;) l]|::(I)M)i EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. .J...J Jl, J >#^' ,K C ?^^ -^-j.^4 'W ^" V ^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Slielt:C2B2L UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. CATALOGUE SHORTHAP AND TYPEWEITIK WORKS ARTHUR J. BARNES, St. LOUIS, Mo. BAKNES' SHOETHAND MANUAL. A complete exposition of Benn Pitman's Phonography ...•••••• ^^'^^ "The only book on Shortband that smacks of the class-room."- Rev. Bro. Castoris, Manhattan Academy Ne^p York City. " The best text-book on Shorthand ever published."— Jacksonville Business College. BUSINESS LETTERS IN SHOETHAND, containing Law, Eailroad, Mercan- tile AND Miscellaneous Letters . . • • • .1.00 "Just what I was wanting for my class-room in the Y. M. C. A."- J. H. Gilmore, Prof. Belles Lettres, Rochester University, Rochester, N. Y. BARNES' SHOETHAND EEADEE. Beautifully Engraved Phonography in the reporting style ...•••• BAENES' SHOETHAND PEIMEE. Designed to teach the child to read ordinary print by the aid of phonographic characters BAENES' SHORTHAND MAGAZINE. Each number contains four pages of COPPER PLATE PHONOGRAPHY. SUBSCRIPTION, 1 YrAR " The Shorthand in your Magazine is perfect."— Isaac S. Demant. THE CALIGRAPH INSTRUCTOR; OR, HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE- WRITING. Price, t2.00 ; post-paid ...... .30 .50 .50 2.10 N C07VVPL-ETE CALIGRAPH INSTRUCTOR HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. s-sr MRS. ARTHUR J. BARNES, Author of Barnes' Shorthand Manual, Business Letters in Shorthand, Etc. PEIOE, $2.00. ST. LOUIS, MO. ARTHUR J. BARNES, Publisher. i8qo. Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1890, by ARTHUR J. BARNES, In the OflSce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREKACE. THE TYPEWRITER is so ingenious and simple in its construction that the average person can learn to write words on it in ten nunutes' time. Hence the long popular belief that no special instruction is needed, but that a few days' practice alone will enable one to become a comiietent and valuable operator. This fallacy has bi'ought disappointment and failure to many a bread-winner, has been the cause of untold annoyance to employers, and has forced capable and con- scientious teachers to let their students go out unprepared because public opinion refused th ■ time and expense necessary to learn properly the art of typewriting. As a natural result, business men are now complaining bitterly of the incompe- tency of applicants, even when they are the product of so-called business schools. Experienced help is now demanded, and that too often is unsatisfactory. How could it be otherwise when so many are not only deficient in English educa- tion but are wofully ignorant of the machine they are trying to operate. They do not understand its mechanism, cannot even clean it, much less make the trifling adjustments which are sometimes necessary. They have no idea of the possibili- ties of their writing machine, of the beauty and variety of the work it is capable of doing. All they know is what they have " picked up " in somebody's ofllce while working for practice with little or no pay. True, some who have served an ap- prenticeship for years in business offices, by reason of the patient, or impatient, instruction given them by well-informed employers, by virtue of their quickness of observation and eagerness to learn whatever they could from the typewriting pro- ductions of others and from the hints of older opei-ators, have made their way up from ignorance to skill. But many self-taught operators are and always will be bunglers, because they have contracted bad habits from which they cannot free themselves. Most people need instruction in any branch of study. Ability to read notes does not make one a good musician or render further training unneces- sary. You may be able to write a letter after a fashion on the typewriter, but that will not make you a good business correspondent. To be expert in typewriting means to be able to write without error, and at the same time rapidly and with evenness of touch, any kind of business document. It means to know how to care for the machine, to understand its workings, to be able to write on paper narrow (iii) IV PREFACE. or wide, ruled or unruled, on envelopes and postal cards, to manifold distinctly, to typewrite from dictation, to take manusci-ipt that is badly written and poorly punctuated and to transform it into a correctly spelled and punctuated and busi- ness-like document, to write letters, speeches, sermons, briefs, tabulated state- ments, testimony, specifications, contracts, deeds, etc., so that they shall be cor- rect in form and artistic in appearance, rivaling printing in accuracy, and a work of art in perfection of detail. To do all this quickly and without error requires in- struction and continued practice. Business men have now learned the difference between a bungler and an expert ; they no longer believe that poor work is all the fault of the machine, and, except in very rare cases, they are unwilling to train be- ginners even if no pay is asked for services rendered. Taking people for practice has had its day. "I do not want any one that I have to teach. I want some one who will not make mistakes, and who can turn off work quickly. An inac- curate operator is dear at any price. I would rather pay twice or three times as much and have an expert." This is what business men are saying every day, l^ow and then the unskilled may still find places where they can serve an appren- ticeship in typewriting, provided they are willing to do ofllce-boy work and take typewriting as a secondary consideration, but even such positions are scarce. The market is flooded with bad spellers and incompetents — bunglers at type-writing. But for the well-trained there are plenty of places and good pay. The demand exceeds the supply. It pays then to be an expert. And to help those who have worthy ambitions, who desire to be truly valuable to their employers, who care something for the excellence of their work as well as for the shekels they receive, to aid such in acquiring the necessary skill, and to lessen the labor of faithful teachers of typewriting, this book has been written. These pages contain excellent matter for shorthand practice and it is recom- mended that they be used for that purpose as well as for typewriting instruction. Part I is especially adapted to the requirements of those just beginning to write shorthand from dictation. In order to obtain the best results the same matter should be practiced a great many times. The author desires here to express her sincere thanks for the courtesy and valuable assistance extended to her by the American "Writing Machine Company. PART I. INTRODUCTORY. MECHANISM OF THE CALIGEAPH, CLEANING, OILING, ETC. 1. Desckiptiox of Parts. — At the right and at the left of the key-board is a long- metal key used for spacing- between words. Strike one of the space keys several times and notice that the wliole top of the machine moves. The movable top is called the carriage. The XDointer moving along the scale in front indicates the place of the carriage. The large rubber roller in the center of the carriage is the printing cylinder or platen. Back of the platen is a slanting, ctirving shelf called the paj)er table. At the rigTit side of the carriage, in front, is a long handle or lever called the line-space lever, because pulling it forward makes a space be- tween lines. At the right of the platen is a notched wheel or ratchet wheel. Resting in the notches of this wheel are twoxjatches or checks. The one in front is the pawl, and the other is the hold-fast dog. If the ends of the pawl and hold- fast dog are slightly lifted out of the notches with the right hand, the platen can be easily rolled forward or backward with the palm of the left hand. 2. LrPTiNG THE Cakriage. — When it is desired to examine work, lift the carriage by raising the upper part of the line-space lever with the right forefinger. Beginners sometimes throw the carriage back so violently as to bend the paper table and thus preveut the machine from working properly. Except when clean- ing the type, it is never necessary to raise the carriage as far as it will go. (Learn Lesson 1, Part 2.) 3. Ribbon Movement. — Lift the carriage and notice the inked ribbon that passes across the machine. Between the ribbon and the scale in front is the rib- bon switch, a slender strip of metal extending from the left to the right side of the machine' and bent upward at its right end to form a handle. As the operator writes, the ribbon passes from the spool on one side of the caligraph to the spool on the other side, thus emptying one spool and filling the other. When the ribbon (v) VI INTRODUCTORY. is all wound on one spool, it will be necessary to reverse the ribbon movement by- moving the ribbon switch handle. If the ribbon switch is pushed to the right, the ribbon will move to the right, filling the right spool. If the ribbon switch is pushed to the left, the ribbon will move to the left and will fill the left spool. The end of the ribbon is pinned to a piece of cloth fastened to the spool. When the ribbon is all wound upon one spool, continued writing will pull the ribbon tighter and tighter, the keys will strike harder, the printing will grow fainter and at last the machine will not write at all. Reversing the ribbon movement will loosen the ribbon and the printing will soon look distinct as before. The experienced operator never allows the ribbon to quite run out, but the beginner will probably not notice that he is at the end of the ribbon until the printing becomes faint or altogether ceases. On the ISTo. 3 caligraph, the ribbon switch is placed at the back of the machine, and there is a handle at each end of the switch. 4. Spacing Between Lines. — At the right of and over the lever, just in front of where the lever fastens, is the line-space stop. When the line-space stop is exactly vertical, pulling the lever forward will turn the platen one notch at a time, and there will be a narrow space between the printed lines. When the line- space stop is drawn forward so that it points toward the head of the operator, pull- ing the lever will move the platen two notches, and there will be a wide space be- tween the printed lines; Move the line-space stop forward and backward a few times. Experiment with the lever and the line-space stop until you thoroughly understand their action. If the space between lines is not uniform, it is because the operator does not pull the lever toward him as far as he can^ and so makes single space when he ought to make double space ; or else, because he gives the lever a second jerk, thus making extra space between lines. Avoid this. When spacing between lines, pull the lever forward once as far as it will go, then do not pull the lever again. 5. Explanation op Parts. — Back of the paper lable and below it are toothed racks. Strike one of the keys and observe the motion of the letter-space dog as it passes between the teeth from one rack to the other. .Draw the lever to the right (to the left when facing the racks) as far as you can, and the dog will be plainly visible at the left end of the racks. Still holding the lever to the right, push in the release key (The release key is found directly back of the upper left-hand corner of the machine. It is a rod with cap at its left end to hold the spring in place) and notice how it tips the dog over, freeing it from the racks and allowing the carriage to pass to the left. As soon as the finger is removed INTRODUCTORY. vii from the release key, the dog straightens and catches in the teeth of the racks, stopping the carriage. Remember the carriage must be drawn to the right before the release key can be pushed in. By the use of the release key and the lever, the pointer may be placed at any figure on the scale. Move the cai'riage three full spaces further to the right than the desired figure, then let go, and the pointer will stop at the right place. If at first you do not succeed and the pointer stops too soon, strike the space key until the pointer is at the required figure. Practice now placing the pointer at S^rlO, 12, 15 and other numbers until you succeed in getting the pointer to stop where you wish every time. 6. CleajSTTNG and Oilestg. — With proper care the caligraph will look bright and new, and will do good work for years without repairs. Nine-tenths of the trouble an opei-ator has with his machine is due to the fact that he does not keep it clean. As a rule, oil wherever there is friction. Every morning clean the following parts : the carriage main-shafts (the two long rods at the back of the machine on which the carriage runs) the letter-space dog, and the type. Good-looking work cannot be done unless the type ai'e kept clean. Most of the type can be cleaned by simply brushing them as they hang in the basket, taking care to move the brush always with an up and down movement, so as not to bend the type bars. Some of the tj'pe like a, e, o, c, etc., will need to have the dirt picked out of them. Raise the type, holding the bar firmly in order not to spring it; pick out the dirt with a pin, and then brush the type with a tooth or type brush, being careful all the time not to let any strain come upon the type bar. When using a now copying ribbon, it may be necessary to clean some of the type oftener than once a day. You cannot expect the caligraph to do good work unless the carriage main- shafts are kept perfectly clean and very slightly oiled. Apply a drop of oil at the cental- of the shafts and also midway between the center and the ends. Run the carriage to the right and to the left so that the oil may be well distributed, then rub the shafts with a soft cotton cloth until there is no possibility of dii^ on them. Finish by wiping them with a cloth moistened with a drop or two of oil. Draw the carriage to the right as far as possible, and wipe the letter-space dog with an oily cloth. Machinists and experts occasionally oil the teeth of the racks, but as there is danger of beginners getting too much oil on them and thus interfering with the work of the machine, we have for years never allowed our students to oil the teeth of the racks, but instead have instructed them to keep the dog sHghtly oiled by wiping daily with an oily cloth. The slight oil on the dog moistens the racks sufiiciently. Vm INTRODUCTORY. The oil for cleaning should be obtained from a ealigraph agent if possible ; if not, sewing machine oil should be procured. Only the best oil should be used, and that sparingly. Dust, rust, and too much oil are the three great enemies of the typewriter. Every evening before leaving the machine, Avipe all the finger marks and moisture from the nickel parts of the machine with a soft cotton cloth to prevent rust. See that the dust is removed from every part of the machine. Always keep it covered when not in use. Caution. — IS^ever apply oil or an oily cloth to the top of the basket where the type bars are fastened. J^ever oil the ratchet wheels in front of the spools. Further directions in regard to the care of the machine will be given later on. 7. RiBBOJ^ Support. — Observe that the ribbon is held iip and kept from curling by a wire ribbon support extending over the center of the basket. When cleaning the type, beginners sometimes bend the ribbon support upward so that the wire catches the end of the paper guide which curves around the center of the platen. This causes the carriage to stop at about 20 or 50. (With different machines the numbers vary slightly. These figures are taken from the No. 2 ealigraph, where the scale runs to 70.) Bend the sides of the ribbon support downward just far enough to prevent their hitting the paper guide, and the ma- chine will work all right again. 8. The Bell. — The ringing of the bell is to warn the writer that he is ap- proaching the end of the line. If he is in the midst of a word, he must finish the syllable he is writing, strike the hyphen, and write the remainder of the word on the next line. Beginners are apt to pay too little attention to the bell. They continue writing until the carriage ceases to move, and until they have printed several letters, one over the other, making an ugly blot at the end of the line. To set the Bell. — The bell should ring when the pointer is seven spaces distant froig^ the end of the scale in order to leave room for a long syllable like strength to be finished before the end of the line is reached. The bell trip is at the left of the pointer, and is fastened to the same shaft as the pointer by a thumb screw. Place the pointer seven spaces from the left end of the scale, loosen the thumb screw, move the bell trip until it rings the bell, and then fasten it at the ringing point. The bell will then ring at the right place. 9. Makginal Stop. — The marginal stop is at the right of the pointer, and is fastened by a thumb screw to the same shaft as the pointer. Sometimes the mar- INTRODUCTORY. vs. ginal stop is pushed against the front wheel and fastened there so tightly as to prevent the wheel from moving. The front wheel should be free so that it can move easily. When not in use, the marginal stop may be fastened about one- fourth of an inch from the front wheel. If fastened further to the right, it must be turned upward, else it will collide with the upright screw at the right end of the rail and thus pi'event the carriage from being drawn to the right as far as the zero point. Beginners often fasten the max'ginal stop so that when returning the carriage it hits the upright screw, and then they wonder what stops the carriage. ' It pays to be observant. The marginal stop is used when it is desired to begin the lines of writing at 5, 8, 10, or at some other figure than 0. Place the pointer three spaces further to the right than the point where the lines are to begin. Move the marginal stop near to the upright screw, so that you can " just see daylight" between them. Fasten the marginal stop securely, and when the carriage is drawn to the right, it will not go back to 0, but will stop at the figure where the lines are to begin. Practice fastening the marginal stop so that the lines will begin at 5, 7, 10, 12, or at any desired figure on the scale. 10. Lateral MoTio:sr of the Eibbo^^. — When the ribbon has been used for some time, a narrow line on the ribbon will be so worn that there will be very little ink left upon it. To present a new part of the ribbon to the type, the rib- bon spools must be moved backward or forward as the case may be. By moving the ribbon you can write first on one edge of the ribbon, then along the middle, and then on the other edge of the ribbon. Move the spools forward by pressing the thumb against the iron frame in front and pressing the back of each spool with the fingers. Move the spools backward by pressing the thumb against the front of the spool and the fingers against the crank back of the spool. Move the spools backward and forward a few times. Be careful always to move the spools alike. It is a good plan to move the spools a trifle each day. Beginning with the spools as near the front as possible, each day push the spools backward a little. When the ribbon is as far back as it can be and allow the type to strike it, then the spools should be pushed forward each day. In this way the ribbon will be worn evenly instead of being worn in lines. If the ribbon is pushed too fai- back, the tj'pe will not strike it and there will be no printing. If you forget to reverse the ribbon movement, you will wear a hole in the ribbon by the type constantly striking the same spot. In such case after moving the ribbon switch, turn the trank back of the empty spool until the hole in the ribbon is out of the way of the type. On the new ]^o. 3 caligraph there is an automatic ribbon movement. The ribbon moves backwards and forwards at the same time that it travels from one X INTR OD UCTOR Y. spool to the other, so that every part of the ribbon is presented to the type and is evenly worn without any effort on the part of the operator. 11. Changing Ribbons. — ]S"otice which spool is the fuller and wind all the ribbon on that spool. Unpin the ribbon and reverse the ribbon movement. Wind the ribbon off on a reel, or on a piece of pasteboai'd, to avoid soiling the fingers. Pin one end of the new ribbon to the short piece of cloth attached to the I'ight spool. The pin must be placed crosswise, not lengthwise, in the ribbon. See that the ribbon movement is arranged so that the right spool will fill, then turn the crank back of that spool until the ribbon is wound upon the spool. Pin the other end of the libbon to the cloth fastened to the other spool. Reverse the ribbon movement ; tighten the ribbon, if necessary, by turning the crank back of the empty spool *and the ribbon will be ready for writing. 12. Monthly Cleaning and Oiling. — It is well to select a certain day of the month, as the 1st or the 15th, and on that day give the machine a special cleaning and oiling. As a rule oil should be applied wherever there is friction, but only the best of oil should be used, and that very sparingly. One drop of oil is sufficient for any one part of the machine. Once a month apply a very little oil to the ribbon arms and ribbon springs where they pass through the slots of the rib- bon switch. Oil also the following parts : The metal ends of the small feed roller, the ends of the platen, the joining of the line-space lever to the carriage, the bear- ing of the front wheel, the ends and middle of the rod under the machine around which the carriage tension spring is wound. The front end of this rod passes into a larger rod about three-fourths of an inch back of the screw or near the second turn of the spiral spring. Oil should be applied here. Put a little oil on the end of the finger, and rub it across the reed bar or small wires underneath the machine at the back. Oil the joinings of the shafts at the back of the machine. Put a drop of oil at the rear right and left hand lower corners of the machine, where the rocker bar at the back connects with the long metal strips seen on either side of the typewriter near its base. Clean and, if necessary, oil the key stems where they pass through the holes in the bridges. After applying oil to these places, write on the machine for a few minutes, and then wipe off all visible oil. Once in a great while it may be necessary to clean the teeth of the racks. Use a perfectly clean brush, and, if desired, a little benzine. Some use benzine occasionally in cleaning the type. Be careful never to get any oil on the platen or the small feed roller. Clean them when dirty with alcohol, and the paper will feed better. If any of the nickel parts show signs of rusting, keep them wet with oil for a few hours, and then wipe off. Kever oil the type-bar hangers on the upper rim of the basket. Xever oil the ribbon ratchet wheels in front of the spools. INTRODUCTORY. ADJUSTMENTS. 13. EiBBON Clip. — If the carriage stops at about 20 or 50, bend the ribbon support (ribbon clip) down far enough so that it will not collide with the paper guide. If the ribbon clip interferes with the rising of any of the type-bars, raise the wires just enough to allow the bar to move freely. If the ribbon clip breaks, you can either replace it, or you can support the i-ibbon and keep it from curling by stretching two slender rubber bands across the top of the basket, fastening them around the screws at the back and front. 14. Adjustment of the Paper-Feed kSprixos. — The paper-feed springs that hold the paper close to the platen are regulated by the screws seen at the upper ends of the springs on either side of the paper table. If these screws are too tight, the paper will wrinkle and tear when pulling it back to straighten it. Loosen the screws by tui-ning them to the left. Notice just how much you turn them, then if you turn them too far to the left, you will know just how much to turn them back to the right. If the screws are too loose, the paper will not feed well; tighten the screws by turning them to the right. If one screw is tighter than the other, the paper will not feed evenly but Avill run in crooked. Put a sheet of paper into the machine and test the pressure by puUing it back on either side. If the paper is too loose on one side, tighten the screw on that side until the pressure is equal on both sides. If it is hard to pull the paper back on one side, the screw on that side is too tight and should be loos- ened until the pressure is alike on both sides. When you think you have made the proper adjustment, put the paper into the machine again, straighten it, and pull the lever forward until the paper has nearly passed out of the machine. Then write a line and see if it is parallel with the lower edge of the paper. If so, the adjust- ment is complete. But if one end of the line is nearer the edge of the paper than the other end, the screw on that side is correspondingly tighter. Continue the adjustment until the paper feeds evenly. 15. The Hold-Fast Dog SpfvING. — If the spring that connects the hold- fast dog with the carriage frame is stretched or weak, it will not hold the dog . firmly in the notches of the ratchet wheel, but will allow the platen to move for- ward an extra notch when spacing between lines. Remove the spring, pinch it together and put it back. If the spring is too weak or broken, invest a nickel in a new spring and fasten by hooking and screwing. xii INTRODUCTORY. 16. Adjusting Screw at End of the Rack. — Once in a few months the small screw at the end of the outer rack needs to be turned a quarter way round to the right. This is because every time a key is struck the screw bumps against a leather cushion or buffer. As the cushion grows thinner, the distance between the screw and tlie cushion increases, causing the outer rack to slide too far each time a key is depressed. Hence the dog scrapes against the teeth of the rack and interferes with the motion of the carriage. Turning the screw quarter or half way round to the i-ight restores the proper distance between the buffer and the screw, and the dog once more moves freely between the racks. 17. Adjusting Screw in the Hanger. — The hanger is a U shaped piece of steel to which the upper end of the type bar is fastened. The adjusting screw connects the sides of the hanger. Unlike most screws in appearance, it is easily recognized by the holes passing through it. If this screw is too loose, the hanger will not hold the ends of the type bar firmly enough and a slight sideways motion of the type bar may cause the type to pi'int double or may throw the letter out of alignment. If the adjusting screw is too tight, the type bar will not fall in place easily but will stick or move sluggishly. To Adjust the Screw in the Hanger. — Insert the adjusting pin, which goes with every machine, into one of the holes of the adjusting screw. Hold down the letter key and turn the adjusting screw toward the center of the basket until the screw is so tight that when the letter key is released the type bar will not fall but will remain in a horizontal position, i^ow, depressing the space key, turn the adjusting pin slightly away from the center of the basket until the type bar falls. The screw in the hanger will then be properly adjusted. 18. -Alignment. — If perfect alignment is not secured by adjusting the screw in the hanger, test the letter to be aligned by striking small n before and after it, thus, nan, non, nBn, etc. Notice whether the letter is too far to the right, too far to the left, too low, or too high. Loosen the large screw at the outside end of the hanger and move the hanger or type bar in the direction required to put the letter in its proper place. It will probably be necessary to make several attempts before succeeding, as a slight tap will move the type farther than expected. When the letter seems to be in a line with small n, hold the space key down and print n and then the letter to be aligned. If the letter falls directly over the n, tighten the large screw and repeat the test. If the letter again falls directly over the n, the alignment is perfect. Remember all letters are aligned to small n. INTRODUCTORY. Xlll 19. "Why the Carriage does not Move when a Key is Struck axd why Letters Fall on Top of Each Other. — First. You may have come to the end of your ribbon without noticing it. Second. The paper guide may catch in the wires of the ribbon support. Third. There may be something under the cah- graph that prevents the universal bar from moving. Fourth. Something may hit the caligraph at the back or sides. Fifth. The marginal stop or bell trip may be screwed so close to the front wheel that it cannot move, or the marginal stop may be fastened so far to the right as to collide with the upright screw and stop the movement of the carriage. Sixth. The caligraph may need cleaning and oil- ing. Seventh. Nine times out of ten when a machine has been properly eared for and the carriage moves sluggishly, the adjusting screw at the right end of the rack needs to be turned to the right a quarter or half way round. Eighth. If the trouble is only with certain keys, it may be because the key-stem where it passes through the hole in the bridge needs cleaning and oiling. Or, the adjusting screw in the hanger may be screwed too tight. Or, there may be friction between one of the wooden key levers and the Avires underneath the machine. If so, either trim the lever with a knife or bend the wires so that the key lever will move freely. Ninth. In rare eases the tensions may need adjusting. 20. Finger Tension. — The spring which moves the letter-space dog is called the finger tension spring. The screw which regulates the finger tension is found just back of the spring on the outside of the iron circle which passes around the upper edge of the basket. Turning this screw to the right tightens the finger tension, causing the keys to strike harder but to spring up more readily. Turning the screw to the left loosens the finger tension and lightens the action of the keys. I^ever touch the finger tension screw unless you are perfectly certain it needs adjusting. Then notice just how much you turn the screw, so if you turn it too far you will know just how much to turn it back again. The finger tension should be as light as is consistent with the rapid movement of the keys. 21. Carriage Tension. — Lift the machine and observe the large spiral spring underneath. It is the carriage tension spring. The back end of the spring is fastened to the di'iving arm, a long arm back of the machine passing upward and connected by short shafts with the inner rack of the carriage. "When the release key is pushed in, the drawing of the carriage tension spring moves the carriage to the left. If the carriage moves sluggishly and cleaning the machine does not remedy the difficulty, press in the release key and notice how strong the force is which XIV INTRODUCTORY. moves the carriage to the left. If it seems v^^eak, it may be that the carriage ten- sion needs tightening. In front of the rod around which the tension spring is coiled, is a small ratchet wheel. Wind up the spring by turning the front end of the ratchet with a screw-driver, l^ever turn the ratchet more than three notches. If that does not remedy the difficulty, you must look elsewhere for its cause. The carriage tension and the finger tension should be harmonious. Both should be tight or both should be loose. As a rule, let the tensions alone. 22. Conclusion. — IS'ever attempt any adjustment of the machine unless you are sure it is needed and that you know just what should be done and how to do it. In all other cases consult a machinist or the agent of whom you purchased the machine. Remember that experimenting with a typewriter generally makes it worse instead of better, and that if you take proper care of your caligraph it will do good work for years without any adjustment, except, as the buffer cushion wears thinner, the screw at the end of the rack may need turning a little. PART II. LESSON I. Remove the caligraph entirely from its base-board. Place it on a flat desk or table not over 26 inches high, so that the forearm vrill be on a level with the key-board. Sit in an erect and comforiable position as at the piano ; draw the caligraph close to you so that the front legs of the machine will be near the edge of the table, then it will be easy to operate. Study Sections 1 and 2 of Part I. Insbrtixg the Paper. — Drop the paper as far down between the platen and the paper table as it will go; hold the sheet evenly with the left hand so that it will feed in straight, and roll the platen from you with the right hand until the paper comes in sight. If necessary, straighten the paper by drawing one edge back a little. Be careful not to insert the paper too far to the right. It should not extend beyond the rubber covering of the platen. Striking the Keys. — Do not press the keys; strike them with a light, sharp blow. STRIKE ONLT ONK KEY AT A TIME AND LIFT THE FINGER INSTANTLY A second key must never be struck until the finger is lifted from the first key. Strike regularly, in even time and with equal force, so that the printed letters may be equally dark. Now strike one of the keys several times with a light, sharp, springing blow. Write first with one finger and then with another and another, aud continue writing to the end of the line. When the pointer reaches the left end of the scale, the carriage stops. Returning the Carriage and Spacing for a New Line. — -Move the paper forward and to the right for a new line by drawing the end of the line-space lever as far toward you and to the right as possible. Press with the thumb and pull with the fingers. Fingering. — Use the first, second, and third fingers of each hand for the letter keys, and the side of the little finger when striking the space key to make a space between words. In rare instances the little finger may be used for a letter key. Do not use the thumbs at all. Strike the right space key after a word ending with the left hand and vice versa. Let n and y mark the center of the key-board. As a rule, strike all keys to the right of n and y with the right hand, and all keys to the left of n and y with the left hand. Either hand may be used for n and y, though the left forefinger is generally used for n and the right forefinger for y. In the exercises following, the fingers to be used are indicated by figures placed below the letters. The figure 1 indicates the first finger, 2 the second finger, 3 the third finger and 4 the little finger. To help the begin- ner to strike the keys in even time and to aid hira in memorizing the key-board, he may in Exercise 1 speak the name of each letter as he writes it. In the other exercises he should think the letter without moving his lips. Practice each line of Exercise 1 a great many times before proceeding to a new line. It is very important that you should learn the key-board so thoroughly that you can see it with your eyes shut, and can strike each letter without the least hesitation. Finish the exercise by writing your name and address, punctuating the same according to the model given below. (1) EOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. EXERCISE 1. wtreyuio wtreyuio wtreyuio wtreyuio wtreyuio wtreyuio oiuyertw 4 3211234 4 3211234 4 3211234 4 3211234 4 3211234 4 3211234 4 3211234 asdfghck asdfghck asdfghck asdfghck asdfghck asdfghck kchgfdsa 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 jxvbnlmp jxvbnimp jxvbnlmp jxvbnlrap jxvbnlmp jxvbnlmp pmlnbvxj 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 43211234 aeiouwy aeiouwy aeiouwy aeiouwy aeiouwy aeiouwy 3123131 312313 1 312313 1 312313 1 312313*1 3123131 aeiouwy 3123131 abcdefghi abcdefghi abcdefghi abcdefghi abcdefghi abcdefghi abcdefghi 312321123 312321123 312321123 312321123 312321123 312321123 312321123 jklmnopq jklmnopq jklmnopq jklmnopq jklmnopq jklmnopq jklmnopq 33121321 33121321 33121321 33121321 3312 13 21 33121321 33121321 rstuvwxyz rstuvwxyz rstuvwxyz rstuvwxyz rstuvwxyz rstuvwxyz rstuvwxyz 123113212 123113212 123113212 123113212 123113212 123113212 123113212 Arthur J. Barnes, St. Louis, Mo. Write your name and address here. Taking the Paper out op the Machine. — Lift the ends of the pawl and the hold-fast dog slightly out of the notches, and the paper can easily be pulled forward or backward with the left hand. Cover the Machine to keep it Free from Dust. LESSON II. Learn Sections 2, 3, and 4 of Part I. Do not press the keys. Strike them with a light, quick blow. Do not hold the finger down, but lift It immediately after striking a key. If two keys are struck at the same time, the type will clash and the type bars may be bent, throwing the letters out of alignment; that is, causing them to be printed out of their proper place. If a second letter is struck before the first key has been fairly released, the printed letters will De too close to each other. Move the fingers with a steady up and down movement as when playing notes of equal length on the piano. Make a special effort when striking keys with the weaker fingers, so that the printed letters may be equally distinct. Do not be troubled if the third finger seems stife and weak at first; practice will strengthen and limber it. Besides the typewriting drill, bending it back and forth occasionally will render it more pliable. Bathing the finger joints with vaseline or glycerine tends to make them more flexible. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 3 In Exercise 2, fill one line with " you," another line with " are ; " then ivrite the combination " you are " again and again until you have learned the fingering of these words perfectly and until you have written five lines in succession not only without a single error, but with evenness of touch. If one letter is printed too faint and another too darli, the page will have a spotted, untidy appearance. Do not try to write fast, but write correctly. Speed is the outgrowth of long and accurate practice. Write every exercise as though it were to be put on exhibition. EXERCISE 2. youare hewas saw him didfor letus hearsay 132321 11321 123121 121132 11212 1132231 seehow hadbeen from hope worehere donesoon givemuch 211133 131 lUSl 12311321 31211121 13122331 12212121 not now longtime send some more goods well since told when 132133 13112211 21112311 232113312 311122121 23113111 the them then they this that these those there their think thank 211 2112 2111 2111 2122 2132 21121 21321 21121 21122 21213 21313 may can must have came gone will shall might could would should 231231 2123 132123211312321121311 12122 23 211 332112132 11 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. "Write each sentence below many times. Strike the punctuation keys very lightly, and make -two spaces between sentences. Except when begun with a capital letter, finger each word as in the preceding exercise. After practicing each sentence, write the whole exercise again and see how many sentences you can write with- out striking a wrong key. I see yon are here. Do I not see that yon are here? Have you been here a long- tune? You say that you have been here a long time? How long will you be here at this time? I hope that you will be here a long time. How did I hear that you would be here? They told me that you would be here at this time. Have you been to see them? Do you think you will go to see them? I think I will go to see them soon. "When did you hear from them? Let us hear from you soon. May we not hear from you soon? Will you say when we may hear 4 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. from youV When did you say that we could hear from you? If he saw them he will say so. I think he saw them when they were here. "We will hear from him if he saw them. When he came they had not gone. When he came they had been gone a long time. He told me that they had gone too soon. They have done well since they have been here. They have not done well since they have been here. Did you not say that they had done much good there? They might do much more good now. We hope they will do as much good as they can at this time. We thank them for the good they have done us. They did some good then, but they have done much more good siuce that time. We shall give them our thanks. We must thank them for thdse goods they sent us. I should think you would thank them. If you do not send them their goods now, when will you send them? I do not see how you can think so when you see the good they have done. I might have done as well as they did. How long is it since they came here? It is a long time since they came. We would say much more if we had the time. When we saw them there^ we told them how much and how well you had done. If you think well of it, they will send you these goods. He told you that he would send the goods there. He told them that those were given to him. I think these are theirs. I Avill thank them for you when I see them. I have told him that you think he has done Avell. Sentence containiug the ivhole alphabet: Frowzy quacks vex, jump, and blight. Wipe all the nickel parts of the machine with a soft cotton clo'h to remove moisture and finger marks and thus prevent rust. Cover up the machine to protect it from dust and moisture. I BOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. LESSON III. WORD PRACTICE. It has been said that 120 words make up fully one-half of ordinary speech. Learniu- to fla-er these words correctly and quickly means then the rapid writing of half the words used in common couversatiou inese and other words are given for practice in the fingered exercises. The method on which the fingering is based is shown in the following diagram and rules • DIAGRAM OF SMALL LETTERS ON KEY-BOARD OF CALIGRAPH NO. 2. Fingers to be used. 3rd 2nd 1st 1st 2nd 3rd w \ t r X e y uN i \ o a \ s id f g hj cVk J x\ vV b n ] ym d\ Left hand. Center, Rio-ht hand. with th^T ^' ^* *'"' """"""'"S of words and when one hand takes up the spelling of the other, strike the key With the finger assigned to it in the diagram. ^ W th ^r! f • ^^"^ f! '™^ ^^"'^ '® required to print two or more letters in succession, use the assigned fin-er for the first letter, and for the other letters use the different fingers as may be most convenient without rcard'to tne assignment in the diagram. Rule 3. After striking a first-finger key. If another key on the same side and nearer the center of the key- board remains to be struck, use the first finger of the other hand or else strike two consecutive keys with tL same finger as may be most convenient. ■^ Rule 4. Words in common use should always be fingered in exactly the same way. The fln-ers then will lea™ the words as they learn a melody on the piano and will write them with almost no'effort on the paxt of T^e -Begin the combinations saw, sta, stra, mi, and rst with the first finger and de, ul and Exceptions to Rule 1 . ef with the second finger. ?n Exrcilel Tearn'th "/""' " ')" sentences. Stand straigUt, and, Effie truly first saw tke missing deed. th« «thl fh \ I? fi"g*^ring of the first two words and write a line of each, then write one word after error. Practice the next two words in the same way, and so on through the list of words Practice these words senlenc^eVtheT ' "-^^ '°"' '''' ^'"'' ''"' """' ^""^ •^""^ ^''^^ ^ -" '^^^ when you mS them n f'ture :T::;^L"ZZ:uLr'''''''''' ^-^ ''- ''''' '''''^^' ^^^ -^^-^'^ ^^ --'^ -^ correctly wrS last 1323 many 2 3 11 mean 2 13 1 most 2 3 23 near 12 3 2 part 2 323 please 211321 quite 1 1221 reply* 2 1211 right 22122 tried 21212 work 3 32 3 where 3 1121 with 3221 your 132 2 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. EXEECISE 3. and able about city date early* favor facts 312 3111 31322 2121 1321 13211 13232 13221 first hand land 12123 1312 1312 new noted order 113 13212 32 112 t sold sorry thing 2311 23221 21211 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. Write each sentence many times. Please favor us with an early reply. Your favor is at hand. Your order has been noted. Where is your work? It is quite near this part of the city. Please let me hear from you at an early date. Please give me the facts about the land. We mean to do most of the work. They were here first and we came last. He will soon be able to work. We have tried to go about the city. Many things have been tried, but not much has been done. Most of us are quite sorry that the land has been sold. Where have they been since we last saw them? It is a new thing and we mean to do as much as we can for it. We shall try to do the right thing about the land. Many have told iis that they mean well, but we think they have not tried to do right. We must order some more goods. The new * Use the left forefinger for y in ly. t Sometimes it is well to use the same finger on two consecutive keys. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 7 goods have come to hand. "We are sorry about this. It is quite right that they should do the work. The city is near us. Please give us the facts. What do you think they meanV He tried to reply to you. He means to give us an order as soon as he is able. The new part of the city is quite near them. We were sorry when the land was first sold. You and I will soon be old. The last date is right. Most of the city are in favor of the new work. We have tried to do our part. He is able to do more than most of us. Can we do something for you? He has told us many things about the new city. We have tried to work where we could do the most good. If you please, we will work with you. These facts do not please us. They mean much to us. We are sorry these things are so. They mean to do right and we are pleased with them. Alphabet sentence: Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. Write the preceding sentences once again and see how many of them you can write without striking a ■wrong key. Wipe the machine with a soft cotton cloth and cover it up. LESSON IV. Learn sections 5 and 6 of Part I. Clean the machine before writing on it to-day. Pay a great deal of attention to the fingering of the words. Words of frequent occurrence should always be fingered in the same way, and thus the fingers will soon strike the right keys almost mechanically. As a rule, the center keys should be struck with the first finger, the outer rows of small letters should be struck with the third finger, and the intervening keys with the second finger. Except when striking the .space key, the hands should be held so that the first fingers will be over the center keys. If you keep your hands in the proper place over the key-board, you will find it easier to finger correctly, because each finger will be near the keys it should strike, and will be naturally used upon those keys. Remember to strike the space key with the side, not with the end of the little finger. In all the word exercises take two or three words at a time. First write a line of each word, then write the two words alternately again and again, until you not only know the fingering thoroughly, but until you can write several lines in succession without an error or a hesitation. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IJSf TYPEWRITING. EXERCISE 4. always answer before busy chance charge doubt 313212 312312 121321 1121 213121 213211 13213 every few find great grant hold kept 12121 123 1212 12132 12312 1311 3122 know letter learn likely little makes money 3133 112212 11321 12 3 111 122211 23312 23121 . month next only ovight offer place prompt 23131 1132 3111 32122 31123 21321 223122 short truth twice week wish what while 21323 21121 23231 3113 3221 3132 31211 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. "Write each sentence many times. Always tell the truth. Your answer should be prompt and short. ]^ext month he will come here twice a week. I would grant him the favor if I were in your place. "We were so .busy that we had no chance to see you last week. I wish you would let me know if he makes you the offer. The charge is too great. It is quite likely that he has kept the place. You ought not to doubt him for he always tells the truth. We had told him many good things about you before you came. What will you do if you are not able to hold the place? While many of them have had chances, only a few have learned what will do them good. He told us a great many things that were new to us, and we were much pleased to hear them. We can go to the city only twice a month. It is only a little while before you must go. His letter was very short, but it was quite good. Only a HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 9 few make much money. Most of us must learn to do with a little. I think she will find that she is not able to make them the offer. No one can take his place. We have known him only a short time. In the meanwhile yon may work at these things. We sent him a letter the first of the month. We shall be quite busy this month. What does he meanV If you wish to make money, you must work for it. Will you hand him this letter for me? Please favor me with the facts in the ease. He offers too little money for the place. The truth is he can not learn much while here. Do you know anything about the land grant? There is a good chance to make money in that city. He ought to do well in that place. I told him in my letter that you would like the land, and that you wished a prompt reply. She knows what he ought to offer her for the place. IS'o doubt he will try to please you. You will find that he has charged you too much. I hope that she will keep her place. She will find the money order in her letter. I shall tell him everything I know about it. Every one thinks the charge is too great. There are only a few letters to be sent. Every letter has been answered. Alphabet sentence: Please give the money box to Dr. J. Z. Quack's wife. Write as many of the foregoing sentences as poseible -without making an error. Bub the nickel parts of the machine xoell before covering. LESSON V. Learn sections 7 and S of Part I. RE-INSERTION OF PRINTED SHEETS. To continue writing on a page that is partly written, put the paper into the machine and notice if the begin- ning of the line coincides with the beginning of the scale; if not, pull the paper to the right or to the left until the first letter of the line is over the first division of the scale. This will make the left-hand margin even. The letters should be exactly over the division points of the scale and not over the spaces between the points. Turn the platen forward until you come to the last line of writing, then pull the paper down so that the bottom of the 10 sow TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. last line will just touch the top of the scale. Place the pointer at the proper figure. Turn the platen forward ONE notch and fini.sh the last line. If, however, the last line is ended, move the lever forward for a new line. Be careful to strike the punctuation marks very lightly. Make no space between a word and the following punctuation mark, but make one space after the punctuation mark, and between sentences make two spaces. Always finger exactly according to the figures. Never allow your.self to make a mistake, but form a habit of per- fect accuracy from the first. Have you cleaned your machine^ Bemember it must be cleaned every day before loriting. EXERCISE 5. con mis ful ing- ment ness ted sion tion self 231 122 121 211 2112 1122 2 12 2231 2231 2111 after ability again amount bill cheek dear 31212 3121221 31321 323212 1211 2 112 3 2132 delay during Cn closed further glad hard home 21131 112211 21213212 1123112 1131 1321 1311 kind less look neither noted often rest 3212 1122 1223 1222112 13212 31311 2 123 ready receive remain sir ship sure take 21311 2121221 212321 222 2123 2121 2331 troubleto-day to-night truly very where write 213211123323 1 23312122 21211 2121 31121 32221 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. Write each sentence many times. We will ship you the rest of the meat to-day. Your check is received. Many thanks for the same. After you have gone home will you take the trouble to wi'ite to us. He is a man of great ability. We are glad to know that times ai-e not as hard as they have been. We hope there will be no further delay in shipping the goods. Please fill out this check for me. She will remain at home during the rest of the month. We shall soon be ready to receive them. Please do not take the trouble to look for it any more. We find that we have made a HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 11 mistake. Enclosed please find check for the amount due you. Your favor with money order is received. Many thanks for your promptness. Enclosed please find receipt. He has had a hard time. He has been confined at home so many weeks. We thank you for your kindness. This amount is less than it ought to be. You may send him the bill again. Dear Sir: Yours received and noted. I am thankful that neither of us made the mistake. I am very sure that he will go home to-night. Hoping to hear from you again soon, I remain, very truly yours. We will surely write you often. You should be very thankful for his kindness. Are you ready for the shipment? I hear he has gone on a mission. I have no notion that he will trouble us again. Can you tell me where she is? Please give us your attention. Will you please write this letter again? Where are you going to-night? ? Alphabet sentence: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. See if you can write the first half of the foregoing sentences without striking a wrong key; then try the other half. Take your paper out of the machine and notice whether the punctuation marks are light, or heavy and ugly looking. Can you see the marks made' by the period on the back side of the sheet? If so, write the exercise again; continue writing it until you can produce a neat copy whose unwritten side will not show any marks of the punctuatioa points. Bub the nickel parts of the machine before covering. LESSON VI. Learn section 9 of Part I. Remember the typewriter should be cleaned the first thing every morning before writing on it. It will do better work and will last longer if properly cared for. Your employer will prize you more highly and will pay you better if he sees that you are careful about his property. Be faithful in small mat- ters as well as in great, and it will not only increase your self-respect, but will pay you in dollars and cents. Write the words in the following exercise until you can finger them correctly, easily and rapidly before begin- ning the sentence practice. ' 12 MOW TO BECOME EXPERT /.V TYPEWRITING. EXERCISE 6. account allow another apply because beside business 8223212 3i]33 3132112 32211 1223121 123221 11221122 balance decide duties except former forward happy 1313121 212121 112212 132122 132212 1323211 13221 inform intend large market matter nothing oblige 211322 212111 13211 232312 232212 1321211 3 112 11 prices pretty prevent raise regard report secure 222312 221221 2 2 12112 23221 211321 212323 212121 several suppose return toward under unless which 2121231 2132321 212121 233211 11212 111122 31232 - 32 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. Write each sentence many times. I am happy to inform you that we are doing a large business and will be glad to receive further orders from you. Enclosed I send you a check for $40 which please apply to my account. There is very little change in prices. There is nothing new in the market reports. You will oblige me greatly if you will forward the goods at once. The duties are pretty large, and I suppose that we shall be obliged to raise the price on the balance of the shipment. We cannot allow you much on that order. Several of them have decided to return to-night. Please accept this little present. He sold all of the 'land except one small lot. We intend to prevent his securing the order, because we think it ought not to be given to him. Unless prices can be raised in some way, he will go under. I am sure that he will undertake the business. Show kindness one toward another. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TTPEWBITINO. 13 Besides this, there are other matters to be thought of. In regard to the former matter of which you sjjoke, we have nothing to say. Write the above exercise once without striking a wrong key. Do not attempt erasures. Except in rare instances erasures are not allowable. LESSON VII. Keep the typewriter clean. Strike_ evenly, then your work will look well. Never allow yourself to strike a wrong letter. Make all your writing as perfect as though it were to be paid for. Avoid lifting the carriage to examine your work. It wastes your time, retards your speed, and is a bad habit to form. Put your whole mind on your work and strive to write accurately. When you have reached the end of a page or an exercise, then, and only then, take time to look at your writing. Examine it critically. If you find errors iu it, or if the printing is uneven, write it again. Criticise, correct, and rewrite until you get a perfect copy of each exercise. PARAGRAPHING. A paragraph may consist of one sentence, or of several sentences relating-to the same subject or to the same division of the subject. For every change of a. subject there must be a new paragraph. Begin each paragraph with the pointer at five. Some operators paragraph at ten, but this practice is not to be commended, fa printed matter, paragraphs are indented only slightly. Examine, the paragraphs in a book or newspaper. Notice how the subject changes with each paragraph, and how much the first word of each para- graph is indented. EXERCISE 7. a dvance advise assist attentioncareful company c on sider 31231213 12221 322223 3 221122312321121231231123122212 continue credit dispose draft efforts esteem expense 2313211122122 2 1222321 12313 2113232 12 3 112 13 2 1121 furnish guarantee immediate important improve invest possible 1121221 123231211 2 111223212123234122122321 212123 23222111 *223 p r oba hie prompt purchase quick requests a tisfy solicit 2231311122 3 12 2 21221321 11234 2 112 12 3 2 322211 2312322 *23 - special strict state success thorough transactwaiting 221213123223 2 12321 2122122 21323212213123223222211 Two figures under a letter indicate two methods of fingering. 14 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WHITING. SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. Write each sentence many times. Tiien write all once tlirough witliout striking a wrong key. The company considers the matter very important, and requests that you give it your immediate attention. They will spare neither efforts nor expense to sat- isfy you. He is a thorough business man and is sure to meet with success. If possible, will you please assist him in the transaction of this business. He stated that they were going to make important improvements in the factory. He is not disposed to wait longer before investing. He advises us to continue furnishing them goods on credit. We v/ill advance the money. They will give prompt and careful attention to all your requests. The purchasers require a special guarantee. f Make five correct copies of the following letter. Use small 1 for the figure one, and capital for zero. Dear Sir : Your favor is at hand and contents noted. In reply would say that we do not wish any more New Orleans syrup at present. We are sorry that you had so much trouble in filling our last order. The goods came to-day and we are very much pleased with them. Enclosed please find check for $152.40 in payment of the same. Thanking you for your kindness, I remain, Yours truly, 1 enclosure. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. LESSON VIII. Leam sections 10 and 1 1 of Part I. Remember to clean your typewriter every morning. Practice tlie words . in the exercise until tiie fingering becomes meclianical. See if you cannot write the whole of this lesson without striking a wrong key. EXERCISE 8. agent almost always arransjebelievebetter commence 31112 312323 313212 3 2 2 3 12 1121212112 3 3 12 23112121 *122 correct desire different discount entire excellent examine 2322122 212221 12112 321312223212112221 1321111121231212 expect explain express friend general interest introduce 132122 13 2132113 2 2 122 12 2111 11112 31213 1212 3 213 231121 knowledge manage notice number opinion present profit 313311211231311 132231 112123 3211231 2212112 223122 promise property reason refuse render require settle 2231221 2232123121323 1 211221 2 112 12 2 112 3 2 1 213311 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. Write'each sentence many times, then make one correct copy of the whole. They are almost always correct in theii- statements. Our general ;igent ex- pects to pass through your state soon, and will then explain matters fully to you. We see no reason why he should refuse .to settle his account. His knowledge of the business is excellent, and he promises to manage the propei-ty to our entire satisfaction. Let me introduce you to my friend. We noticed that there was a great number present. We desire to express our thanks for the friendly interest * Right forefinger on e. 16 EOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WETTING. shown us. We believe there will be better j)vices and larger profits. The arrangement is excellent. He has commenced work again. Please examine the property carefully, and let us know your opinion of it. We must have larger dis- counts or we cannot afford to take the agency. He has not yet rendered a satis- factory account of his management of the property. I believe there is a difference of opinion. He has given several different reasons, and they are all excellent. Send the goods immediately by express. We have allowed him twenty-five per cent, discount. Polish your typewriter with a soft cotton cloth and cover it. LESSON IX. Learn section 12 of Part I. Fill ten lines with each of the followiug words. EXERCISE 9. addition anxious appear attend between circular committee 31122231 3132312 322132 322111 123 4 111 21221132 231122211 1 23 communicate consequent considerably demand descriptive determine difficult 232 2 11233212312112112 231222123111 212 312 21222232221 213121212 121123212 establish evident execute extensive facility freight however 123411221 1222112 1312121 132112221 13221221 1212122 13 31212 23 illustrate increase independent individual influence necessary occasion 2112231321 21221321 21212112112 2122221131212122121 112122321 32232231 ordinary origin al previous qua! it y s incere supply usual 32121321 32212131 22122312 1131221 2212121 212211 12131 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 17 SENTENCE PRACTICE COMBINING FINGERED WORDS. Write each sentence many times. Remember to use small 1 for the tigure one ami capital for zero. Enclosed Ave send you our descriptive circular and illustrated price-list. He is anxious to appear well before the committee. It is quite necessary, however, to establish communication between the different points. With their extensive property and increased facilities, the company is no long-er dei^endent upon indi- vidual influence. It is evident that this is no ordinary difficulty. He has deter- mined upon his course of action. He knows how to execute, consequently there will be no trouble on this occasion. Will you send by freight or by express? The original loan was $10,000. The executive committee will attend to the mat- ter. In addition to the amount invested during the year 1881, the company in- vested $114,000 in city bonds. The increase in the amount of loans and invest- ments was $3,150,149.26, or $812,074.11 more than was invested during any previous year. The demand is considerably greater than the supply. We guar- antee the quality of our goods. You can have the usual discounts. We thank you sincerely for your kindness. Make ten correct copies of tlie following letter. Remember to begin each paragraph at 5. Dear Sir : Your esteemed favor of the 3rd iiist. enclosing draft is received, and the amount, $105.10 placed to your credit. Many thanks for your kindness in remit- ting so promptly. We send you to-day our latest price-list, to which we beg to call your 2 18 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. especial attention. We guarantee all goods that we furnish to be strictly first- class in every respect. We would advise you to jDurchase quickly, as we think it probable that prices will advance shortly. Soliciting a continuance of your orders, and assuring you that your request for anything in our line will receive our prompt and careful attention, we remain, Yours respectfully, LESSON X. Review the diagram and rules for fingering given in Lesson 3. Study andvyrite down the best fingering for the following words. Learn their meaning and use. COMMERCrAL AND TECHNICAL WORDS. abstract ad valorem affidavit •appellant assignee auditor charter • commercial commutatorf colonel defendant , demurrage deposition dividend disburse electrof fraternal gear inventory invoice judicial memoranda .merchandise motorf policy profitable pro rata remittance subpoena tariff t Electrical terms. amperef annuity assets broker coupon consignee drawee discount dynamof election indemnity indictment liabilities , litigation negotiable plaintiff promissory register traffic voltf assessment collateral circumstantial differential electric indorse mortgage pinion rebate warranty HOW TO BECOME EXPERT /.V TYPEWRITING. 19 FI^-GERING, WRITmG BY TOUCH. Hereafter the exercises will not be fingered, but tlie pupil will be expected to think out the fingering foi himself according to the principles given in previous lessons. Make the head help the hands. Finger in such a way as to cause the least possible motion of the bauds. Then make the hands help the head. Always finger the same word in the same way so that the fingers will learn the words and will write them almost unconsciously. Do not allow yourself to be careless in the matter of fingering or to think that it makes no difference how you finger words. While there is some difference of opinion as well as of practice among rapid operators of the typewriter, yet, as a rule, the most expert are those who have paid the most attention to correct fingering. Mr. McBride, who has gained a national reputation by his rapid writing when blindfolded, says : " Work on a system. Study the board to save time, and never allow one finger to get in the way of another." Do not strike the keys as it happens, but strike them " systematically, intelligently and in such a way as to save effort. You must create a chain of communication between tlie brain and fingers, and make them act in harmony with each otlier, and let me tell you, when once this has been accomplished the effort becomes purely mechanical; the brain ceases to occupy the position of guide, for the fingers take up the task. Relieve the brain all you can of a large portion of its effort, thus causing the operator to tire less easily and the working of the instrument to be reduced to a minimum so far as the wear and tear of the operator is concerned. At the same time, speed will come un- awares, and the ability to write without looking at the key-board will assert itself." Use as many fingers as you can and produce evenly printed work. To strengthen the third finger, spend a few minutes each day, not in writing words, but iu striking keys alternately with the third and first finger, then with the third and second finger, etc. Continue this practice until you form a habit of printing as distinctly with the third as with any other finger. The well known expert, Mr. McGurrin, says: "All the fingers should be used. This plan lessens fatigue, tends to increase both speed and accuracy,and helps greatly in writing by touch." To learn to write by touch, that is, with only an occasional glance at the key-board, sit directly iu front of the machine. Keep the hands as nearly as possible in one position over the key-board. When striking the space key with one hand, keep the location of the keys with the other. Write very slowly at first, and after every two or three words glance at the fingers to see if they are on the right keys. As you continue to practice, look less and less at the key-board, only often enough to make sure that you are writing accurately. When you can write the whole exercise without once looking at the fingers, then begin to increase your speed, but very gradu- ally, that you may not fall into error. Of the value of writing by touch,Mr. McGurrin says : Operatiug the type- writer vrithout looking at the key-board is not merely an ornamental accomplishment, but one exceedingly useful to all operators, especially to those having copying to do. The stenographer having this ability can copy his notes as fast and as easily as he can dictate them to anotlier operator, and so save the trouble, delay and expense of securing operators to take dictation. To the copyist four hours out of eight are saved, the work rendered pleasant and easy, and accuracy is secured. The ability to operate without looking at the key-board possesses so many advantages in saving of time, labor and expense, in lessening the liability to make errors, and is so comparatively easy of attainment that in the near future operators who can do it will be the rule and not the ex- ception. One finger of each hand should always be left to rest on some one key, and from this the other fingers will readily find any key desired. The same word should always be fingered in exactly the same manner, and thus the fingers will soon find the keys almost mechanically. Make three correct copies of each paragraph in the following article, then make one perfect copy of the whole. ACCURACY AND NEATNESS. Typewriting is -worth little or nothing unless it is neat and accurate. Nobody wants slovenly work, smutty pages, bad spelling, or sentences made senseless by the careless omission of words. An operator who can copy page 20 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. after page neatly without omitting a letter or striking a Avrong key is always in demand. The salary of an operator depends fully as much upon his neatness and accuracy as upon his speed. Speed is worth nothing without accuracy, but accuracy is worth something without speed. Those experts who astonish the world by their exhibitions of wonderful speed are those who have paid the greatest attention to accuracy. When writing 150 words a minute before a critical audience, they have no time to make erasures or to correct errors. Their work must be inspected as it was first Avritten, and must be without an eiTor to escape criticism. One of these experts says: "Those Avho are writing for speed should not write any faster than they can write correctly. A business man would rather have you spend 30 minutes in writing a document for him and have you Avrite it correctly, than have you write the same matter in 15 minutes with one mistake on the paper. Whenever you make a mistake in writing a word you lose speed, because you have to write that word over several times before you can gain the power to write it correctly which you had before you made the mistake. It is well to crowd speed, that is, to work energetically, but never push your speed beyond the bounds of accuracy. Accuracy must come first always." Beware of erasures. In most business houses letter-press copies are taken, and a new copying ribbon is so moist with ink that it is almost impossible to make a neat erasure when using it. One single erasure will spoil the looks of a whole page and prove a great annoyance to an employer. Erasures, moreover, clog up the machine with paper scrapings. Start out Avith the idea that you are not going to make erasures. If you strike a wrong letter, begin again. In rare instances HOW TO BECOME EXPERT AV TYPEWRITING. 21 corrections must be made. But they are only allowable under exceptional cir- cumstances, when there is an unusual pressure of work or when an unexpected emergency arises. At such a time, a habit of carefulness will be of the greatest value and will enable you to send out creditable, if not absolutely perfect work. All ordinary work should be without an error. "Work may be accurate and yet not be neat. Avoid smutting the paper. When the ribbon is new or when copying ribbon is used, the fingers should never touch the printed lines. ISTone but clean fingers should ever touch even the mar- gin of the paper. (Alas ! that it is necessary to say this.) Unevenness of printing will give a spotty appearance to a page. Strike the keys with equal force and in equal time. Notice whether the letters printed with the second finger are any darker than those printed with the first or third fingers. If so, strike more lightly mth the second finger, and a little harder with the other fingers. If any finger is weak, take special pains in striking the keys with that finger. In like manner observe and correct the work done by each of the fingers. Outside of striking a wrong key, the most common errors in typewriting are the neglect of a double space between sentences, improper punctuation, striking the punctuation marks too hard, disregard of form, running together of words, arbitrary paragraphing, and last and worst of all, bad spelling. 22 EOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What is the location of the following parts and how are they fastened to the carriage : the pointer, line space lever, line space stop, bell trip, marginal stop, pawl, hold-fast dog, platen, feed roller, paper feed springs, carriage main shafts and racks? 2. What is the use of the platen, are its ends alike, and is its surface curved or many sided? 3. How may the platen be turned backward? i. What will be the space between lines if the platen is moved forward one notch? two notches? three notches? four notches? 5. How may the pointer be placed at any figure of the scale without moving the paper forward for a new line? 6. Explain the method of using the marginal stop. 7. What may happen if the marginal stop is fastened too close to the front wheel? if fastened too far to the right? 8. What is generally the trouble with a machine that will not work? 9. What are the three great enemies of the typewriter? 10. What parts of the machine should be cleaned every day, and how should they be cleaned? 11. Explain the use and adjustment of the paper feed springs. 12. Give the location and fastening of the following parts : release key, letter space dog, ribbon switch, ribbon support or ribbon clip, spools, ribbon ratchet wheels, ribbon arms and ribbon springs, basket, type-bars and hangers, finger and carriage tensions. 13. Of how many parts is the release key composed? 14. Explain the use of the release key. 15. Why is the letter space dog so called, and what is the use of the letter space dog when the machine is at rest? 16. What may happen if the ribbon support is bent upward, and what is the remedy? 17. What will be the effect of bending the ribbon support down too far? 18. Where is the spring that moves from one notch to another as the ribbon switch is moved? 19. Examine the ratchet wheels in front of the spools, and state which ratchet wheel does the most work when the ribbon switch is moved to the right. 20. When the ribbon switch is moved to the left, which ratchet wheel moves the ribbon? 21. Explain the method of changing ribbons. 22. Give a full account of the monthly oiling and cleaning. 23. Describe the adjusting screw in the hanger. 2'!. What will be the result if this screw is too loose? if too tight? 25. Explain the method of adjusting the screw in the hanger. 26. Explain the method of alignment. 27. Explain the method of adjusting the screw at the end of the rack. 28. What caution is given in regard to lifting the carriage? 29. What is the matter if the carriage stops at about 20 or 50? 30. What is the matter if the carriage will not come back to zero, but instead stops always at a certain point? 31 . What is the trouble if the paper cannot be inserted witliout wrinkling or tearing? 32. What may cause the paper to run in crooked so that the lines of writing will not be horizontal? 33. If the paper feed springs are too loose, will the paper feed well? 34. What may prevent some of the type from rising high enough to print? 35. If the hold-fast dog is too weak, what will be the effect upon the spacing between lines? 36. If the paper is inserted too far to the right, passing between the ratchet wheel and the pawl, what will be the effect upon the spacing between lines? 37. If letters fall on top of one another when the machine is now, what is the cause? 38. What is generally the cause when the machine is properly cared for but has been used for some time? 39. Locate the difficulty if only a single key moves slugglisbly. 40. What caution is given in regard to the adjustment of the typewi'iter? 41. What should be the position of the operator at the caligraph? 42. IIow should the keys be struck? 43. Why is it necessary to strike the keys in even time? 44. What may be the result if two keys are struck at the same time? 45. What caution should be observed in regard to the weaker fingers? 46. Where should paragraphs begin? 47. When should a new paragraph be made? 48. How can a partly written sheet be re-inserted so that the left-hand margin in the continued writing will be the same as be- fore? 49. How can a line in the i-e-inserted sheet be finished without a break in the line? 50. Give rules for fingering. 61. What is said of the importance of systematic fingering? 52. What should be the chief aim of the beginner in typewriting? 53. What is the best method of learning to write by touch? COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE, LEGAL FORMS, SPECIFICATIONS, TABULATED STATEMENTS, OFFICE HINTS, ETC. If not delivered in 10 days, return to 1 J. B. SMITH, T i New Haven, Conn. i ^ i William C. Knox, Esq., Pres. U. S. Savings Bank, Personal. Topeka, Kansas. If not delivered in 10 days, return to 103 Arch St., PliUadelpkia, Pa. i Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., 755 Broadway, New York, N. Y. \sT^Mp\ Andrews Mfg. Co., 195 Wabash Av., Chicago, lU. If not delivered in 10 days, return to 1 NisoN-JoNES Printing Co., St. Louis, Mo. '• Mr. Henry B. Jones, Jr., Care Jos. Dixon Crucible Co., Jersey City, N. J. (24) HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 25 COMMEECIAL COREESPONDENCE. SUPERSCRIPTION OF ENVELOPES. Addressing envelopes is often the first work given to a beginner in typewrit- ing. The main point to be observed is accuracy. More than five million letters containing more than ten million dollars go to the dead-letter office every year because they are directed carelessly. Be sure that you know what the address is. Ask questions if you are doubtful and cannot get the needed information from the directory, atlas, or postal guide. Miscarried letters sometimes cost a firm thou- sands of dollars. There is no excuse for a misdirected envelope. The operator who makes mistakes in the superscription of envelopes deserves to lose his position and probably will. Insert the envelope at the left-hand side of the machine and roll it a little more than half Avay in. Print the name just below the middle of the envelope and at equal distances from the right and left-hand edges. Begin the name at 20 or thereabouts according to the leng'th of the scale, the length of the name, and the size of the envelope. Place a comma after the name, and if a title (as Esq., D.D., etc.), follows the name, put a comma also after the title. Begin the second line five o r ten s p aces farther to the right than the first line, and the third line still farther to the right so that the lines will form a neat slant to the right on both sides. A comma should be placed at the end of every line except the last, which should be followed by a period. Place a period after every abbreviation. ' On the second line may be written the individual title of the party addressed ; as, Supt. Railway Construction Dept. ; Gen. Agt. C, & A- R. R-, etc. If there is no individual title, write the street and number, or if they are not given, the name of the city on the second line. But if the second line is otherwise filled, write the city with the state on the third line, placing a comma between them and using the abbreviation for the state, provided it is one that cannot be mistaken. When the state is alone on the third line, it is often best to write it in full. In the lower left-hand corner and beginning at zero, write such extra direc- tion as cannot be conveniently placed with the rest of the address, as the word " Personal," the number of the post-office box, or the name of the party in whose care the letter is addressed. The name of the county, if given, may be written either in the left-hand corner or with the address, between the town and the state. 26 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. Sometimes the party in whose care the letter is directed is also written with the address. Occasionally there are only two, and again there are four lines of address. Ex- act rules cannot be given for every emergency in life. The exercise of taste and good judgment are as necessary to success in typewriting as in any other occu- pation . When writing a short name on a very large envelope, it is best to space the name ; that is, to strike the space key alternately with the letters of the name. In such case place two or three spaces between the words, and if the envelope is very wide, make a triple instead of a double space between lines. The name of the town, if short, may also be spaced. ISTever fail to iise Mr., Esq., or some other title when addressing a gentleman. Prefix Messrs. to a firm name like Houghton, Mifflin & Co., where the word com- pany is used to represent those members of the firm whose names are not given. But no title should be prefixed to a company name like Simmons Hardware Com- pany, Gorham Mfg. Co., and L. E. Waterman Co., where the word company represents the whole corporation and not a part of it. In the latter cases the in- dividuals are lost sight of and the personal names Simmons, Gorham, and Water- man are used merely as adjectives modifying the neuter noun company. Of course it would be improper to address a corporation as Messrs., for that word refers to persons and not to organizations. Cut paper Into pieces the size of a business envelope and on them write the addresses below, arranging and punctuating correctly according to the directions and illustrations given: M. C. Eoach, Esq., G. E. P. A. N^. Y. C. & H. R. R., 413 Broadway, ^ew York, 2^. Y. G. W. Bullard, Esq., West Water St., Elmira, IS". Y. Messrs. Little & Becker, 310 JST. Third St., St. Louis, Mo. The John Church Co Cincinnati Ohio Kev J P Green 3410 Lucas Av City Mr Albert McKinney Jr Easton Md Frank Gilbert Esq Fairhaven Vermont Parker-Eitter-^icholls Stationery Co 400 & 402 ^. Third St City Mr Henry Townsend Fresno Cal The American Writing Machine Co Hartford Conn Dr J T Kent 1419 Walnut St Philadelphia Pa HOW TO BECOME EXPERT AV TYPEWRITING. 27 Eev W W Boyd D D I^ewark :N^ J Simmons Hardware Co St Louis Mo J S Taylor Esq Care Govt Fleet Ashton La Messrs Doane & Jones Elraira 'N Y A B <0'are Tribune Office Xew York City Wisconsin Granite Co S E Cor Clark & Washington Sts Chicago 111 Room 4 St Louis Book and Kews Co City Cupples Wooden Ware Co St Louis Mo Messrs Forbes Bros & Co 506 Locust St St -Louis Mo Miss E V Grossman 3818 Windsor Place City Hon Ira Mayhew LL D Detroit Mich Miss Anna B Wright i'ive Lakes Lapeer Co 3Iich . Arthur L Sneed Esq Mexico Missouri Box 214 Messrs Roush Bros Bloomington III McLean Co Samuel Smith Esq G A C & A E, R City Personal Rev Brother Baldwin Christian Brothers College Chicago 111 Mr Will Benson Minneapolis Minn H H Knight Esq Dulnth jNIinn Henry A Rose Esq U S Rolling Stock Co Decatur Ala F Wolcott Jackson Esq Gen Supt Penna R R ]S'ewark jST J Personal Gen Sanmel Thomas Pres E T V & G R R Co New York City John BxSmith Esq Pres Union Stock Yards Chicago 111 HINTS ON BUSINESS LETTER WRITING. Business letters should be clear, concise, and courteous. Replies should be prompt and should contain definite acknowledgment of the letter received and of its inclosures, if any. Especial attention should be paid to the polite and speedy acknowledgment of the receipt of money. The best way of becoming a good business correspondent is by the study and imitation of the letters themselves. Memorize the business terms in these letters, and compose similar letters to imaginary correspondents. As a rule the envelope should be directed before the letter is written, and if there are any inclosures to be sent in the letter they should be placed immediately within the flap of the envelope. When all the lettei'S have been Avritten and copied, each inclosure should be folded within its letter if possible, instead of lying loose in the envelope. 28 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITITO. The Heading of a Letter. — The heading should contain the full address of the writer and the date when written. A period should follow every abbrevia- tion, and the parts should be separated by commas. A period should be placed at the end of the heading. As a rule begin the heading at about 30 on the scale, and about an inch and one-half from the top of the sheet. Business letters are almost always written on paper with printed headings. A blank is left for the operator to insert the month and the day of the month, and often the last figure of the year. Be particular to get the date exactly on the line. To do this draw the paper down until the bottom of the printed line just reaches the top edge of the scale, roll the platen forward one notch and print the date in the center of the blank space left for it. A little observation of the scale will tell you where to begin the date. If the paper scale is a hair's breadth too high or too low, allowance must be made for the deviation. Hence, when first writing on a new machine, test it by writing a line on scrap paper and then turning the platen back a notch to see if the bottom of the printed line is exactly at the top of the scale. If not, notice just how much too high or too low the line is, and when inserting the date on a letter head, let there be the same difference between the heading line and the'top of the scale as there was between the scale and the line experimented upon. Draw horizontal lines on your typewriting paper and write the following headings exactly on the lines, punc- tuating them correctly according to the first three examples given : — Hartford, Conn., Aug. 17, 1890. Delaware, Ohio, June 20, 1873. 33 E. 17th St., New York, N". Y., May 2, 1890. St Paul Minn Jan 1 1889 Philadelphia Pa JSTov 3 1888 Pittsburgh Pa Feb 19 1885 Cincinnati Ohio Oct 30 1890 Syracuse N Y March 11 1885 70 Broadway I^ew York City Dec 1 1883 Boston Mass Sept- 9 1890 Indianapolis Ind April 3 1889 Minneapolis Minn June 13 1890 Macon Ga July 22 18S7 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 29 Albany N" Y Dec 18 1889 Duluth Minn May 31 1890 Louisville Ky Aug- 6 1888 Washing-ton D C Jan 11 1890 Ealeigh X C March 25 1872 Schenectedy :N"Y June 10 1889 Detroit Mich March 16 1890 Des Moines Iowa Dec 23 1887 531 ^Y Water St Elmii-a K Y May 1 1890 Address. — Unless crowded for room, make a dovible space between the head- ing and the address of the letter. The address may be written with single or double space between the lines, as suits the taste of the writer. Begin the name at 0, and place Esq. after the name, unless some other ap- propriate title has been used. Write the rest of the address on the line below the name, five or ten spaces further to the right. If necessary, a third line beginning- still further to the right can be added. Punctuate and slant the lines the same as in the superscription of envelopes. Be polite when writing letters. Except when addressing a corporation, Mr., Messrs., Esq., or some other appropriate title should always be placed on the same line with the name. Salutatiox. — The most common forms of salutation are Dear Sir, Dear Madam, or Grentlemen. I^'ever use the vulgar contraction Gents. Avoid abbrevi- ations in the salutation. Begin Dear Sir, or whatever form of salutation is used, at on the line below the address, and the body of the letter at 5 on the next line. Or, Dear Sir may be indented, beginning at 5 or 10 as is necessary to avoid commencing at the same point as the last line of the address. When Dear Sir is indented, the body of the letter should follow on the same line. Place a colon, or a colon and a dash, between the salutation and the body of the letter. In typewriting two hyphens are considered equivalent to a dash. When addressing a young unmarried lady, the salutation is often omitted. In such case, the two lines of address and the first line of the body of the letter may begin respectively at 0, 5, and 10, forming a neat, uniform slant toward the right. Body of the Letter. — Make your luorh look well. A short letter at the top of a page -with a long blank space underneath it will not look well. 30 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IB' TYPEWRITING. Avoid this by beginning the letter a little lower than usual. If a letter is short it is generally written with double space between lines. A long letter may be written with single or double space as preferred. "While the right-hand margin cannot be even in typewriting as in printing, yet a little attention on the part of the operator will do much to help its ajDproximate evenness. It is well to make extra space between paragraphs. Begin all paragraphs at the same point so that they will all be in line. A new paragraph should be made when beginning to write about a new subject. For instance, a letter might be written to a business house inclosing an order for goods, and also expressing regret that the firm has met with serious losses by fire. The expressions of regret should fill one paragraph. The order should form another paragraph. ^ Be accurate. One of the most annoying mistakes in a letter is the skipping of a word or a line by the operator. It is very easy to skip from a certain word on one line to the same word on another line. To avoid this, always keep a marker underneath the line you are copying, and as you finish each line move the mai'ker to the next line. A narrow strip cut from a card or a piece of paper will answer for a marker if you have no copy holder. When typewriting from short- hand notes the marker should be so narrow as not to cover up any of the writing, because it is often necessary to read the whole of a sentence in shorthand in order to get its sense, write it correctly and punctuate it properly. Never write on the back of a sheet unless you are assured that your employer wishes you to do so. On the second sheet and on all succeeding sheets, place in the upper left-hand corner the number of the page, and, if desired, the initials of the party addressed. Make a proper separation between the paging and the body of the letter. A letter should never end with only one or two lines at the top of a new page. Prevent this by a little planning beforehand, by leaving more or less space at the bottom of the preceding page, by spreading or crowding the paragraphs. Remember that attention to attractiveness of detail as well as general neat- ness and accuracy will greatly enhance your value in the eyes of your employer. Use your common sense. ISTever degenerate into a mere machine. When you are requested to write a letter in the greatest haste, do not be fussy about mere prettiness ; exert yourself to be quick and accurate. But when you have plenty of time, do try to make your work look attractive, yes, artistic. Even when rushed with work there is no excuse for soiled or wrinkled paper. Smuts of color left after erasures are a disgrace. An erasure is never allowable unless made so neatly as not to be noticeable except when holding the paper up to the HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 31 light. Form a habit of %vriting every thing exactly rigid the first time. Otherwise you will often have to hand in ngly looking work, or else displease your employer by wasting a great deal of his paper. In either case a beggarly salary or frequent discharges await you. It pays to do xvorh well. CoMPLiJViEiSrTARY Close. — The complimentary close consists of Yours respectfully, Very truly yours, or some similar form. Begin at about 30, or as near the center of the liue as possible and yet leave plenty of room for the following lines to slant a little to the right toward the close. Capitalize the first word only, and end the line with a comma. SiGivTATUKE. — The line below the complimentary close should be left blank for the employer to write his own signature. Below the blank line and further to the right should be printed the employer's official title, if any; for instance, the line might contain the words Seci'etary, Chief Engineer, or whatever title is appropriate. When there is room the title may be written in full. Impokta^tt Points ix Letter Writing. — Avoid using a semi-colon where a period will answer as well. Business letters should consist of short, clear, terse sentences. A semi-colon is seldom used in a business letter. Do not use too many commas ; it is better to omit a comma than to put one in the wrong place. Strive to know exactly where commas belong and put them there. Do not make a mistake in spelling. Do not write My d^ar Sir with a capital D for dear. Do not write & for and except in firm or company names. Do not put a period after Miss, 1st, 2nd, 3d, 4th, etc. ; Ihey are not abbreviations. Do not contract Messrs. into' Mess. Do not be careless or vulgar or slovenly. In case of No. 1, JSTo. 2, No. 3, No. 4, etc., always use the abbreviation No. and the figure for the number. Dates should always be written in figures. Sums of money are often expressed in both figures and words. In other cases, numbers under 100 are generally written in words. Inst., the abbreviation for instant, means the present month. Ult., the abbreviation for ultimo, signifies the last month, the month just passed. Prox., the abbreviation for proximo, means the next or coming month. Avoid such abbreviations as Bait, for Baltimore, Phil, for Philadelphia, Ad. for Adv. or advertisement. The initials of the amanuensis are often placed on the left-hand side below the letter. When an inclosure is made in a letter, the word inelosure should be placed below the end of the letter on the left-hand side. Where there are several iuclosures, the number of iuclosures should be denoted by the figure placed 32 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. before the word inclosures. An inclosure, especially when hi the form of a note, draft, or check, should be folded within the letter. If placed in the envelope separately, it is liable to be cut or torn while the letter is being opened, or to remain unnoticed in the envelope after the letter is removed, causing delay, inconvenience, and sometimes loss. As fast as the letters are written they should be placed within the flaps of their respective envelopes. The folding of a letter is a mal^ter of no little importance. Lay the letter before you as in reading ; fold from the bottom forward, bringing the lower edge to the top or nearly to the top, according to the size of the envelope, then break the fold with a paper folder or Avith the nail of thumb and finger. Never use the fleshy part of the finger to make a crease, as you may soil the paper. Turn the letter around so that the right-hand edge of the paper will be toward you and the bottom and top edges will be on the right-hand side. Fold from you twice, making the edges meet the second time. IS^ow, when opening the letter, the name of the person addressed will be the first thing to be seen. The letter will be folded so that a crease runs horizontally across the center of the page, the other creases run up and down and divide the letter into three nearly equal parts, the light-hand part, if any, being the narrowest. Hold the letter as you would if you were going to open and read it ; the fold that is from you should be placed first in the envelope so that the opening will be at the top of the envelope. SCALE. 5 10 15 20 25 30 ,35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Write this letter again and again until you can write it from memory without making a mistake either in words or punctuation. The figures at the end of each letter indicate the number of words in the letter including date. Each figure is counted as a word. | is placed at the end of each hundred words. 1 Boston, Mass., March 29, i890. Edward Herman, Esq., Worcester, Mass. Dear Sir : Replying to your favor of Oct. 28th, will say 15 per cent, is our very best discount. We send you samples by express to-day. Very truly yours, (Dictated.) *» HOW TO BECOME EXPERT 7iV TYPEWRITING. 33 There is no surer or quicker way of gaining speed on the typewriter than by writing a short letter or para- graph over a great many times. An amanuensis often has to write the same circular letter fifty, two hundred or more times. Notice how long it takes you to write this letter the first time. Make ten correct copies of it, and notice how long it takes you to write it the tenth time. 2. Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 1, i888. J. J. Gray, Esq., Agent, Pittsburgh, Pa. Dear Sir : I have this day instructed the Purchasing Agent to send you a supply of blank forms, IS'o. 1121, Daily Report of company coal received and forwarded. I desire that you make a report to me daily on this form of the handUng of the company coal supply at your station. In addition to the information v^rhich this form will naturally contain, I desire such information as will enable me to keep a connect check on the number of cars furnished | at Pittsburgh for company coal, and number of cars on hand each day at the mines. You will please note this information on report also before sending it in, giving number of cars delivered to each mine for company coal, number of cars loaded and returned, and number of cars on hand at each mine. Please begin making this report to me immediately. Yours truly, Comptroller. 169 34 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. Make ten correct copies of this letter. 3. St. Louis, Mo., June 9, i889. Hon. S. M. Cullom, Springfield, 111. My deal- Sir : - - 1 was just on the eve of writing you when your valued letter of yesterday i-eaehed my table. T will cheerfully respond to the call of your committee and tell you what I think touching the subject matter of your communication. I also have a tele- gram from Gen. Devereaux, stating that he expects to be present and will appear before the committee if you desire him to do so. I have answered that you would doubtless be glad to have him present. | Like myself, he has been so en- gaged that it has been practically impossible for him to make written answer to your printed inquiries. The claims upon my time incident to our annual meeting must be the apology for my failure, and I had not observed the limitation as to time specified in your circular until yesterday. Perhaps a pei'sonal conference will be more satisfactory. One thing I want to say in advance, and that is, if your committee will devise "ways and means" to enable the roads to earn more net revenue, an army of disappointed bond and stockholders will | rise up and call you blessed. Respectfully and sincerely yours, Yice-Pres. & Gen. Manager. 218 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 35 Make five correct copies of this letter. 4. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 8, i888. H. C. Potter, Esq., Vice-President & General Manager, East Saginaw, Mich. Dear Sir : Being desirous of securing the order for your Pass of the coming year, we hereby make you the following proposition : If you will send us a copy of the wording that you desire on your Pass, we will submit to you an original design ; and should the same not suit, you are to be under no obUgation to us. When submitting the design to you, we will quote our lowest prices for the work providing you will | give us the quantity of Passes you will need ; and we can assure you beforehand that oiu- prices will be exceedingly low. Should you not desire an original design but a dupli- cate of one you are now using, we think that you will find it to your interest to permit us to quote our prices for the work. We are prepared to furnish either engraved or lithographed Passes in the very finest manner, at the most reason- able rates, and in the shortest time possible. Trusting that you will take advantage of the above offer and advise us at your earliest | convenience in order that we may receive the work in ample time, we are, Kespectfully yours, 221 Dictated to M. C. • 3^ BOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WRITING. Make twenty correct copies of this letter. ' 5- St. Louis, May 1, i890. A. B. Gay, Esq., Agent Locomotive Works, San Francisco, Cal. Dear Sir : - - Your letter of the 25th ult. to General Manager Green has been referred to this office, and in reply would say that we have but a short time since contracted for such motive power as we will require to carry us through the busy season of this year. When we are again in the market for ' power, will be pleased to give you an opportunity to bid on same. Yours very truly. President. 94 6. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 5, i888. Publishers Youth's Companion, Boston, Mass. Dear Sirs : - -Please insert the inclosed advertisement of S. E.. Huyett as a substitute for the one now running in your columns on an order from our agency. Set advertisement in two inches space, making it as attractive as possible, and be sure to have change made in next week's issue. Very respectfully, 71 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 37 DISPLAY LINES. Display lines should always be centered ; that is, the center of each line should be directly over the central figure of the scale. If the scale numbers 70, 34 should be taken as the center instead of 35, because most lines stop a little short of 70. To center a line: — Count the letters, punctuation marks, and spaces in the line, and subtract half their number from 34, or whatever is the central figure of the scale. The remainder will be the number at which the line should begin. "When dividing an odd number by 2, drop the fraction. Considerable variety may be given to display lines by making them of different lengths, by writing some of the lines in capitals and others in small letters, and by spacing between letters. Thus, if a short line is to be displayed to the greatest advantage, it will be writ- ten in capitals and the space-key will be struck between each two letters of the word. Between the words there should be two, or better still, three spaces. Where a line is written in small letters, but is not long enough to give variety, it may be lengthened by spacing between the letters of the word. Two consecutive display lines should never begin at the same point. Two consecutive display lines should never be of the same length. Center the following lines : EXERCISE. First Method of Fingering. A LAEGE DISPLAY L I IS^ E . Spaced Line. FINIS. HISTORY of the UNITED STATES -of- AMERICA. 38 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT 7JV TYPEWRITING. Make three correct copies of the Preamljle in the following Constitution, and observe the time required for each copy. Then make one perfect Copy of the whole. 7. CONSTITUTION of the BUSINESS EDUCATORS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. (Adopted at its organization in 'New Yoi-k City, 1878.) (Amended in Chicago, July, 1880, and in Milwaukee, July 20, 1887.) PREAMBLE. Forasmuch as there are a large number of business colleges in the United States with an attendance as great as that of the normal schools, and as there seems to be a want of clearness in the public mind as to the mission of these colleges and the place they occupy in the educational field, it is agreed by the following proprietors, principals, and teachers in business colleges, and authors and teachers of penmanship, to organize an association to be known as the BUSINESS EDUCATORS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA. the object of which shall be to promote fellowship and fraternity among the teachers, to draw together in social feeling and intercourse the employer and employed, thus giving the employer a personal acquaintance with those adapted to help him in his work, and to the employed a personal knowledge of those HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 39 likely to need his services, to canvass and discuss methods of teaching and courses of study, and generally to promote the cause and elevate the standard of business education. MEMBERS. Any one engaged in teachmg or qualified to teach any branch of business college education is eligible to membership, and may become a member by a vote of three-foui-ths of the members present at any regular meeting, and upon pay- ment to the Treasurer of the sum of Five Dollars. OFFICERS. The officers of the Association shall be a President, Vice-President, Treas- urer, Secretary, and an Execiitive Committee of three to be elected annually and to serve until their successors shall be appointed. DUTIES OF OFFICERS. The duties of President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer shall be such as are ordinarily performed by such officers. The Executive Committee shall have charge of the business matters of the Association, such as the auditing of all bills, the revision of proceedings for publication, the calling of special meetings, the preparation of a programme of exercises for all meetings, and genei'ally to perform any duty not otherwise provided for by these articles of Association. 40 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. MEETINGS. Meetings shall be held annually, during the vacation period, at such time and place as the Association shall have designated at the last preceding annual meeting. DUES AND EXPENSES. Each member shall pay annually, at the opening of each annual meeting, to the Treasurer, the sum of Five Dollars. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to mail bills to all members in arrears for dues promptly at the close of each meeting. QUORUM. Fifteen members shall constitute a quorum. ORDER OF BUSINESS, ETC. In all other matters the Association shall be governed by the rules laid down m "Cushing's Manual." AMENDMENTS. Any of these articles may be amended by a vote of three-fourths of the members present at any meeting. (At the Chicago meeting, July, 1890, the name of the Association was changed to that which it now beai-s.) EOW TO BECOME EXPEBT IN TYPEWRITING. 41 TABULAR STATEMENTS. The ability to do neat tabulated work is of great value in making out bills, invoices, etc. The words or figures of each column should be exactly under its heading. After writing the line containing the headings of the columns, lift the carriage and write on a slip of paper at what figures of the scale each column begins, separating the figures on the slip as the headings are separated in the line. In case of ditto points, note what figure marks the middle instead of the begin- ning of the word or number which forms the heading of the column. By refer- ring to the slip thus numbered, the operator can tell exactly where to place the pointer for each column. It is generally easier to begin the different columns at 5, 10, 15, etc., or at the multiple of some number decided upon. When writing figures, be very careful to put the decimal points exactly under each other ; units under units, and tens under tens. ]^ever use capital I for one except when writing Roman numerals, or when writing on an all cap machine. Make five correct copies of the following bill, and rule with red ink wherever there are black lines in the copy. ITEMIZED BILL. 8. Mr. Henry Copeland, Rochester, N. Y., Jan. 31, i890. To Rogers, Benton & Co., Dr. Jan. 26 21 yds. Silk at |1.50 4 yds. Lining " .16 2 yds. Lining " .20 2 doz. Buttons " .55 12 yds. Flannel " .68 31 50 64 40 1 10 8 16 41 80 42 EOW TO BECOME EXPERT IJST TYPEWRITING. ■Make five copies of the following receipted bill and make the lines with the typewriter, as in copy. 9. Columbus, Ohio, June 29, i890. Mr. Frank G. Wilkinson, Bought of Wm. E. Dunning & Son, 32 49 19 101 76 30 20 26 June : 10 : 364 lbs. P. N". Mutton (3) 9^ 493 " C. D. Beef f«) W 240 " B. P. Pork ® 8^ Received payment, Wm. E. Dunning & Son. Make three copies of the following: 10. ACCOUNT SALES of 1000 Bushels Barley for J. E. Wilson. -O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O' 1890 July 24 21 24 Sold for cash 1000 bu. Barley ® Charges Freight Storage Commission 2 % on sales . . . J. E. Wilson's net proceeds . Kansas City, Mo., July 24, 1890. 60 10 18 900 88 "812" Note. — Instead of @ and ^, at and cts. may be used. Where there is no underscore, a line of hyphens may take the place of the continuous line beneath the figures. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 43 11. OKDER. National Blank-book Co., Dear Sir : Please send us the following by Merchants' Despatch ; 100 3 qui •es 726 Day Books 48 4 i u a 25 5 (1, a 40 6 a a 8 10 a i. 100 2 Single Entry Ledgers 40 3 a ii (( 40 2 Long Days 15 5 ii li 12 2 a a 6 8 a i( 25 5 u u 25 5 Double Entry Ledgers 2 " ii It << 2 755 Day Books 24 2 Records 24 2 Double Entiy Ledgers 18 2 Single Entry Ledgers 12 2 Records 1 gross 142 Pass Books 2 ii 180 Memorandum Books 1 li 161 (( (( 1 a 186 a ii labeled 730 Yours respectfully, 44 now TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITING. WIDE LEFT-HAND MARGIN. Many kinds of legal work, specifications, etc., are written on paper with red marginal lines. Except in case of marginal notes or headings, the writing should all be within these lines, l^otice what figure of the scale is just within the left red hne, and set the marginal stop so the lines will begin at that or the next higher figure. Remember that all paragraphs should begin about five spaces further to the right than the other lines. To center lines when using the marginal stop, subtract half the number of the spaces in the line from the middle figure of the portion of the scale used. To get this middle figure, add the number at which the lines begin to the highest number of the scale, and divide by two. Make two perfect copies of Manifolding on legal cap with marginal rulings, and notice how much less time is required to make the second copy than the first. 12. MANIFOLDING. Some business houses have carbon copies made of every letter written, and this copy is filed away with the letter to which it is a reply. In mercantile agencies, from fifteen to thirty copies are often made at a single writing. The number of good copies that can be produced depends upon the hardness of the platen and the thicivuess of the paper. A medium roller will make half a dozen and a hard roller fifteen copies on thin linen paper, while with oiled tissue and a hard jjlaten thirty distinct impressions can be made at one writing. ^ Writing machines, unless otherwise ordered, are furnished with rubber roBrs of medium hardness. Where a great deal of heavy manifolding is done, the machine should be furnished with a very hard platen. If desired, an extra platen can be kept on hand for heavy manifolding, and a medium or soft platen for ordinary work. Use ordinary thick paper if only one or two copies are desired ; if more, buy of a dealer in typewriting supplies, and he will give you the best and thickest paper that can be used for the required number of impressions. Use only the best carbon ; poor carbon will give very unsatisfactory results. As a rule, the thinner the carbon the finer the copies. The carbon and the ribbon should be of the same color, black, blue, or purple. With thin blue carbon and a blue ribbon, it is difficult to tell the carbon copy from the original, or ribbon-printed copy. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 45 Semi-Cajrbon. — Semi-cai'bon, with carbon on only one side, is the kind gen- erally used. Fold down about an inch at one end of a heavy calendered sheet, the size of the paper to be written on. Close into the fold of this heavy backer lay a sheet of writing paper. Above it, place a sheet of carbon with the dark or glossy side down, another sheet of white paper, another sheet of carbon with the dark side down, another sheet of white paper, and so on, until the required number of sheets are placed in the fold of the backer. When arranging paper Avith red marginal lines, place the ruled side on tojy. The last sheet must be writing paper, m'aking one more sheet of the white paper than of the carbon. Lift the sheets so the fold will be down and from you, and put the whole into the machine, fold first in order that the dark side of the carbon may be toward the platen, otherwise there will be no copies. The fold facilitates the starting of- the many sheets evenly and prevents the paper from wrinkling, as it is liable to do when the paper is thin, especially in damp weather or Avhen the small feed-roller presses too closely to the platen. If there is any difficulty in inserting the paper, or if it wrinkles in spite of the backer, loosen the screws that fasten the paper feed-springs just enough to allow the paper to enter easily. "When making only one or two copies with fresh carbon, strike lightly; when making several copies, Avrite slower and strike harder than usual. Many operators use only the first and second fingers of each hand when manifolding. Special care must be taken to produce a clear impression if the weaker fingers are used. The insertion of many sheets at a time into the typewriter increases the diameter of the platen and throws the letters more or less out of alignment. To prevent this, paste a strip of blotting paper upon the front rail, or track on which tli|Wront wheel runs. The blotting paper will raise the carriage sufficiently to pi"erve the alignment. When the first sheet of carbon becomes worn and gives a faint impression, lay it aside for renewal and put a fresh sheet at the bottom. This arrangement will always secure a good impression for the last leaf. Be very careful not to make a mistake when manifolding. If you write a wrong word, cross it out by striking small x over it. Erasures, as commonly made, will leave smutty spots on the carbon copies. As a rule, when you make a mistake wi'ite the page over again. If it is necessary to erase, proceed as follows : Pin the sheets together so they cannot slip ; take them out of the machine ; put a book under one of the sheets and carefully erase the error on that sheet. In like manner, erase the error on each sheet. Put the whole into the machine again, and make the reprint in the proper place. Sometimes erasures can be made without taking the paper out of the 46 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IJST TYPEWRITING. machine by simply turning the platen backward or forward far enough to allow the sheets to be separated sufficiently to lay a book under each sheet and make the erasures. After removing- the sheets from the machine, lay them away carefully, as careless handling or rubbing against each other may cause them to blur. The fii'st carbon copy ought to look as well as the original which is printed from tlie ribbon. If the copies look blurred or smutty when first taken from the machine, it may be that the carbon paper is poor, or that the small feed- roller is too hard. Full CARBOisr. — When a large number of impressions are required, use tissue and full carbon. Full carbon has carbon on both sides, and each sheet will make two impressions. Count out from a block of tissue paper as many sheets as you wish copies. Turn the sheets back but do not tear them from the block. Place a sheet of full carbon on the block ; above it lay two tissue sheets that you have counted out ; over this place another sheet of full carbon ; two more sheets of tissue paper, another sheet of carbon, two more sheets of tissue paper, and so on. Tear all the sheets from the block at once and place them in the fold of the backer. Remember there must be a sheet of tissue between the backer and the first carbon, and two sheets of tissue between the last car- bon and the type. Put the sheets in the machine. Move the ribbon back so the type will strike the paper directly. The sheet next to the type will have to be thrown awaj^, because the type will make holes in it. The other copies will be good. "When reading one of these copies, save your eyes by placing a sheet of thick white paper back of the tissue sheet. Useful Hints. — Carbon paper should always be kept lying flat. A crAse in the carbon will make a dark line on the copy. Buy only a few sheets at a ' time as needed. Most carbon deteriorates by drying unless kept in an air-tight tin box. When laying carbon paper away, always place the carbon sides together. If you wish to freshen dry carbon paper, lay it in a newspaper, then place it between sheets of wet blotting paper ; put the whole in a letter press and keep it there a few hours. The next day your carbon paper will seem like new. Some renew dry carbon by placing it between sheets of newspaper saturated with olive oil, and then pressing for a few hours. If fresh carbon is too moist to make clear copies, or if renewed carbon is too oily, proceed as follows : Take an equal number of sheets that have been used and put with the fresh carbon, placing a moist and a dry sheet face to face. Put the sheets in a letter press or under a heavy weight for at least ten HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITING. 47 hoars - - ten weeks will not injure them. The old or worn paper will absorl) enough carbon from the fresh to make a number of good impressions, and will leave the latter dry enough to prevent smutting. A carbon sheet can be used about fifteen or twenty times. Practice making a carbon copy of the first two sentences of the following letter until you succeed in getting a copy that looks nearly or quite as well as the original. Then make one carbon copy of the ■whole letter on ordinary paper, and afterwards two carbon copies on paper with marginal rulings. Use 1-2 for one-half, if you have no diagonal line on your machine. Cincinnati, Ohio, Januaiy 12, 1890. "West Morelaiid Bridge Co., Nashville, Tenn. Gentlemen : Your favor of December 23rd is at hand and contents noted. I send you by this mail an estimate of the quantity of materials and costs for foundations and piers of the Chattahoochee Eiver Bridge. The quantities are based on the profile which Mr. Davison brovight from you. AYe have assumed that the excavation for all the piers except for E and Y are in soft material, Cleveland cement or clay. Piers S and W are assumed to be in rock. The caisson | is figured for pier Y and cofferdams will be used at R, Y and S and possibly at Z. The excavation is all figured for vertical sides. The piers are of the same general form as those shown on the profile, with some changes in the dimensions. The elevation of the tops of the piers is taken at from 4 to 5 V2 feet below the line of clearance shown. The piers all have a batter of 1/2 inch to the foot. At the up-stream end of the channel piers (from El to Y inclusive) the | cut-water is made the same form as at Portland, Pa. The down-stream end is semicircular in horizontal section. The starling coping is placed with its underside at exactly high water, as given on the pro- file. The cones of the starling coping are placed (as shown) at pier ends. The rest of the pier above high water is made with circular ends. The dimen- sions of the piers under the belting course are as follows : »ie • K 8 feet wide by 34 feet long. S 8 " 34 T U 10 1 6 (( '■ 35 " 36 Y & ^y 8 a " 37 X & Y 7 " " 36 Z 8 i i " 33 48 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT JN TYPEWRITING. 2. W. M. B. C. The masonry in the piers is fig-ured for Milford limestone with concrete back- ing. A supplementary estimate gives the additional cost for putting in a granite nosing, one stone at each course. The foundations for the trestle bents are of concrete coped with some hard stone, possibly granite. The masonry | approaches are figured for Milford limestone in the abutment and for rubble masonry of some local stone for the side walls, the coping of the side walls being Milford stone. It would seem to be more advisable, on the score of permanency, to use concrete about the heads of the piles instead of timber gi'illage. In the supple- ment to the estimate will be found the cost of this change. All concrete is supposed to be of Louisville cement. The mortar for the piers and masonry to be made from Portland cement. I should think that cylinder piers might be iTsed | to advantage in place of the masonry piers R, S, T and Z. I have not had time to figure out the cost for use in this estimate, but shall do so soon and send it to you. The estimates are for the actual cost and do not include any profits what- ever. Yours truly, A substitxite for the English pound mark £ is made by holding the space key down while striking - and L. Make five copies of this letter at a single writing. Write the letter once again making as many copies as possible. Use paper with marginal rulings. 14. St. Louis, Aug. 6, 1890. Charles Sydney Howitt, Esq., "The Firs," Norton, near Worcester, England. Dear Sir : We would respectfully call your attention to the fact that many investments in real estate in St. Louis are paying i'rom ten to fifteen per cent, net, and the value of such properties is established by the cost and market value of same. We have, at present, one investment of $55,000 that brings over $7,000 -per annum, and there are many such, ranging from ten to one hundred thousand dollars. Would | it not pay yourself and friends to put your money into some- thing of this nature? We are in a position to handle properties for non-resi- dents and would I'espectfully solicit your patronage. There is, further, a steady demand for money, and it is bringing five and six HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 49 per cent. ; loans being secured by first mortgage on nndonbted realty values of double the amount of loan. We could place at least L300,000 during the next twelve months. The security being first-class and the interest a good rate, it makes a good investment. Could you I furnish this amount? If it is your pleasure to consider our inquiry, we would be pleased to furnish you the best of references. Very respectfully yours, 226 (Dictated.) WEITING ON NAREOW PAPER. Insert the paper at the left of the machine so the left edge will be held close to the platen. Notice how far the paper extends on the scale. The bell should ring ten spaces before the edge of the paper is reached. This will give time for the finishing of a syllable after the bell rings and still leave a narrow margin on the right side. The left-hand margin should be at least one-fourth of an inch wide. It should always be wider thau the right-hand margin. The line should never extend to the very edge of the paper. There should always be the width of an m between the last Avord and the right-hand edge. If the paper is ruled and it is necessary to write on the lines, before com- mencing each new line, draw the paper down until the ruling meets the top of the scale, then turn the ])laten forward and write the line. Make five correct and good-looking copies of tlie following letter on unruled note paper. Make five more copies on ruled note paper, taking care to keep the writing on the lines. Remember the letter should occupy the center of the page. 15. St. Louis, June 25, 1887. H. A. Smith, Esq., 314 Olive St., City. Dear Sir : After several years' experience as Mining and Commercial Editor of the Globe-Democrat, I have entered the brokerage field in connection Avith the well- known firm of Bauer Bros. I have charge of all their Mining Stock business, and will devote my attention entirely to that branch. My acquaintance with speculators and investors is large and valuable, and I am also well posted on all the properties listed on the Mining Exchange here. We do only a commission business | and pay strict attention to our cus- tomers' interests. Hoping you will favor us with a portion of your patronage, I remain, Yours truly, 50 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WRITING. POSTAL CAEDS. Insert the card so the left edge will be caught by the paper feed sisnng and the top edge by the paper guide. Cause the bell to ring when the pointer is 10 spaces distant from the right edge of the card. Begin the heading at about 15 and as near the top of the card as possible. Omit the address. When necessary to save room, begin Dear Sir at 5 and commence the body of the note on the same line, writing with narrow space between lines and single space between sentences. Use abbreviated words and exjjressions as far as is consistent with good taste. There can be no satisfactory writing after the bottom edge of the card rises above the scale. When necessary, however, to write to the very bottom of the card, keep the card from slipping about by holding the top edge close to thfe platen with the left hand while writing with the right hand. This is slow work, but, if carefully done, the result is good, especially if before the postal is written it has been rolled around the finger or else passed through the machine. When superscribing the card, use double space between lines. Make ten perfect copies of the following postal, either on postal cards or on cardboard cut the size of a postal card. Continue writing on cards until the work becomes easy. 16. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 16, 1890. Dear Sir : We advise you to put in your winter's supply of Soft Coal at once. Everything points to a long and cold winter. Already there are substantial rumors of strikes in the district from which St. Louis draws its supply. Prices will surely advance. Be wise and let us fill your sheds now. Yours truly, Ross J. Post & Co. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 51 TELEGRAMS. "When writing- teleorams, remember that every word costs money and omit all redundant expressions like Messrs., Dear Sirs, and Yours truly. Your em- ployer will not care to pay for mei'ely complimentary phrases, and they are very unbusiness-like in a telegram. Teleg-raphic blanks contain but little space for writing-; if a telegram is long, it is well to economize room by placing both name and address on the same line. Pay no attention to margins or paragraphs. Always begin the telegram on the line below the address to prevent confusion in sending. Always write numbers in words. Avoid abbreviations. Below the telegram write the name of the sender on the right-hand side. On the left side place the frank number, if any. A frank is a pass by means of which a telegram is sent free of charge. The student should procure blanks from a telegraph office and on them co^^y the dispatches here given until perfectly familiar Avith the method of writing telegrams. The telegram numbered 17 is franked, as is seen by the initials and number below it. The nest telegram is marked Collect, because it passes beyond the limits of the line on which it started. Of IS'o. 19, the stenographer furnishing it says: " This telegram is sent to W. S. Weed, our agent in Toledo. In direct- ing, we use his initials only, because the operator in our office is perfectly familiar with the names and addresses of all the agents of our line." 17. Sept. 17-90. F. W. Ellis, 247 Exchange Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. Cannot book flour at offer made. Best rate I can secure to Liverpool is six and six equal to seven and thirty-one hundredths cents, subject to confirmation. London rate gone up. D. F. Jennings. D. H. M. 907. 18. Sept. 17-90. J. Corbett, Canadian Pacific Ey., Montreal, Canada. jSfew Yoi'k quotes thirty-two cents to St. Johns, N. B., inland rate via lake and rail seventeen and half cents per hundred. How can you expect to get any flour at thirty cents ocean? Cannot you get less than this? D. F. Jennings. Collect. 52 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 19. Sept. 17, 1890. w. s. w. Jacksonville, IN". Y., is shown in Southwest Dispatch Guide-book as taking Albany rates. Hence my wire. D. F. J. 20. Construct a telegram that shall be as clear and brief as possible, ordering of "Williams & Rogers, Rochester, N. Y., ten copies of Complete Book-keeping, ten Initiatory Blanks, and ten Intermediate Blanks, and direct them to be shipped by express. 21. Write dispatch ordering of Shapleigh Hardware Co., St. Louis, one gross of three-bladed, pearl-handled pocket knives. 22. Construct telegram ordering of J. W. Teasdale & Co., St. Louis, 500 lbs. evaporated peeled peaches, and 100 lbs. California apricots, to be sent by freight. 23. Compose a reply from "Williams & Rogers to yourself, saying that they have shipped half the number ordered and will send the balance within a week. 24. "Write reply from Shapleigh to yourself, saying they are out of the style of knife ordered, but expect new goods every day. 25. Construct answer from Teasdale to yourself, stating that your order has been filled and goods sent C. O. D. by Mo. Pac. freight same date as shipment. SPEED WRITING. There is only one way of gaining speed, practice. Do not make the fatal mistake of trying to write faster than you can write correctly. If you write a word wrong once, you will be apt to write that same word wrong again. If you wish to gain speed as soon as possible, work with all your might to write accu- rately, and to write as fast as you can without error, but no faster. Many amanuenses have increased their speed greatly by writing circular letters, writing the same letter hundreds of times. One of the swiftest operators in the country gained his speed by writing a paragraph of half a dozen lines over and over until he could write it with wonderful rapidity. Then another paragraph would be taken. " But," said he, " It will not do to make mistakes. I found whenever I struck a wrong letter, I had to write the sentence again several times before I could get the ability to write it that I had before I made the error." HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 53 The remaining letters in this book are classified according to business. Copy- each set until thoroughly familiar with them and until you can write twenty to forty correct letters in a day. Copy the next class of letters until you can write forty to fifty correctly per day, and so on, increasing your speed with each set of letters. Spend a portion of each day, or else the whole of every other day, in writing the same letter again and again until you can write it both correctly and very rapidly. Remember that in typewriting as in shorthand you lose time if you write constantly on new matter. You would never learn music by playing new pieces all the time. As in music so in typewriting; it is repeated practice of the same thing that brings improvement. One hundred letters written once are of far less value than one letter written one hundred times. Show your patience and pluck in typewriting by doing, not what is most agreeable, but what is best for yourself. When you can copy correctly at the rate of twelve to fifteen hundred words an hour, typewrite occasionally from dictation. "Write a letter or short article three or four times with all the punctuation dictated to you. Write the same again from dictation supplying all of the punctuation yourself. .Compare your work with the print and note all errors in punctuation, etc. If you have made mistakes write it again. If not, take something new. This practice will give you facility in writing from dictation and will also teach you how to punctuate correctly. In a short time it will enable you to punctuate a letter well and with- out help the first time you typewrite it from dictation. It will also add greatly to your speed. In the letters given hereafter, supply dates and addresses when not given. WHOLESALE CRACKER COMPANY LETTERS. '2^- St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 27, 1890 Messrs. Wilson & Dodge, Indianapolis, Ind. Dear Sirs : Your valued favor of the 27th inst. received with inclosure as stated, and the amount $206.10 placed to your credit. Please accept thanks. As there seems to be a discrepancy in our account, we enclose you a full statement of it and ask you to examine it and advise us what we have neglected to credit, that we may straighten our books, and in future we will endeavor to keep them straight. "Will you kindly return us | the S. P. G. bread and oat meal that are "off," and in future do the same with anything you get that is not entirely satisfactory. Your order o-oes forward to-day. Very respectfully, 133 54 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 27. Gentlemen: We note yours of the 11th and regret the fact that we cannot make ydu better prices than the present ones. We assure you that our prices to you are net cost to us and that we cannot do better. If the N. O. goods suit you and your trade and you can get better prices than ours, we, of course, have no ground for complaint if you buy elsewhere. The prices you quote cannot last long however. Thanking you for your appreciated favors in the past and hoping that they may be con- tinued, we remain, Very truly ( your friends. 28. Dear Sir: We learn with sincere regret, both on your own account and ours, of your failure in Augusta; but we trust that you may recover from the same in due time. We, of course, placed our account for collection in self -protection ; but we hope more from your known and recognized reputation than from the efforts of any collector, and trust we may soon receive a part or the whole of the account. In figuring over your account we found where we had made a mistake of several dollars in your favor. The account, as corrected, is as per | statement enclosed. We are in need of the funds, and we are certain you will use every effort to pay us as soon as possible. Yours truly. 29. Dear Sir: Yours to hand and noted. We are very sorry your goods did not turn out O. K. all around and cannot explain how it happened. We know, however, that you are an honorable and straight-forward man, and will allow $1.15 on that bill, making your bill $18.00, which please remit us as we are in need of funds. Kindly favor us with your continued orders and we will always try to treat you right. Very truly yours, 30. Gentlemen: Yours of the 12th inst. received with inclosures, and the amount $15.15 placed to your credit. Your claim of $2.00 extra freight we do not understand. Our Mr, Hatch noted on order, " Allow half freight," and we deducted 44 1-2 cents per 100 from the amount of bill, viz., Mdse $18.45 Less 44 1-2 per 100 1.33 $17.12. As your rate from St. Louis- to Fort Smith is 89 cents, this makes | half the freight. Therefore the balance is still due us, which please remit and oblige. Yours very truly. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 55 31. Dear Sir : Your esteemed favor of the 11th inst. just received and contents noted. We feel that you ought to be placed on the jobbing list of the Missouri River Compact of balvers ; and, if you can assure us that you will only sell by box, we will endeavor to have you placed on the jobbers' list, and that will entitle you to ten per cent, discount. We are under heavy forfeit in this Missouri River Compact and are obliged to abide by its rules, therefore we have to go straight in the matter. Hoping to hear from you soon, | we remain, Yours truly, 104 32. Gentlemen: Replying to yours of the 8th inst., will Siiy we regret exceedingly that you have any cause whatever for complaint of our Soda crackers. There must have been some mistake in shipping them, and either the wrong grade was branded 3x or something of that kind, for we do know that our 3x Sodas are superior to any made in the West or South, and sincerely hope you will not condemn our goods on this last shipment but allow us to ship you some of our 3x goods. We assure you they will please you and we take the responsi- bility I of sending you five boxes 3x Soda, such as we intended to send you before, and ask you to sell these you have on hand for our account for what you can get, and let us know the amount of proceeds and we will credit your account with the difference. Hoping to receive a continuance of your orders which in future shall have prompt attention and our personal supervision, we remain. Yours very truljs 33. Dear Sir : Your valued favor of the 10th inst. received with inclosures as stated, and the amount $35.20 placed to your credit on account. Will you kindly forward us freight expense bills as vouchers, also itemize discounts so that we may make the proper credits, and very much oblige, Yours truly, 34. Dear Sir: We find your mail as per inclosures. Work up our " Three Great Crack- ers " for H. & D. Also all the fancy goods in cans you can. Also, if they want you to stop at Warsaw and Alexandria, do so. If you thought you could get some wholesale house in Quincy to take hold of these goods, do so. And be sure and fill Hannibal full of them. We received a cash order of yours in town of D.: " These are the finest goods the people ever saw." So you see good goods is the keystone of our prosperit}' | and success. We inclose you our letter for Lee from Dozier. As we don't know his address, forward to you. Respectfully, 50 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITING. 35. Dear Sirs : Your order for Sullivan to hand and entered for shipment ; but, before shipping, beg to say that it is a business habit with us not to lap bills with parties with whom we have no acquaintance. Especially should we feel called upon to exercise this caution when the party is a large buyer of fine goods, like yourself. On receipt of your remittance of bill, Oct. 28, $166.86, we will be pleased to give the order our promptest and most care- ful attention. Regretting the necessity of writing thus, but feeling that you, | as jobbers, will appreciate our action, and trusting that our business acquaintance may be at once established on a firm footing, we may remain with sincerest well wishes. Yours trulv, 129 36. Dear Sirs: Your kind favor of the 26th to hand with inclosure, $12.54 as stated, and the same passed to j'our credit on acct. bill, Oct. 9th. In regard to the balance $2.26, while it is true we used to pay freight to Little Rock in shipping to jDoints near there while there was a cracker factory in operation there, we do not do so now. The mistake you make is therefore very excusable under the circumstances. The bill we sent you was a net bill, however, and we will be | pleased to receive your remittance for $2.26 at j'our convenience. Hoping to hear from you or your successor frequently with orders, we remain, Very truly yours. 37. Dear Sir: We regret to saj' we were compelled to refuse draft of Wm. Knight through your bank for $50. The telegram attached was fraudulent)}'- used. About two weeks since, we wired Mr. Knight at Galveston to draw on us for $50. The next day brought a telegram from him saying he had received nothing from us, when we authorized him again by telegram to draw for $50. He industriously put both telegrams in his pocket for safe keeping, and went to one of our customers who foolishly advanced him $20 on our | account and in- dorsed his draft on us for $50. This we paid as the amount authorized by telegram. He probably received word at Galveston that we would probably not need his services longer, and started northward, stopping at Hearne and using the second .telegram to defraud j'ou, and then proceeded to Sherman and used the original telegram to " beat " the City Bunk of Sherman. He had implicit instructions not to draw a.nj drafts on us at all. His account is already overdrawn some $300. He has gone to Hillsboro, Ark., where he can probably be | found, as his family is there. This is the explanation of the refusal to protect his drafts; and, as a business man, you no doubt appreciate our situation. You may be certain we are not pleased to be placed in so unfavorable a light, however unjustly so placed. We trust you will have no trouble in securing satisfaction from Mr. Knight and are ready with any assistance in our power. Yours truly, 272 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 57 38. Gentlemen: Your valued favor of the 12th inst. received with inclosures as stated, and the amount $64.66 placed to your credit. Will you kindly advise us what the difference of $8.66 is for? If for frei.ojht, please forward us freight expense bill as voucher. You say nothing ahout the deduction except '* less 1 per cent." which is all right. Please let us know what the other is, and oblige, Yours very truly, 3y. Dear Sir: Yours of Oct. 29th to hand, and we note what you say and return you the freight bill. We think you must be mistaken as to Mr. Taylor's promising to deliver, as we gave him positive instructions not to do so, and he well understands that $1.35 per 100 lbs. is more than the profit on our goods. We do not equalize with Ft. Worth: that is, make 3'our freight the same as if you bought your goods in that market. That is the 96 cts. taken off your bill. Please | consult your memory again, and we think you will say we are right. Verv truly vours, IIG 40. Dear Sir: You must be more careful in your business transactions. It is impossible for us to get your business straightened out. This Case and Can arrangement causes us more trouble than all the rest of your business. We have about 3000 cans scattered over your territory that customers don't return and won't pay for because 3-ou told them they need not do so, and consequently the accounts are all mixed up and balances dragging along. We have charged you as follows on account : W. H. Goodman I 7.67 Mrs. Kemmell 3.25 W. I H. Williams 32.53 and we shall keep doing so until your route is cleaned up, for we will not have these bal- ances dragging along any longer. And we don't want you to sell any more Jack Frost in cans, as it seems impossible for you to sell them straight. Every day we get letters from your trade setting forth crookedness which we don't propose to put up with any longer, and now say to you as plainly as we know how to write, if you cannot do your business straight and strictly according to the instructions you | have had repeatedly, don't do any at all. We have no end of letters accusing you of stuffing orders, or selling at one price and sending the order at another, and it is exceedingly aggravating, to put it mildly, and we do not wnnt any more of it. Hoping this will be thoroughly understood by you, and that you will appreciate our position in the matter, we remain. Yours respectfully, 270 58 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 41. Dear Sir: Replying to your favor Dec. 17th, we will give you the agency for our crackers for your city. Will give you 10% off enclosed price-list, delivered, and sell you on 60 days' time on all direct shipments we may get from you or your agent from points outside of Little Rock. We will give you regular commissions 10% on full card retail orders, and 5 % on all stiictly jobbers' orders. Hoping this will be satisfactory, we are, Very truly yours, 42. . Dear Sir: Yours of the 29th ult. to hand and noted. As we said yesterday, we exceed- ingly regret the trouble you have been put to in the matter of the shipment, and we have all voted you an angel to take it as good-naturedly as you have, and assure you we appreciate it. Now, if you will send us a memorandum bill of the goods each party got, with the weights, we will furnish you with the bills against each one at full prices with the allowance for freight off, or not, as you choose. You will notice | on your bill that we took off 40 cents per hundred to equalize freight with Fort Worth. Please show us 3'our expense bill and if we did not take off enough on account of railroad raising our aliipping weights, we will credit you with the difference. We will ship Mr. Shmidt, ^nick-knacks, etc., on hearing from you that we are expected to do so. The 2 1-2 boxes will not weigh 100 lbs., and it would be a good idea to add an- other box of some kind wanted, for the freight on the three will be no more | than on two. Will bill them to you at the same price as the large bill. As we expect it will be the face of that bill and the one for the two or three boxes, your profit will be the difference, which won't be so bad for a starter. Pardon this long letter ; and, if we can finally get this bill amicably settled, give us one more chance to redeem ourselves. We bespeak your patience with Mr. Taylor ; this is his first trip. Very truly, 43. Dear Sir: Your favor of the 11th to hand and noted. In regard to your Mr. M. L. Wilson acting as our broker, we could not entertain the idea at all, as it is in direct viola- tion of certain rules of our Association. However, if you know of some man in whom you have implicit confidence and whom you could recommend, we would be pleased to appoint him as our broker for Knoxville and vicinity, and will be glad to pay him 5 % on sales made by him. We guarantee every box of goods to give satisfaction, and trust you | may see fit to avail yourselves of the above proposition. Awaiting your early reply, we remain, < ■ Very truly vours. IIO^V TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 59 44. Dear Sir: Your favor 6th inst. to hand with enclosures as stated. Accept our thanks and kindly continue to favor us with your appreciated orders for goods in our line. Yours very truly, 45. Gentlemen: Replying to your favor of the 19th inst. will say, if you will kindly refer to our letter dated March 2fi, 1884, you will see that we called your attention to a bill of crackers bought July 14, 1883, amounting to $7.91 which, according to our books, is not paid, and in your reply you say, " Our Mr. Turner will call on you in a few days and we will refresh his memory." Since which time we have heard nothing from you or him on the I subject, and the account stands against you yet. As we said in our letter of March 31, 1884, we had no doubt the bill was paid; but we want to know to whom it was paid, and you certainly must have the receipt. Will you please send that to us and we will return it to you by first mail and then balance your ac- count in full to Sept. 9, 1884. All that we ask, gentlemen, is simply what is due us, and we want to place the blame where it belongs. The I little balances of deduction we credit to your account this day, leaving only the item of July 14, 1884, $7.91, and last bill of Sept. 9th charged you on our books. Hoping that we are not asking too much and that you will comply with our request, we remain. Yours very respectfully. 46. Dear Sirs : In view of the failure of our late negotiations with the owners of our pres- ent place of business through you, we are induced to make another and more favorable prop- osition to your principal. We propose to abrogate our lease without consideration, other than that we shall be allowed undisturbed occupancy of our present quarters for the term of twelve months or less, as we may elect, from the first day of June, 1885, by the month, for the sum of one hundred and sixty-six and two-thirds dollars ($166. 6|6) per month, not in advance ; also that should we fail to obtain a buyer for our ovens and a jiortion or all of our machinery in its present situation, thus obtaining a tenant for you on the terms proposed above or otherwise, as might seem best to you, we shall, as under this lease now in force, be allowed to remove any and all of our improvements without let or hindrance, at any time that may be most convenient for us within sixty days after said monthly tenancy shall be terminated, or before. Our intention is to move | into other quarters within sixty or ninety days, sell our fixt- ures, or portion thereof, if possible. If we fail to find a purchaser, to remove such parts and so much of our belongings as we can move with profit. We have frankly stated our position, and trust you will lay the matter before your principal speedily and in as favorable a light as possible. An early reply will oblige, Yours truly, '' 60 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITING. 47. Deal- Sir: Yours to hand and noted. Answering the questions in order will state : In an ajrgregate of 115 sales by Mrs. S., there were but six at a discount; i. e., she received the full commission on all but six. Three were sold at 5 per cent, off, one at 7 per cent., and two at 10 per cent., making a difference in her commission of $30.62 in an aggregate of $255.93 commission, or $1706.14 sales. All mail orders from customers on her | route are credited to her sales. We think we can make a successful route in southwest Missouri and can get her a candy case fi"om a first-class house. Mrs. Bishop should come to St. Louis and receive instruction as to samples, etc., and talk the whole matter over with us before start- ing out. Yours truly, 48. Dear Sir : A paper embodying a contract in the names of ten houses doing business in the West, Northwest, and Southwest territory of our Association jurisdiction, to the exclusion of all Chicago and New Orleans bakers (also Little Kock") and all members of the Associa- tion in apparent good standing, is presented to us for signature. If not apprised of the nature of said paper, we will state briefly that each signer binds himself or firm in the sum of one thousand dollars forfeit to keep the rules of the Association with certain exceptions involving the infraction of two or | more of said rules which we had thought and still con- sider binding upon us. We have refused unconditionally to sign said contract for several excellent reasons, and wish to place ourselves on record before you that, in any future contingency that may arise or false light we may be placed in by others, you may know beforehand how and where we stand and not misjudge us. We fail to see where it is incumbent upon us to bind ourselves especially to nine members of an association to do or leave undone what we have already bound ourselves to do or 1 leave undone with the nine and with the ninety other members of our membership. Particularly do we fail to see where we have the privilege, even if we wished to, of dissolv- ing certain compacts with the ninety in favor of the nine. We cannot see where the circumstances guarantee such a radical and illogical procedure. If the plenary powers of the executive committee had been exhausted upon members who are said to be at fault, and as a final resort they hud been excluded from the Association, then we could see some grounds upon which to place such an agreement. | But Such is not the case. These members are all amenable to the law of the Association and, if breakers of those laws, should be made to pay the foi-feit of their sins, which is not simply $100, but as many hundred dollars as there are sins to account for, to say nothing of the disgrace. We trust we have made ourselves understood in this matter and beg pardon for the infliction of so lengthy a letter, which, however, the subject seemed to demand. Yours respectfully, HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITIXG. 61 49. Gentlemen: Replying to yours of the 5th inst., will say we are extremely sorry that our asent should have made such representations to you as that our x goods were equal to New Orle;ins I'ancy goods. . We never gave hlin any license to do anything of the kind. As there were no provisos in the order, we supposed they were sold on their merits and as x goods; and, as we say, we sincerely regret that anything arises at all unsatisfactory in the matter. As we thoroughly appreciate your trade and have the utmost confidence that you will do I the best you can for us, we will say, 'dispose of the goods to the' best advantage for us and we shall be satisfied under the circumstances. Since commencing this letter the samples you refer to have come in, and we are per- fectly willing to be compared with New Orleans, but do think it a little rough for you to compare our x goods with our own 3x goods as you have done this time. The A. B. Cr. Co. is stamped too plainly on the 3x cracker to be mistaken. We do not pretend that o^r X I equals 3x goods of our own make. We return the sample as received that you may see that our statement is correct. According to the comparison, we conclude you will not make any deductions. Tlie show tops were shipped you on receipt of telegram. Yours truly, RAILROAD CORRE.SPONDENCE. 50. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 27, 1890. Morris Thatcher, Esq., Cincinnati, Ohio. Dear Sir : I think that the C. H. &, D. Road have on their line oar No. 2775 which came from L. E. & W. Road, and car No. 2403 which came from the O. & M. "Very probably these cars are in the region of Cincinnati and we would like to have them returned to the de- livering lines. Will you please see if you cannot arrange for car No. 2775 to be loaded to the Nickle | Plate Road, and also if the C. H. & D. will not return car No. 2403 to the O. & M. Road? Wish you would advise me what you can do. When I was in Chicago some two weeks since I requested Mr. Miles to have a complimentary voucher passed in your favor, and hope you have received the money before now. Is there any movement of fat cattle from the Bluegrass Country to Buffalo? Yours trul}^ Asst. Gen. Manager. 182 G2 BOW TO BECOME EXPEBT IN TYPEWRITING. 51. St. Louis, Mo., June 12, 1885. Mr.W. S. Wilson, Master of Transportation, Belleville, III. Dear Sir : I enclose kerewith further correspondence relating to the yardmaster question at Du Quoin, inviting your attention more especially to the letter of Agent Paynter. If it is really impracticable for us to get along without the services of a yardmaster, we should accept the situation and co-operate on some fair basis. If, on the other hand, Mr. Paynter is mistaken and is simply arguing the case from an Illinois Central stand-point, we want to tell them | so plainly and insist upon our views. Look the question over carefully before making out your final judgment about it. What is there in this bucking business to which Mr. Paynter refers? I have heard nothing about it. Return all papers with your opinion. Yours truly, Geo. W. Parker, Vice-Pres. and Gen. Manager. 155 Enclosure. 52. Dear Sir: Replying to your favor of the 10th inst. in relation to springs for our freight car trucks,! have to say that we have no contract with any one in relation to springs. I have been literally overrun for the last two months with representatives of diiferent spring manufacturers, urging that their particular spring be specified for all new work; but so far nothing has been done. The Murphy spring has been used upon all of our equipment heretofore through the advice and recommendation of Mr. King, our former Master Mechanic. What I desire par- ticularly now I is, that Mr. Hunt shall advise us what kind of spring he desires; and, even after getting his judgment upon the matter, my advice to you would be to test the different makes of springs in such manner as to satisfy yourself of the best spring that we can use before contracting for any definite supply. No contract will be made until we hear fully from you upon this subject. Yours trulj', 53. Dear Sirs : The edition of our Manual of Railroads for 1891 is now in preparation. The value of this work as an advertising medium for those dealing with the railroad inter- ests of the American Continent is unequaled by that of any other publication. The Manual now enters upon its 24th year. It is the recognized hand-book of the railway interests and as such is indispensable to railroad officials and every one having dealings with railroads. No other work of similar character has ever attained the popularity that the Manual has; and this popularity is the | most conclusive evidence that can be furnished of its intrinsic merits. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 63 The value of the Manual as an advertising medium is well attested by the character of its advcrtisinf patronage. On page 4 of the accompanying circular, we have had printed an extract from the " Classified Index of Advertisements " in the edition of 1890 to which we would respectfully direct your attention. The completeness of this classification, its wide scope, and the standing of our advertisers have earned for this Index the reputation of being the " Standard Eailroad Business Directory "of the country. The circulation of the ] Manual, as you know, is commensurate with the position which it occupies among the railroad publications of the world. Its subscribers include the ofiicials of the railroads in all departments of the service, and being constantly at hand is referred to more frequently than any other jiublication treating of railroad affairs. Our "Directory of Kailway Officials " to be issued simultaneously with the Manual will contain as heretofore, in a convenient form,full lists of the officials of all the railways of the Western Hemisphere, and will be placed in the hand of every official of importance whose name may appear | in it. Both books reach thoroughly the railroad allied interests of this country, — one or both is at the elbow of every important railway officer, and manufacturer of railway supplies throughout the whole country. You can judge from this the value of the Manual and Directory as advertising mediums. We would be very glad to have you extend your advertising patronage to the Manual, and would be further pleased to have you test the efficacy of the Directory. As an inducement to do so, we will offeryou a special | discount of 25 per cent, from the joint schedule rates for an advertisement in both works; in other words, a page advertisement in both would cost you $150, a reduction of $50 from schedule rates. Very respectfully yours, 54. Dear Sir: Eeferring to correspondence between yourself and J. J. Shade of this office in regard to purchase of the railroad cipher compiled by you, I hereby accept your terms of sale of such cipher to this company as quoted in your letter to Mr. Shade of May 31st, viz., five dollars per copy, j^ou agreeing to have such additional matter as we may desire printed in the book at cost. I herewith enclose list of names of railway companies, stations on this company's line, and names of towns and cities which we desire in this book, and would | like to have you send me at the very earliest possible moment tvventj^-five ( 25) copies of the cipher complete, with additional printed slips, so that we may arrange cipher to our own convenience. It is not, however, desired to have this additional printing done if it will amount to any considerable expense, say anything over a few dollars. Please advise me immediately on receipt of this when we may expect the cipher books, and on receipt of them, accompanied by your bill, will remit check to cover. Yours trul\', 189 64 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 55. PASSENGER DEPARTMENT. St. Louis, Nov. 20, 1889. Mr. D. M. Kendricks, G. P. A. N. Y. C. & H. R. E. E., New York City. Dear Sir : Will you kindly favor me with a pass. New York to Buffalo and return, in favor of J. B. Maynard. Mr. Maj'nard is an employe of this department, and the favor will be gladly reciprocated by me. Kindly limit pass sixty da3's from Dec* 1st, and oblige, Yours very truly, F. Chandler, G. P. & T. A. Mo. Pac. 8G 56. Dear Sir: Being advised by Messrs. Eshelman, Llewellyn & Co., real estate and money brokers, of Seattle, Washington, that you are about to take a trip to the above named point, I take pleasure in mailing you such of our publications as will prove of interest, containing descriptive matter relative to the country traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad and tributary thereto; also maps, rates, and time tables. The recent completion of the Cascade division makes the Northern Pacific Railroad the only through rail line to Spokane Falls, Tacoma, Olympia and Seattle; the direct line to port towns, Townsend, Victoria | and other Puget Sound points, and the popular route to Portland, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Passengers by this route have an opportunity to see the Lake Park region of Minnesota, the famous Red River valley of Dakota, the valley of the Yellowstone, the mining and timber regions of Montana and Idaho, and are carried from the Idaho line via Spokane Falls, Cheney, Sprague, Ritzville, Yakima, and Ellensburg, through the central portion of Washington to their destination. Second-class tickets are good for stop over at Spokane Falls, Washington, and any points west thereof, ten days at each place desired, | thus giving our patrons an opportunity to see this country thoroughly before choosing a permanent location. Passengers holding second- class tickets are given berths free of charge in our colonist sleepers. These cars are carried on our "overland" express from St. Paul through to Tacoma and Portland. The cele- brated dining cars owned and managed by this company are run between St. Paul and Port- land, via Cascade division, on through trains; meals only 75 cents. Purchase your tickets at initial point if possible, or at the nearest place they can be procured, through to destination, via St. Paul and the | Northern Pacific Railroad, thereby securing the benefit of the lowest through rate. If I can give you any special information, will do so with pleasure. . Yours truly. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 65 57. J. H. Mason, Esq., Gen. Eastern Agent, New York City. Dear Sir : I have your letter of Oct. 20th, in regard to orders for Chas. G. Bragg and J. J. Miller, for thirteen or fourteen tickets to Los Angeles and return. I still have the orders and now ascertain that both Mr. Bragg and Mr. Miller are out of the city, Mr. Bragg having' left early last week for Omaha ; and he asks that I have these orders forwarded to Mr. Smith at Omaha, as he will be there on Wednesday, the 2d of November. Therefore I will forward | them to Mr. Smith to-day by express. Yours truly, 58. C. H. Smith, Esq., R. P. C. Union Depot, City. Dear Sir : I hand 3'ou inclosed herewith trip pass from East St. Louis to Louisville, issued in your favor, and good until November 30, 1884. This in answer to your request of some days since. Veiy respectfully, E. W. Warfield, Enclosure, Superintendent. 59. Dear Sir: Inclosed I hand you the return portion of two round trip tickets, form " B 2, No. 12,947," belonging to Mr. eJohn L. Mason, of this city. You will notice that the eastern portion of the tickets has been extended until April 1st, and I will be very much obliged if you will extend your coupons to the same date and forward the tickets to Mr. Mason, 1928 California Av., San Francisco. By doing this you will very much oblige, Yours very truly. 60. Waterloo, 111., Nov. 1, 1890. J. H. Chesbro, Gen. Pass. Agt. A.,B. & C. R. R., St. Louis, Mo. Dear Sir : Next Tuesday evening, Sept. 4th, I will have a party of five destined to Denver, Col. Two will start from here and three will get aboard at Attica or Smithton. The ones at Attica or Smithton live near Denver and have, I am told, fixed upon the Wabash as their route to Kansas City. I have an order for two tickets for the parties who get aboard here, but our G. P. A. has no tickets | in stock. If I sell these two tickets, of course the others will go with them. 5 66 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. I think you had better send a man down here Tuesday. He can arrive here at 11:20 A. M. via C. S. L., to pick this crowd up. If you cannot send a man, send me two first- class limited tickets for my party so as to hold the crowd. Yours truly, H. W. Stein, Agent. 175 61. St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 3rd, 1890. H. W. Stein, Esq., T. A. X.,Y. & Z. R. R., Waterloo, 111. Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your favor of the 1st inst., and contents noted. In reply to same will state that we will arrange to have our T. A., Mr. Brown, visit Waterloo, 111., to- morrow if we can communicate with him in time. In the meantime I trust that you will be able to secure the party via St. Louis and the A.,B. & C. Line. As requested, I enclose you herewith two | first-class tickets from St. Louis to Denver, Col., for which please remit me $45.00 or at rate of $22.50. This is the lowest rate in effect from St. Louis. If you do not secure the party, please return the tickets to me jiromptly. Yours truly, J. H. Chesbro, G. P. A. 158 62. Waterloo, 111., Nov. 4, 1890. J. H. Chesbro, Gr. P. A. A.,B. &C. R. R., St. Louis, Mo. Dear Sir : Herewith find the two Denver, Col., tickets returned. After I had written you, our G. P. A. concluded to use our skeleton form and sent me two which I sold to parties. Hope you will succeed in getting the remaining three of the party. Yours truly, H. W. Stein, Agent. 75 63. Dear Sir: How much will you sell me round trip excursion tickets for myself and wife to , California, and return, limited six months from dates? We desire to start last of this month or first of December. We will want stop-over jarivilege at pleasure west of St. Louis. I prefer to go over your road, provided I can get as good rates as I can over other roads. Very truly yours, S. J. Bonner. P. S. What are sleeping car charges from St. Louis to Los Angeles? S. J. B. 91 EOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 67 64. Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your favor of the 3rd inst. and in reply to same will state that the present round trip rate from St. Louis to , Cal., is $92.00. These tickets are limited for going passage to a California terminal to sixty daj's from date of sale, and to six months for return. Stop-overs are allowed at pleasure. I take pleasure in mailing you a map and time table of our line. The price for one double berth from St. Louis to , in Pullman sleeper, is $14.50. Your truly, 100 65. Dear Sir: Will you please give me the li. E. fare from St. Louis to Albuquerque, N. M., both first-class and emigrant. An early reply will oblige. Yours truly. 66. Dear Sir : I am in receipt of your favor of the 31st ult. which has been referred to this department by our General Manager. In reply to same will state that on application to our Ticket Agent, at No. 25 S. 4th St., or at Union Depot, St. Louis, you can procure through tickets from St. Louis to Albuquerque, N. M., at the following rates, viz., first- class unlimited $38.00, second-class $30.00. I take pleasure in mailing you a map and time table of our line, and shall be pleased to furnish you | with any further information that you may desire. I will state that we are now running a through tourist car from St. Louis to Albu- querque, leaving St. Louis at 8:15 p. m. dail3^ Yours truly, 67. Dear Sir: The Alliance people think they will have a big crowd from here to Empire, Saturday Nov. 1st, and ask if you will make them excursion rates. How many will it require to get a one-fare rate ? Yours truly. 68. Dear Sir: I am in receipt of yours of the 27th inst. ; contents noted. If you can sell forty or more tickets Saturday, November 1st, Huntington to Empire and return, you may make round trip excursion rate of $.65, tickets to be limited, good for return on or before Nov. 2nd, 1890. If you cannot sell as many as forty tickets, regular round trip rates will apply. Advise me hereon how many tickets you sell in the event of your making excursion rate herein authorized, that I may send you special order to be | attached to your weekly ticket report to the Auditor as authority. Very respectfulU^ 68 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 3, 1890. Miss Ellen McGrath, 8ecretaiy S. W. Missouri Teachers'Iustitute, De Soto, Mo. In reply to your favor of the 30th ult., would state that we would be pleased to make our usual reduction for delegates attending the Teachers Annual Institute, to be held at De Soto, Mo., December 30, 31, 1890, and January 1, 1891. Delegates paying full fare over this line to St. Louis will be returned, on presentation of proper certificate on or before Jan. 3rd to our agent, Union | Depot, St. Louis, at one cent per mile. Yours truly. 70. Dear Sir: I enclose herewith letter from Eev. S. A., which explains itself. I have re- quested Mr. A. to call at your ticket office at North Manchester and told him that j^ou would sell him ticket at clergy rate. North Manchester to St. Louis. Use book excursion; erase words " and return," and limit not good after date of sale. Notify me hereon if you sell the ticket, date of ■ sale and limit, that I may send you special order to be attached to your weekly ticket report to the Auditor as authority. Yours truly. 71. Dear Sir: On August 12th I requested you to furnish M. and J. each with one first- class limited ticket from Eureka Springs to Chanute, Kansas, via Pittsburg, and up to the present date have received no advice from you that the tickets had been furnished. I am advised by Mr. Johnson, who requested me to have the tickets furnished, that the agent at Chanute states that he received advice from you direct that the tickets had been furnished and he had remitted direct to you in settlement for same. Please advise me if this is correct that our | order may be cancelled. Yours truly, 106 72. RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE. St. Louis, Mo., March 9th, 1837. R. H. Cornell, Esq.,/ Transfer Postal Clerk, City. Sir: Mails for Cairo and Poplar Bluff should be forwarded over St. Louis & Texar- kana R. P. O. until further notice. The service oa the Cairo & Poplar Bluff Line is inter- rupted by high water, and trains do not leave and arrive at Cairo. BOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 69 Trains 605 and 606, St. Louis & Columbus Line, are discontinued until the water sub- sides. Mails heretofore forwarded on Train 605 will have to be held for and dispatched by Tram 607. Please | be j^overned accordingly. Very respectfully, J. P. Lindsay, Chief Clerk, no 73. Weekly Order to Eailway Postal Clerks: Blockades. — When severe snow storms threaten to blockade the railways, it will be the duty of allKailway Postal Clerks who are off duty to report in person at the terminus of their route from which they begin and end their runs, and to take charge of any runs they may find vacant, or to assist the other clerks if necessary. Those who begin and end their runs in Chicago will, in such cases, report to the Superin- tendent in person, and those who begin and end their runs at the headquarters of a Chief Clerk I will report to him in person. This order is issued to prevent any unnecessaiy delay to the mails, and must be obeyed in all cases. See Section 752 "Instructions to Railway Postal Clerks." It will be required of each clerk off duty to keep himself informed as to the condition of his line during the winter months, when storms are liable to delay the trains, in order that no runs may be left vacant. Clerks will promptly notify their Chief Clerks, or (if not under the jurisdiction of a^ Chief Clerk) this office by wire whenever their trains | are blockaded or seriously delayed by snow or other causes. Upon the opening of a line that has been blockaded, a full report of all failures or partial failures to perform service (giving dates) must be made to the Chief Clerk or this office. All employees who are in charge of a Chief Clerk will make a full report of all failures to perform service during blockades to such offi- cer. All others will make these reports to this office. Clerks-in-Charge on lines where full R. P. O. cars are in use will make similar reports of every case | where a postal car does not make a full trip over the whole length of the route, or where a shorter car than usual is on the run, giving points between which cars were not run, or between which shorter cars were used. The utmost accuracy is enjoined upon all in making up these reports. It is especially important that clerks make these reports immedi- ately upon resumption of service, and great care must be taken to tiave such reports abso- lutely correct, as upon this information this office reports each case to the Department. Return Mails. — It is the duty of | conductors of mail trains, either in person or by their brakemen, to notify R. P. Clerks where they are to meet trains running in opposite direction, provided it be at other than the schedule meeting point, so that all return or "go-back" mails maybe properly put off and connected. Where this information is not voluntarily given, the Clerk-in-Charge should ask for it ; and whenever any return mail is delayed through failure of the train men to give this necessary information when called 70 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. upon, a full and separate report must be made to this office by the | Clerk-in-Charge, givin"- date, number of his train, amount of mail delayed, and explaining all the circumstances. Be governed accordingly. Jas. E. White, Superintendent. 626 74. Sir: Received to-day at 9 a. m. from St. Louis and Atchison No. 1 (outbound) a pouch for St. Louis, Mo., from New York. Am unable to say whether this was mispiled by Vandalia No. 7 or missent from St. Louis office. Clerk-in-Charge Primm will probably be able to state at what time and from -whom pouch was received by him. Very respectfully, 75. Sir : There is an error in the original report of this irregularity. The porter who carried pouch to this office stated it was from Vandalia line, and the original report was made immediately and sent to your office. The porter who received pouch from Mo. Pac. car was seen afterward, and he stated the pouch was missent to St. Louis and Atchison car from Toledo and St. Louis R. P. O., arriving date the irregularity occurred. Records of this office show notation of particulars in the case. Respectfully, FREIGHT. 76. 7645. G. April 25, 1881. T. D. Flippen, Esq., G. B. R. Dear Sir: Herewith I hand you claim of Graham Paper Co. for damage on a lot of paper shipped from New York to St. Louis. The E. B.'s attached refer to Nashville W. B's, from which you will be able to locate the shipments. I examined the paper at consignees' store, and found it to be damaged as claimed. The consignment was damaged fully 50%, which was partly done by the boxes having been renailed, and it was done | in such a clumsy and unskillful manner, that the nails instead of going into the wood were driven into the paper. This was partly due to the strips being placed across the middle of the box and driven in, and after going through the box covering the nails naturally went into the paper, and in this case it was in the middle of the sheet. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 71 The greater part of it, however, was damaged by water, which completely spoiled the paper, and rendered it entirely worthless. The entire damage was of such a nature as to render detection almost impossible until | the cases were opened. This is plainly shown from the fact that the Graham Paper Co. re- ceived it, as did also this company at Columbus without exception. I do not think that any of the damage occurred on the I. M. & S. Ry., as the paper was entirely dry upon arrival in St. Louis, which shows that the injur}^ was long standing. We had no occasion to renail the boxes, as they reached St. Louis under Columbus seals. Please investigate and authorize me to charge you with the amount claimed and oblige, Yours truly, S. Frink, < G. F. A. 300 77. 51027 13960 Sept. 13, 1883. S. H. Skinner, Esq., Denton, Tex. Dear Sir: Answering your favor of Aug. 31st, inquiring about claim presented by you numbered as above, I beg to say that the papers are now with our Division Claim Agent for investigation and I have just asked for their early return. I will keep the matter in sight and push it to a conclusion and advise you of the result without a moment's unnecessary delay. In the meantime I trust you will not deem | it necessary to resort to the courts. Yours, etc., Frank Trumbull, Freight Auditor. 113 78. St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 28, 1882. Account Claim, $123.33. Our No. 12,303. Wabash No. 12,463. C. G. Eddy, Esq., G. E. F. A., New York. Dear Sir : I am in receipt of a letter from Messrs. Kellum & Rotan of recent date, urgently requesting settlement of their claim 12,463. You understand this matter thor- oughly and it will therefore be unnecessary for me to go into detail ; suffice to say that I am advised by Mr. H. H. Wheeler, G. | F. A. Wabash R. R., under date Aug. 22d, that he authorized A. W. Colton, Esq., Manager Wabash Lake Line, to pay the claim last May 2nd. You will recognize the importance of pushing up our Eastern friends. We did every- thing possible here long ago, and we should not be compelled to shoulder the blame for this additional delay. We authorized Mr. Wheeler of the Wabash to pay our proportion last April, and I cannot comprehend why the matter still hangs fire. 72 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITIRG. Mr. B. O. Bowers, Messrs. Kellum & Rotan's broker, should be impressed with the fact that I we are not blamable for this delay, that we have done everything in our power to expedite the adjustment of the claim. Yours truly, Frank Trumbull, Freight Auditor. We will continue the struggle to get the claim paid by wire from this end. 79. Dear Sir : Referring to this claim of yours for overcharges on shipments fruit trees, I have done the best I could and have been unable to arrange a settlement. The trouble lies in the fact that the trees came over two different routes to St. Louis. I would, therefore, request that you make two claims of this and give them to the roads issuing the bills of lading to adjust. By complying with the above, you will obtain payment sooner and oblige, Yours truly, 80. Dear Sir : In handing you these papers I would call your attention to the fact that my agreement with you allows you the same for transferring as the Wiggins Transfer Com- pany, or $6.00 per car on freight put into our yards. This divided, allows you $4.00 for crossing the river, $1.00 for switching to the Elevator, and $1.00 for Incline. Now on this shipment this company paid the Incline charges, or $1.00, which amount your company should have paid. I would therefore request that you remit $1.00 and oblige, Yours tru^ly, 81. Dear Sir: In returning these papers I would respectfully call your attention to letter attached from our agent at Belmont, in which he says that cars are ready for delivery some- times quite a length of time before you take them. It hasoften caused very serious trouble, as in this case where a delay followed which has held this sausage a couple of days longer on the route than it should. There was no delay up to Belmont and, as the fault lay entirely in your company's not taking the car, I cannot see wherein this company is responsible, and | I would therefore decline to participate in the claim. Yours truly. 82. Dear Sir: The one coil rope mentioned in the papers has been forwarded on St. Louis W. B. 166, Jan. 10th, 1881. Please have same delivered to consignee and let him make a bill for all loss sustained and return same to this office with all these papers attached, and oblige. Yours trulv, HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 73 83. Gentlemen: Replying to yours of recent date relative to claim acct. Mark S. Cohn, rebate $317.75, have to say that I am unable to locate a claim of this description. This department furuishes a postal card acknowledgment for every claim registered, and, if this card is examined, your client will find that we have also given the claim number to which claimants are earnestly requested to refer when corresponding relative to the claim. I am unable to locate the claim at present owing to the inadequacy of the reference supplied. If you will reflect for a | moment, you will readily comprehend that we have thousands of claims on hand and under course of investigation, and to locate any particular claim without the proper reference is by no means an easy undertaking. If your client is unable to produce the postal card.please obtain from him any particulars you may be able and advise me, and I will again give the matter prompt attention to a thorough search. Yours truly, . . 84. 51914 51638 51639 51640 Nov. 30, 1883. Brown Medicine Co., St. Louis, Mo. Gentlemen : Replying to your favor of the 13th inst., relative to the above claims, beg to advise you that claim No. 51914 was vouched a few days since and will be pushed through with every possible dispatch. As to claim No. 51638, — under date of October 9th, we returned all papers to our agent Mr. Byles with instructions | to hand you same and to inform you that the 2 boxes for which claim was made were delivered consignees April 30th, 1883. I trust Mr. Byles has complied. Would suggest that you call on him if he has not closed the matter up with you. As to claim No. 51639, shipment 1 box medicine to J. A. Cook, Lewisville, Texas, our agent at Henderson, Texas, advises me that this box of medicine has been delivered to consignee's forwarding agents who still have it in their warehouse (as far as we have | learned) and that consignee has been so notified. There are two Lewisvilles in Texas, the other being a point on the M. K. T., where the box was first billed. As no county was specified on dray ticket, we are not responsible for the delay. I wrote Mr. Byles, under date Sept. 25th, in substance tHfe same as above and requested him to return you dray ticket. I hope he has done so. Claim 51640 is still under investigation and being pushed vigorously. Yours truly, Frank Trumbull, F. A. ♦ 293 74 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WRITING. 85. Dear Sir: Responding to your inquiry concerning claim for loss of H. H. G., beg to advise that I have this day wired our division claim agent of Ft. Worth, in whose hands papers are for investigation, to return claim to me at once. Upon receipt I will at once issue voucher, if goods are not found and amount claimed is reasonable, or will promptly advise you. I beg leave to call your attention to the fact that a claim of this kind could not be paid first and investigated afterwards, as, in the event of goods being found, they | would not realize beyond a small part of what they may be worth to you. Yours truly. 86. Dear Sir: Herewith claim E. D. Mathews & Co. returned, declined. I fail to understand why the I. M. & S. Ry. is in any way responsible for this loss. The mackerel was delivered to consignees in good order. If the parties so receiving the goods thought best to leave them on the platform for thirty-five days or even more, it is not our fault if the goods perished. Had the consignees immediately upon receipt of goods the first time showed and veri- fied their loss, we might entertain the claim, but under the circumstances I cannot pay the claim. I Yours truly. 87. Dear Sir: Referring to yours of the 4th inst., if the enclosed statement purports to cover the shipments to Messrs. Dodge, Potter & Co., for season 1879-80, it is very evident that consignees are somewhat confused in regard to their shipments and receipts ; there were over 800 bales shipped from Texarkana. If statement covered entire shipments from points named, we would consent to take the case in hand and show delivery to connections at St. Louis. As it does not cover their ship- ments, we must respectfully decline to take any action in the | matter for the present. If, to satisfy claimants, we are obligedtotrace all the cotton shipped to them, we shall ask for certified copies of bills of lading. Yours truly. 88. Dear Sir : Am I to understand from attached that you positively decline to pay more than $17.00? The claim is for $45.50, and as your road alone was responsible for the loss, you should pay the amount, subtracting the freight on the loss from St. Louis south. Roads south of St. Louis are not interested in this matter, but the claim has got to be paid, and by whom? Certainly not by those roads which did not do the damage, but by the O. & M. where the injury is located. Why did not your | agent, when he discovered the whisky was leaking, have it trans- ferred to other barrels or have same barrels recoopered, and thus prevent further loss? Yours truly. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 75 89. Gentlemen: Returning herewith your claim on 1 car apples from Decatur, Mich., to Dallas, would call your attention to the fact that B. L. reads to Longview, Tex., to which point the ajDples were forwarded. J. C. Turner, the consignee, refused to receive the goods when you were asked to order disposition ; and, as per j^our instructions, the consignment was rebilled from Longview to Dallas. I have referred the matter of the overcharge to the T. & P. Ry., and they refuse to re- fund anything inasmuch as they would not have paid anything had the shipment remained at Longview. | The contract on shipment through to Dallas does not hold good in the case, and I cannot see but what the charges will have to remain as they are. Please correct your bill accordingly, and oblige, Yours truly. 90. Dear Sir : Herewith I hand you claim of B. F. Hunter for $17.40 on loss from bill of goods bought of White & Greer of Cairo, 111., and consigned to himself at Sikeston, Mo. The facts in the case are fully explained by our agent at Cairo, in a letter from him dated Oct. 26, 1880, which almost conclusively proves that most, if not all of the goods were lost while being switched by the C. & O. R. R. I have asked N. S. Pennington, G. F. A., to au- thorize me to charge the | C. & O. R. R., but he declines on the ground that his company merely switched the cars and cannot be held responsible for the loss. Now the question arises, can the C. & O. R. R. be held accountable for the goods entrusted to their care to be switched by them, when this company pays them a valuable consideration for doing our switching at that point. Please state which company pays the claim, and oblige. Yours truly. 91. Gentlemen: Herewith I hand you your D. T. for 30 cases yeast powder, consigned to Le Geirse & Co., Galveston, Tex., and on which we are asked to pay for 1 case yeast powder lost. Twenty minutes after signing this receipt, our receiving clerk noticed that he had signed for one too many, and immediately saw you regarding the shortage, but you refused to make same good. While you have our receipt for 30 cases and can hold us responsible for same, still all the evidence goes to prove that you delivered to this company but 29 | cases, which being all we received, you should not expect pay for one we never got. I know that when you look at it fairly you will reconsider your former decision and have claim withdrawn, as it was you who obtained the benefit of the error. Your early attention and return will oblige, Yours, 154 76 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT AV TYPEWRITING. 92. Gentlemen : Keferring to your letter of the 10th inst. relating to claim of Mrs. P. Clift for loss of H. H. goods, would say that I herewith inclose to you all papers relating to same, showing that the I. M. & S. Ey. delivered these goods to the T. & P. Ey. Dec. 30, 1879. When we did so deliver the goods, our responsibility in the matter ceased. I would advise you to refer this matter to W. H. Newman, G. F. A. T. & P. Ey. at Marshall, Texas. Yours truly, 97 93. Gentlemen: Herewith I return your claim against this company for overcharge in weight on shipment green hides from Eussellville, Ark., to St. Louis, and would call your attention to the indorsement of agent at Eussellville, in which he states that the shippers have been filling up hills at a less weight than the hides actually weighed. He weighed these hides, and certifies as to the correctness of the weight as billed. From above circumstances, I must decline to entertain the claim. Yours truly, 94. Dear Sir : Eeferring to your claim for damage to bagging at Little Eock, would call your attention to the fact that the B. L. consigns this shipment to the care of the steamer "Big Eock," Little Eock, Ark. When, therefore, we notified (as we did as soon as the freight arrived at Little Eock) the boat that the bagging was there, our responsibility ceased. Notwithstanding this fact, however, we took as good care of the bagging as it was possible under the circumstances; but it made the baggage subject to charges for storage which we never asked you to pay. | I cannot see wherein this company is liabl« and I must, therefore, declina to entertain the claim. Yours truly, 95. Gentlemen: Eeferring to attached papers would say that, through mistake at the end of the line, the whisky was billed through to Marshall, Texas, while according to the bills of lading it should have been billed to Jefferson, Texas. If it had been billed correctly, you would have had to pay freight from Jefferson to Marshall of 27 per cwt., which added to the B. L. rate to Jefferson would have made a through rate of $1.02. | Under the circumstances I would request that you reduce your bill to $11.52, which allows Line $1.02 per cwt. I ask this of you because the T. & P. Ey. absolutely refuses to refund anything, which throws the entire account on the I. M. & S. Ey. I am willing to refund all the account on the I. M. & S. Ey., which amounts to $11.52. Yours truly, HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WRITING. 77 96. Dear Sir: Referring to your letter of the 19th inst. relative to balance due you of $186.72, would say that you were to be allowed 15 cts. rebate when the meal was billed at 75 cts., which would give you a rate of 60 cts. per barrel, or exactly the amount you were to be allowed. As I cannot allow you 15 cts. per barrel on those shipments billed to you at 60 cts., I made voucher for those billed at 75 cts., and so considered the claim settled. I Yours truly, 102 March 11, 1887. 97. E. D. Lewis, Esq., Agent, Little Eock, Ark. Sir: Herewith I send Govt, original B. L. 1507, St. Louis to Little Eock, Ark., March 8th, 1887, freight payable to St. L.,I. M. &, S. Ry., which have properly signed and return to this office. Eespectf ully , J. W. Wallace, Auditor. 63 98. Sir : Herewith I send Govt, original B. L. 1509, St. Louis to San Antonio, Tex., March 9th, 1887, freight payable to St. L., I. M. & S. Ey. which please have properly signed and return to this office. Respectfully, 99. Sir: Herewith I send Govt, duplicate B. L. 1509, St. Louis to San Antonio, Tex., March 9th, 1887, freight payable to St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. Please acknowledge receipt of hereon and return to this office. • Respectfully, 100. Sir: Herewith I send Govt, duplicate Bs. L. as follows: 1486 St. Louis to Houston, Tex. 3-5-87. 1488 " " " Abilene, " 3-5-87. 1492 " " " Eastland, " 3-7-87. Freight payable to St. L.,I. M. & S. R. R., which please acknowledge receipt of hereon and return to this office. Respectfully, 78 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WETTING. 101. 6658 M April 6th. Horace Tucker, Esq., G. F. A., Chicago. Dear Sir: Attached you will find a statement showing that 483 B. C. were de- livered to you at Cairo, which you will please show delivery to consignee, as soon as possible. I hold in my possession the original B. L. for this cotton, but as the shipments covered by them have been forwarded East via various lines, I have retained them in this office. Yours truly. S. Frink, G. : F. A. 90 Statement. Transfei • of B. C. to I. C. CAR. W. E. Date. Bales. Mark. Mfst. Date, I. C. 435 1282 Dec. 25 38 BALL BALL-2 85 Dec. 30 1879 '< 1568 cc " 'C 6 A McB-3 " IC (C cc C( 12060 WEAV-1 (( 1892 1319 " 27 5 JOHN-1 86 'C <« " (( 1205 1279 " 25 31 NNJ HUGH-1 82 " 29 " J. M. 712 cc " " 13 BOIV-12 " " " " J. C. 1205 1280 cc cc 5 NNJ AMcB-15 cc " " " t< 2022 cc ii << 37 NNJ-12 " " " " a 1892 1319 c 27 32 HEIL 86 " 31 " 12060 712 1376 ., ,1 3 41 WEAV SJW cc ii ti IC J.M. 4203 " " " 3 •i .■p ^ (D ^325 J- 73 ■a o ■3 a §& S o o w 2 2 ID 5 I » .3 P-i '3 g g 2 ■? S 5 a s ^ ° s 2 2::^ a „ g n a ■S « -2 S ^ P o — . 'E " a ^ oj s 2 fe ■^s '^ >> a 5. O "^ g ■« g 0) f 5.2 -.2 ^"5 g « -3 fc K 2 ^ & a „ »■ 2 S ^ J3 g 5 3 _, S « - o 5^ 03 Oj ^ ■" a •a a j3 g-s « J2 ^ .2 , 2 H s --s O- « -S "^ T^ "" :- ^ 2 ^ ^ ^ . •'S ca rt 3 S M ^ 6 tj a «« ■Sag S a 3 •Ml o" a a — a a 5 o 2 V&: 1! "' S a 4J J= l-s^^^a^aoT Q* rti C a '-2 !S a .a « i (S « a a •- M D. is |s s o a .« S i§ a 'So a O I I .jl I I I I I 5 § I I I I (N CO I III I I I I I I I I I I I CO CO lO CO O C5 i^ be s < K ^ : t~ o t- t^ ." " ^ " f5 i^ a ^ .« > bC ■5 W bC r^^ ^ >i-Cl •9 S c © (2 a -5 =+-1 a 2 bn ^ :2 <5 "S ^ ■1 hn ;>, OS 5= o a J eq H o a ^ ^ ^ rs =4-1 fL, :: : : : ;: <„ "^ u2 ^ * ^ ^ - c^ (N «2 00 1-1 '-I CO =3 ^' Ti< f-' O >«' t- 2 00 >0 irj CO ■<*< CD . CO «d' 1-H ^' cm' CO o 2 i^-*COCCiO r^ o §-b m s _ o 03 ;-i 03 eS o 03 o IS •S '^ bC : a ffi H tT . tiJ 03 C S u ^ ^^ X! ^ '^ cS 3 fM " J- P r^ 9 -S ^3 03 S g .0 ■$ M ~ 2 o '** cS ^1 S -^ P-i > a o o Xi ^ "Teg .2 *^ 54-1 '-O o fl '^ a > O 03 -fl -g §.2 i p P fl =0 s a =« o .5 >. ^ 03 -= O «« ^ ^ SI >^ « ci O 03 &: g s ^ ^ rt 03 O u o 03 03 126 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. THE FOLDING, INSCRIPTION, AND COVERING OF DOCUMENTS. Legal documents, franchises, specifications, etc., written on the typewriter, are generally bound at the top, using a cover of tinted, thick paper a little larger than the typewritten sheet. This cover is folded about an inch and a half over the top of the inclosed pages and is fastened to them by means of staples or paper-fasteners, or else by red tape run through holes cut in the sheets. When folded, the cover or backer protects the whole document. This cover should be folded and the inscription written on the back before fastening it to the other pages. Lay a fold about an inch and a half wide at the top of the cover. Lay the cover down so the fold will be up and at the top of the page. Fold the cover twice upward, making the bottom and top edges exactly meet each time. The fold that remains on top is the one on which the insci'iption should be written. The left of the fold is the top and the right is the bottom, and the inscription is written across the fold near the top. That the cover may pass into the machine more easily, unfold one-half before inscribing. With red ink and a ruling pen draw neat lines, if desired, around the margin and under the principal lines of the inscription, thus : H m •" o d d 'i^ >-< (S P^ I Ph ' hJ ^ ? So ^ 1— 1 o r. fe w o N :2; h-l h-l H (^ W 3 Ph J M H Caution : When writing the document to be inclosed, be sure to begin (he first line of each page at least two inches from the top of the sheet, to allow sufficient room for binding and for convenient use afterward. When the document is finished, lay it neatly within the fold of the cover and fasten. 214. ELECTRIC FRANCHISE. ORDINANCE NO. 1133. An oi'dinance permitting the Citizens' Street Eailway Company to change its motive power and extend its charter and use electricity in propelling machinery and for lighting purposes. Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of Springfield as follows : Sec. 1. That the Citizens' Street Eailway Company be and is hereby permitted to change HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 127 its motive power from horse and mule power to electricity motor power as provided for in the acts of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, approved March 18th, 1887. I Sec. 2. Said Citizens' Street Railway Company shall, in the change of its said motive power, do and perform all work upon its superstructure and tracks in a way and manner so as not to stop or materially interrupt ordinary traffic and travel upon the streets of the city ; and shall not reconstruct its tracks on the streets occupied by it until the grades of the streets are established. In all cases where improvements are provided for or contem- plated, and in all places of change, erection of poles and work necessary for such change of motive power shall be | done under the supervision of the street committee of the city, to the end that said railway may be operated when said motive power is changed without damage to person or property, and in a way to impede ordinary traffic and travel on the streets as little as possible. Provided that said Street Railway Company shall keep the street between their tracks and for two feet outside of the outside rail thereof in the same condi- tion as the remainder of the street is kept by the city. Sec. 3. Said Street Railway Company shall charge not more than five cents | for a single trip one way or $1.00 for twenty-five trip tickets and not more than one-half the regular fare for children under twelve years of age, and nothing for children under three years of age. Sec. 4. That inasmuch as the contemplated change of motive power will be attended with expense, it is further provided that this privilege to operate said electric motor power on the streets now occupied by said Citizens' Street Railway Company shall continue for thirty-five years from the publication of this | ordinance. And said Citizens' Railway Com- pany shall have the right and privilege within the present and future corporate limits of the City of Springfield, Missouri, and the additions thereto, of building, erecting, laying, operating, maintaining, repairing and using electric apparatus and appliances, electric ma- chines, engines and apparatus, towers, masts, lamp posts, lamps, posts, poles, Avires, pipes, and all other machinery, apparatus, and appliances necessary and convenient for the use and application of electricity for the purpose of lighting and of using, operating, renting and applying such electric machines, electric apparatus and appliances, towers, masts, lamp posts, poles, wires, pipes and apparatus and appliances for the purpose of conveying | and supplying electric currents for light and power for hire and use in any and every capacity for which electricity is now or may hereafter be used ; and of so using and occupying the streets and alleys of said city of Springfield for said purpose, and for the erection of tow- ers, masts, posts, lamps, poles, etc. thereon, and the laying of wires and pipes therein, and for repairing the same without injury or detriment to private rights or property of individuals or corporations or without public detriment, except temporary inconvenience caused by the erection of such towers, masts, lamps, posts | poles, and the laying and running of such wires and pipes and repairing the same, all to be done under the police regulations of the city. Provided that such change of motive power shall be made within one year after the street improvements on the streets are completed by the city, otherwise the city reserves the right to repeal this ordinance as to the streets occupied by said company upon which such motive power has not been so changed. 128 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. Sec. 5. All ordinances or parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance are hereby- repealed. Sec. 6. This ordinance shall | take effect and be in force from and after its publication- Approved Oct. 3d, 1889. Ralph Walker, Mayor. G. W. Hackney, City Clerk. Attest : 215. MISCELLANEOUS LAAV FORMS. Simple Designs for Seals. Seal Seal Seal Seal Borders for Titles of Cases. 0-0-0-0-0 o Seal o 0-0-0-0-0 I SEAL I Write the part to be inclosed and then make the border. When making the right side of the border, hold the left space key down to prevent the carriage from moving. Strike the desired key with the right hand, turn the lever and strike again. Bank of North Ameeica, ) Appellant, ) ) ) Frank B. McMillan, ) Respondent. ) Francis Stewart et al.. Plaintiffs, James T. Johnson, Defendant. No. 1678. The above are merely suggestions. There is ample room for the display of taste in making borders. The simplest forms, however, are the quickest made and the most business-like in appearance. AFFIDAVIT. 216. State of Missouri, ) ) ss. County of Chariton. ) John Jones, administrator of the estate of John Smith, deceased, says that the fore- going is a full inventory and description of all the money, goods, chattels and estate, real and personal, books, papers and evidences of debt and of title of the deceased, and of all debts due and to become due, so far as he can ascertain them, except the property reserved HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 129 as the absolute property of the widow, and that he is not indebted or bound in any contract to the deceased, at the time of his death | except as stated in said inventory. Administrator. Subscribed and sworn before me this fifth day of March, 1890. Clerk. 122 BILL OF SALE. 217. THIS BILL OF SALE, made on January 1st, 1889, by Arthur Whitman, as grantor, to William Bauer as grantee : WITNESSETH: that said grantor, in consideration of one hundred ($100) dollars to him paid, the receipt of which is herebj^ acknowledged, hereby sells, assigns, transfers and sets over unto said grantee his entire interest in the personal property described as follows: One set of furniture situated at number 1 Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. TO HAVE AND TO HOLD Said personal property unto said grantee and unto his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns forever. | Said grantor hereby covenants that said property is free from incumbrance, and that he will warrant and defend the title thereto against all claimants whomsoever. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, this instrument has been signed, sealed and delivered. Seal. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF DEED. 218. STATE OF MISSOURI, CITT OF ST. LOUIS. Be it remembered, that on this twenty-fourth day of May, eighteen hundred and eighty- four, before me, the undersigned, a notary public within and for the city of St. Louis, quali- fied for a term expiring on the 6th day of July, 1885, personally appeared Mary E. Smith, Peter J. Smith her husband and Peter J. Smith her trustee, known to me to be the same persons described in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and they acknowledged that they executed the same as their free act and deed. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my notarial seal at office, in the city of St. Louis, the day and year first above written. o-o-o-o-o ^ I I o Seal, o o-o-o-o-o Notary Public. 133 130 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. WARRANTY DEED. 219. THIS DEED, made on January 1, 1890, by Horace T. Dodge, of St. Louis, Missouri gi-antor, and Bryant A. Holmes of the same place, grantee. witnessseth: that said grantor, in consideration of one hundred ($100) dollars, to him in hand paid by said grantee, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, does, by these presents, grant, bargain, sell, convey and confirm unto said grantee, his heirs and as- signs, the real estate, situated in the county of St. Louis, State of Missouri, described as follows: the southeast quarter of section twenty-nine, range east of the | fifth principal meridian, containing one hundred and sixty acres. To Have and to Hold said real estate, together with the improvements thereon, and the rights. Immunities, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging, unto said grantee and unto his heirs and assigns forever. Said grantor hereby covenants that he will warrant and defend the title to said real estate against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. IN TESTiMONT WHEKEOF, Said grantor has hereunto set his hand and seal. 177 SEAL WILL. 220. I, Clarence Keyes, of the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, hereby declare this instru- ment to be my last will and testament, and hereby revoke all former testamentary dispo- sitions of my estate heretofore made ^ay me. EiRST, I hereby give and bequeath to my wife. Bertha W. Keyes, if she survive me, my entire estate, real, personal and mixed, wheresoever situated. SFCOKD, I hereby appoint my said wife. Bertha W. Keyes, if she survive me, my ex- ecutrix, and direct that she shall not be required to give bond as executrix. THIRD, In the event of my wife dying before me, | I hereby give and bequeath my en- tire estate, real, personal and mixed, wheresoever situated, to my son, Morris A. Keyes. FOURTH, In the event of m}' wife dying before me, I hereby appoint Paul F. Cannon my executor, and hereby direct that he shall not be required to give bond as such executor. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I havc signed and sealed this instrument and in the presence of witnesses published and declared it to be my last will and testament. Done at said St. Louis on January 1, 18 / ^ X X Clarence N. Keyes. : SEAL : The undersigned were present and witnessed | the signing and sealing of the foregoing instrument of writing by said testator, Clarence Keyes, and heard him declare the same to be HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITING. 131 his last will.and testament, aud, at his request and in his presence, signed their nnmes as wit- nesses to said act and declaration, and thereby expressed their belief that said testator was, at the time, of lawful age, and of sound and disposing mind. POWER OF ATTORNEY. 221. Kxow ALL MEN BT THESK PRESENTS, that I, William White, have this day made, constituted, and appointed aud by these presents do make, constitute and appoint Jacob Faithful, of the city and county of St. Louis, State of Missouri, attorney, for me, and in my name, to sell and dispose of, absolutely, in fee simple, the following described tract of land, or any part thereof, in the county of St. Louis and State of Missouri, to wit : A lot of ground in block No. 3747 of the city of St. Louis, State of | Missouri beginning with a point in the north line of Bell Avenue five hundred and eighty feet eleven inches east of the e;ist line of Vandeventer Avenue, thence running east along the north line of Bell Avenue sixty feet, thence north one hundred and sixty-two feet six inches to south line of U. S. Sur- vey 1276, thence west sixty feet, thence south one hundred and sixty-two feet six inches to the north line of Bell Avenue and place of beginning, for such price or sum of money, and to such person or persons as he | shall think fit and convenient; and also, for me, and in my n:ime, and as my act and deed, to sign, execute, acknowledge, and deliver such deed or deeds, and conveyance or conveyances, for the absolute sale and disposal thereof, or of any part thereof, with such clause or clauses, covenant or covenants, and agreement or agreements, to be therein contained, as my said attorney shall think fit and expedient ; hereby ratifying and confirming all such deeds, conveyances, bargains and sales which shall, at any time hereafter, be made b}^ my said attorney touching or concerning the premises. IN WITNESS [ ■svHEREOF, I liave hereunto set my hand and seal, the third day of February, in the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety. Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of ( ) $ sp:al .5 ) ( 132 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPE WRITING. ARTICLES OF COPARTNERSHIP. 222. We, the undersigned, Samuel Horton and James Hall, both of Poughkeepsie, in the County of Dutchess and State of New York, do hereby agree to form a partnership under the style and firm name of Horton & Hall, for the purpose of carrying on a wholesale dry goods business. 1. Each party contributes to the capital stock of the company as follows : Samuel Horton contributes $4,500 in money and $4,500 in stock ; James Hall contributes $4,500 in money. The partners shall share the profits in | proportion to the amounts they contribute. 2. Each party is to devote his time and attention to the business of the firm, and neither shall engage in any business whatever for his private advantage. 3. Correct books of account are to be kept in which shall be entered all the transactions of the firm, and all such books shall be at all times open and accessible to both members of the firm. 4. On the 31st day of December in each year, a correct account shall be taken and stated on the ledger of all the stock, property, and | assets of the firm, and of the debts and liabilities; and the share of each partner in the property shall then be stated, and may be drawn out. But no money or other property shall be drawn out by either partner for his own use beyond his share of the profits, except with the written consent of the other part- ner. And in such case the share of the partner so drawing shall be proportionably reduced. 5. All business of the partnership shall be transacted in the firm name, and all notes and obligations given, as well as securities taken, shall | be in such name. 6. No debt or claim due or belonging to the firm shall be released or settled without payment in full, unless the consent in writing of both partners is given thereto. 7. Neither partner shall have power to bind the firm as surety, guarantor, nor shall either partner become a surety for any other person without the written consent of the other partner. 8. At the close of the partnership a correct account shall be taken and stated, and the assets of every nature, after payment of the liabilities, shall be divided in the proportion fixed I in paragraph 1. 9. This partnership shall continue until the 31st day of December, 1895, unless sooner dissolved by mutual consent. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, wc have hereunto set our hands and seals this thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine. f SEAL $ $ SEAL $ HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 133 BOND FOR THE PAYMENT OF MONEY. 223. • KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS : That I, Amold Baker, of Springfield, in the County of Greene, and State of Missouri, am held and firmly bound to Charles Deering, of the same place, in the sum of fifteen hundred ( $ 1500) dollars, lawful money of the United States of America, to be paid to the said Charles Deering, his executors, administrators or assigns ; to the payment whereof I bind myself, my heirs, executors, administrators and as- signs, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. Sealed with my seal, and dated the twelfth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-nine. THE CONDITION of this obligation is, that if I, the said Arnold Baker, shall pay to said Charles Deering the sura of fifteen hundred ( $1500) dollars and interest on or before the twelfth day of June next, then this obligation shall be void; otherwise to remain in full force. 173 ( ) Siened, sealed and delivered • t in the presence of t SEALS ) ( AGREEMENT FOR OVERHEAD CROSSING. 224. THIS INDENTURE, made this fifth day of March A. D. 1889, by and between the CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO AND ST. LOUIS RAILWAY COMPANY, a Corporation Organ- ized under the laws of the States of Indiana and Illinois, party of the first part, and the THE ST. LOUIS MERCHANTS' BRIDGE COMPANY, a Corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, party of the second part, WITNESSETH: The party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of one ($1.00) dollar to it paid, the receipt whereof | is hereby acknowledged, and in further consideration of the cove- nants and agreements of the party of the second part herein contained, hath granted and by * The party ordering this work desired red underscoring where black is seen in the copy. 134 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. these presents doth grant unto the second party, upon the conditions and for purposes here- inafter set forth, the right to build a double-track through steel bridge over the tracks of the railway of the party of the first part, at a point on the east approach of the bridge of the second party, above the town of Venice, in the State of Illinois, on the east bank of the Mississippi Kiver. The said grant | is expressly conditioned upon the performance by the second party of all and singular the covenants and agreements hereinafter set forth to be by it kept and per- formed as follows, to wit : First: The party of the second part shall build the said bridge in such a manner that there shall be at least twenty-one (21) feet clear distance between the top of the rail of the present main line track of the first party and the lowest part of the superstructure of the said bridge. Second : It is understood and agreed between the parties hereto | that the party of the second part shall not place any pier or other permanent work on the right of way of the party of the first part, but that there shall be a clear span entirely across said right of way, all in accordance with the map and profile hereby attached and made an essential part of this contract. The grants, covenants and stipulations hereof shall extend to and be binding upon the respective successors and assigns of the parties hereto. TN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused these presents to be signed by the oflScers thereto duly | authorized the day and year first above written. The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Company. By St. Louis Merchants' Bridge Company, By TESTIMONY. In tj'-pewritten testimony, the Q's indicating the questions are generally placed in the margin. Some put the A's also in the margin, but usually they follow the questions on the same line. In depositions, it is customary to number the questions. Different individuals vary slightly in their methods, but, in the main, official reporters write testimony as in the samples given. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 135 In the CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, For the Eastern District of Missouri. THE UKION TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, Complainant, THE ST. LOUIS, IRON MOUNTAIN & SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Defendant. " In Equity. New York, January 16, 1878. Pursuant to stipulation parties appear. Present -- Wheeler H. Peckham and Charles H. Tweed, Esqrs., Counsel for Complainant. Ashbel Green, Esq.,' Counsel for Defendant. , DIRECT EXAMINATION. EDWARD KING, a wituess produced, sworn and examined on behalf of the complainant, testified as follows : By Mr. Peckham: Q. Mr. King, you are President of the complainant in this suit, are you not? A. I am, sir. Q. And have been since December, 1873? A. Yes, sir. Q. The complainant is organized under acts of the Legislature of the State of New York, is it not? A. Yes, sir. Q. Mr. King, have you present with you the original mortgage of the St. Louis, Iron Mount- ain & Southern Railway Company to the complainant? A. Yes. ( Witness produces it. ) Q. Of the divisional mortgages referred to in that mortgage of the St. Louis, Iron Mount- ain & Southern Railway Company to the Union Trust Company, was the Union Trust Company mortgagee or trustee in any of them, and if so, which? A. The mortgage of the Cairo & Fulton Railroad Company? 136 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. Q. No other? A. No other. Q. Hiive you the mortgage of the Cairo & Fulton Railroad Company here present? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you produce the same? A. Yes, sir. Complainants' Counsel: The same is offered in evidence, it bearing date the 10th day of December, 1870, and being made by the Cairo & Fulton Railroad Company, a corporation existing under the laws of the State of Arkansas, to the Union Trust Company of | New . York. A copy of said mortgage is, by consent of counsel for the respective parties, an- nexed hereto, instead of the original, and marked " Complainant's Exhibit C, Jan. 16, 1878. E. L. O., Com'r. ; " and as to this, it is agreed by counsel for the respective parties, that the original shall be produced, at the hearing of this cause, at the request of either party. Q. Referring to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Company's mortgage, Mr. King, do you know the signature of Thomas Allen made thereto? A. Yes. Q. Is that I his signature? A. Yes. Q. Do you know whether he was president of the Railway Company ? A. I so understood. Q. Do you know the seal of the railway company thereto attached? A. Yes. Q. Is that the seal of the railway company thereto attached? A. It is. Q. Can you tell how many of the bonds referred to in this St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Company mortgage have been issued; and also how many have been issued in exchange for divisional bonds, and how many have been issued otherwise? A. Accordino- to our book here, we have | issued three thousand two hundred and fifty of the bonds of the consolidated mortgage directly to the railway company of which Mr. McWill- iams is treasurer. 625 CKOSS EXAMINATION. By Mr. Green: Q. Mr. King, on your direct examination you spoke of there being 3,250 of the bonds of the consolidated mortgage issued ; I suppose by that j^ou meant delivered to the Treasurer of the Railway Company by this company? A. Yes; issued so far a* the Trustee is concerned. Q. That was by delivery to the Railway Company or its ofEcer by the Trust Company, and that is what you meant by the issue? A. Yes, sir. Q. You have no knowledge as to their having been issued by the Company ; that is, | the Railway Company? A. I have no knowledge of the disposition of them by the Railway Company. Q. On the twenty-third page of the bill of complaint it is stated that the holders of certain of the outstanding bonds issued under and secured by the Consolidated Mortgage to the amount of upwards of $1,800,000 have applied to the Union Trust Company and made certain requests as therein contained, among other things, for the foreclosure of the morto-ao'e ; is reference made in the bill of complaint to the request produced yesterday bearing date | the 3d of August, 1877, and marked " Exhibit F? " A. As I recollect it, there were two suits commenced and two requests made; I don't know which suit you are questioning me about now. •.. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 137 Q. I am now talking about the suit in which the bill was filed on the 9th of August, 1877 ; the suit now pending? A. That is the request (the paper marked " Exhibit F "). Q. Was there any other request made to j'ou by parties claiming to be holders of bonds secured under this mortgage to foreclose? A. No, I | don't remember any in this suit; there had been one upon which the prior suit was commenced. Q. And what was the date of that? A. I haven't it with me. Q. It was April 3, 1877, and I wish you would produce that. The same is produced and offered in evidence, and a copy thereof is hereto annexed by consent of counsel for the respective parties instead of the original, marked " Defendant's Exhibit 1, Jan. 17, 1878. E. L. O., Com'r." Q. Now, with the exception of these two requests, the one [ of April 3, 1877, and the one of August 3, 1877, were there ever any requests made to the Union Trust Company to fore- close this mortgage, by parties claiming to be holders of bonds secured by it? A. Yes, sir; there were two others, one dated May 3, 1877, and the other dated May 7, 1877. Q. Please produce them ? A. I produce them. Two requests produced and offered in evidence, and by consent of counsel for the respective parties, copies are to be annexed hereto instead of | the originals, marked respectively "Defendant's Exhibit 2, Jan. 17, 1878, E. L. O., Com'r;" and "Defendant's Exhibit 3, January 17, 1878, E. L. O., Com'r." Q. Were there ever any other requests made by persons claiming to be holders of bonds secured by the mortgage? A. None to my knowledge, except these four requests in writing. Q. You have no knowledge, I assume, as to the amount | of the bonds actually held by any of the parties signing these different requests. A. Nothing but from their statements and signatures. 697 RICHARD BARING-GOULD, a wituess, produccd, sworn and examined on behalf of plaintiffs, testified as follows: Q. Where do you reside? A. In the City of New York. Q. How long have you resided there? A. I came to New York in February, 1859. Q. And have you resided here ever since? A. Yes, sir. Q. You are a member of the firm of Ward, Campbell & Co. ? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is your department or branch of the business of that firm? A. The foreio-n ex- changes, and to look after the office. Q. What particular | department has Mr. Chapman in that firm? A. His is the stock business. Q. Did you know of the coupons of the Second Mortgage Bonds of the Iron Mountain Rail road Company, maturing November 1st, 1876, being sent to the company's office for presentation, at or about that time? A. They were always sent by my instructions, or by some of my partners. Q. Those were sent by Mr. Myers, the same as testified to by him? A. Yes. 138 now TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. Q. Did you also know of the presentation of coupons of certain Arkansas Branch Bonds, maturing December 1st, 1|876? A. Yes, sir, I did. Q. And of certain coupons of Cairo & Fulton Bonds, maturing January 1st, 1877? A. Yes, sir. Q. Were those sent by your instructions? A. Yes, sir. Q. By Mr. Myers? A. By him, as stated in his testimony. Q. What, if any amount, did you receive on those several classes of coupons? A. We received half payment. Q. That is, $17.50 gold on each coupon? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you ever receive any thing more on those coupons, or any of them? Objected | to as irrelevant, incompetent and immaterial. Objection overruled. To which ruling of the court, defendant's counsel duly excepted. 6936. Charles W. Holland, et al., vs. The St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Association. In the Circuit Court of the City of St. Louis. April 26th, 1886. APPEARANCES. For the Plaintiffs: Eber Peacock, Esq. For the Defendant: G. A. Finkelnburg, Esq. Be it remembered that on the trial of this cause, the following proceedings were had before Hon. Shepard Barclay, J., and a jury. The plaintiffs, to maintain the issues upon their part, introduced the following evidence: THOMAS WALCH called for plaintiff, being duly sworn, testified as follows: Direct Examination by Mr. | Peacock. Q. Your name is Thomas Walch? A. Yes, sir. Q. What is your occupation? A. I am an architect and superintendent of buildings. Q. Are you the gentleman who wrote the plans and specifications for the Grand Stand on the race track at the Fair Grounds? A. Yes, sir. Q. These are the plans and specifications, are they? (Plans and specifications shown to the witness.) A. Yes, sir. Q. When were those plans and specifications drawn, and where? A. Previous to the 30th day of January last year. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IX TYPEWRITING. 139 SPECIFI CATIONS . Specifications for the material to be used and labor to be performed in the erection, construction, and completion of a ten-room stone and brick dwelling on the southeast corner of Westminster Place and Sarah street, in the city of St. Louis, Mo., for 45 EXCAVATIONS. Dig for a cellar under the entire building 8' 0" deep below bottom of first floor joists, removing the earth 6" outside of the building line on all sides. All wall footings are to be 3" deep below excavation and 2(5" wide. Dig for inner walls 18" wide by S" deep below excavation for cellar floor, and for cellar door area full depth of cellar as may be required, and for porch and front and side step walls 26" wide by 3' 0" deep below grade, | and for terrace steps 18" wide by 24" deep below grade of sidewalk, and for porch piers 18" x 18" by 2' 0" deep. When the walls are up, back fill in around same to the grade lines with good clay ram- med perfectly solid. Grade the lot as hereinbefore specified, and remove from the premises and the adjoining streets and alleys all earth not used in grading and all rubbish that may accumulate during the construction of the building. The 6" space outside of walls is to be | left open until the walls are built up to grade line, pointed, and inspected, then it is to be filled with clean clay rammed perfectly solid. 226 BUBBLE MASONRY. Ash pit shall have 15" walls extending from 2' 6" below grade to 6" above grade lines. All walls of building, porches, and front steps are to have footings 26" wide by 8" high, and for inner walls, 18" wide by 8" high, all of good, large, flat stones settled perfectly solid in the trenches in mortar, and all slushed with good lime and sand mortar well grouted. Porch piers shall be 18" x 18" extended to grade and terrace area, and step | wall 18" wide. All walls shall be set out on the center of these footings as shown and figured on plans, 18" thick with chimney projections as shown, and shall be carried up true and plumb on both sides and be accurately leveled for joists and extended to top of joists and leveled, and shall be left down at grade to receive the ashler facing, then backed up to top of watertable. Cellar doors are to have 1.5" walls extended to grade. Porch piers shall be 18" x 18" | capped with full size stones and terrace step footings 15" wide extended to steps. This work must all be of good, sound, approved limestone, bonded in the best man- ner, laid as found in quarry, with every space filled with lime and sand mortar, and the joints neatly pointed on both sides, and all flues lined up with hard brick in an approved manner. South wall of main building, and walls of rear building showing above grade, to be of select rubble work of large, regular stones with joints blocked off and raise pointed in Portland cement. Note. — A star is made In typewriting by striking the hyphen over small x. 140 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITINO. All cellar | windows shall have 5" x 8" hammer dressed sills of same stone as specified above, with face of sills fresh broken stone rough. Cellar steps shall be as shown 7^" x 11" and coping on cellar area wall 7^" x 11", all of good, sound, white limestone neatly hammer dressed. 62 CONCRETE. The step area and entire cellar shall be covered 5" deep with fine broken rock or cinders pounded in perfectly solid and mixed with Vg Portland cement and Va sand mauled down until the cement floats on top and then covered 1" thick with V2 Portland cement and V2 sand, neatly leveled true and even. The front balcony loggia and vestibule and ord story balconj' floors are to be on cinders and Portland cement and substantially constructed on I beams at proper heights for tiles and floors. 94 CUT STONE. This work, not otherwise specified, shall be of the best St. Louis white limestone, free from all defects, neatly cut with close, straight joints, tuck pointed in gray cement, and securely set and anchored to brick work, and neatly cleaned. The cut work, as shown by details, shall be neatly bushhammered with corbals, columns, belts and cornices as shown, and the balance of the work shall be left fresh broken stone rough, standing out bold and even without tool marks. Watertuble to be as shown with 3" X 3" oval wash neatly cut. BRICK WORK. Build an ash pit on alley as shown 5' 0" x 6' 6" with 9" walls 4' 0" high laid in cement. Walls in cellar shall be as shown 9" thick with first five courses of hard brick laid in cement and extended to top of first floor joists same as other work. All outer walls shall commence at top of first floor joists and shall be extended and topped out as per drawings with the stone backed up with hard brick laid in cement mortar. The walls shall be 9 | " thick and accurately set out, and carried up and kept true and plumb on both sides, with openings accurately located, and frames kept true and plumb, and flues lined to top of chimneys. All flues shall be laid out as shown 9" x 9", built of hard brick shoved up in mortar with joints struck inside neat and smooth, and shall be bonded into walls every three brick at jambs and webs, and 6" thimbles built iu for flue openings and topped out with the last four courses of hard brick dipped in water and laid in | pure Portland cement. The brick work of flues shall be kept back 2" from all timbers, with space between filled with lime and sand mortar. Turn 4-^-" trimmer arches for all hearths. 236 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT J.V TYPEWRITING. 141 CARPENTERS' WORK. First, second, and third tier of joists throughout shall be 2" x 10" all set lf>" from cen- ters, leveled on good solid bearings crowned and sized throughout, and all to be cross bridged two places throughout each tier with 1" x 3" cross bridging. All joists shall be doubled under partitions, double and trussed under sliding doors, and framed with double headers and trimmers for all fireplaces and stair openings, with fire places furred and centers formed for arches and framed for flues. Provide 4" x 4" lintels for | all openings and 3" x 4" x 8" wood blocks to build in every 24" where partitions meet walls, also blocks for securing base, finish, etc., to walls. Stud partitions shall be 2" x 4" as shown, set 16" from centers, doubled at openings, and braced and trussed at sliding doors with 2" x 4" i:)lates and sills, and 1" x 4" zigzag bridging through each tier, doubled at openings and spiked to wood blocks where meeting walls every 24" with blocks built in dry, ail sized | and securely put up true and plumb, and well spiked together in all angles and to walls. All partitions coming over partitions and over "girders shall rest on girders or on plates of partitions and not on joists. Rafters shall be 2" x 6" set 24" from centers. Porches, front, side and rear, shall be framed with 4" x 6" sills, 2" x 6" joists, 4" x 6" plates, and 2" X 4" ceiling joists and rafters 16" from centers, all securely put up and anchored. | Wall plates to be 2" x 8" doubled. Form tower, dormers, and gables in a neat, approved manner, and closely sheath same. Provide and build in suitable lookouts on which to secure main cornice, and form gutters in same. Roofs to be closely sheathed with 1" boards surfaced to a thickness. Rafters to be tied to ceiling joists and tied together with 1" x 6" pieces 8' 6" above attic floor. The foregoing, and all other necessary carpenters' work to complete this building, unless otherwise specified, must be of good, dry, sound, white | pine lumber put up in a good me- chanical manner. 409 FLOORING. East porch and balcony and rear porch and 3rd story balcony shall be floored with 1 ^/g' x 3" dry, clear white pine flooring neatly worked and put down in white lead and shall have nosed fronts. The main kitchen shall be floored with clear yellow pine, and all other floors shall be of white pine Star flooring, all dry lumber neatly worked 4^" wide or under and blindnailed to every joist with tenpenny nails, with kitchen floor worked 3" wide or under. Partitions in basement shall be of Star yellow pine | partition stuff' neatly worked and beaded and put up on dressed supports. 112 JOINEES' WORK. Cellar and attic windows shall have \^/i" plank frames and IVs" casement sash with box frames in high attic windows and l^/i' sash with one light in front cellar windows. All other 142 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. ■windows shall have box frames, IVs" Y. P. pully stiles, IVs" subsills, IV4" hanging stiles and I'/s" sash, except in main building, 1st and 2nd stories, and main stair window which shall have IW sash. All windows in 1st and 2nd stories | rear building shall have IVs" outside blinds with rolling slats. The first story, except kitchen and hall, and the four 2nd story main rooms shall have panel backs as per details, and all other windows stool and apron finish. Eear kitchen and laundry doors shall have IV4" plank frames with transoms to come on line with top of windows and IVi" five paneled doors moulded on the solid. Outer dining room and side hall doors shall have 1^/i" panel and moulded frames and transoms and IVi \ " doors moulded for glass above lock rail and paneled as shown. The sliding doors to be 2V4" thick, twelve paneled for double doors and twelve paneled for single doors and moulded to match other doors. All other doors shall have l^/g" double rebated frames with transoms where marked " T" on plans of the sizes figured. Doors in 1st and 2nd stories shall be IV4" thick, six paneled with flush moulds and raised panels, with door between dining room and pantry made to swing both ways. All other doors shall be | IVs" thick, four paneled and flush moulded, and inside of kitchen, inside of closets and basement, moulded on the solid. Construct front door, frame, sidelights, finish and transom and vestibules as per details for same with paneled jambs and canopy. The side and rear steps shall be as shown with l^/s" nosed treads and Vs" I'isers securely put up with all joints in white lead, and put up on dressed strings resting on cedar posts. The first and second stories throughout main building, except closets, shall have a Vs" x | 5^", and rear building and closets to have W x A^" pilaster finish, with 9" tvvo-membered base, plinth blocks and comer blocks with rosettes, and the balance of the house a 4^" plain finish with IVs" pediment head and 7" beveled base. All base to finish on floor with Vs" quarter round, and inside of closets finished with a Vs" x 2^" finish, 5" plain base and ^" quarter round. Kitchen, rear hall, | first story and rear stairs throughout and bathroom shall be wain- scoted with matched and beaded Vs" x 4" large beaded and outgauged board 4' 0" high, put up on two wall strips with Vs" quarter round on floor and a Vs" x 2^" lip mould capping. Kitchen and pantry sinks to be neatly cased and put up on turned legs. Arches in towers and at rear end of hall to be constructed as per drawings. The first story closets and linen closets and store closet shall each have | six shelves as shown, put up in a good substantial manner, spaced as required. Other closets shall have two shelves set 14" apart, with lower shelf 5' 0" from floor, resting on a Vs" x 5" strip. Reception hall shall be wainscoted 5' 0" high with paneled and moulded work as per details for same. Construct the side and rear porches as per drawings, with columns, brack- ets, gables, balustrades, spandrels, balconies and cornices as per details, and board ceiling with Vs" X 4" narrow matched and large beaded boards | neatly worked. Ceiling of front porch to be paneled. The foregoing and all other necessary joiners' work to complete the building, not other- wise specified, must be of good, dry, sound, white pine lumber made as per details, with the lumber free from ugly knots, shakes, sap and other defects, neatly worked and put up in a good mechanical manner, nicely smoothed and delivered in a perfect condition for the painters. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 143 All work showing in kitchen, pantries, rear hall, bathroom and rear building and attic, except stiles of doors and sash, shall be select clear yellow pine, and the stiles of | these doors and sash clear cypress. The two chambers in 2ad story over dining room and sitting room shall be of clear, long-leaf Georgia pine and the balance of the interior work in 2nd story shall be of clear, soft, select, yellow poplar, and in main story, quartered oak in reception hall, dining room, parlor, vestibule and sitting room. The reception hall, parlor, dining room and sitting room shall have floors of Vs" x 2-^" tongued, grooved, quartered, clear, dry, white oak, nicely smoothed and securely blindnailed, put down with riprap corners and neatly | fitting joints, grooved together and set flush with other flooring. 910 ROOFING. The roof and side of west porch and roof and sides of rear porch shall be covered with the best quality of narrow Vermont slate. The main roofs, dormers and towers and spandrel over main stair window shall be covered with the best Pennsylvania dark slate of medium size put on felt with usual lap, and securely nailed, and 14" valley gutters of 14 oz. copper and copper flashings, 4 lb. lead hij) coverings. 78 PLASTERING. All ceilings, and stud partitions shall be lathed with good, dry, sound white pine lath, put on not less than ^/s" apart, with broken joints every five lath, securely nailed, and shall have a good coat of mortar with plenty of long sound hair mixed when ready for use and well cross scratched. When thoroughly dry, this and all brick walls shall have a coat of brown mortar floated true and straight ; and when perfectly dry, a coat of white hard finish with clean sand and plenty of plaster paris brushed down with clean water and troweled to | a true, even and hard surface and left clean and perfect on the final completion of the building. The mortar must be of fresh strong lime and clean sharp sand mixed in prpper propor- tions and well tempered. No mixing or tempering of mortar will be allowed on the floors. The hair and sand to be added when ready for use and well tempered, and the whole de. livered clean and perfect on the final completion of the building. 179 STAIRS. Construct a flight of stairs leading from cellar to 1st floor, from 1st to 2nd floor, and from 2nd floor to attic with 1" nosed treads and Vs" risers put up on good strings. They shall have 4" turned newels and l^A" x 3^" rail with space below rail enclosed with Vs" matched and large-beaded partition stuff and balustrade of 1^/4" moulded balusters as shown. Main stairs shall have 8" newels ou main floor with moulded base and cap, and paneled and I moulded shafts and carved belts and rosettes with half drop newels on walls ; carved 144 BOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. rosettes with 2^/4" x 4^" moulded rails, and 13/4" double moulded balusters with square base and tops, and 5" x 5" drop newels as shown, all of good, clear dry quartered oak, tree from sap and ueatl3'^ worked and put up in a good, mechanical manner as per drawings for same. Well hole to be cased and rail to end with half newel on wall. This flight will have IVs" nosed treads | and Vs" risers and scotia of clear, dry quartered oak, grooved and glued together and housed into wall strings to match base, with curb face string paneled, opened and beaded and finished on floor with a paneled and moulded spandrel extending back and returned to wall, and front panel and curb, all of clear, dry quartered oak neatly worked as per drawings and details, with the whole put up on good supports in an approved SHEET METAL WORK. The entire roof of loggia shall be covered with burnished, cold-rolled copper with an ornamental belt course and finial, and a gutter formed at base of roof with an ornamental spout nozzle 12" long, all of burnished cold-rolled copper as per details. The njain and tower cornices, with gutters, cornice of dormers, dormer balcony and roof finials and cresting, shall all be of galvanized iron as per drawings, with double gutters formed in cornices and planchers crimped and extended back to wall lines. Provide and put up five 4" conductors leading from | gutter to grade line, all properly locked and soldered and securely put up in an approved manner as per drawings for same, with moulded joints every four feet, and set out 3" from walls with fancy holders as per de- tails. Hips shall have moulded coverings as per details. All must be of No. 24 galvanized iron, locked, soldered and put up in a thoroughly workmanlike manner. 166 HAEDWARE. The front door shall be hung on three 5" x 5", l^/i" doors on 4" x 4", and all other doors on 3^" X 4" paneled, loose joint butts with acorn tips, all electro-plated in first and 2nd stories and attic. Door between dining room and pantry to be hung on approved double action butts. Front and west doors shall have 4^" mortise front-door lock with three tumblers, brass works, strikes, and polished brass front duplicate small steel keys working night latch at- tachment, I thumb-bolt, inside-working latch and polished bronze knobs inside with square bronze rose and escutcheons combined, and oval polished bronze knobs, rose and escutcheons combined outside, all heavy square goods with beveled edges. Inside doors in 1st and 2nd stories and attic shall have 4" mortise locks with brass works, strikes and brass fronts, small steel keys and polished bronze knobs and polished bronze rose and escutcheons combined. Outer east doors shall have night latch attachments. Slid- ing doors shall have the Hatfield antifriction sheaves, IVs" brass rail, and 4^" mortise sliding- door I locks with heavy, flush, polished, bronze furniture. HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 145 All other doors shall have 3V' morlise locks with malacca iron fronts, brass keys, jet knobs, and bronze rose and escutcheons. Outer doors and chamber and bathroom doors to have bronze mortise bolts. Transoms shall be hung on centers and shall have Tucker bronze spring fastenino-s and Woolensack lifters. Outer rear transoms and cellar and attic sash shall be hung on 3" butts and shall have spring fastenings with approved bolts for casement sash. The four large windows shall have sash hung on S/g" cord over 2 | I/4" polished wheel axle pulleys balanced on weights. All other sash shall be hung on 1/4" Itali:in cord over 2'' polished wheel axle pulleys balanced on cast weights and shall have the Ives bronze sash locks and bronze hook sash lifts in 1st and 2nd stories. Outside blinds shall be hung on Lull & Porter butts of suitable size and have fastenings. Inside blinds shall be hung on 2^" wrought electro-plated butts in outer folds, and IVs" electro-plated back flaps in inner folds, and shall have polished | bronze shutter bars and knobs. Clothes closets shall have eight double hooks with two screws each. Doors opening against walls shall have fenders with rubber bumpers. ♦SPECIFICATIONS for A Bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Mo. MAIN PIERS. The foundations for the four main piers will be put in by the plenum pneumatic process. The approximate elevations of the bed-rock are as follows: at pier I, (21.0) ; at pier II, (27.5); at pier III, (28.0); and at pier IV, (28.5). The pneumatic caissons for piers I and IV will be 26 feet wide, 70 feet lona:, and 17 feet high. MATERIAL. All parts except nuts, swivels, clevises, wall pedestal plates and ornamental work will be of steel. The nuts, swivels and clevises may be of wrought iron ; the pedestal plates and ornamental work will be of cast iron. RIVETED WORK. All plates, angles and channels shall be carefully straightened before they are laid out; the rivet holes shall be carefully spaced in truly straight lines; the rivet heads shall be of hemispherical pattern, and the work shall be finished in a neat and workmanlike manner. MACHINE WORK. The bearing surfaces in the top chord shall be truly faced. The ends of the stringers and of the door beams shall be squared in a facer. • We give extracts only to show another and a common form of writing specifications. Malie double space between lines and triple or quadruple space between subdivisions. 14:6 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. TE THE OFFICE. Typewriter KiBBONS. — There are two kinds of ribbons in general use; the copying and the non-copying or record ribbon. The record does the prettier work but cannot be used when letter-press copies are to be made. It is especially nice for writing documents that have to be handled often, as the moisture of the hand may cause a blur or a change of color in the writing if a copying ribbon is used. If your work calls for the use of both ribbons, to ayoid loss of time and soiling hands when changing ribbons, a copying ribbon and a record ribbon may be kept on the machine at the same time. Pin a half length of each kind together as the spools will be too full if two whole ribbons are used. These ribbons are found in black, blue, purple, green or red. The blue record ribbon keeps its brightness and clearness longer than most of the other colors, although the black record is often preferred. The Permanent is the best of the copying ribbons at ordinary price. It is durable, gives a bright, distinct copy and does not clog the type. Copying rib- bons copy in the same color as the original print except the black which is gotten up in dif- ferent colors of copying ink: green, purple, blue and black. The Official Indelible copying ribbon is chiefly used in Government work. The Dupli- cator copj'ing ribbon is used when several letter-press copies are to be taken from the same letter. There are also Hektograph and Lithograph ribbons. Buy only the best ribbons. The few cents difference in price will be made up to you in improved quality of work. When a ribbon is worn on one side, turn it and it can be used fifty per cent, longer. If the I'ibbon clip breaks and the ribbon curls, turn the ribbon or else stretch slender rubber bands across the top of the basket, taking care to place them so that they will not interfere with the rising of the type bars. Ribbons can be re-inked if desired. Sapolio is excellent for removing ribbon stains from the hands. Be careful not to get ribbon stains on the key tops. Letter-press Copying. — Write the letters to be copied with a copying ribbon. To make the copies, first place an oil sheet in the letter book on the left page. Spread a damp cloth smoothly over it. On this lay a tissue leaf of the letter-press book and then the letter to be copied, face downward. Above this place another oil sheet, another damp cloth, another leaf of the book, another letter face downward, another oil sheet, and so on until all the letters to be copied have been placed in the book ; lastly an oil sheet. Put the closed book in the letter-press and subject it to pressure a few seconds or a couple of min- utes, the time depending on the amoupt of pressure, of moisture, and the age of the ribbon. An old copying ribbon requires more moisture and a longer pressure than a new ribbon. When a new ribbon is used, the cloths should be wrung out as dry as possible. If the cloths are too wet or the pressure too long continued, it will cause the ink to spread and will wrinkle the paper. EOW TO BECOME EXPERT IJST TYPEWRITING. 147 When removing the letters from the letter-press book, place pieces of newspaper or blotting paper between the tissue leaves to prevent the ink running while the paper is wet. Place papers also between the letters. If the letter has been written on both sides, lay it in the letter book as previously directed, and over it lay another sheet of the book. On that spread a damp cloth, and above it place another oil sheet. Some wet the leaves of the letter-press book with a brush ; others with damp blotting paper. Cloths are preferable, as with them it is easier to regulate the amount of moisture. A very ingenious machine has been constructed by which a letter can be copied by pass- ing the letter between rollers in connection with a tissue sheet which is automatically damp- ened. By this method perfect copies can be obtained, when a proper ribbon is used, as rapidlj' as the letters can be fed into the machine. When the tissue sheet on which the copies are made is dry, it is cut into the proper lengths by a knife attached to the machine. Each copy is fastened to the letter of which it is an answer, and the letter and copy are filed together. If desired, two or three copies can be made of the same letter. Tlie letter itself does not get wet or show any signs of having been copied. The advantage of this method is that the reply and letter received are always together. In some offices carbon copies are preferred to letter-press copies. A carbon copy of the reply is filed with each letter received. Duplicating Processes : Hektogkaphing. — A hektograph ribbon is used when typewriting the article to be multiplied. A gelatinous pad receives the impression of the print and in turn gives it to blank sheets that are placed one after another upon the pad. After use, the pad is washed to remove the imprint, taking care not to roughen the pad or to wear it away more than neces- sary. The number of copies that can be taken are few or many according to the state of the pad, the care with which the hektographing is done, and the strength of the ink in the ribbon. Lithographing. — The typewriting is done with a lithograph ribbon. The sheet is then placed upon a lithograph stone from which almost any number of copies can be taken. The Neostyle, Cyclostyle, or Mimeograph are found in many offices. Wax paper, with a backing of open silk cloth, is inserted in the typewriter, the ribbon removed, and the type thoroughly cleaned of all traces of ink. Wherever the type slrike,they knock the wax into the silk cloth back of it, leaving a perfect stencil of the type. This stencil is put in a frame, and an inked roller passing over it reproduces the writing upon a blank sheet placed under the stencil. In this way several hundred copies have been made in an hour. Indexing Letters. — Write on a slip of paper the name of each party addressed and the number of the page where the letter is copied in the letter-press book, then turning to the index which is alphabetically arranged, look for the first name on the list. If you do not find the name, write it in the proper column and place the number of the page at its right, checking the name off from the slip. If you find the name however, see if it is writ- ten more than once and place the number of the page at the right of the name where last written. When through indexing, write on the fly leaf of the book, " Posted to page ," giving the number of the page on which the last letter is copied. Then if two or thref days elapse before you have time to index again, you will know just where to begin. 148 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. Filing Letters. — All letters received should be carefully filed away. Unless replies are kept in a letter-press book, a carbon or other copy should be fastened to and filed away with the letter received. Receipts should be kept in one file, letters in another file, etc. In many offices there are different files for different branches of the corresiDondence; for instance, letters from a certain railroad or state or business house with which they have close relations, may be placed in one file, letters from another railroad, firm or state may be placed in another file. Letters are placed in alphabetical order in the file; thus, a letter from James Stewart Green would be placed over G in the file ; that is, in the compart- ment marked by a printed G. The different letters belonging to a compartment should be placed there in an orderly manner, in such a way as to take as little room as possible. Suggestions from the Postal Department. — When superscribing envelopes, avoid abbreviating the names of states as far as possible. A little carelessness in writing may send a letter to Maine (Me.) instead of to Maryland (Md. ) Ind. when written with a pen is often confused with Mo., etc. The postal department has adopted the abbreviation, Calif., for California. Ohio and Oregon should not be abbreviated. The name of the state should always be written. You may suppose that a letter directed to Boston ouo-ht to go to Massachusetts, yet there are eleven states that have a post-office named Boston. Washington is found in thirty-three states, etc. Postal clerks are greatly helped in their work by having the county as well as the post-office placed on the envelope. In send- ino- printed matter as well as letters through the mail, it is advisable to have the name and address of the sender printed on the wrappet. After being letter-pressed, typewritten letters are often so wet when placed in the envel- opes that the water soaks through the envelope and blurs the address. The mucilage also is dampened so that many of the letters reach the post-office stuck together and so evenly that occasionally the upper one will carry the lower one thousands of miles astray before it is dis- covered, although handled by many officials. Several hundred letters lately posted by a firm were so badly stuck together that they had to be laid aside until the rush of work was over. Then, by using great care, they were detached from each other ; not, however, with- out tearino- a few and all being delayed one dispatch. Be sure that the letters are dry before inclosing them in envelopes. It is well to mail important letters early. As the great bulk of letters written during the day are received at the post-office between 6 and 7 p. m., it sometimes happens in the press of work that a few are left over until the next mail. Cipher Dispatches. — Since every word costs money, parties having foreign corre- spondents often express a whole sentence by a single word in a cablegram. The name of the party addressed and that of the sender are combined in one word and this word is communi- cated to the telegraph company, as is seen by the following quoted letter sent to the Western Union Telegraph Co. : "Will you please register the code address, Brownlip, to be used interchangeably be- tween Lippincott & Co., Bristol, England, and Brown, Stark & Co., St. Louis, Mo., and oblio-e us? Kindly notify us when same has been registered." HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. 149 Brown, Stark & Co. receive a telegram addressed to Brownlip, St. Louis, and contain- ing the single word " Quote." They, in turn, cable to Lippincott & Co. of Bristol, as follows : Brownlip, Bristol, Material, Outcast, Affable, Abate. These words are explained in the following letter sent to Lippincott & Co. : " Your cablegram received saying, " Quote," meaning you wish us to quote prices on flour. We replied " Material, Outcast, Affable, Abate," meaning we offer you Patent at 2Ss. 6d.; Straight, 26s. c. i. f. Belfast; " " These are lowest prices; no use bidding less;" *' Market excited and unsettled," all of which we now confirm. We append another explanatory letter: Messrs. Lippincott & Co., Bristol, England. Gentlemen : Your cablegram received, saying, "Mechanic," meaning you offer 27s. 6d. for 110 lb. sacks " Pure Gold," less one per cent, commission. We cabled you "Audit," meaning, " We accept your offer," and now confirm. We thauk you for the order. Yours truly. Brown, Stark & Co. Miscellaneous Hints. — Drive a darning needle into the cork of your oil bottle. The eye of the needle will take up enough oil to use on any one part of the machine. Do not use too much oil. Use only the best. KeejD your machine bright and shining. Polish with soft cotton ; that is what the makers use. Let the screws alone unless you are certain that the machine needs adjusting and that you know how to adjust it. A yard of brown canton flannel is a good thing to throw over the typewriter when left unused during the day. At night, place the cover over both the cloth and the machine. When more than one sheet is used in writing a letter, head the second sheet with the number of the page, date, and the initials of the party addressed. Thus, when writing on Dec. 22nd to the Art Interchange, there should be placed in the upper left-hand corner of the second page, 2, A. I., Dec. 22. In bills, invoices, etc., capitalize the articles mentioned. When the names of goods are run in solid with the balance of the letter, they should generally begin with small letters. An apostrophe omitted from the possessive case can easily be inserted by drawing the carriage back until the pointer is exactly half way between the proper divisions of the scale. Suppose the apostrophe is omitted in the expression, "Mr. Peck's bill," and that the let- ters k and s are over the 10 and 11 of the scale. Holding the carriage so that the pointer will be exactly midway between 10 and 11, strike the apostrophe and it will print in the proper place. By holding the left space key down, the right hand can strike the keys any number of times without moving the carriage. This is convenient when making vertical columns of colons, etc., and in forming combination characters, like 9, ^1 e, -^, -x-, etc. An exclamation point can be made with the colon and apostrophe. 150 HOW TO BECOME EXPERT IN TYPEWRITING. When writing circular letters, copy one in the letter-press book, and then add the words, " Sent to," and the names of all persons to whom the letters are sent. The quotation mark " is often used to represent inches and seconds, and the apostro- phe ' to denote minutes and feet. Ex. 6' 3 ". When writing with single space between lines, use double space between paragraphs. When writing dispatches, never divide a word at the end of the line; leave a space and write the word on the next line. In answering a telephone call, give the name of your firm. For instance, if Knight & Wilson, telephone 1611, is called, say, "Knight & Wilson, telephone 1611," and then the party calling will know to whom he is talking. How TO Succeed. — Take pains. Be accurate and neat in your work. Do everything a little better than you are expected to. Be cheerful and obliging when asked to do work outside of your line. Try to fill in your leisure moments in a way that will help your em- ployer. Study his work in all its details so that j^ou will know how to aid him. Make your- self necessary to him. Every one has peculiarities; learn what are your employer's and adapt yourself to them. Find out what duties are most irksome to him and relieve him of them as much as possible without meddling or being officious. Above all, be agreeable or no one will want you around. Not that you are to entertain others; unnecessary conversa- tion is out of place in business. Young ladies especially should understand this, and should cultivate that modest dignity which is so becoming in a woman wherever she goes. Be kind, thoughtful, unobtrusive, quick to learn, bright and cheirry while doing your work. Be quiet in both manner and dress. Odd or untidy garments, loud talking or laughing in the office or on the street will prejudice others against you. Keep not only j'our hands and face and teeth, but your whole person, scrupulously clean. Dress plainly but attractively. A snowy collar and a neat tie and well brushed hair add much to one's appearance. Be punctual. Do a little more work than you are paid for rather than less. Make your employer's interests your own. Be trustworthy. Do not talk of your employer's affairs even to your best friend. Let him feel that he can trust you with the minutest details of his business, and that no one else will be the wiser for it. Proceed in this way and you will not only win the respect of every one who comes into the office, but 3-ou will become so valuable to your employer that he will prize 3-0U as he does his right hand, and thus you will earn and gain promotion. ORXA.ME>rrAi. Ttpewritixg. — Fancy borders are appropriate in many kinds of miscel- laneous work. It adds greatly to their appearance to print them in different colors. This can be done very easily by pinning short lengths of differently colored ribbons together and printing the border first with one color, then with another. Most of the designs are made by striking one character over another. A line can be written first with one character, then the carriage drawn back to zero and the same line rewritten with the second character, and so on. 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