued to theni. 
 (Act of Legislature, Feb. 21, 1899.) 
 
 Again, by rules 3 and 4 governing the grading of Profes- 
 sional certificates, the State Board of Examiners has provided 
 that graduates of the L^niversity who have had five years' suc- 
 cessful experience in teaching will be exempt from the regular 
 examination. They will be recommended for a Professional 
 certificate as soon as they pass a creditable examination in 
 psvchologv, methods of teaching and history of education. 
 
 ELMER E. SMILEY, 
 
 President. 
 
 Laramie, A\A'oming, January, 1903. 
 
70 Biennial Report 
 
 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE STATE 
 BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 
 
 The present board met and organized May 5th, 1901. J. 
 A. AIcNanght of Sheridan was chosen President, and Frank 
 H. H. Roberts of Laramie Secretary. C. C. Norwood of 
 Evanston is the third member. After completing its organ- 
 ization, the board adopted the rules of the former board, with 
 a few changes in their requirements. 
 
 The money appropriated by the State Legislature for the 
 use of the board was not sufficient to allow other meetings, 
 hence we have been compelled to tranact all business by cor- 
 respondence. This plan has worked very well except in one 
 or two cases, when a personal conference would have ex- 
 pedited matters. 
 
 The County Superintendents have used the questions pre- 
 pared by the State Board, and the board has graded the 
 "papers" for a number of Superintendents. Where a teacher 
 has disputed the accuracy of a Superintendent's grading the 
 pajDcrs have been submitted to the board for marking. 
 
 ]\Iany third grade certificates have been granted, a fair 
 number of the second grade, and almost none of the first 
 grade. The second grade certificate is valid for three years, 
 while first grade is valid for four years. Many teachers say 
 that this is not enough difiference to justify them in doing 
 the extra work to obtain the first grade. If the first grade were 
 made valid for six years, many teachers would endeavor to 
 earn it. 
 
 Our system of examination and endorsement of certificates 
 makes it too easy for a foreign teacher to receive a certificate 
 when she comes to Wyoming to teach, as compared with the 
 recjuirements for Wyoming girls. She presents a certificate 
 granted in some other State, covering six or eight branches, 
 Avhich is endorsed by the County Superintendents, while one 
 of our own girls must be examined in twelve branches. The 
 result is that very few AA'yoming girls are found in the schools. 
 Over ninety per cent, of the teachers of Wyoming are from 
 other States. This discrimination against our own girls should 
 be removed. 
 
 While \\'yoming recognized certificates from every other 
 State in the Union, she grants no certificates, so far as we 
 can ascertain, that any other State will recognize. It would 
 seem to be fair to our teachers to give them an opportunity to 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 71 
 
 receive a certificate which will be recognized by other States. 
 If the State Board of Examiners were authorized to grant life 
 certificates of the grade granted in the other States, a teacher 
 possessing such certificate could go to New York, California, 
 or other States, and teach without examination. Another rea- 
 son for such a certificate is the incentive to study. To have it 
 recognized, this certificate would necessarily be granted on 
 examination, or to persons who have taken such examinations 
 in other States. A number of teachers have appealed to the 
 board to help them meet the requirements of other States, but 
 we have no power to aid them. 
 
 The want of time prevents the Secretary from submitting 
 this report to the other members of the board for approval, 
 hence this report should he considered as the work of the Sec- 
 retary and not of the board. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 FRANK H. H. ROBERTS. 
 Secretary State Board of Examiners. 
 
^2 Biennial Report 
 
 Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY. 
 
 One district (No. 2) has been joined to No. 9. Nos. 4, i 
 and 30 have been redistricted. No. 12 has been divided, form- 
 ing District No. 25. There has been in the past year five new 
 schools started — one in No. 4, one No. 9, one No. 10, one No. 23. 
 The patrons are much interested in educational work. "Pupil 
 Co-operative Government" has been introduced into all schools 
 in the county this school year. Teachers report that it is work- 
 ing successfully. Manual training is being taken up in District 
 I ; also drawing is being made a special study. Am much 
 pleased with the spirit of progression which seems to be evi- 
 dent in all schools. 
 
 Pupils who are neither tardy nor absent for one month, a 
 "Certificate of Award" is given. When the pupil receives three 
 "Certificates of Award." they are given a large certificate is- 
 sued from this office. The increase of number of days' attend- 
 ance this year is 19.351 over last year, and only an increase of 
 seventeen pupils over that of last year. Four rural schools 
 failed to report the number of days' attendance. I belicA-e the 
 giving of these certificates has been a great stimulus, and 
 hope the use of them mav be taken up bv everv Countv Super- 
 intendent in the State. ' CAIRA M. SIMPSON,' 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 BIG HORN COUNTY. 
 
 The progress of the public schools in Big Horn County 
 has been very gratifying during the past two years from every 
 point of view. The enrollment has increased from 644 to 1,409 
 since your last biennial report ; the number of schools taught 
 has increased from thirty to over fifty, and the amount of 
 money expended in the maintenance of our schools has in- 
 creased in like proportion. The last year disbursements by the 
 various districts amounted to over $20,000, and the districts 
 started the coming year with over $7,000 cash on hand, and a 
 promise of a much larger revenue for the ensuing year than 
 any previous year. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 73 
 
 Two years ago there was no school in the county employ- 
 ing more than one teacher, and no attempt at a systematic 
 grading had been made ; now there are six schools employing 
 two teachers each, and with the adopting of a regular course 
 of study, the grading of the schools has been much improved ; 
 and the rude log school houses are gradually being replaced by 
 buildings of modern architecture, supplied with modern ap- 
 pliances. 
 
 The School Boards have without exception conformed to 
 the "Free Text Book" law and purchased the text books for 
 use in the schools, and in almost every case have purchased a 
 list recommended by the County Superintendent, and thus 
 secure a uniformity of text books. The matter of school 
 libraries has been neglected, but the idea has been started and 
 will receive much greater attention in the future than in the 
 past. 
 
 In my opinion, the basis of grading certificates should be 
 advanced to a general average of yo per cent., and no grade 
 below 75 per cent, for a second grade certificate ; and a general 
 average of 80 per cent, and no grade below 65 per cent, for a 
 third grade certificate. The difference in the requirements for 
 third and second grade and first grade certificates is, in mv 
 estimation, too great. If four, or six at most, of the higher 
 branches were added to the requirements of the second grade, 
 it would appear to be a more just distinction between the two 
 grades. 
 
 Taking into consideration that we are less than six vears' 
 distant from the date of organization into a separate countv, 
 our schools are in as advanced and flourishing a condition as 
 could be expected, if not in an ideal condition : but if the same 
 rate of progress can be maintained in the future as in the past, 
 the ideal school is not many years in the future. 
 
 Respectfullv yours, 
 
 W. 6. LESTER, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 CARBON COUNTY. 
 
 The schools of Carbon County are in a healthy condition 
 in every way, and increasing rapidly in enrollment. We have 
 sixteen districts enrolling over twenty pupils each, and five of 
 these list from 150 to 450 children. Six schools employ two or 
 more teachers. The total enrollment of the county shows an 
 increase of 250 over that of 1900. One district was abandoned 
 and two organized during that period, and we have todav 
 
74 Biennial Report 
 
 twenty-five districts. In 1900 our teachers were paid $15,916.80 
 and in 1902 they have received $18,438.28. 
 
 Saratoga has completed, since our last report, a handsome 
 $6,000 brick building, and Grand Encampment one costing 
 about $2,000. The rapid growth of the latter town is indicated 
 by the fact that the building so lately erected is now too small 
 for the school, and arrangements are now under way to enlarge 
 it. The school was organized in 1899 with thirty-five pupils, 
 and has in attendance now about 200. The towns of Dixon and 
 Baggs are also growing, and Baggs has voted bonds in the sum 
 of $2,000 for the erection of a new building. A comfortable log 
 building is about completed in the Leo district, and the one 
 owned by the Ferris district has been taken down and rebuilt. 
 Rawlins has had for a number of years one of the very few 
 public kindergartens in the State, enrolling in this department 
 during the year just closed ninety-one little folks. It is, of 
 course, supported by the district, and not from county or State 
 funds. It is without doubt the largest and most successful 
 kindergarten in Wyoming. The high school of Rawlins is also 
 a source of great pride to the people of the city, as well it 
 may be. 
 
 The institutes of 1901 and 1902 were very successful, and 
 the teachers pronounce the sessions to have been very bene- 
 ficial. Both have been conducted by Prof. Frank H. H. Rob- 
 erts of the University of Wyoming. The attendance was not 
 so large as we would like it to be, mainly through the fact that 
 some of the teachers of rural schools were not in the county 
 during the vacation season. While our report would indicate 
 a total of forty-one teachers employed in the county, we have 
 never had that number, for the reason that several teachers 
 supply both summer and winter schools, going from one to 
 another. The number of different persons engaged in teaching 
 will not exceed thirty-five. The institute attendance ranges 
 from twenty-two to twenty-six. 
 
 The enrollment of the county is increasing more rapidly 
 than the General School Fund. This fund has decreased each 
 year, and far the greater part of the expense of maintaining 
 the town schools is met by special tax upon the district within 
 which they are situated. During the past two years, after the 
 sum of $150 granted by law to each district was apportioned 
 from the General Fund, the per capita remaining has been less 
 than one dollar. The reduction of the assessment for school 
 purposes in the county is, of course, the cause of this decrease. 
 It Avorks a hardship to the larger towns, which pay the major 
 portion of the tax and receive the least benefit, yet we realize 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 75 
 
 that the small country schools could not exist upon a per capita 
 apportionment alone. 
 
 The steady increase of the State Land Income Fund is a 
 matter for congratulation. Those citizens who are engaged in 
 or familiar with the educational work of the State realize the 
 wisdom of the law which provides this fund, and that in this 
 regard Wyoming is better off than her sister States. The fund 
 supplies text books for all the children, and our country districts 
 have each year a goodly surplus for other expenses. 
 
 Legislation regarding the school officer and his duties is 
 the greatest need of rural schools at this time. An educational 
 qualification should be required for district officers, and a pen- 
 alty which could be enforced should be fixed for failure to keep 
 proper accounts and neglect to file reports at the time stated in 
 the statute. School officers, especially in rural districts, seem 
 indiff'erent in these matters, and it is necessary for the County 
 Superintendent to spend weeks each year in their attempt to 
 get their reports. She generally succeeds, but never within a 
 month or two after the reports are due. 
 
 Teachers express the opinion that the present certificate 
 law should be changed somewhat. The first grade certificate 
 should be made valid for five years, or the time of the second 
 grade certificate reduced to two years. Lnider the present law, 
 there is too little difference in the time of these certificates to 
 warrant the applicant in doing the work of the first grade ex- 
 amination. GERTRUDE M. HUNTINGTON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CONVERSE COUNTY. 
 
 Schools in this count}-, upon the whole, are progressing 
 satisfactorily. 
 
 In nearly all schools an active, systematic effort is being 
 made to follow the course of study as adopted by the State. 
 
 As the great majority of schools in the county are countr}' 
 schi3ols, this is being attended with some difficulty, but am con- 
 vinced that an earnest effort is being made in that direction. 
 
 The percentage of trained and efficient teachers is also in- 
 creasing, although the low scale of wages paid in some districts 
 necessarily retards this. It cannot be too emphatically stated 
 that a trained, experienced, capable teacher should be paid a 
 salary commensurate with his or her ability ; yet it is a fact that 
 manV' teachers are working for less than a day laborer receives. 
 
 There has been a very decided increase in enrollment — 
 from 698 in 1901 to 851 in 1902. 
 
76 Biennial Report 
 
 Nearly all of the country schools and all of the town schools 
 have good school buildings ; many have a good supply of appa- 
 ratus, and there are several that have small libraries. 
 
 Douglas, Glenrock, Manville and Lusk are the schools em- 
 ploying more than one teacher. Of these, Douglas is the larg- 
 est, employing five. 
 
 For working purposes, the Douglas school is divided into 
 eleven grades, each grade teacher caring for two grades,- the 
 other three constituting the high school. 
 
 The curriculum contains all subjects necessary to fit a boy 
 or girl for his or her work in the world, and an effort is also 
 made to cultivate the esthetic side of the child's nature by 
 means of drawing and the use of reproductions of the best ex- 
 amples of artistic excellence. 
 
 The library contains two sets of reference books and about 
 one hundred miscellaneous books, selected with a view to en- 
 couraging patriotism and enhancing respect for American citi- 
 zenship. 
 
 The past year marked an era in this school ])y the gradua- 
 tion of the first class to complete the course of study. 
 
 Glenrock, Lusk and Manville each employ two teachers, 
 and the schools are doing some excellent work. Employing 
 but two teachers, the time is necessarily given to the common 
 branches, but great attention is paid to thoroughness and 
 breadth of treatment in these, making a solid foundation for 
 the training that comes after. 
 
 Much good work is also done in many of the country 
 schools, though there is greater difficulty in arriving at satis- 
 factory results, owing to the fact that the terms are usually 
 shorter, attendance more irregular, equipment usually not so 
 good, and in some instances wages are too low to induce the 
 better class of teachers to accept situations. 
 
 In closing, I wish to suggest the need of some system 
 of manual training in our schools. It seems to me that some 
 system could be devised that would be practical even in the 
 country schools. I urge this, not only from the great benefit 
 derived from the training itself. Alanual training has passed 
 the experimental stage, and the good derived from its use can 
 hardly be calculated. lUit, aside from this, it has been proved 
 to be of great and lasting benefit in keeping the older pupils in 
 attendance. 
 
 It is true all over the country that the older pupils are con- 
 tinually dropping out of school, many for no particular reason, 
 some to fit themselves for a trade — their education incomplete 
 and unsatisfactory. Should there be nothing accomplished but 
 keei)ing these boys and girls in school for a greater length of 
 
Sri'KKIXTKXDKXT ()\- I'tBLIC INSTRUCTION. "/J 
 
 time, it would be a great benefit, and when to this you add the 
 
 advantage of the training itself, too great stress cannot be laid 
 
 upon the usefulness of such an addition to our school system. 
 
 T most earnestly recommend this to your attention. 
 
 U. L. EDWARDS. 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 CROOK COUNTY. 
 
 The number of schools in this county has increased but 
 little the past two years, but the schools are far better equipped 
 in the matter of books and apparatus, and in many cases good 
 frame buildings have replaced old log ones. The fact that our 
 books are uniform for the county is greatly aiding the teachers 
 in grading the schools : much has already been done, but much 
 still remains to be done. 
 
 The free text book system has been a great aid to teachers 
 and pupils, and, although there are some objections to it, in the 
 main it has been very beneficial. 
 
 The free registers and cards are a hel]), but we would be 
 glad to have the registers remodeled to suit our school month, 
 or, still better, to have our school month remodeled to suit the 
 registers. T visit all schools at least once a term. We had a 
 pleasant institute, with our State Superintendent as a welcome 
 visitor. 
 
 I would recommend a law \vherel)y the school year was 
 changed from September to September, inclusive, to May to 
 May, or even to coincide with the calendar year. The present 
 system seems to cause endless trouble to School Boards, from 
 the fact that the officers of a district are ahvays changed in the 
 middle of a school vear. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 BESSIE MOODIE, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 FREMONT COUNTY. 
 
 Increased attendance at institute, from 85 jier cent, to 99 
 per cent. 
 
 Increased attendance in schools, from 67 per cent, to 74 
 per cent. 
 
 Established two school districts. 
 
 Secured dictionaries for fourteen districts. 
 
 Provided fund for six libraries. 
 
78 Biennial Report 
 
 Placed course of study, classification registers and the re- 
 port card system in each district. 
 
 Increased teachers' salary from $40 and $45 to $50 and $55 
 per month. 
 
 Increased length of term fi"om three, four, five and six 
 months to six, seven, eight and nine months. 
 
 Established literary work, writing, drawing and nature 
 work in each district. 
 
 Insisted upon teachers being paid for attending institute. 
 It is done generally with brut one or two exceptions. 
 
 Abolished third grade certificates. 
 
 Have only three second grade certificates. 
 
 Have nineteen first grade certificates. 
 
 Have one Professional certificate and about six applicants 
 this year. 
 
 Established the idea of graduating children from the eighth 
 grade. 
 
 Have presented nineteen diplomas. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 E. LENA WADSWORTH, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 With the exception of three districts, better wages are paid 
 than when I begun my work. The people are not satisfied with 
 inexperienced teachers. 
 
 After a great deal of talking, I succeeded in getting the 
 work up to the "Illinois Course of Study," as far as possible in 
 an ungraded country school. The children that have entered 
 the town school have been more equally prepared for grade 
 work because of this course. 
 
 A number of the schools have started a library. A greater 
 interest is taken in current events. 
 
 The greatest drawback to our schools is inefficient School 
 Boards. I have been careful to keep each member supplied 
 with copies of the Wyoming school laws. I wish the boards 
 had less power and the County Superintendent more. 
 
 The grounds about the school houses have been improved 
 and a number of new school houses have been built. All have 
 been repaired. 
 
 I have heard many complaints from the young teachers 
 in regard to the new registers. Only one teacher of experience 
 found fault. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 79 
 
 In closing my term of office, I realize that with my present 
 knowledge I might do better, but I shall always feel gratified 
 that I did not work for re-election, but for the best interests — 
 as it seemed to me — of education. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 CLARA L. MOELLER. 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY. 
 
 In reviewing the work for the past two years in this county, 
 I find much that is encouraging. The course of study furnished 
 by our State Superintendent has been quite generally adopted, 
 and has proven very helpful to the teachers in grading their 
 pupils, so that those who have entered the city schools have 
 been much better fitted for the work than formerly. 
 
 A system of report cards has been used, whereby parents 
 are enabled to keep in touch with the child and see the progress 
 he has made from month to month. It has done much to interest 
 the parents in school w^ork. 
 
 There has been a noticeable increase in the number of pu- 
 pils enrolled. In 1900 there were enrolled in the county 2,088 : 
 in 1902 there are 2,418. We have 123 schools in the countv. 
 while in 1900 there were but 114. The increase has been due 
 in a large measure to the increase in population in the northern 
 part of the county, around Wheatland and Guernsey. 
 
 Wheatland is the only town outside of Cheyenne that has a 
 graded school with more than one teacher. There are three 
 rooms with grades from the primary to the second year of the 
 high school. 
 
 A larger building is very much needed, and efforts are 
 being made to have a fine building erected at an early day. 
 
 District No. 7 has been divided, so that we now have an- 
 other district, known as No. 12, which includes the following 
 flourishing towns of Guernsey, Hartville and Sunrise. 
 
 There have been two institutes held, one each year, lasting 
 five days each. We have endeavored to make the work as prac- 
 tical and beneficial to the teachers as possible in so short a time. 
 The institutes have been well attended and have been the means 
 of increasing interest in school work. It is a fact that those 
 teachers who faithfully attend the institute and are interested 
 in it are those who are making the greatest advancement in 
 educational work, while those who care little for it, or attend 
 because it is compulsory, soon drop out of the ranks. 
 
 The schools have never been in a more prosperous condi- 
 tion than at the present time. They are governed bv a faithful 
 
8o , Biennial Report 
 
 and efficient corps of teachers, who, I believe, are truly inter- 
 ested in the welfare of their pupils, and seeking to build char- 
 acter, which, we are coining to see more clearly, is what 
 education consists in. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 ELIZABETH S. HAWES, 
 County Superintendent. Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY. 
 
 I beg to submit the following report of the educational 
 work in Natrona County for the year ending September i, 1901 : 
 
 Since taking charge of the work, January 7, 1901, I have 
 made twelve visits to schools. On account of the deep snow 
 in the mountains it was impossible to visit all the districts. I 
 find the work progressing nicely. Teachers and pupils are in- 
 terested and doing good work. The County Institute was 
 held June 3 to 8, inclusive. We had a pleasant and profitable 
 session, with F. E. Matheny, City Superintendent of Casper 
 Schools, as conductor. All teachers then in the county were 
 present, taking an active part in the work. 
 
 I have held two examinations — one at the close of the 
 institute, at which time I examined nineteen applicants, ten 
 being Casper High School pupils, five of them receiving third 
 grade certificates. Four other certificates were issued — two 
 second and two third grade. Ten of the class failed to make 
 the required average. 
 
 On August 30-31 I examined three applicants, two of them 
 receiving third grade certificates. I have issued two first grade 
 certificates — the applicants possessing college diplomas. We 
 have at present four first and five second grade teachers at 
 work in our schools, there being no others employed as yet 
 for the winter work. 
 
 District No. 1 1 painted the school house outside and oiled 
 the inside : No. 12 painted outside and in ; No. 8 put in all new 
 furniture, and also new roof and floor. Casper has a brick 
 building in course of construction, bonds being issued to build 
 it, but, as it is not complete, no report is made of the expendi- 
 tures. Other districts made needed repairs. 
 
 The Educational Association which was organized last 
 year reorganized at the time of the County Institute with the 
 following officers: President, Rev. Craig; Vice President, 
 May Hamilton ; Secretary and Treasurer, Effie Cummings. 
 The committees that were appointed at that time have held 
 several meetings and, among other things, have arranged a 
 course of lecKires for the coming winter. 
 
SuPERINTliNDKNT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 8l 
 
 Districts No. i and No. 6 were discontinued December 3, 
 1900, No. I being reorganized May 7. District 13 was organ- 
 ized July 15. 
 
 The State Course of Study has been received and (Hstrib- 
 uted to nearly all the rural districts. Teachers have been re- 
 quested to follow it closely. Casper schools have adopted it, so 
 that now all our schools will work in unison, and we trust 
 that much good may be accomplished in this way. Casper has 
 one of the best kindergarten schools in the State. Miss Mary 
 Craig, as teacher, is doing excellent work. 
 
 Our teachers are much interested in the reading course 
 as planned by our State Superintendent, and, although widely 
 scattered, it is hoped we can organize and do effective work. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAY HAMILTON. 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 I beg to submit the enclosed report of the educational 
 work in Natrona County for the year ending September i, 
 1902: 
 
 Our County Institute was held during the last week in 
 August, with Prof. F. E. Matheny as instructor, and we en- 
 joyed a pleasant and profitable week. 
 
 Most of our teachers have been successful with the course 
 of study. Our schools have been graded and effective work has 
 been done. 
 
 Two examinations have been held, one January 3-4, at 
 which time I issued four certificates, and August 29-30, when I 
 issued four more. 
 
 A number of repairs and improvements have been made. 
 Districts Nos. 4 and 11 put in new furniture; No. 13 put in an 
 organ ; No. 4 added a new globe to its apparatus ; No. 2 
 opened up its new brick building. No. 7 has a new building in 
 course of construction. No. 1 1 built and filled an ice house. 
 
 One new district has been organized and is ready to open 
 school this fall. 
 
 We have been trying to get a uniform system of text 
 books in the county, but have not succeeded yet. 
 
 Obediently yours, 
 
 MAY HAMILTON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
S2 Biennial Report. 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY. 
 
 I wish to say in regard to the schools in this county that 
 they are improving rapidly and have improved greatly during 
 the last two years. We have better teachers, more schools 
 and more in attendance than we had two years ago. The 
 pupils take more interest in the schools than formerly and are 
 striving to complete higher branches in the country schools, 
 hence the need and demand of better teachers. Ido not be- 
 lieve our examinations are too severe, but I do believe the 
 third grade certificate basis of grading is too low. 
 
 I believe there should be some means of securing more 
 competent members on the School Boards. As the law now 
 is, a person may become a member of the School Board 
 whether he can read or not. We should have School Boards 
 that can keep accurate account of all the business transacted 
 by the districts. I have no suggestions as to how we are to 
 obtain such boards. Yours very truly, 
 
 DORA KIRBY AUSTIN, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 SWEETWATER COUNTY. 
 
 I submit the following report of the schools of Sweet- 
 water County : 
 
 The general condition of our schools shows a substantial 
 improvement. 
 
 The number of schools has increased from seventeen in 
 1899 to twenty-six in 1901. The enrollment has risen from 
 1,190 to 1,676. 
 
 I have visited each school, as the law directs, the only 
 exception where the winter schools begin in remote locations 
 after I have paid a visit to that section, and expense and dis- 
 tance would not warrant my going a second time, still I keep 
 in touch with such districts by correspondence. In all outside 
 school districts there is a desire for good school buildings. 
 Two districts have fine new houses, furnished with patent 
 single seats, charts, maps, globes and ample blackboards. On 
 my annual trip to the country schools I was greatly pleased 
 with the interest displayed by parent and pupil. 
 
 The Rock Springs school is increasing so rapidly that we 
 shall have to erect another building. At present we are using 
 one room in the city hall. 
 
 Last year a night school was organized with a corps of 
 
Sui'KKlNTENDKNT OK PlUU.IC INSTRUCTION. 83 
 
 four teachers, and will contituie this year through the winter 
 months. 
 
 The free text book system is used and is of great benefit. 
 
 Two institutes of one week each have been held with good 
 attendance of teachers. 
 
 Through the uniform State examinations the standing of 
 teachers has been raised, and with the co-operation of School 
 Directors, we expect to employ only teachers who have had 
 normal instruction. M. A. CLARK, 
 
 County Superintendent. Sweetwater County. 
 
 UINTA COUNTY. 
 
 In cojupliance with your request, 1 send you a report of 
 our schools, setting forth, in a brief statement, the condition 
 existing in school matters during the past two years and up to 
 the present date : 
 
 There are twenty-three (23) school districts in Uinta 
 County, abovit eighty,-seven (87) schools, including the sum- 
 mer schools, and the total enrollment is about thirty-six hun- 
 dred (3,600) pupils. 
 
 Gradual improvement is noticeable, and the citizens of the 
 county everywhere manifest a deep and lively interest in the 
 welfare of our schools. Progress is evident. Twenty (20) 
 new school houses have been erected in the different parts of 
 the county, fourteen of which are well finished, furnished and 
 comfortable frame buildings, that take the places of the little 
 dirt-roofed log houses that stood out here and there in the 
 sage brush, or beside some lonely road. The rooms of most 
 of our country schools now off'er cheerful welcome to the chil- 
 dren who are obliged to go long distances in all kinds of 
 weather to secure a common education. School houses are as 
 centrally located as possible at present. However, a number 
 of children are compelled to go as far as eight miles to attend 
 school, but it is hoped that in another year these long dis- 
 tances can be reduced by the establishing of more schools. 
 
 In School District No. 10, at Kemmerer, a large, fine 
 building has been erected and high school established. Also 
 in Districts Nos. 16 and 17, at Grover and Afton, notwith- 
 standing the great inconvenience of securing the necessary 
 materials for l)uilding purposes, nice large houses have been 
 built, with a view to accommodate not only the primary, 
 intermediate and grammar grades, but also the grades that are 
 ready for high school work. The people and Trustees of 
 these districts deserve to be highly commended for their un- 
 
84 IJllvNN'lAL RKPORT. 
 
 tiring efforts and success in thus far securing proper advan- 
 tages for the education of their children. 
 
 At the towns of Cumberland and Spring Valley, which 
 are located in the rapidly developing coal and oil fields, three 
 very neat and nicely furnished school houses have been erected. 
 These buildings each have three departments, but, owing to 
 the increase in population in these thriving mining camps, 
 the rooms are overcrowded. Eft'orts will be made soon to 
 provide for the many children of these two settlements. 
 
 The Big Piney and Fort Bridger sections of the county 
 have voted special tax and bonded in order to provide the 
 school buildings that reflect great credit upon their respective 
 citizens and Trustees. Their schools are at present in a flour- 
 ishing condition. 
 
 District No. 4 has organized a Teachers' Association, 
 holding meetings that prove very helpful and instructive to 
 the teacher, as well as interesting to the visitors who attend 
 regularly. 
 
 Owing to the abandonment of the Almy mining camp 
 and the decrease in the number of pupils enrolled. District No. 
 2 employs only two teachers, instead of five. Some much 
 needed repairs have been made in the schools rooms, and suc- 
 cessful school is now running. 
 
 In one, of the newly organized districts, No. 11, where it 
 has been a hard matter to establish school and maintain the 
 same during the past summer, the building and books and 
 apparatus were destroyed by fire. 
 
 Another brave effort is being made on the j^art of the 
 Trustees to replace the Iniilding, to which the citizens will 
 donate the logs and their labor. Though the educational ad- 
 vantages and privileges of this county are much better than 
 in years passed, still in the more remote districts and sparsely 
 settled communities, where property is not yet taxable and the 
 valuation is not high enough to warrant the maintenance of 
 separate districts, it is noted with regret that many of our 
 children are not only deprived of the best of opportunity, but 
 are obliged to secure what little they do obtain under dif- 
 ficulties that border on real hardshi]). 
 
 Owing to the fact that so many little foreigners, who 
 could neither speak nor understand the English language, 
 crowded into the schools of District No. 9, they have not yet 
 reached the highest standard, but by the untiring energy and 
 faithfulness on the part of the teachers in overcoming the 
 many discouragements that confronted them, the Diamond- 
 ville district schools show marked improvement. 
 
Sl'I'Ekintexukxt of Piiu.ic Instruction. 85 
 
 School District Xo. i is erecting a magnificent brick build- 
 ing for the Evanston High School, to be completed in Feb- 
 ruary, 1903. This will relieve the urgent want of sufficient 
 room for the hundreds of children at present in attendance at 
 the Evanston public schools. 
 
 ^^'e realize that "Rome was not built in a day." Ad- 
 vancement is being made slowly, but surely. We earnestly 
 look forward to the time, and that in the near future, when 
 I'inta County's schools will stand second to none in Wyo- 
 ming. 
 
 Two very interesting and inspiring Teachers' Institutes 
 were held, all the meetings of which were well attended by a 
 corps of bright, active teachers, as well as by many visitors. 
 The enrollment of both sessions was much larger than ever 
 before known in the history of the county. 
 
 Regular examinations have been held and conducted, as 
 bv law required. A large majority of our teachers hold high 
 grade certificates, and many of them hold normal diplomas. 
 
 Copies of the Course of Study, as adopted by the State, 
 have been distributed throughout the county. It is found that 
 the course as prescribed cannot be strictly followed in all of 
 our country schools, but can be and is used by the teachers as 
 a 'helpful guide in their work. 
 
 The new form of daily and c()m])k'te term registers has 
 been established in all the districts. Also a uniform list of 
 text books has been adopted and supj)lied by nearly all dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 Competent teachers ha\e been em[)loyed, short terms of 
 schools have been lengthened, new schools have been estab- 
 lished, and new districts have been organized. In fact, our 
 schools have grown larger and better in every way. 
 
 Xotwithstanding the extent of territory to be traversed to 
 ascertain the condition of its schools, and the many drawbacks 
 to be contended with, the prospect is encouraging, and it is, 
 JToped that the next two years Avill disclose better plans for 
 the work, and record greater and more rapid progress in the 
 schools of Uinta County. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 NELLIE A. PEPPER, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
86 I')IKNN1A[. Rivl'OKT. 
 
 WESTON COUNTY. 
 
 The Newcastle school has graduated three pupils ; the 
 Cambria school has graduated four pupils ; total, sev-en. New- 
 castle: F. L. Brooks, priucipal : tenth grade graduates. Miss 
 Eugene Camplin, Miss Yinnie Long and Miss Hattie Cott. 
 Cambria: F. L. Kesling, principal; graduates. Miss Tenna 
 Kirkwood (now at school at Laramie), Mr. Raymond Steale 
 and Mr. Chester Steale. 
 
 The interest in the schools is becoming greater, the at- 
 tendance better and better results are obtained. 
 
 Some of the teachers have given entertainments to raise 
 money for the purpose of buying school apparatus which the 
 School Board was unable to buy. Globes, books, charts, etc., 
 have been secured in this way. 
 
 A number of children, not satisfied with the short country 
 school term, have come to town, to be able to take advantage 
 of the nine months' term. All of these I consider indications of 
 advancement along the line of education. 
 
 District No. 3 has a four months' term in each school 
 (there are four), instead of three months. 
 
 The division of districts is the leading question now. . T 
 think I will have to make some divisions this next spring. 
 The patrons in several localities desire this, so they will be 
 able to have nine months' school. They are very much worked 
 up about it. Verv respectfully, 
 
 ELLA J. HENDERSON, 
 
 Superintendent. 
 
BIENNIAL REPORTS 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT 
 OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 1903-1904 1905-1906 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Siiperiiiteiideiit of Public liistriictioii 
 
 1903 - 1904 
 
 <UimitlI, RtPOBUUN C(W»NT> 
 

 WW 23 1907 
 0' of 0, 
 
STATE OF WYOMIXG. 
 
 Office of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 To His Excellency, 
 Bryant B. Brooks, 
 
 Governor of Wyoming. 
 Sir : — I have the lionor to transmit herewith the biennial 
 report of this office for the two years ending September 30, 
 1904, setting forth the condition of this department, as required 
 by law. Very respectfully, 
 
 Thos. T. Tynan, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
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Si PERINTKNDIiNT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Public Schools of IVyoiiiing (Continued) for the Year Ending the 
 First Monday in September, 190^. 
 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 6 
 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Number holding — 
 
 
 
 
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 2 
 
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 8 
 
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 4 
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 1 
 
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 1 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 6 
 
 '9 ' 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 '9 
 2 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 1 
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 1 
 
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 Natrona 
 
 
 49 
 
 2 
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 16 
 
 7 
 
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 1 
 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
 
 Weston. . . 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 16 
 
 190 
 
 333 
 
 120 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 Public Schools of Wyoming (Continued) for tJie Year Ending the 
 First Monday in September, ipoj. 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 2 
 
 go 
 
 DO 
 
 Special Tax in mills for 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 = 1 
 o-o 
 
 < 
 
 Libraries 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 XI 
 
 c 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 •S 2 
 
 1=^ 
 
 .J, 
 c 
 
 tj he 
 
 > 
 6 
 
 > 
 
 Albany. . . 
 Big Horn. . 
 
 
 
 
 .$4,248,938.00 
 
 3,290. 741). 00 
 
 5,i.s:(.rw().4i 
 
 2.649,094.00 
 1,728,591.00 
 1,946,;«8.00 
 1,925.,'>81.00 
 6,589,784.81 
 2,048,277.00 
 2.614,173.82 
 3,869.769.00 
 5.524.349.09 
 1,800,110.98 
 
 a' 
 
 '20' 
 
 .52 ' 
 
 67K 
 
 28 
 17^ 
 
 '5' 
 5 
 
 ■77' 
 3 
 65 
 
 '9154 
 15 
 
 $23,000 
 8,645 
 
 
 8552 
 
 $404.50 
 
 Carbon. . . 
 
 1,900 
 
 ii.6:» 
 
 1,600 
 
 8,000 
 11.700 
 67,250 
 
 6.300 
 17.310 
 
 2,700 
 42,400 
 10.350 
 
 $212,785 
 
 $3,526 
 
 400 
 2.000 
 
 100 
 1,250 
 1.100 
 1.260 
 
 ■ 900 
 300 
 
 $io,8;« 
 
 1250 
 
 1031 
 
 5016 
 
 1052 
 
 395 
 
 1863 
 
 183 
 
 1195 
 
 100 
 
 841 
 
 400 
 
 21,878 
 
 656 50 
 
 Converse. . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . 
 
 12 H 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 62^ 
 
 36M 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 '32M 
 
 725.00 
 
 2,639.00 
 
 750.00 
 
 325.00 
 
 1,701.00 
 
 Natrona . . 
 Sheridan . . 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 102.00 
 7,50.00 
 
 Sweetwater. 
 Uinta . . . 
 
 ^5« 
 
 5 
 
 
 50.00 
 702.00 
 
 Weston. . . 
 
 
 
 150.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $43,429,916.11 
 
 33 
 
 159 
 
 85M 
 
 374J4 
 
 $8,955.00 
 
BlRNNIAL RkI'ORT 
 
 Estimated Value 
 
 of School Property in Counties, 190^. 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 Books 
 
 Totals 
 
 Albany 
 
 $51,200.00 
 18.648.17 
 40.120.00 
 27,875.00 
 28,313.00 
 16,647.00 
 33,000.00 
 
 .$4,850.00 
 
 
 .$3..510.00 
 
 '3,560.06 
 
 1.838.00 
 
 2.639.00 
 
 713.39 
 
 '8^4;io.'o6 
 
 1.50000 
 
 '2;220.0(( 
 5,865.72 
 
 $59,560.00 
 ]8,f>48 17 
 
 
 6.500.00 
 3,485.00 
 4.950.00 
 
 iiisoo.'oo 
 
 5.755 00 
 2.700.00 
 
 !t;1.300.(X) 
 2,383.00 
 2.065.00 
 
 879.74 
 l.OOO.(X) 
 
 m.m 
 
 51,420.00 
 
 
 35,581.00 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 37,967.00 
 18,240.13 
 37.500.00 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Natrona 
 
 1.51.015.53 
 16,989.a5 
 ;W,613..55 
 33,598.65 
 
 101,533.00 
 15,544.00 
 
 11)5,200.00 
 21,389.(55 
 34,613..55 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 2.885.00 
 
 14.269.98 
 
 1,675.00 
 
 "7',6'io.'70 
 
 2,220.00 
 
 38.703.65 
 129,289.42 
 
 Westan 
 
 10,439.00 
 
 Total 
 
 jS69,097.55 
 
 $50,569.98 
 
 $17,668.46 
 
 .$30,216.11 
 
 $667,552.10 
 
 On March 31, 1903, the following- amounts were distributed 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County BnroUnient Apportionment 
 
 Albany i ,478 $6,044.66 
 
 Big Horn 1,409 5,762.46 
 
 Carbon 1.523 6.228.69 
 
 Converse 851 3.480.38 
 
 Crook 914 3-738.03 
 
 Fremont 779 3,185.92 
 
 Johnson 609 ■ 2,490.66 
 
 Laramie 2,418 9,889.02 
 
 Natrona 374 1.529-57 
 
 Sheridan 1,602 6,551.78 
 
 Sweetwater 1,281 5,238.97 
 
 Uinta 3.651 14.931.69 
 
 Weston 622 2,543.83 
 
 17.51 1 
 
 $71,615.66 
 
Sl'l'KUlXTKXDKXT OF PuiiLIC IXSTRUCTION. 
 
 
 
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 Biennial Report 
 
 
 
 
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Sl'perixtexdent of Public Instruction. 
 
 13 
 
 Public Schools of iryoniing (Continued ) for the Year Ending the 
 First Monday in September, 1904. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany. . . 
 Big Horn. . 
 Carbon . . 
 Converse. . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . 
 Laramie . . 
 Natrona . . 
 Sheridan . . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . 
 Weston . . 
 
 Totals . 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers 
 
 Number Holding 
 
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 -a 
 
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 ib 
 
 in 
 
 
 E.9- 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 19 
 
 
 14 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 85 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 
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 19 
 
 58 
 
 15 
 
 
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 16 
 
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 5 
 
 198 
 
 379 
 
 123 
 
 89 
 
 E 
 
 u 
 
 Public Schools of iryoniing (Continued J for the Year Ending the 
 first Monday in September, 1904. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Albany. . . 
 Big Horn. . 
 Carbon. . . 
 Converse . . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . 
 Laramie . . 
 Natrona . . 
 Sheridan . . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . 
 Weston . . 
 
 5Q 
 ''''o 
 
 $4360099. 
 3774424. 
 5569084, 
 2540232. 
 2336929 
 
 2092425 
 6782438. 
 20a5491 
 3433524. 
 4072054. 
 5747805. 
 1862842. 
 
 $46,696,494.87 
 
 Special lax in Mills for 
 
 1 
 
 754 
 2K 
 3H 
 10 
 
 46^ 
 24 
 
 74 
 43 
 
 17 
 
 W2 
 
 210 
 
 54 
 
 34 -^ 
 
 89 
 10 
 
 74^^ 
 
 96V2 
 
 359 
 
 3-a 
 O 
 
 14019 
 31000 
 
 4630 
 
 1600 
 11000 
 11600 
 69050 
 
 5700 
 18450 
 
 4700 
 42400 
 10250 
 
 $247,399 
 
 m E 
 
 < 
 
 10000 
 
 1000 
 100 
 
 1000 
 600 
 
 1260 
 
 900 
 100 
 
 $14,960 
 
 Libraries 
 
 1548 
 
 731 
 1751 
 
 931 
 5964 
 1383 
 
 775 
 1693 
 
 595 
 1312 
 
 100 
 1249 
 
 450 
 
 18482 
 
 $1002 
 487 
 
 1042 
 725 
 
 3412 
 915 
 552 
 
 1900 
 260 
 
 1000 
 50 
 907 
 175 
 
 12427 
 
14 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Bstimated Vain 
 
 e of School Propci 
 
 ty ill Counties, 1904. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Buildings 
 
 $53110.00 
 30780.00 
 45860.00 
 29876.00 
 29503.00 
 25871.95 
 31250.00 
 
 163792.47 
 17646.75 
 52875.39 
 37887.65 
 
 104533.00 
 17810.00 
 
 Furniture 
 
 S6000.00 
 4989.39 
 8020.00 
 4125.00 
 5850.00 
 2155.00 
 3000.00 
 7341.88 
 3000.00 
 
 3713.50 
 
 14569.98 
 
 1825.00 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 Books 
 
 Totals 
 
 Albany 
 
 $ 
 
 1978.00 
 3418.00 
 2265.00 
 
 1800.00 
 10085.00 
 1000.00 
 7332.20 
 
 7820.72 
 
 $50n0.00 
 3936.44 
 4873.00 
 1950.00 
 3412.00 
 2500.00 
 
 1800.00 
 6022.12 
 2672.00 
 5970.00 
 2330.00 
 
 $64110.00 
 39705.83 
 
 Carbon 
 
 60731.00 
 ;58369.00 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Johnson 
 
 41030.00 
 30526.95 
 36050.00 
 1»1219.35 
 
 Natrona 
 
 23446.75 
 66229.71 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Weston 
 
 44273.15 
 
 132893.70 
 21965.00 
 
 Totals 
 
 $640,796.21 
 
 $64,589.75 
 
 $34,698.92 
 
 $40,465.56 
 
 $780,550.44 
 
 On March 31, 1904, the following; amounts were distributed 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County Enrollment Apportionment 
 
 Albany '. 1,650 $5<507-33 
 
 Big- Horn 1,880 6.275.02 
 
 Carbon 1,786 5,962.27 
 
 Converse 979 • 3.267.68 
 
 Crook 1,103 3.681.57 
 
 Fremont 988 ^,,297. 72 
 
 Johnson 825 2.753.67 
 
 Laramie 2,912 9.719.61 
 
 Natrona 458 r. 528.70 
 
 Sheridan 2,075 6,925.90 
 
 Sweetwater 1,417 4.729.63 
 
 Uinta 4,384 14,632.82 
 
 Weston 858 2,863.81 
 
 21,315 
 
 $71 -144-73 
 
Superintendent of Pup.lic Instruction. 
 
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i6 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 School funds Disbursed and Rcuiaiuing on Hand for ]'car End- 
 ing First Monday in September, 1904. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
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 c 
 
 3 
 
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 Counties. 
 
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 Albany. . . 
 
 $25349.78 
 
 $325.00 
 
 $2000.00 
 
 $700.00 
 
 $2230.00 
 
 * 
 
 $ 
 
 $1260.00 
 
 Big Horn . . 
 
 16479.73 
 
 648.52 
 
 14398.02 
 
 738.36 
 
 1100.63 
 
 498.50 
 
 
 889.61 
 
 Carbon. . . 
 
 20572.71 
 
 4633.23 
 
 
 2070.97 
 
 
 
 
 1674.46 
 
 Converse . . 
 
 14808. 2C 
 
 1303.42 
 
 2300.09 
 
 1910.79 
 
 157.17 
 
 270.00 
 
 237.06 
 
 649.25 
 
 Crook . . . 
 
 13616.96 
 
 563.44 
 
 1190.20 
 
 997.67 
 
 195.16 
 
 96.00 
 
 
 418.16 
 
 Fremont . . 
 
 9069.77 
 
 1577.93 
 
 62K.38 
 
 296.49 
 
 541.68 
 
 760.00 
 
 1000.00 
 
 478.60 
 
 Johnson . . 
 
 10758.78 
 
 237.28 
 
 644.00 
 
 
 804.47 
 
 
 
 604.00 
 
 Laramie . . 
 
 53304.63 
 
 2970.15 
 
 16137. :S3 
 
 
 3691.94 
 
 202.33 
 
 
 2119.71 
 
 Natrona . . 
 
 8274.19 
 
 390.65 
 
 1040.64 
 
 758.96 
 
 229.06 
 
 29i).25 
 
 600.00 
 
 518.42 
 
 Sheridan . . 
 
 21120.95 
 
 1028.82 
 
 17233.02 
 
 1339.91 
 
 962.07 
 
 1093.04 
 
 1260.00 
 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 16091.18 
 
 500.77 
 
 458.68 
 
 1852.29 
 
 
 
 
 468.91 
 
 Uinta . . . 
 
 40379.29 
 
 1340.01 
 
 2996.39 
 
 2116.65 
 
 2119.58 
 
 168.11 
 
 
 1678.51 
 
 Weston . . 
 
 10032.13 
 
 187.97 
 
 918.00 
 
 230.50 
 
 279.08 
 
 10.50 
 
 100.00 
 
 680.75 
 
 Totals . . 
 
 $259,857.66 
 
 $15,707.19 
 
 $65,451.75 
 
 $13,012.59 
 
 $12,310.84 
 
 $3,397.73 
 
 $3,197.06 
 
 $11,440.37 
 
 School Funds Disbursed and Remaining on Hand I Continued) 
 for Year Ending First Monday in September, 1904. 
 
 
 
 u. 
 
 
 
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 Albany 
 
 $1859.00 
 
 $386.50 
 
 $ 
 
 $978.55 
 
 .$75.00 
 
 $8055.63 
 
 $43169.46 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 271.25 
 
 
 
 
 549.13 
 
 13083.26 
 
 48657.01 
 
 Carbon 
 
 1085.35 
 
 
 
 884.25 
 
 
 11820.69 
 
 42741.66 
 
 Converse 
 
 610.00 
 
 
 
 
 49.00 
 
 1700.31 
 
 23895. a5 
 
 Crook . . . 
 
 136.50 
 324.50 
 
 827.93 
 
 
 219.38 
 
 147.47 
 334.63 
 
 5.371.61 
 3227.63 
 
 23780.48 
 
 Fremont 
 
 23846.61 
 
 Johnson 
 
 694.35 
 
 
 
 1793.96 
 
 51.69 
 
 2178.86 
 
 17767.39 
 
 Laramie 
 
 2580.18 
 
 
 
 5743.47 
 
 718.99 
 
 1.3397.99 
 
 100866.72 
 
 Natrona 
 
 590.25 
 
 
 97.84 
 
 359.04 
 
 266.25 
 
 .5443.64 
 
 18868.19 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 
 
 
 3888.57 
 
 27.26 
 
 7112.24 
 
 55095.18 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 1211.00 
 
 
 
 1004.43 
 
 
 7154.53 
 
 28741.79 
 
 Uinta 
 
 2455.72 
 
 122.71 
 
 
 896.67 
 
 5351.03 
 
 26295.61 
 
 85920.28 
 
 Weston 
 
 1004.23 
 
 
 
 1183.42 
 
 
 1217.03 
 
 15843.61 
 
 Totals 
 
 $12,822.33 
 
 $1,287.84 
 
 $97.84 
 
 $16,951.74 
 
 $7,570.45 
 
 .$106,089.03 
 
 $529,193.72 
 
Sri'KKrNTKNDENT OF PuBLlC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 THE UNI\'ERSITY OF WYOMING. 
 
 //('/;. 7'. T. 'I yuan. 
 
 State Superintendent, 
 Cheyenne, IV yo. 
 
 Di;ar Sir: — I have the honor to submit to you a copy of the 
 annual catalogue of the University of Wyoming, containing full 
 information concerning the present condition of the several de- 
 ]iartments of the University, including the Agricultural College, 
 and I respectfully refer you to this catalogue for the detailed 
 account of the course of study in the respective colleges, for the 
 roll of professors and students, and for an account of our grow- 
 ing equipment. 
 
 NKW COURSES OF STUDY. 
 
 Your attention is called ])articvdarly to two new courses of 
 instruction in the Agricultural College, the course in irrigation 
 engineering and the short course in agriculture. The growing- 
 importance of irrigation in this State, especially since the United 
 States Government has undertaken large enterprises, has created 
 a growing demand for men trained to conduct irrigation investi- 
 gation in the various Experiment Stations, to enter the Civil 
 Service of the Government, to superintend existing irrigation 
 systems, to plan the construction of new systems, to master and 
 administer the excellent irrigation laws of the State. To meet 
 this demand, the University has instituted this course in irriga- 
 tion engineering, a tabulated outline of which is to be found on 
 page 80 of the catalogue. 
 
 During the first two weeks in March, 1904, a short course 
 in agriculture, including stock judging and management, was 
 arranged for the benefit of ranchmen and farmers who were un- 
 able to be in attendance at the University for a longer course. 
 This course proved so successful that the department intends to 
 continue the work the first two weeks in February, 1905, and 
 ])ossibl\- make it a permanent part of the curriculum. 
 
 NRW PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 During the last year the University has undertaken the issue 
 of two publications, The University Melange and The Ranchuian s 
 Reminder. The University Melange is a quarterly devoted to the 
 general interests of all departments of the University. The Ranch- 
 man's Reminder is published monthly and is the special organ of 
 
1 8 Biennial Rrport 
 
 the Agricultural Department and the Experiment Station. These 
 publications furnish a valuable advertisement for the University 
 and keep the people of the State in touch with our growing 
 facilities for instruction and with the practical results of scientific 
 investigation in the various departments. 
 
 the; normal department. 
 
 Allow me to call your especal attention to the Normal De- 
 partment and its connection with the school system of the State. 
 Under the management of Professor Stockwell. the normal course 
 has been revised to better provide for a "continuous and well- 
 articulated and well-graduated line of study." The outline of 
 this course is to be found on page 72 of the catalogue. This 
 course is doing much through its graduates to build up the quality 
 of the instruction in our public schools ; but we are not quite 
 meeting the demands, partly because we have no summer session 
 of the University. There is a growing demand for a summer 
 term. Many teachers of the State who have not received a 
 University degree and whose work in the school room prevents 
 their attending the sessions of the University, would be glad to 
 spend six weeks of their vacation at Laramie to get the Univer- 
 sitv training. Even teachers who have already received the Bach- 
 elor's degree are continually asking us to devise some plan by 
 which they may continue their work at the University by graduate 
 study and receive an advanced degree. 
 
 A summer term meeting these demands would do much to 
 advance further the quality of the instructional work throughout 
 the schools of the State. It would also make it possible for stu- 
 dents in regular attendance at the University to compelte their 
 work in a shorter time and enable them to get at their life work 
 earlier. In a climate so ideal as that of Laramie, where the heat 
 of simimer is never oppressive, there is no reason, save lack of 
 money, why so valuable a plant as that of the University should 
 lie idle during the summer months. 
 
 The University, however, cannot at present maintain a sum- 
 mer school without additional appropriations by the Legislature. 
 The best way to meet the demand would be to increase the regular 
 one-fourth mill tax by a small fraction. One-half mill tax for 
 higher education would not be excessive. Colorado devotes to 
 her higher institutions of learning a full mill, and Colorado is no 
 exception to the rule. To be sure, the resources for higher educa- 
 tion in Colorado are divided among several institutions in differ- 
 ent parts of the State, thus forbidding economy of administration 
 and making it necessary to provide for instructors and equipment 
 for the teaching of electricity in at least three distinct schools. 
 
Sl'l'KRIXTKNOKNT OF Pl'P.LIC I XSTRrcTlON. IQ 
 
 In Wyoming, so long as all the departments, engineering, agricul- 
 tural, normal, commercial, and literary, are united in a single 
 institution, a full mill tax for running expenses is quite unneces- 
 sary. One-half a mill would meet present needs and provide for 
 a healthy growth. The present cjuarter of a mill is inadequate. 
 The pressure on this state fund is greater than at any other point 
 in our finances. The United States Government gives to ovu" 
 State University for running expenses nearly four times as much 
 as docs the State itself. But the national funds can be used only 
 for certain specified purposes — "instruction in agriculture, the 
 mechanical arts, the English language, and the various branches 
 of mathematical, physical, natural, and economic sciences with the 
 special reference to their applications in the industries of life." 
 By the decision of the Assistant Attorney General, March i, 1904, 
 "the salaries of purely administrative officers, such as presidents, 
 treasurers, secretaries, bookkeepers, janitors, watchmen, etc., can- 
 not be charged to this fund, nor can it be expended for heating or 
 lighting buildings, musical instruments, fvirniture, cases, shelving, 
 desks, lockers, salaries of instructors in philosophy, psychology-, 
 ethics, logic, history, political science, civics, pedagogy, and 
 ancient and modern languages (except English)." These ex- 
 penses of running a University, which must be met by the state 
 funds, have for some time been straining to the utmost the funds 
 received from the quarter of a mill tax. If this tax were in- 
 creased to half a mill the income from the State would be only 
 half the income from the National Government and would be a 
 percentage on the property valuation of the State of only half 
 that which Colorado gives to higher education. 
 
 I submit this for your approval and consideration with the 
 view of making appropriate recommendations to the Governor 
 and the Legislature to provide means for meeting this growing- 
 need. Very respectfully submitted, 
 
 Frederick M. Tisdel, 
 President of the University of Wyoming. 
 
20 Biennial Rkport 
 
 BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 
 
 il/r. T. T. Tynan, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 
 Dear Sir: — I have the honor to submit the following report 
 of the work of the State Board of Examiners : 
 
 Mr. F. B. Kesling. Cambria, and Miss Lena A. Stover, Sher- 
 idan, having been appointed to fill the vacancies caused by the 
 resignation of Mr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Laramie, and Mr. ]. 
 A. McNaught, Sheridan, arrangements were made for a meeting 
 of the board at Cheyenne, July i6, 1903. Mr. C. C. Norwood, 
 Evanston, was chosen president and Miss Lena Stover secretary. 
 The circulars issued by the preceding board were discussed and 
 such changes made as the board deemed necessary. 
 
 At the request of the board, the Attorney General rendered 
 an opinion concerning the issuance of State or Professional Cer- 
 tificates, a copy of which I believe is on file in your office. 
 
 As the present law gives no one the authority to issue State 
 or Professional Certificates, the board has not encouraged teach- 
 ers to apply for such certificates. Applications for Professional 
 Certificates have been received from the following persons : C. 
 R. Atkinson, Sheridan, Wyoming; D. E. McCurtain, Spring- 
 Valley, Wyoming; F. M. McGrew, Pinedale, Wyoming. 
 
 Mr. C. R. Atkinson having complied with the requirements 
 for a Professional Certificate, the board has recommended that he 
 be issued a certificate. 
 
 Mr. D. E. McCurtain's application has been approved by 
 the board and he has been notified that as soon as he has taught 
 the requisite number of years and has passed the examinations 
 required in Rule 4, he will be recommended for a certificate. 
 
 Mr. F. M. McGrew's application has not been acted on by 
 the board. 
 
 The work of the board has been carried on by correspondence 
 and has consisted chiefly in preparing questions for teachers" ex- 
 aminations. The subjects have been assigned as follows : 
 
 F. B. Kesling — Reading, U. S. History, Geography. Physi- 
 ology, Hygiene, Theory and Practice, Civics of L". S., Civics of 
 Wyoming, Political Economy, Methods and Management. 
 
 C. C. Norwood — Orthography, Arithmetic, Geometry, Bot- 
 any, Zoology, Biology, Chemistry. Natural Philosophy, History 
 of Education. 
 
 Lena A. Stover — Penmanship, Grammar, Rhetoric, English 
 Literature, Psychology, Algebra, Bookkeeping, Physical Geog- 
 raphy. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 21 
 
 expenses. 
 July, 1903-December 31, 1904. 
 
 . Board meetino^. July, 1903 $1 18.45 
 
 Stationery i575 
 
 Circulars, rules 18.50 
 
 Examination questions (9 sets) 181.50 
 
 Total $334-20 
 
 iA.s the expenses of the board for the present term have ex- 
 ceeded the appropriation for that purpose, it will be necessary 
 to increase the appropriation. If an appropriation could be made 
 which would enable the board to meet at least once each year 
 and to visit the County Institutes held during the year, the board 
 would be in a position to know the educational needs of the State 
 and to be instrumental in increasing- the efficiency of our school 
 system. 
 
 As the members of the board usuall}- represent different 
 parts of the State, I would respectfully suggest that each member 
 be required to visit the County Institutes held in his section of 
 the State. Such a measure would enable the County Superin- 
 tendents and teachers of the State and would relieve the State 
 Superintendent of the arduous task of visiting all of the Count\' 
 Institutes each year. Respectfully, 
 
 Lena a. Stover, 
 
 Secretarv. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 THOMAS T. TYNAN, 
 
 Siiperiiitendeiit of Public Instruction 
 
 1905 - 1906 
 
 T'RINTED BY THE COURTESY OF 
 
 A. D. COOK, 
 
 State Superintendent. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 Office of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 V'o His Excellency, 
 
 Bryant B. Brooks, 
 
 Governor of Wyoming. 
 
 Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the biennial re- 
 port of this office for the two years ending September 30. 1906, 
 setting- forth the conditions of this department, as required by 
 law. Very respectfully, 
 
 Thos. T. Tynan, 
 Superintendent Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 Office of 
 sl^perintfndent of public instruction. 
 
 In compliance with law. I have the honor to submit herewith 
 the biennial report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 for the' period of two years ending^ September 30, 1906, showing- 
 the condition and progress of the public schools, receipts and 
 disbursements of school funds, state, county and district, to- 
 t^ether with such other statements and statistics as are deemed 
 of interest to the public, for your consideration. 
 
 You will also find appended the biennial report of said 
 office for the two years prior. 1903-1904. Unfortunately I was 
 unable to g-ather data and statistics of sufficient accuracy as to 
 warrant the filing- of said report two years ago in accordance 
 with and at the time required by law. and deemed it best not 
 to file a report under such circumstances, meekly submitting to 
 the humility attending the dereliction of an officer to his superior 
 and the consequent reporting of such offense by that officer in 
 his message to the Legislature. 
 
 It may not be fully appreciated by your excellenc\- and the 
 members of the Legislature the difficulties attending the making 
 out of this report, but if the reports heretofore made from time 
 to time, according to law. by my predecessors in office, were con- 
 sulted, you would find repeated apologies for delays and inac- 
 curate data comprising these reports. 
 
 I do not wish to make apologies for the lateness of this re- 
 port, which should have been filed in your office on the loth of 
 December, but merely call your attention to the fact that there is 
 a vast difference in compiling a report of the data and statistics 
 incident to your immediate office and to depend upon the data 
 and statistics of nearly one thousand officers, the greater ma- 
 jority of them being thrice removed, requiring the recapitulation 
 of at least three reports before finally reaching your office, the 
 inaccuracy of one of these officers holding up the whole report 
 until corrected. When speaking- of one thousand officers con- 
 nected with this report. 1 mention seven hundred and fiftv to 
 eight hundred school teachers who at the end of the school vear 
 
28 BiKNNiAL Report 
 
 are required to report to school district clerks, two hundred and 
 fifty or more in number, who in turn compile the statistics of the 
 teachers' reports with statistics of his own ofiice into one report 
 and file the same with the County Superintendent. That officer 
 then recapitulates all data furnished from the district clerks' and 
 treasurers" reports in connection with data of his own office and 
 forwards the same to this office. That data therein contained in 
 the thirteen County Superintendents' reports, with the statistics 
 of their respective offices, is again compiled and formulated into 
 this report. As an apt illustration of the delay universally oc- 
 casioned, it might be well to cite an incident that will fully explain 
 the usual cause of delay by a letter which, if perused by the 
 individual referred to, he at least might appreciate one of the 
 difficulties withholding this report. The letter is as follows : 
 
 Office of Supt. of Schools, Natrona County, 
 Effie M. Cumming, Supt., 
 
 Casper, Wyo., Sept., 29, 1905. 
 Supt. Thos. T. Tynan, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 Dear Sir : — I regret very much that with all my efforts. I 
 am unable to send in the annual report today as required. We 
 have written, 'phoned and interviewed Governor Brooks, but 
 have as yet not been able to get the treasurer's report from Dis- 
 trict No. II. Districts Nos. 8 and 12 have not reported yet either, 
 but I look for them to do so toda>-. 
 
 I hope that you can pardon this failure, as I certainly have 
 done all that I could to be prompt. Will get the report in at the 
 very earliest possible moment. Yours respectfully, 
 
 Effie Cumming, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 In the preparation of these reports, covering the financial 
 business and educational conduct of the schools in this state, an 
 effort has been made to submit such information as will be of 
 value to those responsible for the expenditures of the funds of 
 the various departments and who are anxious to profit by pre- 
 cedent, and to the great mass of public school patrons and 
 taxpayers who naturally display concern as to the transactions 
 of boards and officers to whom they intrust the conduct of these 
 affairs. The cost and results are set forth in detail and however 
 wearisome the tables may appear, their examination is perhaps 
 the only sure way to gage expenditures of public funds. 
 
 An endeavor has been made to show by uniform tables the 
 growth and conditions of the schools for the past four years 
 and a comparison made as to conditions for several years past. 
 
Superintendent of Pudlic Instriction. 29 
 
 During the past few years many fine buildings have been 
 erected and others which have serevd well the purpose for which 
 they were then intended have given way to more commodious 
 houses and these have been supplemented b}- the many new 
 structures demanded by widened boundaries of settlements, na- 
 tural growth in popvdation and school attendance and an 
 appreciation of popular public education. 
 
 The school buildings of the state now approximate in value 
 nearly three-fourths of a million dollars, while we expend an- 
 nually in the conduct of our schools over one-half million dollars, 
 considerably more than one hundred thousand dollars more than 
 the cost of our state government and l)y still greater amount 
 the combined cost of the administration of our thirteen counties. 
 
 During the past biennium, through the agency of this de- 
 partment a uniform system of reporting and accounting has been 
 established in all of the school districts, the result of which has 
 not been fully tested, due to the lack of financial support, but are 
 much more satisfactory. Previously there were many methods 
 and systems in use and without definite form and a great deal 
 of important data failed to be made a matter of record, compari- 
 sons were difficult to make and it was impossible to determine 
 exactly the conditions of the schools or their funds against 
 which vouchers were drawn and paid without consulting the 
 officer in person, whose memory seemed to serve him better than 
 his records. Lender the new system it is now possible to secure 
 full and accurate information in all departments, as general 
 uniformity has been established. 
 
 In addition to the convenience of properly keeping the records 
 and accounts, it promotes economy and a more careful manage- 
 ment, as the records will show plainly the exact condition of the 
 schools and their funds. The records are permanent. 
 
 In speaking of the results not being satisfactory, mainly due 
 to the lack of financial support, it might be well to explain. At 
 the last session of the Legislature that bodv saw fit to reduce 
 the appropriation supporting the contingent expenses of this 
 office to a much less amount than had been appropriated for a 
 number of years. In fact an attempt was made to further reduce 
 it from the amount finally fixed and in the face of the evidence 
 that the schools had increased enormously in every particular, 
 entailing as it naturally would a far greater expenditure in the 
 proper conduct of the office than ever before. Whether this was 
 due to honest convictions and full knowledge of that honorable 
 body, I am unable to state, but I do say that if that body was 
 prompted by impressions received through the usual channels — • 
 an appointed committee of its own numbers — that committee did 
 not have full knowledge and could not have honestly and impar- 
 
30 Biennial Rkport 
 
 tially informed itself. If on the other hand the purpose of that 
 committee or those personally interested was to humiliate the 
 officer in charge we are indeed glad that they had their revenge, 
 but we have the satisfaction of knowing their acts to be malic- 
 ious and in violation of their oath of office and that if harm was 
 intended the schools alone were the sufferers. Under the circum- 
 stances we are almost compelled to accept the belief that the 
 latter was the motive, especially when you contemplate the 
 appropriations of nearlv all of the other officials, lioards and 
 institutions, which at a glance shows rank discrimination and 
 favoritism, making some contingents out of all reason and pro- 
 portion to actual needs or benefit to be derived. A few instances 
 suffice to illustrate: State Geologist, $2,000; asked $3,800 and 
 from what I can learn almost succeeded in securing that amount. 
 What he wished to do with it is hard for anyone even to con- 
 jecture. Public Land Commissioner. $15,000; includes his own 
 contingent with that of the moneys left in the contingent and 
 turned over by the former Secretary and of the Land lioards and 
 the cost of fixing up the office. Horticultural Board. $3,500, 
 which object I do not know, other than the protection of about 
 twelve orchards and to give .some person a job. 
 
 The state views with pride the progress of its great and 
 popular system of public education. The educational system 
 rests upon three endowments provided for in the constitution. 
 The policy of the state, as shall be determined by the Legislature 
 and accomplished through the taxing power ; districts or estab- 
 lished communities, by the exercise of the taxing power delegated 
 by the Legislature ; supplemented and invariably sustained b\' 
 the pride and intelligence of the people and their willingness and 
 ability to so support. There are many things about the common 
 schools so well settled in the constitution and laws and the 
 minds of the people which need no defense, one of them being the 
 peoples" willingness to tax themselves liberally for the system and 
 would resent in no unmistakable terms the practice of parsimony 
 in the conduct' and administration of that important department 
 of the state's government. 
 
 In an argument made by Daniel Webster in 1821, for the 
 purpose of Public Instruction, he said : 
 
 "We hold every man subject to taxation in proportion to his 
 property and we look not to the question whether he himself 
 has not children to be benefited by the education for which he 
 pays ; we regard it as a wise and liberal system of policy by which 
 property and life and the peace of society are secure. We seek 
 to provide in some measure the extension of the penal code by 
 inspring a salutary and conservative principle of virtue and 
 knowledge in an early age. We hope to excite a feeling of re- 
 
Sri'KRINTKNDENT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 3I 
 
 sponsibility and a sense of character by enlarging the capacities 
 and increasing the sphere of intellectual enjoyment. 
 
 "Knowing that our government rests directly upon the will, 
 that we may preserve it we endeavor to give and serve a proper 
 direction to the public will. We do not, indeed, expect all men to 
 be philosophers or statesmen but we confidently trust that by 
 the diffusion of general knowledge and good and virtuous senti- 
 ments, the political fabric may be secure as well against open 
 violence and over-throw as against the slow but sure undermining 
 of licentiousness." 
 
 The public school system in the minds of the people has 
 fully justified the argument, therefore it is to be hoped that 
 the Legislature in the consideration of measures and appropria- 
 tions that concern the conduct and administration of school 
 affairs will be ever mindful that they are dealing with that 
 department of our government which they hold most dear and 
 will brook no interference with its proper administration and 
 conduct, whether by acts of omission or commission. 
 
 The national government, from the beginning, has made 
 enormous grants of land and moneys in aid of education in 
 several states, including our own. The area of the public domain 
 set aside for the endowment of education amounts to 83,134,473 
 acres, or 134,591 square miles; an area as large as the Nevv- 
 England states. New York, New Jersey, Maryland and Delaware 
 added together ; an area twice as large as our own State. The 
 aggregate value, according to United States Commissioner of 
 Education. Dr. W. T. Harris, is $300,000,000. The first lands 
 granted for school purposes by the general government were 
 in the Trans-Alleghany states, commencing with Ohio. In the 
 grants to that state, lands were placed in trust for schools and 
 for no other use, intent or purpose whatever. In the enabling 
 acts passed by Congress as each state west of the Alleghanies 
 was admitted into the Union, suljstantially the same provision 
 was made vmtil the state of California entered the Union. An 
 ordinance adopted in 1785 by Congress provided for the division 
 of public lands into townships, six miles square and subdivided 
 into thirty-six sections which were each one mile square and 
 numbered from one to thirty-six. F'rovision was made that each 
 lot numbered 16 in every township should be for public schools. 
 This left open the question whether the public schools which the 
 United States had endowed should be under national or state 
 control; by an act approved IMarch 31, 1803, Congress disposed 
 of this question by vesting the Legislatures with control of the 
 public lands so granted. The public lands granted in this way, 
 beginning with Ohio, are equivalent to one thirty-sixth part of 
 the whole area until the admission of California ; then Congress 
 
32 • BiKNNiAL Report 
 
 donated to that state and to each state suhsequently admitted, 
 for the maintenance of their schools, two sections, numbers i6 
 and 32, making one-eigliteenth of the pubhc lands for the benefit 
 of public education. 
 
 Besides these great areas. Congress has endowed many of 
 our higher institutions of learning. Twenty-one thousand acres 
 of land were donated by Congress for the support of the Univer- 
 sity, Agricultural College and the Deaf. Dumb and Blind and 
 State Library, besides $25,000 in money to the Agricultural Col- 
 lege by the Morrill act, $15,000 to the Experiment Station by the 
 Hatch act and a recent act of Congress donating $5,000 to the 
 State of Wyoming. 
 
 The growth of the school system during the past century has 
 developed the fact that education is a matter of state concern 
 and that state administration and supervision shall be applied. 
 
 AIM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 William De Witte, President of Boyden College. Brunswick. 
 Maine, says that the aim of education ( culture ) is embodied in 
 three things : 
 
 1. To earn one's own living by exercise of trained powders. 
 
 2. To support the institution of society by intelligent ap- 
 preciation of their work. 
 
 3. To enjoy the product of art and civilization and through 
 the cultivation of the imagination. 
 
 Superintendent Cooley of the Chicago schools says : 
 "Culture not for its own sake, but for humanity's sake — for 
 
 use in feeding people ; in clothing people ; in rightly pleasing 
 
 people." 
 
 Another aptly says : 
 
 1. Power and (lisposition to earn. 
 
 2. The disposition to contribute. 
 
 3. The power to enjoy. 
 
 Is it a wonder, then, that every community worth considera- 
 tion wants the best and most up-to-date schools which the state 
 is bound to ensure? 
 
 The schools of the state are doing good work and it is quite 
 evident that the educational system is making great progress and 
 growing in unity. The tendency of the people in demanding the 
 employment of the best teachers and to pay salaries commensur- 
 ate with their cjualifications is one of the potent forces which is 
 firmly and surely developing the system. For this we may well 
 feel grateful. While there are many things that might be said 
 favorable to our schools, there are also many things that might 
 be criticized and to be viewed with concern and alarm. The tru- 
 ancv and child-labor features demand the attention of our 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 33 
 
 authorities and our Leg^islature. Xew laws should be enacted, 
 not that we have no laws now on the statutes governing this 
 phase of the school question, but a statute that specifically deter- 
 mines how and liy whom the law should be executed. 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 
 
 A review of the tables showing the attendance of children 
 under the age of the compulsory school law, reveals quite an 
 alarming state of affairs. According to the census of 1903 there 
 were 16,758 children of this age, 16,137 native born, 621 foreign 
 born. Of the native born 2,208 and of the foreign born 108, 
 making a total of 2,316 pupils, failed to attend three months out 
 of the year, making 13.6 per cent of the native born and 17 per 
 cent of the foreign born and 13.9 per cent of the total number 
 of children failing to attend. The following year shows an 
 improved condition. Of the native born, 12 per cent failed to 
 attend, while the foreign born shows 21 per cent. In 1905, last 
 year, the tables show the highest percentage of non-attendance 
 during the four years; 16 per cent native born. 30.4 per cent 
 foreign born, making a total of 17.3 per cent. This year 10 per 
 cent native born and 19 per cent foreign born, total 10.3 per 
 cent. While it shows an improved condition over 1905, yet the 
 present state is still a subject that should be considered. 
 
 TRUANCY. 
 
 An earnest endeavor has been made to curb the truancy and 
 enforce the compulsory educational school law, Init we still are 
 to discover much to be done. The absence of a statute speci- 
 fically designating the officer to executte the law and a suitable 
 place of restraint for a class of chronic truants is a serious 
 impediment to its enforcement. There are a number of this 
 latter class of truants within the compulsory school age who 
 would require an equal number of officers to keep them in 
 school ; now if a place were provided where these ringleaders 
 could be kept away from others and made to know the law and 
 to do their work, the charm of truancy would in time lose its 
 inlluence. Boys of this character at heart are cowards and will 
 not take chances unless largely in their own favor, so the fear of 
 being shut up would be a salient inlluence upon their dispositions. 
 The synopsis of a bill to cover this topic has been drafted by a 
 committee appointed by the State Teachers' Association and will 
 be presented to the next Legislature and I hope some action fav- 
 orable to the bill will be taken. 
 
34 BiKNNiAL Report 
 
 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 
 
 In 1903 the total number of pupils enrolled was 18.381 ; in 
 1906, 18,771, an increase of but four hundred pupils, but as two 
 school districts in L'inta County that conducted at least twenty or 
 twenty-five schools and four districts in Big Horn that conducted 
 a proportionate number of schools have not reported, they may 
 have shown a much greater increase than the total above men- 
 tioned. However, there is quite a marked increase in the total 
 number of days' attendance and the average days" attendance has 
 increased from 92.5 per cent in 1903 to 99.66 per cent in 1906. 
 The attendance in the kindergartens shows ([uite a remarkable 
 decrease, while the attendance in the high schools has increased 
 nearly one hundred per cent, there being 547 enrolled in 1903 and 
 928 in 1906. The average cost of tuition per pupil per month 
 in 1903 was $3.67; in 1906, $4.02. 
 
 EXAMINATION AND OUALIFICATIONS OF TEACHERS. 
 
 During the past two years there has been a question as to 
 the right to. issue State or Professional Certificates, due to the 
 failure of the Legislature, in making a change in the law, to give 
 specific authority to issue the same, while at the same time mak- 
 ing provision how the examination should be taken. There were 
 therefore but few certificates issued in this class. An examina- 
 tion of the tables giving the qualifications of the teachers, a 
 noteworthy feature, is to be observed. In 1903 there were sixteen 
 State or Professional Certificates held by teachers in the State ; 
 in 1906, an increase to 2 7,, almost fifty per cent. Of the first 
 grade county certificates in 1903 there were 190 teachers; in 
 1906, 206; second grade county certificates, which is the highest 
 grade certificate outside of an examination required in academic 
 branches, there were 333 teachers possessing this certificate in 
 1903, and in 1906, 430. In the third grade county certificate, 
 the poorest certificate issued, there is a marked decrease in num- 
 ber, which shows that the people and boards of education are 
 alive to the necessity of employing qualified teachers ; in 1903 
 there were 120 teachers possessing third grade certificates while 
 in 1906 but 71. In 1903 there were 52 teachers possessing normal 
 diplomas; in 1906, 114 — another instance that the people are alive 
 as to conditions. The college graduates in the ranks of the 
 teaching profession in Wyoming were 51 in 1903, 54 in 1906, 
 which percentage is not so high as we would like to say of this 
 class of teachers. 
 
 teachers' institutes. 
 
 The work in this department of professional training has 
 made remarkable growth during the past eight years and is 
 
SuPERTNTfiNDENT OE PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 35 
 
 growing in favor each year with the teaching forces and has 
 enHsted more commendation for its practicable instruction than 
 ever before in its history. The steady growth of these institu- 
 tions has enabled materially to build up the work of unifying the 
 teaching profession in this state. There is a marked change in 
 the attitude of teachers, principals, and superintendents toward 
 these conventions, a sure conviction that the county institutes 
 are indispensable to our schools and to the teaching profession. 
 So far as this state is concerned there seems to be a hearty co- 
 operation of professional activity, which no agency at our 
 command can at this time supply. The teachers come to the 
 institute with sincerity and leave it with a consciousness that 
 if they are not better teachers they have learned something 
 because of what they have felt and absorbed from their associa- 
 tion with the instructors and their co-workers. While the state 
 has not been parsimonious in its appropriations for the use of the 
 institutes, yet I believe that the amount expended, $100, if in- 
 creased to double its amount would do the profession and the 
 schools a proportional amount of good. 
 
 STATE teachers' association. 
 
 Some time ago and in the last printed report of this ofhce 
 mention was made of the organization of a Teachers' Associa- 
 tion and the fact deplored that it was impossible, in so far as the 
 State of Wyoming was concerned, due to the immense territory 
 and its being sparsely settled and for the lack of railroad systems, 
 making it expensive for teachers from all parts of the state to 
 attend. However, by great energy and persistence, known only 
 to the profession, an association has been organized and the 
 third annual convention held with the result that at each suc- 
 ceeding annual convention increased attendance and enthusiasm 
 has been attained and manifested. After showing so much patri- 
 otism and regard for their profession in the interest of the 
 children of the state, it is to my mind an opportune time for the 
 state, through the Legislature, by an appropriation, to assist in 
 making this association a permanent particular in our school 
 system. 
 
 school district officers. 
 
 In the foregoing part of this report mention has been made 
 of the difficulties met in formulating this report, chiefly through 
 the school district officers. The greater number of these dif- 
 ficulties have been overcome by establishing a uniform system 
 of accounting and reporting and requiring an examination of 
 these records from time to time by the County Superintendents, 
 
36 Biennial Rkport 
 
 yet there is one difificitlty that seems iilipossible to overcome, and 
 that is the officer who is incapable or does not try to make out his 
 reports as required by law. The statute requires the oath of office 
 and places a fine upon such officer should he fail to properly make 
 out his report, yet that seems to be insufficient to carry into effect 
 the purport and intent of the law. It seems to me that, beisdes the 
 law now on our statutes imposing^ such a penalty, the clerk of the 
 district be required to furnish a bond, so that in case of dereliction 
 of any of his duties something tangible might be had for a pros- 
 ecution. 
 
 COUNTY SUPERINTENDKNTS. 
 
 The duties of this office have increased in the past six years 
 ten-fold, and with this increase in work comes additional responsi- 
 bilities requiring greater skill and ability. l:)ut with the usual com- 
 pensation. It is useless to try to elect to this office a person qual- 
 ified to fulfill the duties and requirements and carry on the vast 
 amount of work unless a suitable salary is stipulated. The County 
 Superintendent, if properly qualified to fulfill the duties imposed, 
 should demand a salary equal to any other county official, or that 
 of principals and superintendents of city schools ; having super- 
 vision over all of the city and rural schools and teachers. In my 
 recommendations I shall have something further to say on this 
 subject. 
 
 STATE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The President of the University furnishes two interesting 
 reports on that institution for the biennial periods of 1903-4 and 
 1905-6, which are herewith appended. The growth, methods, 
 power and nvunber of its faculty show an increase and material 
 and substantial improvement. The University, through the ef- 
 forts of its President and the faculty, has become closely allied to 
 the graded and high schools of the State, admitting graduates of 
 the latter to the University without examination, and notwithstand- 
 ing the increase of the number of graduates from our high schools, 
 the student body of the University remains substantially the same, 
 at least so far as the graduates of the high schools of the State 
 at large are concerned. Why this seeming indifference to the 
 chief institution of learning in this State? Is it due to the methods 
 and personnel of the faculty of that institution, or to the admin- 
 istration ? It is openly charged that politics is the chief concern 
 of the majority of the present administration and it is serving 
 well the purpose of its head, the president of the board, in that 
 particular, and a few of his immediate followers who are un- 
 doubtedly profiting at the expense of the institution. The en- 
 deavor to suppress the report of the State Examiner on two 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. yj 
 
 successive occasions and at meetings of the Board of Trustees 
 is one incident toward which, if know^n pubhcly, sentiment would 
 demand a change. Another feature which does not find favor 
 with the people is the receipts and disbursements not passing 
 through the usual channels, as those of other state institutions — 
 through the State Auditor and Treasurer. For some time severe 
 criticism has been rife as to the methods employed in its ad- 
 ministration, and frequently over the State one will hear the 
 charge that the institution, financially, is not being conducted 
 strictly in accordance with customs and policies usually govern- 
 inof state and educational institutions. 
 
 recommendations. 
 
 I would respectfully recommend that the law relative to the 
 election of school trustees be so amended as to make the qualifica- 
 tions of each member to be elected, an additional one, and that 
 the trustee so elected should be able to read and write and to 
 keep accurate accounts, and that he be required to give a bond 
 for the faithful performance of his duties and in an amount suf- 
 ficient to cover all damages accruing from his dereliction. 
 
 That the statute be changed as to define the school month. 
 The month to be divided into four weeks of five days each, thus 
 making the month twenty days, instead of the calendar month. 
 
 That school meetings of districts be empowered to abandon 
 schools for the purpose of consolidation, and that they be per- 
 mitted to vote money to purchase wagons and other necessities 
 for the transportation of pupils, and that two or more districts 
 may be permitted to consolidate in order to concentrate the 
 schools for the purpose of securing better gradation. 
 
 I would recommend as a penalty for the non-attendance of 
 teachers at a county institute, when due notice is given by Coanty 
 Superintendent, unless they have been excused by that officer or 
 can give fair and good reasons for non-attendance, the revoking 
 of the teacher's certificate by the County Superintendent, and 
 this to apply to all teachers coming under his jurisdiction. 
 
 That the Legislature authorize the County Commissioners 
 to appropriate $200 for the conduct of the county institutes, and 
 the money so appropriated may be used to defray all expenses 
 encountered therewith, and that more days be set aside for hold- 
 ing county institutes. 
 
 That the State make liberal appropriation for the aid of 
 the State Teachers" Association. 
 
 That the statute relative to compulsory education be amend- 
 ed so as to conform to the lines laid down in the bill or recom- 
 mendations drafted b>- the committee appointed by the State 
 Teachers' Association. 
 
38 Biennial Report 
 
 That the State Board of Examiners correct and mark all 
 examination papers, and upon their recommendation county cer- 
 tificates be granted by the County Superintendents, state or pro- 
 fessional certificates by the State Superintendent, and a suitable 
 compensation be allowed the members of the board for each day's 
 actual work and that the usual appropriation of $400 for the 
 contingent expenses of this board be appropriated. 
 
 That the salaries of the County Superintendents be increased 
 to ecjual the salaries of other county officials wherein equal work, 
 responsibility and ability are required ; and that County Super- 
 intendents of the fourth class be paid $1,000 per year; counties 
 of the third class, $1,250, and counties of the second and first 
 class. $1,500. 
 
 That $3,500 at least be appropriated for the contingent ex- 
 penses of the office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 to properly supply all schools with daily and term registers, daily 
 and term reports, of district officers' reports, cards to parents 
 for every pupil enrolled in the school, census blanks, school laws, 
 and other records and expenses incidental to the office and a 
 diligent supervision of the schools of the State. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 39 
 
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Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 41 
 
 Public Schools of ]Vyouiing fCoiitiiiitcdJ for the Year Biuiing ihe 
 First Monday in September, ipo^. 
 
 counties 
 
 Albany. 
 Big Horn. . 
 Carbon. . . 
 Converse . . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont. . 
 Johnson . . 
 Laramie . . 
 Natrona . . 
 Sheridan. . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . 
 Weston. . . 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers 
 
 Number holding- 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
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 -a 2 
 
 u 
 
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 = 
 
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 ■fi 
 
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 Z 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 49 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 iK) 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 12 
 
 ;) 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 85 
 
 214 
 
 438 
 
 92 
 
 •oQ 
 
 15 
 
 Public Schools of iryoining (Continued) for the Year Ending the 
 First Monday in September, 190^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Assessed valua- 
 tion of Dists. 
 
 Special Tax in mills for 
 
 Outstanding in- 
 debtedness 
 
 Ara't bonds re- 
 deemed 
 
 Libraries 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 ■S 
 
 a 
 
 
 ffl 
 
 C8(_| 
 
 MJ2 
 C 
 
 1=^ 
 
 ii 
 1! be 
 0- 
 
 > 
 
 6 
 
 > 
 
 Albany. . 
 Big Horn. 
 Carbon. . 
 Converse. 
 Crook . . 
 Fremont . 
 Johnson . 
 Laramie . 
 Natrona . 
 Sheridan . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . 
 Weston. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 $4,5^.5,.^60.77 
 3,634,727.90 
 5,938.360.61 
 2,809,087.30 
 2,440,789.41 
 2,249,138.50 
 2,328.968.16 
 6,861,268.54 
 2,094,037.37 
 3.632,773.33 
 4,487,174.04 
 5.895 063.98 
 1,869,890.64 
 
 21 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 29^ 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 57 
 150 
 
 46 
 11 
 
 V2 
 
 13 
 
 5'X 
 421^ 
 
 5 
 47 
 
 89 
 11 
 
 mi 
 
 2H 
 90^ 
 16!^ 
 
 $23,000 
 
 14,635 
 
 31,000 
 
 4.500 
 
 2,200 
 
 9,000 
 
 17,800 
 
 68.770 
 
 5,000 
 
 23,275 
 
 4,700 
 
 46,950 
 
 10,150 
 
 $ 
 
 400 
 
 2.000 
 
 100 
 
 1,280 
 
 2,500 
 
 4,575 
 
 336 
 
 1.750 
 
 1.50 
 
 170(i 
 
 212 
 2200 
 1980 
 7037 
 1835 
 
 930 
 180t) 
 1367 
 1700 
 
 1.50 
 1600 
 
 500 
 
 $1,389 
 
 299 
 
 2.766 
 
 2,250 
 
 3,957 
 
 1,347 
 
 615 
 
 1,000 
 
 674 
 
 507 
 
 100 
 
 1,299 
 
 200 
 
 Tetal 
 
 $48,826,840.55 
 
 li^i 
 
 346^ 
 
 13^ 
 
 408 
 
 $260,980 
 
 $13,091 
 
 23,017 
 
 $16,404 
 
42 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Estimated Value of School Property in Counties, ipoj. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Buildings 
 
 $52150.00 
 35075.00 
 51611.00 
 31876.00 
 36900.00 
 25023.00 
 32750.00 
 
 173039.00 
 17500.00 
 66809.68 
 37700.00 
 
 105015.00 
 17910.00 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 $ 
 
 2050.00 
 3875.00 
 
 10375.00 
 1600.00 
 
 6732.55 
 250.00 
 
 Books 
 
 Totals 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Carbon 
 
 $4620.00 
 7660.00 
 9230.00 
 4625.00 
 8605.00 
 2675.00 
 4200. (X) 
 
 18635.00 
 3000.00 
 7703.(10 
 4288.50 
 
 13SS2.00 
 2125.00 
 
 $4025.00 
 5259.65 
 5610.00 
 2389.00 
 3957.25 
 2676.00 
 2625.00 
 
 2200.00 
 6613.00 
 2445.50 
 
 2510.00 
 
 $60795.00 
 47994.65 
 68501.00 
 42765 00 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 49462.25 
 30374.00 
 39575.00 
 
 
 202049 00 
 
 Natrona 
 
 24:300.00 
 81125.6s 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Weston . . .... 
 
 44434.00 
 125629.55 
 22795.00 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 $683,358.68 
 
 $91,248.50 
 
 $24,882.55 
 
 $40,310.40 
 
 $839,800,13 
 
 On March 31, 1905, the following^ amounts were distributed 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County Enrollment Apportiotiinent 
 
 Albany '. i .575 $5,679-82 
 
 Big Horn 2,391 8.622.51 
 
 Carbon 1,800 6,491.23 
 
 Converse 1.025 3,696.40 
 
 Crook 1. 1 32 4,082.26 
 
 Fremont 1,104 3.981.29 
 
 Johnson 892 3,216.76 
 
 Laramie 2,981 10,750.19 
 
 Natrona 475 1.705-75 
 
 Sheridan 2,225 8,023.88 
 
 Sweetwater 1.571 5.665.40 
 
 Uinta 4,408 15,896.30 
 
 Weston 814 2,935.48 
 
 22,391 
 
 ^,747.27 
 
Sui'EKINTKNDENT OF Pl'lU.lC 1 XSTRL'CTION. 
 
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Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 47 
 
 Public Schools of JVyoniing (Continued) for the Year Ending the 
 first Monday in September, ipo6. 
 
 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers 
 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 Number Holding 
 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 J3 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
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 H 
 
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 3 
 
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 21 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
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 6 
 
 42 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Carbon 
 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
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 21 
 
 09 
 
 6 
 
 •> 
 
 4 
 
 
 '> 
 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 47 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 Fremont 
 
 1 
 
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 '> 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 Laramie 
 
 3 
 
 43 
 
 86 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 2 
 
 Natrona 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 3 
 15 
 
 55 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 1 
 
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 1 
 
 28 
 9 
 
 49 
 21 
 
 17 
 4 
 
 26 
 5 
 
 9 
 54 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
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 1 
 
 Totals 
 
 23 
 
 206 
 
 430 
 
 71 
 
 114 
 
 16 
 
 Public Schools of JVyoniing (Continued) for the Year Ending the 
 First Monday in September, ipo6. 
 
 counties. 
 
 Albany. . . 
 Big Horn. . 
 Carbon. . . 
 Converse . . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . 
 Laramie . . 
 Natrona . . 
 Sheridan . . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . 
 Weston . . 
 
 $4566536 
 4150175 
 5709222 
 3012732 
 2575986 
 2595878, 
 2341448 
 7237337, 
 2589036 
 3705327 
 4632179, 
 6202641 , 
 1904700. 
 
 $51,162,202.87 
 
 Special I'ax in Mills for 
 
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 1 
 
 13 
 
 49K 
 
 124 
 
 103^ 
 45 
 
 39^ 
 
 10 
 
 2'4 
 
 16^ 
 
 36K 
 50 
 
 98 
 
 89 
 143 
 
 3245^ 21H 476% $266,432 
 
 O 
 
 $23000 
 18942 
 31000 
 14000 
 
 1200 
 
 8000 
 17400 
 07490 
 
 4500 
 22700 
 
 3000 
 45200 
 10000 
 
 aa g 
 §1' 
 
 800 
 1000 
 
 100 
 1280 
 
 500 
 2475 
 1700 
 1750 
 
 $10,306 
 
 Libraries 
 
 2285 
 
 720 
 
 2389 
 
 1363 
 
 7040 
 
 1900 
 
 810 
 
 1473 
 
 1145 
 
 1849 
 
 364 
 
 43:3 
 
 655 
 
 22465 
 
 $2040.25 
 584.00 
 
 2705.00 
 865.00 
 
 4210 00 
 
 1435.00 
 540.00 
 
 1084.00 
 525.00 
 553.50 
 240.00 
 397.00 
 272.00 
 
 $15452.00 
 
48 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Estimated J'ahic of School Property in Counties, ipo6. 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 School 
 Buildings 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 Books 
 
 Totals 
 
 Albany 
 
 $.52,885.00 
 33,325.00 
 60.000.00 
 38,124.00 
 33,750.00 
 24.780.00 
 12,000.00 
 
 186,387.00 
 18,0.58.76 
 68,2,50.00 
 37,700.00 
 
 104,025.00 
 18,750.00 
 
 $4,540.00 
 8.470.00 
 
 10,01)000 
 5,26S.0O 
 9.tX)0.00 
 2,785 00 
 3.500.00 
 
 21,620.00 
 3,402.00 
 8,651.00 
 4,288.00 
 
 11,485.00 
 2,125.00 
 
 $3,170.00 
 
 ;u)6o.bo 
 
 3,977.06 
 2.780.00 
 
 1K175.00 
 1,.500.00 
 
 176.00 
 
 $2,225.00 
 68,270.00 
 6,.500.00 
 3,805.00 
 3,000.00 
 2,485.00 
 2.62.5.00 
 
 2.713.00 
 7,200.00 
 3,230.00 
 10„527.42 
 2,425.00 
 
 $62,820.00 
 48,622 00 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 79 ,.500 00 
 51,264.06 
 40,430.00 
 30,050.00 
 18.125.00 
 
 
 219,182.00 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 25.673.76 
 84,101.00 
 45.218.00 
 
 Uinta 
 
 126,037.42 
 23.476.00 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $688,034.76 
 
 $96,034.00 
 
 $25,778.06 
 
 $53,652.42 
 
 $863,499.24 
 
 On March 31. 1906, the following amounts were distrihuted 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 Coiintv Bnrolhnent Apportionment 
 
 Alhany -2,297 $10,970.03 
 
 Big Horn 2,669 12,746.62 
 
 Carbon 1.943 9,279.41 
 
 Converse i ,032 4,928.65 
 
 Crook 1,126 5.377-56 
 
 Fremont 1,089 5.200.88 
 
 Johnson 968 4,623.00 
 
 Laramie 3.095 14,781.1 1 
 
 Natrona 570 2,722.23 
 
 Sheridan 2,454 1 1,719.84 
 
 Sweetwater 1.539 7-349-99 
 
 Uinta 4.461 21,304.87 
 
 Weston 911 4,350.77 
 
 24,154 $115,354.96 
 
 i 
 
Superintendent oe Public Instruction. 
 
 49 
 
 O 
 0\ 
 
 
 UJ 
 
 <: 
 
 
 
 siEJOX 
 
 $42,018.12 
 57,478.88 
 40,166.70 
 38,774.29 
 27,273.94 
 23,838.58 
 47,196.57 
 
 104,021.06 
 21,443.51 
 01,788.58 
 35,180.73 
 09,953.58 
 18,951.18 
 
 i °^ 
 in 
 
 1 9S 
 
 •3J3 •snoijE 
 -uop 'SJU3J 'sioj 
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 50 OC 
 
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 15,000.00 
 . . 359.30 
 
 140.07 
 192.95 
 
 CO 
 
 in 
 1 oT 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 Xauora paAvaoJoq 
 
 puE SJJBjpjaAQ 
 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
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 JDU} 
 -SIQ JO UOISIAIQ 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s^iooq JO aiEg 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .05 
 128.08 
 20.35 
 
 90,70 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 "-o 
 
 IS 
 
 ! sajis 
 1 puE sSuipiinq 
 
 j lOOXJDS JO 3|ES 
 
 8 
 
 CS iTi 
 
 117.80 
 491.75 
 
 |i 
 
 ; OIMrtinOGCO--HTO-*OSt-l^ 
 
 ■*o-*!£inoco-Hc<(ooo:aci^ 
 1 Dun J DUET 3U9UI 1 C'iy::oaact-oco»HeQ050i'^o 
 ^ -uoijjoddE ajEic; o» t^ m 3i_ co cj o i-; i-; t-^ co co to 
 
 oc!cr'*in'in-*-*cJ-r-t-r-i'-i; 
 
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 Is? 
 
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 papunja^ 
 spuog SlQ 31ES 
 
 
 
 
 
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 puE XBX I^padg 
 
 $18,7,55.48 
 19,308.21 
 15,019.29 
 16,784.17 
 13,787.96 
 
 7,474.63 
 13,763.88 
 59,131.80 
 
 8,242.30 
 21.901,52 
 10,468.13 
 14,136.37 
 11,573.90 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 saij ,^- 
 
 -[EU3J pUE S3UIJ S 
 • 5^ 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 i • 
 
 QC 
 
 
 
 1 inctc=;=;c:o- 
 1 TOTOl*OC^TO^H(C 
 
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 looqog .<iunof) OOTgin^Sg:? 
 IBJauao psApoay ^ ^5 g,- „- 5^' ~; jC ^ 
 
 4,933.34 
 0,300,00 
 8, 900.. 52 
 10,092.08 
 450.00 
 
 ! ^ 
 
 en 
 1 »-n 
 
 CO 
 
 9061 'I lasS 
 'puEq UO aDUEJEa 
 
 .$4,314.89 
 18,418.80 
 10,220.30 
 4,024.83 
 3,323,57 
 0,346.72 
 0,780.72 
 8,170.00 
 .5,519.09 
 7,056.13 
 8,322.02 
 23,734.84 
 2„570.51 
 
 
 
 counties 
 
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 Natrona .... 
 Sheridan. . . . 
 Sweetwater. . . 
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 ■< ce u u o fe !-->■-' z (/3 t/i P i> 
 
Reports of County Superintendents. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY. 
 
 In submitting- a resume of the public school work of this 
 county for the two years just closed, I heg to state -that the 
 schools on the whole are in a very satisfactory condition. All 
 the children who care to avail themselves of the privilege are 
 permitted to attend school for at least a short term every year. 
 
 The growth being made in school libraries is very encour- 
 aging; also the school apparatus and equipment generally is 
 improving, while the new buildings being erected are more 
 commodious and are being; furnished with a greater degree of 
 taste ahd beauty. Some of the teachers have taken pains with 
 the school yards, and the children carry water and work with 
 much interest and enthusiasm to keep their flower beds in good 
 condition. 
 
 We have at present, in Albany County, actively engaged in 
 school work fifty-nine teachers. Of this number, thirty-three 
 are Wyoming girls, who have received their education in our 
 own scliools and at the State I'niversity. Following is a sched- 
 ule of the class of certificates held by these teachers : 
 
 First grade 25 
 
 Second grade 28 
 
 Third grade 6 
 
 Total 59 
 
 This to me is a gratifying condition, as well qualified teachers 
 nuist bring about a higher standard in the school requirements. 
 Particularly is this true in the rural schools, where so much of 
 necessity must be left to the teacher's power and ability to impart 
 to those under her charge. 
 
 We have a Reading Circle for our teachers, the books chosen 
 for the current year being "Waymarks" and "Phelps and His 
 Teachers" for the rural teachers, and "Education as Adjustment" 
 for those connected with the graded schools. 
 
 We are grateful to know that the Young People's Reading- 
 Circle, which was organized at our institute in June, has found 
 favor through the State, and that it has been made a State 
 
52 Biennial Report 
 
 Circle and the list of books for this 3'ear was adopted at the 
 State Teachers' Association held in Douglas last September. 
 
 There is one side of our school affairs which is not in the 
 most satisfactory condition. I refer to the business presided 
 over by the school district boards. In some districts there is a 
 good deal of difficulty in getting the reports on time, or in hav- 
 ing them arranged in an accurate and business-like manner. The 
 trouble is largely due to the fact that our school boards are 
 changed, in part at least, every May ; whereas the annual reports 
 from the district clerk to the County Superintendent is not due 
 until September. This change often brings in the accounts of 
 different clerks and treasurers, thereby causing confusion. It is 
 earnestly to be hoped that the coming Legislature will see fit to 
 make some alteration in this law. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 (Mrs.) Emma H. Knight, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CARBON COUNTY. 
 
 Entering upon the work of County Superintendent four 
 years ago, I found the schools in fairly good condition in some 
 of the districts, very poor in some and very good in others. Sub- 
 mitting my report to you now at the close of 1906, justice de- 
 mands that I repeat the foregoing statement, and add that I 
 believe there is much room for improvement. 
 
 Then there were twentv-five districts ; now there are twen- 
 ty-nine. The ever-increasing population of the growing West 
 constantly necessitates the forming even more than 1 have, for 
 they are greatly needed. The present arrangement of districts 
 does not meet the demands of the people. There are several 
 districts so large that the school house, located in the best pos- 
 sible place, even then leaves some families seven and eight miles 
 awa}'. I have found this one of the serious difficulties to meet. 
 In four districts the school funds are divided and each section of 
 the district has its share of the school. I approve of this plan, 
 because, though it seems it would give each one a very short term 
 of school, I find it induces the patrons to do more themselves. 
 They (in some instances) board the teacher free, furnish the 
 fuel and donate funds to lengthen the term. 
 
 The low requirements and higher wages of the West in- 
 duce many poor teachers to enter our ranks. Xo good teacher 
 is willing to be third grade. The best is none too good in a 
 
SUPER1XTI-:XDENT OF PuDLIC INSTRUCTION. 53 
 
 teacher, and we will hail the day when the person who offers 
 himself as a teacher of Young- America must he strictly first- 
 class or out of the ranks entirely. 
 
 It would aid materially the educational affairs of the rural 
 districts if some requirements were exacted of district trustees. 
 At present in many instances they are entirely incompetent and 
 uninterested. I have made it a practice hefore the May meeting 
 to write a letter to the meeting- (to be read at that time) urging 
 them to put in competent, interested men or women as trustees. 
 This has helped the matter in some cases. It follows that an 
 interested school board will take the trouble to investigate ap- 
 plications from teachers and pick the best they can get, and they 
 will (as far as funds admit) purchase the necessary apparatus 
 for carrying on a successful school. 
 
 In some of the districts entertainments of different kinds 
 have added to the funds for buying libraries, books, microscopes, 
 clocks, bells, etc. 
 
 District No. 4, at Baggs, has erected a new brick building 
 and furnished it nicely. District No. 7, at Hanna, has built a 
 wing ^nto the old building and erected one new building. Dis- 
 trict No. 13 is new and they have put up a comfortable room 
 and furnished it. District No. 19 was abandoned and joined to 
 District No. 25. District No. 20 is also new, as are Nos. 23, 25 
 and 28. These districts have all put up good, comfortable build- 
 ings and furnished them. 
 
 I find it is the custom among a great many teachers to limit 
 the course in the country schools to a certain grade (depending 
 on the number of pupils and the time left the teacher) and to 
 impress upon older pupils that they should enter some good, well 
 graded town school or the State University to continue their 
 study. 
 
 Rawlins has a school of which Carbon Count v is justly- 
 proud. It is the only well graded, well equipped high school in 
 the county. They employ teachers who must be first grade, a 
 superintendent, and a kindergarten teacher. There were seventy- 
 one little folks in this department last year and thev had a total 
 attendance of 5.753 days. 
 
 Four years ago the number of pupils in the county was 
 1.543. In 1903 there were 1,786; in 1904, 1.813; in 1905, 1.943. 
 and in 1906, nearly 2,000. Four years ago the general county 
 tax was $5,260.04. This year it amounted to $9,529.70. The 
 state land fund four years ago was $6,228.69. This year it 
 amounted to $9,279.41. 
 
 With a continued increase in the funds, more rigid require- 
 ments of teachers, carefully chosen school officers and the ben- 
 efits to be derived now from our new State Teachers' Associa- 
 
54 Bif:nnial Report 
 
 tion and The Journal, Wyoming- schools should come rapidly to 
 the front and take their deserved standing among the best 
 schools of the nation. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Roberta Ekdahl, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CONVERSE COUNTY. 
 
 There are at present fifty-two schools taught in this county, 
 an increase of seven schools for the last four years. There are 
 one thousand and sixty-four pupils (1,064) of school age resid- 
 ing in the county at present, an increase of eighty-five (85) for 
 the last four years. 
 
 The average increase of teachers' salaries is some better than 
 $5 per month. 
 
 The schools at Lusk, Manville and Cdenrock have been 
 g-raded, and with Douglas makes four graded schools in Con- 
 verse County. 
 
 There has been much improvement in the buildings and ap- 
 paratus throughout the county ; a general desire to pay better 
 salaries and get better teachers — a healthy condition. 
 
 A number of the more closely settled communities are talk- 
 ing over the idea of combining- their districts and, where possible, 
 in the still more thickly settled parts, build two or more rooms 
 and grade their schools also. This plan has been tried in other 
 states and with great success. Why not here, where practicable? 
 
 Many of the younger teachers are or have been spending 
 their vacations or portions of the year at normals or good train- 
 ing schools for teachers, and those who have not been able to do 
 this have taken correspondence courses of some kind to help them 
 in the line of their work. All of which I have recommended them 
 to do from the first of my entrance into the office of County 
 Superintendent of Schools. The result has shown in every in- 
 stance that the young teacher gets better grades and. of course, 
 a better certificate, and in every instance a more desirable school, 
 in a more favorable part of the county, not so far remote from 
 the railroads, and daily mail and so forth. These facts should 
 make every teacher thoughtful, it seems to me. 
 
 Our school laws should be amended, not so much new laws 
 as to make what we have better. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 George Cudebec, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
SuPERiNTENDicx'P OF I'rni.ic IxsTKrcTiox. 55 
 
 CROOK COUNTY. 
 
 In reviewing' the work for the past two years, I find the in- 
 crease in the niimher of districts to be two, making sixteen dis- 
 tricts in all. The number of schools has increased and the 
 increase in number of pupils is eighty-eig"ht. 
 
 We have formed a County Children's Reading Circle this 
 year, with the office of the County Superintendent as a center. 
 The books are to be ke])t in the office of the superintendent during 
 the school vacations. 
 
 Our pupils and teachers, by giving entertainments, have got 
 organs in a number of our schools. 
 
 We held our institute this year in August, as we did last, 
 with an enrollment of fifty-two teachers. Dr. Brown of Laramie 
 conducted and Miss Osborne of Council P)lufifs had charge of 
 construction work. The work by both instructors was instruc- 
 tive and interesting. 
 
 The County Superintendent visited nearly every school in 
 the county twice during the term, making one hundred and three 
 visits in the year. X'isited schools five and one-half months out 
 of twelve. 
 
 We have done away with the system of granting permits 
 and import manv Eastern teachers, also Spearfish Normal grad- 
 uates. The greatest drawback to our advancement in this county 
 is the low wages we pay. We are still short of teachers, but I 
 believe that next year the wages will be raised all over the county. 
 
 The Spearfish Normal School is only fifteen miles from 
 Crook County and we have made arrangements whereby the 
 eighth grade graduates can enter the D class without examina- 
 tion. Prof. Cook spoke very highly of Crook County students 
 when I visited the normal school last month. 
 
 In my opinion the basis for grading certificates should be 
 advanced. No grade should fall below 70 for second and 60 for 
 third. If four of the higher branches were added for a first it 
 would be more reasonable and just than it is now. 
 
 I would recommend a law whereby it would take two-thirds 
 of the electors to move a school house that has once been estab- 
 lished. It would save money for the districts and do awa}' with 
 much quarreling and hard feeling. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Jennie Davis, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
56 Biennial Report 
 
 FRE^tOXT CnVXTY. 
 
 Our schools are well organized and by following- the course 
 of study adopted by the State we see great progress in our work. 
 
 Pupils graduating from the rural school, the same as in the 
 graded school. 
 
 Much interest is shown in the building of better school 
 houses and voting money for longer terms of school and in 
 building up our libraries, and the children delight in the Wyo- 
 ming Reading Circle. 
 
 The teachers are in earnest and each strives to make her 
 school the best in the county. 
 
 New school houses have been built at Pinedale, Liotilder, 
 Red Canon. Thermopolis and Riverton and libraries established. 
 
 Thermopolis has a well graded school, employing five teach- 
 ers and has a two-vear high school. Lander employs nine 
 teachers, having fitted up two extra rooms this year. Good 
 work is done in the school here and we have an excellent high 
 school. 
 
 Five new districts have been established in the past four 
 vears. In each of these new districts a good school house has 
 been built. 
 
 The ftiture prospects are very bright for our cotmty as well 
 as for our schools. A'ery respectfully yours. 
 
 Allie Davis, 
 Count V Superintendent. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 In compliance with yotir request, I submit the following 
 report of the schools of Johnson County, setting forth, in a 
 brief statement, the conditions existing in our schools during my 
 term in ofifice : 
 
 There are txyelve school districts in Johnson County, two of 
 which have been created in the past two years. The boundary 
 lines of several districts have been changed to suit the conven- 
 ience of the people therein residing. In these twelve districts 
 there are twenty-three schools, the enrollment of which is about 
 seven htuidred and fifty pupils. 
 
 There has been a noticeable improvement in the rtiral schools 
 of the county. The citizens in all parts of the county have shown 
 a deep and lively interest in the welfare of the schools. 
 
 In three districts new school houses have been built and 
 several school houses have been furnished and painted and the 
 grounds and fences improved. Two rural schools have been 
 
Superintendent oe Public Instruction. 57 
 
 supplied with larg^e bells. Many log buildings with dirt roofs 
 are still used, however. 
 
 A very great loss was sustained, last year, in District No. 2. 
 The large and well equipped brick school house at Buffalo was 
 totally destroyed by fire. All text books and apparatus of both 
 high school and grades were lost. The district board rented 
 buildings in the city and school was continued. The hig'h school 
 was conducted in the county court house. There was less than 
 one week of school lost and every grade finished its work in 
 June, to the satisfaction of the school officers. The loss was a 
 heav}' one to both city and district. A fine new brick building is 
 under construction and will be completed by January i. 
 
 Johnson County has a county high school, the first and only 
 one in the State established and conducted under the law passed 
 by the last Legislature. At the present time the county high 
 school rents rooms from District No. 2, but they expect to erect 
 a larg'e stone or brick building at Bufifalo, the county seat. 
 
 I notice a very great advancement in the country schools. 
 In most districts they use the same books as are used in the Buf- 
 falo city schools. Better wages are paid this year, $45 per month 
 being' the lowest wages paid. The terms have been lengthened, 
 six months being the shortest term taught this year. 
 
 Competent teachers have been employed. In Johnson County 
 over half our teachers have had normal training, and only two 
 third grade teachers are employed. 
 
 Aluch of the success in the country schools is due to the 
 more efficient district trustees that are now in office. Mv reports 
 were exceptionally good this year. 
 
 Interesting and inspiring Teachers' Institutes have been 
 held each year ; all the meetings were well attended by a large 
 number of bright, active teachers and many citizens interested in 
 school work. Regular examinations have been held and con- 
 ducted as required by law. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Margaret Lothian, 
 Cc^unty Superintendent. 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY. 
 
 The total number of schools now maintained in Laramie 
 County is one hundred twenty-eight. This gives employment to 
 one hundred thirty-eight teachers. The total enrollment as re- 
 ported by the various districts, September i, 1906, is two thousand 
 six hundred fifty-six pupils. 
 
 Twenty-five school buildings have been built during the past 
 two years, most of them good, substantial frame buildings. At 
 
58 Biennial Rki'ort 
 
 Guernsey a two-story, four-roomed school building has been 
 erected ; also each of the following places boast of good, com- 
 modious two-roomed buildings, viz. ; Sunrise, W\ncote and Tor- 
 rington. 
 
 The estimated valuation of school property in Laramie 
 County is $219,182.50. 
 
 Many improvements have been made in the Cheyenne 
 schools. The buildings consist of five two-story brick structures 
 and one small frame building. Cheyenne employs thirty-six 
 teachers and has an enrollment of one thousand four hundred 
 forty-six pupils. There is an excellent and accredited high school 
 in Cheyenne, enrolling one hundred seventy-one. Its graduating 
 class in 1906 numbered twenty-three. 
 
 In 1903 a large two-story brick school building was con- 
 structed at Wheatland. Here they now employ seven teachers. 
 They have a good high school, enrolling about forty-one pupils 
 and offering a four-year course. The class of 1906, consisting of 
 four, had the honor of being the first to graduate from the Wheat- 
 land high school. In this district all of the rural schools situated 
 near Wheatland have been consolidated with the town schools. 
 Covered wagons convey the children to and from school, thus 
 giving them the advantages of the graded school and a longer 
 term. 
 
 Throughout the county all of the rural schools have been 
 supplied with the State Course of Study and the schools graded 
 accordingly. The pupils' monthly report cards and also teachers' 
 monthlv re])ort l)lanks are in use in all of the districts of the 
 county. 
 
 The new records for the district treasurers and clerks have 
 been found to be a great help in our rural districts, and in several 
 cases they have been the means of straightening out the district 
 records for 3'ears back. 
 
 An effort has been made in some of our districts to secure 
 school libraries, with the result of a good start in this direction. 
 Entertainments and fairs, to which both teachers and pupils con- 
 tributed, have been the means used to obtain these results. 
 
 A uniform system of books has been recommended for the 
 county and most of our districts have adopted it. Heretofore a 
 miscellaneous collection of books was found in almost every dis- 
 trict, each new teacher being allowed to order her preference, thus 
 causing great expense to the district and very poor results. 
 
 Our institutes have been largely and well attended. At each 
 annual session we had four regular instructors, besides the as- 
 sistance of many others who have kindly given a lecture or a short 
 address to the teachers. Social functions were also planned, so 
 that the teachers might become better accjuainted and of more 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 59 
 
 unity of spirit. Our teachers have expressed themselves as hav- 
 ing- obtained much helpful instruction from the institutes. Dur- 
 ing the past two years we have held, in connection with our annual 
 institutes, a county school exhibition. Every district of the county 
 has responded well ; in some districts every school sent in work. 
 These exhibitions have been an incentive to the schools to do 
 better work, and marked growth and progress were quite notice- 
 able in the last exhibition over that of the first, although the first 
 was an excellent showing considering the many disadvantages 
 against which the boys and girls had to work. These exhil:)itions 
 were also sent to the State Fair. 
 
 Laramie County has a well organized Teachers' Reading 
 Circle, which has been established for the last three years. The 
 work covered is that recommended by the State Board of Ex- 
 aminers. An outline is arranged for the work to be covered each 
 month, so the work may be taken up systematically. In some of 
 the districts, where the schools are not so widely scattered, a 
 monthly teachers' meeting is held. I have conducted eighteen 
 animal ^listrict meetings for parents and teachers. These have 
 been largely attended and a good interest manifested. They have 
 served to bring about more unity between parents and teachers, 
 also to acquaint the parents with the workings of the schools and 
 their needs. In several cases the results have been apparent in 
 the improvements made. I believe that the only wav to reach 
 the schools effectually is to do so through the mass of people. 
 
 Speaking generalh' of our schools, I am pleased to say that 
 improvement has been made along many lines. We have a good 
 corps of teachers, who are coming more to realize the great re- 
 sponsibility of the work, and the parents are awakening to the 
 fact that there is a duty also for them to.])erf(irm toward the ad- 
 vancement of the schools. 
 
 Most sincerelv yours in the work, 
 
 Alice M. Sampson. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
60 BlENNIAT. RkI'OKT 
 
 XATRONA COUNTY. 
 
 In reviewing the school work of Natrona Connty for the past 
 two years, I find much that is encouraging" and also much that is 
 far from being satisfactory as yet. 
 
 The schools generally have improved. The enrollment in 
 almost every school has increased ; total enrollment now being 
 498. The salaries of teachers have been raised in several dis- 
 tricts, thus enabling boards to secure better qualified teachers, 
 corisequently raising the standard of work done in the schools. 
 No school pays less than $40 per month, while many of the rural 
 districts now pay $50 to $60. There is but one teacher teacliing 
 on a third grade certificate, while many hold first grade, state 
 certificates, and college and normal diplomas. 
 
 Four new school districts have been formed and a petition for 
 a fifth has been filed recently, which will give us eighteen districts 
 with twenty-seven schools, besides several private schools. We 
 are thus enabled to give schooling to more pupils every year, but 
 the problem of our rural schools is a hard one to solve. The 
 country for the most part is so sparsely settled that in many in- 
 stances no two families are near enough together to have a school 
 in common. The fund must, of a consequence, be divided amongst 
 several families, giving such a short term to each that the at- 
 tendant benefit is necessarily small. With the increased amount 
 of school funds apportioned each year comes a lessening of these 
 difficulties, so that time and patience will probably work out a 
 more satisfactory solution. 
 
 Four new school buildings have been erected recently and 
 two more are to be built soon. Several have been repaired, 
 painted inside and out, and otherwise improved. Three flag- 
 poles have been placed and flags purchased. 
 
 The Casper schools have adopted a four-year high school 
 course, instead of the three-year course heretofore required. Much 
 good work is being done in the manual training department. 
 
 Two County Institutes have been held, one in joint session 
 with Converse Countv, which was a great success in every way ; 
 the other in Casper, with every teacher in the county in regular 
 attendance. 
 
 The new records placed in the hands of our school trustees 
 have been a very great help in getting prompt and correct reports 
 of school work from district clerks, and the proposed change in 
 the school law calling for reports in July instead of September 
 will simplify the matter of reports. 
 
 Altogether the outlook is bright and we look for much good 
 work this year. Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 Effie; Cumming, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
Sl'I'KrintendEnt of Public Instruction. 6i 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY. 
 
 Hon. T. T. Tynan. 
 
 State Snpcrintciulcnf, 
 Cheyenne, U'yo. 
 
 Dear Sir : — In accordance with your reciuest, I have the 
 honor of submitting the fellowinj^ report : 
 
 While the schools of Sheridan County are steadily growing 
 in enrollment and efficiency, there is still much room for improve- 
 ment, especially in ec|uipment. 
 
 At the l)eginning of 1905. the rural schools had all been 
 graded as far as practicable in schools where all grades are taught. 
 The districts had been sup])lied with the Illinois Course of Study 
 and the teachers were making good use of it. As financial condi- 
 tions in the districts are improved, money is expended for dic- 
 tionaries maps, globes and charts, and at the present writing a 
 few of the districts are well equipped in this respect. 
 
 During the school year ending September ist, 1906, the 
 length of the school term in six districts was nine months and 
 the average length of term in the county was a fraction less than 
 seven months. The majority of the districts vote a special tax 
 to aid in carrying on the schools. The salaries of teachers in the 
 rural schools are from forty to sixty dollars per month, with 
 board and room from ten to fifteen dollars per month. 
 
 Outside of Sheridan, there seems to be little disposition to 
 improve and beautifv school grounds. x\Ithough a number of 
 school buildings are located so that it would be comparatively 
 easy to irrigate trees and lawn, school boards seem to be too busy 
 to look after such improvements. On Arbor Day a number of 
 patriotic teachers and pupils have planted trees, but, owing to 
 a lack of water, they have all died. It seems to me that the only 
 practical way to accomplish anything in this direction is to appeal 
 to the school boards, urging them to plant trees and then employ 
 someone to care for them. Some of the school houses are so 
 located that it would be impossible to obtain water for such 
 purposes without great expense, but these are the exception 
 rather than the rule. 
 
 As many pupils after having completed the work in the 
 rural schools come to Sheridan to take up the higher branches, an 
 cfifort is being made in the rural schools to cover the same work- 
 as far as possible as is done in the corresponding grades of the 
 city schools. Last year, to this end, the examination questions 
 of the eighth grades were the same as were used in the citv 
 schools, and this year the outlines for all the grades as well as the 
 test questions are sent to all the teachers. This seems to be giving 
 
62 Biennial Report 
 
 good results, stimulatino- the children of the rural districts to do 
 as good work as their perhaps more fortunate brothers of the 
 city schools. In June all those completing" the work of the 
 eighth grade will have appropriate graduating exercises in con- 
 junction with the eighth grade of the Sheridan schools. 
 
 Sheridan has an excellent corps of teachers, numbering 
 twenty-five, under the efficient superintendency of C. R. Atkinson. 
 Her buildings are inadequate. Only one in the city is heated in 
 any other manner than by stoves, this one being the only thor- 
 oughly modern school house in the city. Twenty pupils were 
 graduated from the high school in 1906, and fifty-six from the 
 eighth grade. Sheridan needs a good modern high school build- 
 ing, but, owing to the fact that the district is already bonded for 
 some sixteen thousand dollars, it is impossible to raise funds for 
 such a building at present. It is hoped that the county will take 
 advantage of the new coimty high school law and establish a 
 county high school. Within the past two years trees have been 
 planted on all the grounds belonging to this school district and in 
 a few years they will add much to the appearance of the cit\'. 
 
 District No. 30, formed in 1904, has no school house yet. 
 School is held in a log building, poorly lighted and ventilated, 
 which is leased by the district. District No. 21 supports three 
 schools. The school buildings in this district are built of logs. 
 There are six months of school in each of the buildings during 
 the year, but this is such a tax to the district that it seems to be 
 unable to raise funds for better school houses. 
 
 District No. 14 this year built a good school house, making- 
 two comfortable buildings in the district and giving ample accom- 
 modations for all the pupils. This district enrolled thirty-nine 
 pupils for the year ending September i, 1906. A new school 
 house is now in process of construction in Carneyville. 
 
 Two institutes have been held — one in June, 1905, with Prof. 
 S. S. Stockwell and Prof. C. R. Atkinson as instructors, and one 
 in August, 1906, with Miss Margaret McCarthy, principal of the 
 Pacific school at Omaha, and Miss Lotta Meacham of California 
 as instructors. These instructors are all teachers of wide ex- 
 perience and understand the problems that confront the teacher. 
 There were forty-nine teachers enrolled in 1905 and seventy in 
 1906. The majority of the teachers of the county are well qual- 
 ified for the positions they hold, and are earnest in their endeavors 
 to do good work. Many of them have had professional training. 
 Five are graduates of the Sheridan high school. Their hearty co- 
 operation with me in every efifort to improve conditions has been 
 of great assistance. 
 
SUPERINTKNDENT OF PUP.LIC INSTRUCTION. 63 
 
 The irregularity of attendance in manv districts is a great 
 hindrance to advancement. This irregularity is very marked in 
 the coal mining towns of Dietz, Monarch and Carneyville. owing 
 in part to the shifting population. In many rural districts the 
 larger boys are kept at home to aid in farm work. In order to 
 overcome this, the law in regard to compulsory attendance should 
 be changed, making the term longer and making the law effective. 
 
 I believe that the laws in regard to reports of district officers 
 should he changed to the end that they make their annual reports 
 at the same time and that the date of the annual meeting be 
 changed to coincide, say July ist, the school year ending at this 
 time also. This would obviate many difficulties for the County 
 Superintendent, saving a great deal of time and energy which 
 could be better directed to other school problems. 
 
 I believe that great good would result from an annual con- 
 ference ^f the State Superintendent with the County Superintend- 
 ents. Such a meeting could be held at the same time and place 
 as the State Teachers' Association, thus saving time and expense, 
 and subjects of general interest pertaining to the schools could be 
 discussed. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Edith S. Worthincton, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 SWEETWATER COUNTY. 
 
 The schools of Sweetwater County are in a very satisfactory 
 condition in every way. The number of schools has increased 
 from twenty-six in 1901 to thirty-two in 1906. Total enrollment 
 of the day schools. 1,285. The night school in Rock Springs has 
 been abandoned since 1904. but Green River has a night school 
 which promises to be helpful to the boys and girls who cannot 
 attend the day school. 
 
 The Rock Springs schools, under the supervision of Super- 
 intendent O. J. Rlakesley. Ph. D., are progressing nicely. Nine- 
 teen teachers are employed and a spirit of harmony between 
 superintendent, teachers and pupils prevails. The high school is 
 to be placed on a full four years' course, with the outlines of 
 work arranged in two lines : Latin-Scientific and English and 
 Commercial, the latter combined. This course is to be in accord- 
 ance with the requirements for entrance to college in both the 
 literary and technical courses. No students will be graduated 
 unless they receive the full sixteen units required for graduation 
 as outlined in the North Central Association of Secondary Schools 
 and Colleges. The course is as follows : 
 
64 Biennial Report 
 
 Mathematics (3) 2 
 
 Language, other than EngHsh (4 ) 4 
 
 English (4) 3 
 
 History ( 3 ) 2 
 
 Science ( 3 ) 2 
 
 Electives (3 ) 3 
 
 16 
 
 The electives will he chosen from mathematics, drawing, 
 German, history and worked out as indicated by the numbers en- 
 closed in parenthesis. The present seniors will graduate with 
 full sixteen units and be admitted to the State University of 
 Wyoming, freshman class, without examination. 
 
 The Green River schools, under the able supervision of Prof. 
 L. R. Langworthy, show marked improvement. The people have 
 caught the spirit and the result is very gratifying. The high 
 school is following the four years' course as made out by Dr. J. 
 F. Brown of the University of Wyoming. 
 
 The district schools are all in session at this time, and are 
 to be congratulated upon having excellent teachers. 
 
 Two institutes have been held, one at Green River and one 
 at Rock Springs. Dr. Aven Nelson and Dr. H. W. Ouaintance, 
 both of the State University, have given us excellent service in 
 our institute work. Very respectfully submitted. 
 
 Hattie Hale, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 UINTA CCIUNTY. 
 
 The school districts have increased from twenty-three in 
 number, as reported in 1904, to twenty-seven in 1906, three of 
 the large northern districts having been divided upon petition of 
 the residents thereof. 
 
 The increase in the school population has been slow, 1904 
 giving a total of 4,409 children of school age and the census of 
 1906 showing but 4.532. Nearly all of the agricultural districts 
 show a marked decrease in the school population, indicating that 
 in these settled communities the number of children coming of 
 school age each year does not offset the number passing the age 
 limit of twenty-one. I consider this fact worthy of observation. 
 Districts 4, 9, 10 and 19 show the greatest increase, and, \Vith the 
 exception of District No. 4, these are the mining camps of the 
 county. District 20 is the Spring \"alley camp, recently aban- 
 doned, and there is a consequent decrease from 291 to 10. 
 
Sui'IiKINTliNDENT OF PujiLIC INSTRUCTION. 65 
 
 The g-eneral county school fund has heen increased from 
 $8,332.79 in 1904 to $10,092.08 in 1906; the state land income 
 fund from $14,632.82 in 1904 to $21,304.87 in 1906. In eleven 
 of the twenty-seven districts the full ten mill special tax has heen 
 levied and Init five districts failed to pass a special tax of more 
 than three mills at the annual meeting- in May. This increase in 
 funds has produced a consequent increase in teachers' salaries and 
 in the length of the school term. Three months terms have heen 
 practically aholished in all districts, the average term being now 
 from seven to nine months in duration. 
 
 We have fifty-nine school buildings, the property of the sev- 
 eral school districts, and several rented buildings where school is 
 held. There are nineteen buildings where graded schools are 
 taught, employing from two to ten teachers in each building. 
 Twelve districts have erected good substantial buildings in the 
 last two years, and with two exceptions these are of frame or 
 brick. '5wo of the northern districts have built their school 
 houses of logs and they are very neat, attractive buildings. 
 
 In many of our districts the school grounds have been greatly 
 iniproved in every way. Neat fences have been built, good walks 
 laid and trees planted. In Districts i, 4, 9, 10. 6. 16 and 17 these 
 improvements are especially noticeable. 
 
 Regular high schools are established in Districts i, 10 and 
 17, and ninth and tenth grade classes are taught in Districts 9, 
 19. 12 and 6. High schools will be established in these districts 
 with a full equipment as soon as the number of pupils entering 
 the high school will warrant the necessary outlay. District No. 4 
 has also made the necessary arrangements for the erection of a 
 large modern high school building in the near future. 
 
 County diplomas are issued to the pupils completing the 
 work of the common schools, and these diplomas are recognized 
 by the high school teachers throughout the county- These di- 
 plomas have proved an incentive to attendance in many cases to 
 pupils who would otherwise drop out of school between the sixth 
 and eighth grades. I find that our greatest loss in the number 
 enrolled occurs at this period. While the school attendance has 
 improved from 10 to 25 per cent in most districts, there is room 
 for great improvement along this line. 
 
 During the school year of 1905- 1906 we employed in the 
 schools of our county twenty-eight teachers holding first grade 
 certificates, twenty-five holding third grade and fifty-seven hold- 
 ing second grade. More than forty of these teachers have had at 
 least one or two years of good normal training and nearly thirty 
 are normal graduates. 
 
 Since January, 1905, one hundred twelve applicants for cer- 
 tificates have been examined, and of these eighty-five have been 
 issued certificates. 
 
66 BiKNN'lAL RKI'UKT 
 
 Teachers" Reading; Circles have been organized in nearly all 
 districts employing more than two teachers and a systematic 
 conrse of professional reading- is taken up under the outlines 
 given throughout the State. 
 
 Children's Reading Circles are also in process of develop- 
 ment in various parts of the county. Although at present very 
 little has been accomplished, we hope to have them in operation 
 at the beginning of the new year. 
 
 The Illinois Course of Study is adapted by the teachers to 
 their work as far as possible. The free text-book system is in 
 operation through the county, and this year many of the districts 
 made a complete change in text books, substituting new up-to-date 
 publications in place of some which were twenty years back. 
 Music and drawing are svibjects which are most neglected in our 
 rural schools, it seems to me, and we have very little manual 
 training introduced in any of the schools. Last year a very ap- 
 preciable effort was shown along this line and I am looking for- 
 ward to better results for this year. 
 
 I think that the three proposed laws advocated by the State 
 Teachers' Association will benefit this county as much as any 
 that could be given, /. c, a compulsory school law which can be 
 made compulsory by the trustees ; a change in the school year, 
 thereby making the close of the year conform with the annual 
 meeting, and requiring but one set of reports from clerk and 
 treasurer to be made to the people of the district and to the 
 County Superintendent ; in addition to the change in the school 
 year is a proposed change in the school month, making twenty 
 days a school month ; a law requiring the State Board of Ex- 
 aminers to correct all examination papers throughout the State 
 and allowing them a reasonable compensation for their services. 
 
 I am also a firm advocate of the plan to allow school trus- 
 tees a certain amount per year for their services, especially the 
 clerk, upon whom falls the burden of the work, and then holding 
 them to a strict interpretation of their duties. It seems to me that 
 it is a little unreasonable to ask men to leave their own business 
 interests and devote themselves with the same zeal to educational 
 affairs when they are losers financially and in many instances 
 incur the ill-will of those whom they are endeavoring to assist. 
 Besides, I am sure that the business of the trustees would be kept 
 in much better shape, meetings would be held much oftener and 
 reports would be made much quicker, were they made financial 
 obligations, the same as other business transactions. 
 
 Very truly yours. 
 
 Iv^A Thomas, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
Sri'i:KrxTK\nKXT of Prm.ic Ixstiu'ction. 67 
 
 WESTONi COUNTY. 
 
 The progress of the pul)hc schools of Weston County has 
 been most satisfactory during- the past two years. 
 
 The standard of our teachers has been raised to a marked 
 degree. We have more trained teachers emploA'ed in our county 
 than ever before, and there is a desire among those who are un- 
 trained to further prepare themselves for the profession. 
 
 We have only two schools in the county employing more 
 than two teachers. Newcastle employs six and Cambria three. 
 
 The institutes of 1905 and 1906 were very successful and 
 every teacher employed in the county was present. Dr. Frank 
 H. H. Roberts of Denver University conducted the first and Dr. 
 J. F. Brown of the University of Wyoming the second. 
 
 ■The institute attendance ranges from thirty to thirty-six. 
 There has been no increase in the ntunber of schools in the county, 
 except District No. 3, which has two more than in 1904. 
 
 The grotmds about many of the school houses have been 
 fenced and otherwise improved and a number of frame buildings 
 have been erected in place of old log houses. 
 
 There have been four libraries placed in country schools. 
 owing to the efforts of live, energetic teachers who have ad- 
 vanced the movement. 
 
 We have a County Teachers' Reading Circle, which is being- 
 well attended, and we also have a Children's Reading Circle Li- 
 brary, which has been organized on the plan of a circulating- 
 library and the books are distributed from the County Sui)erin- 
 tendent's office. 
 
 I have visited every school in the county each year and many 
 of them two or more times, according to their location. 
 
 We have in most cases lengthened the term, in months, of 
 each year. 
 
 We have a complete high school curriculum in the town of 
 Newcastle and it is hoped that we may be able to make this a 
 coiuity high school. There will be a graduating class of three 
 in June. 
 
 In my opinion the standard should be raised for obtaining 
 certificates. We should have a twenty day school month and a 
 compulsory school attendance law which compels. 
 
 Yours for the best welfare of the schools of Wyoming, 
 
 Anna C. Miller, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
University of Wyoming". 
 
 Hon. T. T. Tynan, 
 
 State Snperintendcnt, 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 
 Dear Sir : — I have the honor to call your attention to a few 
 facts in regard to the prog^ress of the University for the last 
 hiennial period. 
 
 The number of students has shown a normal and wholesome 
 increase, thoug^h the increase would no doubt have been greater 
 had not the requirements for admission in manv of the depart- 
 ments been increased and the curriculum in many courses made 
 more substantial and scholarly. The number of students for 
 1904-05 was 213; for 1905-06, 241. In 1906-07 the catalogue 
 will probably show 260 or 265. 
 
 One of the most important matters of progress, particularly 
 as affecting the schools of the State, has been the establishment 
 of a Summer School at the University, a school planned pri- 
 marily for the teachers of the State. We have now had two 
 summer sessions. The attendance at the first session was 26 ; 
 the attendance at the second session was 48. This part of the 
 University work ought to be continued, for it promises as much 
 for the public school system of the State as any other part of the 
 work except, of course, the long courses in education and the 
 Xormal School. 
 
 During the summer of 1906 a primary training school was 
 introduced under the direction of Miss Ruth Adsit, an expert in 
 primary methods from the faculty of the State Normal at Iowa 
 City. About twenty children were brought in for this training 
 and observation work, and the work was so very highly successful 
 that Miss Adsit was persuaded to remain for the academic year 
 of 1906- 1907. We have thus added to the Normal School a 
 training department, which we are running to the limit of room 
 available. This places the Normal School of the University upon 
 a basis with other normal schools of the country, and, in addition 
 to this, it has a distinct advantage in being connected with the 
 University, so that a strong scholarly, collegiate course in educa- 
 tion can be maintained, giving us at the University both a college 
 of education and a normal school with verv little additional ex- 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 69 
 
 pense. There is no longer any reason why the young people of 
 this State should go beyond the limits of the State to receive 
 training for the teaching profession. If the Normal School 
 grows as rapidl\- within the next few ^-ears as it has within the 
 last two, it will soon outgrow its present quarters entirely. 
 
 It is gratifying to note throughout the State the interest 
 taken by the women in the education of the young ladies at the 
 University. When the State Federation of Woman's Clubs met 
 in September they took up with some vigor the need of instruc- 
 tion at the University in Domestic Science and of erecting a suit- 
 able builidng for that work, which would at the same time serve 
 as a home for a number of young women. A committee of the 
 Federation was appointed to see what could be done in furthering 
 this project. It is certainly a very commendable scheme and the 
 women b'hve hit upon one of the very important needs of the 
 University. All the aid that can be given the ladies in this work- 
 should be put forward. 
 
 Thanking you, sir, for your co-operation in times past with 
 the work of the University and for your efforts to bring about 
 a unified system of education in Wyoming, and expressing to vou 
 my hearty wish to co-operate in every way with the office of the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. I remain, 
 
 \"erv sincerely vours, 
 
 F. M. TiSDEL, 
 President State University. 
 
State Board of Examiners. 
 
 To the Hon. State Siiperiiiteiidejit of Public Iiistntetioii, 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 Dear Sir: — The State Board of School Examiners submit 
 for your consideration the following report on its work from 
 November i, 1904, to November i. 1906: 
 
 KXAM I NATIONS HKLD. 
 
 In this time three regular examinations have been conducted 
 in each county in the State. In addition to these the Board has 
 from time to time prepared questions for special examinations 
 in many of the counties. The Board has lieen called upon many 
 times to assist County Superintendents in grading the papers of 
 applicants for county certificates, and have at all times given such 
 assistance. In some cases all the papers of the examination have 
 been sent to the Board to be graded. While this has given the 
 Board much work, it has also brought the Board in closer touch 
 with many of the teachers of the State. 
 
 STATE OR PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATES. 
 
 The Board being in doubt as to the proper method of grant- 
 ing State or Professional Certificates, the opinion of the Attorney 
 General was solicited. It was the opinion of the Attorney Gen- 
 eral that the State Board should examine the candidate making- 
 application for State or Professional Certificate and if found 
 qualified for such certificate the Board should recommend to the 
 County Superintendent of the county from which the candidate 
 applied that said County Superintendent issue a State or Pro- 
 fessional Certificate. This opinion being contrary to the custom 
 of other states in granting State Certificates, it was referred to 
 the State Superintendent. The State Superintendent advised the 
 Board not to follow the advice of the Attorney General, but to 
 make recommendations for State or Professional Certificates to 
 the State Superintendent in place of the County Superintendent 
 of the county from which the candidate applied. The advice of 
 the State Superintendent has been followed by the Board. 
 
 The following State Certificates have been granted : 
 
 On examination 2 
 
 On expiring State Certificate and successful 
 experience 2 
 
 Total 4 
 
SUPKRINTKXDKNT UF Pui'.LlC Ln STRUCT lOxN. 7I 
 
 TKACHKRS' READING CIRCLE. 
 
 The Board feeling- that definite professional reading- by the 
 teachers would not only result in benefit to the individual schools, 
 but also do much to unify the work of the State, recommended cer- 
 tain books be read by the teachers during- each school year. To 
 encourage this work, the Board also recommended that County 
 Superintendents take this reading in consideration in granting 
 teachers' certificates. The work done in some counties has been 
 quite gratifying to the County Superintendents and the l^)oard. 
 
 EXPENSES. 
 
 TRINTING QUESTIONS. 
 
 Dec. 8, 1!X)4. PiXam illation questions, 520 copies $ 28.75 
 
 May 30, 1905. Examination ciuestions, lOO copies 11.00 
 
 July 20, 1905. Examination questions, 150 copies 12.00 
 
 Aug. 4,1905. Examination questions, 200 copies 14.50 
 
 Aug-. 28, 1905. Examination questions, 250 copies 15.75 
 
 Dec. 8,190.5. Examination questions, 250 copies 15.75 
 
 Dec. 12, 1905. Examination questions for professional certificates, 100 copies 1.75 
 
 .Tunc 7,1906. Examination questions for county, 100 copies 15.00 
 
 July 2.3, 1906. Examination questions for county, 75 copies 12.75 
 
 Aug-. 2,1906. Examination questions for county, 75 copies 12.75 
 
 Aug-. 23, 1906. Examination questions for county, 250 copies 21.00 
 
 Aug. 30, 190(1. Examination questions for county. 250 copies 21.00 
 
 Total $181.00 
 
 PRINTING CIRCULARS. LETTER HEADS, ETC. 
 
 May 3, 1905. 800 letter heads for Mr. Matheny •$ 4.00 
 
 May 3, 1905. 800 envelopes for Mr. Matheny 4.00 
 
 May 3,1905. 200 letter heads for Mr. Stockwell 1.50 
 
 May 3,1905. 200 envelopes for Mr. Stock-well 1.25 
 
 May 3,1905. 200 letter heads for Miss Sampson 1.50 
 
 May 3,190.5. 200 envelopes for Miss Sampson 1.25 
 
 May 16, 1905. 1 M. rules for examination 5.75 
 
 May 16, 1905. 1 M. professional circulars 3.25 
 
 May 16. 190.5. 500 copies circular information 8.75 
 
 Oct. 7.1905. 200 application blanks for professional certificates 16.00 
 
 Oct. 12.1905. 100 lists of subjects for professional certificates 1.25 
 
 Mar. 20, 1906. .500 letter heads for Mr. Matheny 3.25 
 
 May 24. 1906. 50O copies circular information 8.75 
 
 June 7, 1906. 100 envelopes and list of subjects for same 1.50 
 
 Total $62.00 
 
 ENVELOPES. POSTAGE, EXPRESS. REGISTERED LETTERS. 
 
 .Tune 3, 1905. Express on circulars and stationery $ 1.20 
 
 June 3. 190.5. Stamps 10 
 
 JunelS. 1905. Stamps l.OO 
 
 Aug. 20. 1905. Stamps 1.00 
 
 Dec. 16. 1905. Stamps 1.00 
 
 Dec. 21, 1905. Stamps, sending questions 6.00 
 
 Dec. 20. I9a5. 1.50 envelopes, 12 50 
 
 .Tune 7. 1906. Alailing circulars of information 75 
 
 June 7.1906. Mailing examination questions 75 
 
 Jul.v 24. 1906. Mailing examination questions 52 
 
 Aug. 2. 1906. Mailing examination questions 74 
 
 Aug. 25. 1906. Mailing examination questions and registering same 1.85 
 
 Aug. 30. 1906. Mailing examination questions and registering same 1.75 
 
 Total $17.17 
 
/^ 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 MEETINGS OF STATE HOARD. 
 
 Apr. 13, 1905. At Cheyenne. 
 
 Mi.sis Siunpson (at home). 
 
 Mr. Stockwt'll (lid not report. 
 
 Expenses to Secretary, F. E. Mathenv $2f).85 
 
 Jan. V.i. 1905. At Cheyenne. 
 
 Miss Sami>son (at homo). 
 
 Mr. Stockwell (at home). 
 
 Mr. Matheny .$2.5.25 
 
 SUMMARY OF EXPENSES. 
 
 Printinjr questions $181.00 
 
 Printing circulars, letter heads, etc «2.no 
 
 Po.stage, exijres.s, etc 17.17 
 
 Meetings of board .52.10 
 
 Total $.312.27 
 
 (As against $334.20 from July. 1903, to December 31. 1904. expenses of December 
 8, 1904 ($38.75), being counted in eacli report.) 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS OF HOARD. 
 
 In suljmitting- this report the Board hegs to make the fol- 
 Icnvini^ recommendations : 
 
 1. That the Legislature make the usual appropriation of 
 $400 to defray the expenses of the Board for the next two years. 
 
 2. The ]:joard endorses the recommendation of the State 
 Teachers' Association, "That the Board of State Examiners 
 should have charge of examinations of teachers and issue teach- 
 ers' certificates in conjunction with the State Superintendent, and 
 that they should he paid for their services $5.00 per diem and 
 necessary expenses." 
 
 F. E. Matheny, Secretary, 
 
 Casper, Wyo. 
 
 Alice M. Sampson, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 
 S. S. Stockwell, President, 
 
 Chevenne. Wvo. 
 
BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT 
 OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 1907 - 1908 
 
i 
 
STATE OF WYOMIXG 
 
 BIEXXIAL REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SuperiiileiideiiloiPiiWicliismiciioii 
 
 1907-1908 
 
 <uiuMf EtfaBuam aigmif. 
 
0. OF 0. 
 
 3\6 
 
STATE OF WYOAIING. 
 
 Office; of 
 Superintfnde;nt of Public Instruction^ 
 
 CheyfnnFj Wyoming. 
 To His Excellency, 
 Bryant B. Brooks, 
 
 Governor of Wyoming. 
 
 Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial 
 Report of this office for the two years ending April 30th, 1908, 
 setting forth the conditions of this department, as required by 
 law. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 A. D. Cook, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 Office of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne,, Wyoming. 
 
 To the Honorable President of the Senate, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of the 
 Biennial Report of this office filed with the Governor for the two 
 years ending- April 30, 1908, for your consideration as required by 
 law. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 A. D. Cook, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
I 
 
 STATE OF WYOMING. 
 
 Off'ice of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 To the Honorable Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives, 
 Cheyenne, JJ'xoniing. 
 
 Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of the 
 Biennial Report of this office filed wi.h the Governor for the two 
 years ending April 30, 1908. for your consideration as required by 
 law\ 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 A. D. Cook, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT. 
 
 Office of 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 In compliance with law, I have the honor to submit here- 
 with the biennial report of the Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion for the period of two years, ending April 30th, 1908. In 
 stating that this is a report covering a period of two years I 
 would say that at the last session of the legislature a law was 
 passed changing the official school year from the period included 
 between the first day of November and the last day of the next 
 September to the period included between May first and the 
 thirtieth day of the following April inclusive. The reports filed in 
 this office, then, by the County Superintendents for the year 1907 
 were for the period included between September 30th, 1906, and 
 April 30th, 1907. 
 
 The close of another biennial period again witnesses de- 
 cided educational advancement throughout the State. A steady in- 
 crease in our public schools, both in interest and attendance, an 
 enlarged conception in their value to the Commonwealth and an 
 unmistakable growth of correct educational sentiment is every- 
 where manifest. The marked increase in attendance is excellent 
 evidence of the growing efficiency of our teachers and of in- 
 creasing interest in school w^ork. It is with pardonable pride, 
 then, that attention is called to the fact that never in the history 
 of Wyoming has there been so large an enrollment of pupils in 
 the schools, so relatively small a number of school age, out of 
 school, such a large and competent and well paid corps of in- 
 structors, as during the biennial period just closing. To bear out 
 the statement just made I would call attention to the fact that 
 in 1904 there were 763 teachers in Wyoming, in 1905 there were 
 797, in 1906 there were 800, in 1907 there were 787, and in 1908 
 there were 899. Beginning in 1904 and proceeding in regular 
 order to, and including 1908, the total number of pupils enrolled 
 
8 Biennial Report 
 
 in these consecutive years was 18,247; 18,902: 18.771; 19,795, 
 and 21,390. In the last two years you may observe a remark- 
 able increase in attendance over the preceding years. 
 
 THE COMPULSORY EDUCATION LAW. 
 
 The statistics just quoted will need explanation regarding 
 the large increase in enrollment over the year's enrollment im- 
 mediately preceding. In 1907 the Legislature enacted the Com- 
 pulsory Education Law. The object of this act is to decrease the 
 number of absentees and insure the attendance at some school of 
 all children for at least a part of the school year, particularly of 
 those that may be termed of 'school age. Compulsory "School 
 Age," as defined by Legislature, is the age between seven and 
 fourteen years inclusive. Lender the provision of this act boys 
 and girls within the age limits specified are required to attend 
 sonic school during the first six months in which the public 
 schools are in session in the district in which these children re- 
 side. Exceptions are as follows : ( i ) Invalids or others to 
 whom the school room may be injurious, may upon receipt of a 
 physician's certificate be excused by the district board. (2) 
 Pupils to whom the provisions of this act might work a hard- 
 ship may be excused by the district board when a request stat- 
 ing the reason for such excuse is presented by the parent or 
 guardian to the board. (3) Pupils who for legal reasons have 
 been excluded from the regular schools and no provision made for 
 schooling such children. A truant officer may be appointed by the 
 board in towns of 2,500 inhabitants or more. This officer may 
 or may not under the provisions of this act devote his full time 
 to his duties as truant officer. In towns in which there are 
 fewer than 2,500 inhabitants the sheriflf, deputy sheriff, or con- 
 stable shall act as truant officer, and upon complaint from any 
 resident or teacher of the district any one of these shall imme- 
 diately act in the matter referred to him and give written notice 
 to the parents, who, under pain of certain specified penalities, 
 shall see that their children comply with the requirements of 
 this act. The law, as the above statistics show, has been a whole- 
 some incentive to a more regular attendance. There is but one 
 suggestion I would make to improve the law as it now stands, and 
 that is to change the word "may" to "shall," in the phrase 
 providing for the appointment of a truant officer in towns of 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 9 
 
 2,500 or more inhabitants. I think in towns of the size specified 
 the board should be obhged to appoint such an ofihcer, who shall 
 devote at least a part of his time to the strict enforcement of this 
 act. A person paid for such definite services will be under greater 
 obligation to perform them than a person such as the sheriff 
 or constable, wdio already has duties that occupy most of his 
 time. Wyoming for a long time has had a small percentage of il- 
 literacy. Let us provide statutes that will work toward the end 
 that the percentage of illiteracy in Wyoming shall be smaller than 
 in any State in the Union. 
 
 • SALARIES OE TEACHERS. 
 
 The salaries of teachers have not increased correspondingly 
 with the increased cost of living or in proportion to the increase 
 in remuneration in other lines of work generally. Other lines 
 of work have been holding out inducements that show so much 
 greater prospect of ultimate financial betterment that many of 
 the yoimg men and women eminently fitted for the work of teach- 
 ing have withdrawn from it and entered other fields. This is 
 true to a greater extent of men than of women, with the result 
 that the education of children is principally in the hands of the 
 women. This should not be the case to so large an extent as at 
 present. It would he much better if at certain periods of the 
 child's life he or she might be under the tutelage of men. 
 I think this is true of boys more than girls, and I think there 
 is a distinct gain in ruggedness of character and manly actions 
 if a part of the boy's instruction is received from a male teacher. 
 The fact that so many more boys drop out of school at an earlier 
 age than girls is partly explainable on that basis. In schools 
 where good men teachers are retained it is frequently noticeable 
 that there is a larger percentage of boys in regular attendance 
 than where the same school is given over almost exclusively to 
 women teachers. In Wyoming during the past ten years while 
 there has been an increase of 363 in the total number of teachers, 
 of that increase but thirteen are men teachers. Yet Wyoming 
 is paying on an average higher salaries than is paid in states 
 adjoining. The average salary paid to men and women is $69.15, 
 and four years ago the average salary paid was $60.76. This 
 is a good increase, but, as the State continues to build up, it 
 is to be hoped that there will be such an advance in salaries that 
 
lo Biennial Report 
 
 men will be attracted to the profession rather than repelled from 
 it. 
 
 STATE APPORTIONMENT OE LAND EUNDS. 
 
 The State is assisting the schools to an unusual extent in the 
 matter of funds for running expenses. The law provides that the 
 income from rentals and sales of certain lands set aside for sup- 
 port of schools may annually be apportioned to the counties, 
 according to the number of persons of school age residing in 
 the counties. This income for many years has been increasing 
 until last spring there was disbursed to the thirteen counties of 
 Wyoming from this fund for the schools $127,313.25, an amount 
 sufficient for a per capita disbursement to all those of school 
 age (6 to 21) of $4.89. The total number of children of school 
 age in the state, forming the basis of this disbursement, was 
 26,034. Uinta, Laramie, and Big Horn are the three counties, 
 taken in order, that have the largest share in the funds disbursed. 
 Laramie County received $17,213.80; Uinta received $22,30460, 
 and Big Horn received $14,988.70. The amounts apportioned 
 to each one may be found in the tables. 
 
 STATE BOARD OE EXAMINERS. 
 
 During the two years last past, there has been an innova- 
 tion in the plan of issuing certificates to teachers. The Legislature 
 in 1907 provided by statute that the State Board of Examiners, 
 which, though existing previous to that time, had but few powers, 
 chiefest of which was the preparation of uniform examination 
 questions, should be empowered to examine all candidates for 
 certificates in the State, and that they should receive as compen- 
 sation for their services, $5.00 a day, together with actual and 
 necessary expenses. Lender this plan the arduous duties of grad- 
 ing examination papers have been taken from the County Superin- 
 tendent, together with the sense of responsibility, which in a 
 measure attached to her for the failure of the candidates. There 
 seems to be a feeling of general satisfaction with the law so far 
 as I have been able to learn. Under this plan a teacher who 
 is issued a certificate may teach in any county of the State on 
 that certificate, the exauinations are all of them given at a definite 
 period, the papers are all of them marked by the same persons, in 
 the several subjects, and in general a more unified system results. 
 
SUPKRI^JTENDENT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. II 
 
 The character of the work done by the State Board of Examiners 
 has been most satisfactory. The members have been persons of 
 abiHty and integrity, and have given evidence of broad interest 
 in the scholastic affairs of the State. 
 
 Teachers' institutes. 
 
 The character of the work done in the several county in- 
 stitutes differs markedly from that of the institutes of a few 
 years ago. There has been in proportion to the increase of teach- 
 ers throughout a corresponding increase in attendance, and much 
 interest expressed in the subjects discussed. A few years ago 
 institutes were conducted much as teachers conduct classes ; les- 
 sons were assigiled, cjuestions were asked of certain ones in the 
 assembly, question boxes were placed on the desk where topics 
 that seemed troublesome might be thrown open to discussion. 
 History, geography, arithmetic, grammar, and other subjects 
 each received its cj[uota of attention. Now the more entertaining 
 plan of lecturing is principally followed. But it may be ques- 
 tionable if we are not getting too far from the old plan for the 
 attainment of the best results : Abstruse lectures on art, litera- 
 ture, pedagogical psychology, and other like topics are highly 
 entertaining, but most teachers must come to a thorough know- 
 ledge of the subjects that each is to teach, and facts relating to 
 those subjects even remotely are, in my estimation, of more vital 
 importance. Then is it not possible that the lecturers allow those 
 assembled before them to drift away into distant thoughts because 
 they are not made enough a factor of the proceedings? I am of 
 the opinion that more frequent appeals to the persons assembled 
 with a free exchange of views will often be more helpful than 
 merely the listening to long, drawn out lectures, be they ever so 
 entertainhig. 
 
 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. 
 
 During the past two years the County Superintendents have 
 in most cases co-operated most heartily with this office in the con- 
 duct of the schools. With the increased population of the counties 
 the duties pertaining to their office have greatly multii>lied. It 
 is hardly fitting that they should be expected to continue to serve 
 so well in their capacity as County Superintendents at the small 
 salaries that are now paid. I regard it as necessary to provide 
 
12 BiKNNiAL Report 
 
 means for increasing the salaries paid them. This can, unfor- 
 tunately, be done only by a constitutional amendment, for by one 
 of the provisions of the Wyoming Constitution the maximum sal- 
 ary paid to a County Superintendent is $900.00 per year, or the 
 munificent salary of $75.00 per month. I hope that the Legislature 
 may see fit to recommend such a constitutional amendment as 
 will allow the maximum salary to be increased to at least $1,250.00 
 per year, or, by eliminating that clause from the constitution, to 
 leave open to legislature the fixing of the salaries of the County 
 Superintendents according to the classes of counties. During 
 the past two years reports that were due in this office from County 
 Superintendents have frequently been very late. I wish to urge 
 that the County Superintendents do everything in their power 
 to answer all communications and make all reports to this ofifice 
 with promptness. Such a course will be of material assistance 
 in making out reports which must contain data emanating from 
 their respective offices. 
 
 THE STATE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 A report is given elsewhere from the President of the Uni- 
 versity of Wyoming, Dr. Charles O. Merica, which contains 
 much information, both entertaining and instructive, concerning 
 the institution of which he is the head. Wyoming State Univer- 
 sity is well equipped, has an excellent corps of teachers, and is in 
 a splendid location. Wyoming is still a young state and railroad 
 facilities are poor, particularly between the southern and northern 
 parts of the State, but as time goes on and their facilities improve 
 I see no reason why our own State University shall not have 
 a large body of students, drawn from every part of the state. 
 Under the new management of President Merica there is an in- 
 creased and an ever increasing interest in that institution. I am 
 pleased with the force and energy displayed by President Merica 
 in grappling with the problems pertaining to his office, and I 
 predict a rapid growth of the institution under his charge. 
 
 STATE teachers' association-. 
 
 During the vacation period at Christmas last December, the 
 annual convention of the State Teachers' Association assembled 
 at Sheridan. There was the largest and most enthusiastic body 
 of teachers present that has ever attended a like convention in the 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 13 
 
 State. Most helpful and interesting- were the discussions con- 
 ducted by Superintendent Davidson of Omaha, Dr. Brown of 
 the University, and others. The next convention of the Asso- 
 ciation is to be held on Decemlier 29th, 30th, and 31st, at Laramie. 
 The chief outside attraction will be Dr. A. E. Winship of Boston, 
 and Superintendent J. M. Greenwood of Kansas City, Mo. These 
 conventions are of incalculable value to the State as a whole, and 
 tend to unify the interest of the teachers of Wyoming-. I hope 
 a large and enthusiastic nvmiber of teachers from all points of the 
 State can be present. 
 
 I wish at this time to make acknawledgment to Mr. Elwyn 
 E. Baker for the use of several tables which he has compiled and 
 which he kindly permitted me to insert in this report. These 
 were in part compiled from reports to this office and in part from 
 United States census and other reports. A careful examination 
 of these tables will give much information concerning the school 
 status for several years back, and are both accurate and inter- 
 esting. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 change in certificate law. 
 
 I would respectfully recommend that there be such amend- 
 ments made to the law governing the issuing of certificates to 
 teachers in Wyoming that certain specific favors in the way of 
 granting certificates may be made to students at the State Uni- 
 versity, and the State Normal School. 
 
 teachers register certificates. 
 
 That a statute be enacted requiring- that teachers who con- 
 tract to teach in Wyoming shall in every case register their 
 certificate in the office of the County Superintendent of the countv 
 in which each is to teach. 
 
 institute instructors endorsed by state superintendent. 
 
 That institute instructors engaged by the Countv Superin- 
 tendents shall be endorsed by the State Superintendent. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS DRAFT RULES. 
 
 That a statute shall be enacted which shall allow the State 
 Board of Examiners to draft such rules and regulations concern- 
 
14 Biennial Report 
 
 ing the performance of their duties as a Board as may in their 
 judgment be deemed wise and expedient, provided such rules and 
 regulations are in harmony with existing statutes, and shall be 
 endorsed by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 TEMPORARY CERTIFICATES. 
 
 That the State Board of Examiners be authorized to recom- 
 mend that the State Superintendent issue to an applicant a 
 temporary certificate, good until the next regular examinations, 
 when a reason can be shown why such should be granted, which, 
 by the State Board of Examiners, may be deemed good and 
 sufficient. 
 
 FEES CHARGED FOR CERTIFICATES. 
 
 That a fee shall be charged all those who take the examina- 
 tion for a teacher's certificate, and all those to whom certificates 
 may be issued ; that the fee charged shall depend on the grade of 
 certificate — for a temporary certificate, $0.50; for a certificate of 
 either the second or third grade, $1.00; for first grade and pro- 
 fessional certificates, $1.50 each — and that the funds derived 
 therefrom shall be made a part of the general fund, from which 
 the State Board of Examiners, and all expenses pertaining to 
 their office, shall be paid, and thus the board become self-sup- 
 porting. 
 
 ANNUAL REPORT OF STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 
 
 That the State Board of Examiners shall make an annual 
 report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction coveting such 
 points as the State Superintendent may require. 
 
 REPORT OF CENSUS TO COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT. 
 
 That the date the report from District Clerks is due to the 
 County Superintendents be changed from August 30th, to Jttne 
 15th. As the statute now stands the report of the County Su- 
 perintendent shall be made to the State Superintendent before 
 the census report, which the County Superintendent must have, 
 from which to compile his or her report, is filed with the County 
 Superintendent. 
 
SUPERINTENDKNT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 1 5 
 
 DEFICIENCY FOR BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 
 
 That an appropriation be made sufficient to reimburse the 
 members of the State Board of Examiners for necessary and 
 actual expenses incurred as such, and to pay them for the time 
 actually devoted to the performance of their duties on this Board, 
 for which the appropriation of last Legislature was insufficient. 
 
 STATE superintendent's CONTINGENT FUND. 
 
 That a contingent fund be granted to the office of Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction of $4,000.00 for the bi^Minial period 
 1909-IQII. Durmg the biennial period just closing the duties of 
 this office have more than doubled, so that an appropriation of an 
 amount smaller than that would greatly hamper the efficiency of 
 the department. 
 
i6 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 On March 31, 1907, the following amounts were distributed 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County Enrolhiiciit Apportioiiniciit 
 
 Albany ." 2,287 $ 9,790.42 
 
 Big Horn 2,765 10,627.69 
 
 Carbon 2,009 7721.89 
 
 Converse 1,067 4,101.17 
 
 Crook 1,220 4,689.25 
 
 Fremont 1.297 4'985-2i 
 
 Johnson 943 3^624.57 
 
 Laramie 3-152 12,115.18 
 
 Natrona 628 2,413.81 
 
 Sheridan 2.492 9-578-37 
 
 Sweetwater 1,618 6,219.04 
 
 Uinta 4.532 17.41944 
 
 Weston 1,031 3,962.84 
 
 25,041 
 
 $96,248.88 
 
 Estimated Value of Scliool Property in Counties, for 1907. 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Books and 
 Apparatus 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 .$ .52,100.00 
 
 $ 5,335.00 
 8.796.00 
 6.520.00 
 6,700.00 
 
 10..525.00 
 3,671.79 
 4,000.00 
 
 10.950.00 
 5,352.00 
 9.237.73 
 4,425.00 
 
 15,355.00 
 2,525.00 
 
 $ 3,935.00 
 .5,327.00 
 5, -we. 50 
 9,450.00 
 0,760.00 
 3.174.00 
 2,750.00 
 16.260.00 
 4.338.00 
 7,590.00 
 4,000.00 
 9„572.30 
 2,500.00 
 
 $ 61,370.00 
 
 
 46,250.00 
 49.490.50 
 49. 1.50. CO 
 36,980.00 
 26,995.00 
 35,000.00 
 
 187,725.00 
 19,783.76 
 68,2.50.00 
 36,000.00 
 
 112,643.00 
 19,250.00 
 
 60.373.00 
 
 Carbon 
 
 61,3.57.00 
 65.300.00 
 
 Crook 
 
 54,265.01) 
 33,840.79 
 
 
 41,750.01) 
 
 
 214,935.00 
 
 
 29.473.76 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 85,077.73 
 44,425.00 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Weston 
 
 137,570.31 
 
 24.275.00 
 
 Totals 
 
 $739,617.27 
 
 $93,392.52 
 
 $81,002.80 
 
 $914,012.59 
 
SUPKRINTEXDENT OF PuBLIC IxSTRUCTIOX. 
 
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Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 21 
 
 Public Schools of JJ'yoiuiiig (Coiitiiiitcd) for the Year Ending April 
 . 30, 1907. 
 
 
 Qualific.itions of Teachers 
 
 c 
 
 ■a 
 c 
 
 d 
 
 
 counties 
 
 Number holding— 
 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 V 
 
 •0 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 10 
 26 
 
 12 
 16 
 5 
 46 
 12 
 6 
 
 
 30 
 13 
 
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 9 
 58 
 23 
 14 
 32 
 19 
 26 
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 15 
 56 
 
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 6 
 3 
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 12 
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 3 
 
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 3 
 
 64 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Crook 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 96 
 
 1 
 3 
 11 
 3 
 5 
 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 i " 
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 Laramie 
 
 3' 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 Public Schools of Wyoming (Continued) for the Year Ending April 
 
 30, 1907. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J! ° 
 
 Special Tax 
 
 in Mills for 
 
 M C 
 
 .5 "^ 
 -5 il 
 
 0" 
 
 -0 
 
 5-0 
 < 
 
 Libraries 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 v. 
 
 ■a 
 
 § 
 
 a, 
 
 M1-3 
 .S 
 
 " 
 
 
 d 
 Z 
 
 _3 
 > 
 
 Albany. . 
 Big Horn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 $5.31'.l.974 .50 
 4.s51.01,s.42 
 6,.577..501.OI) 
 3,684,571.00 
 3.010,933.64 
 3,S34,4I6.29 
 2.(iS4,.").s::.l;i 
 
 9,ii4,:;'.)5.(;s 
 
 3.445,6611. nS 
 ."i.241.'.i:i3.18 
 
 6.s(;2.4.">(;.03 
 
 7.613.916 00 
 2,277.398 55 
 
 
 5 
 
 % 
 
 210 
 111 
 
 243,i 
 
 $33,000 
 
 18,277 
 
 23,900 
 
 175,000 
 
 800 
 
 8,000 
 
 17,300 
 
 66,210 
 
 4, .300 
 
 18,925 
 
 3,000 
 
 42,7.50 
 
 10,000 
 
 $411,462 
 
 ' .$' 450 
 
 ' 1,500 
 1,200 
 
 I'oo' 
 
 1.280 
 3.000 
 3,775 
 
 1,750 
 $ 13,0.55 
 
 2.603 
 
 978 
 2,249 
 1,586 
 
 365 
 1,359 
 
 725 
 1,530 
 1,3.57 
 2,788 
 
 735 
 2,005 
 
 735 
 
 19,015 
 
 $2,0.52.00 
 744.00 
 
 Carbon . . 
 Converse . 
 
 
 
 
 465.00 
 940 00 
 
 Cook. . . 
 Fremont . 
 Johnson . 
 Laramie . 
 Natrona . 
 Sheridan . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . 
 Weston . . 
 
 334 
 
 ' 9 ' 
 
 17k" 
 
 73 
 ■40' 
 
 '2' 
 
 1514 
 
 5 
 
 '81 " 
 
 ' 91 ' 
 
 7'4 
 140 
 
 1,280.10 
 1,220.00 
 
 441.25 
 1,100.00 
 
 618.. 50 
 1,287.75 
 
 600 00 
 1,972.. 50 
 
 350.00 
 
 Totals ... 
 
 .$64,419,657.32 
 
 2443/ 
 
 5^ 
 
 665 
 
 13,071.10 
 
22 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 On March 31, i<;o8, the following amounts were disbursed 
 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County Enrollment Apportionment 
 
 Albany 1,819 $ 8,895.37 
 
 Big Horn 3,065 14,988.70 
 
 Carbon 2,053 10,039.72 
 
 Converse 1,094 5,349.92 
 
 Crook 1,356 6,631.20 
 
 Fremont 1,635 7,995-6o 
 
 Johnson 958 4,684.84 
 
 Laramie 3,5^0 17,213.80 
 
 Natrona 689 3,369.34 
 
 Sheridan 2,850 i3,937-30 
 
 Sweetwater 1,596 7,804.85 
 
 Uinta 4,561 22,304.60 
 
 Weston 838 4,098.01 
 
 26,034 
 
 $127,313.25 
 
 Estimated J\iluc of Scliool Property for the Year Ending April 30, 1908. 
 
 Albany . 
 Big Horn. . 
 Carbon . . 
 Converse. . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . 
 Laramie . . 
 Natrona . . 
 Sheridan . 
 Sweetwater. 
 Uinta . . . 
 Weston . . 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 School 
 Buildings 
 
 $36,925.00 
 47.870.00 
 62,477.. 55 
 68,620.00 
 54.185.00 
 82,:i50.00 
 39,000.00 
 
 187,887.50 
 21,385.00 
 75,000.00 
 .56,000.00 
 
 133,027.00 
 19,500.00 
 
 Totals $834,227.05 $90,319.00 $90,094.05 1,014,640.70 
 
 825.00 
 ,710.00 
 
 ,3:«.oo 
 
 ,200.00 
 ,020.00 
 ,000.00 
 ,100.00 
 ,.560.00 
 ,620.00 
 ,000.00 
 ,500.00 
 ,130.00 
 ,320.00 
 
 Apparatus 
 and 
 Books 
 
 895.00 
 640.00 
 .390.00 
 100.00 
 040.00 
 3,50.00 
 000.00 
 475.00 
 703.55 
 000.00 
 400.00 
 211.10 
 890.00 
 
 Totals 
 
 .$47,645.00 
 62,220.00 
 77,201.55 
 8,5,920.00 
 61,245.00 
 41,700.00 
 46,100.00 
 
 217,922.50 
 28,708.55 
 
 103,000.00 
 61,900.00 
 
 156,368.10 
 24,710.00 
 
Supe:rintende;nt of Public Instruction. 
 
 23 
 
 ^ 9. 
 
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 ^ 
 
 3 
 
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 Total No. of 
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 Average Cost 
 Tuition, per 
 pupil, per mo. 
 
24 
 
 Biennial Re;port 
 
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SUPERINTEXDEXT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 25 
 
 Public Schools of 
 
 JJ'yoniing (Co)itinucd) for 
 30, 1908. 
 
 tlie Year Ending April 
 
 
 -a 
 
 •y) 
 
 Special Ta.\ in Mills for 
 
 Outstanding In- 
 debtedness 
 
 C-S.5 
 < 
 
 Libraries 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 •P 
 
 c 
 
 
 a 
 
 CL, 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 ■5C/3 
 D3 
 
 c 2 
 C 
 
 u M 
 
 
 
 "0 
 > 
 
 d 
 
 -2; 
 
 > 
 
 Albany 
 
 $2,898,916.00 
 
 58 ' 
 
 14.5 
 
 85. ' 
 30.5 
 
 $23,000 
 
 22,595 
 
 1,900 
 
 
 2,388 
 1,179 
 2,404 
 1.771 
 1,628 
 1,969 
 1,237 
 1.666 
 1,517 
 2,826 
 
 735 
 .5,628 
 
 771 
 
 $1,543.00 
 
 1,056.00 
 
 605.00 
 
 1,014.00 
 
 Carbon 
 
 6.577.501.00 
 
 . . . 
 
 12 
 
 
 Crook 
 
 3,010,972.11 
 2,865,43700 
 2,390.828.50 
 9,114,395.68 
 3,030„S32.80 
 5,615.158.96 
 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 899.90 
 
 
 
 76.5 
 
 76.32 
 3 
 127.75 
 
 9,200 
 19,000 
 68,680 
 
 4,500 
 27,5:^0 
 
 2,000 
 100 
 2„530 
 1,500 
 2,995 
 
 1,691.00 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Natrona 
 
 2.9.5 
 .10 
 
 39.9 
 
 1.8 
 10 
 
 's.'c' 
 
 1.041.70 
 1,0.50.00 
 
 826.00 
 1,600.00 
 
 600.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uinta 
 
 7,438,425.95 
 2,277,39855 
 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 41,000 
 10.000 
 
 1,7,50 
 
 2,605.25 
 
 Weston 
 
 3.06 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 380.00 
 
 Totals 
 
 $45,219,866.55 
 
 216.2 
 
 19.5 
 
 471.07 
 
 $227,405 
 
 10,875 
 
 25,719 
 
 $14911.85 
 
 Public Schools of JJ'yoniing (Continued) for tlu 
 
 30, 1908. 
 
 Year Ending April 
 
 
 
 Qalifications 
 
 of Tea 
 
 chers 
 
 
 c 
 
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 c 
 
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 6 
 
 t/] 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
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 9 
 11 
 23 
 19 
 
 213 
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 6 
 14 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 Crook 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 5 
 1 
 4 
 
 18 
 7 
 48 
 12 
 22 
 19 
 34 
 11 
 
 20 
 15 
 78 
 15 
 60 
 17 
 62 
 27 
 
 6 
 6 
 19 
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 24 
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 1 
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 20 
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 33 
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 8 
 6 
 8 
 2 
 
 44 
 
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 Uinta 
 
 Weston ... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 17 
 
 233 
 
 571 
 
 114 
 
 104 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
26 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 
 
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28 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 To Mr. Bkcyii E. Baker, Instructor of Latin in tlic Cheyenne High School, 
 Grateful Acknowledgnioits Are Made for the Follozeing Tables: 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. of Teachers 
 
 No. of 
 
 Pupils Enrolled 
 
 
 
 
 tuO 
 
 'J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _>, 
 
 H 
 
 c 
 
 "3 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ c 
 
 
 >> 
 
 c 
 
 Q 
 
 = 
 
 ^'■^ 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 .; 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 
 0-- 
 
 V 
 
 n 
 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 
 r2 
 
 
 sS 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o-H 
 
 o« 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 t< 
 
 ^< 
 
 6 
 
 > 
 
 -4, 
 
 -A 
 
 283 
 320 
 344 
 381 
 
 'A 
 
 198 
 223 
 226 
 
 247 
 
 S 
 
 fe 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 Ck 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 ?. 
 
 1890 . . 
 
 190' 
 
 59 
 
 78 
 79 
 96 
 
 247 
 
 285 
 2t8 
 ,328 
 
 306 
 363 
 367 
 424 
 
 4,008 
 4.479 
 4.808 
 .5.101 
 
 3.867 
 4,247 
 4.618 
 4,832 
 
 7,875 
 
 
 
 
 1891 . . 
 
 8,726 
 9,426 
 9,933 
 
 
 
 
 1892 . . 
 
 
 
 
 1893 . . 
 
 886,129 
 
 89.21 
 
 39,367 
 
 1894 . . 
 
 201 
 
 379 
 
 257 
 
 96 
 
 311 
 
 407 
 
 5.339 
 
 4.971 
 
 10,310 
 
 942,411 
 
 91.40 
 
 38.399 
 
 1895 . . 
 
 213 
 
 405 
 
 305 
 
 112 
 
 362 
 
 474 
 
 5.838 
 
 5,415 
 
 11,253 
 
 995.651 
 
 S8.47 
 
 42.960 
 
 1896 . . 
 
 182 
 
 425 
 
 3()(> 
 
 105 
 
 360 
 
 465 
 
 5,865 
 
 ,5,717 
 
 11. ,582 
 
 1,025.100 
 
 SS . ,59 
 
 90,201 
 
 1897 . . 
 
 184 
 
 452 
 
 322 
 
 103 
 
 395 
 
 498 
 
 6,067 
 
 5,870 
 
 11,937 
 
 l.llS5.9.il 
 
 90 97 
 
 41,()S2 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 202 
 
 495 
 
 338 
 
 102 
 
 4-M 
 
 536 
 
 6,643 
 
 6,399 
 
 13.042 
 
 1.5:i5.562 
 
 ii7.;o 
 
 69,198 
 
 1899 . . 
 
 201 
 
 500 
 
 34() 
 
 91 
 
 472 
 
 563 
 
 6,797 
 
 6,629 
 
 13,427 
 
 l.ioii.sd^; 
 
 ,s6,9()* 
 
 37,764 
 
 1900 .. . 
 
 208 
 
 524 
 
 372 
 
 89 
 
 481 
 
 570 
 
 7,359 
 
 7,153 
 
 14.512 
 
 1.526.124 
 
 105,17 
 
 44,154 
 
 1901 . . 
 
 214 
 
 574 
 
 3KI 
 
 101 
 
 519 
 
 620 
 
 8,023 
 
 7.741 
 
 15.764 
 
 1.394,443 
 
 SS.45 
 
 95.857 
 
 1902 . . 
 
 224 
 
 615 
 
 400 
 
 101) 
 
 584 
 
 684 
 
 8,887 
 
 8,624 
 
 17,511 
 
 ].o:s,()33 
 
 106 W) 
 
 74.930 
 
 1903 . . 
 
 238 
 
 646 
 
 440 
 
 108 
 
 618 
 
 726 
 
 9,342 
 
 9,039 
 
 18,381 
 
 1,702,43!) 
 
 S9.2i) 
 
 73,905 
 
 1904 . . 
 
 245 
 
 684 
 
 4S3 
 
 105 
 
 658 
 
 7(i3 
 
 9,194 
 
 9,053 
 
 18,247 
 
 1.S10,()2S 
 
 99.24 
 
 62.974 
 
 1905 . . 
 
 253 
 
 716 
 
 503 
 
 107 
 
 690 
 
 797 
 
 9,499 
 
 9,403 
 
 18,902 
 
 1.s:.'S,10,-, 
 
 96.71 
 
 .^2.989 
 
 1906. . 
 
 261 
 
 745 
 
 486 
 
 107 
 
 f>93 
 
 800 
 
 9 392 
 
 9,379 
 
 18,771 
 
 1,«72,016 
 
 99.74 
 
 65,501 
 
 1907 . . 
 
 281 
 
 706 
 
 509 
 
 109 
 
 678 
 
 787 
 
 9,822 
 
 9,874 
 
 19.795 
 
 1,805,643 
 
 91.21 
 
 70,834 
 
 1908 . . 
 
 280 
 
 785 
 
 538 
 
 115 
 
 784 
 
 899 
 
 10,675 
 
 10,715 
 
 21,390 
 
 2,120,482 
 
 107.62 
 
 69,883 
 
 * A probable error in computation, although so given in reports. 
 
 Sumniarv. 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 of Teachers 
 
 No. of Pupils Enrolled 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 "S Ml 
 
 t/).S 
 
 6P3 
 Z 
 
 
 
 
 6-a 
 
 1^ 
 
 >< 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 1- 2 
 
 i2 '- 
 
 < 
 
 81.6 
 
 "3 
 S 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 re 
 S 
 
 4,507.0 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 9,254.0 
 
 P 
 
 6 
 
 Z 
 
 1890-1894 
 
 
 341.2 
 
 230.2 
 
 291.8 
 
 373.4 
 
 4,746.0 
 
 
 
 
 1895-1899 
 
 196.4 
 
 455.4 
 
 323.4 
 
 102.6 
 
 404.6 
 
 507 2 
 
 6,242,0 
 
 6,006.0 
 
 12,248.2 
 
 
 
 
 1900-1904 
 
 225.8 
 
 608.6 
 
 415.2 
 
 100.6 
 
 572.0 
 
 672 6 
 
 8,561.0 
 
 8,322.0 
 
 16,883.0 
 
 1,622,433.4 
 
 101.79 
 
 70,364 
 
 1905-1908 
 
 268.7 
 
 738.0 
 
 509.0 
 
 109.5 
 
 7112 
 
 820.7 
 
 9,847.0 
 
 9,842.7 
 
 19,714.5 
 
 1,906,.561.5 
 
 107.62 
 
 72,301 
 
 Four years only. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 s[ooqDc; qSjf^ jo 'o^ t^ n la ts -^ cc 
 
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 29 
 
30 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Certification of Teachers. 
 
 YEAR 
 
 1903 
 Ht04 
 1905 
 1906 
 1907 
 1908 
 
 Number Holding 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 rt 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F= 
 
 H 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 -a 
 
 
 "a ° 
 
 u o 
 
 o 
 
 
 iZ 
 
 o 
 
 C/2 
 
 ■a 
 H 
 
 S.B- 
 
 
 B 
 H 
 
 16 
 
 190 
 
 333 
 
 120 
 
 .52 
 
 51 
 
 
 12 
 
 198 
 
 379 
 
 123 
 
 89 
 
 40 
 
 . 
 
 10 
 
 214 
 
 438 
 
 92 
 
 85 
 
 36 
 
 
 23 
 
 306 
 
 430 
 
 71 
 
 114 
 
 54 
 
 
 11 
 
 208 
 
 403 
 
 64 
 
 96 
 
 39 
 
 
 *24 
 
 132 
 
 263 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 * Law changed. 
 
 School Funds Disbursed and Reiiiaiuing on Hand. Year Ending First 
 Monday in September. 
 
 YEAR 
 
 2 >, 
 
 4) 1-, 
 
 J=_C5 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 ■a - u, 
 C U hi, 
 
 " 2 S 
 S SI'S 
 
 1§ = 
 
 P5 
 
 Apparatus 
 and Books 
 
 Janitors, Fuel, 
 lusurance, etc. 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 t3 
 C 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 « 
 
 Total 
 
 18901. . 
 
 $ 88.8.59.59 
 108,757.66 
 124,721.42 
 1.37,231.. 57 
 139,975.51 
 146,03s. 15 
 153.269.14 
 154,431.43 
 160,222.30 
 169,934.48 
 180.3S6.43 
 208,290.78 
 222,165.20 
 238.242.68 
 259,857.66 
 283,745.56 
 283,345.95 
 286,177.64 
 362,794.90 
 
 $ 10,583.63 
 8,931.85 
 12,220.42 
 27,092.38 
 23,051.17 
 28,114.12 
 20.321.80 
 15,716.31 
 19,046.19 
 14,917.98 
 20,.547.3l 
 3.5,642.23 
 68,465.38 
 .50,020.18 
 81.158.94 
 47,883.12 
 44,237.54 
 70.019.54 
 109,849.70 
 
 
 
 $53,485.27 
 64,8S3.6S 
 79,612. S4 
 24,85(i.34 
 26, 265., 53 
 15,430.28 
 24,723.22 
 20,1.5S.05 
 14.336.79 
 17,943.80 
 26,071.00 
 31,.5S5.94 
 32,027.31 
 45.077.01 
 31,214.12 
 37,691.11 
 .52,304.90 
 36,496.06 
 33,789.43 
 
 .|;3ii,926..50' 
 24.543.54 
 38,045..5S 
 32,865.90 
 36,701.92 
 38,767.88 
 50,848.06 
 90,466.02 
 100.624.78 
 99,741.38 
 104.183.78 
 106,089.03 
 111,463.88 
 145,017.74 
 174,794.15 
 244,980.83 
 
 $152,928.49 
 
 1891 . . 
 
 
 
 1S2,.573.19 
 
 1892 . . 
 
 1893 . . 
 
 1894 . . 
 
 1895 . . 
 
 1896 . . 
 
 1897 . . 
 
 1898 . . 
 
 1899 . . 
 
 1900 . . 
 
 1901 . . 
 
 1902 . . 
 1903. . 
 
 1904 . . 
 
 1905 . . 
 
 1906 . . 
 
 1907 . . 
 
 1908 . . 
 
 $ .5,362.78 
 
 7,611.99 
 
 8,905.71 
 
 8,796.08 
 
 8,539,20 
 
 8, 964.. 58 
 
 11,816.47 
 
 30,715.28 
 
 17,676.16 
 
 19,743.38 
 
 21,505.97 
 
 25,323.43 
 
 31,049.78 
 
 27,6.39.66 
 
 19,135.25 
 
 38,113.95 
 
 $ 2,718.79 
 IS,. 575. 44 
 12,776.05 
 13,443.11 
 14,469.88 
 14,. 367. 89 
 14,679.35 
 14,332 28 
 16,118.33 
 21.869.13 
 *25,737.97 
 *25,5.50.54 
 t40,676.18 
 41„539.93 
 29.631.14 
 40,412.05 
 
 216,554.68 
 2-34,188.36 
 240,023.18 
 249,309 89 
 2.53,410 25 
 250,016.79 
 2.55,705.63 
 280,140.14 
 362,518.32 
 409,938.22 
 464,011 78 
 484,767.59 
 529,10.3.72 
 .552.5119.63 
 .594,085.72 
 616,226.78 
 829,940.86 
 
 X The fiscal years 1890 to 1898 inclusive, end September 30. 
 * Includes judgments and incidentals, 
 ■f- Includes judgments and overdrafts. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 31 
 
 School Funds on Hand 
 
 and RcCi'iz'cd, Year Ending 
 in September.* 
 
 the First Monday 
 
 YEAR 
 
 fBalance on Hand 
 
 SCO 
 
 
 -a X 
 
 District 
 Schoul Tax 
 
 5 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 1895 
 
 1896 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
 1902 
 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 
 1905 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 1908* 
 
 $39,212.53 
 35,. 596.. 53 
 25,761.95 
 34.799.70 
 34,861.83 
 30,701.42 
 38,. 547. 25 
 49,898.00 
 89,905.01 
 100.2)6.86 
 102,844.39 
 10.3,430-23 
 101, 480., 58 
 109,409.08 
 138.100.41 
 174,794.15 
 
 $76,866.62 
 85,901.07 
 79,432.41 
 03.952.42 
 57,018.40 
 50,560.62 
 .56,2.50.63 
 71,264.06 
 52,142.45 
 69.027.10 
 72.231.40 
 77.S30.13 
 81.772.01 
 83.415 96 
 80,025.99 
 
 123,824.27 
 
 $24,88.8.24' 
 10„S26.51 
 12.617.55 
 25.006.63 
 43,205.27 
 .58.151.64 
 67,774.20 
 07,2.54.90 
 71,144.73 
 80,747.27 
 
 115,354.90 
 90,870.90 
 
 127,313.25 
 
 $ 95,185.02 
 108,079.26 
 103.300.61 
 117,312. .56 
 134,022.67 
 141,224.53 
 149, 114. .52 
 152,001.37 
 180,704.97 
 181,303.55 
 203 280.68 
 221,322.37 
 230,904.01 
 230.947.14 
 264.631.80 
 352.945.. 56 
 
 $22.923.. 59 
 10.446.32 
 40,814.89 
 12,466.33 
 12,6.S7.38 
 8.001.51 
 10.021.11 
 40.089.56 
 29,033. .55 
 45.0SIO.01 
 39,156.22 
 .55,400.26 
 .57,605.76 
 .54.958.58 
 30..531.68 
 51,063.63 
 
 $234,188.30 
 240,023.18 
 249,309.80 
 2.53,419.25 
 2.50.016.79 
 2.55,705.63 
 280,140.14 
 302,518.32 
 409,938.22 
 4(i4,011.78 
 484,707 59 
 .529.193.72 
 5.52.509.63 
 594,085.72 
 010,220.78 
 829,940.86 
 
 * The fiscal years 1890 to 1898 inclusive, end Sept. 30. 
 t Balances do not agree in all cases with those given in Table No. 5. 
 Original reports are in error. 
 
32 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 Population and Attendance. 
 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 re 
 
 3 
 
 a. 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 School Population 
 5 to 17 inclusive 
 
 School Attendance 
 
 YEAR 
 
 S 
 
 a 
 c 
 
 407 
 1,824 
 
 « 
 o 
 H 
 
 8515* 
 3,754 
 12,9.50 
 22,100 
 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 187U 
 
 1880 
 
 0,118 
 20,789 
 60,705 
 92,531 
 
 449 
 1,930 
 
 190 
 
 115 
 
 305 
 2,907 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 7,863 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 14,917 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-18. 
 
 Percentage of Increase. 
 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 o 
 H 
 
 School Population 
 5 to 17 inclusive 
 
 School Attendance 
 
 YEAR 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 1880 
 
 127.9 
 192.0 
 52.4 
 
 329.8 
 
 348.1 
 
 338.5 
 
 244.9 
 
 70.6 
 
 
 
 853 1 
 
 1890 
 
 
 
 170.5 
 89 7 
 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The figures in tables No. 7 and 8 are taken from the federal census and do not agree with those 
 in the tables which are from the state superintendent's reports. The discrepancies are due to a differ- 
 ence in the ending of the fiscal years. 
 
County Superintendents' Reports. 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY. 
 
 During the two years just coming to a close, several changes 
 have taken place in the public school work of this county. Most 
 noticeable of these is the erect of the new law in regard to the 
 certification of teachers. 
 
 Two years ago at this time of year the report submitted from 
 this county shows fifty-nine teachers actively engaged in the work, 
 and holding the following schedule of certificates : 
 
 First grade 25 
 
 Second grade 28 
 
 Third grade 6 
 
 Total 59 
 
 At present there are sixty teachers employed showing the 
 followin.g classification : 
 
 State professional i 
 
 First grade 22 
 
 Second grade 20 
 
 Third grade 6 
 
 Temporary (granted) 4 
 
 Temporary (requested, but not heard from) . 3 
 
 Uncertain 3 
 
 Music teacher i 
 
 Total 60 
 
 The teachers classed as "uncertain" are those who have come 
 here from other counties. They have probably presented their 
 credentials to their respective school boards, but have failed to 
 register with or notifv the Superintendent. This will, I fear, 
 cause more and more contusion as time goes on. 
 
 Our supply of teachers is constantly being replenished from 
 outside the State, and under the existing law I hardly see how we 
 could get along without the temporary certificate, although it is 
 a hardship in some cases, where the teacher goes out to her 
 
34 Biennial Report 
 
 school in the niral districts and is often compelled to make a 
 very unpleasant journey hack to the county seat for her examina- 
 tion. 
 
 Quite a large proportion of our teachers have availed them- 
 selves of the privilege offered by the State Board of Examiners, 
 of renewing their certificate by Reading Circle work. This, in 
 mv judgment, is an excellent innovation ; as it is more beneficial 
 for the teacher to pass Jm examination in some well selected 
 professional book, each year, than to be compelled to cram oc- 
 casionally in her actual teaching work. Our law shows some 
 mifairness in this connection, however, as it exempts all graduates 
 from our own University — the Normal degree of which is equiva- 
 lent to a sophomore college standing — and compels tliis examina- 
 tion from all other teachers, be they graduates of Columbia, 
 University of Chicago, or any institution except the University 
 of Wyoming. 
 
 In Laramie, our county seat, we boast a new two-story, 
 brick, school house, with all modern improvements of archi- 
 tecture, heating, etc. In this building are housed our eighth 
 grade and high school pupils. The need for the improved high 
 school facilities is shown by the fact that on the opening day 
 of school forty-two pupils were enrolled, and ten have come 
 in since. Of these, twenty-nine are girls and twenty-three boys. 
 Eight who are listed as eighth grade pupils, are doing part 
 high school work. Every student in the high school has en- 
 rolled for a course, so the prospects are splendid for expecting 
 nearly all to return for further work another year. Full equip- 
 ment for laboratory work will be installed as fast as there is 
 call for the subjects requiring it. An athletic association has 
 been formed which includes all the students of the school. There 
 are three football teams with full equipment. A passing grade 
 is required for participation in athletics. Three teachers devote 
 their entire time to high school work, one holding the A. B. 
 degree from Ann Arbor ; one from the Ohio State University ; 
 while the principal has an A. B. from Eureka College, and an 
 A. M. from the Wyoming University. 
 
 A shortage of teachers for the rural work still hampers us 
 somewhat. Those schools lying adjacent to the railroad have 
 not felt the lack so keenly. Although the outlying districts offer 
 good wages and comfortable homes, they are obliged, at times, 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 35 
 
 to delay school for weeks and perhaps months, before finding- 
 suitable instructors. 
 
 In several districts comfortable new school houses have 
 been built. In some cases the school yards are fenced off from 
 the invasion of cattle, and attempts are made to raise trees, also 
 flowers and vegetable gardens, the latter producing a tempting 
 addition to the school lunch basket. 
 
 The parents in a marked degree show a desire for the best 
 interest of their children. In but one instance in our rural 
 schools have we been obliged to threaten a parent for lack 
 of compliance with our truancv law. 
 
 East Side School Building, L.-\ramie. 
 
 County uniformity of school books Avould be helpful in the 
 rural work. Our school boards are composed of busy people 
 who are not always familiar with the most suitable books, and 
 new teachers constantly coming here from other states recom- 
 
36 Biennial Report 
 
 mend books with which they are familiar. Extravagance and 
 loss of valuable time sometimes result. 
 
 All the rural schools have been supplied with tlie course 
 of study sent out by the State Superintendent, and the teachers 
 are working to keep the children up to grade as nearly as 
 possible. Each teacher submits a monthly report to the parents 
 showing the standing of every child under her care. A monthly 
 report to the County Superintendent is also required. As a mark 
 of approval for excellent scholarship (a monthly average of 90% 
 or above) each pupil receives a reward in the shape of a Perry 
 picture. 
 
 Our County Institute, usually held in June, has been post- 
 poned this year until December, when we will meet with the 
 State Teachers' Association, and will have the benefit of the 
 instruction and inspiration to be derived from such educators as 
 Dr. A. E. Winship of Boston, and Superintendent Greenwood 
 of Kansas City, as well as the broader knowledge and sympathy 
 derived from coming in contact with those of our profession from 
 every quarter of our own Wyoming. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 E. H. Knight, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 BIG HORN COUNTY. 
 
 During the past two years the schools of Big Horn County 
 have made a steady and satisfactory growth. There has been 
 an increased enrollment of pupils, better attendance and more ef- 
 ficient work. 
 
 We have at present forty-six (46) school districts in the 
 county, an increase of six (6) in the past two years. 
 
 The standard of our teaching force is being gradually 
 raised. While we like to help our boys and girls along, we urge 
 them to train themselves for the profession of teaching before 
 taking up the work. 
 
 School boards and people in general are more interested 
 in educational work than in former vears. This is evidenced 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 37 
 
 bv the new school buildings being erected each year and the 
 equipment supplied. 
 
 The Teachers" Reading Circle work has not been as sys- 
 tematic as we could wish for. However, many of our teachers 
 have completed the work each year. The distances to be traveled 
 makes it quite impossible for the teachers of Big Horn County 
 to assemble more than once a year. 
 
 The Pupils' Reading Circle work is in a very satisfactory 
 condition, many of the schools having the complete set of books. 
 Most of these have been purchased by funds derived from enter- 
 tainments given by teachers and pupils. 
 
 Basin. Cody. Worland. Lovell and Cowley are each doing 
 high school work. We hope to soon see a county high school 
 for our boys and girls. 
 
 The outlook for our schools is bright and we anticipate 
 great strides in educational work during the next few years. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 W. F. Brown, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CARBOX COUNTY. 
 
 Since the last report submitted by the County Superintendent 
 of this county one district has been added to the list, there being 
 now thirty. The original No. 19 had been abandoned and conse- 
 quently when it became necessary to divide No. 2 on account 
 of increasing numbers of children and the long distances, the 
 ftcw district was numbered 19. This district is about eight 
 miles from the Pathfinder dam. The patrons have constructed a 
 neat building and they expect to have school every summer. 
 
 At present there are fifty-four teachers employed in Carbon 
 County. Seventeen of these are at Rawlins, the county seat. 
 There is a special supervisor of music and drawing, a kinder- 
 garten teacher, and four high school teachers, including the 
 superintendent and principal, besides the teachers for the regu- 
 lar eight grades. 
 
 Last year an eight tliousand dollar addition to the already 
 beautiful structure was completed. This addition consists of 
 
38 BiRNNiAL Report 
 
 three school rooms, two recitation rooms and a physical labora- 
 tory, with sewer connections and all modern improvements in 
 the basement, also a room for mantial training- in the basement, 
 although this year there is no class in that department, owing 
 to re-classification and reorganization of the advanced grade 
 pupils. 
 
 At Hanna, Saratoga and Encampment, six, four and three 
 teachers are employed, respectively, Hanna enrolling two hundred 
 pupils this year. These are important schools and are well 
 equipped and partially graded. 
 
 All the other schools except Baggs and Dixon have but 
 one teacher. These two schools have two each. Many of the 
 small ungraded schools are now paying seventy dollars per month 
 for teachers and having as many as eight, and even nine 
 months of school. Especially is this true of the rural, or rather 
 the small towns a^long the railroad, Walcott, Fort Steele, and 
 Medicine Bow. There are but twelve districts out of the thirty 
 which pay teachers only fifty dollars — one less in money but 
 furnishes board and room. At the same time our watchword 
 in Carbon County is and ever shall be "better pav for teachers." 
 Each district is anxious to secure the best possible teacher, but 
 of course even at seventy dollars a month many teachers can 
 not be induced to take schools from 'forty to sixty-five and 
 seventy miles from the nearest railroad. However, I feel that , 
 the schools of this county are experiencing a steadv upbuilding. 
 Most of the patrons are looking forward for the best interests 
 of their children's education. If they might be made to see 
 the necessity of placing only competent men or women in the 
 offices of their district boards their growth would proceed much 
 more rapidly. It is the same old cry — better service from the 
 district board — men or women who can keep accounts reasonably 
 well are an absolute necessity to the progress and welfare of 
 the school. 
 
 This year there are 2,147 children in Carbon County; last 
 year there were only 2,053. 
 
 Most of the teachers of Carbon County feel particularly 
 favored this year in that the State Teachers' Association will 
 be held in Laramie, in December, thereby enabling a much 
 larger percentage of them to attend than heretofore. Some of 
 the school boards will be requested to pay at least the traveling 
 
 I 
 
Superintendent of I'ublic Instruction. 
 
 39 
 
 expenses of their teachers, and I look for a large representation 
 from Carbon County at the December meeting. 
 
 We are also going to try to have a county teachers' meeting 
 sometime between the Christmas holidays and the close of the 
 term, with a view to getting the teachers interested in the 
 general condition of the schools over the county and putting 
 them in closer touch with each other. This plan seemed to be 
 enthusiastically received at the County Institute in August. 
 
 I heartily endorse the work of the State Board of Exam- 
 iners during the past two years. I feel that the creation of this 
 board at the last Legislature was a step in an onward direction 
 towards the betterment of our educational system. As time ad- 
 vances the powers of this board will either be restricted or 
 enlarged as the occasion demands. The uniformity of the cer- 
 tification of teachers must certainly appeal to all. 
 
 It is with extreme pleasure that I am able to report an 
 advancement of general school conditions this vear in nwst everv 
 instance. Fewer schools are without teachers than is usual at 
 this time of year. There is a steady increasing of wages of 
 teachers as well as lengthening of terms. Altogether, the situ- 
 ation is more promising than in the past two years. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 Frances B. Smith, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 High School at Rawlins. 
 
40 
 
 Bi£;nnial Report 
 
 CONVERSE COUNTY. 
 
 In accordance with custom, I have the honor of submitting 
 the following report : 
 
 There are several encouraging features of our school work 
 in Converse County. A great deal has been said under the 
 present administration about courses of study, and there seems 
 to be an awakening to the realization of the fact that children 
 can not make the eight grades of the common schools course, 
 in eight terms of three months each, or even six months each, 
 but that the terms must be eight or nine months long in order 
 that the children advance a grade each vear. 
 
 Douglas School BuiIvDing. 
 
 Several new school houses have been built and especially 
 worthy of mention is the large addition made to the Douglas 
 school house, giving us one of the most complete and conven- 
 ient school buildings in the State. 
 
 Several local teachers' and patrons" institutes have been 
 held over the county, and have aroused interest and enlisted 
 parents into a more earnest endeavor to help make our schools 
 better. 
 
 f 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 41 
 
 The compulsory school law passed by the last Legislature has 
 been of advantage in at least one district, where the deputy 
 sheriff acted as truant officer. This law seems in its applica- 
 tion to be much superior to its predecessor, because it is both 
 specific and direct. 
 
 During the last two years four new districts have been 
 created and one old one abandoned, making at the present time 
 twenty-four districts in our county. 
 
 Several of the larger districts have very creditable school 
 libraries, and in a few instances these have been secured through 
 the inspiration aft'orded by the State Board of Examiners' out- 
 line of the Young People's Reading Circle work. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 W. S. Young, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CROOK COUNTY. 
 
 In April, 1908, in the second year of her second term as 
 County Superintendent of Crook County, Airs. Jennie Davis 
 Pearson resigned from the office, and Maude Sims was ap- 
 pointed to finish the unexpired term. 
 
 The work had been well and faithfully done and was easily 
 continued. 
 
 The County Institute was held June I5th-i8th, with the 
 superintendent as conductor, and Dr. J. F. Brown of Laramie 
 as instructor. The enrollment showed forty-six teachers in at- 
 tendance. There was unusual interest shown during the entire 
 session, which was demonstrated by the number of papers pre- 
 viously prepared on instructive subjects and read by some of the 
 teachers ; by their short talks on various methods used in their 
 respective schools, and their ready response to the instructor's 
 questions ; thereby making the institute one of the most pleasant 
 and profitable ever held in Crook County. 
 
 The employment of Eastern teachers, with their latest meth- 
 ods gained from frequent attendance upon teachers' meetings and 
 associations has done much towards promoting deeper interest 
 in the schools of pupils, parents and trustees. 
 
42 Biennial Report 
 
 Could we not ^et these teachers, it would be impossible to 
 keep one-half of the schools of Crook County in session the 
 allotted time, even by workingr our home teachers twelve months 
 in the year. 
 
 Our home teachers appear ambitious to raise their standard 
 of excellence by taking- advantage of the Spearfish Normal School 
 in South Dakota. A number of our resident teachers attended 
 the State Teachers' Association held at Sheridan, December 31- 
 January 2, 1907-1908. 
 
 Most of the teachers are subscribers of the JVyoniiiig School 
 Journal, thus becomino- members of the Teachers' Association. 
 
 In 1907-1908 not less than ten new school buildings have 
 been erected in the county, and the ecjuipment is improving. 
 
 During the past two years wages have been raised from 
 five to ten dollars in most of the districts. 
 
 School boards are working more in harmony and taking more 
 interest in the betterment of the schools than heretofore. 
 
 The Crook County Children's Reading Circle still continues, 
 new books are frequently being added to the already large list. 
 
 The leaving ofif of four of the higher branches required for a 
 first grade certificate, would, in my opinion, be more just dian 
 are ihe present requirements. 
 
 District No. 3 was divided in 1907, making 17 districts in 
 the county. 
 
 The future prospects for Crook County, educationally, are 
 
 very encouraging. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Maude Sims, 
 County Superintendent, 
 
 FREMONT COUNTY. 
 
 The progress in our schools, as well as the increase in the 
 number of schools during the past two years, is gratifying. The 
 opening of the reservation has given us more settlements and 
 also more and better teachers. This is shown in the increase 
 of teachers' salaries and the length of the terms of school. The 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 43 
 
 lowest salary now paid is $50 — and rang-ing- as high as $70 — 
 in the district schools, while in the graded schools there has 
 been an increase of at least $10 per month. 
 
 There are now thirty-one districts emplo}ing- sixty teachers, 
 the majority of these l)eing normal school or university gradu- 
 ates. Fifty eighth grade diplomas were issued this year to the 
 pupils of the various schools of the county, completing work 
 as required by the Illinois course of study. While I have not 
 been able to personally conduct these examinations, we iind the 
 issuing of these diplomas an incentive to more thorough work and 
 better attendance. Five of these eighth grade graduates took 
 the regular teachers' examination this fall and passed creditably. 
 I mention this to show the character of the work that is being 
 done in the district schools. . 
 
 Lander Public School. 
 
 We have been very fortunate in securing an excellent corps 
 of teachers throughout the county and earnest and energetic 
 school boards. 
 
44 Biennial Report 
 
 s 
 
 We have one year of high school work this year at River- 
 ton, Shoshoni and Bader. The Lander school has a regular 
 four year high school, and Thermopolis has a two year high 
 school. 
 
 The institutes in 1907, conducted hy Superintendent F. E- 
 Matheny of Casper, and in 1908 by Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts of 
 Denver Urnversity. were well attended. The high quality of work 
 done, the many practical applications and suggestions, and the 
 enthusiasm of the work well done helps to elevate the standard 
 of our teachers and schools. 
 
 The text-books for the several grades were recommended 
 by the institute to be used in the schools where new supplies 
 were needed. We hope soon to have uniform text books through- 
 out the State. 
 
 I would recommend that music be taught in our schools^ 
 and that we adopt uniform text books. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Allie Davis, 
 County Superintendent, 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY. 
 
 In compliance with the request of the State Superintendent, 
 I submit the following report of the schools of Johnson County, 
 for the two years just past : 
 
 There are thirteen regular school districts in Johnson County, 
 one having been established this year. In these thirteen dis- 
 tricts, there are twenty-two schools, the enrollment of which is 
 about eight hundred pupils 
 
 There has been a noticeable improvement in the rural schools 
 of the county. The citizens of all parts of the county have 
 shown a deep and lively interest in the welfare of the schools. 
 Much of the success in the country schools is due to the more 
 efificient district trustees that are now in office. They are more 
 careful in the selection of their teachers. Over half of Johnson 
 County teachers have had normal training. Better salaries are 
 now being paid ; $45.00 per month is the lowest, while several 
 rural schools pay $60.00 per month. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 45 
 
46 BiKNNiAL Report 
 
 The terms are long-er in most of the districts than ever before, 
 six months .being- the shortest term taught this year. 
 
 In several districts new school houses have been built, and 
 many old ones have been painted and newly furnished, and 
 the grounds and fences improved. We still have the little log 
 school house with dirt roof in many places. 
 
 Buffalo has a school of which Johnson County can well 
 be proud. It is the only well graded school in the county. 
 They have two fine buildings, well equipped with the best and 
 latest books and apparatus. Only teachers with training and 
 experience are employed, and good salaries are paid. Johnson 
 County has a county high school, at Buffalo, the first and only 
 one in the State established and conducted under the law passed 
 by the last Legislature. Over seventy pupils are enrolled this 
 3' ear. Two four year courses are offered, a Latin-scientific and 
 English course, also a two year commercial or business course 
 is given. 
 
 Interesting and inspiring Teachers" Institutes are held each 
 year. All the meetings are well attended by a large number of 
 bright, active teachers and many citizens interested in school 
 work. Speaking generally, our schools are improving along 
 many lines, and in hope for much greater advancement in the 
 next few years. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Margaret Lothian Smith, 
 
 County Superintendent, 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY. 
 
 The summary for the year closing April 30, 1908, showed a 
 total number of one hundred forty-seven schools maintained 
 in this county. One hundred fifty teachers were employed. 
 The total enrollment as reported by the various districts was 
 two thousand nine hundred ten pupils. 
 
 This report showed an increase of nineteen schools, twelve 
 employed teachers and two hundred fifty-four pupils for the 
 last two years. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 47 
 
48 Biennial Report 
 
 Nine new school houses were buiU during the time, and 
 many improvements were made to others. 
 
 On account of the growing population, especially in the 
 districts interested in dry farming, a decided growth has been 
 made in the last few months. Eighteen new schools haye been 
 established in the county since May ist, 1908, thus an increased 
 number of teachers are now employed in our rural schools. The 
 corps of teachers haye been enlarged by the addition of one new 
 member, both in Sunrise and in Wheatland, while in Cheyenne 
 four new teachers haye been employed. 
 
 New additions are being constructed to both the Johnson and 
 Corlett school buildings in Cheyenne, which will soon be com- 
 pleted and ready for occupancy this fall. 
 
 In the rural schools, in many cases, the terms haye been 
 lengthened, also the salary of the teachers raised. The lowest 
 salary now paid is forty-fiye dollars per month, except in a fevy 
 cases of the isolated schools, established for one pupil. 
 
 Great benefit has been derived from the introduction of a 
 uniform system of books in the county, which has eliminated 
 useless expense to the districts, while a decided improyement 
 has been noticed in the schools. 
 
 Interesting and inspiring Teachers' Institutes have been held 
 each year. At the last annual session one hundred sixty-one 
 teachers were enrolled, much enthusiasm and interest was mani- 
 fested by both teachers and instructors. The teachers were 
 unanimous in declaring the session to be the most interesting 
 and helpful ever held in the county. 
 
 The parents' and teachers' meetings have been continued 
 successfully in the various districts. Much good has resulted from 
 these, as they have served to bring about more unity between 
 parents and teachers, also to acquaint the parents with the work- 
 ings of the schools and their needs. 
 
 Altogether, the outlook is bright, and we look for much 
 good work this year. 
 
 Most sincerely yours in the work, 
 
 Alice M. Sampson, 
 County Superintendent. 
 By Nellie Sampson, Deputy. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 49 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY. 
 
 The schools of Natrona County continue to show a slow 
 but encourag-ing improvement. Each year brings us more school 
 funds, enabling us to build new school houses, furnish better 
 equipment, secure good teachers, and hold longer terms of school. 
 , We now have eighteen school districts, furnishing employ- 
 ment, when the schools are all in session, to thirty-four teachers, 
 and having a total enrollment of five hundred twenty-three pupils 
 in public schools and seventeen in private, besides twenty-four 
 in kindergarten. 
 
 The Casper schools, under the efficient management of Mr. 
 Matheny, are doing excellent work. They have an unusually 
 strong- corps of teachers this year, eleven in all. A night school 
 is also being conducted by Supt. Matheny, which is proving 
 very popular, and resulting in much good. 
 
 Several new school buildings have been erected recently in 
 rural districts, and others will be built in the spring. 
 
 Five districts have purchased the Children's Reading Circle 
 books, and find them very interesting and helpful. ^lost of 
 the other districts can not afiford to put them in unless the 
 teachers and pupils will make some special effort to raise the 
 funds. 
 
 One of the hardest problems to meet at present is the one 
 of school boards. Too frequently men are put in as trustees, 
 who have no interest whatever in the schools, and are hopelessly 
 ignorant and careless in all matters pertaining thereto. Almost 
 Avithout exception, where we have educated, interested men on 
 the school boards, we have well equipped school houses, good 
 attendance and interested pupils. 
 
 The change in the law regarding time of sending in reports 
 by district officers has saved the County Superintendents much 
 trouble and annoyance. The compulsory school law also has 
 proved very beneficial. 
 
 The ruling by the State Board of Examiners, whereby they 
 issue a certificate a grade lower than the one held by an applicant 
 from another state, causes many more 2nd and 3rd grade certifi- 
 cates to be in force than heretofore. 
 
 Our institutes are well attended and prove very helpful to 
 the teachers. The schools not being near enough together to per- 
 
50 Biennial Report 
 
 mit of teachers' meetings, the institute is the only means of 
 getting all the teachers together, and we find the session all too 
 short for the many questions coming up for discussion. 
 
 Speaking of the schools generally, they are, with one or 
 two exceptions, in very satisfactory condition. 
 
 Respectfully suhmitted, 
 
 Effie C. Rogers, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY. 
 
 In accordance with your recjuest, I submit the following 
 report, for the years 1907- 1908: 
 
 There has been considerable advancement made in the schools 
 of this county during the past two years. By the school census 
 the number of pupils has increased from 2,492, in 1906, to 3,084, 
 in 1908. Several new school houses have been built, and the 
 equipment improved in. many others. In Dayton, a wing has been 
 built to the school house, making a comfortable two-room build- 
 ing, and enabling the district to dispose of an old building 
 which was entirely unfit for a school room. In Arvada a new 
 frame building takes the place of the dilapidated log one that 
 has done service for a number of years. In district No. 18, 
 which is twenty-five miles in length, two small frame school 
 houses have been built this year, and a third one will soon be 
 completed. In Dietz, a wing was built to the one-room building 
 last year, and a new school house erected at Mine No. 5 this 
 year, making five school rooms in district No. 28. In district No. 
 30, a comfortable frame building has taken the place of an old 
 log one, rented by the district. In Monarch a two-story building 
 has been built, with school rooms below, and a large hall above 
 for entertainments. The old building, owned by the Monarch 
 Coal Company, has been turned into a gymnasium for the miners. 
 
 In Carneyville, the one-room building proved inadequate, and 
 it was sold and a new two-room building is now rapidly nearing 
 completion. 
 
 In Sheridan a two-room brick building was erected in 1907, 
 and this year a portion of a high school building has been put 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 51 
 
 up. This contains four commodious school rooms, laboratory, 
 and office, with heating- plant and toilet rooms in the basement. 
 It is expected that the district will be able to raise enough money 
 to complete this building in a few years. For a number of years 
 this district has been bonded to the limit, and each year votes 
 all the special tax allowed by law, viz., 10 mills. The law 
 limiting the amount to be raised by bonding to two per cent of 
 the assessed valuation has prevented the district from building- 
 adequate school houses. If property were assessed at its full 
 valuation, or if the i)er cent of taxation were raised, this diffi- 
 culty would be obviated. 
 
 Eighty-three teachers are now doing work in the county. 
 Seven of these have been graduated from the Sheridan high 
 school, and three of them are natives of Sheridan County. Of 
 these, one was graduated from the Wyoming University one has 
 practically completed the course of study in a Wisconsin State 
 Normal, and the other has attended the summer school at the 
 Wyoming University, after graduation from the Sheridan high 
 school. This shows that we are beginning to produce our own 
 teachers. 
 
 One new district has been created from a part of district 
 No. 24, making 33 in the county. 
 
 Four districts voted a special tax of ten mills this 
 year, while six voted none. The others voted from i to 7^ 
 mills. The law giving $150.00 from the general county school 
 fund to each district having a school census of eight or more 
 pupils, tends to prevent consolidation of districts, and causes 
 districts to work for a division, when there seems to be no other 
 reason than a desire to obtain more of the general fund, ahd 
 thus avoid a special tax. I believe this fund could be abolished, 
 or divided pro rata, with better results. 
 
 The law passed by the last Legislature, compelling district 
 clerks to make their annual report to the County Superintendent, 
 on or before the fourth Monday in May, for the year ending- April 
 30tli, preceding, causes clerks and superintendents much incon- 
 venience. In order that the report be properly and correctly 
 made, it must be done after the school census is taken, and the 
 teachers have made their term reports to the clerks. Conse- 
 quently, as the majority of the schools are still in session, the 
 teachers must make reports to April 30th, and additional reports 
 
52 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 for the rest of the term. By law the (hstrict clerks have until the 
 first Monday in August, to file the school census in the office of 
 the County Superintendent. The district treasurers must publish 
 a report of the financial condition of the district the first week 
 in July. 
 
 Sheridan High School. 
 
 If the district clerks and treasurers could report at the same 
 time, directly after the annual district meeting, which should 
 be changed from the first Monday in May to some time when 
 the majority of the schools were closed — the first Monda\' in 
 July, perhaps — there would be much econoni}- of time and energy 
 on the part of school officers, that could be much better expended 
 in the solution of other school problems. 
 
 The compulsory attendance law, passed by the Leg'slature 
 of 1907, has resulted in a better attendance of pupils. While 
 not so strictly enforced as it should l)e, it has been beneficial, 
 and much superior to the preceding law. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Edith S. Worthington. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 SWEETWATER COUNTY. 
 
 In comparing present conditions of the schools of Sweet- 
 water County with those embodied in my report of two rears ago, 
 I find the improvement even greater than I had thought. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 53 
 
 The number of sehools has increased from thirty-two in 
 1906, to forty in 1908. 
 
 At Superior and at Gunn, two new mining towns of the 
 county, new commodious school buildings have been erected. 
 
 Other new districts are using temporary or rented buildings, 
 until such time as they can afford to l)uild good substantial 
 school houses. 
 
 District No. 12 will be abandoned this year on account of all 
 the land in the district having been sold last year to a company 
 of sheep men, causing the removal of the children from the 
 district. 
 
 During- the past two years, the new plan of teachers' certifi- 
 cates being recommended by the State Board of Examiners, and 
 being issued by the State Superintendent, has been highly pleas- 
 ing to Sweetwater County. 
 
 We have had but two failures upon examination for cer- 
 tificates, and but two third grade certificates in the county. The 
 high grades made by almost all applicants for second grade cer- 
 tificates have been very gratifying to the County Superintendent. 
 
 The salaries have been raised until at the present time we pay 
 ■from $60.00 to $75.00 per month to our rural teachers. No 
 district in the county would think of offering a teacher less than 
 $60.00 per month. 
 
 Rock Spk-ings High School. 
 
 Since our last report, the Rock Springs schools, under Dr. 
 O. J. Blakesley and his excellent corps of teachers, have very 
 markedly increased, both in enrollment and regular attendance. 
 
 The last census shows alwut 1.400 children of school age. 
 
 The numl:)er of teachers has increased from nineteen to 
 twenty-three. 
 
54 Biennial Report 
 
 Our supervisor of uiusic and drawino- now gives her entire 
 time to that work, instead of ])art, as was th^ plan the past 
 three years. 
 
 School buildings have been repaired, and new floors of 
 hard wood placed in the main building. Rooms have been 
 rented down town for additional school room, and at the present 
 time a new building- of twelve rooms is under favorable con- 
 sideration, and will probal)ly be ready for occupancy in the early 
 fall of 1909. 
 
 It is expected to place some industrial work, manual train- 
 ing and mining having been asked for. 
 
 The high school has increased 300% since the last report 
 and has a regular four years course. It has ten students in 
 college or university, entering since the report made in 1906. 
 The course of study has been supplemented with commercial 
 work and distinct commercial subjects, equal to any course in 
 any well regulated high school. Two machines are running 
 most of the school day. The high school employs none but 
 college graduates, it is accredited to the State University, and 
 has a permit which admits to colleges in adjoining states, with- 
 out examination. 
 
 The Green River schools, under the faithful supervision 
 of Mr. R. H. Mcintosh, are climbing rapidly toward the ideal 
 public school. A fine new school building is under consideration, 
 and ere long Green River will be able to boast of as finely 
 equipped public schools as any town of its size in the State of 
 "Wyoming. 
 
 The people of Green River are alive to the welfare and 
 best interests of its young people, and through the generosity 
 of a few of its citizens, the schools w^ere presented with a 
 piano, for use in the public schools. Green River has a Carnegie 
 Library which solves the problem of "something for the boys 
 and girls to read." 
 
 The Reading Circle work has been faithfully done by many' 
 of our teachers throughout the county, and the Children's Reading 
 Circle work has made a fair beginning, although desired re- 
 sults have not been secured. 
 
 Two institutes have been held at Rock Springs — one con- 
 ducted by Dr. Aven Nelson of the State University of Wvoming, 
 and one by Dr. D. E. Phillips of the Universitv of Denver. 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 55 
 
 Our institutes are always well attended and our teachers have 
 expressed themselves as having- obtained much help and in- 
 spiration from institute work. 
 
 Our citizens arc always interested in our work, and by 
 their presence and help and words of welcome, make the teach- 
 ers glad that their field of usefulness lies in this particular spot 
 of our beloved State of Wyoming. 
 
 The State University has always been loyally supported by 
 our teachers' institutes, and I am sure that every teacher in 
 Sweetwater County wcuild advise every student who seeks ad- 
 vice upon the subject of where to go to school, to attend our 
 own State University. 
 
 We wish our State University success and a great future 
 of usefulness to our boys and girls who are soon to become the 
 men and women of this great commonwealth. 
 
 Yours for the best interests of the schools, 
 
 Hattie Hale Wingo, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 UIXTA COUXTY. 
 
 Responding to your request that I prepare a brief s} nopsis of 
 the progress and condition of the schools of Uinta County during 
 the years of 1907-1908, I respectfully submit the following: 
 
 Xo new districts have been added to the number already 
 existing in Uinta County, which is twenty-seven, and by the 
 recent settlement of the eastern boundary line of this county, 
 both children and pro])erty were removed from our jurisdiction 
 to tliat of Fremont County. 
 
 The number of children of school age has shown an in- 
 crease from 4.532 in 1906, to 4.5()3 in 1907, and 4,905 in 1908. 
 The greater increase, as shown by the census of 1908, has been 
 in the coal mining districts Xos. 2 and 10, and the agricultural 
 districts Xos. 4 and 17. 
 
 The number of children in daily school attendance shows a 
 surprising increase throughout the county, due in some districts, I 
 presume, to increasing school facilities, and again in other dis- 
 
56 Biennial Report 
 
 tricts to the rigid enforcement of the compulsory school attend- 
 ance law. 
 
 The general county school fund shows an increase from 
 $21,304.87 in 1906 to $22,304.60 in 1908. x\s a consequence 
 of better financial conditions, the schools have newer equipment, 
 better apparatus and longer school terms in nearly every dis- 
 trict. Fifteen new school luiildings have been completed in 
 the county during the past two years, five of which are two- 
 room structures of brick or frame. Extensive improvements in 
 the way of paint, fences, cupboards, trees, etc., are noticeable 
 everywhere. 
 
 Teachers' salaries have increased at least 25% in most dis- 
 tricts of this county in recent years. 
 
 ]n common with the entire country, I'^inta County experi- 
 enced a shortage of teachers in the fall of 1907, and our schools 
 suffered correspondingly. During this crisis, the standand of effi- 
 ciency was noticeably lowered and, then, several of the remote 
 districts could not secure teachers to open their school until 
 after the Christmas holidays. This year (1908) no difficulty has 
 been found in seciu'ing- plent}' of competent and qualified teachers 
 and apparently we have entirely recovered from the effects of 
 last years' "dearth." 
 
 The change in the teachers' certificate plan whereby the en- 
 tire system is made a State in place of a county affair has been 
 a boon to the County Superintendent and I believe has received 
 the hearty endorsement of the teachers in this county. The bene- 
 fits to be derived from taking up the books of the State Teachers' 
 Reading Circle, as outlined by the State Board of Examiners, 
 seems to appeal strongly to the teachers and incite them to care- 
 ful, conscientious study. 
 
 A great movement toward securing school libraries swept 
 over the county in IQ07, with the result that the numljer of schools 
 containing libraries increased from 6 in 1906 to 15 in 1907, and the 
 number of volumes from 433 in 1906 to 2005 in 1907. The re- 
 port of 1908 indicates an increase over this numbc" (17 schools 
 containing libraries and 5628 volumes), but it is not so startling in 
 contrast as 1906 and 1907. These libraries have been secured 
 by the united efforts of a few teachers and pupils, although in 
 districts the school boards have given material assistance. The 
 State Young People's Reading Circle has been an excellent incen- 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 57 
 
 tive in promoting- interest in these libraries as well as a reliable 
 guide in selecting suitable and wholesome literature. 
 
 We have inauguarated a system of eighth grade examinations 
 and diplomas which is used throughout the schools of this 
 country. I consider this plan a valuable factor in unifying the 
 grade work of our schools and also in extending the average 
 school life of the individual pupil. However, I am con\'inced 
 still greater interest would be aroused in this plan, were it made 
 a State in place of a County system, and I respectfullv submit this 
 suggestion to the consideration of the State Superintendent of 
 Pul^lic Instruction. 
 
 In conducting our two last teachers' institutes we have intro- 
 duced an outline which appears to differ from other institutes in 
 the State. We have had three sessions, general, grammar, and 
 primar}', each day. The grammar and primary sessions are held 
 consecutively and the general sessions are of course the assembling 
 of all members of the institute. The number enrolled in our 
 institutes led to this division and the teachers seem to feel they 
 are enabled to derive a great deal more benefit from the work, 
 when given in this way. In 1907 we employed three instructors 
 but I found two could cover the work very easily. While of 
 course the plan is not thoroughly arranged, I have been very much 
 gratified with its success so far. In the four years I have con- 
 ducted institutes I have relied mainly upon our State University 
 for instructors and lecturers and I desire to express my apprecia- 
 tion of the never failing consideration and helpfulness received 
 from this source. 
 
 The law relating to a change in the school year was amended 
 by the last legislature before • it was passed and as it stands 
 now, it is a great inconvenience to our eight and nine months 
 schools. The teachers' reports have to be made before April 30th 
 so the clerk can incorporate them in his annual report, and this 
 necessitates two sets of reports from the teacher, one for April 
 and the complete term report for the year, or, for the one remain- 
 ing month of May and then the following teacher has to pick 
 up this stray month in her report the next April. This muddles 
 her report and is almost sure to lead to inaccuracies as the same 
 children are seldom enrolled from year to year. In graded 
 schools children are liable to be counted twice and the enrollment 
 in each grade to be reported double what it actually is. Shorter 
 
58 BiKNNiAL Report 
 
 term schools can complete their year before April 30th, but there 
 is a great deal of dissatisfaction over this law among- the teachers 
 of the eight and nine months schools. The original bill made 
 provision for this but the amendment was not so considerate. 
 
 I would again like to express my convictions in regard to 
 paying the members of our school boards, especially the clerk, 
 fixed salaries per month. I do not advocate large salaries but 
 enough to compensate them in a measure to leave their own inter- 
 ests and devote themselves to the schools of their district. 
 
 District boards have an immense amount of work devolving 
 upon them. The clerk must give a great deal of his time each 
 month to school affairs, and I cannot believe it is right to demand 
 this sacrifice from men who have business interests of their own. 
 Five dollars per month for each member and a little more for the 
 extra work of the clerk seems to me a very moderate compensa- 
 tion, but sufficient to demand in return accurate accounts, prompt 
 attention to school matters, and a meeting of the board once or 
 twice each month, a thing that does not occur in some districts 
 more than three or four times a year. Business is carried on be- 
 tween members almost entirely by correspondence — an unsatis- 
 factory method. Clerk's reports would be more prompt were 
 they made a business transaction and when delayed less compunc- 
 tion would be felt about using drastic measures to obtain them. 
 
 To give a general summary of our schools for 1907 and 1908 
 We have reported 3,769 children enrolled in schools, 118 teachers 
 employed, 74 school buildings and 1 1 1 schools. 
 
 Our teachers are earnest, faithful workers, 90 pei cent of 
 whom are normal trained or experienced teachers. The inex- 
 perienced teachers spent their summer attending summer normals 
 in order to better fit themselves for their work. 
 
 I consider the schools of Uinta County are in a very encour- 
 aging, prosperous condition. While there is room for vast im- 
 provement, school boards, teachers and parents seem to be working 
 together in harmony and much is being accomplished each year. 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 IvA T110MA.S Irish, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
EvANSTON School Buildings. 
 
6o Biennial Report 
 
 WESTON COUNTY. 
 
 In compliance with your request, I herewith submit my 
 second biennial report of the condition of the schools of Weston 
 County. 
 
 This county is divided into three school districts, all being 
 in an excellent condition financially. 
 
 The teachers, on the other hand, are well qualified, earnest 
 and painstaking ; and the school boards make an earnest efifort to 
 perform their duty in a prompt and impartial manner. 
 
 The school of Newcastle employs six teachers and under 
 the management of an earnest, strong principal, the school has 
 grown to be a most excellent one. 
 
 There is only one unfortunate feature, and that is the over- 
 crowded condition of the upper grades. 
 
 There has been a marked improvement in the grading of 
 the schools in this county and today there are but few teachers 
 who are not using every effort to follow the course of study as 
 outlined. 
 
 The average attendance throughout the county has been very 
 good, but there are some cases of lax attendance, which as a 
 rule are goverened by local conditions, where the pupils are de- 
 tained at home for various reasons. 
 
 Altogether the schools are in a fine progressive state ; teach- 
 ers' standards have been raised ; salaries have been increased, and 
 there is a better public sentiment toward teachers and school 
 work in general. 
 
 Our institutes for the past two years have been of a high 
 grade. In April, 1907, we held institute, Dr. J. F. I>rown of the 
 Wyoming State University being the instructor. The entire teach- 
 ing force of the county were enrolled. All the teachers in at- 
 tendance were well pleased with the instruction and inspiration 
 received. 
 
 The county institute of 1908 was held in August and was a 
 "banner week" to all the teachers who attended. Dr. D. E. 
 Phillips of Denver University was instructor. Dr. Chas. O. 
 Merica of our own State University was also present for one day. 
 Hon. F. W. Mondell also addressed the institute. With so many 
 illustrious educators and guests, there could be but one result, a 
 success for the institute. The best methods of school gfovern- 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 6i 
 
 ment and teaching were ably presented by members of the insti- 
 tute and many helpful discussions followed. 
 
 I visit each school at least once each term and also at every 
 change of teacher. 
 
 During my four years' term in office I have been nuich in- 
 debted to the State Superintendent, State Board of Examiners, 
 school boards, teachers and to the local newspaper, for aid in 
 my work. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 Anna C. Miller, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 '^''^"^V^^iS^''^'""* 
 
 NivwcASTLE School Buii.niNi.. 
 
State Board of Examiners. 
 
 Hon. A. D. Cook, 
 
 Siipt. Public Instruction. 
 
 In accordance with a recent rule adop'.cd by the State Board 
 of Educational Examiners the following- report is respectfully 
 submitted for your consideration. 
 
 CERTIFICATION OF TEACHERS. 
 
 It has been the constant effort of the members of the Board 
 to adopt such a policy in regard to requests as would gradually 
 increase the efficiency of teachers ; at the s:ime time it has been 
 necessary not to move too rapidly or radically in this matter since 
 an increasing number of teachers are required to meet bur school 
 demands. It has, therefore, been the policy of the Board to hold 
 rather strictly to requirements in considering applicants for higher 
 grade of certificates, but to be more liberal in considering those 
 who were candidates for the lower grades. Teachers presenting- 
 certificates have been given due credit for credentials presented^ 
 and at a recent meeting of the Board it was decided to give full 
 credit to such applicants on all subjects in which they present 
 legal grades as required by Wyoming law. The Board has fixed 
 four as the number of examinations annually. It has been found 
 that this does not always meet the necessities of teachers attend- 
 ing these examinations. It has always been found that many 
 teachers find it exceedingly difficult on account of distances to 
 attend these examinations, and in order to meet the need of 
 these candidates, temporary certificates under very careful re- 
 strictions have been issued. These, of course, have not the sanc- 
 tion of the State law, but there seemed to be no other way out 
 of the difficulty. Two tables showing the work of the Board in 
 regard to the certificates are attached to this report which cover 
 the four examinations taken in March, June, August and No- 
 vember, 1907, and prepared by Miss Hebard, who was then Sec- 
 retarv of the Board ; the other covering examinations taken in 
 
SUPERIXTEXDEXT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 63 
 
 March. June and August. 1908. The figures in these two tables 
 show with reasonable accuracy the amount of work done by the 
 members of the Board on the question of teachers' certificates. 
 
 READING CIRCLE WORK. 
 
 At its first meeting the Board adopted the policy of giving 
 credit for securing a certificate for professional reading done by 
 teachers. This has worked out very satisfactorily, for a start, at 
 least, has been made toward securing a better professional spirit 
 on the part of the teaching corps of the State. This work, when 
 handled by one central board of three members, necessarily is not 
 without some discouraging features, but the books read were of 
 a reasonably high order of professional literature and most teach- 
 ers showed a thoroughly genuine eflfort to take this work up in 
 the right spirit. Another course of reading for pupils in the 
 several grades below High School was authorized by the Board, 
 and this work has been under the personal direction of Miss He- 
 bard and it is due to her efiforts that such satisfactory results along 
 this line have been obtained. 
 
 THE OPER.\TION OF THE CERTIFICATE LAW OF I907. 
 
 At the last session of the Legislature a somewhat radical de- 
 parture in the matter of the certification of teachers was put al- 
 most entirely into the hands of the State Board of Examiners. 
 But one general criticism has come to the Board as such : that 
 criticism was in the form that the County Superintendents of the 
 several counties were left entirely out of consideration. In order 
 to meet this, which seems a just criticism, at a recent meeting of 
 the Board it was suggested to have all applicants for recommen- 
 dation for certificates be made to the Board through the County 
 Superintendent of the county in which the candidate proposes to 
 teach. The actual working out of the rule has, of course, not 
 yet been tried, but it is the opinion of the Board that it will 
 meet and remedy the difficulty suggested above. 
 
 FINANCIAL. 
 
 When the State Board of Examiners organized in ]\Iarch, 
 1907, about two hundred dollars was turned over by the re- 
 tiring Board. The Legislature had appropriated four hundred 
 
64 Biennial Report 
 
 dollars for the work of the Board for the two years ending April 
 ist, 1909, making- in all about six hundred dollars available for 
 its work. The matter of traveling expenses of members of the 
 Board, fees for members of the Board, printing of circulars and 
 examination questions to administer the work of the Board, 
 postage, express, and incidental matters of this sort soon con- 
 sumed the whole amount available. Several of the matters of 
 incidental expense have been taken care of by your office, but there 
 is a large deficit against the account of the State Board of Ex- 
 aminers. After the expenses of the next examination, which 
 will occur November 27th and 28th, are in we will present a sup- 
 plementary report in which we will make an exact accounting of 
 the expenditures up to and including that date, in order that 
 this may be presented to the legislature to take such action as 
 seems wise to meet this deficit. There will also be the expense 
 of the March examination, 1909, to provide for. In order that 
 the State Board of Examiners may be properly administered for 
 the period of April ist, 1909 to 1911, at least twelve hundred 
 dollars should be available. We understand that there is a move- 
 ment, which has the sanction of your ofifice, to ask the legislature 
 to fix a small fee to be charged candidates for certificates. The 
 proceeds of this would be turned to the credit of the State 
 Board of Examiners. If this becomes a law it would doubtless 
 provide sufficient funds, but if not, twelve hundred dollars should 
 be asked from the legislature in the form of an appropriation. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 We desire to take this opportunity to express our appre- 
 ciation of the help and co-operation that has been manifested to 
 the Board by the teachers, school officials, and County Super- 
 intendents of the State. We also desire to thank you, especially, 
 for the co-operation of your office in all the legitimate work of 
 the State Board of Examiners. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 S. S. StockwEll, 
 
 Secretarv. 
 
SuPIvRINTENDKNT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 65 
 
 Examinations Given By the State Board of Examiners, 1907. 
 
 
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 7 
 32 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 1 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 
 Sheridan .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 SKI 
 59!) 
 
 21 
 50 
 
 13 
 51 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Uinta 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 Weston .... 
 
 243 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
 1 
 -2T- 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals . . . 
 
 3381 
 
 500 
 
 3:33 
 
 201 
 
 105 
 
 207 
 
 98 
 
 69 
 
 118 
 
 30 
 
 This table represents the four examinations ta,ken in March, June, August and November, 1907. 
 
 Exaininatioiis Given By the State Board of Examiners, 1908. 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Albany . 
 Big Horn 
 Carbon. . 
 Converse 
 Crook . . 
 Fremont . 
 Johnson . 
 Laramie . 
 Natrona 
 Sheridan 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . 
 Weston 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 "> 1/1 
 
 IC 
 
 •a 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 
 -a 
 
 0) 
 
 3 
 
 U3 
 
 „ 
 
 o 
 ^« 
 
 aj C 
 0.2 
 
 D C 
 
 -a 
 '5. 
 
 2 
 
 c 
 
 
 rt 
 
 ■a 
 
 X 
 
 B, 
 
 ^.2 
 
 2"^ 
 
 rt u 
 
 ■a £ 
 ■0 •;; 
 
 u 
 
 
 X 
 
 W „ 
 
 c " 
 
 o g 
 
 1/1 IC 
 
 X 
 
 W 
 c 
 
 "3-0 
 2o 
 
 
 rj c D 
 
 fc 
 
 
 ■ti'>^ 
 
 6j 
 
 ■a In 
 
 C Jj 
 
 
 
 3 4J 
 
 
 ■i^-d 
 
 
 Si^^' 
 
 o 
 
 V 
 
 Sw 
 
 .-u 
 
 ou 
 
 £►^2 
 
 n.2 
 
 Sw 
 
 ■^o 
 
 ■« 
 
 ■rt™ 
 
 C^ 
 
 g«.s 
 
 Iz 
 
 U 
 
 40 
 
 H 
 39 
 
 H 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 .x« 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 fa 
 
 8 
 
 fa 
 
 D 
 
 u 
 
 717 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 285 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 76 
 223 
 163 
 
 9 
 16 
 32 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 7 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 4 
 
 8 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 7 
 13 
 10 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 99 
 1050 
 
 6 
 83 
 
 8 
 110 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 23 
 
 ' 5 ' 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 99 
 339 
 189 
 679 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 581 • 
 
 9 
 
 40 
 9 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 ' 1 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 1 
 14 
 
 2 
 16 
 
 4 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 4 
 9 
 
 
 
 14 
 6 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 270 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 81 
 
 2 
 15 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4219 
 
 905 
 
 425 
 
 54 
 
 108 
 
 136 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 123 
 
 This table represents the three examinations taken in March, June, and August, 1908. 
 
University of Wyoming. 
 
 Hon. A. D. Cook, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 Dear Sir : — Under separate cover I send you copies of the 
 annual catalogue of the University of Wyoming and other puhli- 
 cations containing information concerning the several depart- 
 ments and schools of the University. I wish particularly to call 
 your attention to the following matters constituting some changes 
 that have taken place in the University since the puhlication of 
 the last report of your department. 
 
 NEW COURSES OE STUDY. 
 
 'One year ago a department of Domestic Science was organ- 
 ized in the University. Professor Minnie A. Stoner, a professor 
 in the University of Ohio, was secured to take charge of the 
 work in this department. Full courses in Domestic Science and 
 Art leading to the degree of B. S. were offered at once and a 
 considerable number of students enrolled for these courses. At 
 the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees in June. 1908, Miss 
 Lottie A. Crawford, an instructor in the Colorado Agricultural 
 College, was secured as an assistant in this department. It is the 
 purpose to make this department strong and inviting. The en- 
 trance requirements are the same as for the College of Liberal 
 Arts. This course is not planned for just one class of women, 
 neither is it intended as a trade school. The practical and scien- 
 tific study of the problems of right living in connection with the 
 science and art of home making it is believed present splendid 
 cultural opportunities. Detailed description of the courses of 
 study in this department will be found in the annual catalogue. 
 
 A course in Veterinary Science is now being offered by the 
 School of Agriculture. Dr. O. L. Prien, a graduate of the Mc- 
 Killop Veterinary College, was secured to offer these courses. In 
 connection with the Agricultural College these will offer to stu- 
 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 67 
 
 dents along these lines an opportunity to prepare themselves 
 in the more elementary requirements in veterinary science. It is 
 hoped that the L^niversitv may he able very early to so extend 
 these courses as to offer a full course of instruction leading to 
 the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science. 
 
 As stated in the last report, the University made arrange- 
 ments a few years ago to offer a course in practical irrigation 
 engineering. To this department has recently been added a 
 course in civil engineering. The engineering courses of the State 
 University are now so arranged that they have practically the 
 same requirements for the freshman and sophomore years and 
 the same requisites for admission as for the College of Liberal 
 Arts. In this new State where so many problems are arising in 
 connection with the water supply, this course in civil engineering 
 and irrigation engineering, it is believed, will answer a real 
 ncci\ and lie distinctly acceptable to the people of the State. 
 Professor John C. Fitterer, M. S., of the University of Ohio 
 and lately employed on extensive government surveys, is in charge 
 of this department. 
 
 THE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Perhaps no department of the University ought to be so 
 closely allied to the general educational work of the State as 
 that of the Normal School. I wish particularly to call your at- 
 tention to the fact that the State Normal School of Wyoming 
 is not merely a sort of side issue at the University but that it is 
 distinctly a school of its own. It is as much the State Normal 
 School of Wyoming as the Normal vSchool located at Greeley, 
 Colorado, is the State Normal School of Colorado. It offers two 
 years of instruction along lines of teacher training and has the 
 same requirements for admission as the College of Liberal Arts. 
 In order, however, to be as helpful as possible to the common 
 schools of the State, it is the purpose of the Normal School at 
 once to offer short courses along professional lines for those who 
 wish to teach in the common schools. 
 
 I desire particularly to call the attention of vour department 
 to the fact that this is the only teacher training school in the 
 State. During the past year the demand from superintendents 
 of schools throughout the state for teachers trained in ovir normal 
 school has been far beyond our ability to supply. Young people 
 
68 Biennial Rkport 
 
 over the State desiring- to teaeh and those already in the work 
 desiring better positions might do well to remember that it is to 
 the state normal that the superintendents will turn for their 
 supply of well trained teachers. At the June, 1908 meeting of the 
 Board of Trustees, Dr. John Franklin Brown, for several years 
 principal of the Noi'mal school, resigned and Charles K. Buckle, 
 Ph. D., a member of the faculty of one of the state normal schools 
 of South Dakota and a teacher of ripe experience, was called to 
 this position. 
 
 .SCHOOLS AND DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 The following' schools and departments are now maintained : 
 
 I. The Graduate School. 
 
 II. The College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 III. The Agricultural College. 
 
 IV. The, School of Engineering. 
 
 V. The Normal School. 
 
 VI. The School of Commerce. 
 
 VII. The Department of Domestic Economy. 
 
 VIII. The Preparatory School. 
 
 IX. The School of Music. 
 
 SUMMER SCHOOL. 
 
 In the last report of the president of the University to your 
 department attention was called to the demand that the Univer- 
 sity should maintain a summer school. Since that time three ses- 
 sions of the summer school have been held. These have all been 
 successful and protitalile to those who attend. The summer school 
 is now a permanent feature of the University. If the teachers 
 throughout the State could understand what splendid facilities 
 are offered to them during the six weeks of this summer school.. 
 two hundred teachers would be enrolled at the next session. 
 
 NEW BL'ILDING. 
 
 A need long felt at the University has been a residence hall 
 for women. The Legislature of 1907 appropriated twenty-five 
 thousand dollars to build such a hall. This Woman's Hall is 
 now completed and is being occupied. In it girls who are attend- 
 ing the University may find an attractive and comfortable home 
 at very reasonable rates. The building is a beautiful building 
 
SUPKKINTKNDENT OP PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. 69 
 
 with all modern conveniences and ought greatly to add to the 
 attractions of the Universit}^ life of the women. 
 
 CHANGES IN THE REgU IKEMENTS FOR ADMISSION. 
 
 At a recent meeting of the faculty some changes were made 
 in the requirements for admission to the various schools of the 
 University. These changes are made in order to give greater 
 latitude to high schools in framing their local courses of study 
 and at the same time meet the requiremer.ts for admission to the 
 schools of the University. The new requirements for admission 
 which are self-explanatory, are as follows : 
 
 Preparatory work offered In* candidates for admission is es- 
 timated in terms of the unit. A unit is a suhject, running one 
 year, of not fewer than thirty-four weeks, with five recitation 
 periods per week. These recitation periods should he at least 
 forty minutes long and students should not carry more than four 
 such units at one time. 
 
 Fourteen units are required for admission to the Junior 
 class of the State Normal School and to the Freshman class of the 
 other schools or departments. 
 
 The following six and one-half units are required of all stu- 
 dents : 
 
 Alathematics — Elementary Algehra, 1J/2 tmits ; Plane Geom- 
 etry, I unit. 
 
 Language (other than English) — 2 units; English, 2 units. 
 
 Additional requirements for Agricultural and Engineering 
 candidates for admission : 
 
 jNIathematics- — Solid Geometry, ^'2-unii: ; F'hysics. i uni;. 
 
 The remainder of the fourteen units may 1)l' elected from 
 the following subjects: 
 
 Mathematics — Solid Geometry, 3<2-imit. 
 
 Languages — Greek. 2 units; Gern^an, 2, 3 or 4 uni.s; Latin, 
 2, 3 or 4 units. 
 
 A single unit will not be acccp.cd in any language except 
 in special cases. 
 
 Science — Physics, i unit; Zoology, j/2 or i unit: Chemistry, 
 I unit; Physiology (High School Grade). jZ-unit; Botany, ^ 
 or I unit; Physical Geography (H'gh School), >2-unit. 
 
 Elementary Psychology. j/S-unit. 
 
 Elementary Pedagogy, j/2-unit. 
 
SUPERINTENDRNT OF PuBLIC INSTRUCTION. ^I 
 
 History — General History, i or 2 units; Eno-]ish History, 
 ]A or I unit; Ancient History, i unit; U. S. History (High 
 School), 3-6 or I unit; Medieval and Modern, i unit. 
 
 Civics, 3'2 or i unit. 
 
 Elementary Political Economy, ^2 or i unit. 
 
 Students applying for admission to the courses in the School 
 of Commerce may elect to offer the following; 
 
 Commercial Law, 3^ or i unit ; Bookkeeping, i unit ; Com- 
 mercial Arithmetic, j/i or i unit ; Short Hand and Typewriting, 
 I unit. 
 
 Additional elective for Normals, Engineers, Agricultural and 
 Domestic Science ; 
 
 Manual Training and Free-hand Drawing, i unit. 
 
 Freshmen will he exjjccted at once to enter upon courses in 
 harmony with the preparation indicated hv the units offered for 
 admission. 
 
 Students desiring to take college courses, having prepara- 
 tory prerequisites which they have not offered, will he reipiired 
 to make up such prerequisite. 
 
 In such case if the student offered the full fourteen hours 
 in other suhjects, a college credit of three-fifths value will he 
 given for such work done in the preparatorv school. vSuch 
 credits, however, can not he suhstituted for required work in the 
 technical courses. 
 
 P.\CULTV. 
 
 A numher of changes have taken place in the faculty during 
 the last two years and several additions have heen made thereto. 
 Believing that your department as well as the people to wliom 
 your report will go will he interested in knowing just who 
 constitute the faculty of instruction in the Universitv, L append 
 hereto a full list of the facult\- as now constituted. 
 
 TIIK FArULTV OF IN.STRUCTION OF TIIF UNIN'KRSTTV OF WVO^TING. 
 
 Cii.\RLKs Olr'Kr Mfrica, M. a., LL. D., 
 
 President and Professor of Public Speaking. 
 
 AvFN Nflson, M. a.. Ph. D., 
 
 Professor of Biology and Cnrator of Rocky Mountain I Icr- 
 barinni. 
 
 Justus- Freeland Soulf, M. A., 
 Professor of Greek and Latin. 
 
J2 Biennial Report 
 
 Henry Merz, M. A., 
 Professor of Gcnnan. 
 
 Charles Bascom Ridgaway, M. S., 
 Professor of Alaiheinatics. 
 
 Agnes Matilda Wergeland, Ph. D., 
 Professor of History and French. 
 
 Helen Middlekauef (Wellesley), 
 
 Professor of the English Language and Principal of the 
 Preparatory School. 
 
 Henry Granger Knight, M. A., 
 
 Professor of Chei:tistry and State Chemist. 
 
 June Etta Downey, M. A., Ph. D., 
 Professor of Philosophy and English. 
 
 Albert C. Dart, B. S., 
 
 Professor of Mining Engineering. 
 
 Grace Raymond Hebard, M. A., Pii. D.. 
 
 Professor of Political Economy and Librarian. 
 
 James DeLoss Towar, M. S., 
 
 Professor of Agriculture, Director of E.vperiment Station 
 and Superintendent of Farmers' Listitutes. 
 
 Minnie Ava Nella Stoner, B. S., 
 
 Professor of Domestic Economy and Dean of IVomen. 
 
 Harol D. Coburn, M. a., 
 
 Professor of Military Science and Tactics and Director of 
 Physical Training. First Lieutenant in 8>th Infantry, U 
 S. Army. 
 
 Charles Kerns Buckle, M. A., Ph. D., 
 
 Principal of the State Normal School and Professor of 
 Education. 
 
 Elmer George Hoefer, B. S., 
 
 Prjjfessor of MecJianical Engineering. 
 
 John Conrad Fitterer. M. S., 
 
 Professor of Civil and Irrigation Engineering 
 
 Francis Jerome Holder, M. A., Ph. D., 
 Principal of the School of Commerce. 
 
 Mary ^'lavens Clark, 
 
 Assistant Professor of Piano and Director of the School 
 of Music. 
 
 Arthur Emmons Bellis, M. S., 
 Assistant Professor of Physics. 
 
Superintendent of I^ublic Instruction. 73 
 
 Ruth Adsit (Iowa State Normal). 
 Supervisor of Training School. 
 
 Ross Brockway Moudy, M. S., 
 Assistant State Chemist. 
 
 William Harlow Reed, 
 
 Curator of the Museum and Instructor in Geology. 
 
 Frank Edgar Hefner, M. S., 
 Assistant Station Chemist. 
 
 Leslie B. McWethy, B. S., 
 Instructor in Agronomy. 
 
 Frank Arthur Smith, B. S., 
 Assistant in Chemistry. 
 
 Marion S. Rickel, 
 
 Instructor in Vocal and Orchestral Music. 
 
 James DeFrees LeCkon, B. A., 
 
 Registrar. Instructor in Shorthand and Typewriting. 
 
 Lottie A. Crawford, B. S., 
 Assistant in Domestic Economy. 
 
 Alpiieus Davis Faville, B. S., 
 Instructor in Animal Husbandry. 
 
 Robert J. Cowper, 
 
 Assistant in Shopzvork. 
 
 Ethel Merriam, 
 
 Instructor in Drazving. 
 
 Ethel Brown, 
 
 Supervisor of Music in Training School. 
 
 Etta Kennedy, 
 Grace Drew, 
 Clara Prahl, 
 Martha Wallis, 
 
 Grade Teachers in the State Normal School. 
 
 I wish to thank your department for the continual interest 
 manifested in the University and for valuable assistance rendered 
 us from time to time. 
 
 Yours very ruly, 
 
 Chas. O. Merica^ 
 
 President. 
 
BIENNIAL REPOR T 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT 
 OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 mm 
 
 1909-1910 
 
State Catttoi. at Cheyenne 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 OF THK . 
 
 State Superintendent 
 
 OF 
 
 Public Instruction 
 
 1909-1910 
 
 Laramie. Wyoming : 
 
 The Laramie Republican Company. 
 
 Printers and Binders. 
 
 1910 
 
% 
 
 
 n. OF 0. 
 
STATE ()F \\\()M1.\G. 
 
 ( )FF1CK OF 
 
 Si'i'KRixTi':\i)i-;.\T oi' rii-.i.ic IxsTkrcTioA. 
 
 Clll•;^ i:\xi:, W^o.mixc. 
 
 Ttt His li.vccHciicy, 
 Bryant B. Brooks. 
 
 Coc'crnor of U 'yoiuiiK/. 
 Sir: — 1 liave the honor to transmit lierewitli the IJit-nnial 
 Report of this office for the two years ending April 30. u>io, set- 
 ting forth the con(htions of this department, as re(|nired hv law. 
 
 \'ery respectfull}' \-ours. 
 
 A. 1). C(H!K. 
 
 Superintendent of Tublic ln>tructiou. 
 
REPORT 
 
 Offich ok 
 State Stpkrixtendent of Pi'blic Instkl'ctiox. 
 
 In compliance with law 1 have the honor to submit herewith 
 the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
 the two years ending April 30, 19 10. 
 
 The close of another biennial period marks another milestone 
 in tlie educational advancement of Wyoming. There has been a 
 marked increase in the number of school children and a corre- 
 sponding increase in school attendance. Two years ago the total 
 number of children between the ages of six and twenty-one years 
 in Wyoming was 28,769. On April 30, 1910. the number was ^2,- 
 334. The total enrollment reported April 30. 1908, was 21.318, 
 while for the year ending April 30, 1910, it was 24,584. The 
 number of teachers employed in 1908 was 899, while in i<;io the 
 number was 1109. The great increase in attendance is no doubt in 
 a large measure due to an excellent truancy law for which Dur 
 legislatm-e should receive credit. 
 
 The schools of Wyoming are in a splendid ccjudition, all 
 things considered. In the cities and towns of larger size j^racti- 
 cally all schools are conduced for nine months each year. In the 
 villages and rural schcjols the terms are shorter, but still the terms 
 are oi sufficient length to make an average of six and one-half 
 months per }'ear, an increase of one month in average over that 
 shown in the report two years ago. 
 
 COMPUL.SORV KDL'CATION. 
 
 The compulsory education law as amended Iw' the ninth legis- 
 lature has been a distinct advance. Reports from various school 
 men have shown that the law now is keeping in school many 
 children who would without such a measure either be very ir- 
 regular in attendance or who would remain away altogether. No 
 law is operative, however, which jjublic opinion and the officials do 
 not support, and wdiere officials have l)een lax and where ])ublic 
 
6 l')ii',x.\i.\i. ki; I •OKI- 
 
 opinion lia> l)Lcn i n (ii lit c rent, tlie conipulsor)' edncation measure 
 lias not been as well enforced as it should be. The teachers now 
 are. under the terms of the act, responsible for reixirting de- 
 Hnquence of ])upils to the truanc\- ot^cers. Xot all the teachers 
 have exercised the care in making" a ])rompt report, if any was 
 made at all. that should have been exercised. It is hoped that the 
 ])eople o.f our slate will, dinging the next two years, become thor- 
 oughh- aroused to the necessit}- of seeing that all the children of 
 our commonwealth 1)e given an t)pporluniiy to ac(|uire at least a 
 common school education, and that the superintendents, princi- 
 pals and teachers will do their i)art in e\ery case to carrry out 
 the spirit as well as the letter of the truancy law where duties de- 
 \-olw u])on them uudei" its terms. 
 
 cii 11,1) l..\!■,oi^ 
 
 Closeh' akin to compulsor_\- education i^ the child labor ]M-ob- 
 lem. Indeed most states are beginning to recognize this. In 
 >uch states often one measure embodies the princi])le that ever\- 
 child within certain age limits shall ha\e the oi)portunit}- of ati 
 education with that which provides no child within certain pre- 
 scribed age limits shall engage at laboi- in certain stii)ulated occu- 
 l)ations. \\'yoming as yet has passed no law restricting employers 
 in the hiring of children, except the law forbidding the emi)loy- 
 ment of children in mines. 'Vn ihi> ^houhl be added other re- 
 strictions. 1'he law of Massachusetts relating to "({mployment 
 of Women and Children" as gi\-en in Chajjter 514. Acts of lyoy. 
 embodies many [principles that could well lie incor])orated into the 
 laws of W'xdming. ( )ne provision of this act seems lo merit spe- 
 cial consideration. 1 (juote from Section 57: 
 
 ■"Xo child under sixteen \ ears of age shall be emplo)'ed in 
 a factorv. workshop, or mercantile establishment unless his em- 
 plover procures and keeps on tile, accessible to the truant offi- 
 cers of the cit}- or town, and to the district jiolice and inspectors 
 of factories and jiublic buildings, an age and schooling certificate 
 and kee])s two complete lists of all such minors emi)loyed therein, 
 one on tile and one conspicuously posted near the i)rinci|)al en- 
 trance of the building in which such children are empkn'ed, and 
 also keeps on file and sends to the superintendent of schools, or. 
 if there is no sui)erintendent, to the school committee, a comj^lete 
 list <»f the names of all minors emploved therein who cannot 
 
vScn':i<l XTI'XDKXT OF I'l I'.l.ir I .\S'l'Kt(."ll(»\. -J 
 
 read at sight and w ritt- legibly .simple sentences in the English 
 langtiage."" 
 
 ( )ther provisions explaining and amplifying the one above 
 (|uoted are eml)odied in the statute but the stiggestion offered 
 in this paragra]:)h will no doubt be sufficient to illustrate the type 
 of law recommended for om- own statute books. 
 
 COl^NTV SUPKKIX'Tl'XDKNTS. 
 
 Count}- v^uperintendents of schools are the [)oorest paid (jffi- 
 cial> in the state. I was about to (fualify this In' saving that 
 they are the poorest paid when their necessary qualifications are 
 considered, but I do not think any qualification of mv statement 
 is necessar}-. The maximum salary paid to coinit}' su])erintend- 
 ents is $900.00 per annum, a monthly compensation of $75.00. 
 It is unfortunately true that otu^ constitution contains a jjrovision 
 fixing the maxinnim salary of certain countv offices, of which the 
 office of comity superintendent is one and the lowest in the list. 
 The state legislature could well be entrusted with the task of 
 measuring and establishing the relation between salary and effi- 
 ciency of official ])ositions, and that clause in the constitution 
 should be amended. I recommend that the legislature take the 
 necessary ste])s to allow the peo])le of the state the opportunitv 
 <il remo\ing that objectionable clause from the constitution. At 
 l)resL-ni the maximum salary that ma\' be ])aid to a county super- 
 intendent in a county of the first class in accordance with the 
 limit fixed by the constitution, is $1000.00. and steps should be 
 taken l)y the eleventh legislature to raise the salaries of County 
 Superintendents in all counties to the maximum permitted by 
 the constitution. It is greatly to be ho])ed that the people of the 
 state will deem the proper administration of the schools in the 
 several counties of sufficient moment that the two-thirds vote 
 necessary t^ make an amendment to the constitution ma^■ be 
 secm-ed. 
 
 MIMMIM SAi.Ain'. Tl-:.\CM.KRS" I'1-;XSI0XS AXI) Ti: X I ' KI-; Oh' Ol'l'lOK. 
 
 ( )nc of the most serious impediments to a pro])er and suc- 
 cessful administration of om- schools is the small salar\- ])aid to 
 the teacher. Two years ago I referred to this same subject. I 
 called attention to the fact that there had been a great increase 
 
8 BlKNNJAI. Rl'J'OKT 
 
 in the number of teachers in the state l)ut that of this increase 
 ahnost none were men. The ratio of women t() men teachers is 
 greatly to the advantage of the former and constantly the relative 
 nnmljer of women in the profession is increasing. There is no 
 (jtiestion but that lady teachers are much better fitted for instruct- 
 ing children in the grades below the high school, in the ninth, 
 tenth, eleventh and twelfth grades, however, there are a num- 
 ber of reasons why it is an advantage to both boys and girls to 
 have instruction from competent men teachers. Boys especially 
 are apt to feel that school life is one "for girls" when the entire 
 teaching corps is feminine. As said in the previous biennial re- 
 port, the fact that other lines of work olTer a larger return finan- 
 cially, is one reason for the fact that men are leaving the profes- 
 sion. There is, however, another which is more potent, and that 
 is the uncertainty of tentire and the strong likelihood that just at 
 the point in life when physical decline begins, school officials are 
 apt to displace such an one by some rugged young man. Un- 
 certainty of tenure as well as low compensation are turning 
 many persons from the teaching profession, when b}- every in- 
 stinct such persons are eminentl}- ((ualified for the work. 
 
 Dr. Cirace Raymond Hebard, professor of political econom_\- 
 and librarian at the Wyoming State L'niversity, read a pa])er at 
 the State Teachers' Association at Laramie in 190:; that I feel 
 goes to the heart of the ])rol;)lems above mentioned. She recom- 
 mends that a law be passed fixing a minimum salary for teachers 
 of certain specified (jualifications, and ftu-ther recommends that 
 teachers who have had a certain definite amount of experience of 
 which a certain number of years shall have been spent in teach- 
 ing" within the state, shall upon retirement be entitled to a state 
 pension. Already several states have passed laws which fix 
 minimum salaries and others have ])rovided pensions. 
 
 Several states have passed laws which provide for a more 
 certain tenure of office for teachers. I feel that no teacher, en- 
 gaged as he is in public service, should be deprived of the means 
 of gaining a livelihood without an opportunity to be heard in his 
 own defense. It should be incumbent on the board who employs 
 the teacher to show cause why such teacher should be dis- 
 charged if it deems it necessary to dispense with his services. 
 There should, of c(^urse, be a period of probation within which the 
 teacher should be recjuired to show himself capal:)le of master- 
 
Sii'Kiux'rKXDKNT oi^ Prr.Lic IxsTRrcTiox. g 
 
 ing the situation, l)ut after the expiration of that period, I feel 
 that he sliould Ije freed from the annual and almost perennial need 
 for worry over his tenure. I recommend, therefore, the pas- 
 sage of a law ensuring to teachers greater certainty in their ten- 
 ure of office. 
 
 'tUl'; STATl'! r.OARI) OF IvXA.M IXl'lKS. 
 
 The tenth legislature re-compiled a number of laws alread\ 
 on the statute books and made a few changes, some of which 
 were minor and some major in importance. Among these law^ 
 was one relating to certification of teachers and the State Board 
 of Examiners. It is. 1 think, unnecessary for me to dis^cuss at 
 length the provisions of these laws. Some few facts need com- 
 ment, however. ( )ne of the features of the new measure per- 
 mitted the Secretary of the Hoard of Examiners to collect fees for 
 certificates. These have aggregated from April ist. 1909, to 
 September 30th, k^io, a period of eighteen months, $2,076.35. 
 The legislature appropriated $1,500.00 for a contingent fund. for 
 the r.oard of Examiners, but out of this all expenses of the board 
 h'AVQ had to be paid as well as the per diem to which the mem- 
 bers are entitled for their services. The amount has proved 
 wholl}- inadequate. I therefore recommend that the legisla- 
 ture allow the deficienc}'. The state will without doubt be out 
 nothing since the income from certificates appears to be suf- 
 ficient to |)a\- all expenses that have been incurrefl during tlie 
 bienniuni. 
 
 The duties of the secretarx- of the board have grown so 
 arduous and reijuire such technical knowledge, that I feel a per- 
 manent and salaried secretarv should be authorized by law. 
 I'nder the ]M"esent system changes in- employment of persons act- 
 ing as secretary have made changes in the secretaryship neces- 
 sary, and this has worked to the disadvantage of teachers who are 
 applicants for certificates and whose applications await the action 
 of the board while a new secretary learns the intricacies of his 
 duties. The responsil)ilities of such secretary should be in- 
 creased, thus relieving the other two members somewhat ; an 
 office should be provided at the capitol suitably e(|uipped ; the 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction should be authorized to ap- 
 point a secretary who shall devote his entire time to the work and 
 
10 BiKX-MAL Rl-:i'ORT 
 
 who shall he given a salan- commensurate with the wide and 
 technical knowledge that a successful secretary should ]')ossess. 
 
 SI'A'I'I'. AI'I'OKTIOXMKX'I' OF l,.\XO FlXOS. 
 
 The state acts generously to its schools. Congress granted to 
 Wyoming. u])on its admission to statehood, certain lands and the 
 rental of these or the interest on money derived from their sale 
 for at least the minimum ])ricc of $10.00 per acre, is used for 
 the support of the schools. ( )n referring to the records I find 
 that in \Si)y the amount distributed to the schools of the state 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund amounted to hut 
 $10,520.76; in 1898 it amounted to $12,617.55. This fund has 
 been so well handled and the land department so ably managed 
 that the last distribution showerl a total of $150,212.91 ; making 
 a per capita l)ascd on the total number of school age in the state 
 of $5.04. Laramie couiUy, to which the largest share of this 
 income was a])portioned, recei^'e(l about twice that which was 
 apportione<t to the schools throughout the entire state twelve 
 years ago. This speaks well for the management of the State 
 Land Dei)artment. 
 
 Tl'IAt'll 1-;Ks' INSTITI'TKS. 
 
 The ((ualit\- of the work done at the Count}- Institutes is 
 first class, v^ince the tenth legislature granted to the county 
 superintendents a larger amount for conducting the institute, 
 the problem oi conducting it successfully has been much simi)li- 
 fied. 
 
 A number of the institutes have been held late in the spring 
 or after the close of school. In order that teachers may derive 
 from institutes inspiration for the work of the year, it would be 
 better should the law provide that all institutes should occur in 
 that portion of the school year included between the middle of 
 August and the first day of January; 1 recommend that the 
 law providing for county institutes be amended to ])rovide such 
 conditions. 
 
 I'he law ])roviding for institutes jirovides that all teachers 
 ■"acluall}- engaged in teaching" in the county shall be entitled to 
 the same compensation for attendance at institute that they 
 A\duld have recei\'ed had the time been s])ent in teaching. The 
 
Sli'Kkixtkndkxt oi' l*ii!i.K I xsi'Ki rridx. ii 
 
 _\ttorncy General some time" ago decided thai tiii> a])))lird t^ 
 teachers who had been engaged "to teach"' diirini^- tlie scliool 
 \ear following" such institute. In order that all ])()ssil)ilit\" of 
 confusion on this point may be removed, I recommend that ihc 
 phrase "in teaching" as given in the statute, be changed to the 
 I'hrase "to teach." 
 
 I recommend that an amendment be inserted in the law pro- 
 viding for countA- institutes stipidating that no county institute 
 continue for a period exceeding six days. 
 
 In this same law. Section iiyt). R. ^>. 1890. as amended in 
 Chapter 40. S. L. 1909. teachers are retpiired to attend institute 
 unless excused by the count}' superintendent. Xo i)enalt}- is at- 
 lached for failure to attend when not excused, and I recommend 
 that an amendment be made ])roviding that failure to attend in- 
 ■4itute when not excused is just cause for refusing such teacher 
 a certificate or the cancellation of a certificate alreadx in force 
 :n the state, and any teacher wdio shall have failed to attend, shall 
 be required to show cause wh}- the county su]ierintendent shall 
 not recommend the wdthholding of a certiticate or the cancellation 
 'if one i)reviouslv issued. Shotild the ])erson concerned fail to 
 di.>\v cause wdiich shall appear to tb.e count\- su])erintendent full 
 and sufficient, then the State Sti])erintendent shall upon recom- 
 mendation of the County Superintendent cancel his or her certiti- 
 cate or decline to issue one to such ])erson for the ])eriod of one 
 year thereafter. .V provision of the abo\'e or similar character 
 would no doubt strengthen the County Sttperintendents in the 
 administration of the schools of the several counties. 
 
 TIIK STATK l'XI\"KRSrr\". 
 
 The State I'niversity has ])rogressed during the i)ast two 
 years. A new .\ormal school building has been erected, at a cou- 
 ■^iderable oittlav of mone)-, which is beautiful in architectural de- 
 sign and well suited to its ])iu'])ose. The spirit of the institution 
 i< permeating the state. A com])lete re])ort on the alTairs of the 
 institution is gi\-en elsewhere in this document and attention is 
 called to it for a fuller discussion of affairs relatini-" thereto. 
 
12 BrRNNiAL Rrport 
 
 ST ATI'; Tl'ACHlvKS ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Since the publication of the last report two conventions of 
 the State Teachers' Association have been held. ( )ne of these 
 was held at Laramie in the holiday vacation of 1908 and the 
 other at Rawlins the corresponding period of 1909. The attend- 
 ance at these conventions has been gratifying. 
 
 The problem (if support of the association is one that recurs 
 each year, and is one of considerable portent to the teachers of 
 the state. The county commissioners of the several counties 
 have each year generously appropriated monc}- for the support 
 of the Association. The Association feels warranted, however, 
 in requesting the state for an appropriation to be used annually in 
 defraying actual and necessary expenses of the Association. The 
 hiring of speakers from a distance who will Ijring a message t(t 
 the teachers of this state necessarily means a considerable out- 
 lay of money. It costs alxiut $Aoo per annum to pay the ex- 
 penses of the Association. 1 therefore respectfully recommend 
 that $1,200.00 be appropriated to the State Teachers' Associa- 
 tion, $600 of which shall 1)e available each year of the biennial 
 period following the appropriation, subject to such restrictions 
 and regulations on expenditure as may appear wise. 
 
 DISTKIIU'TIOX Ol" IXCOMl'! I'ROM COMMOX SCllOOl. r,.\XI) 
 
 ixcoMK Frxn. 
 
 The law provides in Chapter 16. Article 135. R. S. 1910, that 
 the State Superintendent shall on the thirty-first day of March 
 of each year distribute the income from the Common School Land 
 Income Fund to the counties of the state, ^['hc money is ap- 
 portioned to the County Superintendents who in turn shall dis- 
 tribute it to the districts. The statutes showing how the County 
 Superintendents shall distribute this money are confused. In 
 Chapter 136, x\rticle 1997, R. S. 1910, the law provides that the 
 distribution shall be based on the number of children of school ai/c 
 in the several counties, while in Cha]3ter 99, R. S. 1910. the num- 
 ber of pupils /;; attendance during the year is made the basis. I 
 recommend that the number of children of school age as de- 
 termined by the last preceding annual school census shall be 
 made the basis and that all confiicting clauses in the statutes be 
 re])ealed. 
 
Sl'PKRlXTKNDENT OI'^ PuiiLIC I NSTRL'CTION. 
 
 Sl'M.MAKV Ol' KKCOAl.MI'XDA'I'lOXS. 
 
 1. The enactiiient of a child-laljor law. 
 
 2. A constitutional amendment allowing legislature to fix the 
 
 salaries of County Superintendents. 
 
 3. Increase of salaries of County Superintendents to the max- 
 
 imum allowed hv the constitution. 
 
 4. The enactment of a law providing for greater securit\' in 
 
 tenure of office for teachers. 
 
 5. The amendment of the law providing for a "State P)Oard of 
 
 Kxaminers" so that a secretary mav he ajipointed to this 
 hoard hy the State Superintendent, who shall devote his 
 full time to the work of the hoard. 
 0. The amendment of the law relating to county institutes, so 
 as to provide that institutes shall he held hetween the fif- 
 teenth da}- of August and the first day of January fol- 
 lowing; fixing six days as the maximum for holding insti- 
 tute each year : placing a penalty on teachers for refusal 
 or un-excused faihu'e to attend county institute. 
 
 7. -\n approjjriation of $1,200 to the Wyoming State Teachers' 
 
 Association, $600 of which shall he availahle each year 
 of the hiennial period following for actual and necessar\- 
 exi)enses of the conventions. 
 
 8. The elimination from the statutes of the law i)ro\'iding for 
 
 distribution of fmids for the su])port of schools in the 
 several counties on the basis of pupils' attendance. At 
 present there is a conflict in the laws relating to said dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 9. The appropriation of a contingent fund of $4,000 for the 
 
 expenses of the ofifice of State Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction for the l)iennial period ])eginning A])ril 
 1st, lyi I. 
 
14 BiKxxiAr. RivPoRT 
 
 ( )n Atarcli 31. Kjoi;. the followinj^- amounts were (listril)Ulei 
 from the Common School Land Income l^nid : 
 
 County Biirollnu'iit .1 pj^ortiouincut 
 
 Albany i-Z/o $ <S/)05.74 
 
 J'ig" Horn 3.367 \(^.},■J0.7,6 
 
 Carbon -2.n\T 10.516.51 
 
 Conve!-sc ■ • • • 1,186 5.766.34 
 
 Crook 1.491 /•-46--.S 
 
 Fremont 1.888 (;.17Q.46 
 
 Johnson 1.015 4.()34.i;3 
 
 Laramie 4.400 2 1 .31;-'. 80 
 
 Xatrona 694 3.374.23 
 
 Sheridan 3.084 i4,(;'.j4.4i 
 
 Sweetwater 1.958 . (;.5 19.80 
 
 L'inta 4.905 23,848.1 1 
 
 Weston 886 4.307.74 
 
 Total 28.807 v$ 1 40.059.68 
 
SrpKkix'rKXDKx'i' of Pii'.i.ii" Ixsti^lh "iiox. 
 
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SUPICRINTKNDRNT OF PlHLIC IxSTKUCTION. 
 
 17 
 
 PUBLIS SCHOOLS OF WYOMING FOB THE YEAR ENDING APRIL 30, 1909. 
 
 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers 
 
 
 a 
 
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 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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 COUNTIES 
 
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 258 
 
 456 
 
 165 
 
 64 
 
 87 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
Bii:.\xi.\i. ki:i'()RT 
 
 PUBLIC (SCHOOLS OF WYOMING FOR THK YEAR ENDING APRIL tlU, I'JO'j. 
 
 Libraries 
 
 couN'j'iKS >;;:=: 
 
 ■A o 
 
 < 
 
 Albany I if 5,390,946.79 
 
 Big Horn 5,522,959.43 
 
 Carbon (>,792,825.00 
 
 ( 'onvpr.so 3,836,637.00 
 
 Crook 3,201,070.48 
 
 Fremont 3,263,836.00 
 
 .lohnson 2,733,666. ."lO 
 
 Laramie 9,.590,.513.57 
 
 Natrona 2,714,005.64 
 
 Sheridan 5,816,703.00 
 
 Sweetwatei- 2,036,465.23 
 
 Uinta 7,712,186.90 
 
 Weston 2,,-)07,8.34.80 
 
 Total i .S61,179,&51.3fi 
 
 S4J S -I 
 
 ^^ '"T 
 
 |l S^ 
 
 O < 
 
 if 23,000.00 
 
 25,751.00 % .tOO.OO 
 1,320.01) 
 
 16,.500.()0 25.00 
 
 i7,2(X).oo :mxh 
 
 17,100.00 200.00 
 
 3,000.00 4,000.00 
 
 67.400.00 1,280.00 
 
 39,835.00 4,795.00 
 
 8,000.00 
 
 38,.5e7.66 5,850.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 !i;2.">7,353.66' 118,470.00 
 
 2154 
 
 S 1,934.0: i 
 
 2282 
 
 1,3.57.011 
 
 2860 
 
 8S6.0n 
 
 1400 
 
 820.0ii 
 
 ■■'.V.M 
 
 2,702.011 
 
 29 2 
 
 2,330.011 
 
 1528 
 
 l,480.0(t 
 
 2405 
 
 1,595.011 
 
 1200 
 
 .106.72 
 
 2532 
 
 1,780.2.-. 
 
 1046 
 
 505.00 
 
 2041 
 
 1,&35.5.5 
 
 cOG5 
 
 1,840.01 
 
 29310 
 
 .=:19,471. 
 
 KSTIMATKT) VALUK OF SCHOOL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES FOR loiw. 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Hooks cV 
 .\lil>ai';itii.-; I'otal 
 
 Albany $43,826.00 
 
 Big Horn 50,000.00 
 
 Carbon i;i,4.52.Wi 
 
 t 'onver.sp 70,000.00 
 
 Crook .^O.ISO.OO 
 
 Fremont 37,825.00 
 
 ■ lohnson 3O.-jOO.00 
 
 Laramie 244,o;!7.5o 
 
 Natrona .:1,3S5.00 
 
 Sheridan iki,SOS.68 
 
 Sweetwater .•!S,980.00 
 
 Uinta I 112,250.00 
 
 Weston 24,650.00 
 
 Total i if873,394.1S 
 
 % 7,570.00 % 3,490.00 % 
 
 8,500.00 
 8,143.00 
 7,560.00 
 2,970.00 
 
 ]0,.5O0.0O 
 4,800.00 
 
 11, .562.25 
 3,6:0 00 
 
 10,682.93 
 7,172..50 
 
 16,180.00 
 4,450.00 
 
 7,500.00 
 5,850.00 
 
 10 500.0;i 
 
 • -4,900.00 
 
 ;i,l(i5,o<i 
 
 0,020.1:0 
 
 13,495.0:1 
 3, .361. 00 
 8,090.00 
 3,949.28 
 
 12, ,520.00 
 3,4.50.00 
 
 $103,710.68 $84,190.28 ' $1,061, 2!'5. 14 
 
Sl'im';ri.\ti;xi)K.xt of Pui!Lic Instri'l riox. 
 
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Superintendent oe Public Instrl'ction. 
 
 21 
 
 On March 31, 1910, the following amounts were (listril)uted 
 from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County 
 Albany . . . . 
 Big Horn . 
 Carbon . . . , 
 Converse . . 
 Crook .... 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . . 
 Laramie . . , 
 Natrona . . . 
 Sheridan . . 
 Sweetwater . 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Weston . . . 
 
 Bnrollinciif 
 1,827 
 3.600 
 2,207 
 1.265 
 1.582 
 1. 91 4 
 
 998 
 4,867 
 
 652 
 3.186 
 
 -2.177 
 4,620 
 
 895 
 
 Apportioiiiiiciif 
 
 $ 9,212.45 
 
 18,152.61 
 
 II. 128.56 
 
 6,378.63 
 
 7.977.07 
 
 9.651-15 
 5.032.31 
 
 24.541-33 
 3,287.64 
 
 16,065.07 
 
 10.977.29 
 
 23,295.86 
 
 4,512.94 
 
 Total 
 
 ,29,790 
 
 $150,212.91 
 
Biennial Report 
 
 
 
 
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24 
 
 BiivNNiAL Report 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF WYOMING FOR THE YEAR ENDING APRIL 30, 1910. 
 
 
 Assessed Valuation 
 of Districts 
 
 Outstanding Bonded 
 Indebtedness 
 
 Amount of Bonds 
 Redeemed 
 
 Libraries 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 No. of Volumes 
 
 Value 
 
 
 $ 13,291.523.13 
 13,235.931.00 
 15,907.231.00 
 13,021,483.39 
 
 7,629,263.40 
 11,785,959.00 
 
 6,858 036.15 
 32,898,088.30 
 
 6,990,144.00 
 19,605,513.45 
 12,377,616.00 
 20.356,645.00 
 
 6,118,633.46 
 
 S 23,000.00 
 
 ■ 57,195.00 
 
 600.00 
 
 37,200.00 
 
 
 3340 
 2294 
 3416 
 2052 
 607 
 4369 
 2201 
 1655 
 1247 
 3841 
 1908 
 3117 
 1794 
 
 f 3,023.00 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 
 1,604.00 
 
 i? 200 OO 
 
 2,300.00 
 
 400.00 
 
 1,000.00 
 
 lOO.OO 
 
 10,000.00 
 
 4,500.00 
 
 2,795.00 
 
 2,122.00 
 
 1,287.50 
 
 527.00 
 
 Fremont 
 
 48,700.00 
 42.000 00 
 40,000.00 
 37,500 00 
 136,240.00 
 27,000.00 
 33.100.00 
 23,000.00 
 
 2,835.00 
 
 
 2,175.00 
 
 
 2,242.00 
 
 Natrona 
 
 860.00 
 
 
 3,049.00 
 
 
 1,120.90 
 
 Uinta 
 
 7,600.00 
 
 1.815.50 
 
 
 1,200.00 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $180,076,067.28 
 
 $505,535.00 
 
 $28,895.00 
 
 31841 
 
 $23,860.9a 
 
Superintendent of Public Instructlon. 
 
 25 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS OP WYOMING POK THE YEAK ENDING APRIL 30, 1910. 
 
 
 
 Qua 
 
 liflcations of Teaehei 
 
 •s 
 
 
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 5 
 
 
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 >5 
 
 
 
 Number Holding 
 
 
 
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 6 
 
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 6 
 6 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 17 
 10 
 13 
 27 
 20 
 
 7 
 41 
 13 
 16 
 
 9 
 12 
 15 
 
 41 1 4 
 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
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 .53 
 27 
 35 
 53 
 22 
 20 
 90 
 14 
 50 
 16 
 57 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 17 
 
 9 
 19 
 
 5 
 41 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 3 
 16 
 16 
 
 
 
 
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 6 
 
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 1 
 
 
 4 
 
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 11 
 
 
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 7 
 
 3 
 30 
 
 7 
 15 
 
 9 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
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 31 
 
 J 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
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 3 
 
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 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 2 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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 Uinta 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Weston 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 132 
 
 227 
 
 500 
 
 182 
 
 62 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 ESTIMATED VALUE OP SCHOOL PROPERTY IN COUNTIES FOR 1910. 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Buildings 
 
 Books & 
 
 Furniture Apparatus 
 
 Total 
 
 Albany 
 
 $ 69,230.00 
 
 114,925.00 
 
 65,495.00 
 
 34,950.00 
 
 25,190.00 
 
 36,525 00 
 
 43,000 00 
 
 292.289 00 
 
 19,723.25 
 
 9(1.909.08 
 
 61,96.5 00 
 
 126,252.00 
 
 13,600.00 
 
 $ 7,065.00 $ 5, 8*5.00 
 13,265.00 ! 10 9-20 00 
 
 $ 82.130.00 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 138,410.00 
 
 
 9,485 00 
 5.655.00 
 4,519.25 
 6 540 00 
 
 5,385.00 
 20.299.49 
 4.160 00 
 
 ii.ri.43 
 
 8 893.80 
 
 5 825.00 
 
 13,500.00 
 
 35,891.48 
 
 5,415.00 
 
 2,980.00 
 
 13,690.00 
 
 3,6-8.58 
 
 9,8.50.65 
 
 4.21 9.6S 
 
 SO 805.00 
 
 
 54. 05.00 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont .. 
 
 •Johnson 
 
 66,600.73 
 
 48,480 00 
 51 365.00 
 
 Laramie 
 
 326 278.49 
 
 Natrona 
 
 27,561.83 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 117,931.16 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 75,077.48 
 
 Uinta 
 
 18 418.00 11,844 00 
 3,800.00 I 4,8C0 00 
 
 156,514 on 
 
 Weston 
 
 22,200.00 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $1,000,053.33 
 
 $118,655.97 1 $127,749.39 
 
 $1,246,458.69 
 
 
26 
 
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 s 
 
 -o 
 
 " 
 
 a 
 
 00 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ■* 
 
 on 
 
 
 ut 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ct 
 
 Cl 
 
 i^ 
 
 c^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 lO 
 
 
 
 <M 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 c^ 
 
 
 
 «e- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 8 
 
 50 ;: >-' 
 
 00 -^ CO 00 
 
 6061 'JSI .il!K 
 
 pncji no aouBiBg 
 
 9 ' z. ■ -^ 
 
 7^ - ?■ • c S •- 
 
 c:Ct- — o~~— ^s-^Li- 
 
Sri'i;Kt.\Ti:xi)i;.\ r of I'l'I!Lic Ixstrlctio.x. 
 
 <rHO0L FUNDS DISBURSED AND REMAINING ON HAND FOR THE YEAR ENDING 
 
 APRIL 30, 1910. 
 
 Albany S 34,267, 
 
 Big Horn ... 49,009, 
 
 ( 'arbon 34,248. 
 
 < onversi' 25,191. 
 
 Crook 28,108. 
 
 Fr.'mont .... 30,460. 
 
 ■lolinson 19,869 
 
 Laramie 9'i,744. 
 
 Natrona 14,761, 
 
 Sheridan .... 52,024 
 
 .Sweetwater .. 26,498, 
 
 Uinta > 61,()2I, 
 
 Weston 14,448, 
 
 956 
 
 2,576, 
 2,726 
 
 660, 
 1,6.53, 
 2,934 
 1,407 
 5,.-)01, 
 
 292 
 2,495 
 1,625 
 4,842 
 
 900 
 
 4,789. 
 3,401. 
 3,356. 
 2,12(;. 
 2,133. 
 37,251. 
 
 18,669. 
 18,145. 
 
 7,632. 
 
 3,105. 
 
 4,727 
 
 2,59 /• 
 1,215 
 2,437 
 
 847, 
 4,751 
 3,504 
 7,002 
 
 335 
 2,932 
 3,593 
 (i,262 
 
 351 
 
 1,457 
 
 2,195.52 $1678.56 
 2,117 
 1,835 
 1,712 
 3,29 
 267 
 4.94' 
 
 6.00 
 20.68 
 .3.51.25 
 139.78 
 825.56 
 
 2,107 
 2,124 
 
 605.94 
 
 Total. 
 
 '§487,2.59.73 
 
 .f28.573.60 $126,766.43 ift40,.560.77 S22,061.30 83827.77 
 
 r 
 
 S 116.60 
 
 $1750.001 783.08 
 ; 870.23 
 
 123.70! 149.53 
 116.47 
 
 100.00 
 
 2000.00 1036.38 
 
 2795.00; 
 1100.00 
 
 62.79 
 73.92 
 
 $7868.70 83209.00 
 
 FUNDS DISBURSED AND REMAINING ON HAND FOR THE YE:AR ENDING 
 APRIL 30, 1910.— (Continued.) 
 
 torN-i'ii;s 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 
 '^^ 
 
 Cnsli on Hand by 
 District Treasurer 
 
 Total 
 
 
 >! 1,773.80 
 ■>,7.53.49 
 
 •* 2,440.60 
 
 $ 172.32 
 
 6,] 97.35 
 
 661.68 
 
 i. ^(\i\SS> fifi 1 S .5fi 93i\ 70 
 
 Biff Horn 
 
 3.144.'» ift 95.90 
 
 
 46,688.30 i 145,348.61 
 25,111.59 \ 75,920.80 
 12,845.08 49.394.07 
 22,113.53 • 61,646.16 
 18,039.72 1 66,213.3«» 
 
 i4..5.5.^ r».T 1 7.5 i."U.d(l 
 
 Carbon 
 
 1,.545.04 2,341.88 293.33 
 1.763.11 1,1.58.15 101.75 
 
 
 l^onverse 
 
 
 ♦ rook 
 
 2,030.57 403 43 115 89 
 
 911.. 52 
 
 !? 120.00 
 
 Fremont 
 
 2,O74.0() 1,377.28 SO. 00 
 1,080.13 S67.50 84. (X) 
 5,109.11 4. 100.45 
 
 950.05 
 1,.567.11 
 
 9,678.48 
 
 -Tohnson 
 
 
 
 3,301.06 •>-?'.fi69..5S 1 190.^87.8.1 
 
 
 (>42.60 
 1,973.00 
 
 589.25 
 
 
 9,301.87 1 26,032.91 
 
 111,315.51 201,194.57 
 
 20,049.97 ; 77,318.»i 
 
 ?>5..3:i7.4n ': 11ft->».ST 
 
 .siieridan 
 
 .1.570 fiO 
 
 3,329.80 
 
 2,412.16 
 
 1,054..58 
 
 788.96 
 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 1,346.47 1 2,427.25 45. .50 
 
 3,705.39 3,484.05 
 
 859.97 1 1,186.70 468.00 
 
 2,569.12 
 
 Weston 
 
 10,000.00 9,544.07 , 43,778.01 
 
 
 Total 
 
 $26,656.74 !$28,097.36 $1284.3: 
 
 ?27,724.01 
 
 n5,990.18 $378,405.86 ' $1,198,2&5.82 
 
 1 
 
28 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 No. of Teachers 
 
 No 
 
 . of PupiLs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "Si 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Knrollert 
 
 
 
 
 j_^ 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Days 
 nee 
 
 
 
 
 
 .c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • « 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 (5 
 
 •Ji 
 
 X 
 
 
 j; 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 0^ 
 ^i a 
 
 be ^ 
 
 C 
 
 
 4-1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "J 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 a> 
 
 es 
 
 "3 
 
 OJ 
 
 '3 
 
 C3 
 
 a« 
 
 
 c 
 
 i^ 
 
 d 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 ■S 
 
 § 
 
 o 
 
 "3 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 %< 
 
 %< 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 ^ . 
 
 '^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 Eh 
 
 cH 
 
 < 
 
 ^i 
 
 1890.. 
 
 ioo' 
 
 282 
 320 
 344 
 381 
 
 198 
 223 
 226 
 247 
 
 59 
 78 
 79 
 96 
 
 24- 
 285 
 288 
 328 
 
 306 
 363 
 367 
 424 
 
 4008 
 4479 
 4808 
 5101 
 
 3867 
 4247 
 4618 
 4832 
 
 7875 
 8726 
 9426 
 9933 
 
 
 
 
 1891.. 
 
 
 
 
 1892. . 
 
 1 
 
 
 1893.. 
 
 '886,129' 
 
 89.21 
 
 "'39367 
 
 1894. . 
 
 201 
 
 3 9 
 
 257 
 
 96 
 
 311 
 
 407 
 
 5339 
 
 49-1 
 
 10310 
 
 942,411 
 
 91.4 
 
 38399 
 
 1895. . 
 
 213 
 
 405 
 
 305 
 
 112 
 
 362 
 
 474 
 
 5838 
 
 5415 
 
 11253 
 
 995,651 
 
 88.47 
 
 42960 
 
 1896.. 
 
 182 
 
 425 
 
 306 ■ 
 
 105 
 
 360 
 
 465 
 
 5865 
 
 5717 
 
 11582 
 
 1,025,100 
 
 88.59 
 
 90201 
 
 1897.. 
 
 184 
 
 452 
 
 322 
 
 103 
 
 395 
 
 498 
 
 6067 
 
 58 
 
 11937 
 
 1,085,961 
 
 {•0.97 
 
 41682 
 
 1898.. 
 
 202 
 
 495 
 
 338 
 
 102 
 
 434 
 
 536 
 
 6643 
 
 6399 
 
 13042 
 
 1,535,562 
 
 117.7* 
 
 6019S 
 
 1899. . 
 
 201 
 
 500 
 
 346 
 
 91 
 
 472 
 
 563 
 
 6-97 
 
 6629 
 
 13427 
 
 1,160 802 
 
 86.9 
 
 37764 
 
 1900.. 
 
 208 
 
 524 
 
 372 
 
 89 
 
 481 
 
 570 
 
 73.59 
 
 7153 
 
 14512 
 
 1,526,124 
 
 105.17 
 
 44154 
 
 1901.. 
 
 214 
 
 574 
 
 381 
 
 101 
 
 519 
 
 620 
 
 8023 
 
 7741 
 
 15-64 
 
 1,394,443 
 
 88.45 
 
 9;5857 
 
 1902.. 
 
 224 
 
 615 
 
 40O 
 
 100 
 
 584 
 
 684 
 
 8887 
 
 8624 
 
 1-511 
 
 1,678,933 
 
 106.83 
 
 7493(1 
 
 1903. 
 
 238 
 
 646 
 
 440 
 
 108 
 
 618 
 
 726 
 
 934-2 
 
 9039 
 
 18381 
 
 1,-02,439 
 
 89.26 
 
 7390.-. 
 
 1904. 
 
 245 
 
 684 
 
 483 
 
 105 
 
 658 
 
 763 
 
 9194 
 
 9053 
 
 18247 
 
 1810,028 
 
 99.24 
 
 62974 
 
 1905. 
 
 253 
 
 716 
 
 503 
 
 107 
 
 690 
 
 797 
 
 9499 
 
 9403 
 
 18902 
 
 1,828,105 
 
 96.71 
 
 82989 
 
 1906.. 
 
 261 
 
 745 
 
 486 
 
 10- 
 
 693 
 
 800 
 
 9392 
 
 93-9 
 
 18 71 
 
 1,8-2,016 
 
 99.74 
 
 65501 
 
 1907. 
 
 281 
 
 706 
 
 509 
 
 109 
 
 6-8 
 
 787 
 
 9822 
 
 98-4 
 
 19-95 
 
 1,805,643 
 
 91.21 
 
 70834 
 
 1908.. 
 
 280 
 
 785 
 
 .538 
 
 115 
 
 784 
 
 899 
 
 10675 
 
 10715 
 
 21390 
 
 2,120.482 
 
 91.13 
 
 695:83 
 
 1909.. 
 
 291 
 
 860 
 
 582 
 
 121 
 
 8.54 
 
 975 
 
 11784 
 
 11398 
 
 23182 
 
 2,308,322 
 
 99.57 
 
 65330 
 
 1910. . 
 
 303 
 
 1004 
 
 640 
 
 141 
 
 968 
 
 1109 
 
 12364 
 
 12220 
 
 24581 
 
 2,484,396 
 
 101.06 
 
 14155S 
 
 *A probable error in computation. 
 
Sri'KRrxTKNDi^xT OF Pl-i;lic Instrl-ction. 
 
 29 
 
 liUOX 
 
 aiButa^j 
 
 aiBPf 
 
 F«;oj, 
 
 siButa^j 
 
 ^ SfS r^ S? o 1^ i~ CO 
 
 <M C<I 03 (M C-J (M C-1 CO 
 
 QO 05 CO 
 
 -* <M 12 c 
 00 CO 10 CO 
 
 O O r-» C-1 !>] 
 
 00 IM rH 
 CD CD •<*< 
 
 O ^-^ rM C-l 
 
 CO 00 e<l IM C: 
 
 r-l 55 1-1 
 
 1* cc 
 
 cc o 00 
 
 3IBH 
 
 s? g g 
 
 o o c^- 
 
 c> 00 00 
 
 ^ CD 0> 
 
 00 <M (M CO CO <M 
 CO (M ?— I C35 LQ 
 •M i-H O CO O 
 
 C35 in r-l CO 00 
 
 U1 00 CO 
 
 ICJOJ, 
 
 8[BHiaj 
 
 00 CO 00 m (M CD 
 
 ■- — ■ Ml (M ^ 
 
 O i-H O 
 
 OU C5 CO 
 
 p CO O Ci 
 
 CD CD 00 
 
 00 CD do C-. & 
 
 ail! PI 
 
 unox 
 
 1^ CO rt 
 
 8IBUia,g; 
 
 arcK 
 
 siooqog ijSiH Jt> ox 
 
 Jopu^l 
 iiJ4,ii!S.idpu!>[ n; -ox 
 
 suaj.i«3jopii!H }oox 
 
 Suipuajiv 'OX 
 
 siooiios' 
 ajiJAi.irl nr -ox 
 
 £2S!St~o6<McoTO 
 (McoMiioirscocooo 
 
 f-H CO CD O 
 
 L-5 CO CD CO 
 
 CO(>JOlcacQ(MCqc0 
 
 00 1^ J- /- CD C; CD Ml 
 W (M O O Ml CD r^ S 
 <M (M (M tM Ol T-l r- 
 
 c: 01 :; 
 
 CO 00 O 
 
 S ^ S ^ I § s 
 
County Superintendents' Reports. 
 
 ALHANY COUXTY. 
 
 During the two years now closing the schools of this ci>unt\ 
 have been working steadily to accomplish that wherennto they 
 exist, anrl with a fair amount of success, as is shnwn 1)_\- the an- 
 nual report recenth' submitted. 
 
 Two years ago the biennial report from this county -showed 
 that sixtv teachers were engaged. This year's annual report 
 enumerates eighty-nine. The increased mnuber is largely due to 
 the rapidly growing ])opulation ; but ])artly, 1 regret to >a\ . to 
 the law which grants '"temixirary certihcates good mitil the next 
 examination." Some have taken advantage of this \\i)o haw 
 failed to put in an appearance at the next examination and con- 
 se(|uentl\' it has been incumbent U])on the school board and Countx 
 vSuperintendent to tind another teacher, thereby giving the child- 
 ren two teachers for one short term of school. School is some- 
 times closed for several weeks or months until a teacher can be 
 found who is willing to finish up the term. This condition i- mil 
 frequent, however. 
 
 District Xo. i i> building a new fift\- thousand dollar iiigh 
 school, which has been found necessary to accommodate those 
 yoimg people seeking a higher education. Two } ears ago tliere 
 were fifty enrolled in our High school. This year we have cared 
 for ninety, with the prospect t^f a much greater numl)er b\ an- 
 other year. Three men and three women will devote their entire- 
 time dtiring the coming year to this l)ranch of our school system. 
 
 An appn^priation of five thousand dollars was made b\ tiK 
 vote of the peo])le in May to equip tlie new High school and a 
 generous amount was also voted to ])urchase sites for ward 
 buildings in dififerent parts of the city of Laramie, as need may 
 arise. 
 
 We have had in this count\- a larger amount of ])n])ils dian 
 Usual who have not olSeyed the compulsory educational law. 
 This is (\UQ to the fact that certain portions of our count\- ha\t 
 
SrriCkixTicxDi'XT OF Plt.lic IxspRrcriox. 31 
 
 been settling very rapidl} . At the time of the May meeting, the 
 people of the several districts provide schools for all from whom 
 they have recjuests ; but. strangers occasionally fail to realize om* 
 customs until too late for that year, or families move in after 
 the May meeting, and cannot be provided for until the coming 
 vear. \\'hen cc^nditions are a little more settled this trouble will 
 be obviated. 
 
 A uniform list of sch<)ol liooks is recommended froui the 
 Superintendent's otfice ; however, as there is no law to regulate 
 this it is often overlooked and in c(Misequence too man\- varieties 
 of arithmetics, spellers, etc., are found in our rural schools. Xew 
 teachers are constantly coming from other states with their own 
 notions in regard t(^ school books, with which the busy school 
 board men are apt to compl\-. Countv uniformity would be 
 helpful. 
 
 In compliance with )(iur rei,|uest the ft)regoing is most re- 
 spectfull\- submitted. E. H. KxiciiT. 
 
 Coimt\' Superintendent. 
 
 VAC, IIOR.X COIWTV. 
 
 1 have the honor to submit herewith the l)iennial report of 
 this office for the period ending April 30. 1910. 
 
 During the past two years the schools of IJig Horn Count}- 
 have shown a marked increase in efficiency of wc^-k done as well 
 as in increased attentlance. 
 
 ( )vving to present law concerning the certification of teachers 
 the standard of the teaching force of the county is being raised. 
 
 During the school year a total of one hundred nineteen ( 119 ) 
 teachers were employed in the schools of the county, an increase 
 of fourteen over the preceding year. 
 
 The wages paid teachers are more satisfactory than formerlw 
 During the past year but one district paid less than $50.00 per 
 month while twenty-two districts paid $60.00 or more per month. 
 The wage question is the determining factor in the improvement 
 (^i schools and the sooner school boards concede this the sooner 
 we shall have schools second to none. 
 
 The Compulsory School Law is having a verv w holesome ef- 
 fect in causing better attendance and consec|uentl\' better work. 
 
T,2 Biennial Report 
 
 During the last school year nearly $26,000.00 was expended 
 for building ])urposes by the various school districts in the 
 county, while something like $30,000.00 will be expended for like 
 purposes this summer. 
 
 In the rural districts the log building with dirt roof is fast 
 giving way to neat well-painted frame buildings, well furnished 
 and equipped for successful work. 
 
 Everything considered, the schools of the county have made 
 satisfactory progress during the past two years and the outlook 
 for the future is bright indeed. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 W. F. Brown, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CARBON COUNTY. 
 
 Since the last biennial report submitted from this office, 
 there have been a few changes in the school conditions of Carbon 
 County. 
 
 There are now thirty-three districts ; two years ago there 
 were but thirty. District No. 32 was formed by dividing District 
 No. I. This new district is known as the Difficulty School, re- 
 ceiving its name from the postoffice, which is in turn called after 
 the creek upon which the ranches are built. This school fills 
 a long-felt want amongst the people of this locality, as the pupils 
 at Difficulty were much too far from Carbon, where District 
 No. I school is located, to be able to partake of the school ad- 
 vantages there. 
 
 I should have mentioned District No. 31 first. This district 
 was a part of No. 11 at Elk Mountain, and now includes families 
 living near the mountain itself and in the Pass Creek Basin. It 
 was entirely out of the question to send these children to No. 1 1 
 and every one seemed satisfied to have these people secure a 
 school of their own. 
 
 District No. 33 comprises the western and southern portion 
 of old No. 12. This is located directly north of Rawlins. This 
 district was just formed this recent summer and there has been 
 no school held there so far. 
 
 District No. 3, Rawlins, has a steadily improving school in 
 every line. Eighteen teachers are employed here, including a 
 
Sii'i'Ki xTiviXDKNT oi' I'rr.i.ic 1 xsTKic-riox. 33 
 
 supervisor nf drawing and music, and a teacher of business 
 l)ranches and penmanship. Here we have the onh- accrechted 
 High school in the count}', also a public kindergarten. 
 
 The schools at Hanna employ six teachers, two of whom 
 ha\"e attended school at the Wyoming L'niversity. Saratoga has 
 four teachers in the town school and one about three miles out 
 of town. 
 
 Encam])ment has three teachers, while Haggs in the Snake 
 river countr}-. has two. All the others are one-room rural or un- 
 graded schools. 
 
 Many of the teachers in Carbt)n County hold tirst and second 
 ])rofessional certiticates and those who do not hold these are 
 W'orking toward securing" tlie same in the n.ear future. The 
 fruitage of the imiform certificate law is already apparent in this 
 county, as 1 feel it must be in other counties. The handsome 
 new stone school house in District Xo. 28 has been recently 
 completed and is about ready for occupancy. This is a five 
 thousand dollar structure and is a credit to any community. It is 
 a building which will accommodate many more pupils than are 
 at present there to attend school. l)ut it will not have to be en- 
 larged for a number of years. 
 
 The tendency seems to be toward longer terms of school and 
 better ])ay for teachers. Some of the schools which a few vears 
 ago were holding but three months' terms are now holding from 
 seven to nine months' terms, which is certainly a step in an u])- 
 ward direction. 
 
 The summer schools are decreasing every year and fall and 
 winter schools are steadil}' taking their places. Summer schools 
 are held in Districts t^2. 19. 24. 26 and 2, and ])robably will be 
 in Xo. T:,'!^ when they are duly established. 
 
 The school commimities are coming to see the necessity of 
 securing intelligent men and women to serve on their boards of 
 education. With the support and co-operation of such school 
 boards and such generosity and solicitation as our State Superin- 
 tendent has always manifested, it should be an easv matter to 
 raise the standard of the schools of Carbon County. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 Fk A NCI'S 1). Smith, 
 Count\- Superintendent. 
 
34 BiKNNiAL Rb:port 
 
 CON^'ERvSE COUNTY. 
 
 The past two years have shown marked progress in the edu- 
 cational work of Converse County. School boards, patrons and 
 teachers are working in harmony for the betterment of our 
 schools. Teachers are raising their standards and school boards 
 are showing appreciation by raising wages. 
 
 The State Course of Study has been made the l)asis of 
 work in all schools. County examinations are held twice a year. 
 Those passing receive diplomas which admit them to the High 
 schools of the county. 
 
 A County High School District has been organized, com- 
 prising nine districts" in the western part of the county. The 
 school is located at Douglas, the county seat. Three courses are 
 offered, classical, scientific and commercial. 
 
 A fine school building is being erected at Lusk. When con]- 
 pleted the cost will approximate $40,000. Manville has voted 
 bonds for a fine new school building. .V new two-room school 
 house has been built at Jireh by District No. 2. 
 
 The work has been arranged to have the rural schools articu- 
 late with the neighboring High school, and rural pupils are work- 
 ing to pass the county examination and be admitted to the High 
 school. This is helping us keep older pupils in school and building 
 up the High schools. 
 
 New people have made many new schools. There are now 
 sixty-five schools in the county. 
 
 Many of our teachers have professional and first grade cer- 
 tificates and all are striving for higher standards. 
 
 Great interest was manifested at both of our County Insti- 
 tutes. The spirit of earnest endeavor and loyalty is very en- 
 couraging. 
 
 We are working for a uniform basis of text books in the 
 county and have suggested that some professional works be pur- 
 chased for the teacher's desk. "School and Its Life," by Gil- 
 bert, "The Teacher at Work,"" by Bender, "Some Mistakes in 
 Teaching," by Hughes, are those selected for this year and school 
 boards are willing to supply them. 
 
 Many teachers are renewing their certificates upon the basis 
 of Reading Circle work which is of much professional advantage 
 to them. 
 
SuPKRlN'llvNDKNT OK PUBLIO InSTKL'CTIOX . 35 
 
 The results of tlie work of the past two years are most sat- 
 isfactory to the ethicational co-workers of chstrict. county and 
 state. The outlook is promising for the future. We are ver\- 
 grateful to our State Department of Educatitnt, to the repre- 
 sentatives of our State l^niversity, and to the State Board oi 
 Examiners, whose kindly interest and faithful work has made 
 possihle this happy state of aifairs. 
 
 \ ery sincerely. 
 
 Maud Daw i;s. 
 County Superintenflent. 
 
 CROOK COL' XT V. 
 
 In compliance with y(xu- request 1 submit the following re- 
 port of the schools of Crook County, briefly stating the conditions 
 existing in our schools during my term in office. 
 
 There are seventeen districts in Crook County. The boun- 
 dary lines of some of these districts have been changed to suit 
 the convenience of the people residing therein. 
 
 In these seventeen districts there are now ninety-tive .^chool^ 
 with a total enrollment of fourteen hundred and twenty-five 
 j)upils, showing an increase of seventeen schools and four hun- 
 dred and twenty-one pupils within the last two years. We have 
 seventy-six scho(jl buildings, the property of the several school 
 districts, and a few rented buildings, where schools are held. 
 
 Noticeable improvements are being made in the schools 
 throughout the county. The citizens, school boards, teachers, 
 and pupils are taking a deep and lively interest in the welfare 
 of the schools. 
 
 Twenty new school buildings have been buill during the past 
 two years, most of them good substantial frame l)uildings. neatl\' 
 furnished and painted inside and out. 
 
 Hulett, an enterprising little town in the northern part of our 
 county, has built a good commodious four-roomed school house. 
 Two rooms have been fitted up for use and two teachers em- 
 ployed. One year ago Hulett opened her schools with an en- 
 rollment of thirty pupils. At the close of the year's school she 
 had an enrollment of sixty-five pupils. 
 
 All that has been said of the Hulett schools is to be said 
 for the M(^(^rcroft schools. Aloorcroft's school h(~>use. when 
 
30 1)1 1: \.\ lAi. I\i;i'()K'r 
 
 completed, will be heated by steam and will cost abi)ut five 
 thousand dollars. The cost of the Hiilett school bnilding is. ap- 
 proximately, twent\'-t\vo htiiidred dollars. 
 
 In the I hilett schools it is the aim to lake uj) the his/her 
 Ijranches and an effort is Ijeing made in the rural schools to 
 •cover the same work, as far as possible, as i> done in the corre- 
 .s])onding grades of the cit\' schools. 
 
 County diplomas are issued to the pupils comi)leting the 
 work of the common schools and these di])lomas are recognized 
 bv the teachers of the higher grades throughout the county. 
 These diplomas have proved an incentive to attendance in man\ 
 cases to ]:)Upils who would otherwise droj) out of school l)etween 
 the sixth and eighth grades. 
 
 ( )ur pupils and teachers, by giving entertainments, have 
 contribtitcd nuich towards purchasing libraries, organs, bells and 
 maps for a number of our schools. 
 
 School children in all parts of the county are deriving much 
 benefit and enjoyment from the County Children's ReacUng 
 Circle. 
 
 Interesting and inspiring Teachers" Institutes have been 
 held each vear ; all the meetings were well attended by a large 
 number of bright, active teachers, who have expressed themselves 
 as having obtained much helpful instruction from the institutes. 
 
 1 am pleased to say that our teachers realize the great re- 
 s])onsibilitv of their work, and parents are beginning to see that 
 there are duties f(ir them t" ])erform towards the advancement of 
 the schor)ls. Respectfull) r-ubmitted. 
 
 Ni':'i"t[K TuiAx. 
 Coimtx' Su])erin ten dent. 
 
 j()H.\\S( )X COL'.XTV. 
 
 The schools of Johnson Count)- have moved along very 
 smoothly for the last two years and 1 think the progress in our 
 work will compare favorably with any in the state. 
 
 v^ix new school houses have been built, some to re])lace old 
 ones and some in new localities, thus l)ringing schools closer to 
 many children. Yet the distance some pupils have to ride makes 
 it impossil)le to have regular attendance. 
 
v^ri'i'iKi xTi'iXDi'.x'i" (U" Prill. If ] xstuici'iox. 37 
 
 Tlie Johnson Count}- High school enrolls about twice as 
 many |)upils as it did two years ago and is steadih- growing, 
 it became necessary to have more school room, and the district 
 was lionded for $25,000, but the bonds st)l(l at such a premium 
 that we have about $27,000 for building and e(|uipment. 'I'he 
 grading and excavating has alread\- l)egun, but it will be neces- 
 sary to rent rooms for the High school this year. 
 
 bjghth grade examinations have been held in the rural 
 schools. The city superintendent furnishes the (|uc>tion> .and 
 all papers are returned to me to l)e graded. These diplomas ad- 
 mit pu|)ils to the High school. In this way we are getting some 
 countrx children who otherwise would never get beyond their 
 little home schools. While the number of these graduates is not 
 large, it is promising to note that the number this }ear was more 
 than doul)le what it was last year. Some took the regular exami- 
 nation for third grade certificates and where the>' were success- 
 ful we issued eighth grade diplomas just the same as though 
 they had taken the regular eighth grade examinations. This 
 gave them their certificate and (li])loma on one examination. 
 'I'his has hel])cd in securing better work and Ijetter attendance. 
 
 Tile lUifTalo scliools, including the High school, employ 
 sixteen teaciiers. We ha\e had a special music teaclier for tlie 
 last two \ears and the results have been so satisfactory that 1 
 1)elie\e no well graded school should ije without its teacher for 
 tiiis huv of work. We also have some ver\- nice water color 
 ])ainting in both the rural schools and tlie cit\- schools. 
 
 Tlie action taken by th.e State Superintendent in em])ha- 
 si/.ing the law that "The District Treasurer is liable on his otiticial 
 i)ond for all money paid to a teacher who does not hold a cer- 
 tificate," has done much to rid the county of inferior teachers. 
 
 .\t ].resep.t we 1iave no tempor'f\ certificates in our coimtv, 
 and no third grade except those issued on Higli school diplomas. 
 Tlu'ee teachers secured ])rofessional certificates and several raised 
 second grade to first, .\iany teachers renew their certificates by 
 Reading Circle work. This keeps them well read on v^chool 
 Laws and other hel|)fn! i)ooks. 
 
 i find liiem also well su])plied with good school journals. 
 Tew of the teachers take less than two or three, 'i'he little ])a])er 
 called C'urrcnt I\\-ents is bein;-- studied in some of the rural 
 
38 BiKNXJAL RKl'OR'r 
 
 schools. 'J'hc reading table in the High school is snp])lie(l with 
 all the best magazines. 
 
 Teachers' salaries have advanced until the lowest salar\ paid 
 in town is $75 and some of our rural schools pay that much. 
 
 Our institutes have been ciuite successful and the attendance 
 good. Nearly an hour each day was allowed for Round Table 
 Discussions, and there was such an exchange of ideas T think all 
 were benefited thereby. We tried having an early institute thi> 
 year, and called our teachers togethers in May, thus giving them 
 an opportunity of attending the commencement exercises of the 
 city schools. This was quite a treat, as Dr. IVIerica was here and 
 delivered his lecture, "The 15oy Who Goes Wrong." 
 
 The people of Buffalo organized a Patrons' Association last 
 spring, but as it was late in the school year, very little was ac- 
 complished. We hope the work will be taken up this Fall and 
 that it will bring the ])atrons into closer relation with teachers and 
 ])upils. 
 
 A new Carnegie librar}- has been built just across the street 
 from the city schools. When in running order this library, to- 
 gether with the 1,400 volumes in the High school, will give 
 plenty of good reading material for our pupils. 
 
 What we need most is uniform text books and some means 
 of getting better reports from district clerks. The annual re- 
 ])ort calls for the attendance from May i to April 30. This in- 
 cludes parts of two school vears and the conse(|uence is. verv few 
 of the reports are correct. 
 
 There are some districts, hinvever, thai always have good 
 officers, whose reports are sent promptly and in good shai)e. 
 These same districts usually have the best teachers, consetjuently 
 the best schools. We h()i)e the time is near at hand when ])atrons 
 will see the necessity of ])utting capable jxTsons on the school 
 boards. 
 
 Our schools are in a good healthy growing state and we 
 hope for greater advancement in the next two years. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 Mrs. Meda Brown SiNsi;r.. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
Sri'KRiNTKiVDKNT OF PriiLic Ins'i"ri;ction. 39 
 
 LARAMIE COL'XTY. 
 
 Tht' time has come when another biennial report is due, of 
 The work done by our schools. It gives me great pleasure to note 
 the marked improvement along many lines during the past two 
 years, and as I rapidly review the past eight years, and note the 
 great number of changes, it hardly seems like the same cotmty 
 <if which 1 took charge at that time. 
 
 ( )in- schools have almost doubled in number. Laramie 
 County now has io6 school buildings, 211 teachers and an en- 
 rollment of 3,694 pupils. (Taken from report of year ending- 
 April 30, 1910.) This shows a gain during the past two years 
 •of sixty-one teachers, 784 pupils and 33 school buildings. Of 
 these buildings, .uany are very substantially built, nicely finished 
 and well equipped. 
 
 Very nice four-roomed brick l)uildings have been erected 
 at both Torrington and Pineblufif. Additions and various im- 
 l)rovements have been added to many of the school buildings 
 Throughout the county, so that now the estimated valuation of 
 >chool property is $312,588.00. 
 
 School boards and patrons all over the county are taking 
 more interest each year in building up the schools. This, to- 
 gether with the co-operation of an excellent corps of teachers, 
 furnishes an explanation of the progress made during the past 
 TWO years. 
 
 Thirty-one of our teachers are Normal graduates ; seven- 
 teen are college graduates ; thirty have professional certificates : 
 forty-one have first class certificates and the remainder have 
 s[)ecial, second and third class certificates. 
 
 A number of our teachers have had literaries organized. 
 thus bringing the people of the community together socially. 
 Through means of entertainments and socials, they have been 
 able to start school libraries which have become a great power 
 for good. 
 
 Our institute for 1909 was largely and well attended. Each 
 year the institute has been declared the best ever held. A large 
 able corps of instructors and lecturers gave much practical in- 
 struction and inspiration. Social functions were provided in 
 order to help the teachers to become better acquainted and thereby 
 obtain that broadening influence derived from mingling with 
 ci~>-workers. The best of spirit and good w'ill prevailed. This 
 
40 BiKxxrAi, Rhi'ORT 
 
 year ihc institute is to l)e held in conjunction with the State 
 Teachers" Ass(XMation in order to ])rove our loyalty to the Asso- 
 ciation and also to give otir teachers the henefit of hearing edu- 
 cators o{ national reputation, as well as the ]irivilege of meeting 
 co-workers from all parts of Wyoming. 
 
 l^m'ing" the past two years the writer had the privilege of 
 visiting schools, teachers' meetings and an Association in a state 
 farther east. It was found that the schools there were behind 
 our own in many respects. Stu'ely the educational sxstems of the 
 West have been making rapid strides during the past few years. 
 
 Horace Alann certainly had solved the prol)lem when he 
 said "In order to reach the schools ettectually. you must do so- 
 through the mass of people." 
 
 May the co-t^peration l)etween ])atrons. teachers and school 
 boards, toward the advancement of our schools increase until 
 the schools of W\oming are second to none. 
 
 Most res])ectfull\- submitted. 
 
 Alick M. SA^rl'.S()^^ 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 X AT RON. \ COL'XTV. 
 
 Two \ears of school work in Xatrona Count \ have ])asse<I 
 rapidly, with many changes which we hope mean also im])r(ne- 
 ments, and progress. 
 
 Including the new County High School, organized in [i;09- 
 with seven districts and one added since, there are twenty dis- 
 tricts. ( )ne district failed t(j hold the recjuisite term of three 
 months, and was abolished and joined to the original district. 
 
 The Casper schools, beginning with the High school, which 
 under Superintendent T. B. McDonough, has been accredited 
 with the University at Laramie, are holding their rank among 
 the best in the state in every way. Their reputation as a<l- 
 vanced institutions of learning and progress has gone beyond our 
 state bou.ndaries. 
 
 In the High school we have five teachers with a full com- 
 mercial course. The School Board has rented the building for 
 these two years from the School Board of District Xo. 2. Judge 
 Carey has donated a beautiful site to the High school. (mi which 
 in the near future will be erected a hue building. The people are 
 
■fi 
 
Sii'i'Ki xTi'.xni'X'i" (IF I'lKi.u; I xs'i'KicTiox. 41 
 
 justly ])r()iul of beiiii^' in the from with the educational ideals 
 demonstrated. 
 
 The new $35,0(X) grade building is the ])ride of the city and 
 the inspiration to all better things in the fortunate children. It 
 is of modern equipment throughout, with sanitar\- drinking foun- 
 tains and the latest ventilation. Xot least is the strong corps of 
 teachers under the su])ervision of the High school superintend- 
 ent. If any lack is found in the s\stem in our city it might be 
 entlnisiastic co-operation of all the patrons. Alan\- are to the 
 front in interest. 
 
 I have worked toward consolidation as a means of strength 
 so we have but one new countr\- district to report. That will 
 projjably build a new school house in the spring. Several dis- 
 tricts are so s])arselv settled that each family must have the 
 scbotil at the home. That makes in Xo. 1, five schools: in Xix 5. 
 three schools; and in Xo. 9, five schc^ols. Xattirally in most of 
 these cases the terms are short or must be finished by private 
 money. 
 
 Three rural districts have purchased organs for the schools. 
 and one has a new piano, this thi"ough the efforts of the teacher> 
 and ])atrons. Some library books have been placed in the schools, 
 but we hope soon to have a system of traveling libraries from 
 our Couut\- Library, which is kept in the Carnegie building. 
 
 The eighth grade graduation was a feature of the cit}- and 
 rural schools this \ear. About twent}' in the city school and 
 eight from the rural schools received diplomas. 
 
 School boards have been as faithful as busy ranchmen and 
 merchants could be. It is noticeable that the busiest of btisines> 
 men make the better members of school boarrls. Ibit one district 
 in the count\- failed in getting the annual re]iorts in to me in 
 time for my report. 
 
 P>ut one child has l)een reported to me under the compulsor} 
 education law. 
 
 The regulation of registering certificates of teachers with 
 the (.'ountN' Suj^erintendent has been a great help and aroused 
 the School l>oards to greater diligence in asking for credentials 
 of teachers. 
 
 It has l)een necessary for me to publish the section of the 
 regulations on ])ermits in answer to criticisms of those not in- 
 formed as to the ])rivileges (~if the same. When all the schools 
 
42 liFlCNNIAl. Ri;i>()Kr 
 
 are in session we employ 42 teachers in the county. I have heard 
 very few who prefer eastern teachers, although our native 
 Wyoming girls do not seem to care to take up the teacher's pro- 
 fession. There is a growing tendency among teachers to avail 
 themselves of the Professional Certificates, and are amhitious 
 to secure better grade certificates. 
 
 County uniformity of school books, 1 believe, would be a 
 great improvement. 1 know it would be a great saving for 
 country schools. All teachers and many parents make a careful 
 study of the course of study. Many parents have asked for the 
 'city High school course, and text books for same. 
 
 Both years we have held our County Institute in Septem- 
 Ijer. CJne reason especially for that is that it is the only way to 
 catch our new teachers who come into the county for the first 
 time, and get acquainted with them. In most cases, after they 
 ])ass through town on the way to distant parts of the county, 
 we do not see them again till the next institute, if we do not go 
 to them. 
 
 A number of good ct)untry patrt)ns have decided that close 
 attention to their needs and careful selection of teachers is more 
 t(t them than a fifteen minute visit to the school room from the 
 Superintendent. Every scho(^l but one. a private school, has 
 been supplied with a teacher. ( )ne I have not heard from defi- 
 nitely regarding the teacher. 
 
 We can but feel that work along educational lines has pros- 
 pered. Not everything we desire can be accomplished in two 
 years, nor in many, but there can be no "king's-ex" in this work 
 as in our childish game of "Blind Man's Buff" and as no work 
 so full of animation as this school work can come to a standstill, 
 nor be allowed to retrograde, there must be advance all along 
 the line. With all best wishes of a mother who has children in 
 these schools, for the best in the County and State, T am 
 Most sincerely yours in the work, 
 
 K.ate; Stanard. 
 County Superintendent. 
 
Si ri:i<lXTKM)KNT OF PUHLIC Instkl'ction. 43 
 
 SHERIDAN COL'XTN . 
 
 A siminiary of school conditions in Sheridan Cuunt\- for 
 
 the years 1909-1910, shows a total of ninetN-fonr teachers em- 
 
 •)loyed in onr eighty-four schools. There are now thirty-four 
 
 -ohool districts with an actual enrollment of two thousand seven 
 
 Inindred forty-six (2,746) pupils. The school census shows a 
 
 -light decrease since 1909, owing to the fact that the mines in 
 
 -everal of our coal camps were not in »i])eration at tlie time this 
 
 year's census was taken; 1908 showed a total of 3.084; in 190c) 
 
 it was 3.186; this year we have 3.128. Xext year will undouht- 
 
 div raise the nttmher again, for many families are moving into 
 
 he c< unity, homesteading the dry farming regions. 
 
 As the county becomes more thickly settled people are tak- 
 ing more interest in school affairs ; new school Iniildings are being 
 planned and erected in places where the "old timers" sav they 
 ne\er expected to see such a thing. 
 
 District 22 — Clearmont. will erect a new l)uilding on Whit- 
 nirc creek and liave school again on upper Clear creek, making 
 lin^ee schools in tliat district where onl\- one was maintained last 
 year. 
 
 District 21 — Arvada. will ha\e a new ])uilding at the mouth 
 't I'.uffalo creek and the old one will he mo\ed to a new]\- set- 
 led neighborhood. 
 
 District }^}, — kanchester, votes for a new two-room cement 
 Mock building to replace its one little frame school house. 
 
 District 18 — Is building on Dutch creek. There are seven 
 -chools in this sparsely settled district and all nine months" terms 
 !t fifty dollars i)er month; (|uite a good sum spent yearl\- for 
 education. 
 
 District 14 — IJanner, will have two schools this \ear instead 
 'f one. 
 
 District 20 — ( )n lower Tongue river, is piuting up its second 
 milding and w ill occupy both this fall. 
 
 District 34 — ( )rganized in Jantiary. 1910. has bonded itself 
 • •r Si. 500 to buikl a school house. 
 
 Tb.e districts which used to have four. ti\e and six months 
 t-rms are reporting eight and nine months for next vear. and 
 /higher salaries. 
 
 A meeting of School Trustees for Sheridan Cotmty was held 
 'v\ the Coinit\- v^uiierintendeiU's office on April 2}^, K^io. This 
 
44 l')ll-:\.\l.\l. IxI'l-OKT 
 
 was the third meeting" of the AssociatiDii organized a \car ago. 
 Altliongh the attendance was not as large as we had hoped it to 
 he, we liad an interesting and enthusiastic session. A numher 
 of matters were (hscussed with the thought of hringing the sub- 
 jects before the people of the various districts at their coming 
 school meetings. Stjme oi the points of interest touched upon 
 were the enforcing of present school law> and reconnnendaiion- 
 for future legislation. The new laws desired are for county inii- 
 formity in text books, and a change in date for the close of the 
 fiscal year so that less complicated arrangements in the matter of 
 making reports might be ])erfected. The (|uestion of securing 
 legislation to increase the revenue for schools from the land in- 
 come fund was also discussed brietiy. lligher wages for teach 
 ers, the beautif}'ing of school rooms, buildings and grounds were 
 em|)hasized so stronglv that immediate resuhs were attained at tht 
 following meetings in a number of our rural districts. 
 
 The Association of School Trustees expressed great disap- 
 pointment that the visit of State Su])erintendeut, Mr. A. 1). (.'ook. 
 to Sheridan, could not have been timed so that he could have been 
 present. The}' had hoped it would he possible for them to confer 
 personally with him upon these matters of common interest. 
 
 The cit}- oi vSheridan has recently voted $100,000 bond issue 
 for building purposes and besides this has voted to re(|uest a d 
 mill levy for the support of the city schools the coming year ; this 
 levy will luring in approximately $45,000. Sheridan will the com- 
 ing vear employ 40 teachers, including su])ervisors in music and 
 drawing. Res])ectfull}' submitted, 
 
 Edith K. ( ). Ci.akk, 
 County Su])erintcndent. 
 
 SWEETWATER C( )1'.\"1A'. 
 
 In accordance with \-our request. Igiadly submit the follow- 
 ing report for the years lyoij-iyio. 
 
 Great advancement along educational lines has been made 
 ihrouglnmt the different districts of Sweetwater Countw Ik'l- 
 ter schools, better teachers and a more s\>tematic n\ethod of 
 conducting the school work of the county has been the one ain\ 
 in \'iew. 
 
Sii'ivkixTi'.xni'.x'i' ()[•• I'l i;i.K- IxsTKrcnox. 45 
 
 \\\ the school census report the niiniber of puj^ils lias in- 
 creased from 1,957 in 1908 to 2.396 in [910. 
 
 Two new school houses have l)een l)uilt. ( )ne hue eit^ht-rooni 
 huilding at Rock Springs, all modern improvements and heated 
 1)\- furnace, nice, light air_\- rot)ms, just the finest place to study. 
 Rock Si)rings has for many \ears needed another building. The 
 crowded condition at opening of school each \-ear seemed un- 
 a\-oi(lahle and the lower grade teachers were compelled to take 
 more pu|)ils than the\- could well care for on account of no i)lace 
 to ])Ut them. Since more room has been ])rovided more teachers 
 have 1)een hired. 
 
 We will now visit the other new sch.ool house at \\'am>utler. 
 one of the linest little school houses in the state, huilt at a cost of 
 ,Si.5t)o. lias one large room 24x24, large book closet, and cloak 
 room. School Hoard bought new furniture for the building, al-o 
 new books. ( )ther school houses have been repaired and the e(iuii)- 
 ment in all im])roved. 
 
 Fort_\-three teachers are now doing work in the Conntw 
 Fi\e teachers are carrying the work of ten grades at (Ireen 
 River, ^^'e tind twenty-four strong teachers in the twelve grades 
 of the Rock Springs school. Three teachers doing excellent work in 
 the eight grades of the Superior school. All other districts ha\e 
 but one teacher. In each we hud a well governed and progressive 
 school. 
 
 The certiticate law has been greatlv enforced during the pa-^t 
 two years and all teachers re(|uired to register their certificate. 
 The registration stands as follows: 
 
 1909 KjlO 
 
 First Class Professional 2 4 
 
 Second Class Professional 7 15 
 
 Diploma Certificates 6 2 
 
 First Class Certificates (; 5 
 
 Second Class Certificates 14 13 
 
 Third Class Certificates 6 5 
 
 Temporary Certificates i 3 
 
 Special Technical 3 1 
 
 Total 48 48 
 
 Since this new certiticate law has gone int() effect our teach- 
 ers are not satisfied with iust a second or third class certificate. 
 
46 BlliNNlAL RivPORT 
 
 l)ut are striving to obtain the highest credential. Many from our 
 County have attended the Wyoming State Normal School during 
 the summer, preparing themselves for this examination. 
 
 One new district has been created from a part of District No. 
 20. This new district is known as District No. 22. I wish t<- 
 state that from time tti time the County Superintendents have 
 ])een compelled to abandon many districts, the land having beer: 
 bought by sheep men for grazing purposes. .Vt present we have 
 fifteen districts. Of this number nine voted a special tax for 
 1909. Some of the boundary lines of the districts along the rail- 
 road were changed, giving to districts 2. 4, 17 and 19 a few more 
 miles of railroad, thus allowing them more taxes and increasing 
 their general fund. The amount of v'ti443.7i which has been 
 standing out in the two abandoned districts, Nos. 11 and 12, for 
 several years, was collected and turned over to County Treasurer 
 to be divided among the different schools of the County. 
 
 Each district has had sufficient funds with which to carry 
 on not less than five months school. The lowest paid salary 
 has been $50. When students are hired to teach, who are not 
 graduates of our High school or Normal school, but who hold a 
 second or third grade certificate, they are paid but $50.00. If the\ 
 attend the summer school at T^aramie the following summer the\ 
 can demand $60.00 per month for the second \ear, $65.00 for 
 the third, and $67.50 for the fourth year. 
 
 With the aid of the teachers throughout the county, I ha\c 
 inaugurated a system of eighth grade examinations. Felt ii 
 would be an incentive toward better work and encourage the pu- 
 pils. Four boys of the districts outside Rock Springs wrote in the 
 eighth grade examination and received excellent grades. Ti? 
 these [ sent a beautiful "'Certificate of Promotion to the High 
 School." They seemed very proud of them. 
 
 Two very interesting and helpful institutes have been held 
 during the past two years. In 1909 e)ur institute met at Rock 
 Springs in May at close of school. Dr. I). E. Phillips of the 
 University of Denver and Miss Ruth Adsit of Wyoming State 
 University were instructors. We found that institute at close of 
 school was not just the thing, as teachers are tired at this tiuK 
 and anxious to get home, thus interest and enthusiasm is lost. 
 
 August 22d to 25th, 1910, we held our second institute in 
 Green River. This year we divided the work, calling it "Depart- 
 
SuPIjRlNTKNDliNT (>F Pl"l![,lC I XSTKL'CTIOX. 47 
 
 nicnt work." Superintendent Al. E. Shuck of Rawlins School 
 took charge of Phychology and Science, lecturing to all mem- 
 bers of the institute, Miss Cathryn Goble of Cheyenne Schools 
 taking the subject of English. At same period in another room 
 Miss Clara M. Ricklefs, teacher in Green River Schools, took up 
 Primary Methods, having her little people with her, giving UKjdel 
 lessons. This work was very interesting, and wliile the primary 
 teachers and lower grade teachers took notes upon the work given 
 in this room, the higher grade teachers, were getting many excel- 
 lent liel])s in teaching English from Miss Goble. We had some 
 interesting lectures during this institute given by Deputy State 
 Superintendent Ira Ij. Fee of Cheyenne. Dr. J. O. Creager, head 
 of the Normal Department at State University of Wyoming, and 
 last, but not least. Superintendent Shuck's finest lecture "Pla\ing 
 the Game." The Green River people made it very pleasant f(ir 
 the visiting institute and all seemed to enjo\- their stay there. We 
 em-t)lled 37 teachers. 
 
 I feel safe in saying that 98 per cent, of our teachers are 
 normal trained or experienced teachers, all earnest, faithful 
 workers. 
 
 1 consider the schools of Sweetwater County are in a very 
 encouraging, prosperous condition. Wdiile there is room for vast 
 improvement, all are working together in harmony and much is 
 being accomplished each vear. Yours in the work. 
 
 MVKTI.K R. Baiki), 
 Count\' SuiieriTitcndent. 
 
 UINTA COUNTY. 
 
 In accordance with custom 1 herewith submit the following 
 report of the educational conditions in ['inta County, for the 
 years 1909-1910. 
 
 For the convenience of the people of this coimt}' we have 
 added two new districts and changed the boundaries of several 
 others. Uinta County now numbers twenty-nine districts, main- 
 tains 112 schools and employs 117 teachers. This is not consid- 
 ering each grade a school. The census for this year is 5,08^). 
 and the enrollment is 3,891. In every district the enrollment is 
 greater than the number enumerated in the census between the 
 
4^ J]|i;XNlAL l\i:i'()Kl" 
 
 ages of seven and fourteen years. This is extremlv gratifNing, 
 showing as it does that the compulsory education law is heing 
 enforced nml that children are continuing in scIiodI hexond the 
 compulsory age. 
 
 ( )f the 117 teachers employed twent\-six hold ])rofcssional 
 crliticates good for life. Twelve hold hrst grade, hfty-seven hold 
 second grade and 22 hold third grade. The majority of those 
 teachers holding second grade certificates hold first grade from 
 some other state, on which they have heen granted the second 
 grade Wyoming certificate without examination. 
 
 We have two High schools offering a complete four-year 
 course, one at Kemmerer and one at Evanston. All teachers in 
 these schools hold professional certificates, and in the grades 
 ,\ormal graduates or experienced teachers are demanded. 
 
 Every school in the count\- has heen sup])lied with the 
 course of stud\- and teachers urged to adhere to it. The uniform 
 eighth grade examination given each \ear throughout the count) 
 is based on this course and has resulted in a general awakening 
 to the fact that children in the (^utl}'ing districts cannot accom- 
 plish the work of the eight grades of the common schools in 
 eight, six or seven month terms, and the result has heen a 
 lengthening of the term in outlying districts. 
 
 In the \ear icioi) onlv 35 eighth grade ])U]nls were granted 
 diplomas, hut the year igio showed a marked im])ro\enient in 
 all branches of work and h] ])upils ])assed a most satisfactory 
 examination. 
 
 The immense size and sparsel}' settled condition of the 
 count}- offers a most <lifficult problem. There are many isolated 
 families with only one or two children of school age, who live 
 so far from the nearest school house that it is impossible for 
 the little iMies to attend. A new district cannot l)e established 
 for them and schools can hardU- be furnished for one or two pu- 
 pils. Yet every one of these children is entitled to a public 
 school education. 
 
 This condition also hinders sadly the consolidation of our 
 rural schools. However, District No. 4 is steadily ])rogressing 
 in that line and sometime in the near future will have a well 
 equipped, well graded central school, after which it will be an 
 easy matter to establish a High school. At Lyman there is a 
 three-room building. Here they are caring for jiupils that for- 
 
Sl'l'KKIxri'iNDIl.VT OF rii'.i.ic IxSTkrc'I'loX. 49 
 
 nierly attended five separate sc1k)()1s. At Afnuntainview tlic\ 
 have t\V(i teachers, also two at Bridger. 
 
 Tn "Star \alley" the nine cHstricts of that section are trying 
 to establish a High school tlistrict. ^Fhis is very much needed in 
 that section and will. I have no doubt, be established within the 
 year. 
 
 Altogether I am well pleased with the progress of the sch<H)ls 
 of this countv. Everywhere school ])oards and patrons are willing 
 and anxious to do all in their power to better conditions, and 
 school buildings are being enlarged and improved. School grounds 
 are being attended to and the best a])paratus is being supplied, 
 and school environment is being made the most pleasant pt)ssible. 
 
 I find in the last biennial report that many of the County 
 Superintendents complain of the inconvenience and confusion 
 caused bv the fiscal vear ending Ajiril 30th. and 1 wish to add my 
 voice to the number. 
 
 In everv instance where the school continues for eight or 
 nine months, the enrollment re]>orted is not to be depended on, 
 and more often than not the financial report is incorrect. This 
 causes much unnecessar}- work for the County Superintendents, 
 and causes serious delays in their reports to the State Su])erin- 
 tendent. Should the annual election of school officers and the 
 close of the fiscal year be fixed at some time in June or even July, 
 this inconvenience and confusion would be practically overct»me. 
 and I recommend that some action be taken to this end. 
 
 1 also wish to endorse the recommendation that the clerk oi 
 each district board be allowed sufficient compensation to make 
 the work a business transaction, and thus enable us to demand 
 more prompt attention to school matters. 
 
 Sincerely yours, 
 
 K.vTE Smith, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
State Board of Examiners. 
 
 In the introduction to this report mention was made of the 
 vState Board of I^xaminers. Tlie income from certificate fees to 
 the State Treasury was also commented on. Certain recommen- 
 dations were made therein for the attenticm of the (lovernor and 
 Legislature and it is not necessary to repeat these elsewhere in 
 the report. The reader's attention is called to the introduction 
 where the recommendations made hy the State Department of 
 F.ducation are elaborated. 
 
 The members of the State Uoard of Examiners at the en<l 
 of the calendar year of 1909 submitted a report to the State I)e- 
 ])artment of Education, relating to the work of the l>oard. Thi- 
 rei)ort so clearly explains manv problems relating to the opera- 
 tions of the l)oard that I desire to present it in full. The De- 
 partment had ex])ected to present an additional report covering 
 the period lieginning January i. igio and ending September 30. 
 i()io, but the resignation of the Secretary, who was most thor- 
 oughly familiar with its work, and the assumption of the duties of 
 that office by one whose time must of necessity be largely taken in 
 learning the intricacies of the duties pertaining to liis office. ha\e 
 made it impracticable to submit such a report. 
 
 The report (^f the l)Oard for the vear ending Decembei" 31. 
 r()0<j. reads as follows: 
 
 //()//. A. L). Cook, 
 
 Snpcriutcudciit of Public Instniclidii. 
 Cheyenne, JJ'yoniing : 
 
 Div-VK Sir: The State Hoard of Examiners desire to submit 
 the following report: 
 
 The certificate law passed by the Legislature of iyo(j has 
 now been in operation a little more than a year. It was expected 
 that the departure from the re<juirements of the old law and the 
 entrance upon a new regime whose avowed purpose was progress 
 in the schools, a higher cjuality of teaching ability, better admin- 
 istration of school affairs and a steadier and more uniform exact- 
 
Sri'i{kixTi:.\i)):\T oi' I'riu.ic Ixstkic'i'iox. 51 
 
 ing (if legitimate refiuirenit'iUs. would meet with some i)])|)(isiti>iii 
 and work a hardship upon some of our teachers. This was the 
 effect expected and yet your Board foreseeing this situation have 
 very successfully made the transition from the old to the new. 
 and every one recognizes that the schools of WNoming o])erating 
 under the results of this hetter legislative wisdom are on the high- 
 way of progress. The danger scented from afar was seen to he 
 small when we drew near and began to adjust conditions and law 
 to each other. The Board have acted with the most careful delib- 
 eration wdiere adjustment had to he made and have always been 
 guided by the conditions of the individual applicant and the good 
 of the schools. How we could best inaugurate a new law with- 
 out placing upon teachers unnecessary and unjust requirements 
 has been the thought which guided us in all oiu- action. This has 
 been the course that has ])ut every teacher in possession of a 
 certificate inider the new law, or. ])ossessing one of ])revious issue. 
 in line for renewel or a higher class. The change has been ac- 
 complished. 
 
 The Hoard desire herein to express their appreciation of 
 the spirit of heli)fnlness manifested at all times by the C'oinU\' 
 .Superintendents in jiutting this law into operation. Ap])reciating 
 as they do th.e position occupied by the Coimty Sujjerintendents. 
 that of go-between, as il were, thev have taken action in the 
 regulations isstied which enlarges the scope of the vSu])erintend- 
 ent's intluence and control of her problems by bringing them into 
 closer and more sympathetic relation to their teachers. In mak- 
 ing all applications for certificates pass through the hands of the 
 County Superintendents and in making certificates valid only 
 after being registered with the County Superintendent, regula- 
 tions passed at your suggestion, larger and more definite knowl- 
 edge of the certification of teachers has come to every Comity 
 Sui)erintendent. We regard this as an element of ever-increas- 
 ing ]i()wer to them. It will make supervision more effective. In 
 this connection we take pleasiu-e in reporting that the numl)er of 
 non-certificated teachers actually engaged in teaching in the state 
 is being rapidly reduced to a minimum. Again the Count\- 
 Su])erintendents have assisted in bettering the practice in this mat- 
 ter. We desire also to emphasize a fact which is already ap])ar- 
 ent to you, that school boards are making every legitimate effort 
 to get under the law^ Some teachers not holding certificates. 
 
52 BllvNMAL Rl'.l'OKT 
 
 advised In' tlifir school boards, have made way for those properly 
 certificated. The awakening is a healthy one. From all these 
 facts it ma}- be said that the passage of this new certificate law 
 and the increasingly ef^cient application of its ])rovisi()ns are ra])- 
 idly ptitting Wvoming in the fore-front of educational progress 
 in this regard. 
 
 'rill-; issr.wci'; oi' ci'KTii-icA'n'is. 
 
 The professional qualifications of our teachers were never so 
 high as today. ( )n another page is presented a record of certifi- 
 cates issued. A study of this table will show that the number of 
 professional certificates held b}' Wyoming teachers has steadily 
 increased during the year past and that the teachers holding 
 this class of certificates almost equals the number holding first 
 class certificates. This has not been due to leniency in examina- 
 tions or the marking of papers, but to another cause. A very 
 large majority of professional certificates have been issued on 
 credentials from other states, chiefly life certificates and diplomas 
 from reputable and accredited colleges and normal schools. The 
 truth* is, there is a large addition of well-educated and well- 
 trained teachers to our teaching force. The outlook is encom-ag- 
 ing. 
 
 Temporar\- certificates are issued in smaller numbers than 
 heretofore. lUit very few requests h.ave been received for a 
 second temporary certificate for the same teacher. This class of 
 certificates is indispensable and the danger is not in the use. but in 
 llio abuse of them. 
 
 RKADI N<'. CIUi.1.1'; WORK. 
 
 The ])olicy ])ursued by the Uoard in conducting keading 
 Circle work has been much the same as in |)revio'is \ears. The 
 renewal of certificates will always cause a certain number of 
 teachers to do i)rofessional reading, but the number will l)e lim- 
 ited by the inducement held out by the provisions of the cer- 
 tificate law which make it possible to raise the class of certificate. 
 Fortunatel}- many teachers have chosen to raise the class of their 
 certificate rather than to renew. This feature of Reading Circle 
 work needs no es])ecial modification. It is self-regulative. But 
 the ]>oar(l feel that the I'tipils' Reading Circle work is in need 
 of more direct and systematic supervision. Tt is left too largely 
 
vSi-i'i':Ki.\'n:.\i)K.\'i' oi- I'liiijc IxsruiT'i'inx. 53 
 
 to the oi)tion of the iiidivichial teacher without an\ special help 
 from any one appointed to direct the work. The Board favors 
 a plan to secure legislation making the office of Secretary of the 
 Hoard of Examiners sufficiently hroad in its scope to give ade- 
 (|uate attention to this work and that the comi)ensation he large 
 enough to command the services of a secretary who shall give 
 his entire time to the work of that office. 
 
 Thanking )-ou for the very generous assistance y<in have 
 given us in the inter])retation and application of the certificate 
 law. we are Respectfully yours, 
 
 C. K. BfCKLE, President. 
 
 Alice M. Sami'Sox, Secretary. 
 
 I. T. Early. 
 
54 
 
 lllK.XXlAL klvl'OKT 
 
 KXAilJNA'l'IONS (ilVKX BY THK STATK BOARD OF EXAMINERS IN 1909. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 x: 
 
 y= 
 
 
 
 
 «- 
 
 - 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 .4_. 
 
 ^ 
 
 *- 
 
 <i:i tVKTY 
 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 G-. 
 
 
 •S 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 O 
 
 ,; ^ 
 
 ■« £ 
 
 O 
 
 7^-y 
 
 
 
 
 ^s 
 
 c 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 s 
 
 63 ^ 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 % 
 
 
 a 
 
 5 M 
 
 w C 
 53 J^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 o a 
 
 •c ti 
 
 ct! 
 
 ^■5 
 
 ■•5 5 
 
 .5 'S 
 
 03 
 
 ■r 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 |S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 !5^ 
 
 |o 
 
 i^ 
 
 gw 
 
 n,'-' 
 
 
 ■5 
 
 gf^ 
 
 2;^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 =^ 
 
 H 
 
 ■J: 
 
 &4 
 
 03 
 
 cc 
 
 ■x 
 
 ^ 
 
 c« 
 
 [==( 
 
 Albany 
 
 71 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 112 
 
 30 
 
 2,'-) 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 3(i 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 .11 
 39 
 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 13 
 12 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 •2 
 
 ...... 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 4 
 
 '^ 
 
 Converse 
 
 2 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Johnson 
 
 7") 
 
 •>-, 
 
 11 • 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .1 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 Laramie 
 
 197 
 
 26 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 31 
 
 io 
 
 
 ()(> 
 
 7 
 
 (i 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 "3" 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2,5 
 
 3 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 2 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 113 
 29 
 
 15 
 3 
 
 24 
 3 
 
 26 
 S 
 
 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 26 
 
 21 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 890 
 
 . ^*^ 
 
 175 
 
 259 
 
 70 
 
 56 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 294 
 
 119 
 
 34 
 
 KXAMIXA'J'ION.S GIVKX BY 
 
 THK 
 
 STATIC 
 
 BOARD (^F 
 
 KXAAllXKRS IX 
 
 1910. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 •P 
 
 3 
 
 
 fc ^ 
 
 X 
 
 HH 
 
 
 =« 
 
 
 (or.N'lV 
 
 
 M 
 
 •«.9 
 
 
 
 
 f^2 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 M C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 ft s 
 
 d Class 
 rtiflcat 
 
 s'5 
 
 m C3 
 
 si 
 
 C3 
 
 s t^ 
 
 «.2 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 §f^ 
 
 
 r^W 
 
 
 "\i 
 
 i^ 
 
 .bo 
 
 &^ 
 
 S*^ 
 
 ,2 
 
 
 196 
 
 
 
 Eh 
 
 '^ 
 
 &^ 
 
 K 
 
 fe 
 
 " 
 
 X 
 
 
 Albany 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 412 
 
 87 
 
 43 
 21 
 
 43 
 16 
 
 20 
 9 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 9 
 3 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 "i" 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 
 i-arbon 
 
 1 
 
 Converse 
 
 146 
 
 r> 
 
 47 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 
 Crook 
 
 406 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 105 
 106 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 606 
 
 65 
 
 80 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 274 
 
 71 
 
 316 
 
 32 
 11 
 51 
 
 39 
 13 
 36 
 
 (i 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 2 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 
 7 
 2 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 Uinta 
 
 i 
 
 
 160 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 28&5 
 
 302 
 
 414 
 
 113 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 August. 
 
 This table represents examinations given in March, .Time, July fSpwial^, and 
 
University of Wyoming. 
 
 //«•//. ./. D. Cook, 
 
 Stofr Siipcriiifi'iidi'iit of Public histrncfioii. 
 Cliexi'mic. JVyoming. 
 
 1)i;ar Sik: Lender separate cover 1 send you copies ol the 
 annual catalog of the I'niversity of \\ yoming and the last annual 
 report of the President of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 The University of Wyoming ought to be well known to the 
 ])eople of Wyoming. jNlany thousands of letters have been writ- 
 ten to the young peo]ile of this state in the last two years, 
 i'opies of catalogs and (Uher material have been sent to the 
 names of the people of the state who could be induced to show 
 any interest at all therein. There are, however, some .specific 
 features of the university which, it seems to me. are worth\- of 
 s))ecial notice in this report. 
 
 coi.ij-;(a;s and schools. 
 
 The L iiiversity is organized in the usual colleges and .schotds. 
 Since the attendance is not large because of the sparsely settled 
 character of the state, different faculties are not maintained for 
 each of these colleges and schools. For instance, students in the 
 Colleges of Liberal Arts, .\griculture. Engineering, etc.. may be 
 found together in the same class in any department in which 
 they have common studies. The work itself, however, is thor- 
 <nighly differentiated and the University is prepared to offer ef- 
 ficient work in these various lines. The following colleges and 
 schools are maintained : 
 
 The Graduate School. 
 
 The College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 The College of Agriculture. 
 
 The College of Engineering. 
 
 The Normal School. 
 
 The School of Commerce. 
 
 The School of Home Economcs. 
 
 The School of Music. 
 
 The Preparatory School. 
 
 I'he Department of University Extension 
 
36 ' Bll-:\X1AL REPORT 
 
 'IHl'; STM MKK SCHOOL. 
 
 As iiK'Htioncd- in the last report, the summer scliool lias 
 become a regular feature of the l^niversit}'. The attention of the 
 teachers of the state and of th'ise who wish to prepare to teach 
 should be particularly called to this session. The school opens 
 upon the first Abjnday after Commencement and continues in 
 session for six weeks. Particttlar attention is paid to the subiect> 
 upon which examinations are re(|uired for the various classes of 
 teachers" certificates. Other subjects are ofifered up(»n demand. 
 The summer school is held at a time when the schools of the state 
 are not in session, thus offering an opportunit\' to teachers who 
 feel that they have not the time nor money to attend the L'niver- 
 sity during the regular school year. The climate of Laramie is 
 such during these weeks as to make this a delightful place to live, 
 thus coml)ining a profitaljle school session with an enioxable va- 
 cation. 
 
 Tlllv NORMAL SCMOO[. lU ' I LDl NC. 
 
 The last Legislature ajipropriated fifty thousand dollars for 
 the construction of a new building for the tise of the .\ormal 
 School. This building is completed and will be occupied at the 
 opening of this semester, September 14th, lyto. It is a beauti- 
 ful commodious strticttu"e. arranged and ecjtiipped for the |)in"- 
 pcses for which the appropriation was made. The Preparatory 
 School of the L^niversity will also be housed in this building. 
 It is hoped that with this arrangement opportunity may easily be 
 made for the pre])aration of Lligh School teachers. 
 
 SKI.I'.C'nN'K SN'.STlvM OF STLDIK.S. 
 
 There has been much discussion in recent years concern- 
 ing the virtues of what has been called the fixed course of study 
 as compared to the elective system. In connection with this discus- 
 sion there has been much change of action upon the part of 
 university faculties. Courses of study have swimg from the fixed 
 course, through the group system, to the free elective, and back 
 again. This university undertakes to offer what is known as the 
 system of individual courses of study. Majors and minors are 
 so arranged that a student must pursue at least three lines of 
 study during his college course. These three are not predeter- 
 mined by any artificial method, but are selected by the sttident, in 
 
X 
 
Sri'KRi.x'i'i'XDKx'r ()!■ Pri'.i.ic TxsTkrcriox. z,y 
 
 conference with the Advisory Committee. ( )ther stuches are se- 
 lected in the same way. due regard heing given to tlie maturity 
 of the student and the necessary precedence of studies. It is he- 
 lieved that in this \va_\' the inchvichial need of the student ma}- 
 liest l)e served. The facuhA- of tliis university sees no good reason 
 for artificial groi>ping" of studies, and as a conse(|uence students 
 may he ]Dernu'tted to select majors and minors \\holl\- with refer- 
 ence to their ta>tes. intentions and ])re\ious ])re])aration. 
 
 so .Ml-; PL riRi-: im.axs. 
 
 There is no one thing so nmcli within the field of universitv 
 work as that of l)ringing" the L'niversity to the people. This 
 L'niversity desires, therefore, to emphasize the work of its L'ni- 
 versity Extension department. Students may pursue work in this 
 department hy correspondence luider ap]irovc(l leaders, city 
 school su])erintendents and others who are ciualitied. and in this 
 way may cover half of the work recjuired for a degree in any 
 college or school. Any one passing the exaniinati(Mi u])on the 
 work taken thus hy correspondence will he credited upon the 
 registry books of the Department of L'niversity Extension. When 
 one year's work has heen taken in residence at this L'niversity 
 an e((ual amount of work will be transferred from the books of 
 the Department of l'niversity Extension to the regular L'niver- 
 sity registrar's books. I'his may be continued in this wav until 
 the student has com])lete(l the re(|uisite number of hours for 
 graduation. 
 
 In connection with this work of the De])artmeut of L'niver- 
 sity Extension, the L'niversity hopes greatly to enlarge the cfh- 
 ciency of the College of Agriculture. It is the purpose to ask the 
 Legislature of the state to appropriate enough money for the es- 
 tablishment of demonstration farms in variotis sections through- 
 out the state. These farms will not be places where research i^ 
 carried (ni. nor will the work be always in the nature of original 
 experimentation. It is hoped that the experimentation may be 
 emphasized as demonstration work for the various climatic con- 
 ditions of the state. The University in this way will be able not 
 only to secure good material for research work at the seat of 
 the L^nversity itself, but also to be of incalculable service to the 
 settlers of the state. Should this work be carried on. bulletins. 
 
58 BllvNMAI. Rlvl'OUT 
 
 will be issued from time tu time setting forth the results of th.e 
 experiments. 
 
 K KO r I K ]•: M H N TS \'i ) R A 1 1 M i SS I o X . 
 
 The reciuirements for admission to the various schools of 
 the University, which are self-explanatory, are as follows : 
 
 Preparatory work offered l)y candidates for admission is esti- 
 mated in terms of the unit. A unit is a subject, runnng one year, 
 of not fewer than thirty-four weeks, with five recitation periods 
 ])er week. These recitation periods should be at least forty min- 
 utes long", and students should not carry more than four such 
 units at one time. 
 
 Fifteen units are required for admission to the Freshman 
 class of any of the Colleges or Schools of the University. For 
 jHirposes of admission, members of the Junior class of the State 
 Xornial vSchool are classified Freshmen. 
 
 The following eight units arc requrcd of all students: 
 Mathematics — ^Elementary Algebra, U<2 units; I 'lane 
 Geometry, i unit. 
 
 Language (other than English) 2 units. English. 3 units. 
 Civics, Vj unit. 
 
 The following units are additional requirements for Agri- 
 cultural and F'vngineering candidates for admission : 
 
 Mathematics — Solid Geometry, ^A unit ; Physics, i unit. 
 
 The remainder of the fifteen units ma\- be elected from the 
 following subjects : 
 
 Mathematics — Solid Geomertry. Vj unit. 
 
 English — 1 unit. 
 
 Language — Greek. 2 units; German. 2, 3, or 4 units. Latin. 
 2. 3 or 4 units ; French, 2 units. 
 
 Science — Physics, i unit; Zoology, 3/2 or 1 unit; Chemistry. 
 I unit; Physiology, (High School Grade), ^2 unit; Botany, ^ or 
 I unit; Physical Geography, (High School Grade). ^/-S unit. 
 
 Elementary Psychology — ^X unit. 
 
 Elementary Pedagogy — 5^ unit. 
 
 History — General History. 1 or 2 units, or any of the follow- 
 ing : English History. V2 or 1 unit ; Ancient History, i unit ; 
 
SLI'ivRliX'llCXDI'iXT OF I'L'JJLIC L\ STRUCT iOX. 39 
 
 United States History (High School Grade), >4 or i unit; 
 .Mediaeval and and Modern, i unit. 
 
 Elementary Political Economy — ^2 or i unit. 
 
 A single unit will not be accepted in any language except 
 in special cases. 
 
 Students appl\ing for admission to the courses in the School 
 i)t Commerce may elect to offer any of the following units : 
 Bookkeeping — 2 units. 
 Shorthand— 2 units. 
 Typewriting — i unit. 
 
 Students applying for admission to the courses in the Col- 
 leges of Engineering and Agi'iculture and the School of Home 
 Economics may elect to offer any of the followng units : 
 
 r)Ookkee])ing — 2 units. 
 
 Shorthand — 2 units. 
 
 Typewriting — 1 unit. 
 
 Manual Training and h^-ee-hand Drawing — 1 unit. 
 
 Students ap])lving for admission to the Stale Xormal School 
 may elect to oft'er : 
 
 Manual Training and Free-hand Drawing — 1 unit. 
 
 Freshmen will he expected at once to enter upon courses 
 in harmony with the preparation indicated by the units offered 
 for admission. Students desiring to take college courses having 
 ])reparatory prerequisites which they have not offered will be 
 required to make up such prerec|uisites. 
 
 In such case, if the student oft'ered the full fifteen units in 
 other subjects, a college credit of three-fifths value will be given 
 for such work done in the Preparatory School. Such credits, 
 however, cannot be substituted for required work in the Techni- 
 cal courses. 
 
 FACur/rv. 
 
 A number of changes have taken place in the facult\- during 
 the last two years and several additions have been made thereto. 
 Believing that your department as well as the people to whom 
 your report will go will be interested in knowing just who con- 
 stitute the faculty of instruction in the University, 1 ap])end 
 hereto a full list of the names of the members thereof: 
 
Oo P)ii;.\.\iAi, Ri;i'()ivi' 
 
 Tlllv I'ACll.TN' Ol" IXSTKL'CTIOX ()!• TIIK I " X I Nl'KSl'lA oi' \\\(»MIXr,. 
 
 Charles Oliver. Merica, Al. A.. LL. D., rresident and I'ro- 
 fessor of English. 
 
 Aven Nelson, Al. A.. Ph. D.. Professor of l>iol(igv and Cura- 
 tor of Rocky Mountain Herbarium. 
 
 Jttstus Freeland Soiile, M. S., Professor of Creek and Latin. 
 
 Henry ^lerz, 15. S.. M. A.. I'rofessor of German. 
 
 Charles i'ascom Ridgaway. 1'. A.. Al. S., Professor of Alathe- 
 matics. 
 
 Agnes Alatliilde W'ergeland, Tli. 1).. I'rofessor of History 
 ;ind French. 
 
 Helen Aliddlekaiitt, I'rofessor, of the lingli^h Language and 
 Principal of the Preparatory School. 
 
 Henry Granger Knight, [\. \.. AL A.. I'rofessor of Chem- 
 istry and Director of the Kxperiment Station. 
 
 June Etta Downey. P.. A.. AL .\., Ph. D.. Professor of PhiL 
 osophy and English and l'rinci])al of the Department of Lni- 
 versity Extension. 
 
 Grace Raymond Hebard. P. S., AL .\., Lh. D.. Lrofes>or of 
 Political Economy and Librarian. 
 
 Harol D. Cobui-n, B. Lit., AL .\.. First Lieut. Stii Infantry. 
 I'. vS. .\., L'rofessor of Alilitary Science and Tactic-^ and Director 
 <d" Physical Training. 
 
 Elmer George Hoefer. P. S.. Professor of Alechanical En- 
 gineering. 
 
 John Conrad Fitterer. P. S., Al. S.. C. E.. l'rofe>sor of C'ivil 
 ,ind Irrigation Engineering. 
 
 .Vrthur Emmons Bellis. 15. S.. AL S., I'rofessor of Physic>. 
 
 Arnold G. H. Bode, B. A.. AL A., Professor of Piano and 
 Theory of Music, and 13irector of the School of Alusic. 
 
 J. R. Hutchison, LL. 15., Principal of the School of Com- 
 merce and Professor of Commercial Studies. 
 
 Alpheus Davis Faville, B. S., Professor of Animal Hu>- 
 bandry and Station LIusbandman. 
 
 John A. Hill. IL S.. \\'ool Expert, .Associate I'rofessor of 
 .Animal Husbandry. 
 
 Otto L. Prien. M. D. V'., 15. S., I'rofessor of \eterinar\ 
 Science and Station A'^eterinarian. 
 
 C. Eben Stromr|uist, B. A.. Ph. 1)., .Associate Professor of 
 Mathematics. 
 
Sri'iiKixTKXDEXi' <>i" rcm.ic I xsTKicin i\. ()i 
 
 Fred W. Ilevl, 15. A., IMi. S.. AssDciate I'rofessor of Clieni- 
 i-trv. 
 
 Frank Ivlj^ar He]Mier, I'll. C... W. S.. Al. S.. Research 
 Cliemist. 
 
 L. Charles Raiford. Ph. I'... A. Al.. I'h. D.. Research Chemist. 
 
 T. S. Parsons. P.. S.. Professor of Agrononi}- and Station 
 Agronomist. 
 
 |. ( ). Creager. A. ~S[., I'rofessor of Education and Princi])al 
 ■ if the State Xormal School. 
 
 A. C. P>ovle, 1). S., M. E., Professor of Alining and C,eolog\ . 
 
 H. H. (Trave. Ph. D.. Assistant Professor of Zoology. 
 
 Rtith Adsit, Supervisor of the Training School. 
 
 William ilarlow Reed. Curator of the Museum and Instruc- 
 tor in Geolog}-. 
 
 Lotta I. Crawford. P. S.. Instructor in Domestic Science 
 and Art. 
 
 Maude 11. Fling, A. P... Al. A.. Instructor in C,reek, Latin 
 and English. 
 
 Mabel A. Land DeKay. P.. A.. Instructor in Dramatics and 
 Expression. 
 
 Viola Daugherty Goodwin. Instructor in \ iolin and Stringed 
 Instruments. 
 
 Laura Elizabeth Breisch. P.. A., Instructor in History. 
 
 Harold L Dean. P). A.. Athletic Coach. Instructor in Com- 
 mercial Studies. 
 
 Eva Meek. Instructor in Vocal Music and X'iolin. 
 
 Amy Abbot. A. B.. Instructor in English. 
 
 Mae Merle Kissick. Instructor in .\thletics for Women. 
 
 Robert J. Cowper. Assistant in Shop Work. 
 
 Charles |. ( )viatt. Assistant \\'ool Expert. 
 
 Helen SNUnms. Instructor in Drawing. 
 
 Ethel P.rown, A. P.. Su])ervisor of Alusic in the Training 
 School. 
 
 John Iluuton, Instructor u])on Piano. 
 
 E. Deane llunton. Instructor in Stenograi)h\- and Type- 
 writing. 
 
 Frank Sunnier lUirrage, A. P>.. vSecretary to the Poard of 
 Trustees and Fiscal Steward. 
 
 James Defrees LeCron. Re A. P.. Al. A.. Registrar. 
 
 Mrs. Carrie Goodwin Rexford. Dean of Women. 
 
02 BiKNNIAL RkI'ORT 
 
 I thank your department for your interest in all the affairs 
 of the University and for the assistance which you have rendered 
 during- the hiennial period. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 Chas. (). Mkrra. 
 
 President. 
 
State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 THE STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 1912 
 
►■;}.••':• 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 4o,o.,.j^j^^ 
 
 p J fo / . c- < -^ s.t- 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 of the 
 
 State Superintendent 
 
 of 
 
 Public Instruction 
 
 Nineteen Hundred 
 Twelve 
 

 Quality 
 
 Print Shop 
 
 "». or B." 
 
 mi 2 1914 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 To His Excellency, 
 Joseph M, Carey, 
 
 Governor of Wyoming. 
 Sir : — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial 
 Report of this office for the two years ending April 30, 1912, 
 setting forth the conditions of this department, as required 
 by law. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 -ROSE A. BIRD, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT 
 
 Office of 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Sept. 31, 1912. 
 
 In compliance with the provisions of Section No. 263 of the 
 "Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1910, I have the honor to sub- 
 mit herewith the biennial report of the State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction for the period of two years beginning Sep- 
 tember 30th, 1910, and ending September 30th, 1912, showing 
 as fully as possible the condition and progress of the public 
 schools ; the receipts and disbursements of the school funds — 
 state, county and district ; recommendations as to legislation 
 needed to meet the demands of the time ; such other statements, 
 facts and statistics as are deemed necessary for the information 
 of the legislature and the governor, and that are of interest to 
 the public. 
 
 The statistics enumerated herein are composed mainly of 
 material furnished the office of the State Superintendent by the 
 several County Superintendents of the state and are as accurate 
 as it is possible to obtain under existing conditions. A com- 
 parison of the tables in this report, however, with those con- 
 tained in former reports, shows a steady advancement in the 
 schools throughout the state. There is not only a marked in- 
 crease in attendance and in the number of schools, but also in. 
 the salaries of teachers and in the number of teachers who carry 
 higher grades of certificates. Good work is being accomplished 
 in the schools, money is being liberally spent and the citizens 
 of the state are putting forth every effort to promote the 
 growth of the educational system. Certain improvements and 
 changes are necessary, however, to meet the conditions of the 
 times and the growth and development of the state. 
 
 The changes which I wish to inaugurate in the public 
 schools of the state are neither startling nor revolutionary. I 
 have endeavored to make such recommendations for improve- 
 ment as I believe will be necessary to meet the conditions as 
 they exist at the present time. 1 shall try to show as far as 
 possible the purpose of each change and what I hope it will ac- 
 complish in the future. 
 
 The recommendations that I have made have been care- 
 
6 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 fully examined and endorsed by the Legislative Committee of 
 1912 of the Wyoming State Teachers' Association. 
 
 The Rural School 
 
 Statistics show that the great majority of pupils receive 
 their education in the elementary schools, and for that reason 
 it can readily be seen that they are of more importance to the 
 people as a whole than the higher institutions of learning. In 
 the state of Wyoming as in other states, the elementary schools 
 in the smaller cities and towns show prosperity, but the rural 
 schools taken as a whole have advanced but very little. This con- 
 dition is due to the fact that the rural schools today are prac- 
 tically without supervision. Each school stands alone and each 
 teacher works without much regard to what her predecessor 
 has done or to what other schools in the district or in the county 
 are doing. The office of the County Superintendent stands 
 closer to the rural school than any other. Its greatest field of 
 usefulness is the rural school, and yet the County Superin- 
 tendents in the past have been given but very little legal right 
 to supervise, in the true sense of the word, the schools in the 
 county over which they have authority. They have no power 
 to select a teacher or even to endorse a teacher whom they be- 
 lieve will do excellent work; no right to select books or ap- 
 paratus to carry on the work of the schools ; no authority what- 
 soever to assist in planning the construction of school houses 
 relative to heating, lighting and sanitation. Ordinary Boards 
 of Trustees carry on the work to the minutest detail. In mak- 
 ing this statement it is not my object to criticize unfavorably 
 the Boards of Trustees, but it is only reasonable to suppose that 
 men who serve without compensation cannot devote their whole 
 time and attention to school work. It is as equally reasonable 
 to suppose that an officer Mdio seeks an office is prepared with 
 both experience and knowledge concerning the needs of the 
 school and that he will devote his whole time and give his best 
 attention to the work in the office which he has sought. In 
 view of these facts, certain powers should be delegated to the 
 County Superintendents and I respectfully make the following 
 recommendations pertaining to the office of the County Super- 
 intendent : 
 
 (a) OflEice Should Be at County Seat 
 
 The County Superintendent should be provided by law with 
 an office at the county seat so that the work could be carried 
 on in a systematic manner, the records carefully kept and open 
 for public inspection. The work as carried on in the majority 
 of the offices of the County Superintendents today, is neither 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 7 
 
 practicable nor systematic. This condition is not due to the 
 negligence of the County Superintendents, but because it is im- 
 possible for the County Superintendents to transfer all the 
 records of the office to their homes and to furnish an office. 
 The result is, that the majority of the records are destroyed, 
 the work not systematizad and every County Superintendent 
 who enters upon the duties of that office begins the work with- 
 out much reference to what his predecessor has done or to 
 what other County Superintendents are doing. 
 
 (b) Power to Endorse Teachers 
 
 No teacher should be considered by a Board of Trustees 
 for a certain position until endorsed by the County Superin- 
 tendent, that he or she is fit for this or that particular j^osition. 
 Under the present Certificate law a large number of teachers 
 today are engaged by the Boards of Trustees in an illegal man- 
 ner and placed at work unknown to the County Superintendent. 
 There are many times Avhen teachers have taught four or five 
 weeks whose certificates the County Superintendent has never 
 seen nor has any knowledge that the teacher is in the district. 
 Aside from the legal aspect, it is almost impossible for the 
 County Superintendent to have an organized plan, to arouse 
 enthusiasm among the teachers when the different Boards of 
 the county select teachers so uneven in capacity, culture and 
 attainment, that when they are called together for counsel, it 
 is almost impossible to make the hour fit the needs of all. 
 
 (c) Erection of School Houses 
 
 The time has come in the school history of Wyoming when 
 we should give more thought to the construction of school 
 buildings. In the majority of the cities and small towns the 
 school houses are well constructed, but in the rural districts 
 the school houses are increasing in number every year and yet 
 the^^ are built just exactly alike and the same as they were built 
 fifteen years ago. Not one touch of beauty externally has been 
 added, not one act done to improve sanitation, heating or light- 
 ing. It has been my earnest endeavor as County Superin- 
 tendent, and now as State Superintendent, to make improve- 
 ments in the construction of school houses, and I believe that 
 no school house should be erected without first submitting the 
 plans to the County Superintendent of Schools for her endorse- 
 ment. There is no one who knows better the condition of some 
 of the rural schools and who is better prepared to say w^hat 
 constitutes a well lighted school to protect the eyes of the 
 pupils ; who knows what provisions to make for heating other 
 than the old stoves which half roast some of the pupils and 
 
8 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 half freeze the balance ; who knows what system of ventilation 
 should be adopted and who realizes what it means to obtain 
 good results from pupils Avhen they are suffering from physical 
 discomfort, than the County Superintendent. 
 
 There should be a provision made by law giving the County 
 Superintendent a right to condemn school houses which have 
 barbarous sanitation, dirty walls, etc., as unfit for use, and un- 
 less immediate action is taken by the Boards of Trustees to im- 
 prove the condition, provision should be made for the transpor- 
 tation of these pupils to other schools. 
 
 (d) Transportation of Pupils 
 
 Whenever a school has been condemned by the County Su- 
 perintendent, or when the distance from the homes to the school 
 is too great, say a distance of three miles, it should be the duty 
 of the County Superintendent to make an order upon the Board 
 of Trustees of that district, directing them to make provision 
 for the transportation or boarding of such pupils so that they 
 may attend other schools. With such a provision we could 
 more reasonably expect to enforce the Compulsory School law. 
 
 (e) Compulsory School Law 
 
 The Compulsory School law of Wyoming makes it the duty 
 of the Sheriff of the county to determine who the delinquent 
 pupils are. To say the least a procedure of this kind is not prac- 
 ticable. Citizens and teachers naturally make the complaint to 
 the County Superintendent of schools rather than to the Sheriff 
 concerning the non-attendance of pupils. The law should re- 
 quire that the complaint be made to the County Superintendent 
 of Schools, who should upon investigating the matter, notify 
 the parents or guardians to respond within a certain time, and 
 upon their failure to do so, it should then be the duty of the 
 County Superintendent to make a sworn affidavit to the Sheriff 
 of the county or Justice of any precinct whose duty in turn it 
 should be to enforce the Compulsory School law. 
 
 (f) Text Books and Apparatus 
 
 From observation and experience, I find that the Free Text 
 Book law as it stands today, is defective iu one or two particu- 
 lars. No text books or apparatus should be put into the schools 
 without first submitting a list to the County Superintendent and 
 obtaining a certificate of approval in order to obtain effective 
 supervision in the county and to make a uniform course of 
 study practicable throughout the state. Today the Boards of 
 Trustees who have no knowledge of the books and apparatus, 
 purchase them without regard as to whether they supply the 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 9 
 
 needs of the school or not. Hundreds of dollars might be saved- 
 our district. Our schools are being filled with worthless charts 
 and still more worthless books. 
 
 We have a law providing that publishers who wish to sell 
 books in the state shall file bonds in the office of the State Su- 
 perintendent, together with contracts specifying the price of 
 the text books. These price lists are distributed by the State 
 Superintendent to the school officers. This is an excellent law 
 in itself, but means very little since there is no law providing 
 that the School Boards shall purchase the text books from the 
 price lists that are supplied to them. The result is, that our 
 schools are using books so varied that it is impossible to sys- 
 tematize the work throughout the country. A provision should 
 be made by law prohibiting any publisher from selling text 
 books who has not filed a bond in the office of the State Super- 
 intendent, not only for the protection of the publishers who 
 have filed bonds, but also for the protection of the District 
 Boards. 
 
 (g) Salaries 
 
 The office of the County Superintendent should be made 
 worthy of the name ; it should be the center from which radiates 
 all educational policies in the county ; it should be occupied by 
 men and women who are eminently qualified and who can de- 
 vote their whole time and attention to the duties of their offices. 
 It is unreasonable to expect any efficient man or woman to 
 devote his whole time to the work for the salary that is being 
 paid the County Superintendents of the state. There is a clause 
 in the constitution which contains a provision fixing the maxi- 
 mum salaries of certain county officers, of which the County 
 Superintendent is one and the lowest in the list. I wish to urge 
 the Twelfth Legislature of Wyoming to take the necessary 
 steps to give the people of the state the opportunity of remov- 
 ing the objectionable clause and I trust that the people of the 
 state of Wyoming will consider this question of sufficient im- 
 portance to the welfare of the schools, so that the two-thirds 
 vote necessary to make an amendment to the constitution may 
 be secured. 
 
 Office of the State Superintendent 
 
 During the past biennial period of 1911 and 1912, I have 
 made every efi'ort to improve the rural schools of the state ; sup- 
 plied the schools with various blanks, cards, books and other 
 material which would l)ring about a greater efficiency in the 
 public school system ; distributed large numbers of the school 
 laws of Wyoming and prepared a course of study especially 
 adapted to the needs of the schools at the present time. 
 
10 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 . ■ Each year new counties are created, new districts organ- 
 ized, school housese built everywhere. The result is, that the 
 demand upon the contingent fund of this office has been so 
 great for supplies of various kinds to be furnished the clerks 
 pnd district Boards, that I feel that some appropriation should 
 be made for printing expenses, such as the School law, the 
 Course of Study, the teachers' certificates, the clerks' reports 
 and the clerks' record books. In this connection I wish to say 
 that the teachers are required to pay fifty cents for temporary 
 certificates, one dollar for second and third grade, and one 
 dollar and a half for the first grade and professional certificates. 
 This money reverts to the General Fund and the certificates are 
 purchased from the office contingent of the State Superin- 
 tendent. During the past two years.$2999.50 have been collected 
 for certificate fees and with great economy $511.00 has been 
 expended for teachers' certificates from the contingent of this 
 office. 
 
 On account of being forced to use the office contingent for 
 purchasing supplies, I was prevented from visiting many coun- 
 ties of the state during my incumbency, i wish only to refer 
 you to the report of the expenditures in order that you may be 
 able to see the enormous expense of this office for printing. 
 
 The Course of Study- 
 In order to carry on the work successfully in the schools 
 and to bring the rural schools to the standard of the city 
 schools, I have within the past two years prepared a course of 
 study especially adapted for the elementary schools of Wyo- 
 ming. If, however, no provision is made by law for a uniform 
 course of study, it will not become a permanent institution. I, 
 therefore, recommend that a law be passed making it the duty 
 of the State Superintendent to prepare a course of study and 
 to make such changes from time to time as are necessary to meet 
 the conditions of the schools of the state. This course of study 
 when so prepared and revised by the State Superintendent, 
 should be approvad by the State Board of Examiners, and it 
 should be compulsory to follow it in all elementary schools 
 designated or supported wholly or in part by the state, and I 
 recommend at the present time, that the following branches be 
 taught in the elementary schools when the pupils are sufficiently 
 advanced to pursue the same: 
 
 Reading Geography 
 
 Spelling United States History 
 
 "Writing History of Wyoming 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 11 
 
 Grammar Physiology and Hygiene with 
 
 Orthography special instruction on the effect 
 
 Language of alcoholic drinks, stimulants 
 
 Numbers and narcotics . 
 
 Arithmetic Civil Government of Wyoming 
 
 Repeal Section No. 1963 
 Failure to Comply with Last Section — Penalty 1964. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the several County and City Super- 
 intendent of Schools in the state, and of the Secretary of the 
 Board of Directors of all other educational institutions receiv- 
 ing aid from the state, to report to the State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction any failure or neglect on the part of the 
 Board of Trustees of any school district or Board of Directors 
 of any educational institution receiving aid from the state, to 
 make proper provision for the teaching of the branches men- 
 tioned in the last preceding section in any or all of the schools 
 or other educational institutions under their charge, or over 
 which they have jurisdiction, and such failure on the part of the 
 above mentioned officers so reported and satisfactorily proved, 
 shall be deemed sufficient cause for withholding the warrant 
 for the district appropriation of school money to which such 
 school district or educational institution would otherwise be 
 entitled. (R. S. 1887.) 
 
 Transfer of School Funds 
 
 Section 1988 of the School Laws of 1912 defines specifically 
 the "School House Fund;" also the '"Teachers' Fund," and 
 states specifically that the Teachers' Fund may not be applied 
 to any other use except to pay the wages of school teachers 
 in the district. Section 1938 of the School Laws of 1912 state 
 that the Building Fund may be transferred and accredited to 
 the Teachers' Fund and that in a like manner a surplus of the 
 Teachers' Fund may be applied for building purposes. It is 
 evident that the two sections are conflicting. Grave difficulties 
 have arisen in several instances, the Board having interpreted 
 Section 1938 and using the Teachers' Fund for building pur- 
 poses. 1, therefore, respectfully recommend that that part of 
 Section 1988 which reads, as follows, "and shall be applied to 
 no other use except to pay the wages of the school teachers in 
 the district" be stricken from the law. 
 
 Examinations Required 
 
 Since we have obtained the School Law of 1909, Chapter 
 33, Section 1, relative to teachers and certification and the sub- 
 jects in which the teachers shall be examined. Section 1966 of 
 
12 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 the Revised Statutes of 1887, which provides that each teacher 
 must pass a satisfactory examination in physiology and hygiene 
 vrith special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimu- 
 lants and narcotics upon the human system has become prac- 
 tically useless and I recommend that Section 1966 be repealed. 
 
 School District Officers 
 
 For a great number of years the district officers have been 
 criticized severely because of ignorance or carelessness in dis- 
 charging the duties of their office. They have not reported and 
 have fre((uently sent into the County Superintendents incom- 
 plete annual reports and not at the time as required by law. 
 
 This is a very unfortunate condition of affairs and yet we 
 can scarcely expect to get the time and attention of men and 
 women whose time is valuable, to carry on this work without 
 compensation. We can all readily appreciate the position of 
 men and women who give their time, thought and best judg- 
 ment with no other object in view only to promote the welfare 
 of the schools. There is, I believe, no other way to secure better 
 service from the district officers than to provide a remunerative 
 sum, say not to exceed one hundred a year, to carry on this 
 work ; to require some educational ([ualifications and to attach 
 a penalty sufficiently great to warrant that these duties be per- 
 formed. Section 1885 of the Revised Statutes of 1910 provides 
 that if a clerk fails to file his report as directed, he shall be 
 liable to make good all losses resulting to the district and the 
 suit shall be brought by the director. It is very unreasonable to 
 suppose that a director will bring suit against the clerk of the 
 Board, when in reality the matter is of no importance to the 
 director, but is of the most vital importance to the County 
 Superintendent. There should, therefore, be a provision made, 
 that when the clerk fails to make proper report to the County 
 Superintendent, the County Superintendent may make a sworn 
 affidavit to the County Attorney, whose duty it will be to prose- 
 cute the delin(iuent clerk. Such a provision would be not only 
 a protection to the County Superintendent, but to the clerks 
 and the people. 
 
 Authority to Remove Scholars 
 
 Section 1945, providing the manner in which the Board may 
 remove scholars, is somewhat ambiguous and capable of two 
 interpretations. There has been considerable discussion upon 
 this portion of this section which reads as follows: "The Dis- 
 trict Board shall have power to admit scholars from adjoining 
 districts and remove scholars for disorderly conduct." Some 
 have contended that the power to remove scholars in this sec- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 13 
 
 tion referred only to those who had been admitted from adjoin- 
 ing districts, while others contended that this section provides 
 for the removal of any scholars, either those belonging to the 
 district or those admitted from the adjoining district. I, there- 
 fore, recommend that that part of Section 1945 be repealed and 
 to read as follows: "The District Board, together with the 
 approval of the County Superintendent, may remove scholars 
 for disorderly conduct, upon the proper presentation made by 
 the teacher or principal of the school. The District Board shall 
 have power to admit scholars, to remove such scholars as those 
 belonging to the district and when scholars are admitted from 
 other districts, t\ve Board may require a tuition fee from such 
 scholars. ' ' 
 
 Distribution of Income from Common School Land Income Fund 
 
 The law provides in Chapter 16, Article 135, R. S. 1910, that 
 the State Superintendent shall on the thirty-first day of March 
 of each year, distribute the income from the Common School 
 Land Income Fund to the counties of the state. The money is 
 apportioned to the County Superintendents, who in turn shall 
 distribute it to the districts. The Statutes showing how the 
 County Superintendents shall distribute this money, are con- 
 fused. • In Chapter 136, Article 1997, R. S. 1910, the law pro- 
 vides that the distribution shall be based on the number of chil- 
 dren of school age in the several counties, while in Chapter 99, 
 Article 1299, R. S. 1910, the number of pupils in attendance 
 during the year, is made the basis. I recommend that the num- 
 ber of children of school age as determined by the last pre- 
 ceding annual school census shall be made the basis and that all 
 conflicting clauses in the statutes be repealed. 
 
 Boundaries of Districts 
 
 Section 1301 of the Compiled Statutes of 1910 provides that 
 the County Superintendent of Schools shall divide the counties 
 into school districts and may alter and change the boundaries 
 of the district thus formed from time to time as the convenience 
 of the inhabitants of the aforesaid district may require, and 
 shall proceed to make such change at any time when petitioned 
 by two-thirds of the legal voters of any district. It can readily 
 be seen that this law is capable of two or three interpretations. 
 Grave difficulties have arisen as a result. County Superintend- 
 ents have divided districts without reference to the time of the 
 year, and as no provision is made by law for defraying the 
 necessary expenses of the newly formed district, there was more 
 or less confusion. The voters in many instances were dissatisfied 
 with the division made by the County Superintendent. The 
 
14 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 County Commissioners and the State Superintendent, unfa- 
 miliar with local conditions, were called upon at a great ex- 
 pense to settle these questions. It is my opinion that there 
 should be a time in the year, preferably at the time of the 
 annual meeting, when the matter of district boundaries should 
 be decided. No one is better fitted to know the needs relative 
 to districts and district boundaries than the qualified voters 
 in the district. I wish, therefore, respectfully to recommend 
 that the power of changing and altering and joining districts 
 to other districts be placed in the hands of the qualified voters 
 at the time of the annual meeting. 
 
 Recommendations for school legislation endorsed by the 
 Wyoming State Teachers' Association of 1911 and by the Legis- 
 lative Committee of the Wyoming State Teachers' Association 
 of 1912. 
 
 Salaries and Certificates of County Superintendents 
 The salary increase for the County Superintendents of the 
 state to the maximum permitted by the constitution : 
 
 In counties of the first class $1,000.00 
 
 In counties of the second class 750.00 
 
 In counties of the third class 500.00 
 
 with all actual and necessary traveling expenses paid by the 
 county. The committee further recommends that certificates 
 of as high a rank as first class must be held by all County Su- 
 perintendents elected after the enactment of the measure. 
 
 Special Technical Certificates 
 
 Amend the certificate law relating to special technical cer- 
 tificates so as to provide that graduates of four-year technical 
 schools that have an entrance requirement of fifteen units may 
 be issued second class professional and first class professional 
 certificates by passing an examination in the professional sub- 
 jects required, provided the applicant has had the requisite ex- 
 perience. 
 
 New Form of Life Certificate 
 
 Change the law so that one who has successfully taught for 
 twenty-five years, fifteen of which have been in the state, if not 
 out of the teaching profession for three years during that time, 
 may be granted a life certificate of the same grade as the one 
 held by the applicant. 
 
 Teachers' Pensions 
 
 The enactment of a law providing for teachers' pensions. 
 Experience required, twenty-five years of teaching, twenty of 
 which shall be within the state; or thirty years' experience, fif- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 15 
 
 teen of which have been within the state. Minimum age of those 
 entitled to pensions, fifty-five years, except that, at the discre- 
 tion of the State Superintendent, persons who have qualified 
 from point of experience at an earlier age and who are incapaci- 
 tated by reason or ill health may receive the pension. Amount 
 of pension, thirty dollars per month for twelve months in the 
 year. Source of funds, income from certain school lands of the 
 state. 
 
 Medical Inspection 
 
 Medical inspection under the direction of the local School 
 Board may be provided in each county. 
 
 Recognition of Work in Colleges for Certificates 
 
 Amend certificate law so as to provide that credit received 
 in standard colleges or universities for the last two years ' work 
 may be considered a sufficient basis for the granting of first 
 class certifiacte, provided that one-seventh of the credits so re- 
 ceived are in psychology and pedagogy. 
 
16 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
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SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 17 
 
 Recommendations Concerning the Certificate Law of State 
 Board of Educational Examiners, Endorsed by the Legis- 
 lative Committee of 1912 of the Wyoming State Teachers' 
 Association. 
 
 (1) That Special Certificates be extended by Reading Cir- 
 cle work under the same conditious as the First Grade. 
 
 (2) That an average of 80 per cent be required for a 
 Special Primary certificate. 
 
 (3) "We also recommend that $4000 be appropriated for 
 the contingent fund of the Board for the next two years, as the 
 Boaixl has always been handicapped in its work for lack of 
 funds, 
 
 M. E. SHUCK, President ; 
 J. T. VELIN, Secretary ; 
 MRS. ELLA FARTHING. 
 
18 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 On March 31st, 1911, the following amounts were dis- 
 tributed from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County Enrollment Apportionment 
 
 Albany 2,296 $ 11,207.47 
 
 Big Horn 3,875 18,915.04 
 
 Carbon 2,292 11,187.94 
 
 Converse 1,423 6,946.09 
 
 Crook 1,753 8,556.92 
 
 Fremont 2,102 10,260.50 
 
 Johnson 1,060 5,174.18 
 
 Laramie 5,085 24,822.59 
 
 Natrona 795 3,880.64 
 
 Sheridan 3,129 15,273.59 
 
 Sweetwater 2,396 11,695.60 
 
 Uinta 5,086 24,826.30 
 
 Weston 1,053 5,140.01 
 
 Totals 32.345 $157,886.87 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 19 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of Children in Distric 
 Between Ages of 
 
 t According t 
 6 and 21 
 
 Census 
 
 
 Native Born Po 
 
 •eign 
 
 Born 
 
 T3 
 
 3 
 ? 
 
 
 *> 
 ■^ 
 ^ 
 
 0) 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 
 
 a 
 
 "3 
 o 
 
 c3 be 
 
 Albany 
 
 1072 
 1527 
 1142 
 
 814 
 1010 
 1051 
 
 556 
 2046 
 
 367 
 1673 
 1138 
 2440 
 
 643 
 
 205 
 
 920 
 1410 
 1052 
 
 815 
 1000 
 1034 
 
 485 
 2047 
 
 382 
 1640 
 1118 
 2469 
 
 584 
 
 199 
 
 1992 
 2937 
 2194 
 1629 
 2010 
 2085 
 1041 
 5194 
 749 
 3313 
 2256 
 
 60 
 14 
 92 
 1 
 26 
 21 
 10 
 
 127 
 
 4 
 
 99 
 
 202 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 109 
 
 9 
 
 88 
 
 178 
 
 119 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 71 
 
 21 
 
 123 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 35 
 
 16 
 
 251 
 
 13 
 
 187 
 
 380 
 
 241 
 
 46 
 
 3 
 
 2063 
 2958 
 
 
 2317 
 
 
 1629 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 2054 
 2120 
 1057 
 
 
 5445 
 
 
 762 
 
 
 3500 
 
 
 2636 
 
 
 4809 
 
 122 
 
 5050 
 
 Weston 
 
 1227 1 31 
 
 1273 
 
 Park 
 
 425 
 
 2 
 
 424 
 
 15684 I 15155 | 31861 1 811 | 607 | 1433 
 
20 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
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SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 O-^COOCOiHOOOLOiHOt-OcC 
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11 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 C.2 £ 
 
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 Assessed 
 Valuation 
 
 of the 
 Districts 
 
 $ 10944933.00 
 
 12795850.00 
 
 12650575.00 
 
 8316841.45 
 
 6420995.00 
 27289422.00 
 
 7933216.00 
 18465473.83 
 12649480.00 
 20643768.00 
 
 5983514.75 
 
 
 4^mount of 
 
 Interest 
 
 Paid on 
 
 Bonds 
 
 During 
 
 the Year 
 
 
 
 $ 1028.04 
 2413.01 
 
 1995.00 
 8.00 
 1925.00 
 2035.00 
 2305.00 
 1234.11 
 6562.20 
 1156.21 
 
 180.00 
 
 t- 
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 ■>* 
 
 00 
 
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 IM 
 
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 ■<* 
 
 CO 
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 Amount of 
 
 Bonds 
 Redeemed 
 
 During 
 the Year 
 
 $ 800.00 
 
 1000.00 
 400.00 
 500.00 
 
 6000.00 
 2250.00 
 2795.00 
 1000.00 
 2600.00 
 1000.00 
 
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 €6- 
 
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 to 
 
 €6- 
 
 CO 
 
 d 
 
 to 
 
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 Estimated 
 
 Value of 
 
 School Books 
 
 and 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 $ 7976.00 
 6275.00 
 6120.00 
 5265.00 
 8100.60 
 6593.00 
 7575.00 
 20302.44 
 3255.50 
 
 33565.00 
 
 15541.80 
 
 4800.00 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albany . . 
 Big Horn 
 Carbon . . 
 Converse . 
 Crook . . . 
 Fremont . 
 .Tolinson . 
 Laramie . 
 Natrona . 
 Sheridan 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . 
 Weston . . 
 Park 
 
 ■3 
 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 23 
 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers Now Holding 
 
 
 
 Certificates 
 
 
 
 
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 CS 
 
 
 
 
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 COUNTIES 
 
 
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 4 
 
 8 
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 2 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 20 
 11 
 3 
 16 
 32 
 
 49 
 
 48 
 24 
 40 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 191 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 Crook 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 11 
 3 
 36 
 12 
 23 
 1 
 25 
 11 
 
 31 
 18 
 112 
 12 
 46 
 17 
 54 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 37 
 
 1 
 12 
 
 4 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
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 48 I 140 
 
 139 
 
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26 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 On March 31st, 1912, the following amounts were dis- 
 tributed from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 County . Enrollment 
 
 Albany 2063 
 
 Big Horn 2958 
 
 Carbon 2317 
 
 Converse 1629 
 
 Crook 2054 
 
 Fremont 2120 
 
 Johnson 1057 
 
 Laramie 5445 
 
 Natrona 762 
 
 Sheridan 3500 
 
 Sweetwater 2636 
 
 Uinta 5050 
 
 Weston 1273 
 
 Park 424 
 
 33288 
 
 Apportionment 
 $ 10748.23 
 15411.18 
 12071.57 
 
 8487.09 
 10701.34 
 11045.20 
 
 5506.97 
 28371.86 
 
 3970.02 
 18235.00 
 13733.56 
 26310.50 
 
 6632.33 
 
 2209.04 
 
 $173433.89 
 
 COUNTY 
 
 Number of Children in Di strict According to Census 
 Between Ages of 6 and 21 
 
 Native Born 
 
 Foreign Born 
 
 Albany . . 
 Big Horn 
 Carbon . . 
 Crook . . . 
 Converse . 
 Fremont . 
 Johnson . 
 Laramie . 
 Natrona . 
 Sheridan . 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . . 
 Weston . . , 
 Park . . . . 
 
 1101 
 
 969 
 
 1511 
 
 1404 
 
 1097 
 
 1100 
 
 1007 
 
 1000 
 
 872 
 
 815 
 
 1059 
 
 918 
 
 506 
 
 474 
 
 2960 
 
 2856 
 
 434 
 
 409 
 
 1709 
 
 1773 
 
 1257 
 
 1179 
 
 2681 
 
 2618 
 
 631 
 
 602 
 
 587 
 
 604 
 
 2070 
 2915 
 2197 
 2007 
 1687 
 1977 
 
 980 
 5812 
 
 843 
 3482 
 2435 
 5299 
 1233 
 1191 
 
 17412 16721 
 
 71 
 41 
 91 
 11 
 
 154 
 1 
 130 
 213 
 241 
 18 
 _20_ 
 999 
 
 24 
 37 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 128 
 
 8 
 
 95 
 
 141 
 
 146 
 
 13 
 
 95 
 
 78 
 
 129 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 282 
 
 9 
 
 225 
 
 354 
 
 397 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 2172 
 2993 
 2326 
 2027 
 1687 
 1977 
 
 994 
 6091 
 
 552 
 3707 
 2790 
 5686 
 1264 
 1220 
 
 654 1653 35786 
 
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 T)(C003lMrHX»'^001000>QOLO 
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 9l«H 
 
 pd.10100 puu ejuiAV lejox 
 
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28 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 
 5coooo>-i«oot-Oimcocco 
 
 rHCJl>t^t-COLCXCCCOIOOt~iO 
 
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 in o T)< 
 
 O rH (N (M O O 
 
 CO c*] « in CO "H 
 
 00 05 t> Oi t- C-l 
 
 o in 
 in o 
 
 CO (M 
 
 satanio^ jo -ojnj 
 
 o in 00 
 
 OJ 05 tH 
 
 <N (N in 
 
 to CO O) 
 CO -^ i-i 
 o> CJ o 
 
 CJ rH CO iH 1 
 
 rH ■* 00 00 (N CO 
 t- 'f t- -^ O) O 
 
 iM CO CO 00 in in 
 
 (N (M iH Til t- CO 
 
 O Tf 
 O iH 
 IN 00 
 
 Iidtitj J9<j noil 
 
 -ItlX JO ^SOQ 83BJ8AV 
 
 CJ CJ f] (M (M C5 IN CT IN (N <N CO <M Cl 
 
 sXbq jo J9qum>j 
 
 iNco-^OicoincicococooinooiN t~ 
 inxcoino50'HL--coininoioco ^ 
 
 COt^lOCOCOWCO^COrHin 01 
 
 inTticocooininooiN in ■hciO' 
 
 qsiH 
 
 CO'SfrH-* iHINCOCOrt 
 
 pepBjf) 
 
 papB.[3ufi 
 
 uai.t'BS.iapin>i 
 
 
 ■ji Suijna Jimg 
 
 liniNinrHrHCO ININCOCOCO 
 
 ^Dinsici nt -oj^ 
 
 ■^t-'jiooco'^t-t-inoinoinin 
 
 •^CO-^QOinTjIINCDrHCOlNOOeOIN 
 
 0) '-' t> S 2 Q -r 
 
 TO ,, -^ +J 
 
 eiupi 
 
 s 
 
 fi 
 
 Id 
 u 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 <D 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 21 'S S"" 
 
 moj. 
 
 r-(COtr-CO'^t~C<I050THOiCOrHI:- 
 rHCOCO-^COC-COCO'^OOrHOCl 
 rHt-rHrHOOinOiiniNOOClt^t> 
 iHiHiHrHrHrH IN INiHCO 
 
 9i«ni9^j 
 
 O00C0O>HinO3C0C000C0iH00r)l 
 rj(Ot-l-005t-OCO(NOJC~'ft~ 
 
 incoinmin'^iN-^iN'-ioocococo 
 
 9l«M 
 
 th m "* 01 CO IN CO 1-1 c- CO CO m X CO 
 i>OiOJt*coxoo'^t>t~rH'^inin 
 inooinmoiniNcoCTOOsincoco 
 
 c8 ^o>enc3t<i. 
 
SUPERII^fTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 29 
 
 qj a <ri <D 
 
 SGiBmej 
 
 S9n;i\[ 
 
 n <» a 
 5^W 
 
 ll'JOJ, 
 
 OiOt-ot-t~coco-^oin>niO(M 
 
 9I«nio^ 
 
 91«W 
 
 JOUISIQ 9t[} 
 
 JO uo!}Bn[e^ passessy 
 
 coo:coooo;0{MtDtDmoooOi 
 
 [~«OtDO0>»in!0-^C0T*rH[- 
 
 )-^iHTHC0LC-^(Mt-OC0Ot- 
 , CCCOOOiOOSOl-^t-i-l-ilOlO 
 'CO^Olt- iOCOOOOOOt^ 
 
 itct-oo oc~QDeooinco 
 
 IM 
 
 < <N 
 
 JTIQ Spaoa 110 ptUcI 
 
 jsaja^nj jo ^unouiy 
 
 JB9^\ 
 
 9q; Sui.in(j pamaap 
 -aa spuog JO ^unoujv 
 
 SS9up9}q9p 
 
 nj papuog SutpnBjsjnQ 
 
 ^OOOOiOOOlOOO 
 (NOOOOC^OOCOOO 
 
 o lo Lo irj o cj o" o CO o d 
 
 rHOTLOOOrJQOCOlOrHCOCO 
 'HailO(M(MXOr-tQO"^CC 
 
 H C>] 
 
 «5 rH rH iH 
 
 o o in 
 
 O lO 03 
 O (M t~ 
 rH IN IM 
 
 o o o 
 q o o 
 d d d 
 in o o 
 
 [-0 10 
 
 oooooooooooooo 
 inqqooooooooooo 
 
 (Noooooooooinoinoo 
 oconTcmciooocoo-^OQo 
 
 COCvlCl'^OCt^ClCOCOOrHt^t-rH 
 t-COOJ coco-* C0CO(MCO(M 
 
 snjBJuddy 
 pntj SJioog; jooqog 
 JO aniBA p9;Bmi;sa 
 
 tD030o5020in-*c<i-*Lnoioa^ 
 ooii-OTjiTjHt-cieoi.oOiTiiooco 
 iMC3i^in!Ot-mrHxo3mi>-<#co 
 coo^t>inta«3aiK)rHLoioio(M 
 
 
30 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 
 Qualifications of Teachers Now Holding 
 
 
 Certificates 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 "3 ? 
 
 155 
 
 D 
 
 a; 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 nO 
 
 s 
 
 C 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :e'-c 
 
 
 
 
 csca 
 
 
 » "5 
 
 so O 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _o 2 
 
 ■s 
 
 5 
 
 ■n 
 
 as 
 
 So 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 PL, 
 
 ^ 
 
 fa 
 
 m 
 
 Eh 
 
 H 
 
 
 8 
 6 
 3 
 5 
 2 
 11 
 3 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 12 
 18 
 34 
 11 
 14 
 4 
 14 
 
 25 
 50 
 28 
 42 
 32 
 21 
 18 
 150 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 Laramie 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 6 
 25 
 
 4 
 1 
 
 9 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 21 
 
 18 
 53 
 
 2 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 Uinta 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 13 
 21 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Park 
 
 1 
 
 i2 I 198 I 31 I 190 I 532 | 15.0 | 45 
 
imox 
 
 
 SJ0JJ3 pnB uoi} 
 mx 'l«aa 'saiOM -psij^i 
 
 S;jBjp.I9A0 
 
 -ixiQ puB pajtsocIaQ 
 
 spnog puB 
 sjisocIaQ no jsa.iajuj 
 
 SJlOOg lOOqOg JO 8[8g 
 
 sa4ig puB S3UI 
 pimg looqog JO a^Bg 
 
 spunj puBq 
 JO jnatnnoiiJOddv sjBJg 
 
 o o -* ■^ m ca -* o L'; ci t- L"^ -* OS 
 X ?] t CO -H I.': t- X o O! cit X o i,'^ 
 
 ^o^co^'-Dxoiot^"^^ai~o 
 
 t^^Xt^L0t^»0^"^r-tOC^OP^ 
 
 -4 n iH rt 
 
 Oi CO i^ X X t^ »H 
 o X to '^ on X 
 
 ■-I O ( 
 
 CO w C- CO o 
 
 O X "* rt CO. 
 
 C- CI CO ".C rt 
 
 rt C] CO — 
 
 OiLOOO XtOcOrHtoCOOiW 
 
 i-o LO t-; X X r5_ ■^ ^_ ai oi t> x 
 
 OJ (N «0 "H O O N co' o a co' OJ 
 
 O OiCO COC-CICOOCOCJX 
 
 O Ol^ CO Xr-ILOrH<Nr-l 
 ^ C-1 r-l r-l 
 
 O O O O LO -^ O t- LO LO o s 
 
 LOOJOXO>LO(M'-I t-iOLOr-l 
 
 05 T)< CO n< CO CO co' ci o o o '.D 
 
 CO rt "H 03 r-l 03 LO X O LO Oi 
 
 ^ CO n CO -^ 
 
 LO 
 
 OS to O) 
 
 LO to m C-] X 
 
 O ■* !M T)< 
 
 Tf to 
 
 XLOT-H^t^t-tO^CLOCOOOiOi 
 
 Tjitot-oxinot-aicoDO-Hoio 
 
 t>lOOC~-^XLOCOOCJI:-COC5CJ 
 
 OLO(NOxo5mxT)ixcotOLOc] 
 
 spuog 
 
 JOUJSia lOOipg JO 81Bg 
 
 t- 'S' ^ 
 O] CO t- 
 
 to en X 
 
 T-H 0> O 
 
 XBJ, UO<J pUB 
 JOOqOg JDIJJSIQ lBID9dg 
 
 sajn}iajjo,£ 
 
 X o 
 
 LO rH 
 X LO 
 
 rH O 
 CO Tjl 
 
 •-(COCOO'^iHCOtH.HX 
 003XC<l-*tOXOl002 
 ^T)(T)<cOXXt-X05LO 
 
 too5Tj(om(Nt-tDa>LO 
 
 01 (M CO CO N IN iH LO iH LO 
 
 0] to 
 O) o 
 1-1 (N 
 
 O CO 
 r-l to 
 
 saiJiBna^]; puB saui^ 
 
 X o 
 
 lO LO 
 
 r-l •* to 
 
 xBi looipg Ajnnoo 
 
 icOOOCJOOOSOtOt-Oit- 
 •LOOUOtOLOtOcOStOCOCJO 
 
 icot^t^cotocooi-^t^t^c^ito 
 
 lT)I.NC0X-^rHL0X'*05'--IX 
 
 J OJ 05 
 
 TT6t 
 'I -^^I^ •I'saA JO Snin 
 -ni39a qsBQ JO aouBtBg 
 
 OOOt-rH^scOt-TfltoC^lX'O-* 
 
 cioxt-oiotcxcoooitot--^ 
 
 CtOtOtHrHOlClrHt-CO-ltOOX' 
 tOLO'»l''*St-05COO:05-*tOt-CJ 
 •Hr-lolOJ-^OJ'-ICOrHCl'HO] 
 
 >>5 
 
 -.0 = 0— !-— c? = o-E-i 
 

 I^JOJ, 
 
 
 CO 
 
 00 
 
 
 cccj-*cor-iintr-ooo05cooomio 
 
 t-tDLO(NO)Or-li-l;DlOr-(rHrHT(< 
 rtOJCOrH^JCCOSOt-TflOOJOin 
 
 t-rtcot-int-incOTji,HtD(MLoco 
 
 C] 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CJ 
 
 a^ 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 0>C]00CCOC3)C0OC000Tjl^rtCl 
 (^](^5r^"^O00rHTHln05Tl^OI:^O 
 
 IM 
 
 OOCJ[-lOCOTjliNOt-lOlO(35COO 
 
 iooj!Dcct-oinT)<t-LO[-co«oin 
 ■>*ccTtOTjioocooo-*i>in^iM 
 
 WCOtDQOiH-^CvlfO-njHOCOTHCO-* 
 >-(rHIMrHiH<MrHCOrH(MrHCC 
 
 m 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 IM 
 
 o" 
 
 CO 
 M 
 
 S^JBjpjaAQ 
 
 CO C- (M 
 
 CO ■-( CO 
 
 d to in 
 CO in o 
 
 00 O (N 
 
 ^ Tj( ,H 
 
 CI 
 
 00 
 
 OS 
 
 o 
 t- 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■psim pne 
 sjojja '}nea; 'stisueQ 
 
 CO t- o •* 00 to t- o oj ci in. ■* 
 
 iH O t- iH to in O CO iH U3 ■^ (M 
 
 o 
 
 t-C<lr-IO TfrHOOO mOOt-O! 
 
 iHC-ioJO inoo(MM ocotho 
 ■-I .H ■<(< .H o CO Tji o> t- Tf 00 to 
 
 rH rH (M IM in lH (N i-l IM -"ll 
 
 in 
 ca 
 to 
 ca 
 
 :z; 
 
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 SJO^lUBf 
 
 ciQOt-ooinintDLnoototooo 
 ooc^iOJtOinin^rHroiMOtDiMin 
 
 00 
 to 
 
 TlHt-iHlMt-THroClNIMCOi-IOCO 
 
 toiMcoint-int-corHcoincoc-Tfi 
 rtt-^oo<Mint-inrtoo-*oooow 
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 o 
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 00 
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 Th 
 00 
 
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 O0Q0tDtD00t-C00COC]COtCt~t- 
 
 c-1 in m Tji [- w o in to CO o 00 CI CO 
 
 tC^COt-ClOOCJOSWOt-COOOO 
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 in 
 
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 CO 
 CJ 
 
 -siQ looqog no isajejui 
 
 OS to C-] o o CO in 05 05 cj o> in 
 
 coo COrHClOtO QOXC-iHCO 
 
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 l-< 
 
 CO 
 
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 in 
 
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 spnog 'joij^ 
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 o to O O O 't 
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 rH IM rH 
 
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 « 
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 spnog iDui 
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 iHinoo o ooo m m oi 
 in iM t- o o to 00 to CO 
 
 coiM'in in ind to' co d 
 ooos in oot- to th CO 
 
 r-l [- Ca O 0> 00 CO 
 rH IM N to rH 
 
 sJioog looqog 
 
 to m 'ii C5 t- ca tc CO in o oa o co 
 0'*05CO-*tOC-iMtr xot-o 
 
 OS m CO Tji CO o: 05 00 LO m m to t- 
 rH-iiooooin-tmco tot-to un 
 
 NOOMOllMOOtOOtD COOO to 
 rHrHrHrHrH m rHiH rH 
 
 CJ 
 
 to 
 
 Oi 
 
 ■to . 
 to 
 
 STUBj'BdcIy looijog 
 
 CO rH O ■* •* OS to rH ^ CO rH CO IM 
 -* rH to O CI CO C] -^ to C CO t- ^ 
 
 t-oocorHt-coc]'* Tfinot-in 
 
 COrflt-inC-OtOO O500t-CI"* 
 C]0>OCinrHC-'*t- COTjHtOt-0> 
 rHinrHrHCO rHt- TJHCJCOCO 
 
 IM 
 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CI 
 
 •<* 
 
 PQ 
 r/} 
 
 sSinpiing 
 lOoqog noi}OTij;suoo 
 
 toooojt-ciQOOsin oototocoin 
 
 CO'^QOrHTjItOOiOO Ot-OOtOCJ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 m 
 Q 
 2; 
 ti 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 ininoDcicocot-00 oorHxtoci 
 
 •* O O C5 T)< to !M t- t- Oi O O! O 
 
 oirHcicocjttiinco OTjitotoin 
 
 to CO TjH -.Jl IM CO to CO lO rH rH CO 
 CO rH CO rH 
 
 CO 
 
 t- 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 rH 
 
 N 
 
 •>* 
 
 sSuipimg 
 lOoqog 0^ saiedaa 
 
 OOO^it-^tOintOinrHOlTtlrHtOCO 
 rHt-t-OSrHrH-^COOSOCOtOrHCO 
 
 rHCOOOrHCn-^COtOt-rHCOOt- 
 OOTfCOCJt-OtOtOCC-^tOt-COrH 
 t~COrHrHinrH00O3t-rHrHC]O5t- 
 rHM-* CI rHIM "^rHClCOClrH 
 
 to 
 o 
 
 Oi 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 cooioscaxoc-incoOoooinrH 
 lOTjixcotDtococoinooOrHoo 
 
 o 
 
 CB 
 
 t0O05t-C0t-int-00 ClOrHrHrH 
 
 t-in-^rHTHt-omo-^ooi-^t- 
 OiTjiointoincitDosoDtoot-os 
 
 05t>05t>C]t-OCOtO^COCOC]tO 
 COTfCOCOCOCOCJClCatOCOt-IMrH 
 
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 CO 
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 CO 
 
 
 
 
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 Eh 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 33 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 No. of Pupils 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 03 
 
 "o 
 
 o 
 .c 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 "a 
 
 T 
 
 eachers 
 
 Enrolled 
 
 Is 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 Eh 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 «4H 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 |2i 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 2h 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 2; 
 
 
 01 
 
 "3 
 
 S 
 
 "3 
 o 
 H 
 
 (0 
 
 "3 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 «4-l 
 O 
 
 d 
 
 1890 
 
 
 282 
 
 198 
 
 59 
 
 78 
 
 247 
 
 285 
 
 306 
 
 4008 
 
 3867 
 
 7875 
 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 320 
 
 223 
 
 363 
 
 4479 
 
 4247 
 
 8726 
 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 344 
 
 226 
 
 79 
 
 288 
 
 367 
 
 4808 
 
 4618 
 
 9426 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 190 
 
 381 
 
 247 
 
 96 
 
 328 
 
 424 
 
 5101 
 
 4832 
 
 9933 
 
 "886,"l'29 
 
 '89.21 
 
 "39367 
 
 1894 
 
 201 
 
 399 
 
 257 
 
 96 
 
 311 
 
 407 
 
 5339 
 
 4971 
 
 10310 
 
 942,411 
 
 91.4 
 
 38399 
 
 1895 
 
 213 
 
 405 
 
 305 
 
 112 
 
 362 
 
 474 
 
 5838 
 
 5415 
 
 11253 
 
 995,651 
 
 88.47 
 
 42960 
 
 1896 
 
 182 
 
 425 
 
 306 
 
 105 
 
 360 
 
 465 
 
 5865 
 
 5717 
 
 11582 
 
 1,025,100 
 
 88.59 
 
 90201 
 
 1897 
 
 184 
 
 452 
 
 322 
 
 103 
 
 395 
 
 498 
 
 6067 
 
 5870 
 
 11937 
 
 1,085,961 
 
 90.97 
 
 41682 
 
 1898 
 
 202 
 
 495 
 
 338 
 
 102 
 
 434 
 
 536 
 
 6643 
 
 6399 
 
 13042 
 
 1,535,562 
 
 117.7* 
 
 60198 
 
 1899 
 
 201 
 
 500 
 
 346 
 
 91 
 
 472 
 
 563 
 
 6797 
 
 6629 
 
 13427 
 
 1,166,802 
 
 86.9 
 
 37764 
 
 1900 
 
 208 
 
 524 
 
 372 
 
 89 
 
 481 
 
 570 
 
 7359 
 
 7153 
 
 14512 
 
 1,526,124 
 
 105.17 
 
 44154 
 
 1901 
 
 214 
 
 574 
 
 381 
 
 101 
 
 519 
 
 620 
 
 8023 
 
 7741 
 
 15764 
 
 1,394,443 
 
 88.45 
 
 95857 
 
 1902 
 
 224 
 
 615 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 584 
 
 684 
 
 8887 
 
 8624 
 
 17511 
 
 1,678,933 
 
 106.86 
 
 74930 
 
 1903 
 
 238 
 
 646 
 
 440 
 
 108 
 
 618 
 
 726 
 
 9342 
 
 9039 
 
 18381 
 
 1,702,439 
 
 89.26 
 
 73905 
 
 1904 
 
 245 
 
 684 
 
 483 
 
 105 
 
 658 
 
 763 
 
 9194 
 
 9053 
 
 18247 
 
 1,810,028 
 
 99.24 
 
 62974 
 
 1905 
 
 253 
 
 716 
 
 503 
 
 107 
 
 690 
 
 797 
 
 9499 
 
 9403 
 
 18902 
 
 1,828,105 
 
 96.71 
 
 82989 
 
 1906 
 
 261 
 
 745 
 
 486 
 
 107 
 
 693 
 
 800 
 
 9392 
 
 9379 
 
 18771 
 
 1,872,016 
 
 99.74 
 
 65501 
 
 1907 
 
 281 
 
 706 
 
 509 
 
 109 
 
 678 
 
 787 
 
 9822 
 
 9874 
 
 19795 
 
 1,805,645 
 
 91.21 
 
 70834 
 
 1908 
 
 280 
 
 785 
 
 538 
 
 115 
 
 784 
 
 899 
 
 10675 
 
 10715 
 
 21390 
 
 2,120,482 
 
 91.13 
 
 69883 
 
 1909 
 
 291 
 
 860 
 
 582 
 
 121 
 
 854 
 
 975 
 
 11784 
 
 11398 
 
 23182 
 
 2,308,322 
 
 99.57 
 
 65330 
 
 1910 
 
 303 
 
 1004 
 
 640 
 
 141 
 
 968 
 
 1109 
 
 12364 
 
 12220 
 
 24584 
 
 2,484,396 
 
 101.06 
 
 141558 
 
 1911 
 
 334 
 
 869 
 
 830 
 
 135 
 
 1040 
 
 1175 
 
 13270 
 
 12770 
 
 26040 
 
 2,656,870 
 
 103.2 
 
 153452 
 
 1912 
 
 345 
 
 975 
 
 843 
 
 174 
 
 1051 
 
 1225 
 
 13396 
 
 13106 
 
 26502 
 
 2,931,935 
 
 107.62 
 
 159637 
 
 A probable error in computation. 
 
34 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 P-, 
 
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 o 
 
 m 
 
 "3 
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 l^ioj, 
 
 n X '-c 't CO to o; CO in X 
 cocorHOOt-t-cocat- 
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 ajBraa^j 
 
 X05COC3!->*C<HDOCJIO 
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 ajuraa^j 
 
 OOtOOOJCOOJQOOOiOO 
 
 t^t^^COLO-^OO^rHtN 
 
 oOiOi-^oOTfoiococo 
 
 
 ■ 
 
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 B 
 
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 t-ooo-HOOcoi-io 
 
 
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 t-»CC0O0iC0^ClC010 
 CD;DX'vDt-mN051D.H 
 CI C-l CO 00 O X 0> OJ iH 03 
 OOOOOiOOC320005000i 
 
 
 8I«M 
 
 1-1 00 in lO CO CO C5 CI (M CO 
 
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 OOOOOiCiO^OlOrHGlCS 
 
 
 
 
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 11510^ 
 
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 ■^iHc-NOinos-'f-'li'-i 
 
 iH T-l iH tH tH (N 
 
 
 aiBinaj 
 
 CO-^^COOOOiHOOtDO 
 
 co-^inc-ooNcocooco 
 
 NCO-^iniJCOtDQOOrH 
 
 
 91BK 
 
 ;ocoi>io05iHTH-^ooto 
 
 THl>iHLnT-<COCOOCOlO 
 COlNCOCOT)(-!)lTl(«5t-00 
 
 
 siooqog iiSjH JO -Ofg: 
 
 cocointDtDoomcoino 
 
 rtr-lrHr-lrHTHi-l(NCO<N 
 
 
 sua:iJ'BSjapni3j jo -0}^ 
 
 COIMlMIMCOlMIMeoeOCO 
 
 
 9pis}Tio Snipue^jy -ojii 
 
 Q0iO[-t-tDO5!D^«Ot- 
 
 t-Noo-^co^OJ-^co 
 
 C] 05 CJ (M (M (M tH in lO 
 
 
 siooipg 
 
 ot-oicocoonoino 
 toiraomtooooinosco 
 
 IMIMOINCOCOIMCO-^CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO-*incDt-00010rHN 
 OOOOC'COiH.-!^ 
 
County Superintendents' Reports 
 
 ALBANY COUNTY 
 
 In writing the biennial report of the schools of Albany 
 county for 1911-1912, I can give only the situation as it has im- 
 pressed me during the past ten months. 
 
 There are 2172 children of school age in the county. Of 
 these 1582 belong to District No. 1, which includes the town of 
 Laramie. There are employed in the city schools twent^'-six 
 teachers, including the Superintendent and two Supervisors. 
 The high school which has been domiciled in the handsome new 
 high school building the past year, has a membership of 136 
 students, doing most excellent work under the instruction of 
 six teachers. District No. 1 maintains three rural schools of 
 nine and a half months each. 
 
 There are sixty other rural schools throughout the county 
 with an average term of nearly five months. 
 
 In District No. 5 at Rock River, they are building a six- 
 teen thousand dollar school building, modern in every par- 
 ticular. This is a grand step forward for this energetic town. 
 The district is also establishing schools for the needs of settlers 
 in the new farming sections. 
 
 The tendency to unite schools is growing. Formerly there 
 would be a school of two or three months at each ranch,. Now 
 school buildings are being centrally located so that pupils with- 
 in a radius of three or four miles can attend the same school and 
 have the advantage of a seven or eight months' session. 
 
 A number of the teachers have had literary entertainments, 
 thus bringing the people of the community together socially and 
 incidentally establishing a nucleus from which libraries have 
 been founded, beside furnishing school rooms with organs, 
 clocks, pictures, etc. 
 
 Uniformity of school books, I believe, would be a great im- 
 provement. The new Wyoming Course of Study is meeting a 
 longfelt need. 
 
 Winter seems to be the logical time for schools to be in 
 session. We, however, have twenty summer schools. Weather 
 conditions in some localities seem to warrant this arrangement. 
 Of the twenty teachers now teaching, none are working on a 
 permit or temporary certificate and only three on a third grade. 
 There seems to be a growing ambition for the higher class cre- 
 dentials. 
 
36 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 The summer school at the university is setting an educa- 
 tional precedence which is very noticeable throughout the 
 country. 
 
 Eighth grade examinations are being held in the rural 
 schools. The questions are furnished by the City Superintend- 
 ent. The possessor of an eighth grade diploma is admitted to 
 the Laramie High School. This in a wonderful stimulus for 
 keeping boys and girls in school. 
 
 Our schools are in a reasonably healthy condition. We 
 hope for rapid advancement in the work in the near future. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 . MRS. N. ARTISEE ERICKSON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 BIG HORN COUNTY 
 
 Since the last biennial report submitted from this office, 
 Big Horn county has been divided. We now havem the county 
 41 districts, including one high school district, and last year 102 
 teachers were employed. 
 
 There are sixty-seven school houses in the county. Eleven 
 of these were built during the past year. Greybull erected a 
 four-roomed gray stone building, Worland a six-roomed brick, 
 Basin a ten-roomed brick and Lovell an eight-roomed brick. 
 The others were smaller buildings, in rural districts, erected to 
 take the place of "the old school house." 
 
 The only accredited high school is at Basin, but Worland, 
 Greybull, Hyattville and Lovell are doing some high school 
 work. 
 
 There is a private high school at Cowley, doing three years 
 of high school work, and many of our eighth grade graduates 
 enroll for higher work there. 
 
 Yellowstone college, also a private institution, which offers 
 work in various university courses, opens at Himes this year. 
 
 In 1911 we had 94 eighth grade graduates, and in 1912 
 there were 115. The questions were prepared and papers 
 marked by the County Superintendent, thus insuring a measure 
 of uniformity throughout the county. 
 
 The tendency seems to be toward longer terms of school 
 and increased salary for teachers. No district in the county 
 now pays less than $50.00 and some of the rural schools pay 
 $70.00 per month. 
 
 We join with other Superintendents in recommending that 
 the school laws be amended in regard to School District Clerks ' 
 reports. As the annual report now includes parts of two school 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 3 7 
 
 years, in many cases the number of days taught and total at- 
 tendance is incorrect. We would also recommend that the Dis- 
 trict Clerks be paid sufficient sum to insure getting correct re- 
 ports on time. 
 
 Another division of Big Horn county will take place Jan- 
 uary 1, 1913, after which the remaining districts will be renum- 
 bered 
 
 "We feel that Miss Bird's Course of Study fills a long-felt 
 want and will be a material help to teachers and pupils alike. 
 
 We think that a uniform set of text books throughout the 
 state would be a further advancement. 
 
 Everything considered the schools are doing satisfactory 
 work, but we hope to make many improvements and raise the 
 standard of the public school work in the next two years. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 A. F. FILLERUP, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CARBON COUNTY 
 
 There have been some material changes in the Carbon 
 county schools since the last biennial report was submitted. 
 
 Districts 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 have been formed and organ- 
 ized. District No. 25, in the southern part of the county in the 
 Butte Lake section, has been abandoned. Now there are 36 
 districts, all doing actual business except No. 34, which has not 
 organized as yet. 
 
 The Rawlins schools, District No. 3, are improving all the 
 time. A new building is being erected, a two-room building, in 
 the eist side which will be occupied by the small children of 
 that locality. A new heater has been placed in an outside un- 
 derground room for same, for the main building, making the 
 system more satisfactory and safer than heretofore. There 
 are 19 teachers now employed in the Rawlins schools. 
 
 The school at Baggs, District No. 4, employs three teachers. 
 There are two rooms in a comfortable brick building, and a new 
 one-room frame building has been built in the same yard, so 
 that the children are all within the same enclosure. 
 
 The Elk Mountain town school, District No. 5, has a new 
 two-room building. However, the school has seen fit to get 
 along with one teacher. The rooms are built in a double room 
 style with large arch opening between. This can be converted 
 into two separate and distinct rooms whenever the patrons 
 deem it necessary to employ two teachers. 
 
 District No. 9, Saratoga, has decreased the teaching force 
 
38 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 by one this year. There will be four teachers in the town school 
 and one teacher in the little school known as the Scarrow dis- 
 trict, about three miles from Saratoga. 
 
 No. 7, Hanna, will have eight teachers, two men and six 
 women. Six teachers in the main town and two in No. 3 town. 
 
 No. 18, Encampment school, is not growing, though three 
 teachers .are employed, as many as formerly. The District 
 Board is always for as good a school as it can possibly secure. 
 
 Summer schools are still conducted in the following dis- 
 tricts : 
 
 No. 2, Shirley; No. 19, Pathfinder ; No. 22, Brush Creek; No. 
 24, Rock Dale ; No. 26, Spring Creek ; No. 32, Difficulty ; No. 35, 
 Cow Creek. 
 
 Some of these begin in spring and continue until December, 
 so that they are not strictly summer schools. The other dis- 
 tricts are mostly fall and winter schools. 
 
 Conditions are steadily improving in the Carbon county 
 schools. Parents and guardians are coming to more clearly 
 recognize the common good of the Compulsory Education law. 
 Salaries of teachers are being increased where possible. Fewer 
 teachers and boards each year are ignoring the Certificate law 
 of the state. On the whole I feel that it cannot be truthfully 
 stated that the schools of Carbon county are not anticipating 
 the growing needs of the several coijimunities where they exist. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 FRANCES B. SMITH, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CONVERSE COUNTY 
 
 Since our last biennial report we have been fortunate 
 enough to secure some of the important measures we were work- 
 ing for. 
 
 We have a County School Board Association, a most im- 
 portant factor in our educational work; a County Course of 
 Study, which we hope will greatly aid in the organization and 
 grading of our rural schools ; and we now have county uniform- 
 ity of text books. A movement was initiated at our annual 
 insitute to organize a county association of teachers to meet 
 during mid-wdnter. Much interest was manifest and the organ- 
 ization is assured. 
 
 This year there were about sixty graduates from the eighth 
 grade. We are to have nearly seventy-five per cent enter high 
 school. The past two years are also red letter years because 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 39 
 
 of the continuation of the pupils in the school work of all 
 grades. Our loss will aggregate a very small per cent. 
 
 The program for the first day of our institute is given to 
 the work of the School Board Association. The spirit of the 
 meeting this year was progressive, as is shown in the following 
 resolution which it adopted : 
 
 ''Be it resolved by the Converse School Board Association, 
 that it is the sense of this association that the county superin- 
 tendent eliminate from the present course of study all work 
 not necessary in the teaching of the common branches and as 
 rapidly as possible substitution be made of the study of agricul- 
 ture and domestic science. 
 
 That it is the purpose of this association to develop stronger 
 and better work in the qpmmon branches and in the teaching 
 of those things necessary in the lives of our pupils. That the 
 County Superintendent be requested to report at our next meet- 
 ing of the progress made." 
 
 The Association also recommended that the teachers of the 
 county make a study of vocational work and introduce as much 
 as may be made practicable this coming year. 
 
 The educational forces of the county are well organized 
 and the outlook promising. 
 
 Very sincerely, 
 
 MAUD DAWES, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 FREMONT COUNTY 
 
 In accordance with your request, I present the following 
 summary of the schools of Fremont county for the years 1911- 
 1912: 
 
 There has been considerable advancement in the schools 
 of the county in the past two years. The number of districts 
 has been increased from thirty-three to thirty-six. There are 
 fifty schools in the county, employing seventy-eight teachers. 
 
 A splendid new High School building has been built in 
 Lander in the last two years. Manual training has been added 
 to the course of study, and some elegant work has been done 
 along that line by the pupils. There is a corps of eleven teach- 
 ers employed in the Lander schools. 
 
 Thermopolis also has an accredited high school. They have 
 a large well equipped building, and a corps of trained teachers, 
 and their work is of the very best. 
 
 Riverton is doing about three years of high school work, 
 
40 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 employing five teachers. Shoshoni employing four teachers^ 
 and Hudson employing three, are doing some high school work. 
 
 District eight, during the last year, built the best rural 
 school building in the county. I doubt if there is a better one 
 in the state. 
 
 Our institutes the past two years have been most helpful 
 for the teachers. The institute in the summer of 1911 was con- 
 ducted by Superintendent Shuck of Rawlins. The teachers felt 
 that it was a very successful institute. 
 
 The institute of 1912 is now in session. The instructors 
 are Professor A. Softley, Dean of the Fremont Nebraska Nor- 
 mal, and his daughter, Miss Elsie Softley. The enrollment is the 
 largest in the history of Fremont county. 
 
 During the past two years I have given the examinations 
 to pupils who were completing the eighth grade, and found a 
 much higher grade of work being done as a result. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 ELLA M. FARTHING, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY 
 
 In the progress made by the schools of Wyoming during 
 the past two years, we feel that Johnson county has in no way 
 been left behind. 
 
 During the fall of 1911 the Johnson county high school 
 moved to its new home. The building which cost something 
 over iwenty-seven thousand dollars, is a beautiful structure 
 with all modern conveniences. All the teachers of the high 
 school hold life certificates, except the commercial teacher, who 
 holds a special. We are going to make a beginning in manual 
 training this year and hope that much good will be accom- 
 plished. 
 
 The grades of our Buffalo schools are not under the same 
 supervision as the liigh school. We have ample room for the 
 grades and there are less than forty children to each teacher. 
 Our Superintendent last year secured the Turner Art Exhibit 
 and by giving short musical programs in connection with the 
 exhibit, the school secured something over three hundred dol- 
 lars to decorate the interior of the school buildings. Beautiful 
 pictures were placed in each room. 
 
 The seventh and eighth grades are seated in an assembly 
 room with fine class rooms adjoining it. This gives the teachers 
 an opportunity to divide the work so that each may have sub- 
 jects that she cares to teach. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 41 
 
 Two years ago our music teacher organized a brass band 
 from the grade boys, who made such headway that they were a 
 surprise to the town. As it was necessary to change music 
 teachers, the band is no longer under the auspices of the school, 
 but are continuing their practice under another instructor. 
 
 The work of securing eighth grade graduates from our 
 rural schools has exceeded our expectations. This year the 
 rural schools received three-fifths as many eighth grade diplo- 
 mas as the graded schools. A large per cent of these go into 
 high school and so far we have had but one who did not make 
 good. 
 
 Only five log school houses are still in use. Most of these 
 have been replaced by frame buildings. At Sussex a fine frame 
 school house and a barn were built. This is a district that had 
 a very poor water supply, so the patrons decided to drill a well 
 and were quite surprised when they reached a plentiful supply 
 of good water at a depth of seventy feet. 
 
 At least one-fifth of the country schools have purchased 
 new seats and some have put in good libraries. 
 
 Much attention has been given to defective children "and 
 many have had adnoids and tonsils removed, also eyes, teeth and 
 ears cared for. Johnson county people are thoroughly awake 
 to the injurious effects of such things. 
 
 Several of our teachers have been taking advantage of the 
 summer school at Laramie. Others have gone for a regular 
 course at the University or the Normal and all return praising 
 the schools and their instructors. The number of teachers pro- 
 duced in our home schools is increasing until there is not much 
 demand for teachers from other states. 
 
 Our institutes are well attended and all teachers, from col- 
 lege graduates to high school girls, manifest a professional 
 spirit. 
 
 Our new Course of Study will undoubtedly be a great help 
 in securing more uniform work in the schools. 
 
 In visiting schools, I try to make each teacher feel that 
 I come not to criticize but to bring what helpful ideas I can and 
 to get therefrom something worth while to carry to other 
 teachers. Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MEDA B. SINSEL, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY 
 
 In summarizing the work of the past t"^o years it gives nie 
 pleasure to note that there has been some improvement along 
 many lines. 
 
42 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Natrona county has eighteen school districts, employing 
 forty-two teachers. It is unfortunate for us that owing to the 
 distance between homes in some of the rural districts it is nec- 
 essary to divide the money among several schools, thus making 
 shorter terms than if these schools could be consolidated. We 
 are working along this line with the hope of better condition 
 in the near future. 
 
 A number of improvements have been made in buildings 
 and grounds. Salaries have been increased about five dollars 
 per month for rural schools and grade teachers in town schools. 
 High school teachers are now paid ten dollars a month more 
 than they were two years ago. 
 
 Drawing and music in the Casper schools and in Natrona 
 county high school are both under special instruction. Progress 
 in these subjects is very gratifying. 
 
 The Smith system of heating and ventilating has been in- 
 stalled in several of the rural districts, which is a great im- 
 ]Drovement over the old system. 
 
 In our rural districts several new buildings have been put 
 up and well equipped. Others have been remodeled and reno- 
 vated so that they are in much better condition. In District 
 No. 12 an ice house, also a cistern were added. 
 
 One new school has been added to District No. 2 and a 
 building well equipped for its maintenance. 
 
 Bonds for a new county high school building have been 
 sold and a modern structure will be erected providing for a 
 large gymnasium, also manual training and domestic science 
 departments. The Casper school and the county high school 
 have unsurpassed sanitary equipment, and excellent facilities 
 for all work. 
 
 The enrollment in the high school is 16 per cent of the 
 total enrollment. Thus far this is the highest in the state. 
 While this is not as good as we expect to make it when we 
 have installed extensive manual training and domestic science 
 courses, it is gratifying to know that it is so far above the seven 
 per cent average high school enrollment of the United States. 
 
 Most of our schools are using the same text books which 
 will be a great advantage to us. 
 
 Our County Institute under the instruction of Professor 
 J. 0. Creager and Miss Clara Prahl of the State University of 
 Wyoming proved very helpful and inspiring. 
 
 Teachers realize the great importance of their work and 
 parents are awakening to the fact that they also have a duty 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 43 
 
 to perform, and by our united efforts we hope to make marked 
 improvement in the educational work in the next few years. 
 
 Respectfully sul)mitted, 
 
 MAY HAMILTON, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY 
 
 Since the last biennial report of the State Superintendent 
 was pul)lished school conditions have improved much in Sheri- 
 dan county. 
 
 District No. 1, Big Horn, has installed the ninth and tenth 
 grades under a special teacher to give high school opportuni- 
 ties to the boys and girls unable to attend school in Sheridan, 
 District No. 3 is opening its second school in the district for the 
 first time. District No. 7, Sheridan, has for the past two years 
 enjoyed the comfort of occupying its two beautiful* and com- 
 plete ward schools built in 1910 ; also the enlarged quarters for 
 the high school. Even now, however, Sheridan is contemplat- 
 ing the erection of more buildings to replace the smaller ones 
 now in use, for the accommodation of the city's growing en- 
 rollment which numbered 1560 this past year. District No. 
 13 has also found it necessary to install another school. During 
 the past year a short term was held in a homestead house. This 
 summer a school building is in process of construction for the 
 new settlers. District No. 20, at its newly opened coal camp of 
 New Acme, has voted a two-roomed school which will open its 
 first term this coming fall. District No. 21 has conducted four 
 schools for the past two seasons and District No. 22 operates 
 three instead of one, as stated in the last biennial report. Dis- 
 trict No. 26 also has grown in population and maintains two 
 schools. District No. 32, Carneyville, employed three teachers 
 to take care of its growing enrollment last j^ear. District No. 
 33 now boasts a well planned, well equipped, two-roomed 
 cement block school house, which adds materially to the effi- 
 ciency of the work done in Ranchester. Districts No. 35 and 36 
 were formed during the last biennial period and are each sup- 
 porting two schools. 
 
 The amount of money paid for teachers ' salaries during the 
 past year was $64,812.00 as against $57,231.00 in 1911, and $52,- 
 025.00 in 1910, showing that the people are awaking to the 
 economy of spending the county funds in the most constructive 
 channels. 
 
 The total school enrollment for the fiscal year closing April 
 30th, 1912, was 2,994, and the school census of the county totals 
 3,707. 
 
44 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Sheridan county continues to hold final eighth grade exam- 
 inations for rural districts which entitles the pupils who suc- 
 cessfully pass, to receive diplomas which admit to the high 
 school. Forty-seven j)upils earned diplomas this year, Carney- 
 ville (Dist. No. 32) winning the honor of being the banner 
 class. Nine pupils from this school took the examination and 
 passed with a class average of 88, the highest individual aver- 
 age being 94. 
 
 The year just closed has been the first in which the system 
 of issuing certificates and diplomas of honor for regular attend- 
 ance was followed. The result has been more than gratifying, 
 exceeding our most optimistic anticipations. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 EDITH K. 0. CLARK, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 WESTON COUNTY 
 
 In compliance with your request I herewith submit the fol- 
 lowing report of the schools of Weston county. The two years 
 of school work have passed very rapidly and have been most 
 interesting. 
 
 There are now four districts in this county. In these four 
 districts there are forty-eight schools with a total enrollment of 
 one thousand fifty-five pupils. 
 
 We have but three town schools. Newcastle is an accred- 
 ited high school. Cambria has ten grades. Upton is taking up 
 eleventh grade this year to accommodate some of the students. 
 Newcastle employs eight teachers. Cambria and Upton each 
 four teachers. 
 
 Within the last two years Newcastle has built a $13,000.00 
 addition. Cambria a new school house, costing about $8,000.00, 
 and Upton has a new building costing $10,000.00 Several new 
 buildings have been put up in the county. 
 
 All the schools are in a prosperous condition. Most of the 
 rural teachers have their homes in this county and several of 
 these are high school graduates from our own schools. Their 
 work is very satisfactory. They are wide awake young teachers 
 and anxious to succeed. 
 
 The town teachers are receiving at least seventy-five dollars 
 and the rural teachers forty-five and fifty, according to grade 
 of certificate. 
 
 The Course of Study issued by the State Superintendent in 
 1912 is the basis of the work in our schools. The course out- 
 lined for the Newcastle high school by Superintendent Fraizer 
 is also used. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 45 
 
 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND KIND OF CERTIFICATES RECOMMENDED 
 BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS FROM SEPT. 30, 1910, TO SEPT. 30, 1912 
 
 COUNTY 
 
 Albany . . . 
 Big Horn . 
 Carbon . . . 
 Converse . . 
 Crook . . . . 
 Fremont . . 
 Johnson . . 
 Laramie . . 
 Natrona . . 
 
 Park 
 
 Sheridan 
 Sweetwater 
 Uinta . . . . 
 Weston . . 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 2 6 
 
 35 
 
 4S 
 
 53 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 3 7 
 
 65 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 87 
 
 157 
 
 •^ 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 32 
 13 
 47 
 33 
 
 3^ 
 
 11 
 4 
 
 9 
 4 
 9 
 4 
 4 
 35 
 
 23 
 4 
 
 t: /i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pr- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Z 
 
 Is 
 
 
 . o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 tao 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^-3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 -^ c 
 
 - 
 
 P-, 
 
 o 
 
 ^ >' 
 
 T3 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 ^- 
 
 i^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 637 I 116 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 1 3 
 
 183" 
 
 7 I 
 
 21 
 
 10 1 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 8* 
 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 t) 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 37 
 12 
 11 
 36 
 9 
 17 
 56 
 
 3 I 
 
 4 I 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 18 I 250 T69 I 239 | 57 
 
46 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 W 
 
 3 
 
 < 
 o 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 47 
 
 County examinations are given pupils who complete the 
 eighth grade. I have made out the questions and corrected the 
 papers. Those passing receive diplomas which admit them to 
 the high schools of the county. This plan has been used here 
 about a year and in this time thirty-two were successful in get- 
 ting diplomas. Several others tried but failed in the examina- 
 tion. Enrollment in the high schools this year is about seventy. 
 
 Interesting and inspiring institutes are held each year. The 
 last two years Mr. W. B. Mooney of Greeley, Colorado, and 
 Miss Eleanor Davidson of Denver were instructors. The first 
 year our teachers were so delighted with them that they were 
 invited to come again this year. Their work was very prac- 
 tical and a source of enthusiasm and culture. The attendance 
 each year was about fifty. 
 
 Last year the Weston County Teachers' Association met 
 three times. Once in each town. Although it is hard for many 
 of the teachers to be present there was a good attendance at 
 each meeting. Much good resulted from these and it is hoped 
 we will be able to have some meetings this year. 
 
 I cannot write this without mentioning the members of our 
 School Boards. We are blessed with the best set of men that 
 any one could wish for. That is the great reason our schools 
 are in such good condition. It is a pleasure to work with them. 
 
 During my term in office I have been much indebted to the 
 State Superintendent, the State Board of Educational Exam- 
 iners, our State University and the County Superintendent, with 
 whom I have worked. 
 
 With best wishes for the welfare of the schools of Wyo- 
 ming. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 ORISE L. CARPENTER, 
 
 Coiinty Superintendent. 
 
University of Wyoming 
 
 Hon. Rose A. Bird, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Madam : 
 
 In response to your request, I submit herewith a brief re- 
 port on the University of Wyoming for the biennium which 
 closed on June 30th last. Under separate cover I send you 
 copies of the last annual catalogue of the University and the 
 last annual report of the President of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 Inasmuch as my administration began August 1st, I am 
 able to submit only a somewhat formal report on a period which 
 expired prior to m}^ taking office. 
 
 The University Organization 
 The University of Wyoming continues to respond to the de- 
 mands of the people by offering courses in nearly all the depart- 
 ments of a standard university. Law and Medicine being the 
 chief exceptions. In some aspects this policy has been difficult 
 to maintain because of the comparatively small number of stu- 
 dents in the several departments. In other ways good results 
 have been made possible because of co-ordination of depart- 
 ments and the fact that the University of Wyoming is a unified 
 institution. 
 
 Students in Liberal Arts, agriculture, engineering, and 
 other departments come together under the same instructors 
 in the more elementary classes. The same laboratories and 
 libraries serve the interests of students of all departments. This 
 avoidance of duplication with consequent economy and in- 
 creased efficiency is a matter for congratulation, especially 
 when one compares the situation in W^yoming with difficulties 
 in other states where state institutions of higher education are 
 scattered about and must compete with each other for public 
 support. 
 
 The following colleges, schools and departments are main- 
 tained : 
 
 The Graduate School. 
 
 The College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 The College of Agriculture. 
 
 The College of Engineering. 
 
 The Normal School. 
 The Department of Commerce. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 49 
 
 The Department of Home Economics. 
 
 The Department of Music. 
 
 The Summer School. 
 
 The Preparatory School. 
 
 The Department of University Extension. 
 
 The State Preparatory School 
 
 The work of the University as an institution of higher 
 education has been conditioned upon the development of high 
 schools within the state. Since the number of district and 
 county high schools giving standard courses of four years has 
 been very limited (reaching only sixteen in 1912, the University 
 has maintained a State Preparatory School. This Preparatory 
 School serves the further purpose of a training school for the 
 Normal School, giving teaching practice in secondary work to 
 students fitting themselves to become high school teachers. 
 
 It is a matter for congratulation that the attendance in the 
 preparatory department has been steadily decreasing as good 
 high schools (and particularly in Laramie) have been estab- 
 lished. In 1911-12 the enrollment of students of preparatory 
 grade numbered only forty-seven. 
 
 Admission Requirements 
 
 The University has been maintaining the requirement for 
 regular admission to collegiate departments of the completion 
 of a standard four-year high school course, including at least 
 fifteen units. This requirement has tended to raise the standard 
 of scholarship, putting the degrees of the University on an 
 equal standing with those of other state universities of high 
 rank. 
 
 Entrance subjects are to include in all cases three units 
 in English, two units in languages other than English, two and 
 one-half units in Mathematics, one-half unit in Civics. Candi- 
 dates for admission to technical Colleges of Agriculture and 
 Engineering must also present one unit in Physics, and one-half 
 unit in Solid Geometry. The remainder of the fifteen units may 
 be presented in varying amounts in English, languages other 
 than English, History, Political Economy, Psychology, Peda- 
 gogy, Mathematics and Science, Vocational subjects, Book- 
 keeping, Shorthand, Typewriting, Manual Training and Free- 
 hand Drawing are recognized to a limited degree as entrance 
 units for the Colleges of Engineering and Agriculture, the Nor- 
 lual School, and the Department of Commerce and Home Eco- 
 nomics. 
 
 The purpose and effect of the above plan of admission re- 
 quirements has been to leave high school authorities free to 
 
So BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 adapt their curriculum to the needs of their several communi- 
 ties, for pupils who may never enter a university, while at the 
 Bame time making the transition from secondary to higher edu- 
 cation as simple and natural as possible with due regard to 
 proper training for beginning courses of university grade.- The 
 University of Wyoming is in harmony with sister state univer- 
 sities in this policy, as well as in the predominant use of cer- 
 tificates instead of examinations to satisfy admission require- 
 ments. 
 
 The Normal School 
 During the last two years the Normal School has had use of 
 its new building, which has proved to be well adapted for its 
 purposes. The building has accommodated the training school 
 and preparatory school classes, as well as the other usual normal 
 classes. Greatly increased efficiency has resulted from the im- 
 proved facilities. A new emj)hasis has been made possible in 
 the preparation of teachers for service in high schools. 
 
 The Summer School 
 
 The sixth session of the Summer School, now a fixed fea- 
 ture of the University, was held from June 17th to July 26th, 
 1912. It was the most successful session thus far held, being 
 attended by one hundred and six students, eighteen men and 
 eighty-eight women. In 1911 the enrollment was sixty-eight 
 students. The school is primarily for the teachers of the state 
 and those preparing to teach, but twelve courses in six depart- 
 ments of university grade were taught this year. Instruction 
 was given by seventeen members of the regular faculty and 
 four visiting instructors. Much of the work was arranged to 
 meet the needs of the teachers who wished to study for exami- 
 nations for certificates. That the results were good is shown 
 not merely by the comments of satisfied students, but also by 
 the high percentage of successful applicants who took the regu- 
 lar examinations at the close of the session under the arrange- 
 ments by the State Board of Examiners. 
 
 The following constituted the faculty of instruction for the 
 Summer School : 
 
 Charles Oliver Merica, M. A.LL. D., President. 
 
 Professor W. P. Burris, M. A., L. H. I)., Dean of the College 
 of Education, Uiiiversity of Cincinnati. 
 
 Agnes M. Wergeland, Ph. D., History. 
 
 Grace Raymond Hebard, M. D., Ph. D., Political Economy 
 and Civics. 
 
 Elmer George Hoefer, B. S., Engineering subjects. 
 
 Arnold G. H. Bode, B. A., M. A., Music. 
 
 J. R. Hutchison, LL. B., Commercial Studies. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 51 
 
 J. 0. C'reager, A. M., Education and allied lines. 
 
 F. W. Heyl, Ph. D., Cliemistry. 
 
 C. Eben Stromquist, Ph. D., Mathematics. 
 
 Clara Prahl, Training School. 
 
 Mabel A. Land DeKay, B. A., Dramatics and Expression. 
 
 John L. Hunton, Music. 
 
 Emma Howell Knight, Adviser of Women. 
 
 0. G. Wichmann, German. 
 
 F. S. Burrage, B. A., American Literature. 
 
 Leslie Bailey Cook, B. A., Latin. 
 Evangeline Downey, B. A., Mathematics. 
 Merle Kissick, B. A., Home Economics. 
 
 V. H, Rowland, Botany. 
 
 Harry Hollenback, Home Economics. 
 
 Eugenia Neer, Physical Culture. 
 
 A. L. Burgoon, Superintendent of Schools, Dianmondville, 
 Wyoming, Manual Training. 
 
 W. E. Kemp, Superintendent of Schools, Lander, Wyoming, 
 Grammar. *^ 
 
 Leon Fraizer, Superintendent of Schools, Newcastle, Wyo- 
 ming, Arithmetic. 
 
 The College of Agriculture 
 
 The past two years have brought important improvements 
 in the e(iuipment of the College of Agriculture. Farm buildings 
 and farm machinery, livestock, laboratory apparatus, technical 
 libraries — all have been bettered. The University has been 
 seeking to provide the necessary facilities for education in agri- 
 culture so that the young men and women of Wyoming need 
 not go outside the state for technical training in this funda- 
 mental industry of applied science. 
 
 The Experiment Station 
 
 Likewise the work of the Experiment Station has been 
 broadened and strengthened. The failure of legislation to sup- 
 plement income from federal government funds prevented the 
 maintenance of experiment and demonstration farms which 
 had been planned. But the results of experiments carried on 
 by the staif have brought great benefits to the livestock and 
 farming interests. A file of scientific bulletins published in the 
 last two years is herewith forwarded. 
 
 University Extension 
 
 An essential feature of the University work is its Extension 
 Department. Despite inability in the last two years to run 
 
52 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 demonstration trains, to hold institutes and moveable schools, 
 or to keep demonstration agents in the field, a large amount 
 of public service has been rendered. Lectures and addresses 
 have been given in many places. Teachers' Institutes have been 
 conducted. Thousands of practical circulars and letters have 
 been mailed. Expert advice has been freely given to inquirers. 
 Correspondence courses have been taken by students unable to 
 study in residence in the University. 
 
 Agricultural Hall 
 
 When the University obtained its special tax levy by act 
 of the last Legislature the Board of Trustees undertook to re- 
 serve funds, not to be used on maintenance account, to provide 
 for current building needs. A sum of about $55,000.00 has, in 
 consequence, been set aside for beginning the construction of 
 some needed building. After careful consideration, the Board 
 of Trustees has taken the preliminary steps to erect an Agricul- 
 tural Hall. They believe that the importance of agricultural 
 education and experiments to Wyoming is indicated by the 
 great agricultural development which is rapidly taking place. 
 The associated College of Agriculture and Experiment Station 
 cannot do their best work without larger and better equipped 
 quarters. Other departments also need the space now occupied 
 for agriculture. Great weight has also been given to the con- 
 sideration that state funds must supplement the generosity of 
 the federal government in supporting the Experiment Station 
 and instruction in agriculture and mechanic arts. 
 
 A reduced copy of the architect's sketch in perspective of 
 the new building, chosen by the Board after an impartial com- 
 petition, accompanies this report. ^ 
 
 The Faculty 
 
 The membership of the faculty in all departments, for re- 
 search and instruction, is appended. This list includes all who 
 served during the regular vear 1911-12 as well as those ap- 
 pointed for 1912-13. 
 
 Charles Oliver Merica, M. D., LL. D., President and Professor 
 of English. Not continuing 1912-13. 
 
 Clyde Augustus Duniway, M. A., Ph. D., President and 
 Professor of History. Beginning 1912-13. 
 
 Aven Nelson, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Biology and 
 Curator of Rocky Mountain Herbarium. 
 
 Justus Freeland Soule, M. A., Professor of Greek and Latin. 
 
 Henry Merz, M. A., Professor of German and French. 
 
 Charles Bascom Ridgaway, M. S., Sc. D., Professor of 
 Mathematics. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 53 
 
 Agnes Matilda Wergeland, Ph. D., Professor of History 
 and Spanish. 
 
 Helen Middlekauff, Professor of the English Language and 
 Literature. 
 
 Henry Granger Knight, M. A., Director of the Experiment 
 Station and Professor of Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 June Etta Downey, M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Philosophy, 
 and English and Principal of the Department of University 
 Extension. 
 
 Grace Raymond Hebard, M. D., Ph. D., Professor of Politi- 
 cal Economy and Librarian. 
 
 Elmer George Hoefer, B. S., Professor of Mechanical Engi- 
 neering. 
 
 John Conrad Fitterer, M. S., C. E., Professor of Civil and 
 Irrigation Engineering. 
 
 Arthur Emmons Bellis, M. S., Professor of Physics. 
 
 Theory of Music and Director of the School of Music, not 
 continuing 1912-13. 
 
 John R. Hutchison, LL. B., Professor of Commercial 
 Studies, not continuing 1912-13. 
 
 Alpheus Davis Faville, B. S., Professor of Animal Hus- 
 bandry and Station Husbandman. 
 
 John A. Hill, B. S., Wool Expert, Professor of Textile Li- 
 dustry. 
 
 Otto L. Prien, M. D. V., B. S., Professor of Veterinary 
 Science and Station Veterinarian. Leave of absence 1912-13. 
 
 Thomas S. Parsons, M. S., Professor of Agronomy and Sta- 
 tion Agronomist. 
 
 John Oscar Creager, A. M.. Principal of the State Normal 
 School and Professor of Education. 
 
 Albert C. Boyle, M. E., A. M., Professor of Mining Engi- 
 neering. 
 
 Fred "W. Heyl, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Ross B. Moudy, M. S., Professor of Chemistry and State 
 Chemist. 
 
 Emeline S. Whitcomb, B. S., Professor of Home Economics. 
 
 Beverly C. Daly, First Lieutenant, U. S. A., Retired. Pro- 
 fessor of 'Military Science and Tactics. 
 
 C. Eben Stromquist, Ph. D., Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Benjamin H. Grave, Ph. D., Professor of Zoology. 
 
 Emma Howell Knight, B. A., Assistant in Home Economics 
 and Adviser of Women. 
 
 Eva Meek, Director of Department of Music, Instructor in 
 Vocal Music and Violin. 
 
54 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 R. H. Prien, M. D. V., Acting Professor of Veterinary 
 Science and Station Veterinarian. For 1912-13. 
 
 E. Deane Hnnton, B. S., Assistant Professor of Commercial 
 Studies. Beginning 1912-13. 
 
 Ruth Adsit, Supervisor of the Training School. 
 
 William Harlow Reed, Curator of the Museum and In- 
 structor in Geology. 
 
 Maud H. Fling, M. A., Instructor in Greek and Latin. 
 
 Mabel A. Land DeKay, B. A.; Instructor in English. 
 
 Jessie B. Hutchinson, Instructor in Stenography and Type- 
 writing. Not continuing 1912-13. 
 
 Robert J. Cowper, Instructor in Shop "Work. 
 
 Harold I. Dean, B. A., Athletic Director and Coach. Not 
 continuing 1912-13. 
 
 Amy G. Abbot, A. B., Instructor in English. 
 
 Charles J. Oviatt, M. S., Assistant Wool Expert and In- 
 structor in Animal Husbandry. Leave of absence 1912-13. 
 
 John L. Huuton, Instructor upon Piano. 
 
 Otto G. Wichmann, Instructor in Crerman. 
 
 Bessie Van Buskirk, Instructor in Home Economics. Not 
 continuing 1912-13. 
 
 Wilbur A. Hitchcock, Instructor in Engineering. 
 
 Katharine Powel, B. S., Instructor in Domestic Art. Be- 
 ginning 1912-13. 
 
 Mae Merle Kissick, B. A., B. S., Instructor in History, Pre- 
 paratory School. Beginning 1912-13. 
 
 Leon C. Exelby, B. S., Instructor in Animal Husbandry and 
 Athletic Coach. Beginning 1912-13. 
 
 M. J. Mallery, A. M., Instructor in Commercial Studies. 
 Beginning 1912-13. 
 
 Annie Wilson Rowland, B. Mus., Instructor in Piano and 
 Organ. Beginning 1912-13. 
 
 J. Ethel Brown, A. B., Supervisor of Music in the Training 
 School. 
 
 Flora Nethercote, Supervisor of Drawing in the Training 
 School. 
 
 Clara Prahl, B. A., B. Ped., Critic Teacher in the Training 
 School. 
 
 Gertrude Pouting, B. A., Critic Teacher in the Training 
 School. 
 
 Katherine Nenno, Critic Teacher in the Training School. 
 
 Dorothy Worthington, B. Ped., Critic Teacher in the Train- 
 ing School. 
 
 Marion Roberts, Assistant in Training School. 
 
 Helen Nelson, Assistant in Training School. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 55 
 
 Alice Downey, Assistant in Training School. 
 
 Mrs. Clara Bowman, Assistant in Training School. 
 
 Lncile Wright, Assistant in Training School. 
 
 Mary Hollenback, Assistant in Training School. 
 
 Eugenia Neer, Assistant in Athletics for Women. 
 
 Frank Edgar Hepner, M. S., Research Chemist. 
 
 Leroy D. Swingle, Ph. D., Research Parasitologist. 
 
 Sylvester K. Loy, Ph. D., Research Chemist. 
 
 Karl T. Steik, A. M., Engineering Chemist. 
 
 John M. McGee, A. M., Assistant State Chemist. 
 Statistics of Enrollment 
 
 The enrollment in the University in all departments for 
 the year 1911-12 numbered three hundred and seventeen dif- 
 ferent students. 
 
 The Summer School of 1911 was attended ])y sixty-eight 
 students. 
 
 During the regular semesters of 1911-12 the enrollment was 
 two hundred and sixty-one. 
 
 Of this number forty-seven were in the Preparatory School, 
 while thirty-four took courses only in the School of Music, and 
 twenty-one took special instruction only in the practical courses 
 in Home Economics. 
 
 The College of Liberal Arts had forty-six students en- 
 rolled. 
 
 The technical Colleges of Agriculture and Engineering had 
 forty-eight students enrolled. 
 
 There were twenty-seven Normal School students, besides 
 those from the other colleges and departments taking courses 
 in this school. 
 
 Major work in the Department of Commerce was registered 
 for by twenty-six students, and in Home p]conomics by seven 
 students. 
 
 C^orrespondence courses were being taken by nine students. 
 In Conclusion 
 
 The resignation of President C. 0. Merica, submitted on 
 March 28rd, took effect on Juh^ 31st. 
 
 The Board of Trustees on May 3rd elected the undersigned 
 to fill the vacancy and to enter upon his duties on August 1st. 
 
 The University of Wyoming is well started upon an area of 
 large public service. To the degree that the people of the state 
 through their representatives in the state government provide 
 ade(iuate resources, the Board of Trustees and the President 
 and Facuutly will render expert scientific and educational ser- 
 vice for Wyoming. C. A. DUNIWAY, 
 
 President. 
 
BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 State Superintendent 
 of Public Instru&ion 
 
 r^^I^ 
 
 (VG -iro') 
 
 THE STATE OF WYOMING 
 1913-1914 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Biennial Report 
 
 of the 
 
 II Yo.^: ^^Superintendent of Public 
 
 In^rudion 
 
 1913-1914 
 
 Rose A. Bird-Maley, Superintendent 
 

 i>. Of B. 
 
 EC 28 |e 5 
 
 Labor Journal Publishing Company 
 Stationers G^l|gi?t? and Printers 
 Opp. Po^office, Cheyenne, Wyoming 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 
 To His Excellency, 
 Joseph M. Carey, 
 
 Governor of Wyoming. 
 Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial 
 Report of this office for the two years ending September 30th, 
 1914, setting forth the conditions of this department, as re- 
 quired by law. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 ROSE A. BIRD-MALEY, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT 
 
 Office of 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Sept. 80, 1914. 
 
 In compliance with the provisions of Section 263 of the 
 Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1910, I have the honor to sub- 
 mit herewith the biennial report of the State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction for the period of the two years beginning- 
 September 30th, 1912 and ending September 30th, 1914, show- 
 ing as fully as possible the growth and development of the 
 public school system throughout the state. 
 
 The statistics herein enumerated are compiled chiefly from 
 the reports furnished the office of the State Superintendent by 
 the several County Superintendents of the state. These re- 
 ports show the receipts and disbursements of the state, county 
 and district school funds ; the number of schools in each dis- 
 trict; the number of pupils attending school in each district; 
 the number of teachers and their grades of certificates ; the 
 value of school property, and other facts that are deemed 
 necessary for the information of the Legislature and for the 
 Governor and that are of interest to the public. 
 
 Recommendations as to needed legislation are also incor- 
 porated in this report. The majority of these recommenda- 
 tions were incorporated in the biennial report of 1911 and 1912 
 and presented to the Legislature. Many of the changes, how- 
 ever, Avhich I wished inaugurated have become laws during the 
 four years of my incuml)ency in office, the Twelfth Legislature 
 having passed the following measures : 
 
 The Remittance of School Funds. 
 
 Chapter 15. S. L. 1913, makes it compulsory for the County 
 Superintendent and County Treasurer, when remitting funds to 
 the School District Treasurer, to advise the clerk of said dis- 
 trict of such remittance. 
 
 District Boundary Board. 
 
 Chapter 42. S. L. 1913. provides for a District Boundary 
 Board composed of the County Superintendent of Schools and 
 the Board of County Commissioners. Before this Igw was 
 passed, the division of school districts was left entirely in the 
 hands of the County Superintendent which made it diffiult for 
 both the county superintendent and the patrons. 
 
6 ' BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Teachers' Institute. 
 
 Chapter 44, S. L. 1913. makes if conipvilsory for all teacliers 
 to attend the County Teachers' Institute. It was customary to 
 conduct institute annually in each county, lu^cessitating the ex- 
 penditure of large sums of money, but there was no provision 
 by which the teacher was eomi^elled to attend. Ihider the 
 present law, if the teacher has not a sufficient and reasonable 
 excuse for being absent from institute, his or her certificate, 
 may, upon complaint of the Count}' Superintendent, be revoked 
 by the State Superintendent of Pu.blic Instruction. This law 
 also provides that two or three counties may unite and join 
 their funds so that more and better instructors and lecturers 
 may be employed. 
 
 Law Providing- for Taxation for School Purposes. 
 
 Chapter 52, S. L. 1913, was enacted with a view of aiding 
 weak rural school districts. It provides that the county funds 
 shall be divided according to the number of teachers who were 
 employed for a period of six months instead of apportioning 
 such funds according to the number of pupils in the district 
 which gave the city schools large sums of money and left the 
 rural and outlying districts with a small proportion of the 
 county funds. 
 
 Course of Study for Elementary Schools. 
 Chapter 53, S. L. 1913, provides for the preparation of a 
 Wyoming state course of study. Formerly the teachers used 
 courses of study selected at random from other states and as a 
 result the courses of study were not uniform and in most cases 
 did not fit the needs of the schools of our state. It is now the 
 duty of the State Superintendent of Pulilic Instruction to pre- 
 pare a course of study for the elementary schools of the state. 
 This law also specifies the subjects which shall be taught and 
 it is the duty of the County Superintendents to see that the 
 course of study is used in their respective counties. Wyoming 
 has now had its own course of study for three years and the 
 work throughout the state has been uniform. More attention 
 has also been devoted to the history, civil government and 
 geography of the state of Wyoming. Agriculture too has been 
 a subject which has become one of the requirements to be 
 taught in the schools of the state. 
 
 Penalty for Failure of District Clerk to Make Report. 
 
 Chapter 92, S. L. 1913, provides a penalty for the failure of 
 the District Clerk to make report to the County Superintend- 
 ent. This law specifies that the clerk shall forfeit the sum of 
 $25 and be liable on his official bond for all losses resulting to 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 7 
 
 the district for failure to inake the proper report. Tutil the 
 passage of this law, it was impossible in a great many cases for 
 the County Superintendent to receive from the district clerks a 
 proper report of the standing and condition of the districts, 
 which sometimes resulted in the loss of money to the district 
 through an incorrect enumeration of the school census. 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Chapter 102, S. L. 1913. 
 
 Since a provision has been made for a state course of study 
 and the subject of agriculture has been embodied in the sub- 
 jects to he taught, it was also necessary to amend and re-enact 
 that section of our law which provides the subjects re((uired in 
 order to obtain a certificate and the subject of agriculture was 
 included : . 
 
 There are a few measures, however, which F believe are 
 still necessary to meet the needs of the state as they exist at the 
 ]iresent time : 
 
 Transportation or Boarding of Pupils. 
 
 I believe that some provision should be made for the trans- 
 portation or the boarding of pupils who live in isolated dis- 
 tricts. This office is constantly receiving letters from people 
 inquiring if there is some provision for pupils who live a great 
 distance from school. In a great many districts, school boards 
 have adopted rules that no school shall be maintained unless 
 there are a certain numbei- of pupils to attend and where the 
 re(|uired number cannot lie furnished, these children are left 
 without a school. Some provision should be made whereby 
 these children could be transported or l)oarded at some nearby 
 school. In a great many of the districts throughout the state, 
 the board has simpl,y allowed a certain sum, usually $15 per 
 pupil for the boarding of these children at some adjaceiit school. 
 
 County Uniformity of Text Books. 
 
 Under the present system of purchasing text books. I find 
 that there is a great deal of money being squandered. The 
 Boards of Trustees as a rule, have neither the time nor the 
 knowledge to select the necessary books and apparatus foi- 
 school purposes, and as a result, our schools are being filled 
 with worthless books and school apparatus. I believe that we 
 should have a law pi-oviding for a board composed of repre- 
 sentative school men and women of the county whose duty it 
 would be to recommend uniform text books and apparatus for 
 the use in the schools throughout the county. 
 
8 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Salary of County Superintendent. 
 
 There is i\ clause in the Constitution of the state which 
 contains a provision fixing the niaxinunn salaries of certain 
 county officers of which tlie County Superintendent is one and 
 the lowest on the list. The salary of the County Superintend- 
 ent at the present time in the first class counties is $900, in sec- 
 ond class counties. $750, in third class counties $600, and in 
 fourth class counties $500. 
 
 The office of the County Superintendent should be worthy 
 of the name and it should pay a salary sufficient so that men 
 and women who are eminently (|ualitied to till the position 
 could devote their Avhole time and attention to the duties of 
 that office. With the present salary that is impossil)le and I 
 urge the Thirteenth Legislature of Wyoming to take the neces- 
 sary steps to give the people of the state the opportunity to 
 vote upon the (piestion of an amendment to the Constitution. 
 
 County Superintendents ' Meeting. 
 
 During the past four years I have made two or three 
 eflforts to arrange for a meeting of the County Superintendents 
 of the state. There is no (juestion as to the amount of good 
 that could be accomplished if the State Superintendent and the 
 County Superintendents of the State could gather together, 
 organize the school system and inaugurate such changes as they 
 deem necessary. Such a meeting, hoAvever, has been impos- 
 sible in the past because the salaries of the County Superintend- 
 ents are so small that they did not feel justified in paying their 
 own expenses and there is no provision by law authorizing the 
 payment of such expenses out of the county funds. 
 
 I, therefore, recommend that this legislature make some 
 provision for a County Superintendents' meeting. 
 
 Medical Inspection. 
 
 Some provision for medical inspection under the direction 
 of a local school board should be provided in each county. A 
 great many pupils are considered dull, when as a matter of 
 fact their apparent dullness is simply the result of some 
 physical defect. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 On March olvSt, 1913, tlie following anioimts were dis- 
 tril)nte(l from the Common School Land Income Fund: 
 
 County Enrollment. 
 
 Albany 2,172 
 
 liig Horn 2,993 
 
 Carbon 2,326 
 
 Converse 1,687 
 
 Crook 2,027 
 
 Fremont 1,977 
 
 Johnson 994 
 
 Laramie 6.091 
 
 Natrona 852 
 
 Park 1,220 
 
 Sheridan 3,707 
 
 SweetAvater 2,790 
 
 I'inta 5,686 
 
 Weston 1.264 
 
 Totals 35.786 
 
 Apportionment. 
 $ 12,968.72 
 17,870.80 
 13,888.23 
 10,072.85 
 12,102.94 
 11,804.40 
 
 5.935.04 
 36.368.65 
 
 5,087.17 
 
 7.284.45 
 22,134.00 
 16.658.72 
 33,950.35 
 
 7.547.17 
 
 $213,673.49 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn _ 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Campbell _ 
 Converse _ 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Spring! 
 • fohnson __ 
 Laramie __ 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona __ 
 Niobrara _ 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan _ 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie _ 
 
 We ston 
 
 "Totals - 
 
 Number of Children in District According 
 Between Ages of 6 and 21 
 
 to Census 
 
 Native Born 
 
 1112 
 
 1204 
 
 1023 
 
 202 
 
 421 
 
 820 
 
 878 
 
 381 
 
 122 
 
 486 
 
 1671 
 
 2086 
 
 516 
 
 144 
 
 628 
 
 524 
 
 1754 
 
 1153 
 
 896 
 
 222 
 
 667 
 
 982 
 
 1112 
 
 935 
 
 187 
 
 414 
 
 806 
 
 767 
 
 402 
 
 112 
 
 456 
 
 1621 
 
 1641 
 
 446 
 
 162 
 
 624 
 
 474 
 
 1782 
 
 1142 
 
 863 
 
 212 
 
 627_ 
 
 L5767 
 
 2094 
 
 2316 
 
 1958 
 
 389 
 
 835 
 
 1626 
 
 1645 
 
 783 
 
 234 
 
 942 
 
 4244 
 
 3727 
 
 962 
 
 306 
 
 1252 
 
 998 
 
 3536 
 
 2295 
 
 1759 
 
 434 
 
 1294 
 
 32677 
 
 Foreign Born 
 
 20 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 16 
 13 
 
 7 
 29 
 
 4 
 108 
 124 
 
 32 
 
 160 
 
 233 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 884 
 
 12 
 14 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 100 
 
 102 
 
 16 
 74 
 
 187 
 10 
 
 5_ 
 
 627 
 
 70 
 
 34 
 
 77 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 208 
 
 226 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 234 
 420 
 
 24 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 2164 
 
 2350 
 
 2032 
 
 400 
 
 836 
 
 1661 
 
 1664 
 
 801 
 
 408 
 
 952 
 
 4452 
 
 3953 
 
 971 
 
 592 
 
 1254 
 
 1046 
 
 3770 
 
 2715 
 
 1783 
 
 440 
 
 1306 
 
 1511 11 35550 
 
10 
 
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 35 O to 01 C5 Xi "O Tjl I- I- 
 
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 X'OCOt-t'-OXCOTtlOS^Xt-COOXCOXr-tO 
 
 lll'IIIA T ^ ^ CO I- L- _■ X CO TT 
 ' 1 '• "'''I'T -.0 35 X CI I- LO CO CI 
 
 CI LO -t 1-0 -H t- r-. LO LO 
 
 X to 35 t~ — 10 X to CO X 35 CO CI to CO 10 t- t- CI 1-— o> I o 
 
 O: 05 •# X S 05 to X t CI t- to O 35 L- t-H t- <~ " 
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SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 d.injuiju^^ j 
 
 JO .M\H!A P' 
 
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 ooc5c5s5 — o^55So oo'i<so 
 
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 saiun|0_v 
 
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 35 C -H -O CI -T X It — -t -t. CO X CJ 
 
 cocx outi-t-xCrHO -or: t-oxxt- 
 
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 ut ut -• t- -T It It — c- ci ^3 1- mt-tr.xs X 
 
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 mSuBx 
 SAi!(j JO .laqninx 
 
 05 X c t- — ^ X X d 1 1 c r; -H t-^ ^ c^ -3 S 
 
 c- — 05 -- c- c t~ -^ X t~ rj 0: 35 1^ cj c ut 
 ci = -r -o — It It -f ci ci w X cit- rt 
 
 10 
 
 X 
 Cl 
 Lt 
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 It 
 
 CO 
 
 X y3 
 
 q-iH 
 
 -^ Tf rt — 1 -^ ci ?: ci -H ci — 1 rH th ci CJ ci 1" — 
 
 CJ 
 
 CO 
 
 papi!.tO 
 
 05 05 — ci rt X « ci — ci -c -1 CI It ci it ?; ci — 
 
 Cl 
 
 !'• 
 
 »piM:Str-l 
 
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 It CC it -H CI t- CI CI 05 CI CJ CI CJ Lt "* CI -^ 1' 
 
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 uaj.u! 
 
 S.iapu[JJ 
 
 -' -^ rH rH 135 1 
 
 
 :iX S\u.in(j Jiing 
 
 co'<5<'Hctic^itci-iir-(CJc)Ltc]e<iLt'*ci»?;cj?: 
 
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 ■* -# •* -H CI X -f rt — CJ 05 It rt CI ct Lt CJ r^ iH -)< 
 
 it 
 
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 jBa^ Sntjna 
 •jsiQ aqj' ut 
 looqog .gnipnaj 
 -JV »ox: 'rtAis 
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 l«lOi 
 
 CI X 35 CI CI ft X C- Lt C- -TO J05 
 -f Ct CI CI t- CI tM rt rH C] rH C3 O 
 
 ^1 !o 
 
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 1- — ' n CI ^^ CI 35 — 1 cc Lt t- ■* 1^ iH 05 x -hcjIo 
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 aiBjv 
 
 It -« It I- 35 X ~ CI Lt — eo ■* 00 CI rt -t !o5 
 m — ^: rj-i-H rn ^ ^ 
 
 Number in Dis- 
 trict Between 7 
 and 14 According 
 to (\'nsns 
 
 
 Piox 
 
 1211 
 
 1350 
 
 1127 
 
 148 
 
 002 
 
 952 
 
 1150 
 
 507 
 
 75 
 
 497 
 
 2003 
 
 1995 
 
 051 
 
 55 
 
 780 
 
 723 
 
 2289 
 
 1823 
 
 875 
 
 205 
 
 914 
 
 Cl 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 afBtnaj 
 
 — 1 -< X — 1 re »- T ci It M 05 c) [- r; X •^ -o X ut 
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 05 
 
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 0- 35 1- 35 ci "-3 — 1 It c~ ci ci ?^ ct -< 35 35 1> 35 
 
 — X C- t- -O C It t- t Lt C- t- 35 Cl t- 05 Cl -Tl Cl 00 
 
 •0 It CC -!• Lt CI C] 05 35 rt -f -- 05 -f -J -f 
 
 •0 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 
 
 1 I^llllllllgl 1 
 
 
12 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 * p S 
 
 saitsmajj ^ r-j c a ;d ■<* t- -^ iq (m ■*_ o oo t- im_ o oojmcooioo 
 Lo CO OS <n' ci i> to o •* ■* t> •* 00 o r-i o' in o 05 o !i> 
 
 io o o ira o "* in m ^ «o Lo to Lo o o in «c o m m m 
 
 IBJOJ, 
 
 !o^ 
 
 ;C'HOi,-;cot-omeoOoiOi.oint-ooo)'Hcot-o 
 i05 1- 1- iH -* c-i t- >n c^i •* Lo o ■* iM ■* 00 •-< m m ci m «o 
 
 1-1 iH rH rH OT 
 
 iTjtt-r-ieoooosiMt-ciincoojt-rHaomm'^OT'HOin 
 atmua J WtnorHcorHtOTiis^M-^ooeiSNMt-oiin-^iMin.oi 
 
 »l«K 1 ci 
 
 cc ■^ o~. ci m X 00 X rH m CO t- oD ■^ oj I- uo m oC' ci t- |i-i 
 
 
 311} JO 
 
 passassy 
 
 i«C(MCO(M>HOOOOT]<0'*00 -*C COM 
 
 lOi in c c ;c cc o m o to-* o -* o o i-o ■cO|'-< 
 loi to" od d in t~ oi t- "*' t- ci >-< oo' i-^ co ^' ec m c to 
 
 Icc-i'ntotOr-ic^itoioOii-ooaooito 
 
 OtOi-iOSOOOOrHNiHintOCOlMCO 
 Tjtt-CCXtOOt-tOt-m-^r-lrHtOQO 
 
 'fiO!inei;o><-tooiMi-iiHt-t:-Tiito 
 
 I'X OT C tH CO O O: m i-H "* CJ ■* O) CO t~ 
 
 -* t- m — < to s X « M m X CO X CI m 
 
 to CI 
 
 i~o 
 
 tot- 
 
 0!0 
 
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 CO o 
 
 m c 
 
 Tt O 
 
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 spuog no innj 
 }saja}tii JO }unoni\- 
 
 X m o 
 
 CO 
 
 c o 
 
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 CJ_ o_ o_ o 
 
 o" o' in o' 
 
 to O iH IM 
 
 in to to CO 
 
 rH 0> 
 
 ICO 
 
 SuunQ paraeapag 
 spuog JO lunouiy 
 
 OO 
 
 m in 
 
 X (M 
 
 O CO 
 
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 1-1, « 
 
 ssaup3}((8pui 
 papuog SuipmisjnQ 
 
 o o t- o o o 
 o o toooo 
 d oi o' o' o' d d d SocoSd d 
 Oi-ioooooo oocoLnoio 
 otoomrHOcic ooot~ot- 
 intorHO)t-cot>^ oirHtooco-^ 
 amiMci— I -* TjiosrHcocico 
 
 LO O O O O CO 
 O] O O O O «5 
 
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 t~ O rf o m <» 
 CO CJ J] rt I-l CO 
 r-t 1^ 
 
 snjBjBddv 
 puB sjjoog lOOHDg 
 JO an[T;^ pa^Biui'jsa 
 
 OS'f'MOOOlMOOO-^r-<OOC<l 
 
 xowintoo!ciin'*iMtDxt-05t- 
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 X oj to -!* m to CO 1-1 ffl X Oi CO 1-1 •* 
 
 t-o om oiO 
 CO t- I* t- m 'S 
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 X t- "* iH m m 
 
 I— ,-, 
 
 
 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 13 
 
 Counties 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn __ 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Campbell __ 
 Converse _- 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie 
 
 Weston 
 
 Qualification of Teachers Now Holdini; 
 Certificates 
 
 
 ^ 'i 
 
 u 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 11 
 36 
 14 
 15 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 229 I 45 I 243 
 
 34 
 38 
 22 
 
 7 
 16 
 54 
 42 
 28 
 
 9 
 18 
 75 
 45 
 14 
 14 
 21 
 43 
 38 
 33 
 15 
 14 
 13 
 594 I 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 1 
 1 
 7 
 16 
 11 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 

 
 [U)OJ, 00 L- -f •* Ol CO O 1.-! X « t- CI o 0-. •* 
 
 O" Oi" ^" "^^ CO CC » ^ t- rH* t- ^' t-*^ x' O' C3 
 
 TCO;<7-. ^Osx^t-ctt-mt~o-* 
 
 Cl ■-I rl 
 
 L"; 00 c. to '-0 t^ ci o tc 
 i--^ oi o: t- o >o ci o: L-: 
 
 O O! L- T-l rH t- LO t- CX) 
 
 X (M O 
 
 r^ O Til 
 
 rH IM t-CJ -H r-l 
 
 snipuBis ^• 
 pajisodaQ « 
 
 oo 
 
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 spuoH pui: ^os" 
 
 sjisocISQ "o jse.iajui ^ '^ 
 
 00 -* 
 
 .-iLt to x -* X -t CO 
 
 0> IM to rH I- 10 I- ■^ 
 
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 lO 1-1 COCJ rH |Tt 
 
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 S5[ooa lootps JO aii;s 
 
 iC 00 O t^ O CO Oi O LO O Oi 
 
 ir: t~ ■•# LO Tti r-( CO X m •* oi 
 
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 pimg lobn-ig jo ajus 
 
 rH CI 
 
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 1-0 LO O O O "-O 
 to lo" lO LO* lo' tc 
 
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 l^ X CI « O: O C O CO 't ■* C t-- L0_ ■-< 
 
 sDiin J PUBT I x' c x" ci ci tc ^o ci r: -c -* -t x c: t^ 
 
 JO juamuoij.ioclav aitjjs jo-, x x c rn co a ^ - -c r'_— ,-.-*i'o_ 
 cf t^ CO cT c<r cf lo' to r-T »o i> cf tcf o t- 
 
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 spnog 
 joinsia Tootjog JO ajBg 
 
 Ol X 
 
 to CO 
 
 to C O 10 
 O >0 O 10 
 to CI 10 
 
 xt!J, UO<l pnB 
 
 t- to c o cr: X t- 10 10 -* lO lo co c 
 
 COt'-^C^XOltOt^Cl'-HtOClC 
 
 ■^ x' •* d to CO o d c co' to' ci -1 -t 
 
 ■ * "; to O Cl t- -^ 
 ) t-O CO X OS 
 
 sajnjiajiojj ico-* 
 
 satJl'ciiScI PK" sanij ]_; 
 
 ,\jnno3 raojj paAiaoag Im _r-i -^cnocox^ 
 I cj" to' t- co" -f oT CO 
 
 o: ^ 
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 ca CO 
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 CJ 
 
 Cl t- t- 
 
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 rid'i 
 
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 LO -1<X 
 
 o oco 
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 ■* ci''^' 
 
 1-1 CO 
 
 oI6T 'X 
 
 C5 Cl X O X 0> CO O -* O Cl X Tf lO -H 
 
 Cl Cl ri c -i< X i-^ -f a. c o c; •* x_ t-; 
 
 Ix' ci t~ co' lo' "I* ci t-^ Tf ci s lo' lo t- co 
 
 i^ o; to t* X o »o CO lo -^ LO LO t"- t^ to 
 
 T)<X'*-*OXtOi)ixOCl-»l'l>05't 
 
 ' Cf co" to" rl" x" ■^" Cl" rl" Cl" if "* d' co" co" Co' 
 
 |-iT-iCliinCJ'-lCOiHn Cl 1-1-1 
 
 satjuTio^ 
 
 I a 
 
 I I 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 a i> 
 
 O cfi S 
 
 S ? 3 — 
 
 >>iZ, 1= >i S O^^ C ' nl P' o 
 
 o.::iJ?::-7-x: 
 
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 O OC' Tf 00 C~. C O -H rH 1!^ ■^ C) O -* i.~ Ot 
 
 00 L-; Tf •* -ri M o LO CO CO t- C-] «c o; "* ci 
 
 O" Os" «3 ■^•' CO Co" LO" t- r-T t-^ rt" LO" 0D~ o' Im' X 
 
 ocC!0:-tOiOC'"*t-0'*t-cot-'ffl'^ 
 
 o LO o: t- f ^ c! 00 <s CO o LO ■^ CI iH ' 
 c •* oc o: X 10 00 X CO o o ci to t- CO ' 
 xc<irtco'.cot--|icoocooco>.-;t-i' 
 
 pnB juajj 'susuaj 
 'sjjBjpjdAo 'aouB.insui 
 
 ^ ci o: L-: t- '-c ;o CO O •* 
 01 ^ CO a: o; '-o o to t* oi 
 t- c: rt -- c. c c- t- ^ c 
 
 ■^'' LO" •-<' C)' rH ■»*" IJO cf 
 
 -H X col 
 to c^ col 
 O X o 
 
 S.IOJIUBX' 
 
 ^conxt-^tooco^oi 
 
 ^LO-tOlt-^-lCt-TCtCt 
 
 xi>t-c:-^x;o-fcot~t- 
 
 O -1 to 
 to -^ 01 
 
 to ~ a-. 1 
 
 CO 01 01 1-1 01 -H to CO -^ —1 
 
 lanj 
 
 LO Til O X t- Ol 05 OJ (N ^ 01 LO (N 
 
 LOtO-^O". C0C0"i"L0tDTjiOC0X 
 
 ci oi ■*' lo -* to' to r-! Lo 05 »-< to' oi 
 
 X O iH X O". 1-0 LO iH X 01 -* to r-l 
 X 01 T)< 01 t- C C T)i CO to ?0 01 O: 
 
 ■* t^|tO 
 OiOl |t- 
 
 OS CO o> 
 
 OlCOi-li-li-ICOiHXOliHr-liniHi 
 
 SJUl!.l.U!\V J-ll.U 
 
 ^\(X looii-ig HO jsa.xtnuj 
 
 10ij)StQ JO uouilraepajj 
 
 spuog J3I.IJ 
 .si(j [ooipg no i)se.i8}uj 
 
 s>ioog [ooiiog 
 
 — (X ost-'Ht-oit- o:ci 
 
 CO IM 01 Tjl CO I- tr- COOS 
 
 CO rH r^ iO l.O >0 Ol t^ 
 
 01 C d LO 
 
 01 LO X ^ t^ 
 
 Ol 't oo 
 
 Ol 
 
 Old 
 
 Tf d X -H to c; c -f to -f lO II to 
 coLO'^mtooic-toosoiocox 
 r-i x' -*'•*-* co' -* c x' tii oi to to 
 
 rH'* LOXt-LOtOCO'fl-OOSt-O 
 COOiJi-^Oi-OXt-'-liotOOt- 
 
 -HOf— " of rH-*" 01 rHC^rH 
 
 ■* rH 
 
 Ol to 
 
 Ol-* 
 
 sniB.iB(;l(l\- [ooqog 
 
 COOSrHrHO-Ht-XOSXXtOtO 
 OlCOlOtOOOXt-OSOSl^TflrHX 
 OXCSCrHOSt-tOXOOl-H 
 
 to 05 
 X OS 
 Ol -* 
 
 -*^ ^ ?0 
 
 ssiupiina: 
 lOoqDg JO uoijonjisuoj 
 
 rHCOO". o:xt--trH[-oitoOL':xto o 
 
 lO Ol tr t- 01 rH tr IC O; -* t- rH X CO rH X 
 
 lO t- CO to X LO lO -* to rH -t t- rH Ol X OS 
 
 oi''*'"[-- ofto'rH ofio'o'' .^"co'i-'lo 
 
 looiiog 
 
 sSuipiIUg los O 01 co" rH t- LO X to 01 C O OS Ol rH ' 
 
 ni '«;i'iP(-Ia\r I-h to r- x t-'O x -t to oi -* -h to -* oi 
 
 OJ hJll,Ud{i rH OS -* X rH LO CO -H in rH Tf 01 ■* -t LO 
 
 01 -H I- -H Ol t- CO Ol rH rH 01 -* —1 
 
 S.Wl).)UtlJ, Oi PIBJ 
 
 — X t~ to lO lO rH X rH O e 01 O C -#, I 
 O: 00 1-0 LO O CO 10 O ^ O O t- rH 05 C- I 
 
 c d c -i I-' -■ t-^ OS OS -c x oi r: OS co' ' 
 
 t- — '.O O: X C. ?1 01 r-^ CS — I 01 1- t C: ' 
 rt ,.0 X 01 10 to t~- to to 01 1- 01 C C -H ' 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 I III 
 
 I a I 
 
 « 
 
 saijnnoo 
 
 etc o o^ 
 rt -O > o 
 J bl •- = O 
 
 — • — CS O Sh 
 
 C C C3 u »H .M 
 
 a cs 
 
 -SB 
 
 'S ® - 
 
16 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 On March 31st, 1914, the following amounts Avere dis- 
 tributed from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 Countv Enrollment. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany 2,164 $ 14,009.52 
 
 Big Horn 2,350 15,213.67 
 
 Carbon 2,032 13,154.96 
 
 Campbell 400 2.589.56 
 
 Converse 836 5.412.18 
 
 Crook 1,661 10,753.15 
 
 Fremont 1,664 10.772.57 
 
 Goshen 801 5.185.59 
 
 Hot Springs 408 2,641.35 
 
 Johnson 952 6.163.15 
 
 Laramie 4,452 28.824.59 
 
 Lincoln 3,953 25,591.33 
 
 Natrona 971 6,286.16 
 
 Niobrara 592 3,832.55 
 
 Park 1,254 8,118.27 
 
 Platte 1,046 6,771.70 
 
 Sheridan 3,770 24,406.60 
 
 Sweetwater 2,715 17,576.64 
 
 Uinta 1,783 11,542.96 
 
 Washakie 440 2,848.52 
 
 Weston , 1,306 8,454.91 
 
 Totals 35,550 $230,149.93 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 17 
 
 
 Number of Children in District 
 Between Ages of 
 
 Ace 01 
 3 and 
 
 •ding to 
 21 
 
 Census 
 
 
 X: 
 
 tive Born 
 
 Foreign 
 
 Born 
 
 
 C'oiinties 
 
 H 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 
 1 
 
 £^ 
 
 3 
 
 'c <= 
 
 
 1107 
 
 1134 
 
 234 
 
 1020 
 
 458 
 
 822 
 
 867 
 
 514 
 
 169 
 
 474 
 
 1870 
 
 1998 
 
 620 
 
 467 
 
 679 
 
 733 
 
 1786 
 
 1252 
 
 932 
 
 244 
 
 647 
 
 1028 
 
 1079 
 
 204 
 
 933 
 
 433 
 
 822 
 
 806 
 
 532 
 
 142 
 
 468 
 
 1692 
 
 1974 
 
 539 
 
 510 
 
 653 
 
 630 
 
 1815 
 
 1227 
 
 880 
 
 230 
 
 610 
 
 2135 
 2213 
 
 438 
 1953 
 
 891 
 1644 
 1673 
 1046 
 
 311 
 
 942 
 3562 
 3972 
 1159 
 
 977 
 1332 
 1363 
 3601 
 2479 
 1812 
 
 474 
 1257 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 
 84 
 
 2 
 
 
 33 
 128 
 245 
 
 12 
 5 
 
 
 18 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 75 
 
 140 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 5 
 
 69 
 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 5 
 9 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 64 
 203 
 385 
 
 18 
 8 
 
 
 2167 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 2250 
 
 
 443 
 
 
 2022 
 
 
 891 
 
 Crook 
 
 1671 
 
 
 1699 
 
 
 1051 
 
 
 615 
 
 
 951 
 
 
 4591 
 
 
 4111 
 
 
 1159 
 
 Xiobrani 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 980 
 1332 
 
 1425 
 
 
 3408 
 
 
 2864 
 
 
 1830 
 
 Washakie 
 
 482 
 
 Weston 
 
 1257 
 
 Totals 
 
 18027 
 
 17207 
 
 35234 
 
 627 
 
 422 
 
 1049 
 
 37199 
 
 
 
BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 • jsia apismo I . iios 't- 00 ^ I- X cc C-. -. -H CI >-. - ^ r. r-. c, c-. o -^ o f- 
 
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 r- i-H X ci CO X 05 10 -f X c t~ m t- 
 
 I- C X CO to ^ t^ to O: ^ 05 to 31 to 
 
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 05 t- CI X CI r- t^ 31 rH CO O CO O 31 
 
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 snju.i 
 
 -HClt0t0t~-^OC0-^C0rH05t0OO'-l^t-35C 
 
 ooc-incocicoxtoci3i05Cix>ni-i'-;oTi»- 
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 I-* o -* m ci i^ ci 31 ■* .H o [- o ci CO t- to rJ c 1 
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 10 u o 1 1 n .1 I s It o 3 jro S m f- 01 rt to m ci in o ^ I'o' lo t^ r^ cc to ci 
 
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 ' ' '^ to ci to X t- CO to 00 to ci ci i~ t- 10 X o "-I o 
 
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 Oi 
 
 s.taipuajj 
 
 X -ii CO oi 'I' o o t~ rt c- Cl CO 10 10 o X t- m in t> t- 
 
 T-iociint^mcitocito-fcrH'o-iiin'-'xcixto 
 
 oidcoci'^oirHtox3iincot-'HdtDm'*o-<-H 
 -i<3i''-it~oco3X3ii-icico-)'tooo'ncocO'H~5 
 to 31 O X X 01 LO CO O t- LO t- 10 r-< o i^ "^ f ** ^ I" 
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 I I I I I r 
 I I I I I I 
 I I I I I I 
 
 I I I I I I 
 
 1i !- c a> 
 
 o- EC 01* o*:^ J 
 
 ;xoooo5-C5B-oh^-Z<'-d^a-xx:-': 
 
 23 
 
24 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 
 
 bD 
 
 ■it. 
 
 Niimbei 
 
 • of 
 
 No. 
 
 of I'uiiils 
 
 J. 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 S5 
 
 3 
 C3 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 6 
 S5 
 
 2 
 
 Teachers 
 
 E 
 
 nrolU'd 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 
 h 
 >* 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 I. 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 5^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 — ■ c 
 l-l s 
 
 1890 
 
 
 282 
 
 198 
 
 59 
 
 247 
 
 306 
 
 4008 
 
 3867 
 
 7875 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 320 
 
 223 
 
 78 
 
 285 
 
 363 
 
 4479 
 
 4247 
 
 8726 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 344 
 
 226 
 
 79 
 
 288 
 
 367 
 
 4808 
 
 4()1S 
 
 9426 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 190 
 
 381 
 
 247 
 
 96 
 
 328 
 
 424 
 
 5101 
 
 48 32 
 
 9933 
 
 "886129 
 
 89.21 
 
 1894 
 
 201 
 
 399 
 
 257 
 
 96 
 
 311 
 
 407 
 
 5339 
 
 4971 
 
 10310 
 
 942411 
 
 91.4* 
 
 1895 
 
 213 
 
 405 
 
 305 
 
 112 
 
 362 
 
 474 
 
 5838 
 
 5415 
 
 11253 
 
 995651 
 
 88.47 
 
 1896 
 
 182 
 
 425 
 
 306 
 
 105 
 
 360 
 
 465 
 
 5865 
 
 5717 
 
 11582 
 
 1025100 
 
 88.59 
 
 1897 
 
 184 
 
 452 
 
 322 
 
 103 
 
 395 
 
 498 
 
 6067 
 
 5870 
 
 11937 
 
 1085961 
 
 90.97 
 
 1898 
 
 202 
 
 495 
 
 338 
 
 102 
 
 434 
 
 536 
 
 6643 
 
 (>3!t9 
 
 13042 
 
 1535562 
 
 117.7* 
 
 1899 
 
 201 
 
 500 
 
 346 
 
 91 
 
 472 
 
 563 
 
 6797 
 
 (i(i2i-) 
 
 13427 
 
 1166802 
 
 86.9* 
 
 1900 
 
 208 
 
 524 
 
 372 
 
 89 
 
 481 
 
 570 
 
 7359 
 
 7153 
 
 14512 
 
 1526124 
 
 105.17 
 
 1901 
 
 214 
 
 574 
 
 381 
 
 101 
 
 519 
 
 620 
 
 8023 
 
 7741 
 
 15764 
 
 1394443 
 
 88.45 
 
 1902 
 
 224 
 
 (il5 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 584 
 
 684 
 
 8887 
 
 S624 
 
 17511 
 
 1678933 
 
 106.86 
 
 1903 
 
 238 
 
 646 
 
 440 
 
 108 
 
 618 
 
 726 
 
 9342 
 
 9039 
 
 1S381 
 
 1702439 
 
 89.26 
 
 1904 
 
 245 
 
 684 
 
 483 
 
 105 
 
 658 
 
 763 
 
 9194 
 
 9053 
 
 18247 
 
 1810028 
 
 99.24 
 
 1905 
 
 253 
 
 716 
 
 503 
 
 107 
 
 690 
 
 797 
 
 9499 
 
 9403 
 
 18902 
 
 1828105 
 
 96.71 
 
 1906 
 
 261 
 
 745 
 
 486 
 
 107 
 
 693 
 
 800 
 
 9392 
 
 93 79 
 
 18771 
 
 1872016 
 
 99.74 
 
 1907 
 
 281 
 
 706 
 
 509 
 
 109 
 
 678 
 
 787 
 
 9822 
 
 9874 
 
 19795 
 
 18or)645 
 
 91.21 
 
 1908 
 
 280 
 
 785 
 
 538 
 
 115 
 
 784 
 
 899 
 
 10675 
 
 10715 
 
 21390 
 
 2120482 
 
 91.13 
 
 1909 
 
 291 
 
 860 
 
 582 
 
 121 
 
 854 
 
 975 
 
 11784 
 
 1139S 
 
 23182 
 
 2308322 
 
 99.57 
 
 1910 
 
 303 
 
 1004 
 
 640 
 
 141 
 
 968 
 
 1109 
 
 12364 
 
 12220 
 
 24584 
 
 24S4396 
 
 101.06 
 
 1911 
 
 334 
 
 869 
 
 830 
 
 135 
 
 1040 
 
 1175 
 
 13270 
 
 12770 
 
 26040 
 
 2656870 
 
 103.2* 
 
 1912 
 
 345 
 
 975 
 
 843 
 
 174 
 
 1051 
 
 1225 
 
 13396 
 
 13 106 
 
 26502 
 
 2931935 
 
 107.62 
 
 1913 
 
 
 972 
 
 924 
 
 171 
 
 1195 
 
 1366 
 
 13909 
 
 13(i2 7 
 
 27530 
 
 2787250 
 
 101.26 
 
 1914 
 
 
 
 1009 
 
 966 
 
 188 
 
 1300 
 
 1488 
 
 14649 
 
 14674 
 
 29301 
 
 3345081 
 
 114.16 
 
 'A probable error in computation. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 "2 3 
 
 t? 
 
 £-"• 
 
 I'MOX 
 
 <j[Bnw^j 
 
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 •^ I?] -* l'^ a X o; T-i ?i '!^ >-'; t- 
 
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 xci'H«:ci--*"*>n'-iL';-<ji 
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 O -H CI N CO -t O «C "O X C- X 
 
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 rHOSt-COOtOOX-^OlOO 
 
 cocoii-ixosiniNtcto^on 
 
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 t- t- ".O CO LO T)l !C 05 -^ 01 Oi O! 
 
 o o: o; -t X -If a 10 CO CO 01 01 
 
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 01 -H O CC C. 1-0 X tf CO CO CO Ol 
 
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 C-lOlcOXOXOlCi'-HOil-O: 
 
 xxo:xg:xo;sco5 0;C 
 
 ^H X 10 10 CO CO 01 01 01 CO '^ w 
 
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 X X 3; o: c o: o 1-1 0-. 0; o ri 
 
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 O<Ct-CRCCO-)'t-OL0ilC 
 rH^r-lrHrH0q(MOl 
 
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 ^.j-^TfCOXOrHXCDCOSO 
 
 coiiiot-xoicocoocco)-* 
 
 01 CO ■* "f^ lO O O X O iH tC LO 
 
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 rH l> ^ l-O »-* CO a O CO 10 C 
 COOlCOC0-*|*^Xt-Xi-Hr-l 
 
 S[OOlI0g 
 
 sna}.iBS.iapuijj jo 'onj 
 
 eON(N(NCO(NINCOCOeOO)® 
 
 loujsta JO apis ixLOt-t-coos'-o-t'C 
 
 01 01 01 01 01 01 " 
 
 t- X 
 
 CO 1< 
 
 1-0 -*o 
 
 siooij.iv^' io t-c: CO c 
 
 ajUAi.ij HI .W(|Uinv^ i^c'ioioim 
 
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 01 CI 
 
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26' BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Cheyenne. Wyo.. Nov. 1!). 1!)U. 
 Mrs. Rose A. Bird-Maley, 
 
 State Supt. of Public liistruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wj'oming. 
 My dear Mrs. Maley : 
 
 Replying to your recpiest for suggestions eoncei-ning legis- 
 lative measures relating to the needs of the State Board of 
 Examiners, we would respectfully submit the following: 
 
 First ; 
 
 A I'epeal of the present law whicli grants third grade cer- 
 tificates to High School graduates, as in the majority of cases 
 no thought of teaching has l)een in their minds and conse- 
 <|uently no ade<juate preparation has been made. 
 
 Possibly an amendment of this law requiring certain pro- 
 fessional study of such graduates would meet our needs tem- 
 porarily. 
 
 Second : 
 
 A law setting standard requirements for the certification 
 of High School teachers. 
 
 Third : 
 
 A law by which correspondence courses at the State Uni- 
 versity in professional subjects may l)e accepted as a mode of 
 renewing teachers' certificates; such a law repealing or amend- 
 ing the present laAv which provides for the renewal of cer- 
 tificates by Reading Circle work. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 J. O. CREAGER, President 
 
 RUTH JONES. 
 
 MAJilTE E. HEFFERON, Secretarv. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND KIND OP CERTIFICATES RECOMMENDED 
 BY THE BOARD OP EXAMINERS FROM SEPT. 30, 1912, TO SEPT. 30, 1911. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 — ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 
 ■ ij 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - >■ 
 
 
 ir- 
 
 -r 
 
 —_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '•J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 .7 
 
 
 s 
 
 - - 
 
 •- 
 
 '7 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 „ 
 
 -1 S 
 
 5 
 
 ^ S 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o.-i 
 
 — 
 
 
 or 
 
 •^ r 
 
 
 
 t;- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 £h 
 
 m 
 
 u: 
 
 ^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 X 
 
 54 
 
 ^ 
 
 " 
 
 -Jl 
 
 
 27 
 31 
 14 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 17 
 
 12 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 '?, 
 
 
 4 
 
 Campbell 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 15 
 25 
 19 
 18 
 4 
 
 18 
 23 
 50 
 41 
 34 
 o 
 
 2 
 1 
 10 
 6 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1' 
 3 
 13 
 11 
 12 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 15 
 12 
 16 
 3 
 •-> 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ?. 
 
 
 19 
 62 
 32 
 5 
 25 
 16 
 44 
 38 
 12 
 
 24 
 115 
 
 40 
 16 
 27 
 20 
 52 
 44 
 20 
 
 
 18 
 2 
 
 1 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 4 
 
 7 
 34 
 
 20 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 31 
 
 10 
 8 
 5 
 
 8 
 25 
 
 1 
 7 
 2 
 6 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 9 
 9 
 
 5 
 16 
 10 
 8 
 3 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 5 
 1 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 
 
 Park 
 
 4 
 
 Platte 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 2 
 
 Uinta 
 
 18 
 
 35 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 25 
 
 17 
 24 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Weston 
 
 
 
 
 470 
 
 605 
 
 95 
 
 215 
 
 12 
 
 226 
 
 65 
 
 150 
 
 35 
 
 48 
 
County Superintendents' Reports 
 
 ALBANY rOUNTY 
 
 In summarizing school conditions in Albany county for the 
 past two years we are pleased to state that fourteen new rural 
 schools have been established. There, are one hundred five 
 teachers in the county. Thirty of these are employed in the 
 Laramie schools, two at Bosler and two at Rock River. The 
 balance of seventy-one are located in one room rural schools. 
 
 The department of Domestic Science and Manual Training' 
 was added to the Laramie high school last year under consid- 
 erable protest. The work has met the needs of the pupils to 
 such an extent that at present if the department were abolished 
 a greater protest would be offered. 
 
 The subject of Agriculture has ))een acceptable. Profes- 
 sor Parsons of the Wyoming University who delivered five 
 forty-five minute lectures on various topics at the 1913 teacli- 
 ers ' institute certainly imbued the teachers with the importance 
 of the subject. 
 
 The school house, particularly in the out-lying districts, 
 is fast becoming the social center. The teachers, as a rule, are 
 glad to hold entertainments by the pupils or invite a lecturer, 
 to which parents and in fact the people of the whole neighbor- 
 hood are expected. In some instances an admission is charged 
 which enables the pupils to add a new picture, organ, or some 
 other desired possession to their school room. 
 
 A move is being made to organize an Association of Board 
 members to be a factor of the teachers' institute. There are 
 twenty-five school districts with seventy-eight Board members, 
 seventeen of these being women. A spirit of co-operation or 
 even rivalry would be in line of progress. 
 
 A selected list of texts for the rural schools has been made. 
 In nearly every district, the new books purchased were from 
 the list recommended. We hope within the next two years to 
 have county uniformity of texts. 
 
 Twenty-two pupils were graduated from the high school 
 last June. Thirty-five pupils have jDassed the eighth grade in 
 the rural schools during the last two years. The City Superin- 
 tendent arranges the sets of eighth grade questions giving an 
 equal chance to both rural and town eighth grades. 
 
30 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 The teaching force is adequate to at least five times the 
 niimher of pupils that are found in the sparsely settled sections. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 N. ARTISEE ERICKSON. 
 County Superintendent, Albany county. 
 
 BIG HORN COUNTY 
 
 Since the last biennial report submitted from tliis office, the 
 county has heen divided, some of the districts going into 
 Washakie county, and some to Hot Springs county. There are 
 now 38 districts in Big Horn county. The census for 1914 
 shows 2250 children of school age, in the county ; the total 
 enrollment for 1913-14 Avas 1813 and there were 245 attending 
 high school. 
 
 Five new scliool houses Avere built last year, and there are 
 several now in course of construction. 
 
 Of the teachers employed in 1913-14. there were fourteen 
 holding professional certificates, nine holding first grade, 
 thirty-nine holding second grade and only eight teaching on 
 third grade certificates. 
 
 The wages are increasing, the average paid to male teach- 
 ers being $72.41, while the average for female teachers is 
 $61.07. 
 
 I think the schools will never be the success they should 
 be until there is more uniformity in text-books, and if recom- 
 mending secured results, I should recommend that laws be 
 passed giving the County Superintendent more power to act 
 in hiring teachers, condemning old school houses, approving 
 plans for new ones, etc. 
 
 In 1913 and in 1914 Big Horn and Washakie counties 
 held .joint institutes. Both were well attended and proved of 
 much benefit to the teachers present. 
 
 On the whole, conditions are improving in Big Horn coun- 
 ty. The teaching of sewing and agriculture has been a great 
 help in securing the co-operation of the parents, Avho, as well 
 as the teachers and pupils are becoming more interested in the 
 school work each year. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 A. F. FILLERUP, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 31 
 
 CAMPBELL COUNTY 
 
 Report on Condition of Schools of Campbell County 
 
 Two years ago our county was unorganized, our school 
 districts were likewise and in a fundless condition except for 
 the one in Avhich Gillette is located, viz, No.l which received 
 a sum of some six hundred and eighty dollars from the parent 
 county (Crook). 
 
 The schools then ninnbered twelve, but at the organization 
 of school districts and election of officers of the same on May 
 6, lyio, six new schools were established in the several dis- 
 tricts and voted the erection of three new buildings. Only 
 three rural school buildings were to be found in this vast 
 county. The schools were held in old vacated cabins, well 
 ventilated usually which necessitated summer terms. 
 
 On my first round of visits I could feel sincerest sympathy 
 for both teachers and pupils for buildings and apparatus being 
 in so great need that teaching school made the building of the 
 pyramids look like child's play. My principal Avork was to 
 encourage the faithful guides who labored so hard with inade- 
 quate tools and equipment. 
 
 But it takes time to get founded in anything and when the 
 funds came in from special levy and county tax, the school 
 officers whose hearts had long been sad and whose minds had 
 been intent on securing an inheritance fund from the parent 
 districts, began to have visions of good buildings and sufficient 
 apparatus along with good teachers to promote the greatest 
 cause of this great land — that of educating the youth. In 
 every instance the school officers have co-operated with teach- 
 ers, patrons and superintendent for the betterment of schools. 
 As a consequence we have eight very good and omfortable 
 buildings erected during the past year, while two are now in 
 process of erection. 
 
 Another feature which I mention Avith approbation is the 
 fact that the best grade of certificate is none too good to qualify 
 teachers to teach in our county. The trustees recognizing the 
 vital importance of first class teachers, have perceptibly raised 
 the salary of teachers holding first and professional certificates 
 and in some cases, they have voted to hire none but first class 
 teachers. 
 
 In two rural schools during the past year, ninth grade 
 work was done — one pupil taking a Latin and the other a 
 German course. In both cases the work was carried on very 
 satisfactorily and at the end of eight months the pupils had 
 completed more work than those pupils enrolled in our Gillette 
 High School. 
 
 Music is a subject that is receiving attention and it has 
 
32 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 almost l)ecome imperative that the teacher has a musical as well 
 as a didactic education. 
 
 On the eve of my retirement from office, as I expect to at 
 the close of 1914, I will be content to view with satisfaction the 
 past Avork done in the schools of Campbell county, but will 
 with interest visualize the future when the schools of this 
 county shall rank well with those of the first of our land and 
 when all boys and girls of this sparsely settled region may 
 gain a good common school education without leaving their 
 homes. 
 
 JOSEPHINE ANDERSON, 
 
 County Superin t enden t . 
 
 CARBON COUNTY 
 
 District No. 1, at Carbon, has practically been abandoned 
 since nearly every family has gone away from the camp. This 
 was the first district in Carbon county, but it has Ix'eu steadily 
 going down until this last year when it will he done away with 
 and the territory now comprising that district will be turned 
 into some of the more thriving districts. 
 
 District 2 has two schools, one in each part of the district, 
 because the distance is too great for all the pupils to attend 
 one school. 
 
 In Rawlins there have been two ward buildings erected, 
 one in the east part of town and one in the west end. These 
 buildings were intended for the relief of the congestion in the 
 primary grades, there being two rooms in each school. They 
 are well ecjuipped w4th every modern convenience and fill a 
 much needed want in Rawlins. One of the basement rooms in 
 the main building has been fitted up for a chemical lal)oratory. 
 There are twenty teachers in the Rawlins schools. Two of this 
 number take care of the departmental work in seventh and 
 eighth grades. 
 
 Three of the schools in the Snake River country have 
 formed themselves into a High School District, namely the 
 town of Baggs, or Dist. No. 4, Sand Creek, No. 16, and Dist. 
 No. 29. The new school will be located at Baggs, but is not 
 yet ready for occupancy. However, bonds have been sold and 
 work will begin soon. 
 
 District No. 5 at Elk Mountain continues to grow to the 
 extent of needing two teachers at the present time. 
 
 Medicine Bow school has issued bonds to improve the 
 school facilities, in the matter of room and equipment. 
 
 The union Pacific Coal Comj^any who own the buildings 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 33 
 
 occupied by the school at Hamia has added two rooms to give 
 room for the congested conditions prevailing at that place. 
 
 The school house at No. 8, near Encampment has been 
 moved from a field to a more accessible place in tlie district and 
 near the county road. Also othci- needed improvements have 
 I)een made on the property. 
 
 The Saratoga district now hires five teachers against four 
 formerly. The extra teacher takes care of a mixed room of 
 children in the north part of the district about a mile from the 
 town of Saratoga. In the main school at this place there are 
 some high school grades, as high as tenth grade. 
 
 The Savery school has been clamoring for better and high- 
 er schools for a good many years. They now have one teacher 
 devoted entirely to high school branches and they have at least 
 part of a three year high school. 
 
 The Encampment school is one of the few schools in the 
 county which has seen reverses. This past year there were only 
 two regular teachers while there have been three heretofore, 
 however, the original number will hold forth there next year. 
 
 The school on Brush Creek is always making some im- 
 provement. Last wanter the teacher got up an entertainment 
 the proceeds of which were used to stain the wood work and 
 otherwise renovate the interior of the building. 
 
 The building at Pass Creek is a log one, but is most com- 
 fortable and commodious. This school. No. 17, is situated about 
 twelve miles from the town of Saratoga in an agricultural dis- 
 trict. 
 
 District No. 2-4 is another strictly rural school community. 
 Here there are two or three schools in the one district owing to 
 the great distance that the pupils would have to walk or ride 
 if the school could not be divided as to location. This school 
 is the most remote one in the county, being almost on the 
 county line between Carbon and Albany counties. District 
 No. 26. on Spring Creek has a similar arrangement having two 
 schools in the district. 
 
 The Dixon school formerly hiring but one teacher now 
 maintains a primary and an advanced room. The attendance 
 has increased so materially that the district has issued bonds 
 to build the iiecessai'y room for the children. 
 
 The school at Slater or near there has been taking a pro- 
 longed vacation it would seem since they have not had enough 
 school to come in for a share of the school money for next year. 
 No. 25 is a new school which has begun by having a time 
 securing a teacher. It seems that they just cannot get a teach- 
 er who for some reason or other does not find it necessary to 
 leave before the necessary six months have been eompletetl. 
 
34 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 -Districts 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, and 36 are «11 small rural 
 schools but are all in a fllourishing condition, from a financial 
 standpoint. The same can be said of No. 12. District No. 11 
 is well enough supplied with funds, l)ut there are so few chil- 
 dren going to school there that the school interest is Mt a low- 
 ebb as must necessarily be the case when just two or thi'ee 
 pupils are in daily attendance. 
 
 The need of a great many of the Carbon county schools is 
 consolidation. In many localities two or three of the ])resent 
 small schools could be combined to au immeuse juh'Hutfige. 
 In this way the amount of money that is -now utilized to buikl 
 and e(|uip a school for from two to ten scholars could be uuule 
 to serve a very much greater number. 
 
 The tendency on the whole is, I believe, toward the better- 
 luent of school conditions, but in my opinion the improvement 
 is too slow. The improvement along the lines of better build- 
 ings, the modern e(|uipment and sanitation of the same have 
 not k'ept pace with the other improveuients of our civilization. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 FRANCES B. SMITH, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CONVERSE COUNTY 
 
 Since the last biennial report. Converse county has been 
 divided. We now have eighteen school districts, thirty rural 
 schools, two city schools and a county high school. 
 
 The work of the County School Board association has in- 
 creased in scope and influence. Two special meetings were 
 called during the past year ; one for the western portion of the 
 county was held at Glenrock; for the eastern part at Lost 
 Springs. 
 
 The school districts were well represented hy meml)ei-s of 
 their respective school boards. Good audiences at both places 
 showed the interest of the people. 
 
 The subjects considered were *" Consolidation of Rural 
 Schools," ''Medical Inspection in our Public Schools," "The 
 Introduction of Vocational Work into the Country Schools." 
 
 The well written pai)ers were followed by enthusiastic dis- 
 cussions. The good seed was sown for a profitable harvest in 
 due season. 
 
 The next annual meeting of this Association will be held 
 in Douglas, September third. The questions for consideratiou 
 are— "The P.asis for Promotion," "Shall Class Work be Given 
 Credit at the Final Examinations" "The Relation of Home and 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 35 
 
 School Work. "The Revision of the present list of text books 
 adopted for the County.'" 
 
 The State Course of Study is the basis of school work in 
 both city and country schools and with our uniform text books 
 the same outlines for the various subjects, in all the schools, 
 the work has been most satisfactory. 
 
 A regular system of writing, under the supervision of the 
 principal of the commercial (lepartment of the County High 
 School is to be used in all our schools the coming year. 
 
 Exercises are held for the graduates from the eighth grade 
 at Glenrock and Douglas to which the rural pupils are invited. 
 We had two fine classes this year. So inspiring were the talks, 
 so inviting the music and decorations, that it l)ecomes an in- 
 centive for the pupils to stick to their work make their grades 
 and graduate. The tenor of the whole program is to urge a 
 continuation of school work and the results are gratifying. 
 
 The intei-est of tile ])ast has developed into action and the 
 ])eople of Converse county ai-e alive to the welfare of her 
 schools. 
 
 The school of but one or two pupils is a thing of the past 
 in this county, most of our schools having made the average 
 required to draw the money from the general county fund. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 MAT^D DAWES, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 CROOK COUNTY 
 
 Tn compliance with your request, I present the following 
 summary of the schools of Crook county for the last two years : 
 
 The Sundance school has two additional years of work, 
 giving now the full four years of High School work, and em- 
 ploying six teachers in all. We feel proud of the fact that the 
 first year the school was in operation, there were four to grad- 
 uate from the four year course. 
 
 The Moorcroft school. District No. 16 is doing splendid 
 work and has a very progressive corps of teachers. The last 
 two years the entire eighth grade class has been promoted after 
 passing the county examinations. The school building in this 
 district is the best in the county and several improvements 
 have been made during the present vacation. 
 
 About one year ago District No. 2 introduced the Palmer 
 Method of Penmanship in its schools and since then a number 
 of the other districts have done the same and the improvement 
 in the pui)ils' penm.anship is already noticeable. The teachers 
 
36 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 have co-operated with me most readily to secure a uniform 
 county system of penmanship. 
 
 A movement was initiated at the last annual meeting to 
 secure the division of District 10 which at present contains 
 thirty-three schools and covers such a large territory that it is 
 felt one school board cannot do justice to the work. 
 
 Three school houses are now in the process of construction 
 making a total of ninety-two school houses in the county. 
 Owing to a change in the population three of these buildings 
 were not in use the past year, but in several localities where it 
 does not as yet seem wise to erect permanent school-houses, the 
 school is maintained in buildings owned by private parties. 
 
 Several of our teachers this year took advantage of the 
 summer session at Laramie and all speak highly of the benefit 
 obtained from the work. Some of our former pupils are en- 
 rolled at the University as regular students. 
 
 The study of agriculture has been taken up with enthusi- 
 asm and we had a number of quite extensive school gardens. 
 The sewing classes of our rural schools have made doilies, 
 aprons, hemmed towels, darned stockings and devoted some 
 time in learning to mend. 
 
 The Agriculture course outlined by our State Superin- 
 tendent has been of much help. 
 
 A number of the teachers have given entertainments, etc.. 
 and have procured money to purchase organs and libraries for 
 their school houses. 
 
 Conditions are, I think, steadily improving in the Crook 
 county schools. Both school boards and teachers have given 
 close attention to our certificate laws. The salaries of teachers 
 with first grade certificates average $50 per month, and the 
 length of a school term in the rural districts averages seven 
 months. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MO'RNA A.WOOD. 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 FREMONT COUNTY 
 
 Since the last biennial report we feel that there has been 
 considerable improvement made in the schools of Fremont 
 county. 
 
 There are 57 schools in the county employing 76 teachers. 
 Quite a great deal of improvement has been made in school 
 buildings and grounds. Several new modern school houses 
 have been built. Many of the schools are using the Smith 
 System of heating and ventilating. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 37 
 
 The term has been lengthened in most of the districts. No 
 district holds less than six months term and many have seven 
 and eight and some nine months. In the last two years the 
 salaries in most of the rural schools have increased $10 per 
 month. I believe only three schools are now paying $50 per 
 month. The greater number pay $60. Some few pay $55, 
 while two give their teachers $75 per month. 
 
 The Lander school has made a marked improvement in the 
 past two years. The school has a very able Superintendent 
 and under his supervision are twelve efficient teachers. A 
 special music and drawdng teacher is now employed. 
 
 While Lander has the only accredited High School in the 
 county, Riverton is doing splendid three year High School 
 work and Shoshoni two year. Hudson will this year do some 
 High school Avork. 
 
 The Teachers* Institutes have been very helpful with a 
 marked increase in attendance. 
 
 Eighth grade examinations are given by the County Super- 
 intendent. Last year thirty-five graduates received diplomas. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 ELLA il. FARTHING. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 GOSHEN COUNTY 
 
 During the past two years the schools of Goshen county 
 have been brought closer together. Superintendent C. O. 
 Downing has instituted an Eighth Grade County Examination. 
 During this time sixty-two county diplomas have been issued 
 to pupils who have passed these eighth grade examinations. 
 Each eighth grade pupil has been required, each month, to 
 write a composition, of at least three hundred words on topics 
 assigned by the County Superintendent. 
 
 A County Spelling Contest has been conducted by the 
 Superintendent. Lists of tifty words were sent to each school 
 each month. One list was sent for the fifth and sixth grades 
 and one for the seventh and eighth grades. Those who received 
 a mark of 85 per cent in each list Avere allowed to enter the 
 final County Contest. 
 
 To develop letter writing, every child in the county wrote 
 a letter each month to the Superintendent, Mr. Downing felt 
 the need of developing the child in letter Avriting and kilew 
 that better results could l)e o])tained if the child Avrote to some 
 one outside of his school instead of Avriting merely to his 
 teacher. 
 
 Tavo years ago there AA^ere 56 schools in Goshen countA*. 
 
38 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 The homesteader and the settler have made great demands for 
 schools. Now there are 82 schools in the connty. 
 
 Superintendent Downing tries to give the schools to the 
 home teacher thns keeping the school money within the State 
 and aiding to develop. However this is not done at the sacrifice 
 of the schools. Teachers are required to present good creden- 
 tials and show some experience in teaching. There are many 
 teachers in the connty who hold Professional certificates. The 
 majority of the teachers have first grades or better. 
 
 V. O. DOWNING. 
 
 Connty Superintendent. 
 
 HOT SPRINGS COUNTY 
 
 Hot Springs county was organized January 6. 1918. Dur- 
 ing the remainder of that scliool year very little could be done 
 to impi-ove the condition of the schools. It Avas necessary to 
 re-district the county and in order to do this understandingly. 
 every school house and each child was located on the map as 
 well as the areas of deeded land. The first two months Avere 
 occupied with this work. A copy of the school laM' and also 
 of the course of study was sent to each school and each teacher 
 was asked to report concerning the grading of her school. Each 
 school Avas visited and condition of building and supplies were 
 noted. A list of those text-books in general use in the county 
 was made from the list secured from each school. Before the 
 opening of the Fall term a copy of this list was sent to the 
 officers of each district Avith the suggestion that the necessary 
 books ])e chosen from this list and also that the purchase be 
 made before the beginning of school. Help Avas given the 
 officers in making out orders for supplies. 
 
 During the Fall all schools Avere visited in October and 
 November. Three hours Avere spent in each schoolroom and 
 the teachers Avere requested to make a special effort to secure 
 more correct grading of the classes before the expiration of 
 the term. 
 
 County Institute Avas held November 24-27. The program 
 Avas made up of papers by the teachers of the county, school 
 officers and patrons, Avith the exception of the talks on agri- 
 culture by Prof T. S. Parsons of the University of Wyoming. 
 All discussions Avere on local problems. 
 
 During the year Supplementary Agricultural Work for 
 o-S grades inclusive Avas sent to each teacher. This Avork to be 
 part of the exhibit from each school should Ave have a County 
 fair. If no County fair is held, the last day of the Institute 
 Avill l)e a School Rally Day and prizes Avill be given for the best 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 39 
 
 exhibit of sehool work. The Supplementary Avork will be con- 
 tinued this year and in addition will arrange for Spelling Con- 
 tests between schools. 
 
 Tavo very comfortable school buildings were erected dur- 
 ing the Avinter of ]i)i:M4 and seA'eral log buildings AA'ere made 
 luoi-e comfo]-tal)le by putting in ceilings and ucaa- floors. 
 
 Schools AA'ere again A-isited in February and ]Mareh. All 
 district officers Avere asked to meet at the Superintendent's 
 office on the firs1 Saturday of April. 1914. AI)out one-half of 
 them resj)on(lt-(l. Tlu\se subjects AA^ere discussed: The duties of 
 each officer, plan for conducting regular district meetings, sal- 
 aries of teachers and cost of l)oard for teachers, necessary and 
 helpful supplies. A copy of the minutes of this meeting AA'as 
 sent to each clerk and judging from the returns since tlie an- 
 nual meeting, the suggestions Avere helpful to all. 
 
 An eighth grade examination AA'as held in three different 
 places on June 4 and 5, after the schools had closed for the year. 
 Six gii'ls and three l)oys passed A'ery creditably. Commence- 
 ment exercises for this class AA'ill be held the last cA-ening of the 
 Teachers' Institute. September 4th. 
 
 Many of the districts Avill pay $65 this year and a fcAA^ haA'e 
 promised $70 AA'hich is encouraging after years of little interest 
 and a maximum salarA' of $55. Yet, increased salaries. Avill not 
 alone secure satisfactory teachers. We must employ those Avho 
 intend to be one of us, not those AA'ho come only for a year. 
 Under present conditions Ave liaA'e but one resident teacher. 
 Oidy four haA'e taught in the county or State. When satisfac- 
 tory teachers are secured they should be retained if possible. 
 
 RespectfullA' .submitted. 
 
 NELLIE L. WALES, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY 
 
 While there haA'e been no radical changes in the Johnson 
 county schools yet, everything being considered, our schools 
 liave made satisfactory progress during the past tAvo years. 
 
 Six years ago, Avhen I paid my first A^isit to the rural 
 schools, about one-half of the Iniildings Avere log. Each year 
 some of these haA'e been replaced by neat frame buildings, un- 
 til, at present, only three or four log school houses remain. 
 This Fall. tAvo districts are putting in the Smith heating plants. 
 
 The Buffalo school buildings have been remodeled until 
 they are modern in every respect. The playground has been 
 proAdded Avith traA'eling rings, giant stride, slide, see-saAvs, and 
 tAvo basket balls so there is "something doing" Avhen the chil- 
 dren are on the grounds. 
 
40 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Till' mini her of eighth grack' graduates in the country stead- 
 ily increases, and each sciiool makes an etit'ort to send out the 
 l)amier class. A large majority of pnpils receiving such 
 diplomas go to higher schools. This year we added to our 
 eighth grade examinations the subject of agriculture. We 
 found the work quite satisfactory for a beginning. Some very 
 good booklets on different kinds of stock were made. The 
 eighth grade and high school attended the Farmer's Institute 
 in a I)ody. So far we have not been able to organize ;iiiy 1 Joys' 
 and Girls' clubs, but I hope it may ])e done later. 
 
 At last I have realized one of my school dreams, the dream 
 of a Joint Teachers' Institute with Sheridan county. We were 
 also fortunate enough to have with us Campbell county. The 
 sectional meetings in which the primary tinichers found just 
 what they needed most, while th(^ high school and intermediate 
 teachers in separate divisions discussed topics pertaining to 
 their work, made the long trip to Sheridan Avorth M'hile. And 
 I am sure the hospitality with which we were received, will 
 establish a friendly feeling toward our neighbors on the north 
 that could not otherwise have been brought about. 
 
 In no phase of the school work is there a more marked 
 change than in the teachei's themselves. A few years ago. it 
 Avas necessary to import at least hall' our teachers. A Uii-gc 
 number of these were seeking atlventiire and Avere not vcry 
 satisfactory and to say the least Avere not loyal to our State 
 institutions. Xoav our Wyoming boys and girls are going into 
 the teaching profession and the supply nearly equals the de- 
 mand. Some of our best teachers ha\'e come from our OAvn 
 State Normal. This has spoken so Avell for the training depart- 
 ment at Laramie, that quite a number ha\'e been influenced to 
 go there for the Summer school. After six Aveeks at Laramie, 
 they return to their schools full of enthusiasm about the Nor- 
 mal and the University. Thus the Avhole country is becoming 
 more loyal to home institutions. 
 
 It is Avith a feeling of sadness 1 am closing my Avork as 
 count}' superintendent, but I shall CA'er continue a staunch 
 friend of the Wyoming schools and hope for their steady pro- 
 gress until they stand among the best. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted. 
 
 MEDA P.. SINSEL. 
 (,'ounty Superintendent. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 41 
 
 LARAMIE COUNTY 
 
 Since the last bienuial report to your office, Laramie coun- 
 ty has been divided into three counties, namely : Laramie, 
 Goshen and Platte so that our territory is much smaller than 
 formerly. 
 
 In spite of that fact however, we are able to report a 
 goodly number of schools — 165 against 173 in IDIO which shows 
 tlie increase in population and also ])roves that the growth of 
 the educational system is in j)ro[)ortion to the development of 
 t!ie country. 
 
 We now have six school districts each with a l>oard of at 
 least three members who are constantly striving to raise the 
 standard of education within tlieir jurisdiction. One district 
 has increased the Avages of their teachers from $50 to $60 a 
 montli on condition that they remain through the entire term; 
 effort is l)eing made in all districts to conform more strictly to 
 the Course of Study prescribed hy the State Superintendent 
 and also to secure uniform textbooks. Pupils who complete the 
 eighth grade in the rural schools are given an examination 
 from this office and if successful in making the required grade, 
 a certificate is issued which entitles them to enter the Cheyenne 
 High School without further examination. .We have also to 
 report the establishment of five new High Schools — four year 
 courses, at Burns, Carpenter. Egbei't, Pine IMuff's and Hillsdale. 
 Decided improvement is to be noticed in the grade of certifi- 
 cates held by our teachers Ijoth in the town and rural districts, 
 a larger number of professional certificates having lieeu issued 
 during the past months by the State Examining Board than 
 ever before and teachers throughout the county are ready and 
 anxious to work for this better certification, a number of them 
 having attended the Summer School at Laramie with this end 
 in view. 
 
 Agriculture has been added to the curriculum of all schools 
 as a regular branch of study. In the Cheyenne City schools 
 Manual Training and Domestic Science have been installed 
 and students are enthusiastic about the work in both branches. 
 At the present time, 116 boys from the grades and 25 from the 
 High School are enrolled in the Manual Training Department 
 while 116 girls from the grades and 36 from the High School 
 are in the Domestic Science classes. The corps of 60 cadets 
 under the instriu-tion of Lieut. E. Z. Steever make a fine show- 
 ing as does the High School liand under the leadership of ('apt. 
 Fletcher. 
 
 The educational exhibit at the Laramie County fair, Sept. 
 16-18 M'as a credit to the rural schools, consisting of actual 
 class work and in manv cases the work from different schools 
 
42 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 was all so o-ood that it was dit^ieiill lo award [\\v pi-izes. Wv 
 hope that tliis is only tlie begiiiiiiiig,- of a pennanent foatiive of 
 this fair. 
 
 The ("ouiity Institute held the last week in August with 
 Dean Martin Eemp of Hastings College and ]Miss ]\Iarie Hove 
 of Cheyenne was most intert-sting and helpful to the 140 teach- 
 ers enrolled. Professor T. S. Parsons of the ^Yyonling State 
 University gave several lectures on agriculture and the differ- 
 ent ministers of the city by their presence and their inspiring 
 15 minute talks, gave much pleasure and encouragement. The 
 music so kindly rendered by different ones was aLso highly ap- 
 preciated. 
 
 Earnest effort is being made to bring teacher, patron and 
 pupil into hearty co-operation, and when that is accomidished 
 a long step in advance will certainly have been taken. 
 
 Verv trulv 
 MAMIE E. IIEFFEROX, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 LINCOLN COrNTY 
 
 In compliance with your request I submit the following 
 report of the schools of Lincoln county. 
 
 There are 25 districts, two of which have been organized 
 during the last year. District 24 was formed by the division 
 of District 11 and District 25 by the division of 16. 
 
 We have one County High School situated in the center 
 of a beautiful little farming locality which fills a long felt 
 want for the people of that section of the country. It has an 
 enrollment of 106 pupils and is composed of eight districts: 
 they ott'er a course in dressmaking and a full connnercial 
 course. 
 
 Last year District One erected a .^oO.OOO school building 
 which is one of the finest and most uiodern in the state. ^luch 
 care and thought was given to the planning of the house which 
 resulted in it being built to accommodate future generations 
 as well as present. The present cost represents about one-half 
 of the actual cost when complete as it is so arranged that an 
 addition can be built on without spoiling the beauty or useful- 
 ness of the building. They offer a regular four year course 
 and this Fall will see a kindergarten opened for children of 
 five .years of age and a music s,upervisor will be in direct charge 
 of the high school work and will direct the teachers with ref- 
 erence to the teaching of music in the grades. A domestic 
 science course will be given together with a course in plain 
 sewino'. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 43 
 
 District 8 is ei'ecting a $10,000 school house and gives a 
 three year course this year: they are working towards cen- 
 tralization and in a few years I exj^ect to see one of the most 
 prosperous districts in the county. 
 
 District 20 is in the heautiful Jackson's Hole country and 
 two years ago l)uilt a beautiful eight room brick building four 
 of which were used last year, but as each year sees many ucm' 
 i-esidents coming into the locality, it will only be a sliort time 
 until the Avhole house will be utilized. 
 
 1 find the school trustees, citizens and pupils tln-ougii the 
 county greatly interested in secondary education and notwith- 
 standing the fact that many districts have no railroads we find 
 them supporting high schools which otter a one, two and three 
 year course. This year there were applicants for the eighth 
 grade diplomas from almost every district in the county and 
 as most of these children desire a higher education the second- 
 ary schools are ])econiiug a necessity. 
 
 The rural schools have been greatly benefitted and they are 
 in a more prosperous condition since the enactment of the new 
 school law by the last legislature, some of them raising suf- 
 ficient funds to carry a school for more than the six months and 
 none have fallen below the six mouths limit. There is a ten- 
 dency to do away with tlu^ sumiiier terms and have a longer fall 
 and winter term. 
 
 Lincoln county numbers 25 districts and has an eni-ollment 
 of 3173 pupils; as this is an increase of 619 over last year's 
 enrollment it is conclusive evidence that the co-workers in 
 education must be restless and sleepless as there is nnudi to be 
 done in this field. 
 
 Of the 121 teachers employed 27 hold professional certifi- 
 cates valid for life. Forty hold first grade certificates, forty- 
 three hold second grade and nine hold third: two hold diploma 
 certificates. The teachers are enthusiastic and earnest in their 
 efforts to raise the grade of certification each examination find- 
 ing these same teachers working for a next higher certificate. 
 
 I consider the schools of Lincoln county are in a very ]>ros- 
 perous condition and the outlook for the future is very ])rom-. 
 ising. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 MAGGIE F. NICHOLSON. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 NATRONA COUNTY 
 
 As 1 look back over the past two years 1 iind mai'ked pro- 
 gress in the educational work of Natrona county. School 
 Boards, patrons and teachers are working in harmony for the 
 
44 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 ])etterinent of our schools. The standard of teachers is being- 
 raised and boards of directors are showing their appreciation 
 of this by raising wages. 
 
 The new law providing for a six-month term has helped 
 greatly in advancing the work in the rural school as little 
 could be done in a three month term with probably a new 
 teacher every year. 
 
 Our new County High School building has been built and 
 equipped with the most modern equipment obtainable at a cost 
 of fifty thousand dollars. Next year we hope to add to our 
 High School corps special teachers in Domestic Science and 
 Manual Training. The sanitary e(|uipment in both the High 
 school and the Casper school buildings is excellent. 
 
 In district No. 19 a new school house was built at a cost 
 of one thousand dollars. This has been furnished and equipped 
 with modern apparatus making it one of the most complete 
 rural buildings in the county. 
 
 District No. 2 has a most modern and convenient building 
 in its new Central building and has recently issued thirty-five 
 thousand dollar bonds for the remodelling' and enlarging of its 
 Park building which will give it two large and well equipped 
 l)uildings. 
 
 Once a year examinations are held in the rural schools 
 and diplomas issued which entitle the holder to entrance into 
 the County High school at Casper. It is gratifying to know 
 that a large percentage of those holding these diplomas enter 
 tlie High school and finish the work. 
 
 We have held two very successful County Institutes de- 
 riving much benefit therefrom. 
 
 The immense size and sparsely settled condition of the 
 county offers a most difficult problem. This condition hinders 
 the consolidation of our rural schools. However, we are work- 
 ing toAvards this end and hope to accomplish much. 
 
 Uniformity of text books would be a great help to the 
 rural schools. 
 
 Our schools are in a good healthy growing state and we 
 hope for greater advancement the next two years. 
 
 Most respectfullv submitted, 
 
 MAY HAMILTON, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 NIOBRARA COUNTY 
 
 There are 40 schools in Niobrara county employing 47 
 teachers four of these schools being graded. The rural schools 
 average 10 pupils per school and are maintained at the aver- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 45 
 
 age cost of $3 per scholar per month, with an average term of 
 7 months. 
 
 The graded schools are at Lusk, Manville, Jireh and Van 
 Tassell. The Lusk school employs 6 teachers, with an enroll- 
 ment of 160. The other graded schools employ 2 teachers each, 
 having an average enrollment of 30 pupils. 
 
 Last year 26 pupils from the rural schools graduated from 
 the eighth grade, all passing a uniform county examination 
 given by the county superintendent. Most of these graduates 
 are entering High school at the beginning of this year. 
 
 Altogether, school conditions of Niobrara county are fav- 
 orable with the one exception of text books. Under the pres- 
 ent system each district, and almost each school, has a different 
 set of text books. This is very unfavorable to uniform exami- 
 nations and co-operative Avork throughout the county and caji 
 onlv l)e remedied bv appropriate legislation. 
 
 CHARLES C. BROWNING, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 PARK COUNTY 
 
 In accordance with your request the following report of 
 Park County schools for the years 1913-14 is respectfully sub- 
 mitted. 
 
 Since the statistics of the county schools were given in my 
 annual report I shall here endeavor only to set forth the things 
 we have been attempting to do to improve the standard of our 
 schools. 
 
 The Cody schools have adopted the departmental system 
 from the fourth to the twelfth grades inclusive. Students grad- 
 uating from the high school are admitted without examination 
 to any of the middle-west state universities. Teachers' salaries 
 have been raised and a graduated scale of salaries adopted in 
 both grade and high schools. By this means the district is re- 
 taining in.stead of losing its best teachers. A special teacher 
 is employed for manual training and one for sewing, music and 
 drawing. 
 
 A Parent-Teachers' Association has been organized in this 
 district. Its work has been commendable in that it has changed 
 the critical or indifferent attitude of patrons toward the school 
 to one of friendly understanding and interest. 
 
 The Powell schools have grown very rapidly during the 
 past two years. This district has provided a modern and com- 
 modious new building for a consolidated school at PoAvell where 
 the grades and a four year high school course is maintained. 
 They have also erected buildings for the grades at Fairview 
 and Ralston. Five wagons, covered and heated, transport one 
 
46 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 liuiidred and twenty-five pupils from the country to the Powell 
 consolidated school. 
 
 Agriculture is being particularly emphasized here, this 
 ht'ing the center of an agricultural community. A special 
 music teacher is employed. The teachers' salaries have been 
 raised. 
 
 The (iarland district has four schools. High school work 
 is given only at Garland Avhere a suitable new school })uilding 
 has lieen erected. 
 
 Inasnuich as the rui'al schools need the most assistance it 
 is to them that 1 have given most of my attention. 
 
 To secure greater uniformity and build up the Aveaker 
 schools 1 have urged a classification of grades upon the basis of 
 the state course of study. 1 send out lists of recommended text 
 books and supplies to boards and teachers so that they may not 
 only be as nearly uniform throughout the county as possible, 
 but that they may be up-to-date. (*ounty eighth grade exami- 
 nations are given. 
 
 Special instruction is being given at the teachers" institute 
 upon a system of writing. Teachers' manuals upon this system 
 and the Ayres' measuring scale for handwriting are furnished 
 each teacher. During the year county vs^riting contests will be 
 conducted, the school winning, which shows the most improve- 
 ment. 
 
 In a somewhat similar manner the spelling problem will be 
 attacked. Tn all sul)jects Ave are trying to standardize and 
 teach in terms of present day environment. Practically all the 
 country schools teach Agriculture, Sewing and some simple 
 form of wood work. 
 
 A county school board meeting is being held to consider 
 the needs and means of improvement for the county schools. 
 
 To give our country school teachers, many of whom are 
 town or city bred, certainly so educated, and inexperienced in 
 life generally, some knowledge of what is being done and what 
 may be done in rural districts I have asked them to read and 
 report upon H. W. Foght's "American Rural School.'' 
 
 District Number Four, a rural district, has constructed a 
 very modern rural school building. It is designed to supply 
 the need of the comnumity for a general public meeting place 
 as well as a place to hold school. There is a basement to be 
 used as a play room, manual training room and a place for 
 social gatherings. 
 
 Plans for up-to-date rural school buildings at different 
 prices, are now furnished free to tlistricts from the County 
 Superintendent 's office. 
 
 Potato clubs have been foi-nunl in most of the Agricultural 
 sections of the count a'. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 47 
 
 The buying' of musical iustriuuents foi' the schools, extend- 
 ing the school li])rary, and the organizing of clubs and school 
 entertainments is encouraged so that the school may be the 
 social center for the community. 
 
 The county teachers are given special instruction in play 
 supervision, games for social evenings and play days. 
 
 All in all. we are working that the school buildings and 
 equipment may be as modern and model as possible, that the 
 teachers and school officers may be well trained and imbued 
 with that vision of the builders so that the public school shall 
 give the best ])ossible service to present and future commu- 
 nities. 
 
 JENNIE GRAVES McGUFFEY. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 PLATTE COUNTY 
 
 In Platte county we have three high sciiools, one at Wheat- 
 land, Guernsey, and Sunrise. In the Wheatland high school 
 four teachers were hired and in Sunrise and Guernsey one at 
 each place. We have eight districts in the county some of the 
 school houses are poor and without maps, but there has been 
 nuich progress and there have been several old school build- 
 ings replaced and many new ones established and new ones 
 being Iniilt. 
 
 Not many of the schools have libraries or reference books, 
 l)ut are well supplied with text books. We try to have as 
 much uniformity as possible in text books throughout the 
 county by following the State course of study. 
 
 Tliere seems to be a general interest all over the county 
 for the betterment of the schools and the attendance was bet- 
 ter than it. was the year before. 
 
 Respectful] V sulnnitted, 
 
 'mart MALONEY. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 SHERIDAN COUNTY 
 
 Complying witli your request I am aceomi^anying my for- 
 mal i-eport with a brief summary of the school conditions in 
 Sheridan county. 
 
 There were during the past year. 111 teachers employed in 
 Sheridan county, 42 of whom were in the Sheridan City schools. 
 Of the renuiining 69, four taught in the graded school of Big 
 Horn, three in Carneyville. three in Monarch, and two each in 
 Dayton. Ranchester and Dietz. All of the othei's tauglit iji 
 
48 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 one-roomed schools with enrollments varying from three to 
 thirty-four pupils. 
 
 On the whole the outlook is promising, although we often 
 grow impatient at the seemingly slow realization by school 
 hoards and patrons of the changing conceptions and ideals in 
 rural education. However, through occasional meetings of the 
 Sheridan County Association of School District Trustees and 
 numerous informal conferences, the new consciousness is grad- 
 ually^ becoming awakened, Avith the result that the five new 
 rural schools being constructed this year are buildings em- 
 bodying up-to-date ideas, however modest and inexpensive the 
 structure. Adjustible desks and seats are being installed as 
 new furniture is needed thus making it possible to fit each child 
 in the room. More pride and interest are being taken in the 
 improvement of school yards and property. 
 
 One of the most gratifying characteristics of the Sheridan 
 County schools at this time is their growing unity. During 
 the past six years which constitute the term of the present 
 county superintendent, the eti'ort has been put forth as nearly 
 as practicable, to effect a county school system. ]\Iuch remains 
 to be accomplished in this regard, but the beginning has been 
 made. 
 
 By common consent school trustees now purchase only text 
 books which are listed on the regular outline course of study, 
 thus securing county uniformity. Teachers are supplied from 
 the county superintendent's office with these outlines Avhich 
 they are required to use as a basis in their teaching, varying 
 the work as local conditions demand. In this way much less 
 inconvenience is suffered in the transfer of pupils from one 
 district to another. 
 
 Uniform examination ((uestions for all grades above the 
 third are sent out at least twice a year from the county super- 
 intendent 's office to the rural schools and although often it is 
 impracticable to use the entire list, they are a means of main- 
 taining a general standard. 
 
 Final eighth grade examinations are given each Spring 
 by the county superintendent to pupils who are recommended 
 by their teachers for promotion, and those who successfully 
 pass with an average of 70 per cent and not falling below 50 
 per cent in any one branch, are given diplomas which admit 
 to the Sheridan High school. The increasing number of pupils 
 entering high school from the rural districts due largely to this 
 system of promotion, is most gratifying. 
 
 Each year since 1909 it has been the custom of the county 
 superintendent to send a letter to be read at the annual school 
 meeting by the clerk of the district, calling the attention of the 
 people to various things of vital importance to the school wel- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 49 
 
 fare of the eoinniunity. Last year a copy of this letter was 
 sent prior to the meeting, to each member of eyevy district 
 hoard in order to familiarize several persons in the district with 
 the subjects which Avould be brought up for discussion at the 
 general meeting. These letters have helped to form a little 
 closer bond l)etween the county superintendent and the school 
 patrons of the county. 
 
 The custom of issuing certificates of perfect attendance, 
 begun three years ago, has more than justified its continuance. 
 During the last year 471 three-months" certificates Avere issued 
 and 51 "diplomas of honor" granted to pupils who were in 
 perfect attendance duriiig the school year. These figures are 
 exclusive of the Sheridan City schools which had an enrollment 
 of 1651 as compared to HMO in the rest of the county. 
 
 An innovation which had its inception during the year 
 just closed, although the actual putting into practice will ])•:' 
 begun during the coming term, is the plan to give school credit 
 for home industi-ial woi'k. This idea has been successfully 
 carried out in othci- states and bids fair to meet with e(|ual ap- 
 ])r()val here in the rural districts of the county. 
 
 The outlook in the city schools is also progressive. For 
 the coming year six additional teachers liave lieen employed, 
 two for the grades, two for the high school where an enroll- 
 mcitt of approximately three hundred is expected and the 
 other two supervisors of the newly introduced subjects of 
 domestic science and manual training which are to be taught 
 in the seventh, eighth and high school years. 
 
 The teaching of agriculture, according to the state course 
 of study, has brought about hearty co-operation from the 
 ranchers and some of the business men of the county. Our 
 local farm expert. Mr. H. E. JMcCartne}^ has visited most of the 
 schools of the county, giving professional advice to the teach- 
 ers and arousing enthusiasm amoiig the pupils. Largely 
 through his influence some of the neighborhood Farmers' clubs 
 have offered prizes to school children for excellence in various 
 lines of agricultural activities. Also one of our newspapers, the 
 Sheridan Post, has offered two beautiful i^50 Sterling silver 
 loving cups as prizes for the best one-eiglith acre yield of po- 
 tatoes grown l)y a school boy or girl, one cup to be awarded 
 to th(> best irrigated crop, the other to best crop raised by dry 
 farming methods. These inducements, in addition to the Boys' 
 and Girls" clulis directed by the State Agricultural college are 
 making the subject of agriculture immediately popular as an 
 addition to the curriculum. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 EDITH K. 0. CLARK. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
50 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 SWEETWATER ("OUNTY 
 
 Since the last report from Sweetwater county was su))- 
 luitted, there has ])eeii a steady advance toward betterment in 
 the conditions of the schools, but this progress has been in the 
 towns, rather than in the rural communities. Improvement in 
 the rural schools is necessarily slow by reason of the sparseness 
 of settlement, aiul not In^cause of any lack of school spirit. In 
 fact it is something of a problem to provide school facilities for 
 all the children in the county. I have in mind an organized 
 district which is eighteen miles long, with a small group of 
 settlers at either end. Neither settlement is large enough U> 
 allow a legal organization of a school district, nor is the asses- 
 sed valuation of the district great enough to warrant a divis- 
 ion. The three hundred dollars provided by laAV is not suffi- 
 cient to provide both settlements with teachers, and the result 
 is that they practically have no school advantages. Other iso- 
 lated families in the county are similarly placed. 
 
 In Eden Valley two good schools are maintained. At 
 Parson, a good frame building has been completed and twenty- 
 five pupils were enrolled during the past year. At Eden they 
 are planning a building to be finished for the next term of 
 school. 
 
 In Rock Springs and in the surrounding towns, there has 
 been a marked growth and many material changes. The teach- 
 ing force in Rock Springs has been increased to thirty-four 
 and the rooms are still crowded. Plans have been made for a 
 new high school building, modern in every respect with voca- 
 tional and manual training rooms as well as equipment for 
 domestic science and cooking. It is hoped that the new build- 
 ing will be ready for occupancy some time during the coming 
 school year. 
 
 During the past year the schools of Superior have been 
 characterized by numerous material improvements and an im- 
 proving tone of school work. The classes have been re-graded 
 and a new course of study adopted. A circulating library has 
 been instituted for the schools at "A"' and "D" mines as Avell 
 as for the central schools. 
 
 At Reliance a comparatively new mining camj) seven uules 
 from Rock Springs an attractive three roomed building has 
 been erected and three teachers are employed. One hundred 
 and sixty-three pupils were enrolled last year. 
 
 Lion is another new mining camp where an unusually well- 
 planned one room school house has been built during the past 
 year. Twenty-four pupils were enrolled. 
 
 Green River has strengthened its high school course and 
 added another teacher. Best of all the playground has been 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 51 
 
 equipped with uiodern play appavatiis and the grounds made 
 attractive for the little people. 
 
 There seems to be a general recognition of the necessity 
 for the play spirit which accompanies healthy child develop- 
 ment and of providing means for its gratification. The U. P. 
 Coal Company have put up slides and swings on the school 
 grounds of their various camps and other districts will provide 
 some simple play apparatus soon. 
 
 In most of the districts the teachers employed last year 
 are retained and this speaks well for the harmony in the 
 schools. All things considered the schools of Sweetwater coun- 
 ty are in a prosperous condition. 
 
 Respectful) V sul)mitted 
 
 " RUTH JONES, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 TINT A COCNTY 
 
 I take pleasure in complying with your re(iuest for a sum- 
 mary of school conditions in Uinta county for the past two 
 years. The opening of the year 1912 found our school districts 
 in a very chaotic condition owing to the separation of the coun- 
 ty into Lincoln and lUnta counties. The boundary between 
 the two counties divided the territory of District Nineteen and 
 left us with a stretch of unorganized district. This did not 
 have enough population to warrant the formation of a new 
 district. In addition to this the territory comprised in District 
 Number Twenty was open to abandonment under the law as 
 the records in my office proved that school had not been main- 
 tained in this district for three months in either 1910 or 1911. 
 Petitions were filed in my office praying for the division of 
 existing districts and there seemed no other remedy than a 
 total re-districting of the entire county. Under the new law 
 this was done by the District Boundary Board and after futile 
 endeavors to re-district on the lines set forth by the various 
 petitions, a compromise was made by throwing the county into 
 five large districts. In three of these districts the district school 
 board has been increased to six members and the schools are 
 progressing very rapidly, but of course all friction has not been 
 eliminated as time has to be given for new plans to regulate 
 themselves. However, from the brief time our large districts 
 have been operating I consider that consolidation of districts 
 a vast improvement over small poorly-organized districts. The 
 weak spots in the new regime seem to be Almy, District Num- 
 ber Two, and South Cumberland in District Four. These 
 places are now receiving the attention of the District Boun- 
 
52 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 dary Board and an effort will be made to place them on the 
 same footing as the rest of the county. 
 
 We have had several new school buildings erected in the 
 last two years — one in District Two, one in District Three and 
 a two-room graded building now contracted for in the same 
 district, and a splendid four-room building in District Four as 
 well as two one-room buildings. District One is now erecting 
 a magnificent High School building which will be completed 
 and in use by the first of the year. The present High School 
 building will become another grade building as the rapid in- 
 crease of school children in this district is overcrowding the 
 present capacity. 
 
 By mutual agreement of the districts at the time of accept- 
 ing the present school boundaries, no tuition is charged any- 
 where in the county so our schools are free to all children. This 
 enables a child in one district to attend a school in another 
 district Avhieh is more accessible to him than his own. 
 
 The change in the school laws whereby the apportionment 
 of school funds is based upon the number of teachers employed 
 in place of the school census has been an advantage to the 
 isolated children of this county as now a teacher is furnished 
 for a smaller number of children than heretofore. The num- 
 ber of teachers in each district has been increased and the 
 special district tax has been materially lowered throughout 
 the county. 
 
 Two of our larger districts have made an entire change of 
 textbooks for their schools and I am assured that this will be 
 followed in at least one and perhaps two other districts this 
 year. Agriculture has been taught in the schools of the count}' 
 and the teachers report that it has proven a very interesting 
 subject both from their own and their pupils' standpoint. Dis- 
 trict Number One has placed a regular course in Domestic Arts 
 and also in manual training in their schools this year and have 
 engaged special teachers for both branches. 
 
 Teachers' salaries have been materially advanced in all 
 districts and on the other hand, district boards are raising the 
 standard of requirements along the lines of experience and 
 professional training. Inexperienced teachers are obliged to 
 attend a summer normal training course at least before their 
 applications are considered and most of our districts refuse to 
 employ a young teacher who has not had High School train- 
 ing. The young teachers are showing a laudable effort to raise 
 their certificates to First or Professional classes and to grasp 
 all opportunities for professional training. The majority of 
 our teachers are normal trained graduates with experience, a 
 great many of them having been engaged from outside the 
 state. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 53 
 
 Our county is as a whole upon a very creditable financial 
 basis and our district school boards are composed of the rep- 
 I'esentative business men of the community who are uniting 
 their efforts to advance our public school system. I consider 
 that our schools are in a very encouraging condition. 
 
 We have five school districts employing at present fifty- 
 four teachers with an enrollment for the year 1913-14 of one 
 thousand four hundred fifty-two children at a cost of tuition 
 per pupil of $87.53 cents. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 IVA THOMAS-IRISH, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 WASHAKIE COUNTY 
 
 Washakie county is one of our youngest and smallest 
 counties and has but 482 pupils of school age. The county is 
 divided into eight school districts, maintaining 19 schools, and 
 employs 25 teachers. 
 
 Worland, the county seat, has the only graded school in 
 the county. Music and Drawing, Manual Training and Domes- 
 tic Science have l)een added to the course during the last few 
 years. 
 
 In almost every rural school in the county some work in 
 these subjects has been done. Of course the schools are Avith- 
 out the proper e(iuipment, but it is surprising what the in- 
 genious teacher can do, especiall.y when her heart is in her 
 work. I am glad to say that Washakie county has some of 
 tliese teachers. 
 
 At the annual "Washakie Day," which in this county 
 takes the place of the "County Fair" a school exhibit was ar- 
 ranged. This exhibit consisted of the regular school work, 
 penmanship, map drawing, composition work, etc. and to this 
 Avas added a fine exhibit of plain scAving, embroidery, canned 
 fruit and vegetables, corn, potatoes and grain. Next year we 
 hope for a still better display. 
 
 We have held two Joint Institutes with Big Horn county, 
 last year at Basin during Thanksgiving week and this year at 
 Worland during the Aveek of September Ttli to 12tli. At both 
 institutes a large number of teachers Avas present and the ses- 
 sions proA'cd both pleasant and profitable. 
 
 The last fcAv years have shoAvn a remarkable increase in 
 teachers' Avages. Teachers holding First Grade ceritfieates are 
 noAV receiving $75 per month and most districts are paying $60 
 to teachers having second grade certificates. We noAV haA'e but 
 fcAv teachers Avith third grade certificates. 
 
54 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 The length of term is another matter that is receiving 
 iinieh attention. But one district in the county has a six 
 months term, all the others have a longer term. 
 
 Considering the fact that ours is a new county, and that 
 many of the districts are sparsely settled, the schools of Wash- 
 akie county have made remarkable progress during the last 
 two years. With the same hearty support and co-operation of 
 patrons and school l^oards that has been manifested in the past 
 two years, the futui'e of the schools of this county looks bright 
 indeed. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MARY L. HATFIELD. 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 WESTON COUNTY. 
 
 In response to your request I submit the following report 
 of tlie schools of Weston county for the years 1913-1914. 
 
 Much good has been accomplished in our schools the last 
 two years. Our teachers have done very creditable work. 
 They are using every efit'ort to keep their work carefully graded 
 and follow the state course of study. 
 
 There are 3257 children of school age in the county. Of 
 these 987 belong to District Number One Avhich includes Up- 
 ton, Cambria and Newcastle. There are now eight teachers in 
 Newcastle, four in Upton and seven in Cambria. 
 
 Several improvements have been made in our ))uihUngs 
 Nine new school houses were built and several improved and 
 remodeled. Two large rooms have been added to the Cambria 
 building. 
 
 Terms have l>een lengthened from six to eight months in 
 several schools and teachers' salaries have been raised five 
 dollars per month. 
 
 Some of our teachers have attended our University especi- 
 ally during the summer and more plan on going. Many of us 
 realize that we have missed much by not being able to attend 
 our University, but may yet take advantage of its opportuni- 
 ties and we encourage our teachers and young people to at- 
 tend. 
 
 Our institutes have been most helpful — the one just closed 
 being one of the best we ever had. We were fortunate in hav- 
 ing President Duniway with us one day and such instructors 
 as Dr. Butterworth, Mr. Oviatt and Miss Prahl. We are much 
 indebted to the University for sending an instructor in Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 The Weston County Teachers" Association usually meets 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 5 5 
 
 tlu'ct^ tiiiics a year, oiiee in each town. Meetings are piainied 
 for the coming- yeai-. 
 
 Altogetlier the ontlook is l)i'ighl and we look foi' nmcli 
 good woi-k this year. 
 
 Respectfully suhinitted, 
 
 ORISE L. CARPENTER, 
 
 (^oimty Superintendent. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING 
 
 Tliere have l)een only certain internal changes in the or- 
 ganization of the Tni versify as compared with the preceding 
 biennium. \>y appropriate action, the Graduate School has 
 been discontinued as such. The University has had only a few 
 students woi'king for or attaining the graduate degrees. Its 
 function is properly the carrying on of undergraduate instruc- 
 tion, postponing until a future time the more extensive and 
 more difficult work of a true Graduate School. It is the policy 
 of the administration to encourage the graduates of the insti- 
 tution to seek their postgraduate w^ork elsewhere in the best 
 developed and most highly e(|uipped universities where special 
 provision is made for advanced research. Nevertheless, a cer- 
 tain number of students seek the University of Wyoming, find- 
 ing here satisfactory courses along special lines for postgrad- 
 uate woi'k. 
 
 Another step in reorganization was taken by the creation 
 of the College of Education, embracing the State Normal School 
 for the jn-eparation of primary and intermediate teachers and 
 the Department of Secondary Education for the training of 
 high school teachers. At the same time, the State Preparatory 
 school became the Training High School of the University. The 
 reorganization thus made, emphasizes two essential facts. The 
 first is that the University is now prepared to fulfil its function 
 of training high school teachers as well as those for the usual 
 first eight grades of the public schools. The second point is 
 that the work of the University is primarily devoted to caring 
 for the interests of students of college grade. Only small num- 
 bers are admitted in high school standing and these in order to 
 provide practice teaching for university seniors who are going 
 into the teaching profession. 
 
 The University Extension Department was fully reorga- 
 nized, the directorship being taken over by the President of 
 the University. With these changes, making possible more 
 adequate attention to the Department, lecture courses were 
 multiplied and a striking growth took place in correspondence 
 study work. 
 
56 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 It continues to be true, as heretofore, that tliis consoli- 
 dated State University with its avoidance of duplication and 
 \vitli its use of co-operating departments furnishes a wide scope 
 of educational training nnder Wyoming conditions with marked 
 economy and efficiency. 
 
 The organization of the University at the present time em- 
 l)raees the following Colleges and Departments: 
 
 The College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 The College of Agriculture. 
 
 The College of Engineering. 
 
 The College of Education. 
 
 (1) State Normal School. 
 (2) Department of Secondary Education. 
 
 The Department of Commerce. 
 
 The Department of Home Economics. 
 
 The Department of Music. 
 
 The Teachers' Training High School. 
 
 The Department of University Extension. 
 
 The Summer School. 
 
 Admission Requirements. 
 
 During tlic hist ])ieniiium, a few changes were made in ad- 
 mission reijuireuu'nts for the Departments and Colleges of the 
 University. Admission to the four Colleges, namely. Liberal 
 Arts, Agriculture, Engineering, and Education, and the De- 
 l^artment of Houie Economics is l)ased upon the completion of 
 a standard four year high school course, including at least 
 fifteen units. Admission to the Department of Commerce may 
 be granted to students who have completed two years of high 
 school work, thus putting this Department upon a reasonable 
 standard of efficiency. In the Departments of Music and TTni- 
 versity Extension, and in the Summer School, admission re- 
 ((uirements are made flexible, although students working in 
 these Departments and looking toward LTniverstiy degrees or 
 diplomas must conform to regular standards. 
 
 It is a subject for congratulation and one meeting growing 
 appreciation from high school authorities that the University 
 of Wyoming accepts the graduates of four year high school 
 courses for entrance into its freshman class without ])rescrib- 
 ing the content of such high school courses. Through the 
 curriculum outlined for the Universtiy Training High School, 
 an effort is made to illustrate the standard and to set an ex- 
 ample for high school education. 
 
 The College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 Unless students come to the University with a definite 
 vocational purpose, they naturally register in the College of 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 57 
 
 Ijibeivil Arts. Here a earefully regulated elective system is in 
 operation. Students are not permitted to waste their time by 
 electing work in Departments without co-ordination or visible 
 purpose. For graduation, each student must do satisfactory 
 work amounting to at least twenty-six credit hours in some one 
 major department, besides completing at least fifteen credit 
 hours in each of two departments as minors. The variety of 
 courses in the College of Liberal Arts leads to their wide use 
 by students who may be primarily eni'olled in other Colleges 
 or Departments. 
 
 The requirements for graduation in the College of Liberal 
 Arts ai-e the completion of one hundred and twenty-six credit 
 hours, including majors and minors as just specified and also 
 satisfactorj' work in English, Physical Training and Military 
 Drill. During the biennium, the work of all other colleges and 
 Departments was so arranged as to make their graduation re- 
 <|uirements uniform as to credit hours with these in the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts. 
 
 The College of Agriculture. 
 
 The Board of Trustees resolved in the Fall of 1912 to pro- 
 ceed with the erection of an Agricultural Hall to accommodate 
 the College of Agriculture, the Wyoming Experiment Station 
 and related scientific departments. The completion of the 
 building did not take place within the period of the biennium. 
 However it will be occupied during the academic year 1914-15. 
 The i)ast two years have brought a gratifying increase in the 
 nunil)ers of students coming to the College of Agriculture. 
 Then^ was also a growing demand for the establishment of a 
 School of Agriculture of secondary grade, which should be 
 provided as soon as funds will permit. 
 
 The Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
 In connection with the Agricultural College of the Uni- 
 versity of Wyoming, the Wyoming Agricultural p]xperiment 
 Station, financed mostly by the Cnited States Government, car- 
 ries on practical experiments and scientific investigations in 
 field agriculture, irrigation, livestock, veterinary science and 
 relateil sciences. Scientific bulletins are issued and distributed 
 free of cost to citizens of the state. Briefer and more popular 
 statements of the work of the Experiment Station, together 
 with appropriate matter from the Agricultural College, are pub- 
 lished in the Wyoming Farm Bulletin issued monthly and sent 
 without cost to citizens of Wyoming. 
 
 It is a matter for regret that the state has not provided 
 funds to permit the establishment of sub-stations or demon- 
 stration farms at various points in Wyoming. To a consider- 
 
58 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 able extent, f;iniiers throughout the state nve now co-opei-ating 
 witli the Agricultural College and Experiment Station, nuiking 
 tests and demonstrations with seed furnislnnl to them. 
 
 The College of Engineering. 
 
 This College has attracted the larger number of the young 
 men who have come to the Cnivei-sity. although the College 
 of Agriculture is now sharing the iiitci-esl of men students. In 
 its several Departments. Mechanical and Electi'ical Engineer- 
 ing, Civil and li-i-igation Engineering. jMining Engineering, this 
 College is fairly well e(juipped for undei'graduate instruc- 
 tion, except that it needs a new building to acconuuodate its 
 laboratories, shops, drawing rooms and class rooms. The pres- 
 ent Engineering building was constructed as cheaply as possible 
 twenty-one years ago and has now become inadequate for its 
 
 1)I11'])0SCS. 
 
 state Normal School and the College of Education. 
 
 Diii-ing the bieujiium. the (enrollment of students in the 
 State Normal School has increased largely. At the same time 
 an unusual number have enrolled for secondary education. 
 The building constructed for the usc^ of the State Normal 
 School four years ago is crowded and needs an extension. 
 Craduates in either of the Departments of this professional 
 College are tilling places in schools all over Wyoming and the 
 graduates in each successive class ai"e ni immediate demand by 
 sui)eriijtendents and school l)oards. 
 
 Department of Home Economics. 
 
 This important Department is conducted in a space taking 
 about one-half of the first floor of the women's dormitory. At 
 the time the arrangement was made, the i"ooms in the dormi- 
 tory were not fully occupied by women students and the new 
 Deparl)nent of Home Economics seemed to have space suffi- 
 cient for its needs. The developments of the l)iennium. how- 
 ever, have l)rought such an increase of women students that 
 the Department of Home Economics needs more space at the 
 same time that the rooms in the dormitory are insufficient for 
 students who need to live in the building. Since no gi-eatei- 
 expansion for the Department of Home Economics can take 
 place in Women's Hall, the need of a new building especially 
 designed for such work has become obvious. 
 
 The Summer School. 
 
 The Summer School of the University has continued its 
 remarkable growth. The attendance of the fifth session in 
 IDll was sixty-eight students. In 1912 the enrolhnent had 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 59 
 
 grown to one hundred and six and in 1913 to one hundred and 
 forty-nine. In 1914 the session beginning on June 15th brought 
 an enrollment of two hundred and nine. Instruction in the 
 Summer School is now eagerly sought by the teachers of the 
 state of every grade, including nund^ers of superintendents, 
 principals and high school teachers. Furthermore a number 
 of people not in the teaching profession and not students of 
 the University in regular sessions, find in the Summer School 
 a variety of courses suited to their needs and giving them six 
 weeks of inspirational study. In certain cases, the regular 
 faculty of the University is supplemented by bringing in special 
 instructors of distinction in their various fields. In 1913 Pro- 
 fessoT' H. L. Miller of the University of Wisconsin. Professor 
 P. E. Davidson of Stanford University and Miss Lorna E. Anuis 
 of the Colorado Agricidtural College were special instructors. 
 In 1914 the special instructors included Professor George E. 
 Howard of the University of Nebraska, Professor R. A. Sehweg- 
 ler of the University of Kansas, Professor H. W. Foght of the 
 Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Miss Lorna E. Annis 
 of Colorado and Miss N. E. Hicok of ]\Iuscatine, Iowa. In ad- 
 dition, a number of superintendents and principals in active 
 service in Wyoming schools Avere l)rought into the Summer 
 Faculty to teach elementary branches required for teachers' 
 certificates. 
 
 University Extension. 
 
 Consideralile advance has I)een made in the organization 
 and work of University Extension. In 1913 an appropriation 
 of five thousand dollars for Agricultural Extension was granted 
 In' the legislature and was made immediately available. With 
 the use of this appropriation, an agreement for co-operative 
 work was made with the Federal Department of Agriculture. 
 A State Leader and an Assistant State Leader in Farm Man- 
 agement and Demonstration work were appointed. Two Coun- 
 ty Agi-icultural Agents in Fremont and Sheridan counties were 
 appointed. Farmers" Institutes were organized and held in 
 every county in the state. Teachers' institutes were reached by 
 special instructors assisting the teachers to carry out the pro- 
 visions of a new law under which Elementary Agriculture must 
 be taught in all public schools. 
 
 Directly connected with this work of Agricultural Exten- 
 sion are the problems of the Smith-Lever Act which recently 
 became law. Under this Act. the University is now to receive 
 ten thousand dollars per year which can be expended only for 
 Extension work in Home Economics and Agriculture. Without 
 discontinuing the organization and work already done, a com- 
 petent stall* will promptly begin to reach the people of the State 
 in all sections in these important matters. 
 
60 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Uiiiverstiy Extension oiitt^ide of Agriculture, altlu)ugh 
 partly including it, has also been carried on by lecture courses 
 and by correspondence study. Without mentioning a large 
 number of individual lectures, courses usually of six each have 
 been given in Laramie (two courses), Rawlins, Cheyenne (two 
 courses), Sheridan, Douglas and Casper. The Correspondence 
 Study Department has had an enrollment of fifty-six students. 
 It is an interesting fact that seven of these Avere under de- 
 tention iu the State Penitentiary at Rawlins. 
 
 The Faculty. 
 
 The membership of the Faculty in all Departments for in- 
 struction during the liiennium is appended. This list includes 
 /ill who served during any portion of the period but does not 
 include those appointed for the year 1914-15. 
 
 Clyde Augustus Duniway, A. M., Ph. D., LL. D.. President 
 and Professor of History. 
 
 Aven Nelson, A. M.. Ph. 1)., Professor of Biology and 
 Curator of Rocky i\Iountain Herbarium. 
 
 Justice Freeland Soule, A. M.. Professor of (Treek and 
 Latin. 
 
 Henry Merz, M. A.. Professor of German and French (on 
 leave of absence 1913-14). 
 
 Charles Bascoui Ridgaway. A. ]\I., Sc. 1).. Professor of 
 ]\fathematics. 
 
 Agnes Matliilde AVergelaud, Ph. D., Professor of History 
 and Spanish (Deceased, March 6th, 1914). 
 
 Helen Middlekauff, Professor of the English Language and 
 Literature 1912-18. Correspondence Professor of English. 
 Latin and German. 1913-14, and continuing. 
 
 Henry Granger Knight, M. A.. Dean of the College of Agri- 
 culture, Director of the Experiment Station and Professor of 
 Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 June E. Downey. M. A., Ph. D., Professor of Philosophy 
 and English. 
 
 Grace Raymond Hebard, M. A. Ph. D.. Professor of Polit- 
 ical Economy and Librarian. 
 
 Eluier George Hoefer, 1>. S., Pi-ofessoi- of ^lechanical and 
 Electrical Engineering. 
 
 John Conrad Fitterer. C. E., Professor of Civil and Irri- 
 gation Engineering. 
 
 Arthur Emmons Bellie, M. ^., Professor of Physics. 
 
 Alpheus Davis Faville, B. S.. Professor of Animal Hus- 
 ])andry. and Station Husbandman. . 
 
 John A. Hill, B. S., Wood Specialist and Professor of Tex- 
 tile Industry. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 61 
 
 Otto Louis Prien, M. D. V., B. S., Professor of Veterinary 
 Science and Station Veterinarian (on leave of absence 1912-13). 
 
 Thomas S. Parsons, M. S., Professor of Agronomy and Sta- 
 tion Agronomist. 
 
 John Oscar Creager, M. A., Principal of the State Normal 
 School and Professor of Education. 
 
 Albert C. Boyle, Jr., M. E., A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
 Mining Engineering. 
 
 Frederick William Heyl, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry. 
 (Not continuing 1913-14). 
 
 Ross B. Moudy, M. S., Professor of Chemistry, and State 
 Chemist. 
 
 Emeline Storm Whitcomb, B. S.. Professor of Home Eco- 
 nomics. 
 
 Beverly C. Daly, First Lieutenant U. S. A., Retired, Pro- 
 fessor of Militaiy Science and Tactics. 
 
 Carl Eben Stormquist, Ph. D.. Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Benjamin H. Grave, Ph. D., Pi-ofessor of Zoology. (Not 
 continuing 1913-14.) 
 
 Roland Henry Prien, M. D. V., Acting Professor of Veteri- 
 nary Science and Station Veterinarian. (1912-13 only). 
 
 Sylvester K. Loy. Ph. D., Research Chemist, also Profes- 
 sor of Chemistry beginning 1913. 
 
 Albert E. Bowman, B. S., Extension Professor of Agricul- 
 ture, and Assistant State Leader of Farm Management and 
 Field Demonstrations. Beginning 1913. 
 
 Raymond Burnett Pease, A. M., Professor of English. Be- 
 ginning 1913. 
 
 Julian Edward Butterworth, J\l. A.. Ph. D., Professor of 
 Secondary Education. Beginning 1913. 
 
 Charles J. Oviatt, M. S., Extension Professor of Agricul- 
 ture and State Leader of Farm Management and Field Demon- 
 strations. (On leave of absence 1912-13; resigned April 20th. 
 1914). 
 
 John William Scott, A. M., Ph. D.. Professor of Zoology 
 and Research Parasitologist. Beginning 1913. 
 
 E. Deane Hunton, B. S., Assistant Professor of Commer- 
 cial Subjects. 
 
 Emma Howell Knight, B. A., Adviser of Women and As- 
 sistant Professor of Home Economics. 
 
 Karl T. Steik, A. M., Engineering CluMiiist, also Assistant 
 Professor of Chemistry, beginning 1913. 
 
 Abram Gideon, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of German and 
 French. 1913-14 only. 
 
 Ruth Adsit. Supervisor of the Training Grade School. 
 
 Eva Meek, Director of Department of Music and Instruc- 
 tor in Vocal Music and Violin. On leave of absence 1913-14. 
 
62 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Frank Sumner Burrage, B. A., Secretary of the Board of 
 Trustees, Registrar, and Secretary to the President. 
 
 William Harlow Reed, Curator of the Museum and Instruc- 
 tor in Geology. 
 
 Ralph W. Thacker, B. A.. Athletic Director, lieginning 
 1913. 
 
 Louis A. Reilly. B. A., Acting Director Department of 
 Music and Instructor in Vocal Music. 1913-14 only. 
 
 Rohert J. Cowper, Instructor in Shop Work. 
 
 Mabelle A. Land DeKay, B. A., Instructor in P^nglish. 
 
 Maude Hammond Fling, M. A., Instructor in (rreek and 
 Latin. Not continuing 1913-14. 
 
 Amy Gunnell Abl)ot, B. A., Instructor in German. 
 
 Otto G. Wichmann, Instructor in German. 
 
 James McLay, Instructor in Animal Husbandary aiul Stock 
 Superintendent. (Resigned September 1st, 1913). 
 
 John L. Ilunton. Instructor in Piano. (Not continuing 
 1913-14). 
 
 Wilbur Hitchcock, B. S.. Instructor in Engineering. 
 
 Katharine Lorenz Powel, Ph. B. Instructor in Houie Eco- 
 nomics. 
 
 Mae Merle Kissick, B. A., B. S., Instructor in History. 
 (Not continuing 1913-14). 
 
 Leon G. Exelby, B. S., Athletic Coach and Instructor in 
 Animal Husbandry. Resigned February 19th, 1913). 
 
 Milton Josiah Mallery, M. A., Instructor in Commercial 
 Subjects. 
 
 Annie Wilson Rowland, Mus. B., Instructor in Piano and 
 Organ. 
 
 Jesse Meander Mann, B. A., Instructor in Botany. 
 
 Laura A. White, A. M., Instructor in History. Beginning 
 1913. 
 
 Clara Frances Mclntyre, A. M., Instructor in English. Be- 
 ginning 1913. 
 
 George Currie, A. M., Instructoi' in Greek and Latin. Be- 
 ginning 1913. 
 
 Katherine E. Nenno, Insti-uctoi- in Geography and Arith- 
 metic. 
 
 Mav McDearraon, Mus. B.. Instructor in Violin and Piano. 
 1913-14 'only. 
 
 Elizabeth Henry, Ph. li.. Assistant Librarian. P>eginning 
 1913. 
 
 Clara H. Prabl, Jl A., B. Ped.. Critic Teacher in the Train- 
 ing School. 
 
 Gertrude E. Pouting, B. A., Critic Teacher in the Ti-aining 
 School. Not continuing 1913-14. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 63 
 
 J. Ethel Brown, B. A., Superivsov of Music in tht^ Training 
 School. Not, continuing- 1918-14. 
 
 Dorothy Worthington, B. A.. 15. Bed.. Critic Teaclu'r in the 
 Training School. 
 
 Marion Roherts, B. Peel., Critic Teacher in the Training 
 School. Not continuing 1913-14. 
 
 Flora Nethercote, Supervisor of Drawing in the Ti-aining 
 School. Not continuing 1913-14. 
 
 Katherine Nenno. Critic Teacher in the Training School. 
 Not continuing 1913. 
 
 '. lara E. liownian. Critic Teacher in the Training School. 
 Not continuing 1913. 
 
 Eugenia M. Neer, Critic Teacher in the T]-aining School. 
 Beginning 1913. 
 
 Anna Rice. B. Fed.. Critic Teaclnn- in the Ti-aining School. 
 Beginning 1913. 
 
 Helen A. Nelson. Assistant in Training School. Not con- 
 tinuing 1913-14. 
 
 Alice Downey. Assistant in the Training School. 
 
 Lucile Wright, Assistant in the Training School. 
 
 Mary Hollenback, Assistant in the Training School. 
 
 Emma Weltv, Assistant in the Training School. Beginning 
 1913. 
 
 Frank Edgar Hepner, M. S., Research Chemist. 
 
 LeRoy Swingle. Ph. D., Research Parasitologist. Not con- 
 tinuing 1913-14. 
 
 Merritt McGee. A. M., Assistant State Chemist. Not con- 
 tinuing 1913-14. 
 
 Elvin Verne Lynn, M. A., Assistant Research Chemist. Be- 
 ginning 1913. 
 
 James Everett McWilliams, B. S., Assistant Wool Special- 
 ist. Beginning 1913. 
 
 Edward Noel Roberts, B. A.. Assistant Research (Uiemist. 
 Heginning 1913. 
 
 Herbert Ellsworth McCartney, li. S.. County Agriculturist, 
 Sheridan County. Beginning 1913. 
 
 Arthur Lawrence Campbell, B. S., County Agriculturist, 
 Fremont Countv. Begiiuiing' 1913. 
 
64 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Summary of Enrollment. 
 
 I9i2-i;j I9i;i-14 
 
 In graduate standing 8 14 
 
 Seniors 15 25 
 
 Juniors -_ 27 20 
 
 Sophomores 32 31 
 
 Freshmen 47 80 
 
 Special 41 32 
 
 Training High School 43 46 
 
 Music (not taking other subjects 19 9 
 
 Short Course 5 
 
 Summer School 106 149 
 
 338 411 
 
 Correspondence Study Depai-tiiient 11 56 
 
 349 467 
 
 Less names counted more than once 20 44 
 
 329 423 
 
 C. A. DUNIWAY, 
 
 President. 
 
BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 State Superintendent 
 of Public In^tru^ion 
 
 THE STATE OF WYOMING 
 1915-1916 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 V^^'::S SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC 
 
 INSTRUCTION 
 
 1915-1916 
 
 EDITH K. o. CLARK, Superintendent 
 
 1916 
 
 Quality Print Shop, Cheyenne 
 
3/r 
 
 1« Of D. 
 
 APR 3 1917 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming 
 
 To His Excellency. 
 Jolm I>. Kendrick 
 
 Governor of W,>'oming-. 
 Sir: — T have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial 
 Report of this office for the two years ending September 30th. 
 1916, setting forth the conditions of this department, as re- 
 "(uired by law. 
 
 Very respectfully jours, 
 
 EDITH K. 0. CLARK. 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
REPORT 
 
 Office of 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Sept. 30, 1916. 
 
 In compliance with the provisions of Section 263 of the 
 Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1910, I have the honor to sub- 
 mit herewith the biennial report of the State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction for the period of the two years beginning 
 October 1st, 1914, and ending September 30th, 1916, show- 
 ing as fully as possible the growth and development of the 
 public school system throughout the state. 
 
 The statistics herein enumerated are compiled chiefly from 
 the reports furnished the office of the State Superintendent by 
 the several County Superintendents of the State. These reports 
 show the receipts and disbursements of the state, county and 
 district school funds ; the number of schools in each district ; 
 the number of pupils attending school in each district ; the 
 number of teachers and their grades of certificates ; the value 
 of school property, and other facts that are deemed necessary 
 for the information of the Legislature and the Governor and 
 that are of interest to the j^ublic. 
 
 Statistics, however, are not the most satisfactory means 
 of reporting actual school conditions. Your attention is there- 
 fore called especially to the brief articles submitted by the 
 various county superintendents and to the following topics 
 which have been emphasized by the State Department of Public 
 Instruction during the past biennium. 
 
 No specific recommendations for legislation are incor- 
 porated here because the School Code Committee, created by the 
 Thirteenth Legislature, of which the State Superintendent is 
 chairman, is submitting its report as a separate publication. 
 Suffice it to say that the legislation recommended is based upon 
 exhaustive investigations within Wyoming which disclosed a 
 deplorable lack of state standards of education. 
 
 Visits of State Superintendent 
 
 During the twenty-one months now closing, which cover 
 the period served by the present State Superintendent, it has 
 been the aim of the State Department of Education to become 
 in touch with actual local school conditions throughout Wyo- 
 ming. To accomplish this, visits to practically all of the 
 County Teachers' Institutes and extensive trips into the remote 
 
6 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 parts of the rurnl coiniuuuities have been made witli most 
 of the eoimty superintendents. Meetings have been held with 
 teachers, school trnstees and patrons which have established 
 a much closer relationship between these isolated communities 
 and the State Department. A complete chronological record 
 of these trips has been kept in the office, together with news- 
 paper reports and photographs taken along the way. which will 
 be of value to the Department. 
 
 During the })eriod covered by this report the State Super- 
 intendent has attended two meetings of the Department of 
 Superintendence of the National Education Association, one 
 general convention of the N. E. A. and one meeting of "Western 
 State Superintendents. As a result of these conferences, Wyo- 
 ming has had the benefit of the personal interest and co-opera- 
 tion of educators of national reputation, conspicuous among 
 whom is Hon. P. P. Claxton, United States ('Ommissiouer of 
 Education, at whose direction we have received much A'ery 
 constructive help from the United States Bureau of Education 
 in making our Wyoming School Survey, 
 
 Wyoming Education Associations 
 
 C!lose affiliation with others in the same profession is recog- 
 nized as one of the most effective means of keeping abreast of 
 the times. As it has been important for the chief educational 
 officer of the state to meet with similar officials from elsewhere, 
 just so is it imperative for school people of Wyoming to have 
 an organization for the discussions of their problems. 
 
 The Wyoming State Teachers' Association, first formed 
 in 1891 and later reorganized in 1904, has met annually since 
 the latter date. It publishes each month during the school 
 year the Wyoming School Journal, a pamphlet devoted to state 
 school news and articles of educational inspiration. 
 
 As branches of the Wyoming State Teachers' Association 
 there are departments of County Superintendents, City Super- 
 intendents and Principals, High Schools, Elementary and Rural 
 Education, and a section for School Trustees is being con- 
 templated. Associations of School District Trustees already 
 exist in several of the counties of the state and are strong 
 factors in promoting a right spirit toward educational activi- 
 ties. 
 
 School Libraries 
 
 There is no doubt that the ability to read well and to 
 choose good reading is one of the most important things that 
 can be taught a child in school. Yet much too little attention 
 has been given to the development of libraries in the schools. 
 The present law permits a district to vote annually a sum not 
 to exceed $100 for library purposes. Very few districts avail 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 7 
 
 themselves of this privilege. It is for this reason that the 
 State Department of Education hopes to emphasize during 
 the coming two years the school library. Definite and specific 
 i-eading courses will be outlined for which school credit can 
 be given, and every effort will be made to organize a school 
 travelling library system. The selection of books for these 
 libraries sliould be made so as to serve the adult population 
 of the community as well as the school children, therel)y form- 
 ing a 1)011(1 between th(^ parents and the school. 
 
 Social Centers 
 
 Wyoming is just beginning to show an interest in the won- 
 derful possi])ilities of the school as a social center. There is 
 little to report at this time upon the subject, l)ut we mention 
 it here chiefly to indicate that it is one of the points to be en- 
 couraged by the State Department of Education. 
 
 Building Campaign 
 
 Closely related to the topic just preceding is the campaign 
 being vigorously i:)ushed for better school buildings. Should 
 the proposed School Code be adopted the (|uestion of efficient 
 school house construction wull be greatly simplified. Mean- 
 while, believing that the amount of money appropriated for 
 school liouse construction could be made to yield infinitely 
 better results if trustees had some means of securing expert 
 suggestion, and that many school ])oards would be glad to 
 avail themselves of help, the State Department of Public In- 
 struction has issued and distributed a "bulletin of IJuilding 
 Suggestions for Rural and Village Schools." The eo-opei-ation 
 resulting from this eflPort has heeu most gratif>'ing. 
 
 Humane Treatment of Animals 
 
 Through the generous assistance of the Wyoming Humane 
 Society, teachers throughout the State have been supplied, free 
 upon re(juest, with pamphlets and literature for giving in- 
 struction in this subject which is required l)y law. The Society 
 has reported to the State Superintendent that it is ecpiipped 
 to render the same service during the coming biennium. 
 
 Wyoming Pioneer History 
 
 One of the most vital subjects which can be taught in any 
 school is the history of the state and the local commimity. 
 We have no school history of Wyoming. Hut there are living 
 in every county and nearly every community men and women 
 who know from personal experience much of our "early day" 
 historv. 
 
S BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 In the state course of study for elementary scliools i)ub- 
 lished by the State Department of Education in 1915. special 
 emphasis was placed upon the holding once annually in every 
 school a "Wyoming Day, collecting all available material for 
 an appropriate program. Teachers were urged to ask the 
 ''old timers" of the community to take part in the exer- 
 cises with stories of their own experiences. It was suggested 
 that wherever possible an exhibit of relics and pictures be ar- 
 ranged. The mosf significant date for "Wyoming Day'' is 
 July tenth, the anniversary of the admission in 1890 of our 
 state to the Union, but this of course falls during the vacation 
 period in most schools, therefore no .specific date was designated 
 for these exercises. It was thought best to allow county 
 superintendents or local school authorities to choose a time 
 which would coincide with their other plans. 
 
 During the past year a number of schools have reported 
 most successful "Wyoming Day" celebrations and plans are 
 being set on foot already for a continuation of the custom this 
 Avinter. 
 
 State School Scrap-Book 
 
 In the spi-ing of 1915 the State Superintendent began the 
 keeping of a State School Scrap-Book. Letters of appeal were 
 sent to County Superintendents and notices Avere printed in 
 the Wyoming School Journal asking ereri/hodij to send to the 
 State office clippings telling of school activities in their local 
 communities. The requests for scrap-book articles has con- 
 tinued, but the response has been disappointing. Care has 
 been taken -to immediately enter under their proper heads all 
 contributions received, but the scrap-l)ook is not as represen- 
 tative as it should be. It is hoped that during the coming 
 biennium more communities will co-operate in developing this 
 most interesting feature of the State Department of Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 Wyoming Plan of Military Training 
 
 In the February 1916 issue of Everybody's Magazine 
 there appeared a most vivid description of the cadet work in 
 the Cheyenne High School. Followhig the publishing of this 
 article newspapers all over the United States gave prominence 
 to the "Wyoming Plan" of military training introduced in 
 Cheyenne and developed later in Laramie, Rawlins, Douglas, 
 Casper, Newcastle, Afton and Lander. 
 
 The "Wyoming Plan" was originated by Lieutenant E. 
 IZ. Steever, U. S. A. (now Captain Steever), whose interest in 
 the high school boys led him to devote his spare time to this 
 aetivitv while detailed as Instructor of the Wyoming National 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 9 
 
 Guard. He emphasized the most valuable features in drill 
 work and introduced a splendid system of other exercises, con- 
 spicuous among which was wall scaling. 
 
 The State Department of Education has had so man}'' re- 
 (juests for information concerning the "Wyoming Plan" that 
 it is publishing with tlie assistance of Captain Steever, a small 
 l>ulletin outlining briefly its characteristic features. 
 
 The Education of the Immigrant 
 
 Although Wyoming is far removed from the Atlantic Sea- 
 board where the great mass of foreigners first come to the 
 United States there are a surprivsingly large number of aliens 
 in some of the coal mining and other districts in the state. 
 This fact brings to us the problem of preparing for effective 
 and intelligent citizenship the foreigner who applies for natur- 
 alization. 
 
 The State Department of Education has, during the past 
 two years in several needed localities, encouraged the estab- 
 lishment of schools for these new Americans. Courses have 
 been organized in Rock Springs, Kemmerer, Superior, Chey- 
 enne and Sunrise, chiefly through the effort of the public 
 school officials in co-operation with the United States Bureau 
 of Naturalization. Much help has ])een given by the Chief 
 of the Denver district, Mr. Paul Lee Ellerbe and his assistants. 
 But the undertaking so far has been less far reaching than 
 it should be. If we are to continue to admit the foreigner to 
 citizenship we should provide for his instruction. Much of this 
 can be done by the use of the public school plant and this use 
 should l)e encouraged wherever it is needed. 
 
10 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 On March 31st, 1915, the following amounts were dis- 
 tri})nted from the Common School Land Income Fund: 
 
 Countv. School Census. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany 2,167 $ 13,680.36 
 
 Big Horn 2,250 14,204.34 
 
 Campbell 443 2,796.68 
 
 Carbon 2.022 12,764.97 
 
 Converse 891 5,624.92 
 
 Crook 1,671 10,549.09 
 
 Fremont 1,699 10,725.86 
 
 Goshen 1,051 6,635.01 
 
 Hot Springs 615 3,882.52 
 
 Johnson 951 6,003.70 
 
 Laramie 4,591 28,983.17 
 
 Lincoln 4,111 25,952.91 
 
 Natrona 1,159 7,316.81 
 
 Niobrara 980 6,186.78 
 
 Park 1,332 8,408.97 
 
 Platte 1,425 8,996.08 
 
 Sheridan L 3,804 24,014.81 
 
 Sweetwater 2,864 18,080.55 
 
 Uinta 1,830 11,552.87 
 
 Washakie 482 3,042.89 
 
 Weston 1,257 7,935.49 
 
 Totals 37.595 $237,338.78 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 11 
 
 Xumber of Children in District According to Census 
 Between Afres 6 and 21, 1915. 
 
 (orXTIES 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 I'ark __ 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie 
 
 We ston 
 
 Totals __I___^~ Z I 19261 
 
 37713 11 828 | 615 | 1443 || 39156 
 
12 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
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SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
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SUPHRINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 15 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Campbell __ 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie __ 
 Weston 
 
 Qualification of Teachers Now Holding 
 Certificates 
 
 p5^ 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
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 6 
 3 
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 64 
 
 16 
 
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 26 
 
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 14 
 
 23 
 
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 12 
 
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IS BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 On March 31st, 1916, the following amounts were dig 
 tributed from the Common School Land Income Fund : 
 
 (.'ounty. School Census. Apportionment. 
 
 Albany 2,049 $ 17,192.29 
 
 Big Horn 2,401 20,145.78 
 
 Campbell 576 4,832.97 
 
 (Carbon 2,093 17,561.48 
 
 Converse 945 7,929.10 
 
 C^rook 2,206 18,509.62 
 
 Fremont " 1,839 15,430.27 
 
 Goshen 1,336 11,209.81 
 
 Hot Springs 675 5,663.64 
 
 Johnson 1,011 8,482.87 
 
 Laramie 4,147 34,795.74 
 
 Lincoln 4,321 36,255.69 
 
 Natrona 1.197 10,043.52 
 
 Niobrara 1,045 8,768.15 
 
 Park 1,477 12,392.88 
 
 Platte 1,581 13,265.50 
 
 Sheridan ^ 4,101 34,409.76 
 
 Sweetwater 2,867 24,055.79 
 
 Uinta 1,866 15,656.82 
 
 Washakie 523 4,388.27 
 
 Weston 1,328 11.142.69 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 19 
 
 
 Niinil)er 
 
 of Children in Counties 
 Between Ages 6 anc 
 
 xVecording to 
 21, 1910 
 
 Census 
 
 
 Native Born 
 
 Foreign Born 
 
 - -a 
 
 Cj 
 
 Counties 
 
 1161 
 
 1298 
 
 416 
 
 992 
 
 551 
 
 870 
 
 1060 
 
 863 
 
 411 
 
 542 
 
 1988 
 
 2266 
 
 669 
 
 509 
 
 855 
 
 897 
 
 2157 
 
 1352 
 
 979 
 
 313 
 
 710 
 
 5 
 
 1107 
 
 1210 
 
 370 
 
 981 
 
 469 
 
 859 
 
 1069 
 
 788 
 
 351 
 
 528 
 
 1966 
 
 2046 
 
 644 
 
 591 
 
 829 
 
 812 
 
 2030 
 
 1336 
 
 950 
 
 255 
 
 632 
 
 o 
 
 2268 
 2508 
 
 786 
 1973 
 1020 
 1729 
 2129 
 1651 
 
 762 
 1070 
 3954 
 4312 
 1313 
 1100 
 1684 
 1709 
 4189 
 2688 
 1929 
 
 568 
 1342 
 
 % 
 
 11 
 33 
 
 1 
 45 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 3 
 89 
 90 
 5 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 92 
 
 162 
 
 9 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 fa 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 56 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 
 97 
 
 130 
 
 3 
 
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 19 
 
 57 
 
 1 
 
 92 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 145 
 
 165 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 189 
 
 292 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 2287 
 
 
 2565 
 
 
 787 
 
 
 2065 
 
 
 1026 
 
 
 1736 
 
 
 2141 
 
 
 1667 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 777 
 1076 
 
 
 4099 
 
 
 4477 
 
 
 1319 
 
 
 1108 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 1685 
 
 1776 
 
 
 4378 
 
 
 2980 
 
 
 1941 
 
 Wasliakie 
 
 588 
 
 Weston 
 
 1354 
 
 Totals 
 
 20859 
 
 19823 
 
 40684 
 
 1 623 
 
 525 1 1148 
 
 41831 
 
20 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
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SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 21 
 
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22 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 ICl O C ^- S -"T X O •» S ut — C L- <0 1.^ X C C t~ (M ;-H 
 
 «0 O C N O O tH O X O N C^ O L- t- t- X t~ "-'? CO <D OS 
 
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 JKJOJj CO X •* X lO O 03 00 CO ■>* X LO O lO m CO CO O :0 W lO 
 
 O LO O LO to OS (N O m m LO !M 05 X O CO O O X CO ■* N 
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 :s ?) i> c c uo T] X — o c~ CO [- -^ •■; X -- ^: X -•■ — -t 
 
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SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 23 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn _ 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie _- 
 Weston 
 
 Qualification of Teachers Now Holding 
 Certificates 
 
 o^ 
 
 £ 
 
 15 
 3 
 
 5 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 5 
 3 
 7 
 7 
 6 
 1 
 5 
 4 
 14 
 40 
 3 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 02 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 
 19 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 
 28 
 
 66 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 
 38 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 47 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 81 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 21 
 
 
 8 
 
 1(5 
 
 5 
 
 
 D 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 22 
 
 56 
 
 41 
 
 
 27 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 Totals I 164 1 323 | 37 | 312 | 676 | 
 
 26 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 13 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 242 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
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 xux loonog ji% :SS^;^§_„ __ __ 
 
 unoQ raoj^j paAiaoajjiocoiooc^oioi t-ocoooin oco t-in 
 
 I (M CO •<ll CJ CO X CO I- Ol Cd ^ Ol rH in CO Ol Ol 
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 XCOXCd 
 
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 QTfiT 'T ^bW li-H CD cooio CD o oicoco o cox t- t-CD CO tJI CO -^ CO 
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 rHCDinOrHlO'^^D'^OCOt'CO 
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 COC^Xt-C0COXt>COlCl^rHCl 
 ■H(Mt-'^C0i-t(MrtOC](MrHiH 
 
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 ■^ CO O CO CO t' C- -^ CO "^ CTl t- Ol CO 
 
 iHi-ItH C)t- r^C^COinrHCl -* 
 
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 dr-llMiH iHCJIN (Nt-COOa '# ■^X j 
 
 sSuipimg lOoqog 
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 C- m CO 05 O CO CO •^ CO r-l tH C-1 "H bj Tjl t- Tjl 
 inCOinOO^COiHCidCOXr-l-^IMrH X 
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 oc<i"^cjinooi;jx 
 
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 75 
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26 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 TABLE SHOWING GROWTH OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM 
 
 
 
 "So 
 
 I/O 
 
 Number of 
 
 No. of Pupils 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 
 eachers 
 
 Enrolled 
 
 '{■ 
 
 s6 - 
 
 
 to 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 **-< t^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 5; 
 
 
 MH 
 
 1-i 
 
 'J2 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 y, ~ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 "^ 
 
 -- 
 
 0) 
 
 "s 
 
 — 
 
 n S 
 
 cox m 
 
 t< o 0) 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -fci 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ -^ 
 
 JMM 
 
 <U 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 d 
 
 03 
 
 a> 
 
 o 
 
 ci 
 
 (U 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 kH 
 
 a 
 
 Z 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 f^ 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 fe 
 
 H 
 
 Eh 
 
 < 
 
 1890 
 
 
 282 
 
 198 
 
 59 
 
 247 
 
 306 
 
 "l^M 
 
 1386^7 
 
 7875 
 
 
 
 1891 
 
 
 320 
 
 223 
 
 78 
 
 285 
 
 363 
 
 4479 
 
 4247 
 
 8726 
 
 
 
 1892 
 
 
 344 
 
 226 
 
 79 
 
 288 
 
 367 
 
 4808 
 
 4618 
 
 9426 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 190 
 
 381 
 
 247 
 
 96 
 
 328 
 
 424 
 
 5101 
 
 4832 
 
 9933 
 
 886129 
 
 89.21 
 
 1894 
 
 201 
 
 399 
 
 257 
 
 96 
 
 311 
 
 407 
 
 5339 
 
 4971 
 
 10310 
 
 942411 
 
 91.40 
 
 1895 
 
 213 
 
 405 
 
 305 
 
 112 
 
 362 
 
 474 
 
 5838 
 
 5415 
 
 11253 
 
 995651 
 
 88.47 
 
 1896 
 
 182 
 
 425 
 
 306 
 
 105 
 
 360 
 
 465 
 
 5865 
 
 5717 
 
 11582 
 
 1025100 
 
 88.59 
 
 1897 
 
 184 
 
 452 
 
 3221103 
 
 395 
 
 498 
 
 6067 
 
 5870 
 
 11937 
 
 1085961 
 
 90.97 
 
 1898 
 
 202 
 
 495 
 
 338 102 
 
 434 
 
 536 
 
 6643 
 
 6399 
 
 1304211535562 
 
 117.70 
 
 1899 
 
 201 
 
 500 
 
 346 91 
 
 472 
 
 563 
 
 6797 
 
 6629 
 
 13426 
 
 1166802 
 
 86.90 
 
 19(10 
 
 208 
 
 5 -J 4 
 
 372 89 
 
 481 
 
 570 
 
 7359 
 
 7153 
 
 14512 
 
 1526124 
 
 105.17 
 
 1901 
 
 214 
 
 574 
 
 381 101 
 
 519 
 
 620 
 
 8023 
 
 7741 
 
 15764 
 
 1394443 
 
 88.45 
 
 1902 
 
 224 
 
 615 
 
 400 100 
 
 584 
 
 684 
 
 8887 
 
 8624 
 
 17511 
 
 1678933 
 
 106.86 
 
 1903 
 
 238 
 
 646 
 
 440 108 
 
 618 
 
 726 
 
 9342 
 
 9039 
 
 18381 
 
 1702439 
 
 89.26 
 
 1904 
 
 245 
 
 684 
 
 483 
 
 105 
 
 658 
 
 763 
 
 9194 
 
 9053 
 
 18247 
 
 1810028 
 
 99.24 
 
 1905 
 
 253 
 
 716 
 
 503 
 
 107 
 
 690 
 
 797 
 
 9499 
 
 9403 
 
 18902 
 
 1828105 
 
 96.71 
 
 1906 
 
 261 
 
 745 
 
 486 
 
 107 
 
 693 
 
 800 
 
 9392 
 
 9379 
 
 18771 
 
 1872016 
 
 99.74 
 
 1907 
 
 281 
 
 706 
 
 509 
 
 109 
 
 678 
 
 787 
 
 9822 
 
 9874 
 
 19696 
 
 1805645 
 
 91.21 
 
 1908 
 
 280 
 
 785 
 
 538 
 
 115 
 
 784 
 
 899 
 
 10675 
 
 10715 
 
 21390 
 
 2120482 
 
 91.13 
 
 1909 291 
 
 860 
 
 582 
 
 121 
 
 854 
 
 975 
 
 11784 
 
 11398 
 
 23182 
 
 2308322 
 
 99.57 
 
 1910 303 
 
 1004 
 
 6401141 
 
 968 
 
 1109 
 
 12364 
 
 12220 
 
 24584 
 
 2484396 
 
 101.06 
 
 1911 334 
 
 869 
 
 830 135 
 
 1040 
 
 1175 
 
 13270 
 
 12770 
 
 26040 
 
 2656870 
 
 103.20 
 
 1912 345 
 
 975 
 
 843 174 
 
 1051 
 
 1225 
 
 13396 
 
 13106 
 
 2650212931935 
 
 107.62 
 
 1913 
 
 972 
 
 924 
 
 171 
 
 1195 
 
 1366 
 
 13909 
 
 13627 
 
 2753612787250 
 
 101.26 
 
 1914 
 
 1009 
 
 966 
 
 188 
 
 1300 
 
 1488 
 
 14649 
 
 14674 
 
 29323 
 
 3345091 
 
 114.16 
 
 1915 359 
 
 1100 
 
 1043 
 
 223 
 
 1411 
 
 1634 
 
 15462 
 
 15267 
 
 30729 
 
 3763830 
 
 150. 
 
 1916 359 
 
 1249 
 
 1101 
 
 253 
 
 1482 
 
 1735 
 
 16197 
 
 15709 
 
 31906 
 
 3471176 
 
 153. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
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County Superintendents' Reports 
 
 Albany County 
 
 A brief resume of school conditions for the years 1915-1916 
 in Albany County should be divided into several divisions. 
 
 The first of these divisions is that of the school grounds, 
 school building's, and school equipment. In this division, the 
 people of this county are to be congratulated upon the improve- 
 ment made in the past two years, for in only two districts has 
 there been no improvement. Almost all of the districts have 
 either rebuilt the schoolhouses, enlarged the school rooms, 
 added cloak rooms, or refinished the interior of the existing 
 liuildings. In many districts where there was only one out- 
 building at a school, there are now two ganitary outbuildings ; 
 coal and wood sheds, barns and fences have been built ; flag 
 poles have been placed at many schools ; pumps have brought 
 a supply of pure Avater to many isolated schools; walks and 
 roads have been constructed ; additional windows have been 
 placed in many badly lighted rooms ; storm doors and hallways 
 have been built and wet school yards have been drained. In 
 the matter of e(|uipment, there has been much done and pur- 
 chased. Several districts have installed heating systems. Ad- 
 justable desks and seats are fast becoming the rule instead 
 of the exception. Books, charts, globes, etc., have brightened 
 the horizons of many school children. Sanitary drinking foun- 
 tains are to be found in many rural schools which also supply 
 paper towels and individual drinking cups. In fact, the school 
 e(|uipment is nearly up to the standard in most of the schools 
 and alcove the standard in some. Many schools planted trees, 
 made gardens, leveled the grounds and introduced playground 
 apparatus. 
 
 The second of these divisions is that of school community 
 spirit which in some places is still not very evident, although 
 in most districts very pleasantly noticeable. The schools are 
 i-apidly becoming the social centers and it is no uncommon 
 thing for several schools and districts to co-operate in giving 
 entertainments, programs, debates, parties, etc. Some of the 
 progressive teachers are planning to have a pageant in the 
 near future, to be held in one large rural center. 
 
 The third of these divisions is that of the attitude of school 
 li'ustees toward school affairs in general and toward their own 
 
30 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 duties ill particiilai'. In several districts, there still exists a 
 custom of using: tlie schools and school otifices for personal 
 grievance adjustment bureaus and tlie furthering of personal 
 interests. In the majority of the districts, however, the school 
 trustees are honoral)le and fair minded, although there is much 
 carelessness still to be overcome, for many trustees are really 
 negligent in regard to properly reporting matters of impor- 
 tance, sending in proper enumerations and correct reports. 
 Then too, it seems that the schools of this comity do not re- 
 ceive as much interest as they should for the use of school 
 moneys. It Avould be advisable to have at least an annual 
 auditing of all Clerks' and Treasurers' Record Books by com- 
 petent persons or by the county superintendent, properly au- 
 thorized. An aiHiual meeting of all of the trustees of the 
 count\', instituted in 1915, will do much to increase the spirit 
 of eo-oi)eration and mutual helpfulness as is already evident. 
 
 The fourth of these divisions is that of the attitude of the 
 teachers toward their work and the attitude of the patrons 
 of the schools toward the teachers. Practically all of the 
 teachers are thoroughly interested in their profession and are 
 doing truly effective work. Many of them have secured teach- 
 ers' certificates of the professional class and of the first class 
 and for over a year there was not a temporary certificate issued 
 in Albany County. As there is no accurate measure of the 
 inspiration and help that the teachers give, Ave maj' have some 
 idea of these results of earnest teaching by the high considera- 
 tion in which our teachers are held and the courtesy which is 
 extended them in nearly every locality. Many of the teachers 
 attend summer schools and keep in touch with up-to-date meth- 
 ods, etc. Several rural schools have introduced manual train- 
 ing and domestic science and art, the teachers having made 
 particular preparation for teaching these subjects. 
 
 The fifth of these divisions is that of the attitude of the 
 patrons of the schools toward the schools. To be frank, I 
 hardly think that the people are satisfied Avith the schools 
 as they now are, and I am pleased to note this for everyAvhere 
 there seems to be a desire to improve the schools in every 
 possible Avay and a thoughtful interest in all school affairs. 
 As soon as Wyoming introduces an intelligent and compre- 
 hensive system of standardization of schools, Albany County 
 and its people Avill be proud of its many schools of the first 
 class, of Avhich there are noAV about tAventy. 
 
 The sixth of these divisions is the most important of all — 
 the attitude of the child toAvard the school and his reason for 
 this attitude. Improved school conditions, barns for the hous- 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 31 
 
 ing of horses, better roads and the wise location of school cen- 
 ters have done much toward increasing the attendance of the 
 rural children. Then too, good school work under competent 
 teachers has heen an incentive, especially for some of the 
 slightly "over-age" children in rural districts. The Home 
 Credit System and the Perfect Attendance Awards seem 
 luiiversally popular with the children and their parents and the 
 good effects of these two merit systems inaugurated by the 
 State Superintendent cannot be estimated. In most of the 
 town and city grades, the work is up to the usual standard 
 and in one of the schools of Laramie, far above the ordinary 
 standard. The interest of the town children is generally keen 
 toward their work in every subject, regardless of some ex- 
 (^eptions. Wherever there are cases foi* the truant oflficer, the 
 Sheriff and his deputies should more cheerfully and effectively 
 enforce the law than they have for the past two years. 
 
 Some of the schools of this county were not visited by the 
 county superintendent during the year 1915 ])ecause there was 
 not a sufficiently large amount allowed by the county to defray 
 the expenses of a few trips to the most remote districts which 
 should be visited in 1916 l)y all means. And when we speak of 
 the visits of the county superintendent of schools to the various 
 districts, the members of the various school boards seem to ap- 
 preciate the reports of such visits sent them by the county 
 superintendent who notes upon such reports any praiseworthy 
 (•!• good points of the school and calls attention to any notice- 
 able defects and matters that should be speedily corrected. 
 If blank books containing the proper data for such reports 
 could be furnished by the state department for this report, 
 ihe work could be facilitated and made uniform for all the 
 counties of the state. 
 
 In the Annual Teachers' Institute held in 1915, the last 
 day was given to the discussion of local problems and all dis- 
 trict lioards and the people in general were invited to attend all 
 the sessions and a social luncheon was served at noon in order 
 i() illustrate how easily and how moderately priced a hot school 
 lunch could be served to school children. An exhibit of school 
 work from the various schools proved interesting and many 
 teachers and patrons were glad to learn of the many instruc- 
 tive exhi])its which may he secured without cost from different 
 iiiMiuifacturers. 
 
 Summing up the school conditions of this county, it seems 
 only fair to say that Albany County is progressive and shows 
 commendable school spirit and as far as its resources wall allow, 
 it will adopt anything that can be used to advantage in its 
 schools for its lioys and girls, or that which will tend to make 
 
32 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 them self-reliant, reasoning, reasonable, right-minded, honest 
 men and women. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 DAISY O. MOSS, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Big Horn County 
 
 ]>ig Horn County has eighty teachers, thirty-two districts 
 and forty schools in session. 
 
 In the past two years many improvements have been made, 
 new texts have been purchased and also some good libraries. 
 Two or three districts have consolidated their schools and are 
 running wagons for the children. I find that it is much the 
 better way as the children have access to better supplies, 
 better buildings and have better qualified teachers. 
 
 The county agent, Mr. Allyn Tedmon, and I have made 
 quite a number of trips together organizing Boys' and Girls' 
 clubs and Parent-Teachers' Associations. In nearly every school 
 in the county, Wyoming Day has been observed. At that time 
 T have requested the teachers to have the parents present and 
 have a picnic dinner and make a wdiole day of it. Mr. Tedmon 
 and I would attend these meetings and organize clubs and 
 answer any questions that they wished to ask in regard to 
 any of the Avork. Mr. Tedmon at most of the places, showed 
 lantern slides of poultry and other things interesting the farm- 
 ers. We found that this was the only way that we could really 
 reach the parents. It created a better feeling among the people 
 and I am sure made them more interested in the schools. 
 
 Quite a number of Girls' Sewing clubs were started, more 
 for the social part of it than anything else. 
 
 Blanks for home credit work have been used in nearly 
 all of the schools and seemed to do much good. We used the 
 attendance certificates and found that the children made a 
 much l)etter record in attendance when trying for the diplomas 
 of honor. 
 
 I have had quite a number of disputes to settle among the 
 people of the different districts, but found in all cases that 
 when they were brought together and everything talked over 
 that matters were soon settled satisfactorily and I verj' seldom 
 heard of any more trouble. 
 
 I found in all of my visits' that the patrons were very glad 
 that I Avas interested in them and always received me with much 
 enthusiasm. The teachers were walling and tried hard to please. 
 They have taken all of my suggestions Avillingly and have done 
 their best to follow them. 
 
 1 find in nearly all eases that the school boards are looking 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 33 
 
 for l)e11<M- i|iialified teachers and are having no trouble finding 
 them. 
 
 We have liiindreds of applications from every state in the 
 Tnion each year and the boards have no difficulty in securing 
 (jualified teachers. The wages paid here are high throughout 
 the county and in the rural schools board is reasonably cheap. 
 We have four high schools this year and all are following 
 tlie course of study used by the State University, 
 
 I feel that the schools of Big Horn County are advancing 
 as rapidly as they are any where under similar conditions. 
 Eespectfullv submitted, 
 
 RUTH M. DONALDSON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Campbell County 
 
 No rei)ort submitted. 
 
 Carbon County 
 
 In compliance with your re<iuest, I am sending a summary 
 of school conditions in ("arbon County for the past two years. 
 
 Several new school buildings have been erected, one being 
 the new Domestic Science and Manual Training building at 
 Rawlins. Tliis building is complete in every respect and has 
 long been the wish of most of the people in the district who 
 are interested in education. A new high school building at 
 Baggs is nearly complete. This is for the High School District 
 embracing District No. -4. District No. 16 and District No. 29 
 in the Snake River country. The new school house at Medicine 
 Dow, which has been occupied for a little more than one term 
 is also worthy of mention. This building shows that neither 
 time nor money was spared to make the building as complete 
 as possible. 
 
 ]\Iany of the rural districts have erected new buildings, 
 others enlarged and improved the old school houses and in 
 several districts, the schools have been changed to locations 
 more convenient to the majority of the pupils. 
 
 In nearly every case better equipment is being installed in 
 the schools, for the people in the rural communities are rapidly 
 realizing the need of good rural schools and the value of mak- 
 ing them good social centers. 
 
 The number of teachers has increased. During the past 
 yeai- 84 teachers were employed in the county. Rawlins having 
 22. Hanna, 8, Saratoga and I^aggs 4 each. Encampment 3, Elk 
 jMountain, iMedicine Bow. Dixon and Savery 2 each. The re- 
 maining number taught in 'one-roomed rural schools. 
 
 The State Course of Study is followed closely. In some 
 of tlie summer schools, the pupils are given practical lessons in 
 
34 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 agriculture. Each pupil must care for a portiou of a garden 
 which has l)eeu planted in the school yard. When the eon- 
 tents of the garden are ready to eat, they are served at the 
 lunch hour and are thoroughly enjoyed. Nearly all the pupils 
 in these schools are compelled to take their lunches because 
 of the fj^reat distances the.y live from the school. 
 
 Attendance throughout the county has improved. The 
 certificate of award method has ajded many teachers in securing 
 more regular attendance. 
 
 Everything being considered, the schools of Carbon County 
 have made much progress and with the present outlook, con- 
 ditions seem very encouraging. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAMIE E. DOHERTY, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Converse County 
 
 The i-eports for last year, 1915-16, show 48 teachers. This 
 school year opens with seven new rural schools. Glenrock has 
 built another room, added another teacher to the corps and 
 now oifers three years of hig*li school work. Douglas has estab- 
 lished a kindergarten and has also employed a superintendent 
 for the city schools and the County High School, uiaking our 
 teaching force 58 for the coming year. 
 
 The adoption of the State Course of Study by the city 
 schools has done much in unifying the work of the county. 
 Out of a class of 40 who took the county eighth grade examina- 
 tion, there were but eight failures. There is a marked improve- 
 ment in the papers from all the schools. 
 
 The work of the annual teachers' institutes has been de- 
 voted to the preparation of teachers for the work of each 
 year.. This year we decided to make basketry and drawing 
 the vocational work for the rural schools. A special teacher 
 was employed, materials furnished and every teacher learned 
 how to do the work she was expected to teach. We expect 
 good results from this plan. 
 
 Last year the teachers' pedagogical library was organized. 
 It is now in working order, being in cliarge of the County 
 Librarian. It contains about 80 volumes with funds on hand 
 to purchase about 15 more books. ' This library is doing good 
 work in the way of interesting young teachers in professional 
 reading'. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 35 
 
 The county library has also a nuiuber of the best books in 
 the various lines of educational work. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 MAUD DAWES, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Crook County 
 
 Your favor in regard to summaries of educational activities 
 is at hand. I will give a brief statement of our work. 
 
 We have run educational news in four of the county papers 
 almost every week. Circular letters have been sent to the 
 teachers and school boards on several different occasions, dis- 
 cussing problems of interest in the county. This office has sent 
 out almost 8000 letters and about 1300 other pieces of mail 
 matter in the past year. 
 
 A County Teachers' Association was organized about a 
 year ago. This was divided into sections or branches. Each 
 branch took up whatever line of work seemed most important 
 to the teachers in that vicinity. One branch took up Reading- 
 Circle Work, another Organized Spelling and Declamatory 
 (Jontests. We held a Chautau(iua in connection with the An- 
 nual Teachers' Institute. This paid expenses and was so well 
 liked by the teachers that they decided to continue it another 
 year. The County Institute instead of being a series of lectures 
 was an eight day summer school. There were several sections 
 and the teachei's had a chance to review four subjects that they 
 needed help in the most. We had daily classes in Arithmetic, 
 Algebra, History, Geography, Civics, Palmer Penmanship, Pri- 
 mary Reading, Advanced Reading, Music, School Art, Agri- 
 culture, Physiology. Grammar, Home Economics, etc. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 ELMER E. GREEN, 
 (*ounty Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Fremont County 
 
 I believe the one progressive step in Fremont County that 
 I've enjoyed more than any other has been the installing of 
 better supplies of text books, necessary apparatus, new diction- 
 aries, maps and reference books. Several schools are now 
 supplied with good drinking water, blackboards, good desks 
 and floors where these items were missing. 
 
 We now have three high schools having a four years' 
 
36 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 course of stiuly and two high schools hiiving a two years' 
 course. 
 
 During the past year, a splendid school building worth 
 aboht $14,000 was erected in Hudson. Dubois, Boulder, Elk- 
 horn. Lysite and District 39 have new buildings. At present 
 a fine addition is being made to the school building in Riverton. 
 In 1915 District 25 built the finest rural school in the county. 
 It is perfectly lighted, furnace heated, and equipped with green 
 boards and excellent furniture. 
 
 County eighth grade examinations have been given and in 
 1916, fifty pupils received state diplomas. Teachers' salaries 
 have raised quite generally and in accoidance, the teachers are 
 raising the class of their certificates. 
 
 Boys' and Girls' club work has made marked progress 
 under the guidance of our county agents. Fremont County is 
 proud of her state champions. 
 
 The Lander Cadet Corps was formed last fall with splendid 
 results. Also the Lander High School Alumni Association was 
 formed with a long list of members of Avhich fifty have attended 
 both the 1915 and 1916 banquets. 
 
 The co-operation of school board members with the county 
 superintendent has been most gratifying and much appreciated. 
 Yerv I'espectfully yours, 
 
 VERNA E. WELLS, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Goshen County 
 
 Since the last biennial report the rural schools of Goshen 
 County have increased more than fifty per cent. In 1914 there 
 were 82 schools in the county, now there are 130. 
 
 During the past two years thirty new rural school houses 
 have been built. These buildings have nearly all been built 
 facing the south with the windows on the east side. 
 
 A new^ $25,000 school building has been built at Torrington. 
 Five teachers are employed for the grades, including a kinder- 
 garten teacher. The high school department employs three 
 teachers and has a fourth who teaches two subjects. 
 
 The county eighth grade examinations have been strength- 
 ened by a monthly test for the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth 
 grades. Each eighth grade pupil was required to write a com- 
 position of three hundred Avords on subjects assigned by the 
 county superintendent. Seventy-two pupils passed the county 
 eighth grade examinations and were issued Goshen County 
 Eighth Grade Diplomas. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 37 
 
 The County Teachers ' Institute has been held Thanksgiving 
 Week. This gives the new teachers a chance to become familiar 
 with the conditions of their schools. Consequently they come 
 to institute with enthusiasm and questions. This also assures 
 that all schools will be in session and a full attendance. 
 
 A new four room consolidated school exists at Liugle. 
 
 Two wagons bring the children from neighboring communities. 
 
 A new two room building is under construction at Ft. 
 
 Laramie. This building is the result of consolidation. One 
 
 school wagon will be run to and from this school. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 C. 0. DOWNING, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Hot Spring's County 
 
 Ours is a new county, many of the districts are sparsely 
 settled, nevertheless we are able to report nineteen rural schools 
 and one city school, employing thirty-one teachers and attended 
 by six hundred and tAventy pupils. This shows there has been 
 an increase in population and also proves that our educational 
 system has kept pace with the development of the county. 
 
 In the strictly rural districts, the school buildings are of 
 log which are made more comfortable each year by such im- 
 provements as the siding of the exterior, ceiling the interior 
 or the laying of new floors. In Districts 12 and 15 a comforta- 
 ble room for the teacher has been added to the schoolhouse. 
 A commodious two-room brick structure has been built at 
 Lucerne. Two teachers are busy here for there is a good at- 
 tendance, several pupils taking the work of the two-year high 
 school. During the year just passed the pupils of the Sunny- 
 side school in an adjoining district Avere taken to Lucerne in 
 a school wagon, thus receiving the advantages of a better school 
 without increased expense to their district. At Kirby, a cement 
 block school house was built. After the use of a box ear for 
 three years this comfortable building is appreciated. On Owl 
 Creek one building was erected last year and four are in 
 process of erection. These have the approved plan of lighting 
 and the arrangement is such that better systems of heating may 
 be installed later. 
 
 Gebo, a mining camp, maintains a two-room school. The 
 Owl Creek Coal Co. of that place provides comfortable build- 
 ings, fuel and lights, and if adequate funds are not at hand, 
 the balance needed for a nine months' term. This hearty co- 
 operation and recognition of school needs, to which is added 
 the wisdom of the trustees in retaining their excellent teachers 
 
38 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 during the three years past, has brought about a commendable 
 condition. The pupils are enthusiastic, easily completing the 
 work of a grade each year. Crosby also employs two teachers 
 for their school of over forty. Here, as in all mining camps, 
 the need of organized play is realized and teachers and officers 
 are giving the playground much attention and supervision. 
 
 Of the twenty-one teachers employed in the rural schools, 
 the majority are normal trained and a decided improvement 
 is noted in the certification. The school officers are showing 
 their appreciation of these (lualifications by increasing the 
 salaries. No teacher receives less than $65 and in four districts 
 $75 is paid. 
 
 Thermopolis is our only town and here ten teachers are 
 employed. It maintains an accredited high school. Music and 
 manual training have been added to the regular course. 
 
 The study of Agriculture has been taken up with enthus- 
 iasm, the work being made as practical as possible and the 
 school work supplemented during the summer months by con- 
 tests in the growing of some product. In 1914-15, five boys 
 enrolled in the State Potato Club and the two who received the 
 best results were given a free trip to the State Fair. The 
 summer of 1916 a Canning Club carried out their work in spite 
 of a short season and a shortage of water. 
 
 The School Fair held just preceding the opening of the 
 Fall terms is receiving more attention each 3'ear. Here are 
 entered samples of penmanship, drawing, industrial work, book- 
 lets and compositions, and exhibits of needlework, cooking, 
 canned fruit and vegetables, jellies and garden products. All 
 entries are made by pupils of the county. The money needed 
 for the conducting of the fair is donated by the districts. 
 
 Each year Ave are more fortunate in securing teachers 
 who have taught in the state or who have attended our Normal 
 and know of our needs. There is less change of teachers and 
 consequently more co-operation between patrons and teachers. 
 
 A recommended list of texts is issued from the superin- 
 tendent's office. which will soon bring about uniformity of books 
 in the county. 
 
 Our present need is consolidation and this will come with 
 increased population and extension of good roads. 
 Respectfullv submitted. 
 
 NELLIE L. WALES, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 39 
 
 Johnson County 
 
 Buffalo has excellent graded schools Avith everything nearly 
 ideal in the way of l)uildings and equipment. There is no 
 trouble in obtaining and retaining the best teachers there, but 
 in our rural schools it is different. The best teachers have 
 been unwilling to accept positions in the country and those 
 schools have suft'ered in consequence. A change is taking place 
 however, and some of our ])est teachers have sought the country 
 schools this past year. The change is being brought about by 
 the Model school idea. Two schools have taken this up and 
 are paying their teachers $85.00 a month and providing good 
 e((uipment. Buildings are being remodeled, new and up-to-date 
 ])ooks are lieing ordered, slate blackboards are being installed, 
 walks and playgrounds have been supplied as well as play- 
 ground equipment. This example is helping other districts 
 to look up and they are taking notice. They are beginning 
 to demand teachers who have had experience, are providing 
 better equipment and I believe the change will be greater in 
 the next two years than in the past. One district is con- 
 templating building a cottage where the teacher can live and 
 Avhere the scattered cliildren may be boarded, thus avoiding 
 so many small schools. 
 
 Seventh grade examinations have been required the past 
 two years for entrance to the eighth grade. I found so many 
 trying to do eighth grade work who were wholly unfit for it 
 and the poor teacher felt that she must get th,em through or 
 her reputation would suft'er. Last year just one child passed 
 this examination ; this year fifteen have received their certifi- 
 cates of promotion. This has helped the teachers as well as 
 the pupils, to know where they belong. 
 
 Two of our rural schools expect to have a special music 
 teacher this year and our agricultural agent, A. F. Scott, with 
 tlu^ help of Professor T. L. Hol)son, is trying hard to start Boys' 
 and Girls" ('lul)s. They have met with some encouragement and 
 liope to accomplish a great deal along this line during the next 
 two years. We hope to have rural school exhibits this fall to 
 encourage this work. The work in agriculture has been helpful 
 in making the child interested in his surroundings and in their 
 l)etterment. 
 
 Standardization cards will be used to grade up the schools 
 and their teachers this year and will be sent to the clerks if re- 
 (|uested. 
 
 Lists of the best school text books will be sent to the 
 clerks in each district, and it is hoped this may help in doing 
 away with the texts so much out of date. 
 
 Three new schools have been established during the last 
 
40 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 year and a joint district has been formed with Sheridan County 
 at Charger. They expect to have a new up-to-date building 
 there with two rooms and arranged so tlint two more may be 
 added Avhen needed. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 BESSlis M. BULLTS, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Laramie Coijinty 
 
 Since the last biennial report I feel that there has been 
 consideralile improvement in the schools of Laramie County. 
 
 We now have ten districts having 120 school houses em- 
 ploying 186 teachers ; fifty of these are employed in the Chey- 
 enne schools, six at Pine Bluffs, five at Carpenter, three each at 
 Burns, Egbert and Hillsdale. A selected list of texts for the 
 rural schooLs has been made and in nearly every district, the 
 new books purchased were from the list recommended. We 
 hope within the next two years to have county uniformity of 
 texts. 
 
 The Cheyenne schools under the able guidance of Super- 
 intendent Ira B. Fee are doing excellent work. The depart- 
 mental plan of work has been used for the past three years 
 in the seventh and eighth grades and was extended to the 
 sixth grade last fall. The teachers in one school expressed 
 a desire to incorporate the fifth grade in the departmental plan 
 this year in the belief that the teachers who continue from 
 year to year in the direction of pupils in one subject will be 
 able for that reason to assist the individual child more skill- 
 fully over his own peculiar difficulties. So far the work seems 
 to 'be satisfactory. 
 
 There are three Parent-Teachers" Associations in Cheyenne 
 and it is hoped that this year the organization will be extended 
 to other buildings in the school system. 
 
 The Palmer system of pennumshii) is being taught in the 
 Cheyenne schools, having a regular supervisor for this work. 
 This same system is being taught in every rural school in the 
 county, no doubt with varying degrees of efficiency, but many 
 of our teachers are availing themselves of the opportunity of 
 the correspondence course olfered by the Palmer Business Col- 
 lege, and therefore are better fitting themselves to teach this 
 all important subject. 
 
 The work in Pine Blufi's, Carpenter, Burns, Egbert and 
 Hillsdale has l)een most gratifying. Some sixty of the rural 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 4 1 
 
 pupils have passed the eighth grade examination the past two 
 years, receiving diplomas wliich entitle them to entrance into 
 the Cheyenne High School without examination. 
 
 The study of Agriculture is receiving more attention be- 
 cause teachers are preparing to give instructions in this sub- 
 ject, and they now do not consider it so unsurmountable as 
 when it was first introduced by law in our Course of Study. 
 
 Several of our rural schools have fair sized libraries due 
 to the efforts of some wide awake teacher, who has raised the 
 money by various kinds of entertainments, thereby also mak- 
 ing the school the social center for the community. 
 
 District No. 7 has issued bonds to build a fine schoolhouse 
 in Pine Bluffs at a cost of $22000.00. District No. 8 likewise 
 has issued bonds to build a .$15000.00 school house in Carpenter. 
 My dream will be realized when the toAvns of Hillsdale, Burns 
 and Egbert will also have good sehoolhouses, so that the school 
 work in each immediate vicinity will be centralized in the 
 towns. 
 
 While consolidation is not practicable in all parts of this 
 county, it is possible in certain localities. One year ago with 
 the earnest help of Miss Clark, our State Superintendent, we 
 attempted to make Carpenter the central point for several 
 schools within a radius of five miles. The people Avere not 
 ready to undertake this new organization. We returned to 
 Cheyenne, hoping that the time would come when the people 
 of that section would see the wisdom of centralizing as much 
 as possible. I feel that the time has now arrived, for while 
 (,*arpenter can boast of but one residence, in anticipation of the 
 new school house, which we expect to have ready for occu- 
 pancy the first of the year, the school has an enrollment of 
 eighty-five pupils, and thus in a measure our consolidation 
 scheme has worked out its own salvation, and I am hoping to 
 have similar increases in the enrollment of the other town 
 schools made possible by good buildings, equipment and effic- 
 ient teachers. 
 
 And now a word about our teachers. As a whole they are 
 earnest in their efforts to keep up the standard of our schools, 
 and I am glad to say that we are beginning to see the necessity 
 of paying higher salaries if we wish to keep efficient teachers. 
 This past year in rural schools the maximum paid was sixty- 
 five dollars, while the minimum was fifty dollars. 
 
 Our County is as a whole upon a very creditable financial 
 basis and our district school boards are composed of the repre- 
 sentative business men of the community, who are untiring in 
 
42 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 their efforts to advance our public school system. I consider 
 the outlook for the future very promising. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAMIE E. HEFFERON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Lincoln County 
 
 Complying with your request, I herewith submit to you a 
 summary of the work and conditions of the schools of this 
 county during the second biennial period of its organization. 
 
 Four years ago the county was organized and a consider- 
 able time was spent in getting the work started. The present 
 biennial period has l)een one of satisfactory growth and im- 
 provement. The teachers have realized the advantages of 
 becoming better qualified for their work and have largely taken 
 advantage of the splendid opportunities offered by our own 
 State University during the summer terms as well as during 
 the regular year. The county is proud of the attendance record 
 which has been made during the four years, ranking first in 
 the state outside of Albany County. Boards are demanding 
 better trained teachers and are paying correspondingly in- 
 creased salaries. 
 
 Districts 1, 2, 8 and 19 have erected new grade buildings. 
 Special attfution has been given to lighting and ventilation 
 in the construction of these buildings. Pianos, victrolas and 
 pictures have been purchased with the proceeds of entertain- 
 ments, socials, fairs, etc. 
 
 Districts 1 and 2 each holds annually an extensive Exhibit 
 near the close of the year which gives the patrons an insight 
 into the real work of the schools. 
 
 Districts 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19, comprising what is 
 known as the Star Valley country, were consolidated and are 
 now under one Board with a superintendent in charge of the 
 entire district giving his entire time to supervision. This con- 
 stitutes one of the largest districts in the state, 43 teachers 
 being employed. A splendid four year high school is meeting 
 the needs of this community. 
 
 The eighth grade graduation exercises and the junior high 
 school plan has resulted in keeping more boys and girls in 
 school. 
 
 Domestic Art has proven a very popular feature in Districts 
 1 and 19. A kindergarten has been established in District 1. 
 
 Several declamatory, debating and spelling contests have 
 been successfulh^ carried out in District 2. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 43 
 
 County uniformity of text books Avould result in better 
 work. Legislation along this line is needed. 
 
 Teachers and school boards have given close attention to 
 certificate laws. A great many of the teachers employed last 
 year are being retained which is an indication of the harmony 
 so essential to real growth. There is general interest through- 
 out the county for the betterment of the schools. 
 Respectfullv sid)mitted. 
 
 MARGARET F. NICHOLSON, 
 Countv Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Natrona County 
 
 Summary of the work in Natrona County for the two years 
 ending April 30th, 1916. 
 
 The ijrogress in our scliools as well as the increase in at- 
 tendance during the past two years has been most gratifying. 
 Natrona County now bas seventeen school districts employing 
 fifty-one teachers. Salaries have been increased until now the 
 minimum salary in rural districts is fifty dollars and the maxi- 
 mum is seventy. This year we are planning a graduated scale 
 of salaries for the grades whereby we hope to retain our movst 
 efficient teachers and thus accomplish more and better Avork. 
 
 We now have special teachers in manual training and 
 domestic science, and pupils in the sixth, seventh and eighth 
 grades as Avell as those in the high school are given instruction 
 in these departments, under skilled teachers. Last year the 
 manual training department was further improved by the addi- 
 tio]i of a lathe and a band saw so that now it is well e(|uipped 
 to do all kiiuls of wood work. 
 
 One hundred new books were added to the high school 
 Ii})rary. Departmental work in the grades was tried last year 
 and the result has been most gratifying. 
 
 Tbe Casper schools under the efficient management of Su- 
 perintendent George Wilder, are doing excellent work. They 
 have an unusually strong corps of trained teachers this year, 
 twenty-five in all. Last year the Park building was opened, 
 it baving been e<|uipped with the best of every thing needed. 
 
 Our poi)ulation has increased so that it has been necessary 
 to add to the Central building six rooms which will call for as 
 iiumy new teachers. 
 
 Eight eighth grade certificates of graduation were issued 
 to pupils from the rural schools and we hope to have most of 
 these in our high school next year. 
 
 In the matter of text books, we have recommended a list 
 cf books to l)oards of directors in conformitv with those used 
 
44 ' BIENNIAL REPORT . 
 
 in the city schools so that pupils in one district may enter an- 
 other without having the worry of a change of text books, thus 
 giving us practically uniformity of text books as basic texts. 
 However, we recommend to teachers as much practical work 
 as possible with the text book as a guide, deeming it much more 
 useful to pupils than the iron clad mechanical text book work 
 which is too often found. 
 
 Some experimental work in agriculture has been done quite 
 successfully in our rural schools. Sewing has been introduced 
 into several of the rural districts. 
 
 The Arminta school in District No. 18 made new curtains 
 for the windows and freshened the walls with a coat of paint. 
 
 Wolton school in the same district, added a cloak room 
 and porch and cleaned up with a coat of paint, as have a num- 
 ber of other schools throughout the county. 
 
 School houses in most of our rural districts have been made 
 the social center for the community. Educational and social 
 meetings have been held from time to time which have been 
 helpful to teacher, patron and pupil. 
 
 District No. 7 will have a new school house next year fully 
 equipped with up-to-date furniture, apparatus, etc. It being 
 difficult to find suitable boarding places for teachers in many 
 of our rural disti-icts, No. 9 is planning a two-room building, 
 one room of which will be used as a home for the teacher. 
 
 The issuing of perfect attendance certificates has been an 
 incentive to better work and we find a much smaller percentage 
 of tardiness throughout the county and a much more regular 
 attendance than heretofore. 
 
 Our institutes are well attended and prove very helpful to 
 teachers. 
 
 We have tried to supplement the Course of Study for the 
 rural schools by recommending that old standards of instruction 
 be enriched by the study of good literature, nature study, ele- 
 mentary agriculture, and industrial work which has a bearing 
 upon that special community in which the teacher is working. 
 This will supply a long felt want by making the work of the pu- 
 pil more real, ))y furnishing a training more practical, and by 
 rendering the instruction more dynamic and hence more per- 
 manent. There are many obstacles to the accomplishment of 
 the desired ends, but altogether, the outlook is bright and we 
 hope for much good work this year. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAY HAMILTON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 45 
 
 Niobrara County 
 
 The past two years have shown a marked progress along- 
 educational lines in this county. 
 
 Schools in the county have increased, both in number and 
 in attendance. Many new school houses have been built and 
 the majority of these are up-to-date, sanitary buildings with 
 standard equipment. 
 
 District boards are re(|uiring much better (|ualified teach- 
 ers and pajnng better salaries. The result is an increase in the 
 number of graduates from the eighth grade, and consecpieutly 
 an increase in the high school attendance. 
 
 District No. 2 has tried with success, the consolidation of 
 some of its rural schools. 
 
 Some of the districts have local Teachers" Meetings from 
 which much benefit is derived. 
 
 The increased interest in school affairs shown by the people 
 of the county argues well for the further betterment of the 
 schools in the near future. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 CHARLES C. BROWNING. 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Park County 
 
 Our general educational aim has been more efficient schools 
 and through the co-operation of school officers, impi-oveinent of 
 teachers and better buildings and equipment. 
 
 As one means to this end we have published an outline 
 of the course of study for rural schools based upon the approved 
 texts for the county rural schools. This outline is a supple- 
 ment to the state course of study and is adapted especially to 
 rural conditions. It contains suggested combinations and cor- 
 relations of subjects for the organization of the rural school 
 program, gives the approved text book list, supplementary 
 books and school supplies and explains all required teachers' 
 reports. 
 
 These outlines were sent to clerks of boards before tlie be- 
 ginning of school and furnished to teachers at the county insti- 
 tute, the week preceding the beginning of school. Through this 
 outline of the course, we hope to get more uniform and standard 
 work from the rural schools. 
 
 In addition to the regular preliminary report, teachers send 
 in lists of all books on hand and lists of texts and supplies 
 ordered. For the monthly and term reports we ask the teach- 
 
46 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 crs to outline the rcjiiilar and supplementary work eompletod 
 !)y each class. 
 
 We now have a county library and expect to make each 
 district the center for a traveliiig library. Since this ti'aveling 
 lil)rary may be retained six months it may be the source of sup- 
 plementary work in subjects such as reading, history, geo- 
 graphy and agriculture in the schools. 
 
 At the last teachers' institute a Pai-k County Teachers' 
 Association was organized. We expect to meet three times 
 during the year. Sectional meetings are j)lanned for one session 
 and a genei-al nu'cting with some speaker from outside the 
 county for another session. 
 
 We have school rating cards with tliree main headings, the 
 teacber, the pupils, and school property. After the county su- 
 perintendent's visit one of these is sent to the teacher, one to 
 tbe board and one filed in tbe superintendent's office. This is 
 a means of im])rovement of teachers in service and results in 
 {: better understanding among teacher, school board and super- 
 intendent. 
 
 We have done some Boys' and Girls' club work in the 
 county. This year at the county fair five girls exhibited in the 
 sewing, seven in tbe garden and canning and five boys in the 
 ))ig and gi'ain club woi'k. 
 
 We have tln-ee four-year high schools in tbis county. Our 
 high school enrollment has more than doubled in the past four 
 years. Approximateh' one-third of our high school pupils come 
 fi'om the country districts. During the same period of time 
 our school population has increased forty i)er cent. 
 
 With the growth of the county in population and wealth 
 we are getting new and better school buildings, longer terms 
 of school and higher salaries for better trained teachers. We 
 believe with Charles Sumner that "The road and the school- 
 master are the two most important elements in advancing civili- 
 zation." 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 JENNIE G. McGUFFEY, 
 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Platte County 
 
 In com])liance witii your re(iuest, I am pleased to submit 
 a brief account of the conditions of the Platte County schools. 
 
 Our county is not yet four years old, and the present 
 < 'ounty Superintendent has had the privilege of organizing the 
 new county with always so many things to be done and so 
 little to do with. 
 
SUFEHINTlfNDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 47 
 
 The miniher of schools luis increased i'roiu 85 to 118 hist 
 yiii\i\ ami we expect there will he several more new schools be- 
 fore tile end of this school year. 
 
 During' the past two years there have heen thirty new 
 school buildings erected w'hile other school buildings have been 
 enlarged i\\u\ remodeled to meet the required needs. The num- 
 ber of childi-en of school age in 1914 were 1425, and this last 
 year it was 1776. This will give you an idea of the i-npid 
 growth of our county. 
 
 What is known as the $;]()() School Law has helped many 
 isolated children of Platte County who heretofore had no school, 
 or at l)est one of three or four months. Now no school has 
 less tlum six months and most of the schools have eight and 
 some nine months. 
 
 Consolidation has been considered to some extent and 
 while in some ])laces in the county it nmy be carried on to 
 advantage, in other places it is out of the question at least for 
 the ])resent. 
 
 Our school iihrai-ies have increased from 297 volumes to 
 1066. l)esides we hav(» a County Library at Wheatlaiul, the 
 County Seat, and will soon have a Carnegie Libi'ary. 
 
 We have an Agi-ieultui-al County Agent who is a help to 
 our schools, esj)ecially in the l>oys' and Girls' club work, and 
 altogeth(>r we feel our county is progressing very steadily. 
 
 Since the county was first organized nearly four years ago, 
 pupils have been awarded certificates of attendance. Each year 
 ovei- 100 of the first awards have l)een gi-anted to pupils, and 
 man.\- of llic ])upils have received the dii)lonms otfered by the 
 State Dcparlmcnt foi- being neither absent nor tardy during the 
 term. 
 
 We have eight school districts in the county. Some of the 
 uu-mhers of the school ])oard nuike a practice of visiting the 
 schools in llicii- i-espeetive district at least once during the 
 school term. 
 
 .AFost of the school officers have a certain day each month 
 to uiccl the peoj)le and discuss school matters, write out teaeh- 
 < ts' warrants and any business that may come up. Usually it 
 is the last Saturday of the school month. Nothing I know of 
 has kept childi-en (especially the boys) in school like the eighth 
 grade gi'aduation ami the diploma which I'ecognizes the com- 
 pletion of tlu^ (>lementai"\- coui'se. Many, I am sorry to say, 
 go no farther than the eighth gi-ade as there is no high school 
 near and they have not the means to pay their own Avay. We 
 have one district, however (Suiu'ise District No. 14), that pays 
 a child after finishing the eighth grade .^15. 00 per month to 
 attend high school since they consider it is cheaper than to 
 maintain a high school for so few pupils. The pupil may choose 
 
48 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 any good accredited high school in or out of the state! it is 
 needless to say that all the children in District 14 avail them- 
 selves of this privilege. This is a forward movement in Edu- 
 cation. 
 
 Our countA' has a uniform list of text books made out by 
 the County Superintendent from the State Course of Study. 
 Most of the districts have adopted this uniform cOunty list and 
 those who have not done so altogether are adopting it as they 
 need the books. Some of the districts have exchanged all their 
 old out of date books (keeping the readers and a iew others 
 for ]-eferenee) for the new books and will have all new books 
 with but little extra expense. Each teacher and the clerk of 
 each school district has a list of these books. This list tells 
 not only the name of the book, but the grade each book is for, 
 the price, and where it may be obtained. 
 
 Our County Teachers" Institute is another important fea- 
 ture in our school work. Each year it has been held in Wheat- 
 laud, the county seat, the last week of August or just before 
 the schools of the county begin work. At that time each 
 teacher is supplied by the County Superintendent with supplies 
 and blanks and the plan of the year's work is explained. Among 
 the blanks and reports is a suggestive program for a one room 
 school made out by the County Superintendent as a guide. Test 
 or examination ([uestions are sent by the County Superintendent 
 to teachers in the grades in the city and rural schools. They are 
 uniform throughout the county and are sent to every teacher 
 every month for every grade. This assists in giving uniformity 
 to the schools. 
 
 Each spring before the schools close, a set of final eighth 
 grade examination (|uestions is made out by the County Super- 
 intendent and sent to the different teachers throughout the 
 county Avhere there are pupils to take the final eighth grade ex- 
 amination. Thus far the teachers have held the examination 
 in their respective schools, grading and marking the pupils' 
 examination papers and then sending the papers to the County 
 Superintendent who also grades and marks. Should the pupil 
 pass, the County Superintendent sends a diploma issued by 
 the State Department for such graduation, which admits the 
 pupil to any high school in the county and the High School De- 
 partment at the State University. 
 
 We have a four year high school at Wheatland, and Guern- 
 sey expects to have a four year high school beginning with this 
 year. Chugwater has a two year high school course and high 
 school work is carried on in some of the rural districts to the 
 tenth grade, a custom which is not wise in one room schools, 
 PS it takes the teacher's time from her grades and she has not 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 49 
 
 the time nor tlie proper e(|uipinent to do the high school pupils 
 justice. 
 
 We had 109 teachers enrolled at our Institute this year. 
 So interested were they in the Avork that we hardlj' ever found 
 it necessary to have roll call. On the closing day of our in- 
 f^titute this year, our County Superintendent was presented 
 with a l)eautiful gold lavalier by the teachers as a token of their 
 sincere gratitude for her efforts in behalf of the schools. This 
 in a measure shows the hearty co-operation and good feeling 
 that exists between the teachers and the County Superintendent 
 of Platte County. 
 
 Ii('spectfullv submitted, 
 
 MARY MALONEY, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Sheridan County 
 
 In accordance Math your request the following report of 
 Sheridan County schools for the years 1915-16 is respectfully 
 submitted. 
 
 There are 44 districts in Sheridan County, eight of wliieh 
 were organized during the last two years. 
 
 During the past year, 135 teachers were employed. 52 of 
 whom were in the Sheridan cit.y schools, 4 in the graded schools 
 of Big Horn, 3 each in Dayton, Monarch and Carneyville, and 
 2 each in Ranchester. Kooi, Acme and Dietz. The remaining 
 number were located in one room rural schools. 
 
 District boards are raising the standard of requirements 
 along the lines of experience and professional training and in 
 turn salaries in most of the rural schools have been increased. 
 Three schools noAV pay $50, sixteen pay $75, one pays $80. the 
 majority pay $65. In the camps and small towns, principals 
 get $100 and $125 and the grade teachers $75 to $90. 
 
 Sheridan County has uniform text books and 1 am folloM- 
 ing a custom set by my predecessor, that of having uniform 
 examinations for all grades above the third. Questions are 
 supplied by City Superintendents and sent from this office twice 
 a 3^ear. 
 
 Ten new schools have been established, a number of com- 
 fortable school houses built. Several of the schools are using 
 the Smith System of heating and ventilating. More pride and 
 interest is being taken each year in improving school liuildings 
 and playgrounds. A few of the playgrounds are provided with 
 swings, basket liall equipment, etc. 
 
 In many cases the rural school is a social center. The 
 teachers have given spelling contests and other entertainments 
 
50 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 iuid have procured money to purchase organs and phonographs 
 for their schools. A few of the schools are doing Domestic 
 Science and Maniial Training work and have been very suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 Agriculture is being emphasized here, this being a splendid 
 agricultural section and our agent, Mr. S. M. Fuller, has been 
 a great help to the rural schools. We also appreciate the work 
 of Mr. Ivan L. Ho])son and Miss Henrietta Kolshorn of the 
 University of Wyoming Extension Division. 
 
 Several of the teachers took advantage of the summer 
 school at Laramie and speak highly of the benefit obtained 
 fi'om the work. Last year 78 pupils from the rural schools 
 graduated from the eighth grade. Many of the graduates will 
 enter High School this year. 
 
 The schools of Sheridan also show great improvement. 
 They will employ 55 teachers next year, 13 in the high school, 
 36 in the grades, 2 manual training, 2 domestic science, 1 draw- 
 ing and 1 music instructor. A class of 54 graduated from the 
 high school last year. Several of these graduates will teach the 
 coming year. Sheridan is now erecting a magnificent Ward 
 building which will be completed the first of December. New 
 building will cost $60,000.00 and will be equipped with the 
 most modern ecjuipment obtainable. It will have nine class 
 rooms, a modern kitchen and dining room, sewing room, gym- 
 nasium and auditorium that will seat 550. 
 
 Our county is as a whole upon a very creditable financial 
 basis and I consider that our schools are in a very encouraging 
 condition. The County Superintendent has worked for home 
 teachers not however at a sacrifice of the schools. A few years 
 ago, it was necessary to send away for teachers ; at the present 
 time we have more teachers than schools. Teachers are re- 
 quired to present good credentials. When they are equally well 
 qualified, is it not best to employ our own teachers? 
 
 There is a spirit of harmony in the Sheridan County schools, 
 and although there remains much to be done, parents and teach- 
 ers are working for the betterment of the schools. 
 
 INEZ COTTON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Sweetwater County 
 
 No report submitted. 
 
 Uinta County 
 
 In accordance with your request the following report of 
 Uinta County for the years 1915 and 1916 is respectfully sub- 
 mitted. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 5l 
 
 Scliool boards, patrons and teachers are working for the 
 betterment of the schools and a higher standard of efficiency 
 has been obtained in the last two years. The qualifications of 
 teachers having been raised, the Boards of Directors are also 
 raising salaries. 
 
 There are 30 schools in the county employing 62 teachers. 
 A new >|i30,000.00 high school has been built at Evanston, the 
 county seat, and furnished with the most modern equipment. 
 Domestic Science and Manual Training have been added to the 
 course of study. 
 
 The custom of issuing certificates of perfect attendance has 
 more than justified its continuance. During the last year 304 
 three-months certificates were issued and 12 diplomas of honor 
 granted to pupils who were in perfect attendance during the 
 entire school year. 
 
 School District No. 4, which has a school census of 749 and 
 is the largest district in the country, has petitioned for a divis- 
 ion ; this question although voted against by the District Bound- 
 ary Board is still open. Owing to the conditions, we feel 
 justified in leaving the district as it now stands. 
 
 Not many of the schools have libraries or reference books, 
 but we are establishing traveling libraries through the Uinta 
 County Library, thus giving the children and parents in the 
 rural districts an opportunity to read books and magazines 
 which they otherwise could not afford. 
 
 Respectful Iv submitted, 
 
 FLORENCE E. PETERSON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Washakie County 
 
 School conditions in this county have improved during the 
 past two years. This improvement has been very marked in 
 the rural districts, due largely to better trained teachers, who 
 have taken an intense interest in their work. 
 
 We have still a few untrained teachers, but our district 
 boards are insisting that these teachers attend summer schools 
 and thus gain some new ideas. 
 
 Salaries have increased. The minimum wage now is $60.00, 
 maximum $75.00 per month. 
 
 We are still struggling with the question of text books, but 
 are gradually working toward uniformity. 
 
 With the hope of increasing the interest in certain subjects 
 in our school curriculum, we have held contests in spelling, 
 penmanship and arithmetic. These contests are held in April 
 at the county seat and are open to pupils of the grades, both 
 rural and citv schools. Great interest has been shown and we 
 
52 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 intend this coming school yvnv to contiinie this part of our 
 work. 
 
 Hand work, manual training and sewing is being done in 
 our rural schools. Hot lunches were served in all but two rural 
 schools in the county the past year. Two new modern school 
 houses are ))eing built to replace the log ones and Worland is 
 to build a large addition to its school building. 
 
 We feel grateful to the people of the county for the help 
 given during the past few years and to the State Department 
 for kindly suggestions and assistance. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 MARY L. HATFIELD, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Weston County 
 
 Since the last biennial report we feel that there has been 
 a great advancement in the schools of Weston County, espe- 
 cially in the graded schools. 
 
 Last year the Newcastle school adopted in the uppei' six 
 grades the Wyoming idea of military training, inaugurated by 
 Lieutenant E. Z. Steever. Forty boys were enrolled in the Cadet 
 (Jorps. They were trained, provided with uniforms, and re- 
 ceived arms. The organization continues this year and has a 
 large enrollment. Cooking and sewing were taught in the 
 upper six grades last year and is continued this year. Two 
 I'ival debating societies are doing excellent work. The Palmer 
 System of writing has been taught and is supervised by a spe- 
 cially qualified teacher. This year the Six-and-Six Plan has 
 been adopted and is proving a great success. The seventh and 
 eighth grade students have the benefit of the high school teach- 
 ers and feel that they are a part of the high school. 
 
 C'ambria now has a four year high school and an additional 
 teacher, making three. Sewing is taught to the girls in the 
 upper eight grades and the Palmer System of writing is a part 
 of the curriculum. Vocal music was introduced this year and 
 is taught throughout the grades and high school. 
 
 Upton introduced the Six-and-Six Plan this year, another 
 teacher was added to the corps, making two besides the eighth 
 grade teacher. The plan is proving very successful. Vocal 
 music is taught throughout the school ami superintended by a 
 special music instructor. 
 
 Basket ball teams are organized in all high schools and 
 some of the rural schools. Last year Reading Circle centers 
 were organized throughout the county and much good work 
 was done. More was accomplished than when the teachers 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 53 
 
 worked alone. The Institute has been divided, allowing high 
 school teachers and their superintendents to hold special meet- 
 ings and make plans for the year. At the last institute tAvo 
 committees were appointed by the County Superintendent to 
 select texts for county adoption, one for the high schools and 
 one for the grades; In anticipation of State suggestion, little 
 is being done regarding the new books. A special teacher in 
 the Palmer System gave instruction during the week for the 
 benefit of the rural teachers. Much interest was shown in the 
 work and the system is being taught in most of the rural 
 schools this year. 
 
 Miss Edith K. O. Clark, State Superintendent, visited the 
 county in August and explained many important features of the 
 law. She recommended the one side lighted rural school build- 
 ing and some changes have already been made. Many new 
 one teacher schools have been allowed, some have new buildings 
 and others are held in room.5 donated by the patrons. 
 
 Much better attendance has been secured by the use of the 
 Perfect Attendance certificates, ])oth in rural and graded 
 schools. 
 
 Uniform eighth grade examinations are given in December 
 and May. Pupils are re(iuired to make a grade of 75 per cent 
 in all subjects. Seventh grades are permitted to try two sub- 
 jects that are to be dropped in the eighth grade. Thirty-five 
 eighth grade diplomas have been given and many more students 
 will finish this year. 
 
 Conditions are, I think, steadily improving. IJoth school 
 boards and teachers are giving close attention to the certificate 
 laws. The salaries have been put on a schedule according to 
 certificates held by teachers. Third grades are allowed $45, 
 second grades $50, and first grades $55. This is uniform 
 throughout most of the county. The length of term averages 
 about eight months. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MABEL G. KTNGSLEY. 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
Report of the State Board of Educational 
 
 Examiners to the State Superintendent 
 
 of Public Instruction 
 
 The work of this department has increased tremendously 
 during the past two years, making it necessary to have meet- 
 ings more often for the consideration of credential;^. It is 
 perhaps worthy of note that the teaching forci oi' Wy(aning 
 is made up of people from almost every State in the Union. 
 
 As the appropriation for the successful earryirji^ on of the 
 work of this department for the past several years has been 
 inadequate, I would recommend that a larger aniouut l)e ap- 
 propriated for this work. 
 
 While under the present system the work is heiwg c^arried 
 on as effectively as the time which each member of the Board 
 can devote to it will permit, still I would advise that the office 
 of the Secretary of this Board be made a separate office with 
 a stenographer and a stated salary for each, and that the work 
 be done in connection with the office of the State Department 
 of Public Instruction. Having the interest of the educational 
 work of this State at heart, I trust that some measnre will be 
 enacted in the coming Legislature toward bringing this about. 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 MRS. M.'e. HEFFERON, Secretary. 
 
 MR. J. J. EARLY, President. 
 
 DR. J. E. BUTTERWORTH, Member. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 55 
 
 TABLE SHOWING NUMBER AND KIND OF CERTIFICATES RECOMMENDED 
 BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS PROM OCT. 1, 1914, TO SEPT. 30, 1916. 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Campbell __ 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 Sweetwater _ 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie __ 
 Weston 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 a o 
 
 "ts ^ 
 
 o >-> 
 
 £PU 
 
 ofL, 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 cc 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 45 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 CO 
 
 42 
 29 
 19 
 36 
 28 
 60 
 51 
 53 
 11 
 15 
 117 
 66 
 18 
 31 
 41 
 59 
 54 
 12 
 26 
 14 
 29 
 
 268 I 287 I 811 
 
 ho 
 
 29 
 34 
 10 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 26 
 26 
 15 
 18 
 48 
 37 
 
 9 
 16 
 20 
 47 
 29 
 
 8 
 13 
 
 5 
 19 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 2 
 2 
 10 
 
 482 I 68 
 
 
 41 I 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 3 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 181 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAMIE E. HEFFERON, 
 
 Secretary State Board of Educational 
 Examiners. 
 
The University of Wyoming 
 
 During the past two years there have been no radical 
 changes in the organization or policy of the State University. 
 The period has been characterized by marked growth in the 
 attendance of students, by the addition of certain new build- 
 ings, by the development of an Extension Division in Agricul- 
 ture and Home Economics, by the strengthening of the faculty 
 in various Colleges, by new activities in the general field of 
 Extension work. The benefits of consolidation of all Depart- 
 ments of state supported higher education in this one institu- 
 tion continue to be apparent. The absence of duplicating and 
 competing institutions gives not only educational peace but 
 marked results in economy and efficiency. 
 
 General Organization 
 
 The organization of the University at the present time 
 embraces the following Colleges and Departments: 
 
 The College of Liberal Arts. 
 The College of Agriculture. 
 The College of Engineering. 
 The College of Education. 
 
 (1) State Normal School. 
 
 (2) Department of Secondary Education. 
 The Department of Commerce. 
 
 The Department of Home Economics. 
 
 The Department of Music. 
 
 The University High School. 
 
 The Department of University Extension. 
 
 The Summer School. 
 
 The Winter Course in Agriculture and Home Economies. 
 
 College of Liberal Arts 
 
 This College continues to be, in a sense, the central organ 
 of the University. Its scope and its organization meet the 
 needs of students for general education and for specific training 
 in many ways. In this College are included all of those who 
 do not seek the advantages of professional colleges and depart- 
 ments. Furthermore, a large part of the work which may be 
 required in vocational Colleges and Departments is provided 
 in the College of Liberal Arts. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 57 
 
 College of Agriculture 
 
 The work of this College has been greatly benefited by 
 the completion and use of Agricultural Hall. Class rooms and 
 laboratories are now adequate to existing needs and will care 
 for the growth of the next few years. The new building also 
 houses the laboratories of the Experiment Station, the offices 
 of the Extension Division, the Department of Civil and Irriga- 
 tion Engineering, and the Departments of Chemistry, Zoology 
 and Bacteriology for the entire institution are also in this build- 
 ing. The College of Agriculture has had a marked growth. 
 Wyoming students being attracted by the special facilities 
 which are used with reference to Wyoming conditions. A 
 Winter Course in Agriculture and Home Economics is being 
 established to include practical vocational courses for boys and 
 girls who are not prepared to do collegiate work. 
 
 Agricultural Experiment Station 
 
 The Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, main- 
 tained mostly on funds provided by the United States Govern- 
 ment, carries on its work in intimate association with the Agri- 
 cultural College. Under federal laws and regulations the work 
 of the Experiment Station is confined closely to experimenta- 
 tion and research. None of its funds may be used for in- 
 struction, demonstration work or other forms of extension. 
 The work of the past two years has embraced problems in 
 stock feeding, animal diseases, poison plants detrimental to 
 stock, wool fibers, the effect of alkali on cements, field crops, 
 grains, grasses, and roots, and methods of irrigation and drain- 
 age. Scientific bulletins have been issued and distributed free 
 of cost. The work of the Experiment Station is less valuable 
 than it should be because the state has not provided funds 
 to support sub-stations and demonstration farms located in dif- 
 ferent regions. 
 
 College of Engineering 
 
 The work of this College has been carried on without 
 special change during the bienniura, although there have been 
 additions to equipment and facilities. The greatest need of the 
 College is a new building. 
 
 State Normal School and College of Education 
 
 The professional training offered in this College and its 
 Departments has steadily improved. Likewise, the attendance 
 of students has greatly increased. A Department of Rural 
 Education in addition to the Department of Elementary Educa- 
 
58 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 tion has been established. Every encouragement is being given 
 to raising the standards of the schools in rural Wyoming. 
 Training for elementary grades in town and city schools has 
 continued as usual. The Department of Secondary Education 
 has been sending out more and better equipped teachers to fill 
 positions in Wyoming high schools. 
 
 Department of Home Economics 
 
 This Department has continued to grow, making more and 
 more difficult the problem of providing for its students. Special 
 attention has been given to the preparation of teachers who will 
 teach this subject in Wyoming schools. 
 
 Department of Music 
 
 The status of this -Department in the University has been 
 improved by new faculty legislation accepting a certain amount 
 of credit in applied Music toward the degree of Bachelor of 
 Arts. The demand for instruction in Music has been so great 
 that the faculty has been enlarged and an entire residence 
 located near the campus has been leased and fitted up for the 
 Department. A building especially designed for its use is now 
 very much needed. 
 
 Summer School 
 
 The Summer School of the University has shown a re- 
 markable growth. The registration in 1915 was 270 and that of 
 1916 was 306. Teachers of every grade from every county in 
 the state and from other states come to the Summer School. 
 Under the climatic conditions here prevailing, and with the 
 policy of providing an extended range of courses, the Summer 
 School bids fair to attract even a larger registration than the 
 regular semesters. While the College of Education and the 
 Normal School are the chief element in the Summer Session, 
 many courses are also provided in the College of Liberal Arts 
 and a few in other Colleges. The work of the regular faculty 
 is supplemented by courses given by instructors of distinction 
 from other institutions. In 1915 the special instructors included 
 Professor E. J. Swift of Washington University ; Professor 
 Mark Burrows of the Missouri State Normal School at Kirks- 
 ville; Professor J. P. Turner of the College of the City of New 
 York; Professor Edwin Maxey of the University of Nebraska. 
 In 1916 the special members of the Summer School faculty in- 
 eluded President D. B. Atkinson of Jireh College ; Professor 
 B. H. Bode of the University of Illinois ; Professor H. L. Eby of 
 the Ohio State Normal College at Kent : Professor W. B. Guthrie 
 of the College of the City of New York ; Professor E. G. Payne 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 59 
 
 of Harris Teachers' College. St. Louis; Professor Helen B. 
 Thompson of Connecticut College for Women. Certain super- 
 intendents, principals, and teachers in active service in Wyo- 
 ming schools taught elementary branches in the Summer School 
 for those students Avho were preparing to take teachers' exam- 
 inations. 
 
 General University Extension 
 
 The work of the Correspondence Study Department has 
 V)ecome increasingly important. Eighty-four students were 
 taking courses by this method in 1914-15 and one hundred and 
 fifty-five in ] 915-16. Each year courses are more definitely 
 organized and more carefully supervised. Many students fiind 
 it possible to obtain certain amounts of credit toward diplomas 
 and degrees while continuing their regular occupations. 
 
 Extension work by lectures has been continued in various 
 toAvns and in co-operation with various organizations. The 
 great limitation upon this work is the difficulty of providing 
 for classes at the University if members of the faculty are 
 meeting the demands made upon them by outside communities. 
 
 Two regular courses of a different type were given in 1915- 
 16. Dean Creager in the College of Education gave a course 
 of collegiate grade in the Principles of Teaching, in Cheyenne 
 once in every second week throughout the winter of 1915-16. 
 Professor Pease of the English Department 'gave a course of 
 similar extent in Cheyenne on Shakespeare. Professor Hoefer 
 find Instructor Smith conducted classes every Monday night in 
 Cheyenne throughout the winter in Elementary Mechanical 
 Drawing and in Shop Mathematics. Work of this kind is ex- 
 pected to develop and to be given in other places whenever 
 suitable arrangements can be made. 
 
 The system of traveling li])raries has operated Avith marked 
 success. These boxes of well selected books are in great demand 
 in communities where there are no public libraries. Experience 
 indicates that this system would be much appreciated if it could 
 be greatly extended. 
 
 Many members of the faculty do a great deal of Extension 
 work in the form of answering letters of inquiry and furnishing 
 general information. This work reaches large proportions in 
 the University Library, in the President's Office, and in the 
 College of Agriculture. 
 
 Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 Prior to 1915 the University had developed a system of 
 Extension work in Agriculture, using a small state appropria- 
 tion for the purpose. The passage of the Smith-Lever act pro- 
 
60 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 vided federal funds for Extension work in Agriculture and 
 Home Economics and the Legislature of 1915 accepted the terms 
 of the Smith-Lever act for the University of Wyoming and also 
 provided supplementary state appropriations. The staflf of the 
 Division now consists of a Director, a State Leader of County 
 Agent Work, a State T3emonstrator in Dairying, a State Demon- 
 strator in Home Economics, a State Leader and an Assistant 
 State Leader in Boys' and Girls' Clnh Work, besides a clerk 
 and the necessary stenographers. All of the above carry on 
 state wide work. County Agents have also been appointed 
 in Fremont, Sheridan, Big Horn, Johnson, Crook, Platte, 
 Goshen, and Laramie Counties. Agents in other Counties will 
 be added from time to time as co-operative arrangements are 
 concluded. 
 
 University Faculty 
 
 Regular memljers of the University faculty as defined by 
 state law and not including those of low^er grades nor special 
 Station and Extension staffs are as follows: 
 
 Duniway, C A., President and Professor of History. 
 Adsit, Ruth, Professor of Elementary Education. 
 Bellis, A. E., Professor of Physics. 
 Berry, R. E., Assistant Professor of Commerce. 
 Bowman, A. E., Extension Professor of Agriculture. 
 Boyle, A. C, Jr., Professor of Mining Engineering. 
 Butterworth, J. E., Professor of Secondary Education. 
 Creager, J. O., Dean of the College of Education. 
 Dale, H. C, Acting Professor of Political Science. 
 Daly, B. C, Professor of Military Science and Tactics. 
 Downey, June, Professor of Philosophy and Psychology. 
 Eby, H. L., Professor of Rural Education. 
 Paville, A. D., Professor of Animal Husbandry. 
 Pitterer, J. C, Professor of Civil Engineering. 
 Groves, James F., Assistant Professor of Biology. 
 Hebard, Grace R., Professor of Political Economy. 
 Hill, John A., Professor of Textile Industry. 
 Hitchcock, W. A., Assistant Professor of Engineering. 
 Hoefer, E. G., Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engi- 
 neering. 
 
 Hunton, E. D., Associate Professor of Commerce. 
 
 Kline, E. K., Professor of ]\Iodern Languages. 
 
 Knight, Emma H., Assistant Professor of Home Economics. 
 
 Knight, Henry G., Dean of the College of Agriculture. 
 
 Knight, S. H., Assistant Professor of Geology. 
 
 Lehnert. E. H.. Professor of Veterinary Science. 
 
 Lov. S. K., Professor of Chemistry. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 61 
 
 Merz, Henry, Professor Emeritus of German and French. 
 
 Moudy, Ross B., Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Nelson, Aven, Professor of Botany. 
 
 Parsons, T. S., Professor of Agronomy. 
 
 Pease, Raymond B.. Professor of English. 
 
 Ridgaway, V. B., Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Scott, John W., Professor of Zoology. 
 
 Sonle, Justus F., Professor of Greek and Latin. 
 
 Steik, Karl T., Associate Professor of Chemistry. 
 
 Stromquist, C. E., Professor of Mathematics. 
 
 Whitcomb, E. S., Professoi- of Home Economics. 
 
 White, Laura A., Associate Professor of History. 
 
 Buildings and Permanent Improvements 
 
 With the help of a special state tax, the University has 
 entered upon a modest building program. The Board of Trus- 
 tees expect to expend between thirty thousand and forty thou- 
 sand dollars annually for Iniildings and permanent improve- 
 ments. Within the past two years two fire-proof buildings have 
 been completed. One of these, the Agricultural Hall, cost' a 
 little over one hundred thousand dollars in addition to its equip- 
 ment. This building accommodates most of the Departments 
 of the Agricultural College, the Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
 tion, the Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, and 
 several scientific laboratories. The first unit of a large Women's 
 Dormitor^y has also been completed. This building likewise is 
 fire-proof. With its furnishings it has cost about fifty thousand 
 dollars. It accommodates from forty to fifty women students, 
 depending upon the degree to which they are willing to share 
 their rooms with each other. 
 
 With the addition of new buildings it has been necessary 
 to improve and enlarge the capacity of the heating plant. Sev- 
 eral thousand dollars have also been expended in beginning a 
 ihodern tunnel system connecting the several l)uildings with 
 the heating plant. 
 
 The University grounds have seriously needed improve- 
 ment. During the past two years someAvhat extensive work 
 has been done in grading and surfacing roads, in laying new 
 concrete walks, and in extending lawns and gardens. 
 
62 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Summary of Registration 
 
 (Students in Residence) 1914-15 1915-16 
 
 In Graduate standing 13 14 
 
 Seniors L 20 23 
 
 Juniors 23 40 
 
 Sophomores 59 58 
 
 Freshmen 78 77 
 
 Special 36 58 
 
 University High School 31 43 
 
 Music (not taking other subjects) 17 25 
 
 Short Course 26 11 
 
 Summer School 209 270 
 
 Total 512 619 
 
 Less names counted more than once 38 46 
 
 Net Registration 474 573 
 
 (Extension) 
 
 Correspondence Study Department 84 155 
 
 Extension Center Students (Cheyenne) 
 
 English (Shakespeare) __ 10 
 
 Pedagogical Principles __ 13 
 
 Mechanical Drawing 20 
 
 Shop Arithmetic __ 24 
 
 84 222 
 
 Less names counted more than once __ 3 
 
 84 219 
 C. A. DUNIWAY, President, 
 
 University of Wyoming. 
 
Biennial Report 
 
 State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction 
 
 THE STATE OF WYOMING 
 1917-1918 
 
State of Wyoming 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 >,. SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC 
 INSTRUCTION 
 
 1917-1918 
 
 EDITH K. O. CLARK, Superintendent 
 
 1918 
 
 Wyoming Labor Journal Pub. Co. 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo. 
 

 R„ ©f j6>^ 
 
 MAH 2» 1920 
 
STATE OF WYOMING 
 
 Office of the 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 Cheyenne 
 
 To the Hon. Frank L. Houx, 
 
 Acting Governor of Wyoming. 
 
 Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Biennial 
 Report of this office, as required by law, for the two years 
 ending September 30th, 1918. 
 
 Verv respectfully yours, 
 
 EDITH K. 0. CLARK, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 PART I 
 
 Office of 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyo., Sept. 30, 1918. 
 
 In compliance with the provision of Section 262 of the 
 Wyoming Compiled Statutes of 1910, I have the honor to 
 submit herewith the biennial report of the State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction for the two years beginning October 
 1st, 1916, and ending September 30th, 1918. 
 
 The statistical section of the report covers only the fiscal 
 school year closing April 30th, 1917. The new State Depart- 
 ment of Education, created by the Fourteenth Legislature, was 
 organized early in May, 1917. Statistics for the year May 1st, 
 1917, to April 30th, 1918, will l)e found in the published report 
 of the State Board of Education. 
 
 Important School Legislation Enacted 
 
 In the State Superintendent's published report for 1915- 
 1916, mention was made of the School Code Committee, created 
 by the Legislature of 1915. This Committee consisted of five 
 persons, four of whom were appointed by the Governor, the 
 State Superintendent being the fifth member of the Com- 
 mittee, and serving as its Chairman. The Recommendations 
 of this Committee were published in leaflet form in the fall of 
 1916, and were submitted to the Fourteenth Legislature as a 
 School Code known as House Bill 209. The enactment into 
 law of a large part of this bill, I consider one of the most 
 significant and constructive steps in the history of Education 
 in Wyoming. It was my privilege to work diligently for the 
 success of the legislation, and I count whatever assistance I 
 was able to give to secure its favorable consideration, as one 
 of the greatest achievements of my administration as State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Heretofore, there has been no attempt to put the state 
 administration of school affairs upon a professional basis. The 
 office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction, invested 
 with a vague and meaningless "general supervision"' of the 
 
6 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 i 
 
 schools of the state, was purely political. Although no think- 
 ing person would advocate risking the selection of a City 
 Superintendent of Schools to the results of a political town 
 election, that practice was considered reasonable and necessary 
 Avhen the office of the chief school executive of the state was 
 to be filled. 
 
 In the school legislation of 1917 we have taken a most 
 commendable step forward. The administration and super- 
 vision of the schools of the state are now delegated to a non- 
 partisan State Board of Education empowered to employ as 
 its executive secretary, a trained school official, possessing cer- 
 tain professional qualifications stipulated in the law. Under 
 the new regime the scliools of the state are being welded into 
 a system which could not have been efl^ected under the old 
 plan. 
 
 There remains a slight legal conflict of authority which 
 should be removed by immediate legislation. No friction has 
 developed in the State Department of Education, due to this 
 inconsistency, but to make the Department an effective work- 
 ing unit, the whole administration of the schools should be 
 placed under the one Board. To accomplish this, I recommend 
 that the state constitution be amended so as to abolish the 
 office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Provision 
 should then be made by law to adequately enlarge the working 
 force of the Department of Education so as to carry out all 
 constructive policies determined upon by the Board. 
 
 Present Division of Responsibility 
 
 Operating since May, 1917. under the present law, the 
 ( Commissioner of Education, aj^pointed by the State Board of 
 Education, and the State Superintendent have divided the work 
 of the office so as to give to each certain definite responsibili- 
 ties. 
 
 It has remained the function of the State Superintendent 
 to apportion the Land Income Funds, and to act upon disputes 
 in the matter of school district boundaries. Certain trips into 
 various parts of the state for the purpose of determining local 
 school conditions, or for visiting certain county institutes, have 
 been made by the State Superintendent. Others have been 
 made by the Commissioner. In 1918, the State Superintendent 
 represented the State Department of Education at the teach- 
 ers' institutes of Weston, Campl)ell, Sheridan, Johnson, Hot 
 Springs and Washakie Counties. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 7 
 
 War Work in the Schools 
 
 During the past biennium, the chief new responsibility of 
 the State Superintendent has been the direction of the War 
 Work in the schools of the state. Every activity of a distinctly 
 patriotic nature and bearing upon our participation m the war, 
 has been emphasized in the schools of Wyoming — Food Con- 
 servation, War Savings, Liberty Loans, Junior Red Cross, etc. 
 Every drive that has been put on throughout the nation has 
 been brought into the schools, with gratifying success. 
 
 We have been handicapped by lack of funds for travelling, 
 liolding meetings, and the printing and distributing of circular 
 letters and other bulletins, but even under this disadvantage 
 the schools very generally have made a splendid record. I 
 have asked each county superintendent to report for the 
 schools within her jurisdiction. These reports will be found 
 in Part II of this published report. 
 
 Wyoming State Teachers' Institute 
 
 In accordance with chapter 161 of the 1915 Session Laws, 
 the State Superintendent has called two State Teachers' Insti- 
 tutes during the period covered in this report. These meetings 
 were held in conjunction with the State Teachers' Association 
 conferences in November, 1916, at Cheyenne, and in November, 
 1917, at Buffalo. 
 
 Wyoming- History, Current and Past 
 
 In my biennial report for 1915-1916, I gave space to a brief 
 discussion of two topics which I consider so important that I 
 wish to mention them again. They are the study of "Wyoming 
 Pioneer History" and our "State School Scrap Book." 
 
 During the previous biennium, we urged teachers and 
 pupils to collect all available anecdotes and facts bearing upon 
 the early history of their local communities. These first-hand 
 stories furnish a wonderfully varied and entertaining fund of 
 subjects for all sorts of school use. Every story should be put 
 into permanent form, illustrated with drawings, maps and 
 kodak pictures, and kept for reference. The old settlers are 
 fast disappearing, and much of the early historj^ of our state 
 is available only from them. 
 
 The other innovation is one which might have become a real 
 history of school activities in Wyoming if County and City 
 Superintendents and the teachers of the state had co-operated 
 more heartily. However, in spite of the lack of response from 
 many counties, the State School Scrap Book, begun in 1915, 
 has grown to interesting proportions and contains clippings 
 
S BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 bearing upon educational happenings in Wyoming during the 
 past four years. The beginning achieved justifies its continu- 
 ance. 
 
 Ex-Officio Duties of the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction 
 
 It has occurred to me that copies of this printed report 
 will be read by persons outside of this state who may be unfa- 
 miliar with the Wyoming Constitution and Statutes specifying 
 the duties of state officers. 
 
 For the information of such readers, it would be of interest 
 to note here that the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion is, by virtue of the office, a member of seven important 
 State Boards, namely : 
 
 The State Board of Charities and Reform. 
 
 The State Board of Land Commissioners. 
 
 The State Board of Arid Land Commissioners. 
 
 The State Board of School Land Commissioners. 
 
 The State Board of Pardons. 
 
 The State Board of Education. 
 
 The Board of Trustees of the State University. 
 
 Regular meetings of the first four of these Boards occur 
 each month, and often special meetings to consider urgent mat- 
 ters are necessary. The Board of Pardons meets quarterly. 
 The two remaining Boards hold their regular meetings semi- 
 annually, and usually a number of special meetings during the 
 year. 
 
 Trips into various parts of the state are made in connection 
 with the work of some of the Boards and much of the corre- 
 spondence carried on by the State Superintendent bears upon 
 the matters controlled by the Boards of which that officer is a 
 member. 
 
 In closing this my second and last biennial report, I wish to 
 take the opportunity of expressing my keen interest in the 
 various branches of State administration which have been a 
 part of my work as State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 and my good wishes to those who, whatever their official titles 
 may be, will "Carry On." 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 EDITH K. 0. CLARK, 
 State Superintendent of Pu])lic Instruction. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 9 
 
 PART IT. 
 
 Albany County 
 
 To State Siiperinteiident Clark: 
 
 The Albany County schools have certainly been awake to 
 all kinds of war activities the past year. On April 12th, 1918, 
 complying wnth Secretary McAdoo's request, there were held 
 fifteen patriotic meetings in various sections of the county, all 
 of which helped to create a sentiment in favor of the Third 
 Liberty Loan. Arrangements were made to hold Harvest Home 
 Festivals on October 12th, in twelve school districts. In several 
 cases two districts were to unite. Lecturers and singers from 
 Laramie were to add to the festivities. After the announcement 
 of a <|uarantine for influenza, these meetings were postponed 
 indefinitely, with the exception of an open air meeting at 
 Laramie. I think I am safe in saying at least ninety -pev cent 
 of our teachers invested in Liberty Bonds. A goodly number 
 of school children are in possession of registered bonds. 
 
 Of the 1617 pupils enrolled in the county, possibly ninety- 
 five per cent of them have a collection of Thrift and War 
 Stamps. It is interesting to hear the boys arguing wuth one 
 another concerning the best way to earn Thrift Stamps, etc. 
 
 Junior Red Cross auxiliaries were organized in Laramie, 
 Bosler and Rock River the past winter, pupils learning to knit, 
 darn, sew, etc. In the summer there was made a goodly col- 
 lection of tin foil, peach pits and other articles. The week of 
 the Red Cross drive in May the pupils turned in directly or 
 indirectly about twelve hundred dollars. This did not include 
 the Laramie pupils' contribution. 
 
 There were Pupils' War Gardens throughout the County. 
 In many instances, the children learned more about garden- 
 ing than their parents ever thought of knowing. Early in the 
 spring, a number of sacks of seeds from Washington were dis- 
 tributed to the various districts. Mr. Libbey of the Commer- 
 cial Department of the Laramie High School is also Club Leader 
 for District No. 1. He organized poultry, garden, potato and 
 canning teams. In many cases the pupils conducted a profit- 
 able business. One participant added to her bank account 
 .$57.88 from the sale of vegetables. During the teachers' in- 
 stitute the last week of August a team of three girls in Club 
 uniform gave a potato demonstration which made the older 
 people "sit up and take notice." 
 
 Certainly this terrible war has taught the American peo- 
 ple many lessons of thrift and economy. We have many little 
 "Herby Hoovers" in this section. Left-overs from the midday 
 
10 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 lunch are carried home to be utilized instead of throwing them 
 about the playground. Voluntarily, cakes, candy, etc., have been 
 dispensed with. 
 
 During the week clothes were being collected for the Bel- 
 gians, a large number of pupils sent or brought to the store 
 room in Laramie, their contribution of out-grown garments in 
 good condition. 
 
 All sorts of war literature from the various departments 
 at Washington have been distributed to every school, some of 
 these booklets being used during the regular reading period. 
 
 At present a plan is being worked out to organize for the 
 ensuing year a County Junior Red Cross with a hundred per 
 cent membership. 
 
 N. ARTISEE ERICKSON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Big- Horn County 
 
 To Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 The schools of Big Horn County have tried to take their 
 part in the many war activities of the past two years. At the 
 County Teachers' Institute, held in October, 1917, a committee 
 of teachers was appointed to plan for the war work of the 
 coming year. At the close of the Institute the following re- 
 port was made to the teachers and accepted by them. 
 
 To the teachers of Big Horn County, convened in Insti- 
 tute at Lovell, Wyoming, Oct. 1st to 5th, 1917: 
 
 We, the Committee on Co-operation with the National 
 Council of Defense, respectfully submit for your consider- 
 ation the following report : , 
 
 1st. We recommend the introduction of a definite 
 system for saving money by school children, either by the 
 establishment of a savings bank in the school or by the 
 adoption of the system published by the United States 
 Bank Note Company of Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 2nd. We recommend the organization of a flunior 
 Red Cross unit in every school. 
 
 3rd. We recommend that each school display per- 
 manently in the school room, the posters to be procured 
 from the United States Food Administrator, Herbert C. 
 Hoover, Washington, D. C. 
 
 4th. We recommend that November 1st and 2nd, 
 1917, be adopted as days upon which the children of Big 
 Horn C'bunty pledge themselves not to buy any candy. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 11 
 
 5th. We recoiuinend that the schools teach the prin- 
 ciples of food conservation outlined in the pamphlet 
 ''Ten Lessons on Food Conservation," published by the 
 Government Printing Office. 
 
 6th. We recommend that the teachers organize a 
 committee in each school district to work in conjunction 
 with the National Committee on Defense, with R. B. West, 
 of Basin as Big Horn County, chairman. 
 
 7th. We recommend that each school child memor- 
 ize the following slogan: 
 
 SAVE MONEY. Use your savings bank. 
 SAVE SOLDIERS' LIVES. Use your spare time for 
 the Junior Red Cross. 
 
 SAVE WHEAT. Use more corn and potatoes. 
 SAVE MEAT. Use more fish and beans. 
 SAVE FATS. Use just enough. 
 SAVE SUGAR. Use syrups. 
 
 "Our savings and our thrift — 
 
 The work of mind and hands — 
 We pledge for freedom's gift 
 To this and foreign lands. ' ' 
 Respectfully, 
 ARNOLD JOHNSON, Chairman. 
 
 Printed copies of the report were sent to each teacher to 
 be hung in her school room. As soon as Thrift Stamps were 
 issued, the saving of money in that manner was introduced 
 instead of the savings bank method recommended in the 
 report. 
 
 Twelve Junior Red Cross auxiliaries were organized 
 raising a total of $281.95. All of these auxiliaries did active 
 Avork during the year. 
 
 The other recommendations of the report were carried 
 out in a similar way, some districts stressing one form and 
 others another form of Avar activity. Practically every school 
 took part in the war work of the community and in nearly 
 every school room the principles of conservation and thrift 
 were taught and a keen interest maintained in the war and all 
 connected with it. 
 
 At the County Teachers' Institute held September 9th to 
 13th, 1918, the same plan was pursued and the following 
 report Avas presented and adopted. 
 
12 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 To the teachers of Big Horn County, convened in Insti- 
 tute at Basin, Wyoming, September 9th-13th, 1918: 
 We, the Committee on War Work in the Schools, re- 
 spectfully submit for your consideration the following 
 report : 
 
 We, recommend : 
 
 1st. That the teachers of Big Horn County pledge to 
 subscribe to the Fourth Liberty Loan and to establish 
 habits of thrift and to invest in Thrift Stamps. 
 
 2nd. The introduction of Thrift Stamp Clubs in 
 each school. This work to be started at once. 
 
 3rd. That the teachers provide and suggest ways 
 and means by which the pupils may cultivate thrift and 
 save money to buy Thrift Stamps. 
 
 4th. The organization of a Junior Red Cross unit in 
 each school. 
 
 5th. That the schools teach the principles of food 
 conservation recommended by the United States Food Ad- 
 ministration, with stress placed upon the reasons for and 
 results of such conservation. 
 
 6th. That we support the Boys' and Girls* Club 
 Work in food production and conservation. 
 
 7th. That war posters be permanently displayed in 
 each school building and school room. 
 
 8th. That teachers co-operate with local, state and 
 national Committees of Defense. 
 
 9th. To use every effort to place the schools on a 
 war basis until the successful completion of the War. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 ERNEST KNUDSEN, 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 Owing to the fact that influenza quarantine closed the 
 schools before the end of the first month, no new Junior Red 
 Cross Auxiliaries have been organized, though a number of 
 schools had begun raising their membership fund and the 
 county hopes to have a hundred per cent organization by the 
 first of the year. 
 
 It is extremely difficult to measure the war work that 
 the schools have done, yet it is certain that they have played 
 no unimportant part and that their support has been an unde- 
 niable factor in putting Big Horn County "over the top" in 
 its many undertakings of the past two years. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted. 
 
 ELAINE KINDER, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 13 
 
 Campbell County 
 
 No report submitted, although repeated requests were sent 
 by letter and telegraph. 
 
 Carbon County 
 
 No report submitted, although repeated requests were sent 
 by letter and telegraph. 
 
 Converse County 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 My dear Miss Clark : 
 
 Below I submit a report of the War Work done in the 
 Converse County high school and the Douglas schools. This 
 report was prepared by the City Superintendent, Mr. 0. C. 
 Schwnering. 
 
 Patriotic Work Done by District No. 17 — Douglas Schools, 
 Grades 1 to 8— 
 
 Junior Red Cross work, 100 per cent membership. 
 Much time of Domestic Science classes in grades 6-7-8 
 given over to Red Cross work room once a week. Also lower 
 grades twice a week on school time. 
 128 refugee garments made. 
 76 wash rags. 
 12 afghans. 
 30 bundles gun wipes. 
 390 scrap books. 
 250 trench candles. 
 
 40 pounds tinfoil collected. 
 480 pounds clothing collected. 
 38 layettes. 
 9 sweaters. 
 Patriotic opening exercises in each grade. 
 Patriotic pageant entitled "Uncle Sam's Visit," given by 
 school. 
 
 War study through ''Current Events" and "National and 
 Community Life Leaflets." 
 
 Patriotic pictures given by school moving picture show on 
 war subjects onlv, such as "The Tanks at the Battle of Anere," 
 "For The Freedom of the World," "The Slacker," etc. 
 
 War Savings Stamps drive — amount owned to date $2,- 
 978.00, enrollment, 414. 
 
14 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Liberty Bonds owned — amount $1,800.00. 
 
 Food Conservation taught in Domestic Science classes and 
 grades. Text — "Food Problems," government leaflets . 
 
 Coal Conservation — shovel tag day observed. 
 
 Boys' and Girls' Club Work — Gardening club — 42 mem- 
 bers. Chicken club — 18 members. 
 
 Boy Scouts organized. 
 
 Patriotic Work Done in Converse County High School — 
 
 Junior Red Cross work— 100 per cent membership. 
 
 Activity period once a week given over to Red Cross work. 
 
 Class organized in gauze and bandage work, under direc- 
 tion of nurse, 100 gauze packets and 150 bandages made, 
 enrollment — 20 girls. 
 
 Knitting class under high school teacher — 28 sweaters, 40 
 pair socks, 10 helmets completed — 32 girls enrolled. 
 
 Salvage drive by boys of cadet corps for magazines, 
 clothes, tinfoil, leather, etc. 
 
 Boxes and chests made by manual training for storing and 
 shipping chapter supplies. 
 
 50 bed tables constructed. 
 
 350 scrap books on outside time completed. 
 
 25 sets refugee garments made in domestic science classes. 
 
 Junior Four Minute Men. 
 
 Furnished eight speakers for Liberty Bond drives, 10 
 speakers for Red Cross drive, spoke in local theaters and took 
 out of town trips, also spoke in school assemblies. 
 
 Boys' working reserve — enrollment 38 boys. 
 
 War Savings drive held — amount owned $1,635.00 — enroll- 
 ment 96. 
 
 School W. S. club and bank organized for sale of War 
 Savings Stamps. 
 
 Liberty Bonds sold to and owned by high school students 
 —$3,800.00. 
 
 Music furnished to most public patriotic gatherings by 
 Boys' and Girls' glee club. 
 
 Library book drive — made by high school girls, secured 
 780 volumes. 
 
 Current Events study of war and war issues by history 
 classes once a week. Texts: The Outlook, Independent, Les- 
 sons in National and Community Life. 
 
 Patriotic Singing each day in assembly at opening of 
 school. 
 
 Night school for drafted men: military class, gas engine, 
 telegraphy taught, military training for all boys. 
 
 0. C. SCHWIERING, Supt. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION l5 
 
 We have no reports of the war work from many of our other 
 school districts, but we know the work has been done. Every 
 other school in the county has been alive to the situation. Many 
 have formed Junior Red Cross organizations ; where these 
 organizations do not exist, work is done and sent to Red Cross 
 headquarters. 
 
 The patriotic literature furnished by the various depart- 
 ments has been sent out from time to time by the county super- 
 intendent of schools. The teachers have made good use of it. 
 Entertainments of various kinds have been given by the schools 
 for war work benefits and have been generously patronized. 
 Many contributions have been made by the schools to all forms 
 of the work. 
 
 In the purchase of War Savings Stamps, the pupils of the 
 schools have made a good showing. Many of them are the proud 
 owners of Liberty Bonds. 
 
 The war work of the schools cannot be covered by a re- 
 port. Some that have done the most have made no reports; 
 but the true spirit of patriotism that has been manifested by 
 them will live in deeper, more abiding form than the most 
 detailed report could show. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAUD DAWES, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Crook County 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Cheyenne, 
 Wyoming. 
 My dear Miss Clark: 
 
 The Junior Red C-ross members of Crook County have 
 been active workers in whatever has been given them to do. 
 
 In nearly every school in the county you will find a flag. 
 Every morning there are patriotic exercises and a salute to 
 the flag. Current events are given and even the smallest chil- 
 dren have their items of interest to report. Liberty Day was 
 observed by all the schools in the comity and special work in 
 school given along different up-to-date subjects. 
 
 Work on exhibit in the school rooms shows essays on 
 Conservation of Food, recipe books containing war time recipes, 
 compositions on sugar, grain and meats and their relation to 
 the war. Four minute talks were given on the Liberty Loans 
 and the War Drives. 
 
16 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 The little book "Our Country's Call to Service," is found 
 in nearly every school room and the material is used every day 
 in some part of the program. 
 
 The work already accomplished includes: layette outfits, 
 part of which were collected from the mothers and the rest 
 made new, pieced baby quilts, knitted afghans, ambulance 
 pillows, treasure bags, comfort pillows, bed socks, several thou- 
 sand gun wipes, new dresses and overalls, several barrels of 
 refugee garments and boxes of books. Also the Juniors have 
 done their share in knitting the sweaters and socks. 
 
 The Juniors are now making 200 scrap books which we 
 expect to have completed by the last of December. 
 
 The work is very close to the hearts of the teachers, pupils 
 and parents and much has been accomplished in developing 
 an unselfish spirit, if not so much in actual work. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 G. EDNA McWETHY, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Fremont County 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 My dear Miss Clark : 
 
 I am sorry I cannot give you a full and correct report of 
 the work done by the Fremont County children in the Junior 
 Red Cross. 
 
 Following is an outline of work done as reported to me by 
 superintendents and Red Cross officers : 
 
 Lander — 
 
 Boys in industrial department of the Lander High School 
 made 24 bedside tables for soldiers, made 6 pad frames and the 
 boxes for shipping books in the library drive. The girls in 
 the domestic art department gave every Monday after school 
 all last year to work in the gauze rooms. The children knitted 
 five or more dozen wash rags, clipped for numbers of pillows 
 and knitted about two dozen sweaters and socks, also made 
 3 afghans. 
 
 The high school bought a $50.00 Bond for the school. Sev- 
 eral boys and girls bought bonds for themselves. The school 
 gave $100.00 in cash to the local Red Cross Chapter last spring 
 and saved $25.00 in tinfoil. They saved a large box of fruit pits 
 this summer. All prizes from the junior department of the 
 County Fair were awarded in Thrift Stamps. The children had 
 the right to choose between Stamps and money, all took Stamps. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 17 
 
 This amouuted to $70.00 and went to pupils all over the county. 
 The postmaster estimates that the local school children have 
 bought $1,000.00 in Thrift Stamps. 
 
 Riverton — 
 
 Miss Fesenbeck, the superintendent, tells me that the 
 school children have invested $1,100.00 in Bonds, $3,200.00 in 
 Thrift Stamps and that last spring they turned in $158.00 in 
 cash to the Red Cross (chapter, $78.00 of this was proceeds from 
 a play given by the children, and $80.00 was given by members 
 of the graduating class. The class refused to receive presents 
 and flowers. Each one estimated what it would cost for reg- 
 ular graduating "'outfits"; did without them, and turned that 
 amount of money into their Red Cross fund. They asked the 
 school board to turn in the usual amount spent for graduating 
 exercises, too. In this way, the $80.00 was raised. 
 
 The pupils made many hospital shirts, clipped for pillows, 
 and delivered the materials to be made into sweaters, garments, 
 etc., to the homes. When these were completed, the pupils 
 collected them and carried them to the Red Cross rooms. 
 
 Shoshoni — 
 
 The report from Shoshoni is very incomplete. But an inter- 
 ested Red Cross worker estimated that the pupils of the town 
 had bought at least twenty $50.00 Bonds. They contributed 
 $20.00 in cash, knitted about 24 sweaters and pairs of wristlets 
 and 3 afghans. Nearly all children bought Thrift Stamps, but 
 it is impossible to tell how many. 
 
 1 wish so very much that I could give you an account of 
 the work in the Pinedale and Dubois schools. I know that the 
 schools in the "Pinedale Country," this means the town 
 schools and all the rural schools in Fremont county across the 
 mountains, did splendid work. Practically every school was a 
 member of the Red Cross over there. They bought Thrift 
 Stamps, made bags and other articles, and did a great deal of 
 knitting. They bought Bonds, too. Two little boys in the 
 Kendall country under this same chapter put nearly $118.00 
 into Thrift Stamps and Bonds. These little chaps were six and 
 eight years of age and earned all this money by trapping. 
 
 The Dubois children knitted ever so many wristlets and 
 sent more than $36.00 to the Red Cross at one time. T am sure 
 they did work of which I have no record. 
 
 In Lysite, the two schools, Lysite and Day and Fuller, gave 
 entertainments and bought two $50.00 Bonds of the Fourth 
 Loan. 
 
18 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 I hesitate to speak of the rural schools for fear my record 
 is so incomplete that several schools will he neglected where 
 much work was done. 
 
 I know that the children of the Mathison school gave an 
 entertainment and raised a large sum for such a tiny commun- 
 ity. I think it was close to $38.00. The Dallas school, I believe, 
 raised a good sum, too. And the number of Thrift Stamps 
 bought in the Lyons school reached a high figure, considering 
 enrollment and conditions. As I remember, the children of the 
 Dutch Flat school raised a good sum of money through enter- 
 tainments, also the Emerson and Olson schools. 
 
 I regret that I can give no more accurate a report, but I 
 have no real reports on many of these things. Often, the 
 teachers neglected to tell me and only when I visited communi- 
 ties did T find them out. 
 
 Our supplies, application blanks, did not reach us until 
 Saturday, last week, so we have been unable to organize this 
 fall, but the children have saved their money for weeks. 
 
 Miss Fesenbeck of Riverton reports that they have a hun- 
 dred per cent Junior Red Cross organization. 
 
 Sincerely, 
 
 VERNA E. WELLS, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Goshen County 
 
 No report submitted, altliough repeated requests were sent 
 by letter and telegraph. 
 
 Hot Springs County 
 
 War work was carried on in every school, although the 
 Red Cross societies were not organized in all. There were five 
 societies of Junior Red Cross with a membership of about 75. 
 Knitted articles, quilts and ambulance pillows, comfort kits 
 and convalescent robes were made by pupils and many gave 
 three or four hours a week in the gauze rooms. The sewing 
 clubs gave much of their time. 
 
 Lucerne school gave $50.00 to the Red Cross. Gebo gave 
 $30.00 to war charities and in return received some tokens 
 made by the children at Antwerp.' Middleton school has 
 adopted a French orphan. 
 
 During the month of January the pupils of the fifth to 
 eighth grades inclusive , studied Conservation of Food. In Feb- 
 ruary, the prohibition question was considered and essays writ- 
 ten on the different phases of this subject. These essays were 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 19 
 
 entered in the state contest in charge of the W. C T. U. and 
 two prizes were secured, and others mentioned as worthy 
 of honor. 
 
 J^elow is a partial list of the amount of Thrift Stamps, War 
 Savings Stamps and Liberty Bonds purchased by the pupils 
 of the county: 
 
 Lib. Bonds Thrift S. W. S. Stamiis Total 
 
 Thermopolis higli school $ 2,300.00 26.50 
 
 Thermopolis grades '__ 6,890.00 278.00 
 
 Kirby Creek 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 Embar 250.00 130.00 
 
 Crosby 
 
 Midwest 700.00 29.25 
 
 Holt 400.00 
 
 Gebo 1,300.00 254.00 
 
 11,840.00 717.75 
 
 525.00 
 
 2.851.5(1 
 
 2,385.00 
 
 9,553.00 
 
 
 58.25 
 
 
 540.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 382.50 
 
 
 894.00 
 
 565.00 
 
 1,294.25 
 
 
 400.00 
 
 1,445.00 
 
 2.999.00 
 
 4,922.50 
 
 18.972.50 
 
 Johnson County 
 
 Miss Edith K. O. Tlark. 
 
 State Superintendent. 
 My dear Miss Clark: 
 
 Owing to epidemics of small pox, scarlet fever, measles, 
 whooping cough and a few other things, Johnson county did 
 not make as good a showing last year in the war activities of 
 the schools as she had hoped to; however, in spite of the fact 
 that many of the schools had to close, some things were done. 
 While the high school 'was closed, the pupils sold in one Aveek 
 $2,080 worth of Thrift Stamps. The grade schools kept an 
 accurate account of the stamps sold in each room and reported 
 each Monday. In some rooms, every child had a book and 
 many were filled. The Junior Red Cross was not fully started 
 when the epidemic struck the county, but some schools earned 
 the membership fee and are ready to take up the work this 
 year. The Boy Scouts sold Liberty Bonds, winning medals and 
 bars. Many girls joined the Red Cross and assisted with sew- 
 ing. Knitting clubs were formed and both boys and girls 
 did splendid work. Fruit pits and tinfoil have been gathered. 
 The National Defense Society has been aided in many ways. 
 
 It was expected that great things would be accomplished 
 this fall. I)ut now our schools are closed again on account of the 
 influenza. The children are anxious to help and the teachers 
 are interested, so if we ever get a chance, I believe we will 
 have something worth while to report. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 BESSIE M. BULLIS, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
20 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Laramie County 
 
 Miss Edith K. O. Clark, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 Dear Miss Clark : 
 
 I regret that a more complete report can not be given you 
 on the work done by the Jnnior Red Cross and I am disap- 
 pointed as, immediately, upon receipt of your letter, a request 
 was sent to every Red Cross auxiliary, asking that a report 
 of the work by the Junior Red Cross of their community be 
 made and sent to this office. The failure to comply with this 
 request is responsible for the delay in making this report 
 to you. 
 
 I am herewith giving you a report of the rural schools. 
 You will find a report of the Cheyenne schools attached, signed 
 by Mr. A. S. Jessup, Superintendent. 
 
 1 regret to say that I have no report to make as to what 
 was accomplished in regard to War Savings and Thrift Stamps, 
 although I know creditable work has been done. 
 
 The Junior Red Cross work was taken up in February, 
 19] 8, by som.e of our rural schools, and considering the length 
 of time that school was in session, they made a creditable 
 showing. 
 
 In September of this year, all literature and instructions 
 received in this office were sent out and the work started with 
 a good deal of enthusiasm and some progress has been made. 
 During the past year, a number of the schools have done knit- 
 ting, made tray cloths, wash cloths, convalescent pillows and 
 old sweaters were unraveled and knitted into squares which 
 were converted into afghans. In one school where some of the 
 best work was done, the school was taught by a young man 
 Avho learned knitting so that he might teach his pupils. In an- 
 other school having only five pupils, -$135.00 was raised from a 
 pie social and auction. The articles that were auctioned were 
 donated by people of the community and consisted of articles 
 varying from a cake to a load cf straw. Another school raised 
 $16 00 from an entertainment given by the teacher and pupils. 
 
 Excellent work was done in the schools at Pine liluffs, 
 p]gbert. Burns, Hillsdale, and Carpenter. Unfortunately, I 
 have a report only from the Carpenter school, which has about 
 eighty members enrolled in the Junior Red Cross. It has raised 
 about $24.00 and spent $15.00 for yarn and needles During 
 vacation, the pupils knitted 75 squares and six pair of socks, 
 about fifty children took part in the knitting. Reports were 
 asked from each of the towns, but Carj^enter was the only one 
 to reply. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 21 
 
 Owing to the influenza epidemic and the resulting quaran- 
 tine, little work has been done since school opened in Sep- 
 tember, 1918, as the schools have been closed longer periods 
 than they liave been in session. 
 
 Following is the report of the Junior Red Cross work in 
 the Cheyenne schools for the year 1917-18: 
 
 The Junior Red Cross activities in the Cheyenne schools 
 were started rather late in the year. However, considerable 
 work was accomplished. In the High School, approximately 
 $100.00 was raised by membership fees and entertainments. 
 Besides this, the high school girls made a quilt 4 feet by 6 feet 
 and al)Out one hundred and eight other articles, including tray 
 clothS; napkins and wash cloths. The Senior Class Play vv^as 
 given in the spring of 1918 for the Benefit of the Red Cross and 
 approximately $17.00 was realized after all expenses were paid. 
 
 The Johnson School made three dozen handkerchiefs, five 
 dozen napkins, four knitted afghans, 3 feet by 5 feet, and two 
 dozen hospital trinket bags. The children raised $65.00 in 
 money and have approximately $11.00 left for work this 3^ear. 
 
 Churchill School made two quilts, one 42 inches by 60 
 inches and the other 36 inches by 60 inches. The amount raised 
 in this school was $70.00, of which about $65.00 is still on 
 hand. 
 
 The Converse School made several tray cloths, and did 
 other sewing. The pupils collected and now have on hand 
 $50.30. 
 
 The Central School hemmed a number of handkerchiefs 
 and many of the children were taught to knit. The Junior Red 
 Cross membership fee of twenty-five cents was collected from 
 nearly every child in the building, which amounted to approxi- 
 mately $50.00 
 
 So far this year, practically nothing has been accomplished. 
 One of our rural schools collected the 25c membership fee and 
 turned it in. But so fas as work is concerned, the schools were 
 closed by (luarantine, due to the influenza epidemic, before 
 we had time to get our bearings. The Manual Training de- 
 partment of the High School accepted an order for twenty- 
 four hospital tables. But they have not had time to get started 
 on the work. Arrangements were being made this year for 
 extensive work in each of the schools, but we have not had 
 time to do anvthing more than lav our plans. 
 
 Yours very truly, ' A. S. JESSUP, 
 
 City Superintendent. 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 MAMIE E. HEFFERON, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
22 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Lincoln County 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 Cheyenne, W^^oming'. 
 My dear Miss Clark : 
 
 I am submitting herewith as complete a report as it was 
 possible for me to get from the schools. We had abont 95 per 
 cent membership in the Junior Red Cross, but they did not 
 respond with a report. The work in Jackson Hole was done 
 under the direction of a Red Cross member and after school 
 hours, in most places. I know very little about the Big Piney 
 schools since the epidemic of influenza kept me from seeing 
 them this fall and the work was ]>egun after I was there last 
 fall. 
 
 Junior Red Cross for 1917-18 — 
 
 Knitting — 30 pair wristlets, 45 sweaters, 120 wash rags, 30 
 scarfs, 14 afghans, 300 afghan squares, 40 pair socks, 730 gun 
 wipes. 
 
 Refugee Garments — 12 dresses, 10 hiyettes, 9 jackets, 27 
 waists, 5 capes, 1 child's sleeping suit, $10 worth new clothes, 
 8 swaddling clothes, 120 diapers, 8 bags, 20 pair bootees, 3 
 hoods, 4 blankets, 3 shirts. 
 
 Hosi)ital Carments — 63 towels, 120 handkerchiefs, 24 am- 
 bulance pillows, 40 joke books, 10 bags, 6 rolls muslin. 
 
 Manual Training Activities — 20 pieces splint Avood. 
 
 $3,000 in War Savings Stamps. $4,000 in Liberty Bonds. 
 $1,758 in Thrift Stamps. 
 
 The above report is for Districts Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 5 for all 
 except the War Savings Stamps which is for No. 19. No other 
 report has been sent in from them. 1 could not get any report 
 from the other districts. 
 
 Verv ti'ulv vours, 
 
 MARGARET P. NICHOLSON, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Natrona County 
 Miss Edith K. O. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 My dear Miss Clark : 
 
 In reply to your recent request for a summary of the work 
 done by the Junior Red Cross of Natrona County, 1 beg to 
 submit the following : 
 
 The work of the Junior Red Cross has been discontinued 
 this month, (October, 1918), on account of the epidemic which 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 23 
 
 we are fighting, but up to this time the Casper schools have 
 collected their membership fee and are organized for work, 
 as are many of the rural schools. 
 
 We hoped by this time to have had Natrona ('ounty 100 
 per cent in membership, but have not been able to do so. 
 There has been no work done as we have received but one re- 
 quest, namely for rag rugs, and, up to date have received no 
 specifications for same. 
 
 Last year the schools of the county were very active and 
 we hope to make even a better record this year. Many of the 
 children have bonds of two issues. The rural schools did knit- 
 ting, sewing, snipping, and many other lines of work given to 
 the Junior Red Cross. 
 
 Salt Creek, with twenty-three pupils, pledged themselves to 
 buy four hundred dollars worth of Liberty Bonds, and had 
 over one hundred dollars in Thrift Stamps when school closed. 
 
 A number of the I'ural schools gave entertainments which 
 netted from forty to four hundred dollars and turned this over 
 to the Red Cross. 
 
 The grades in Casper made nearly six hundred garments, 
 consisting of knitted articles, ' hospital garments, pillows, 
 napkins, hoods and scarfs for the refugee children, and many 
 other things. This does not include the work done in the 
 Domestic Science department which did a large share of the 
 work. 
 
 The city schools bought $450 worth of bonds, aside from 
 those by the individuals in the schools ; they had $4,842 in 
 Thrift Stamps ; donated to the last Red Cross drive $787.65 ; 
 to the Red Star $50. The High School, besides its other work, 
 gave one night a week to the Red Cross work rooms. 
 
 This year we are ready and willing to do our bit as it is 
 given to us. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 " MAY HAMILTON, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
 Niobrara County 
 
 Twenty-seven schools have organized Junior Red Cross 
 auxiliaries, with a total membership of 584, and total fund of 
 $247.25. 
 
 Great interest has been inanifested in purchase of Thrift 
 and War Savings Stamps and there is not a school in the 
 county but has pupils owning stamps. Likewise, many pupils 
 own Liberty Bonds, but definite statistics are not available. 
 
24 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 The Liisk schools invested in War Savings Stamps and Bonds 
 to the amount of $4 per pupil. Nearly all the schools gave 
 patriotic programs in the interest of the Third Liberty Loan. 
 Much patriotic literature has been distributed with instruc- 
 tions for its use, such as circular letters on patriotic exercises, 
 and instruction, the American's Creed, Liberty Loan Leaflets, 
 Pamphlets sent out by the National Security League, etc. 
 
 Conservation of food, fuel and clothing are subjects which 
 have received due attention in the schools and all rulings of 
 the Food Commission have been brought before them. Pupils 
 are taught to help at home to observe these requirements. 
 
 Every possible effort has been made to teach patriotism. 
 Teachers have been required to give definite patriotic instruc- 
 tion. The history and causes of the war have been taught, and 
 the duty of every American citizen to put forth the utmost 
 effort to win it, has been made a paramount one. 
 
 AMY E. CHRISTIAN. 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Park County 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 My dear Miss Clark: 
 
 In accordance with your recent request, the following 
 report of the war work in the schools of Park county is 
 respectfully submitted. 
 
 In all branches of war work, the schools have responded 
 fully and freely. Junior Red Cross societies were organized 
 throughout the county and Thrift and War Savings Stamps 
 Avere sold in every school of the county. 
 
 In the towns of Cody, Powell and Garland, good work 
 was done. The rural schools, although somewhat handicapped, 
 being unable to secure the needed materials, accomplished 
 excellent results. 
 
 As examples, I shall give the town school of Cody and 
 the rural school of Elk Basin. Just as good work was done in 
 other schools, but T am more familiar with these two. In Cody, 
 over $1,000 was invested in Stamps. Manual training pupils 
 made splints and crutches and the girls sewed towels, socks, 
 bandages, gun Avipes and cut clippings for comfort pillows. 
 This year, the pupils had just finished 290 handkerchiefs, their 
 allotment for the linen shower, when the schools Avere 
 quarantined. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 25 
 
 In the Elk Basin school, a rural school 16 miles from the 
 railroad, twelve hundred Red Cross Christmas seals were sold 
 by the children. Three boys received silver pins and every 
 other child in school received a button. Money for their Junior 
 Eed Cross was raised by various entertainments. Every child 
 in school over nine years old learned to knit. They made 
 squares, scarfs, wristlets and sAveaters. When the term closed, 
 every child in school had invested in Thrift and War Savings 
 Stamps. 
 
 In the drive for the Salvation Army in March, 1918. the 
 rural schools alone raised $132.72. 
 
 The schools were quarantined so shortly after they had 
 begun, that reports are not available for this year. Active 
 work had begun, however, and we expect to do more than ever 
 this year. 
 
 All in all, the schools of Park county are going "Over the 
 Top" in all Avar Avork campaigns. 
 
 Verv truh' A-ours, 
 
 NELLIE L. UNDERWOOD, 
 
 County Superintende]it. 
 
 Platte County 
 
 The schools of Platte county did not generally undertake 
 to carry more than one Avar activity in connection Avith the 
 school Avork, and in most instances this activity Avas Junior 
 Red Cross Avork. We succeeded splendidly on the financial 
 part of the Avork, but due to the interruptions caused by con- 
 tagions, the fact that many of the schools Avere carrying club 
 Avork, and had not time to add any other acti\'ity AAdien these 
 organizations AA-ere brought to their attention, prcA'ented them 
 from accomplishing as much as Ave desired. 
 
 June 1, 1918, the financial standing of the Platte county 
 Junior Red Cross Avas as f oIIoavs : 
 
 Number schools organized 27 
 
 Enrollment for Junior Red Cross Avork 375 
 
 Tavo schools had deposited ready for organization in 
 
 the fall Avith promised enrollment of 350 
 
 Money receiA-ed for Junior Red Cross work (from 
 
 schools') ^ $513.77 
 
 Money expended for supplies 34.04 
 
 $479.73 
 Money received since June 1, 1918 174.12 
 
 Cash on hand i $653.85 
 
26 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 Of this cash on hand, we have a general fund of .ii325.13, 
 created through the generosity of a nuniher of schools who 
 gave entertainments and raised more money than was needed 
 to enroll that school and gave balance to take care of any 
 school that was not fortunate enough to raise necessary enroll- 
 ment fee. Six schools have contributed to this fund. 
 
 The Notch school, Mary Phelps, teacher, gave an entertain- 
 ment and raised nearly $100 for the benefit of the Red Cross. 
 The Wheatland grade building, Miss Nellie Ures, principal, 
 gave an entertainment in May which netted them $209, $100 of 
 which was used to cover their enrollment in the Junior Red 
 Cross, the balance being given to the Platte county chapter. 
 
 Articles made in schools approximately as follows : 
 
 Towels, 50; Scrap Books, 22; Water Bottle Covers, 13; 
 Wristlets, 2 pair ; Helmets, 2 ; Sweaters, 2 ; Wash Cloths, 
 2 ; Bandages, 87 ; Rest Pillows, 6. 
 
 There were a nice lot of knitted articles made in the 
 Wheatland High School under the direction of Miss Krueger, 
 but not as a Junior Red Cross organization. \n addition to 
 the above, there were enough afghan squares knitted in the 
 different schools to make tw^o large ambulance robes. One 
 school made several "Joke Books" to send to army camps 
 before Xmas, 1917. 
 
 Thrift Stamp campaigns were not carried on in the rural 
 schools, but the Wheatland, Sunrise and Guernsey schools did 
 splendid work in that line. 
 
 The Wheatland grade building have a total of $2,259 
 in Thrift and War Savings Stamps, with an enrollment of 
 200 pupils in the building. Rural teachers have encouraged 
 the purchase of Thrift Stamps and doubtless could we secure 
 the record of purchases, it would make a good total. In school 
 district No. 5 of Platte county, the district trustees did much 
 Avork during the June drive in their district, but no record was 
 obtainable to show how much of the total was purchased or 
 pledged by school children. 
 
 The school children of Sunrise have a total investment 
 of $1,038.75 in Thrift Stamps, War Savings Stamps and Liberty 
 Bonds. Also, they have done considerable relief work under 
 the direction of Miss Mai'y E. Hooven, a teacher in the Sunrise 
 schools, but the record of this is not available . 
 Respect f nil V submitted, 
 
 WINIFRED W. BANNER, 
 County Superintendent of Schools. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 27 
 
 Sheridan County. 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 My dear Miss Clark: 
 
 Since the institntion of the sale of Thrift and War Sav- 
 ings Stamps, approximately $12,900.00 worth have been dis- 
 posed of in the schools of Sheridan county. 
 
 Nothing more than the preliminary steps have been taken 
 in the organization of Junior Red Cross chapters, as the 
 instructions and material have not been received from head- 
 quarters. Since the war began, the schools have given many 
 special patriotic exercises. Frequently these have been by 
 request on uniform dates, in celebration of events, Mdiich in 
 other years might have gone unobserved. 
 
 In our county institute, great emphasis has been placed 
 upon the singing of patriotic songs, the flag salute, and general 
 flag eti(juette, which instruction has been carried out in the 
 schools with fresh enthusiasm. 
 
 A number of donations have been made to the Sheridan 
 chapter of the Red Cross through the efforts of the schools. 
 Very naturally the closing of the schools for the past few 
 weeks because of the influenza <|uarantine, checked many plans 
 that were fairly under way, Avhich would have added to our 
 record. 
 
 I feel that we have done well, in what was nothing more 
 than our duty. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 BLANCHE ALEXANDER RICE, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
 Sweetwater County 
 
 The work commenced in earnest in February. Junior Red 
 Cross auxiliaries were organized in nearly every school in the 
 county. The Rock Springs and a number of the smaller 
 schools have one hundreil per cent enrollment. Considerable 
 interest was aroused in the Rock Springs High School by an 
 essay contest on the subject, "Why the United States is at 
 War With Germany.'' 
 
 We found the children eagei* to do something to help and 
 so the memliership fees were used to buy material. The chil- 
 dren and teachers worked many hours of the week sewing and 
 knitting to add to the comfort of our soldiers and the refugees 
 in France. One Junior Red Cross helped in the sewing room 
 
28 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 of the Red Cross every Saturday afternoon during the summer 
 months. 
 
 That much can ])e accomplished when all work together is 
 shown by the following list of articles which have been sent to 
 head(|uarters at Denver: 
 
 Knitting — 25 afghans, 3 pair socks 3 sweaters, 4 helmets, 
 14 pair wristlets, 72 scarfs, 4 mufflers, 5 wash cloths. Total 
 130 pieces. 
 
 Sewing — 12 ambulance pillows, 3 ambulance robes, 742 
 hospital handkerchiefs, 750 surgical dressings, 55 petticoats, 
 30 gowns, 23 pairs bed socks, 77 bandaged foot socks, 20 towels, 
 293 baby squares, 16 hot water bottle covers, 3 napkins, 1 
 infant's cape. Total, 2,025 pieces. 
 
 The little school at Eden raised and sold vegetables and 
 flowers and gave the proceeds to the Junior Red Cross. They 
 have two lambs to be sold for the same purpose. 
 
 Many of the smaller schools gave patriotic entertainments 
 to earn money for their Junior Red Cross. 
 
 Eighty pounds of tinfoil have been collected, also seven 
 hundred fifty pounds of peach and other fruit stones. 
 
 The Rock Springs Junior Red Cross collected five hundred 
 eight-six pieces of clothing for the Belgians. 
 
 One auxiliary secured ninety new members for the Senior 
 Red Cross. This fall the Rock Springs Chapter collected arti- 
 cles of linen for the Hospitals in France. The supply far ex- 
 ceeded the requisition. The list is as follows : 67 sheets, 431 
 bath towels, 352 hand towels, 690 handkerchiefs, 109 napkins 
 and 53 pillow cases. Total 1,702 pieces. The boys have knit, 
 collected tinfoil, distributed literature and one day were busy 
 tagging coal shovels for the Fuel Administration. 
 
 The emphasis was placed on Red Cross work last year. 
 This year we expect to emphasize Savings Stamps, etc. Owing 
 to the closing of school on account of sickness, we have not 
 accomplished much in this line, yet, but the Green River schools 
 report the following amount invested in bonds and stamps: 
 $5,086.90. 
 
 Today books relating to democracy and the late war are 
 being studied in English and history classes, while problems 
 relating to food conservation and thrift stamps are being given 
 in the arithmetic classes. 
 
 All of this work is of permanent value. The children are 
 learning lessons of co-operation and patriotism which will make 
 loval citizens of our bovs and girls. 
 
 MIRIAN W. SHEDDEN, 
 County Superintendent. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 29 
 
 Uinta County- 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming : 
 My dear Miss Clark : 
 
 It has been hard to get reports on a count of so much ill- 
 ness, however, I hope the report I am sending may arrive in 
 time to be of some benefit to you. 
 
 Report of Junior Red Cross work from January to close of 
 term, 1918. 
 
 13 schools, or 61 per cent of schools of county, were Junior 
 Red Cross units. 
 
 1126 pupils Avere enrolled. 
 
 $281.65 was received and expended for Junior Red Cross 
 work. 
 
 ]\Iany. many useful articles were made in schools. 
 
 Thrift Stamps sold to Evanston High' School from January 
 1st to close of school, amounted to $526.00. 
 
 Many were sold in rural districts, but I have no accurate 
 record of same. 
 
 Our schools were in session but one month when we w^ere 
 closed on account of influenza. We have not opened yet. 
 
 Practically all schools were Avell on the way of organiza- 
 tion for Junior Red Cross work when closed. Two schools have 
 organized. 
 
 Five hundred seventy-one dollars and seventy-five cents 
 ($571.75). worth of Thrift Stamps w^ere sold in 8 days to pupils 
 of Evanston schools. September. 1918. 
 
 I am sure that had our schools continued in the normal 
 Avay, we Avould have a very good report to send. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 JENNTE M. ISHERWOOD, 
 
 Countj' Supernitendent. 
 
 Washakie County 
 Miss Edith Clark, 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming. 
 My dear Miss Clark: 
 
 In reply to your request for report of war work, will say 
 that 1 am unable to give a complete report at this time, as 
 many of the schools have not reported all work done. 
 
 Three thousand dollars worth of War Savings Stamps 
 have been bought by the school children of this county. Twenty 
 Junior Red Cross societies have been organized and these socie- 
 ties have earned $535.00. When the call came for the linen 
 
30 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 shower for hospitals, the school children gave $130 worth of 
 linen. One school, with three pupils, gave $18.50. 
 
 War books are being prepared by pupils of the eighth 
 grade. These are made of clippings, poetry and cartoons from 
 magazines. We find this very interesting. 
 
 I am sorry T cannot report more work, for I feel that other 
 "work has been done. 
 
 Yours trulv. 
 
 ANGELTNE WILD. 
 ( 'ounty Superintendent. 
 
 Weston County 
 
 Miss Edith K. 0. Clark, 
 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 CUieyenne, Wyoming. 
 My dear Miss Clark : 
 
 The Weston county schools have responded promptly and 
 generously to appeals for work and money to further the prog- 
 ress of the war. The first Junior Red Cross of the Mountain 
 Division Avas organized in Weston county and much credit is 
 due the teachers of the Upton school for this honor. 
 
 The Upton teachers and pupils began in December, 1917. 
 raising money for the Junior Red Cross, by giving a play and 
 later a bake sale. With the funds thus raised, they paid the 
 dues of all pupils in the school and bought supplies for Red 
 Cross work. This enthusiasm continued throughout 1918, Avith 
 the residt that the following work Avas accomplished: 
 
 Knitted Garments — sweaters 29, scarfs 8, helmets 2, 
 Avristlets 12 pair, socks, 8 pair. 
 
 Sewing — 12 ambulance pilloAvs, 12 hospital pilloAvs. 3,000 
 gun Avipes Avere cut by the primary children. 
 
 Money raised by plays and sales ecpialed $217.48. 
 
 Bonds purchased by pupils amounted to $400.00, and War 
 Savings Stamps to $381.20. 
 
 Cambria school organized later. All the grades and the 
 high school helped to raise funds by basket ball games, bake 
 sales, dances and plays. They raised $194.26 during the year. 
 Much enthusiasm was shoAvn by all grades and the folloAving 
 garments Avere completed : SAveaters 18, Avash cloths 20, bedside 
 bags 20, 1 afghan. Bonds purchased by the pupils amounted 
 to $2,300 and War Savings Stamps to $664.50. This is not a 
 complete report of the work done by the Cambria school, but 
 on account of its being closed for some Aveeks, it is impossible 
 to get a satisfactory report. 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 31 
 
 The NeAveastle i)u|)ils did knitting and gauze work. There 
 were 16 girls in the gauze class and 8 of them earned the Red 
 Cross. The boys and girls knitted 29 sweaters and -S pair of 
 socks. Two afghans were knitted, one sent to Camp Lewis and 
 one to Camp Merritt. Bonds and War Savings Stamps to the 
 amount of $3,960.00 were purchased by pupils and teachers. 
 
 The Beaver Creek rural schools contributed to the Red 
 Cross fund $115.65. Some of this was donated by the pupils 
 and teachers, the remainder was obtained by giving entertain- 
 ments. Bonds purchased by pupils amounted to $400 and 
 War Savings Stamps to $60.00. 
 
 Other rural schools have given generously. In the recent 
 War Work Campaign, the boys and girls have made the fol- 
 lowing schools "Victory Schools" by contributing money 
 earned by themselves: Hampshire, $10; Pine Grove, $5 ; La- 
 vergne, $5 ; Horton, $5 ; and Eisler, $5. These schools represent 
 Districts two, three and four. 
 
 At the beginning of food conservation in Wyoming, the 
 eighth grade pupils were asked to submit compositions on 
 grains, meats, sugar and fuel in the war. The result was more 
 than expected and four of these compositions were copied and 
 became a part of the Wyoming exliibit at Washington, 1). C. 
 
 The children throughout the county repeat the Pledge of 
 Allegiance and salute the flag as a part of their daily 
 program. They are learning true patriotism by giving and 
 doing for others. 
 
 1 feel that this work of the school children is only in the 
 l)eginning and that it will grow until it is a great organization, 
 welding together the children of this nation and making of 
 them a wonderful poAver for good. 
 
 Respectfullv submitted, 
 
 MABEL G. KINGSLEY, 
 
 County Superintendent. 
 
32 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 PART III 
 
 STATISTICS COMPUTED FROM ANNUAL REPORTS OF 
 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 For the Fiscal School Year Kiidint; April 30, 1917 
 
 
 Niinibei 
 
 of Child 
 Belw 
 
 reii in Counties According to 
 eeii Ag:es 6 and 21. 1917. 
 
 Census 
 
 
 N: 
 
 tive Born 
 
 For 
 
 eign 
 
 Born 
 
 
 Connlies 
 
 1 
 
 fe 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ^ 3 
 
 
 1,071 
 
 1,441 
 
 765 
 
 990 
 
 667 
 
 911 
 
 1,180 
 
 807 
 
 445 
 
 592 
 
 1,951 
 
 2,429 
 
 869 
 
 596 
 
 906 
 
 977 
 
 2,264 
 
 1,261 
 
 969 
 
 368 
 
 716 
 
 980 
 
 1.364 
 
 764 
 
 921 
 
 693 
 
 898 
 
 1,085 
 
 831 
 
 382 
 
 561 
 
 1,979 
 
 2,065 
 
 794 
 
 568 
 
 861 
 
 914 
 
 2,237 
 
 1,184 
 
 919 
 
 299 
 
 662 
 
 2,051 
 2,805 
 1,529 
 1,911 
 1,360 
 1,809 
 2,265 
 1,638 
 
 827 
 1,153 
 3,930 
 4,494 
 1,663 
 1,164 
 1,767 
 1,891 
 4,501 
 2,445 
 1,888 
 
 667 
 1.378 
 
 8 
 33 
 
 "~39 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 205 
 
 87 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 122 
 
 152 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 20 
 
 ""37 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 32 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 189 
 
 83 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 117 
 
 146 
 
 9 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 53 
 
 Y6 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 62 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 394 
 
 170 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 47 
 239 
 298 
 19 
 70 
 52 
 
 2,061 
 
 
 2,858 
 
 
 1,529 
 
 
 1,987 
 
 
 1,361 
 
 
 1,815 
 
 
 2,304 
 
 
 1,700 
 
 
 847 
 
 .lohnson 
 
 1,163 
 4,324 
 
 
 4,664 
 
 
 1,668 
 
 
 1,175 
 
 Park 
 
 1.799 
 
 Platte 
 
 1,938 
 4,740 
 
 
 2,743 
 
 
 1,907 
 
 
 737 
 
 Weston 
 
 1,430 
 
 Totals • 
 
 22.175 
 
 20.961 
 
 43.138 
 
 823 
 
 791 
 
 1 1,612 
 
 44,750 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 33 
 
 
 Number of Pupils Enrolled. 
 
 
 Whites 
 
 Colored 
 
 ! 
 
 Counties 
 
 0) 
 
 S 
 
 c 
 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 £r3 
 
 il 
 
 ^ o 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 759 
 1,184 
 401 
 838 
 540 
 704 
 1,002 
 686 
 447 
 424 
 
 705 
 1,173 
 350 
 890 
 495 
 747 
 976 
 648 
 438 
 426 
 1,649 
 1,845 
 651 
 443 
 757 
 857 
 
 1,464 
 2,357 
 
 751 
 1,728 
 1,035 
 1,451 
 1,978 
 1,334 
 
 885 
 
 850 
 3,377 
 3,671 
 1,362 
 
 901 
 1,540 
 1,759 
 3,475 
 2.52.^ 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1,468 
 2,357 
 
 
 
 
 
 751 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 9 
 
 1,737 
 
 
 
 
 1,035 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,451 
 
 Fremont 
 
 "l4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 1,979 
 
 
 1,365 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 888 
 
 
 850 
 
 
 1,728 
 
 1,826 
 
 711 
 
 458 
 
 
 
 
 3,377 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3,676 
 
 Natrona 
 
 1,362 
 
 
 
 
 
 901 
 
 Park 1 783 
 
 
 
 
 1,540 
 
 Platte 
 
 902 
 
 
 
 
 1,759 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 1,724 1 1,751 
 1,267 1 1,256 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 14 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 12 
 
 3,507 
 
 
 2,535 
 
 Uinta 
 
 799 1 816 1 1,615 
 296 320 616 
 623 587 1,210 
 
 1,615 
 
 
 
 
 
 616 
 
 Weston 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,210 
 
 Totals 1 18,102 | 17,780 | 35,882 | 48 | 49 | 97 ! 35,979 
 
34 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 1917 
 
 Counties 
 
 Total Number of Days Attended by all Pu])ils. 
 
 Colored 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn 1. 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater . 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie 
 
 Weston 
 
 93, 
 
 133, 
 
 15, 
 
 108, 
 
 63, 
 
 66, 
 
 It 9, 
 
 65, 
 
 45, 
 
 48, 
 
 198, 
 
 202, 
 
 84, 
 
 51, 
 
 97, 
 
 84, 
 
 210, 
 
 143, 
 
 95, 
 
 33, 
 
 77, 
 
 Totals i2,047 
 
 176 
 
 680 
 376 
 910 
 310 
 491 
 653 
 629 
 757 
 0571 
 487| 
 0311 
 2771 
 49l! 
 429 
 425 
 325 
 165 
 771 
 416 
 042 
 89812, 
 
 87,574 
 
 137,096 
 
 30,218 
 
 114,891 
 
 61,464 
 
 71,886 
 
 106,662 
 
 59,921 
 
 43,590 
 
 45,861 
 
 216,848 
 
 227,872 
 
 81,696 
 
 56,434 
 
 96,328 
 
 83,603 
 
 207,334 
 
 136,926 
 
 103,884 
 
 34,010 
 
 J73,891| 
 
 077,98914 
 
 180,750 
 270,776 
 
 65.594 
 223,801 
 124,794 
 138,377 
 216,315 
 125,550 
 
 89,347 
 10-J,918 
 415,5;i6 
 429,907 
 165,973 
 107,925 
 193,667 
 168,028 
 417,659 
 280,091 
 199,650 
 
 67,426 
 150^993 
 125,887 
 
 480 
 
 160 I 640 
 
 1,558 
 
 163 
 2,622 
 
 298 
 
 J63 
 4,180 
 
 2.943 I 3,723 | 6,666 
 
 181,385 
 270,776 
 
 65,594 
 224,473 
 124,794 
 138,377 
 '216,478 
 129,730 
 
 89,347 
 102,918 
 415,536 
 430,311 
 165,973 
 107,925 
 193,667 
 168,028 
 418,277 
 280,091 
 199,650 
 
 67,426 
 150,993 
 
 4,132,553 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 35 
 
 Counties 
 
 Number of Pui)ils 
 
 Attending High 
 
 School 
 
 ■^ z o 
 i^ o 
 — c -r 
 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn _. 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie -r 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater . 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie _. 
 Weston 
 
 84 
 71 
 16 
 57 
 5S 
 26 
 87 
 28 
 34 
 35 
 162 
 104 
 56 
 29 
 92 
 87 
 216 
 66 
 44 
 26 
 76 
 
 Totals 
 
 1455 
 
 109 
 93 
 
 17 
 93 
 47 
 56 
 
 127 
 40 
 49 
 75 
 
 221 
 
 144 
 93 
 45 
 
 109 
 86 
 
 294 
 
 125 
 74 
 37 
 
 117 
 '2050 
 
 193 
 164 
 
 33 
 150 
 105 
 
 82 
 214 
 
 68 
 
 83 
 110 
 383 
 248 
 149 
 
 74 
 201 
 173 
 510 
 191 
 118 
 
 63 
 193 
 
 229 
 37 
 
 1 
 6 
 1 
 3 
 10 
 6 
 8 
 
 25 
 48 
 10 
 36 
 1 
 50 
 83 
 39 
 23 
 35 
 38 
 66 
 19 
 36 
 62 
 22 
 91 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 3505 
 
 I 448 I 747 
 
36 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 
 School 
 
 Libraries 
 
 CD C 
 
 w 
 
 53 O 
 
 oS 
 
 Count ie.s 
 
 > 
 o 
 d 
 
 > 
 
 '3_ 
 .£0 
 
 S 2 
 "■Hsc 
 
 Albany 
 
 2070 
 2173 
 1286 
 4919 
 1643 
 1114 
 2961 
 
 550 
 1408 
 3673 
 4040 
 2113 
 1686 
 
 458 
 1786 
 1143 
 8390 
 3623 
 2762 
 1598 
 1900 
 
 $ 1236.00 
 1484.70 
 
 906.00 
 4079.00 
 1030.00 
 
 730.00 
 2629.00 
 
 400.00 
 1565.00 
 3075.00 
 3510.00 
 2277.33 
 1988.00 
 
 387.75 
 1094.00 
 1969.00 
 6131.00 
 3066.00 
 1324.00 
 1026.00 
 1075.00 
 
 $ 119140.00 1 
 
 97224.35 
 
 54700.00 
 
 174750.00 
 
 95488.00 1 
 
 56838.00 1 
 
 114875.00 
 
 57450.00 
 
 48100.00 
 
 89600.00 
 
 298450.00 
 
 221250.00 
 
 107880.00 
 
 56495.00 
 
 69623.00 
 
 112849.95 
 
 365815.95 
 
 171855.00 
 
 116350.00 
 
 41600.00 
 
 74926.00 
 
 $ 13605.00 
 13747.00 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 Campbell 
 
 7650.00 
 
 Carbon 
 
 17828.00 
 
 Converse 
 
 6090.00 
 
 Crook 
 
 8993.00 
 
 Fremont 
 
 12720.00 
 
 Goshen 
 
 6700.00 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 3525.00 
 
 Johnson 
 
 9675.00 
 
 
 54220.00 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 29663.50 
 
 Natrona 
 
 8940.00 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 4642.60 
 
 Park 
 
 7080.00 
 
 Platte 
 
 14254.79 
 
 
 29810.71 
 
 
 18680.00 
 
 Uinta 
 
 16485.00 
 
 Washakie 
 
 2640.00 
 
 Weston 
 
 10850.00 
 
 Totals 
 
 51296 
 
 $40982.78 
 
 $2546290.25 
 
 $297799.60 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 37 
 
 Counties 
 
 Number and Grade 
 of Schools 
 
 ■5S 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn __ 
 Campbell __ 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie _. 
 
 Weston 
 
 Totals 
 
 66 
 35 
 49 
 33 
 42 
 96 
 67 
 98 
 19 
 28 
 
 111 
 28 
 21 
 50 
 30 
 
 100 
 70 
 15 
 32 
 19 
 
 57 
 
 7 I 1066 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 1 
 12 
 2 
 3 
 
 55 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 148 
 
 10.68 
 
 2 
 
 156 
 
 8.75 
 
 1 
 
 153 
 
 7.53 
 
 6 
 
 161 
 
 7.73 
 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 7.72 
 
 3 
 
 142 
 
 7.41 
 
 o 
 
 145 
 
 6,23 
 
 2 
 
 150 
 
 5.67 
 
 1 
 
 152 
 
 9.22 
 
 1 
 
 152 
 
 6.42 
 
 6 
 
 170 
 
 9.47 
 
 o 
 
 153 
 
 6.39 
 
 1 
 
 140 
 
 12.22 
 
 2 
 
 152 
 
 8.51 
 
 3 
 
 151 
 
 10.01 
 
 3 
 
 156 
 
 8.27 
 
 2 
 
 154 
 
 5.05 
 
 3 
 
 155 
 
 7.69 
 
 1 
 
 167 
 
 5.35 
 
 1 
 
 160 
 
 14.50 
 
 2 
 
 158 
 
 14.66 
 
 158 
 
 8.54 
 
38 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 1917 
 
 Counties 
 
 Albany 
 
 Big Horn _. 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Converse 
 
 Crook 
 
 Fremont 
 
 Goshen 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Laramie 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Natrona 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 Park 
 
 Platte 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 Sweetwater . 
 
 Uinta 
 
 Washakie 
 
 Weston 
 
 No. in District Between 
 7 and 14, Aceordino- to 
 
 Census 
 
 589 
 826 
 461 
 656 
 438 
 525 
 734 
 653 
 288 
 295 
 1147 
 1165 
 561 
 408 
 566 
 569 
 1302 
 765 
 598 
 207 
 230 
 
 ^ 
 
 507 
 
 829 
 
 477 
 
 604 
 
 411 
 
 502 
 
 664 
 
 530 
 
 228 
 
 261 
 1129 
 1145 
 
 486 
 
 419 
 
 569 
 
 532 
 1398 
 
 736 I 
 
 610 
 
 184 
 
 362 
 
 Totals I 13485 | 12583 | 
 
 1096 
 1647 
 
 938 
 1260 
 
 849 
 1027 
 1398 
 1183 
 
 516 
 
 556 
 2276 
 2310 
 1047 
 
 827 
 1135 
 1101 
 2700 
 1501 
 1208 
 
 391 
 _ 59^ 
 26068 
 
 No. Between 7 
 and 14 Not At- 
 tending Scliool in 
 the District Dur- 
 ing Year 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 118 
 10 
 21 
 12 
 18 
 
 6 
 33 
 25 
 
 4 
 29 
 
 5 
 13 
 31 
 
 333 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 107 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 42 
 
 8 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 38 
 26 
 27 
 16 
 57 
 43 
 
 6 
 57 
 
 8 
 21 
 37 
 
 Scliool 
 Houses 
 
 64 
 35 
 48 
 47 
 44 
 
 105 
 73 
 83 
 23 
 31 
 
 127 
 59 
 20 
 47 
 33 
 77 
 86 
 28 
 38 
 20 
 56 
 
 394 I 727 I 1164 | 
 
 17 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 6 
 
 14 
 4 
 1 
 7 
 
 3 
 3 
 14 
 8 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 120 
 
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 3 9 
 
 
 Estimated 
 Value of 
 
 Outstandiut; 
 
 Amount of 
 Bonds 
 
 Amount 
 of Interest 
 
 As.sessed 
 
 Counties 
 
 Sc-hoo! 
 
 Bonded 
 
 Redeemed 
 
 Paid on 
 
 of the 
 District 
 
 
 Books and 
 
 Indebtedness 
 
 During: the 
 
 Bonds 
 
 
 Apparatus 
 
 
 Year 
 
 During Yr. 
 
 Albany 
 
 6600.00 
 
 83000.00 
 
 3.000.00 
 
 1000.00 
 
 15500029.00 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 10760.00 
 
 70400.00 
 
 1,300.00 
 
 4055.75 
 
 8305906.00 
 
 Campbell 
 
 2900.00 
 
 22500.00 
 
 
 1350.00 
 
 5687922.59 
 
 Carbon 
 
 9505.00 
 
 88590.00 
 
 3,530.00 
 
 4279.87 
 
 16431741.00 
 
 Converse 
 
 6806.00 
 
 93000.00 
 
 
 
 8291580.00 
 
 
 7093.00 
 10786.50 
 
 1900.00 
 66500.00 
 
 500.00 
 2,400.00 
 
 144.00 
 3697.76 
 
 6630822.67 
 
 Fremont 
 
 11248387.17 
 
 Goshen 
 
 6100.00 
 
 28500.00 
 
 
 750.00 
 
 6082772.00 
 
 Hot Springs 
 
 3695.00 
 
 26750.00 
 
 1,180.00 
 
 792.50 
 
 4761803.79 
 
 Johnson 
 
 6325.00 
 
 44000.00 
 
 
 2285.00 
 
 0557797.00 
 
 Laramie 
 
 33050.00 
 
 140000.00 
 
 
 4660.00 
 
 24948669.00 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 21004.00 
 
 91310.00 
 
 1.000.00 
 
 
 16838321.15 
 
 Natrona 
 
 10480.00 
 
 93900.00 
 
 5,500.00 
 
 5087.50 
 
 15392671.99 
 
 Niobrara 
 
 3809.05 
 
 33000.00 
 
 
 1567.15 
 
 5268757.00 
 
 Park 
 
 6341.00 
 
 22200.00 
 
 500.00 
 
 1276.62 
 
 7149850.00 
 
 riatte 
 
 11417.15 
 
 46000 00 
 
 3,000.00 
 7.500.00 
 
 2450.00 
 
 9527544.84 
 
 Sheridan 
 
 11051.00 
 
 3500.00 
 
 
 20421969.40 
 
 Sweetwater 
 
 4375.00 
 
 90500.00 
 
 
 250.00 
 
 19442850.00 
 
 Uinta 
 
 10075.00 
 
 33000.00 
 
 4,000.00 
 
 1707.37 
 
 9160591.00 
 
 AVashakie 
 
 2850.00 
 
 21000.00 
 
 1.000.00 
 
 470.00 
 
 3912319.00 
 
 Weston 
 
 4511.48 
 
 33000.00 
 
 1.000.00 
 
 1745.00 
 
 5783098.00 
 
 Totals I 189534.18 | 1132550.00 I 35.410.00 | 37568.58 | 227345403.60 
 
40 
 
 BIENNIAL REPORT 
 
 
 Nnml 
 
 er of Teachers 
 Employed ' 
 
 Av. Monthly 
 
 Compensation 
 
 of Teachers 
 
 Counties 
 
 "P-t 
 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 Female 
 
 
 12 
 18 
 
 9 
 11 
 
 7 
 15 
 
 8 
 15 
 
 8 
 11 
 
 9 
 30 
 
 4 
 19 
 
 7 
 16 
 25 
 
 6 
 12 
 
 2 
 10 
 
 86 
 
 73 
 
 50 
 
 76 
 
 49 
 
 119 
 
 93 
 
 88 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 108 
 
 119 
 
 54 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 105 
 
 127 
 
 87 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 60 
 
 98 
 
 91 
 
 59 
 
 87 
 
 56 
 
 134 
 
 101 
 
 103 
 
 38 
 
 48 
 
 117 
 
 149 
 
 58 
 
 80 
 
 66 
 
 121 
 
 152 
 
 73 
 
 66 
 
 29 
 
 70 
 
 92.21 1 57.35 
 
 Big Horn 
 
 88.94 1 67.06 
 67.33 1 58.33 
 
 
 109.87 1 62.19 
 
 
 103.00 1 53.16 
 
 
 59.39 1 52.87 
 
 
 91.26 1 63.73 
 
 
 60.00 1 55.00 
 
 
 81.25 1 70.50 
 
 
 83.19 1 64.56 
 
 
 68.33 1 60.00 
 
 
 105.63 i 66.54 
 
 
 150.00 1 72.00 
 
 
 99.06 [ 53.30 
 
 Park 
 
 121.25 1 63.16 
 
 Platte 
 
 71.16 1 61.72 
 
 
 80.03 1 66.17 
 
 
 158.00 1 70.00 
 
 
 86.05 1 70.96 
 
 
 133.00 1 72.31 
 
 Weston 
 
 81.37 1 49.86 
 
 Totals 
 
 254 
 
 1542 1 1796 
 
 94.90 1 62.42 
 
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