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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 JOHN BARTON PAYNE, Secretary 
 
 U NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
 
 STEPHEN T. MATHER, Director 
 
 THE 
 
 NATIONAL PARKS 
 PORTFOLIO 
 
 BY 
 
 ROBERT STERLING YARD 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 1921 
 

 NOTE TO THIRD EDITION 
 
 HK first edition of the National Parks Portfolio, which numbered 
 275,000 copies, was issued by the Department of the Interior in 
 June, 1916. The second edition, brought up to date by the substi- 
 tution of later photographs and enlarged by the addition of thirty- 
 six pages, was one of the first publications of the new National Park Service, 
 which Congress created August 25, 1916. This, the third edition, contains 
 twenty-two additional pages of pictures. It shows fifty pictures not included 
 in former editions. 
 
 Acknowledgments are due to the many photographers, professional and 
 amateur, who contributed some of the best examples of their work to this 
 Portfolio; to the United States Geological Survey for assistance and hearty 
 cooperation; to many helpful individuals; and to seventeen Western railroads, 
 whose contribution of forty-three thousand dollars made possible its first 
 publication. 
 
 Robert Sterling Yard 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 SEP23192I 
 
 DOCUMENTS OiVISION 
 
 FOR SALE BY SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, W.\SHINGTON, D. C. 
 Book- Bound in- Cloth Onk Dollar 
 
 (2) 
 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 JOHN BARTON PAYNE, Secretary 
 
 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 
 STEPHEN T. MATHER, Director 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ilO BUIIyD a railroad, reclaim lands, give new impulse to enterprise, 
 
 Tand offer new doors to ambitious capital — these are phases of 
 the ever-widening life and activity of this Nation. The United 
 H States, however, does more; it furnishes playgrounds to the peo- 
 ple which are, we may modestly state, without any rivals in the world. Just 
 ; as the cities are seeing the wisdom and necessity of open spaces for the chil- 
 dren, so with a very large view the Nation has been saving from its domain 
 I the rarest places of grandeur and beauty for the enjovment of the world. 
 
 i ' 
 
 I And this fact has been discovered only recently by many. Europe l)eing 
 
 I closed, thousands for the first time have crossed the continent and seen one or 
 
 more of the national parks. That such mountains and glaciers, lakes and can- 
 i yons, forests and v/aterfalls were to be found in this country was a revelation to 
 I many who had heard but had not believed. It would appear from the ex- 
 I perience of the past year that the real awakening as to the value of these parks 
 
 has at last been realized, and that those who have hitherto found themselves 
 \ enticed by the beauty of the Alps and the Rhine and the soft loveliness of the 
 
 vallevs of France may find equal if not more stimulating satisfaction in the 
 
 mountains, rivers, and valleys which this Government has set apart for them 
 
 and for all others. 
 
 There is no reason why this Nation should not make its public health and 
 scenic domain as available to all its citizens as Switzerland and Italy make 
 I theirs. The aim is to open them thoroughly by road and trail and give access 
 and accommodation to every degree of income. In this belief an effort is 
 I making now as never before to outfit the parks with new hotels and public 
 I camps which should make the visitor desire to linger rather than hastenv on 
 (his journey. One large hotel has been projected in the Valley of the Yosemite," 
 I a fine new hotel stands on Glacier Point, while more modest lodges have 
 'been dotted about in the obscurer spots to make accessible the rarer beauties 
 'of the inner Yosemite. For, with the new Tioga Road, which, through the 
 jgenerosity of Mr. vStephen T. Mather and a few others, the Government has 
 [acquired, there is to be revealed a new Yosemite which only John Muir and 
 jothers of similar l:)ent have seen. This is a Yosemite far different from the 
 [quiet, incomparable valley. It is a land of forests, snow, and glaciers. From 
 
 (3) 
 
Mount Lyell one looks, as from an island, upon a tumbled sea of snowy peaks. 
 Its lakes, many of wliich hav^e never been fished, are alive with trout. And 
 through it foams the Tuolumne River, a water spectacle destined to world 
 cclebrit\\ 
 
 A new hotel, accompanied by adequate camping facilities, has been built 
 on a shoulder of Mount Rainier, in Paradise Valley; and roads are projected to 
 open up the northern side of this wonderful ice mountain. New roads and 
 trails are building in the Glacier National Park, and new hotels are projected to 
 make accessible portions of this scenic wilderness of incomparable magnificence. 
 
 While as the years have passed we have been modestly developing the 
 superb scenic possibilities of the Yellowstone, nature has made of it the largest 
 and most populous game preserve in the Western Hemisphere. Its great size, 
 its altitude, its vast wildernesses, its plentiful waters, its favoral^le conforma- 
 tion of rugged mountain and sheltered valley, and the nearly perfect protec- 
 tion alforded by the policy and the scientific care of the Government have 
 made this park, since its inauguration in 1872, the natural and inevitable cen- 
 ter of game conservation for this Nation. There is something of significance 
 in this. It is the destiny of the national parks, if wisely controlled, to 
 become the public laboratories of nature study for the Nation. And from 
 them specimens may be distributed to the city and State preserves, as is 
 now being done with the elk of the Yellowstone, whicli are too abundant, and 
 mav be done later with the antelope. 
 
 If Congress will but make the funds available for the construction of roads 
 over which automobiles may travel with safety (for all the parks are now open 
 to motors) and for trails to hunt out the hidden places of beauty and dignity. 
 ^ve may expect that year by year these parks will become a more precious 
 possession of the people, holding them to the further discover)' of America 
 and. making them still prouder of its resources, esthetic as well as material. 
 
 John Barton Payne, 
 
 Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 (4) 
 
T 
 
 PRESENTATION 
 
 HIS Nation is richer in natural scenery of the first order than any 
 other nation; but it does not know it. It possesses an empire 
 of grandeur and beauty which it scarcely has heard of. It owns 
 the most inspiring playgrounds and the best equipped nature 
 schools in the world and is serenely ignorant of the fact. In its national 
 parks it has neglected, because it has quite overlooked, an economic asset of 
 incalculable value. 
 
 The Nation must awake, and it now becomes our happy duty to waken it 
 to so pleasing and profitable a reality. This portfolio is the morning call to 
 the day of realization. 
 
 Individual features of several of our national parks are known the world 
 
 over; but few to whom the Yosemite Valley is a household word know that 
 
 its seven wonderful miles are a part of a scenic wonderland of eleven hundred 
 
 scjuare miles called the Yosemite National Park. So with the Yellowstone; 
 
 all have heard of its geysers, but few indeed of its thirty-three hundred square 
 
 miles of wilderness beauty. Some of the finest of our national parks here 
 
 l)ictured you probably have never even heard of. The Sequoia National 
 
 I Park, a hundred miles south of the Yosemite, one of the noblest scenic areas 
 
 I in the world, is the home of more than a million sequoias, the celebrated Big 
 
 1 Trees of California; but even its name is known to few. The Crater Lake 
 
 \ National Park encloses the deepest and bluest lake in the world surrounded 
 
 by walls of pearly fretted lavas of indescribable beauty — a very wonder spot ; 
 
 but it is probably least knovv^n of all. 
 
 The main object of this portfolio, therefore, is to present to the people of 
 this coimtry a panorama of our national parks and national monuments set 
 side by side for their study and comparison. Each park will be found highly 
 individual. The whole will l3e a revelation. 
 
 This is the first really representative presentation of American scenery 
 of grandeur ever published, perhaps ever made. The selection is from photo- 
 graphs collected during a period of many months from all available sources, 
 and represents the most striking work of many photographers. 
 
 The portfolio is dedicated to the American people. It is my great hope 
 that it will serve to turn the biisy eyes of this Nation upon its national parks 
 long enough to bring some realization of what these pleasure gardens ought to 
 mean, of what so easily they may be made to mean, to this people. 
 
 Stephen T. Mather, 
 
 Director, National Park Service. 
 
 (5) 
 
THE NATIONAL PARKS AT A GLANCE 
 
 Number, lo; Total Area, 10,850 Square Miles. Arranged ehronologically in the order of their creation. 
 
 NATIOXAI, PARK 
 and Date 
 
 LOCATION 
 
 ARliA 
 
 in 
 square 
 miles 
 
 H<^T Springs Rrcs- 
 
 KRVATION 
 
 1832 
 
 Middle 
 Arkansas 
 
 I'< 
 
 YRI-UOWSTOXK 
 
 IS72 
 
 North- 
 western 
 Wyomino; 
 
 3. 348 
 
 YOSEMITK 
 1800 
 
 Middle 
 eastern 
 California 
 
 I. 125 
 
 vSequoia 
 iSqo 
 
 Middle 
 eastern 
 California 
 
 252 
 
 General Grant 
 1890 
 
 ?.Iiddle 
 California 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Mount Rainier 
 1899 
 
 West 
 
 central 
 Washini;;ton 
 
 324 
 
 Cr.vtick L.akk 
 1902 
 
 Southeni 
 Oregon 
 
 24Q 
 
 Wind Cave 
 1903 
 
 South 
 Dakota 
 
 17 
 
 Platt 
 1004 
 
 Southern 
 Oklahoma 
 
 I', 
 
 Si'LLvs Hill 
 1904 
 
 North 
 Dakota 
 
 I', 
 
 Mesa Verdic 
 1906 
 
 vSoutheni 
 Colorado 
 
 77 
 
 Glacier 
 1910 
 
 North- 
 western 
 Montana 
 
 T. 534 ' 
 
 Rocky Mot ntain 
 1915 
 
 Northern 
 Coloradt) 
 
 3Q8 
 
 Hawaii 
 1916 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 118 
 
 Lassen Volcanic 
 1916 
 
 Northern 
 California 
 
 124 
 
 MolNT McKlNLEY 
 
 I9I7 
 
 South 
 
 central 
 
 Alaska 
 
 2,200 
 
 Grand Canvo.n 
 1919 
 
 Northern 
 Arizona 
 
 g.vS 
 
 Lafayette 
 1919 
 
 Maine 
 Coast 
 
 8 
 
 ZiON 
 
 1919 
 
 South- 
 western 
 Utah 
 
 120 
 
 i)isTiNCTi\iv char.\cti-:ristics 
 
 46 hot springs possessing curative properties — Manv hotels 
 and boarding houses in adjacent city of Hot >Springs — 
 Bathhouses imder i)ublic control. 
 
 More geysers than in all rest of world together — Roiling 
 springs — Mud \()lc;xnoes — Petrified forests— -Grtmd C;myon 
 of the Yellowstone, remarkable for gorge;nis coloring — 
 Large lakes imd waterfalls — Wilderness inhabited by deer, 
 elk, bison, moose, antelope, bear, mountain sheep, etc. 
 
 \'alley of world-famed beauty — Lofty clifTs — Romatic vis- 
 tas — Waterfalls of extraordiniu^' height — 3 groves of big 
 trees — Large areas of snowy peaks — Waterwheel falls. 
 
 The Big Tree National Park — 12,000 sequoia trees over 10 
 feet in diameter, some 25 to 36 feet in diameter. 
 
 C'-eated to ]:)reserve the celebrated General Grant Tree, 35 
 feet in diameter — 6 miles from Sequoia National Park. 
 
 Largest accessible single-peak glacier system — 28 glaciers, 
 some of large size — 48 square miles of glacier, 50 to i.ooo 
 feet thick — Remarkable subalpinc wild-flower fields. 
 
 Lake of extraordinars- blue in crater of extinct volcano, no 
 visible inlet, or outlet — Sides 1,000 feet high. 
 
 Large :iatural cavern. 
 
 vSulphur and other springs possessing curative properties — 
 Under Government regulation. 
 
 Wooded hillv tract on Devils Lake. 
 
 Most notable and best preserved prehistoric cliff dwellings 
 in LTnited States, if not in the world. 
 
 Rugged mountain region of unsurpassed alpine character — 
 250 glacier-fed lakes of romantic Ix'auty — bo small gla- 
 ciers — Peaks of imusual shape — Precipices thousiinds of 
 feet deep—- Fine trout fishing. 
 
 Heart of the Rockies— Snowy Range, peaks 11,000 to 14.250 
 feet altitude — Remarkable records of glacial jieriod. 
 
 Two active volcanoes, Mauna Loa, largest in the world, 
 and Kilauea, whose lake of bubbling lava is world famed — 
 A third volcano, Haleakala, crater 8 miles wide. 
 
 Active volcano — Lassen Peak, 10,437 ^^^^ ^^ altitude — 
 Cinder Cone, 6,907 feet — Hot springs — Mud geysers. 
 
 Highest Moimtain in North America — Rises higher al>ove 
 surrounding country than any mountain in the world. 
 
 Greatest example of stream erosion in the world — More than 
 10 miles wide — More than i mile deep. 
 
 Group of granite mountains rising upon Mount Desert 
 Island. 
 
 Magnilicent gorge (Zion Canyon), depth from 800 to 2.000 
 feet, with precipitous walls, of great beauty and scenic 
 interest . 
 
 (6) 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 A^4 TIONA L PA RKS 
 
 NAME PAGE 
 
 Crater Lake 2 Diagrams, 24 Views . .107 
 
 General Grant 3 Views 68 
 
 Glacier 26 Views 155 
 
 Grand Canyon 25 Views 203 
 
 Hawaii 9 Views 235 
 
 Hot Springs of Arkansas 6 Views 226 
 
 Lafayette 5 Views 243 
 
 Lassen Volcanic 2 Views 231 
 
 Mesa Verde 31 Views 131 
 
 Mount McKinley 2 Views 234 
 
 MoLTNT Rainier 26 Views 83 
 
 Platt ■ 244 
 
 Rocky Mountain 32 Views 179 
 
 Sequoia . 26 Views 59 
 
 SuLLYs Hill 244 
 
 Wind Cave 244 
 
 Yellowstone 35 Views 11 
 
 YosEMiTE 31 Views 35 
 
 ZiON 6 Views 240 
 
 NATIONAL MONUMENTS 
 
 Pagi; Page 
 
 Capulin Mountain 262 Map of Parks and Monuments . 266 
 
 Casa Grande 262 Navajo 264 
 
 Chaco Canyon 259 Natural Bridges 258 
 
 Colorado 259 Papago Saguaro 262 
 
 Devils Tower . 256 Pinnacles 263 
 
 Dinosaur 260 Petrified Forest 265 
 
 El Morro 262 Rainbow Bridge 261 
 
 Gran Quivira 264 Shoshone Cavern 259 
 
 Katmai 252 Sitka 265 
 
 Lewis and Clark Cavern . . 260 Tumacacori 264 
 
 Montezuma Castle 256 Verendrye 262 
 
 Muir Woods 257 
 
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A NATIONAL PARK 
 AND A NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 HIv difference between a national park and a national 
 monument is not always easy to define. A national park 
 is created by Congress with the implied purpose of devel- 
 opment by appropriations for the public enjoyment. A 
 ! national monument is proclaimed by the President to conserve some 
 historical structure or landmark, or some restricted area of unusual 
 ' scientific value; there is no presumption of development. 
 
 A national park is supposed to have park-like area, but several are 
 i verv small. A national monument is supposed to be confined to the 
 I object conserved, but several have large areas. 
 
 ( The act of August 25, 1916, creating the National Park Service and 
 
 I recent appropriations for the development of several national monuments 
 tend to further extinguish differences. 
 
 For travel purposes it may be assumed that all national parks within 
 the United States are ready for all visitors, including motorists in their 
 own cars. One can comfortably reach and see many of the national 
 monuments, but it will be safer to make special inquiry in advance of 
 starting. 
 
 (9) 
 
Pholoarapkhv J F HaMics St Paul 
 
 OLD FAITHFUL 
 
 T H F 
 
 YELLOWSTONE 
 
 NATIONAL 
 PARK 
 
Photograph hy J. K. Ilayncs. Si. Paid 
 
 The Great Fails of the Yellowstonf, Nearly Twice as High as Niagara 
 Below these falls the river enters the gorgeously colored Grand Canyon of the ^'ellowstonc 
 
 (I-') 
 
Copyright, 1906, hy W S. Berry 
 
 Antelope 
 
 THE LAND of WONDERS 
 
 HE Yellowstone National Park is the largest and most widely cele- 
 brated of our national parks. It is a wooded wilderness of thirty- 
 three hundred square miles. It contains more geysers than are 
 found in the rest of the world together. It has innumerable boiling 
 springs whose steam mingles with the clouds. 
 
 It has many rushing rivers and large lakes. It has waterfalls of great 
 height and large volume. It has fishing waters unexcelled. 
 
 It has canyons of sublimity, one of which presents a spectacle of broken 
 color unequaled. It has areas of petrified forests with trunks standing. It 
 has innumerable wild animals which have ceased unduly to fear man; in fact, 
 it is unique as a bird and animal sanctuarv. 
 
 It has great hotels and many public camps. It has two hundred miles of 
 excellent roads. 
 
 In short, it is not only the wonderland that common report describes; it is 
 also the fitting playground and pleasure resort of a great people; it is also the 
 ideal summer school of nature study. 
 
 (13) 
 
PhoUxirnph bv Gcor^je R Knui 
 
 The Upper Falls of the Yellowstone, a Few Miles Below Yellowstone Lake 
 Above these falls the rushing river lies nearly level with surrounding country; below it begin the canyons 
 
 (14) 
 
j Photograph by George R. King 
 
 Crest of the Lower Falls 
 
 THREEFOLD PERSONALITY 
 
 I HE Yellowstone is associated in the public mind with geysers only. 
 
 T Thousands even of those who, watches in hand, have hustled 
 from sight to sight over the usual stage schedules, bring home 
 l | vivid impressions of little else. 
 There never was a greater mistake. Were there no geysers, the Yellow- 
 stone watershed alone, with its glowing canyon, would be worth the national 
 park. Were there also no canyon, the scenic wilderness and its incomparable 
 wealth of wild-animal life would l^e worth the national park. 
 
 The personality of the Yellowstone is threefold. The hot- water manifes- 
 tations are worth minute examination, the canyon a contemplative \asit, the 
 park a summer. Dunraven Pass, Mount Washburn, the canyon at Tower 
 Falls, Shoshone Lake, Sylvan Pass — these are known to very few indeed. 
 See all or you have not seen the Yellowstone. 
 
 (15) 
 
Capti.e Well, Onk of the Innumerable Hot Springs 
 These springs, whose marvclously clear water is a deep blue, have an astonishinsj 
 
 depth 
 
 Pltolograt'hhy Ed~dard S. Curt: 
 
 The C\\rved and Fretted Terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs 
 These great white hills, deposited and built up by the hot waters, sometimes envelope forest trees 
 
Photoaraph bv J E Ilavnes, b"/ Paul 
 
 The Giant Geyser, in Many Respects the Greatest of All 
 It spouts for an hour at a time, the water reaching a height of 250 feet. Interval, six to fourteen days 
 
 65163° — 21 2 (17) 
 
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I'hotograth by J E. Hayncs. St. Paul 
 
 Electric Peak, a Superb Landmark ok the North Side 
 
 MANY-COLORED CANYON 
 
 ROI\I Inspiration Point, looking a thousand feet almost vertically 
 down upon the foaming Yellowstone River, and southward three 
 miles to the Great Falls, the hushed observer sees spread before 
 him the most glorious kaleidoscope of color he will ever see in 
 nature. The steep slopes arc inconceivably car^^ed by the frost and the ero- 
 sion of the ages. Sometimes they lie in straight lines at easy angles, from 
 which jut high rocky prominences. Sometimes th.ey seem carved from the 
 side walls. Here and there jagged rocky needles rise perpendicularly like 
 groups of gothic spires. 
 
 And the whole is colored as brokenly and vividly as the field of a kaleido- 
 scope. The whole is streaked and spotted in every shade from the deepest 
 orange to the faintest lemon, from deep crimson through all the brick shades 
 to the softest pink, from black through all the grays and pearls to glistening 
 wliite. The greens are furnished by the dark pines above, the lighter shades 
 of growth caught here and there in soft masses on the gentler slopes and the 
 foaming green of the plunging river so far below. The blues, ever changing, 
 are found in the dome of the sky overhead. 
 
 (20; 
 
Copyright by liaynes, St. I-'aiil 
 
 Sylvan Lake, below Sylvan Pass, Cody Road 
 
 Copyright i 
 
 View from Mount Washburn Showing Yellowstone Lake in Distance 
 
 The northern east side is a country of striking and romantic scenery made accessible by excellent roads 
 
 (21) 
 
i..iiiii.. 
 
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 V 
 
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 ■"•^Sl^r^ 
 
 I'hoUigraph by J . E. Hayius 
 
 The Holy City from thk Cody Road, Eastern Entrance 
 
 Photograph l>y J. E. Hayties 
 
 Entering Yellowstone from the South — Eewis Falls 
 (22) 
 
mamSSKKKtism 
 
 iimihimmMm 
 
 l UJ!<fe..:aiJB B ^ ' -jm*** »**o^g 
 
 
 V 
 
 Copyright by S. N. Leek 
 
 The South Entrance Is Near the Lordly Teton Range, Just Over the Boundary 
 
 (23) 
 
 km 
 
Copyriolil by J. E. Hayius, Si. Paul 
 
 SlANDING L'PON ArTISt's PoINT, WhICH PusHES Out AlMOST Ovkr THE FoAMING RiVFll 
 
 "\'ou INTO THE Most Gloriois Kaleidosi 
 
jSAND Feet Below, the Incomparable Canyon of the Yellowstone Widens Before 
 jCoLOR You Will Ever See in Nature 
 
Copyright by S. N. Leek 
 
 Thirty Thousand Elk Roam This Sanctuary Wilderness 
 
 1' holograph by Albert Schlechten 
 
 It is the Natural Home of the Celebrated Bighorn, the Rocky-Mountain Sheep 
 
 (26) 
 
Deer Make Unexpected Silhouettes at Frequent Intervals 
 
 GREATEST ANIMAL REFUGE 
 
 ilHE Yellowstone National Park is by far the largest and most suc- 
 
 Tcessful wild-animal preserve in the world. Since it was estab- 
 lished in 1872 hmiting has been strictly prohibited, and elk, bear, 
 'I deer of several kinds, antelope, bison, moose, and bighorn mountain 
 sheep roam the valleys and mountains in large numbers. Thirty thousand elk, 
 I for instance, live in the park. Antelope, nearly extinct elsewhere, here abound. 
 I These animals have long since ceased to fear man as wild animals do every- 
 
 where except in our national parks. While few tourists see them who follow 
 I the beaten roads in the everlasting sequence of stages, those who linger in the 
 glorious wilderness see them in an abundance that fairly astonishes. 
 
 Photograph by S. N . Leek 
 
 In Winter When the Snows Are Deep Park Rangers Leave Hay in Convenient Spots 
 
 (27; 
 
ANIMALS REALLY AT HOME 
 
 Photograph by Edward S. Curtis 
 
 Unlike the Grizzly, the Brown Bear Climbs Trees Quickly and Easily 
 
 ERY different, indeed, from the beasts of the after-dinner story 
 and the Uterature of adventure are the wild animals of the Yel- 
 lowstone. Never shot at, never pursued, they are comparatively 
 as fearless as song-birds nestling in the homestead trees. 
 Wilderness bears cross the road without haste a few yards ahead of the 
 solitary passer-by, and his accustomed horses jog on undisturbed. Deer by 
 scores Uft their antlered heads above near thickets to watch his passing. Elk 
 scarcely slow their cropping of forest grasses. Even the occasional moose, 
 straying far from his southern wilderness, scarcely quickens his long lope, 
 t Herds of antelope on near-by hills watch but hold their own. 
 
 Only the grizzly and the mountain sheep, besides the predatory beasts, still 
 hide in the fastnesses. But even the movrntain sheep loses fear and joins the 
 others in winters of heavy snow when park rangers scatter hay by the roadside. 
 i C29) 
 
'^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 J ,i. ,,^niph by S. N. Leek 
 
 THE PARADISE OF ANGLERS 
 
 HE Yellowstone is a land of splendid rivers. Three watersheds find 
 tlieir beginnings witliin its borders. From Yellowstone Lake flows 
 north the rushing Yellowstone River with its man}^ tributaries; 
 from Shoshone, Lewis, and Heart Lakes flows soutli the Snake 
 River; and in the western slopes rise the Madison and its many tributaries. 
 All are trout waters of high degree. 
 
 The native trout of this region is the famous cuttliroat. The grayling is 
 native in the Madison River and its tributaries. Others have been planted. 
 Besides the stream fishing, which is unsurpassed, the lakes, particularly 
 Shoshone Lake and certain small ones, aftord admirable sport. 
 
 Photograph by J. E. Hayiics, St. Paul 
 
 \ Big Lake Trolt from Shoshone T.ake 
 
 The i^ame cutthroat is the commonest trout in the ^ ellowstone, but there are six other varieties 
 
 (30) 
 
Pholograpkby J. E. H,!yur, Si Pnil 
 
 Cutthroats from One to Three or Four Pounds Are Taken in Large Numbers 
 AT THE Yellowstone Lake Outlet 
 
 Copyright by Gifford 
 
 Young Pelicans on Molly Island in Yellowstone Lake 
 
 1 he ^ ellowstone pelicans are very large and pure white, a picturesque feature of the park 
 
 dii 
 
HuL M-.Khl I'lNl.. l.N 1111 (.)l'l N 
 
 Photograph by J. E. Haytics 
 
 Trouting in "^'eli.owstonu Lark 
 
There Are Also Large Public Camps 
 
 LIVING in the YELLOWSTONE 
 
 HE park has entrances on all four sides. Three have railroad 
 
 connections; the southern entrance, by way of Jackson Hole and 
 
 past the jagged snowy Tetons, is available for vehicles. The roads 
 
 from all entrances enter a central belt road which makes a large 
 
 circuit connecting places of special interest. 
 
 Four large hotels are located at points convenient for seeing the sights, and 
 are supplemented by public camps at modest prices. 
 
 But the day of the unhurried visitor has dawned. If you want to enjoy 
 your Yellowstone, if, indeed, you want even to see it, you should make your 
 minimum twice five days; two weeks is better; a month is ideal. 
 
 Spend the additional time at the canyon and on the trails. See the lake 
 and the pelicans. Fish in Shoshone Lake. Climb Mount Washburn. Spend a 
 day at Tower Falls. See Mammoth Hot Springs. Hunt wild animals with a 
 camera. Stay with the wilderness and it will repay you a thousandfold. Fish 
 a little, study nature in her myriad wealth — and live. 
 
 The Yellowstone National Park is ideal for camping out. When people 
 reaUze this It should quickly become one of the most lived in, as it already 
 is one of the most livable, of all our national parks. 
 
 65i6,3°^2i 3. 
 
 iii) 
 
Photograph by J . E. ILiyncs, St. Fau 
 
 Old Iaithfui. Inn 
 
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 mCii Hill I 11 £^ > 
 
 II II n_jt__ii!!i__!!_ii II mill ■■III Hill II ifl II ;" ■'.' 
 
 C.fvrightby J. E. Hayn.f. Si l\ntl 
 
 The Mammoth Hotel 
 
 I'hotograph by J. /•-'. Haytus. St. I\uil 
 
 The Lake Hoiei 
 Thrhi: ok tut Foi k I.aruk Hotels in the Yellowstone National Park 
 
I'hcUxjiafli t'.v A. C. i':llsl'iii\ 
 
 .Thk Highfst \\'aterfam. in thk World— the Yoskmitk Falls 
 
 The Upper Fall measures 1,430 feet, as high as nine Niagaras. The Lower Fall measures :;20 teet 
 The total drop from crest to river, including intermediate cascades, is almost half a mile 
 
 (36) 
 
Fhoiograph by U . i>. Kcctamation Service 
 
 The Yoskmitk Valley from Inspiration Point, Showing Bridalveil Falls 
 
 LAND of ENCHANTMENT 
 
 HO does not know of the Yosemite Valley? And yet, how few 
 have heard of the Yosemite National Park! How few know that 
 this world-famous, incomparable Valley is merely a crack seven 
 miles long in a scenic masterpiece of eleven hundred square miles! 
 John Muir loved the \^alley and crvstallized its fame in phrase. 
 But still more he loved the National Park, which he describes as including 
 "innumerable lakes and waterfalls and smooth silkv lawns; the noblest forests, 
 the loftiest granite domes, the deepest ice-sculptured canyons, the brightest 
 crystalline pavements, and snowy mountains soaring into the sky twelve and 
 thirteen thousand feet, arrayed in open ranks and spiry-pinnacled groups par- 
 tially separated by tremendous canyons and ampitheaters ; gardens on their 
 sunny brows, avalanches thundering down their long white slopes, cataracts 
 roaring gray and foaming in the crooked rugged gorges, and glaciers in their 
 shadowy recesses working in silence, slowly completing their sculptures; new- 
 born lakes at their feet, blue and green, free or encumbered with drifting ice- 
 bergs like miniature Arctic Oceans, shining, sparkling, calm as stars." 
 
 (37) 
 
The "^'osEMiTE Valley from Glacier Point 
 The Upper and Lower "^'oseniite Falls are here shown in partial profile 
 
 L;^<) 
 
I Photograph by J. T. Boyseti 
 
 Half Dome, from Near Washington Column 
 
 Its summit is 4,892 feet above the floor of the Valley 
 (39) 
 
Photoiiraph by . 1 . C . PiUibury 
 
 The Sheer Immensity of the Precipices on Either Side the Vaeley's Peaceful I 
 
 Quality of the F.ver-Varyj 
 (40) 
 
Jhe Romantic Majesty of the Granite Walls, and the Unreal, Almost Fairylike 
 Ile, Attest It Incomparable 
 
 I (41 ) 
 
 I 
 
Fariy Morning Beside IMirror Lake 
 'lliis lake Is famous tor its reHections of the clifts. Mount ^^^ukin< in the background 
 
 u.-i 
 
I Copyrighted, iQio, hy J. T. Boysen 
 
 ( El Capiian at SuNstr 
 
 j This gigantic rock, whose hard granite resisted the glacier, rises 3,604 feet from the Valley floor 
 
 (A3) 
 
THE VALLEY INCOMPARABLE 
 
 t'lintourapli liy L . S. l\i\tii»uilion Scriut 
 
 Beautiful Vernal 1'alls 
 
 IIIv first \ic\v of most 
 
 T spots of unusual 
 celebrity often falls 
 short of expecta- 
 tion, but tliis is seldom, if ever, 
 true of the Yosemite Valley. 
 The sheer immensity of the 
 precipices on either side of the 
 peaceful floor; the loftiness and 
 the romantic suggestion of the 
 numerous waterfalls; the maj- 
 esty of the granite walls; and 
 the unreal, almost fairy quality 
 of the ever-var)ing whole can 
 not be successfully foretold. 
 
 This valley was once a tor- 
 tuous river canyon. So rapidly 
 was it cut by the Merced that 
 the tributary valleys soon re- 
 mained hanging high on either 
 side. Then the canyon became 
 the bed of a great glacier. It 
 was widened as well as deepened, 
 and the hanging character of the 
 side valleys was accentuated. 
 
 This explains the enormous 
 height of the waterfalls. 
 
 The Yosemite Falls, for in- 
 stance, drops 1 ,430 feet in one 
 sheer fall, a height equal to 
 nine Niagara Falls piled one on 
 top of the other. The Lower 
 Yosemite Fall, immediately be- 
 low, has a drop of 320 feet, 
 or two Niagaras more. Vernal 
 Falls has the same height. The 
 Nevada Falls drops 594 feet 
 sheer, and the celebrated Bridal- 
 veil Falls 620 feet. Nowhere 
 else in the world may be had a 
 water spectacle such as this. 
 
 (44) 
 
^^% 
 
 Photograph by H. C. Tibbitts 
 
 Its Name Is Self-Evident — the Bridalveil Falls 
 
 (45) 
 
i'lh'locirafh by H. C Tibbitts 
 
 Tenaya Lake. 
 
 A Striking \'ie\v oe Nevada Falls, Lii5ertv Cap on Lem 
 
 (40) 
 
Pholographby A. C i^'dUiiiiiy 
 
 Vernal and Nevada Falls and Half Dome from the Glacier Point Trail 
 
 Photograph by J. T. Boy sen 
 
 A Bend in the Big Oak Flat Road 
 
 (47) 
 
CHARM OF THE SCENIC WILD 
 
 Pholcgriipli by I ' . S. Rcilamatioit Seriuc 
 
 The Grizzi.v Giant, the Biggest 
 YosEMiTE Sequoia 
 
 UMMER in the Yosemite is 
 unreal. The Valley, with its 
 foaming falls dissohdng into 
 mists, its calm forests hiding 
 the singing river, its enormous granites 
 peaked and domed against the sky, its in- 
 spiring silence haunted by distant water, 
 suggests a dream. One has a sense of 
 fairyland and the awe of infinity. 
 
 Imagine Cathedral Rocks rising 
 twenty-six hundred feet above the wild 
 flowers, HI Capitan thirty-six hundred 
 feet, Sentinel Dome four thousand feet. 
 Half Dome five thousand feet, and 
 Clouds Rest six thousand feet! And 
 among them, the waterfalls! 
 
 Even the weather appears impossi- 
 ble; the summers are warm, but not too 
 warm; dry, but not too dry; the nights 
 cold and mar^^elously starry. 
 
 A few miles away are the Big Trees, 
 not the greatest groves nor the greatest 
 trees, for those are in the Sequoia Na- 
 tional Park, a hundred miles south, but 
 three groves containing monsters which, 
 next to Sequoia's, are the hugest and the 
 oldest liWng things. Of these the Grizzly 
 Giant is king — whose diameter is nearly 
 thirty feet, whose girth is over ninety- 
 nine, and whose height is more than two 
 hundred. Their presence commands the 
 silence due to worsliip. 
 
 Winter is becoming a feature in the 
 life of the \'alley. Hotels are open to 
 accommodate an increasing flow of vis- 
 itors. The falls are still and frozen, the 
 trees laden with snow}^ burdens. The 
 greens have vanished; the winter sun 
 shines upon a glory of gray and white. 
 
 Winter sports are rapidly becoming 
 popular on the floor of the \'alle}-. 
 us) 
 
Pholograph by J. T. Boysen 
 
 Sleighing and Skiing in Yosemite 
 Winter sports are rapidlv becoming popular on the floor of the Valley 
 
 Photografih by J . T . Boysen 
 65163° -21 4 
 
 Skating on Ice on Mirror Lake 
 
 (49) 
 
LIVING IN THE WILDERNESS 
 
 Copyiujidcd, lijiu, by J. T. Boysen 
 
 Who's Coming? 
 
 IVING is comfortable in the 
 Yosemite. Several roomy pub- 
 lic camps, and a fine hotel offer 
 the visitor to the Valley a 
 choice of kind and price. Above the Val- 
 lev lodges and most comfortable camps 
 occur at convenient interv^als on road and 
 trail. There is a new hotel on Glacier Point. 
 These improved conditions begin the 
 larger development of the Yosemite Na- 
 tional Park which the Department of the 
 Interior has planned so long and so care- 
 fully. It has there inaugurated a model 
 policy for all the national parks. The 
 Yosemite is reached from Merced. 
 
 The Yosemite is an excellent place to 
 camp out. One may have choioe of many 
 kinds of mountain country. Nearly every- 
 where the trout fishing is exceptionally 
 fine. Camping outfits may be rented and 
 supplies purchased in the Valley. Garages 
 for motorists and rest-houses for trampers 
 will be found at convenient intervals. 
 
 TIOGA ROAD 
 
 Copyrighted, 
 
 low, hy J. T. Hoy.' 
 
 WooK ! 
 
 BOVH the north rim of the 
 vallev the old Tioga Road, 
 which the Department of the 
 Interior acquired in 191 5 and 
 put into good condition, crosses the park 
 from east to west, affording a new route 
 across tlie Sierra and opening to the ])iib- 
 lic for the first time the magnificent scenic 
 region in the north. 
 
 The Tioga Road was built in i8cSi to a 
 nunc soon after abandoned. For years it 
 has been impassable. It is now the gate- 
 way to a wilderness heretofore accessible 
 only to campers, 
 
 v5o) 
 
NORTH OF THE VALLEY'S RIM 
 
 EFORB the restored Tioga Road made accessible the magnificent 
 
 mountain and valley area constituting the northern half of the 
 
 Yosemite National Park, this pleasure paradise was known to none 
 
 except a few enthusiasts who penetrated its wilderness year after 
 
 year with camping outfits. 
 
 This is the region of rivers and lakes and granite domes and brilliantly 
 polished glacial pavements. The mark of the glacier is seen on every hand. 
 It is the region of small glaciers, remnants of a gigantic past, of which there 
 are several in the park. It is the region of rock-bordered glacier lakes of 
 which there are more than two hundred and fifty. It is the region, above all, 
 of small, rushing rivers and of the roaring, foaming, twisting Tuolumne. 
 
 From the base of the Sierra crest, born of its snows, the Tuolumne River 
 rushes westward roughly paralleling the Tioga Road. Midway it slants 
 sharply down into the Tuolumne Canyon forming in its mad course a water 
 spectacle destined some day to world fame. 
 
 Plwlugrapit by H. C. Tibbttts 
 
 Tioga Road Scenery 
 
 (si) 
 
(saj 
 
Photograph by W . L. Huber 
 
 The High Sierra: View of Mount Ritter from Kuna Crest 
 
 Photograph by Herbert W . G lea son 
 
 Bfautifui, Rogers T.ake and Regulation Peak in the Northern Part of the Park 
 
Pholoijraphby H'. /,. ilitber 
 
 Sierra Club Getting Dinner in Tuolumne Meadow 
 
 Pliolograph by C. O. Schneider 
 
 A Bed Chamber in \ Osemite 
 
 Travelers on the trails carr}' no tents because it docs not rain. A sleeping-bag, a pine-needle 
 mattress, a sheltered grove, and a ceiling of green leaves amply suffices. 
 
 (S5) 
 
(56) 
 
Photograph by \V . L. Hiibi 
 
 The Waterwheel Below California Falls 
 
 MAD WATERS of TUOLUMNE 
 
 ONE but the hardiest climbers have clambered down the Grand 
 Canyon of the Tuolumne and seen its leaping waters. 
 
 Here the river, slanting sharply, becomes, in John Muir's 
 phrase, "one wild, exulting, onrushing mass of snowy purple bloom 
 spreading over glacial waves of granite without any definite channel, gliding in 
 magnificent silver plumes, dashing and foaming thiTOUgh huge bowlder dams, leap- 
 ing high in the 'air in wheellike whirls, displaying glorious enthusiasm, tossing 
 from side to side, doubling, glinting, singing in exuberance of mountain energy." 
 
 Photograph by A . C. Pillsbury 
 
 A Pair of Tuolumne Waterwheels 
 
 (57) 
 
THE EVERLASTING SNOWS 
 
 UMMITvS of p e r p e t u a I 
 snow are, for most Amer- 
 icans, a new association 
 with Yosemite. But the 
 region's very origin was that Sierra 
 whose crest peaks on the park's eastern 
 boundary still shelter in shrunken old 
 age the once all-powerful glaciers. 
 
 Excelsior, Conness, Dana, Kuna, 
 1 blacktop, Lyell, Long — from the com 
 l)anionship of these great peaks de- 
 scended the ice-pack of old and de- 
 scend to-dav the sparkling waters of 
 the Tuolumne and the ^Merced. 
 
 From their great summits the 
 climber beholds a sublime wilderness of 
 crowded, towering mountains, a con- 
 trast to the silent, uplifting A^alley as 
 striking as mind can conceive. Ever- 
 lasting snows lill the hollows between 
 the peaks and spatter their jagged 
 granite sides. The glaciers feed in 
 numerable small lakes. 
 
 I'lioloaraph by IT. L. Ilubcr 
 
 AscFNniNG Mount Lyim.i. 
 
 P holograph by If. L. II. 
 
 CrOSSINC; Sm)\V illMMOCkS IN THK AsCKN I OV MoUNT Lvi-LI. 
 
 ■ (5S) 
 
THE BIG TREE NA TIONAL PARK 
 
 SEQUOIA 
 
 NATIONAL PARK 
 
 Photograph by A. C. Pillsbury 
 
 Morning in thf Giant Forest 
 
 (S9) 
 
Photograph by Rodney L. (Jli^an 
 
 View of the Big Arroyo from Sawtooth Teak 
 (60) 
 
I^H 
 
 
 j^BH 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^1 
 
 r^ ^^^H 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 
 
 ^^^^^H^P 
 
 ' ^^^^1 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 
 
 
 
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 HH 
 
 
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 ^jASk^I 
 
 HhJ 
 
 M^ '^^\i^H 
 
 hi^Sn^H 
 
 ^^^■■■■^^^^■A^v^ 
 
 
 m^^^ ' ''?^€^^^^^^H^^^^i 
 
 l^hoiograph by IJ . S. Geological Survey 
 
 It Is thf. Ideal Park for Camping 
 
 LAND OF GIANT TREES 
 
 ATURE'S forest masterpiece is John Muir's designation of the 
 giant tree after which is named the Sequoia National Park in 
 middle eastern California. Here, within an area of two hundred 
 and thirty-seven square miles, are found several large groves of 
 the celebrated Sequoia Washingtoniana, popularly known and widely celebrated 
 as the Big Tree of California. 
 
 More than a million of these trees grow within the park's narrow confnies, 
 many of them mere babes of a few hundred years, many sturdy youths of a 
 thousand years, many in the young vigor of two or three thousand years, and 
 a few in full maturity. The principal entrance is Visalia, California. 
 
 Half a dozen miles away is the General Grant National Park, whose four 
 square miles were set apart because they contained the General Grant Tree, 
 second only in size and age to the patriarch of all, the General Sherman Tree. 
 
 On Sequoia's favored slopes grow other monsters also. It is the j^ark of 
 magnificent trees of many kinds, and it is the park of birds. 
 
 The Sequoia National Park is the gateway to one of the grandest scenic 
 areas in tliis or any other land. Over its borders to the north and east lies 
 a land of sublime nobility whose wild rivers and tortuous canyons, whose 
 glacier-carved precipices and vast snowy summits culminating in the supreme 
 altitude of Wlutney, will make it some day surpassed in celebrity by none. 
 
 (6i) 
 
THE BIGGEST THING ALIVE 
 
 I'holoifraph by LiiiJUy Eddy 
 
 Thk Gkni:ral Shkrman Tree 
 The largest ami oKlcst livino thing in all the worUl 
 
 (62) 
 
 F the 1,156,000 se- 
 quoia trees, old and 
 }'oung, which form 
 these groves, twelve 
 thousand exceed ten feet in 
 diameter. IMuir states tliat a 
 diameter of twenty feet and a 
 height of two hundred and 
 seventy-five is perhaps the 
 average for mature and favor- 
 ably situated trees, while trees 
 tAventy-fi\'e feet in diameter and 
 approaching three hundred in 
 height are not rare. 
 
 But the greatest trees have 
 astonishing dimensions: 
 
 General Sherman : diameter, 
 36. s feet; height, 279.9 feet. 
 
 General Grant: diameter, 
 35 feet; height, 264 feet. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln : cham- 
 eter, 31 feet; height, 270 feet. 
 
 California: diameter, 30 
 feet; height, 260 feet. 
 
 George Washington: diam- 
 eter, 29 feet; height, 255 feet. 
 
 A little effort will helj) you 
 realize these dimensions. Meas- 
 ure and stake in front of a 
 church the diameter of the Gen- 
 eral Sherman Tree. Then stand 
 back a distance equal to tlie 
 tree's height. Raise your eyes 
 slowly and imagine this huge 
 trunk rising in front of the 
 church. AMien you reach a point 
 in the sky forty-five degrees up 
 from the spot on which you 
 stand vou will have the tree's 
 height were it growing in front 
 of voiu' church. 
 
THE OLDEST THING ALIVE 
 
 i lIIK General Sherman 
 
 T'JVee is the oldest 
 living thing. At the 
 l| birth of Moses it 
 was probably a sapling. Its 
 exact age can not be determined 
 without counting the rings, Ijut 
 it is probably in excess of thirty- 
 five hundred years. This looks 
 back long before the beginning 
 of human history. When Christ 
 was born it was a lusty youth 
 of fifteen hundred summers. 
 
 There are many thousands 
 of trees in the Sequoia National 
 Park which were growing thrift- 
 ily when Christ was born; hun- 
 dreds which were flourishing 
 while Babylon was in its prime ; 
 several which antedated the pyr- 
 amids on the Egyptian desert. 
 
 John Muir counted four 
 thousand rings on one prostrate 
 giant. Tliis tree probably 
 sprouted while the Tower of 
 Babel was still standing. 
 
 The sequoia is regular and 
 symmetrical in general form. 
 Its powerful, stately trunk is 
 purplish to cinnamon brown 
 and rises without a branch a 
 hundred or a hundred and fifty 
 feet — which is as high or higher 
 than the tops of most forest 
 trees. Its bulky limbs shoot 
 boldly out on every side. Its 
 foliage, the most feathery and 
 delicate of all the conifers, is 
 denselv massed. 
 
 The wood is almost inde- 
 structible except by fire. 
 
 PliuUwaph by W . L. llubcr 
 
 The General Cjrant '1 ree 
 Second in size and age only to the General Shernnn 
 
 (63) 
 
Pholoijiiiph by Chorijc I'. />'. I. 
 
 "Deep in the Woody Wilderness" 
 
 WILDERNESS OF MONSTERS 
 
 ERSONS who have seen the Mariposa Grove in the Yosemite National 
 Park ha\e seen seqnoias of the noblest type; bnt only in the Giant 
 L^orest of the Sequoia National Park will they see them in the 
 impressive glory of massed multitude and wildest grandeur. To 
 walk and ^vonder through these woods, even for a few hours, is to feel an 
 emotion which can be duplicated nowhere else. 
 
 It is not the sequoias alone, as in the Mariposa Grove, that stir the soul, 
 but the bewildering and chmatic repetition of monsters rising singly and 
 superl:)lv grouped from a dense and seem.ingly endless forest of noble growths of 
 many other kinds. 
 
 Without the sequoias this forest would be notable. With their constant 
 unexpected repetition the effect is dramatic, even breath-taking. Many of the 
 very greatest trees are happened upon casually as the visitor winds through the 
 bush-grown aisles of pine, and their sudden appearance is the more dramatic 
 because of the freedom of their red pillared stems from the bright green flowing 
 moss upon the tnmks and branches of the uncountable pines. 
 
 Until July, 191 6, when Congress appropriated $50,000 for the purchase of a 
 part of the private holdings in the Giant Forest, it was our national misfortune 
 and peril that most of these monster trees remained the property of individuals. 
 The balance of the property was purchased for $20,000 by the National Geo- 
 graphic Society and donated to the I'nited States. 
 
 (64) 
 
Photograph by Lmdley Eddy 
 
 Vistas of the Giant Forest 
 Many ot these trees were growing thriftily when Christ was bom 
 
 63163' — 21 
 
 (65) 
 
/'/;i>/.)i;ri;/'/( hy Lmdicy EdJy 
 
 Alia Peak from Moro Rock 
 
 Pholoyraf-h by H. C. Tibbitls 
 
 Alta AIlauows iNlak the Giant Forhst 
 
 (00) 
 
Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
 
 Sunset from the Rim of Marble Fork Canyon 
 
 I'.holuuraph by C. U. ILnndion 
 
 The Sierra Club in Camp 
 
 (67) 
 
(68) 
 
■\ It 
 
 JJ^- 
 
 "^BkI?**!*- 
 
 Photograph by H. E. Roberts 
 
 Sequoia and Fir in the General Grant National Park 
 
 (69) 
 
 
An Aged Juniper 
 Se(]uoia is the park of big trees of many kinds, and it is tlic park ut birds 
 
 \:o) 
 
THE GREATER SEQUOIA 
 
 XE can not think or speak of the Sequoia National Park without 
 including the extraordinary scenic country lying beyond its bound- 
 aries to the north and east. Xot that there is much in common 
 between the two, for the park marks the supremacy of forest lux- 
 uriance and the outl}'ing country the supremacy of rock-sculptured canyon 
 and snowy summit. 
 
 And yet there is the common note of supremacy, each of its own kind. 
 And there is the common note of continuity, for, from the lowest vallev 
 of the wooded park to the peak of our loftiest height, ]\Iount \\'hitney, nature's 
 painting runs the gamut. The parts are indivisible; to separate them is to cut 
 in two the canvas of the Master. 
 
 It is this noble area which it is proposed to call the Roosevelt National Park 
 as a memorial to the statesman who was, first of all, the apostle of the out-of- 
 doors. The countrv'-wide movement to this end found its expression in a bill 
 before Congress early in 191 9, which, however, with many other important bills, 
 failed to reach a vote upon the statutory adjournment of Congress on ]\Iarch 4. 
 
 The Golden Trout Creek 
 
 1 he trout caught in this stream are brilliantly golden. They are found nowhere else in the world 
 
 except where transplanted from this stream 
 
 (71) 
 
-.<* 
 
 
 "K^:Mf:ia» _ 
 
 Photograph by Lindley Eddy 
 
 THE FAl. 
 I'his trunk measures z88 feet. Sequoia wood is almost indestructib 
 

 tiANT 
 
 by fire. This tree may have been prostrate for many centuries 
 
t'luH^^naHi I'v I! C. Td-hitts 
 
 The Celebrated Kings River Canyon 
 
 riwU^gr^iphby 11. C. TMntts 
 
 University I^eak. from Kearsarge Pass 
 (74) 
 
Photograph by J. N. Lc ConU 
 
 Tehipite Dome, ^,000 Feet Sheer Above the Kin(;s River 
 
 (75) 
 

 
 ^^s^**?^*?^^. 
 
 Photograph by S. II. WUlard 
 
 Mount Brewkr, "The Mountain Magnificent," From East Lake 
 
 Photograph by :i>. II. W'lltara 
 
 Rae Lake, Probably the Most Beautiful in the High Sierra 
 
 (76) 
 
•% 
 
 . ^^ 
 
 
 
 PhoUujrul.'hbyS^ II WillarJ 
 
 Grand Sentinel, Towering 3,500 Fi:et Above ihe River, is one ok the Features of 
 
 Kings River Canyon 
 
 (77) 
 
KINGS AND KERN CANYONS 
 
 HLL outside the park's boundaries and overlooking it from the 
 east the amazing, craggy Sierra gives birth in glacial chambers 
 to two noble rivers. A hundred thousand rivulets trickle from 
 the everlasting snows; ten thousand resultant brooks roar down 
 the rocky slopes; hundreds of resultant streams swell their turbulent, trout- 
 haunted currents. 
 
 One of tliese rivers, the Kings, flows west, paralleling the northern boundary 
 of the park. The other, the Kern, flows south, paralleling its eastern boundary. 
 The Kings River Canyon, the Tehipite Valley, and the Canyon of the 
 Keni are practically matchless for the wild quality of their beauty and the 
 majesty of their setting. The traveler goes home to plan his return, for this 
 is a country whose peculiar charm lays an enduring clutch upon desire. "The 
 Creater Sequoia" has few xisitors yet — but they are worshipers. 
 
 Unlike many areas of extreme rocky character, this is not specially difficult 
 to travel ; it curiously adapts itself to trails. It is an ideal land for the camper. 
 But one must go well equipped. There must be good guides, good horses, 
 and plenty of warm clothing. The difference here between a good and an 
 indifferent equipment is the difference between satisfaction and misery. 
 
 Photograph by S. H. Willard 
 
 Roaring Fork Falls on the South Fork ov the Kings 
 
 (7.S) 
 
fi' 
 
 
 
 
 riiuUHiiaphby II. C. TMilU 
 
 Here the Sierra Has Massed Her Mountains; Tumbled Them Willfully, 
 Recklessly, Into One Titanic, Sprawling Heap 
 
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65163' 2I~ 6 
 
The Summit of Mount Whitney, Nearly Thkie Mu.es High 
 
 Phol.hirath by I. >•; , -ii llou,jh 
 
 Summit ok Mount Whitney. Ihe Stone Shelter on JMolnt Whitney's Summit 
 
MOUNT RAINIER 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 PARK 
 
PhuloiiraMi by Curtis ip^ Miller 
 
 A Rippling Rivkr of Ich 400 Fi:i: r iiiicK Flowing from tiik Shining Summit 
 Looking from a wild-flower slope down upon the celebrated Nisqually Glacier and up at Columbia Crest 
 
 (84) 
 
Photoijrapk by Curbs Cj Miller 
 
 Entrance to Mount Rainier National Park 
 
 THE FROZEN OCTOPUS 
 
 ROM the Cascade Mountains in Washington rises a series of vol- 
 canoes which once blazed across the sea like giant beacons. To- 
 day, their fires quenched, they suggest a stalwart band of Knights 
 of the Ages, helmeted in snow, armored in ice, standing at parade 
 I upon a carpet patterned gorgeously in wild flowers. 
 
 Easily chief of this knightly band is Mount Rainier, a giant towering 
 [ 14,408 feet above tidewater in Puget Sound. Home-bound sailors far at sea 
 mend their courses from his silver summit. 
 
 This mountain has a glacier system far exceeding in size and impressive 
 beauty that of any other in the United States. From its snow-covered summit 
 twenty-eight rivers of ice pour slowly down its sides. Seen upon the map, 
 as if from an aeroplane, one thinks of it as an enormous frozen octopus stretch- 
 ing icy tentacles down upon every side among the rich gardens of wild flowers 
 and splendid forests of firs and cedars below. 
 
 (8s) 
 
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 0fS 
 
 Photograph by Cxirtts & ^fi'lcr 
 
 Above Every Curve of the I^arauise Ruau Looms the Great Whme Mountain 
 
 CS6) 
 
Pliotoarciph by Curlis & MitUr 
 
 From Under the Shadowy Firs of Van Trump Park It Glistens Startlingly 
 
 (87) 
 
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 Plwtograph by Curbs & Miller 
 
 One of the Great Spectacles of America Is Mount Rainier, from Indian Hens 
 
 (SS) 
 
SITING Ground, Glistening Against the Sky and Pictured Again in Mirror Lake 
 
 (Sy) 
 
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Photograph by Curtis & Miller 
 
 Looking into a Great Crkvassk in the Stevens Glacier 
 Crevasses are caused by the swifter motion of the middle than the sides. This ice is 400 feet deep 
 
 (9-') 
 
THE GIANT RIVERS OF ICE 
 
 VERY winter the moisture-laden winds from the Pacific, suddenly 
 cooled against its summit, deposit upon Rainier 's top and sides 
 enormous snows. These, settling in the mile-wide crater which 
 was left after an explosion in some prehistoric age which carried 
 away perhaps two thousand feet of the volcano's former height, press with 
 overwhelming weight down the mountain's sloping sides. 
 
 Thus are born the glaciers, for the snow under its own pressure quickly 
 hardens into ice. Through twenty-eight valleys, self -carved in the solid rock, 
 flow these rivers of ice, now turning, as rivers of water turn, to avoid the 
 harder rock strata, now roaring over precipices like congealed water falls, 
 now rippling, like water currents, over rough bottoms, pushing, pouring 
 relentlessly on until they reach those parts of their courses where warmer 
 air turns them into rivers of water. 
 
 There are forty-eight square miles of these glaciers. 
 
 Photograph by Ciitln e" MUUi 
 
 Snout of Nisqually Glacier Where the Nisqually River Begins 
 
 (93) 
 
■■•'^'» ■%i-^s«?' 
 
 H. 
 
 Ph.>to^i,ai-,i ,,i (.- 
 
 Closk to the Summit of Mount Rainiek 
 
 Photograph by Curtis & MilUr 
 
 Leaving Camp of the Clouds for the Summit 
 
 Nearly every day parties start for the long hard tramp up the glaciers to Columbia Crest. Tlie climbers 
 must dress warmly, paint their faces and hands to protect the skin from sunburn, and eat sparingl}'. 
 Dark glasses must be worn. None but the hardy mountain climbers attempt this arduous tramp. 
 
IN AN ARCTIC WONDERLAND 
 
 OUNT RAINIER 
 is nearly three miles 
 high measured from 
 sea level. It rises 
 nearly two miles from its im- 
 mediate base. Once it was a 
 finished cone like the famous 
 Fujiyama, the sacred mountain 
 of Japan. Then it was prob- 
 ably 16,000 feet high. Indian 
 legends tell of the great erup- 
 tion. 
 
 In addition to the twenty- 
 eight named glaciers there are 
 others yet unnamed and little 
 known. Few visitors have 
 seen the wonderful north side, 
 a photograph of wliich will be 
 found on a later page. It pos- 
 sesses endless possibilities for 
 development and easy grades to 
 Columbia Crest, the wonderful 
 snow-covered summit which is 
 the second highest summit in 
 the United States. 
 
 Many interesting things 
 might be told of the glaciers 
 were there space. For example, 
 several species of minute insects 
 live in the ice, hopping about 
 like tiny fleas. They are harder 
 to see than the so-called sand 
 fleas at the seashore because 
 much smaller. Slender, dark- 
 brown worms live in countless 
 millions in the surface ice. 
 Microscopic rose-colored plants 
 also thrive in such great num- 
 bers that they tint the surface 
 here and there, making what is 
 commonly called "red snow." 
 
 Photograph bv Curtis t^ A filler 
 
 Coasting at Paradise Valley 
 
 (ys) 
 
GLACIER AND WILD FLOWER 
 
 ROBABLV no s^iacier of large size in the Avorld is so qnicklv, easily, 
 and comfortably reached as the most striking and celebrated, 
 though by no means the largest, of Mount Rainier's, the Nisqually 
 Glacier. It descends directly south from the snowy summit in a 
 long curve, its lower linger reaching into parklike glades of luxuriant wild 
 flowers. From Paradise Park one may step directly upon its fissured surface. 
 
 The Xisquallv Glacier is fiye miles long and, at Paradise Park, is half 
 a mile wide. Glistening white and fairly smooth at its shining source on the 
 mountain's summit, its surface here is soiled with dust and broken stone and 
 squeezed and rent by terrible "pressure into fantastic shapes. Innumerable 
 creyasses, or cracks many feet deep, break across it caused by the more rapid 
 movement of the glacier's middle than its edges; for glaciers, like rivers of 
 water, develop swifter currents nearer midstream. 
 
 Professor Le Conte tells us that the movement of Nisqually Glacier in 
 summer averages, at midstream, about sixteen inches a day. It is far less at 
 the margins, its speed being retarded by the friction of the sides. 
 
 Like all glaciers, the Nisqually gathers on its surface masses of rock with 
 which it strews its sides just as rivers of water strew their banks with rocks and 
 floating debris. These are called lateral moraines, or side moraines. Some- 
 times glaciers build lateral moraines miles long. The Nisqually ice is four hun- 
 dred feet thick in places. 
 
 The rocks wliich are carried in midstream to the end of the glacier and 
 dropped when the ice melts are called the terminal moraine. 
 
 The end, or snout, of the glacier thus always lies among a great mass of 
 rocks and stones. The Nisqually River generally flows from a cave in the end 
 of the Nisciually Glacier's snout. The river is dark brown when it first appears 
 Ijecause it carries sediment and powdered rock which, however, it soon deposits, 
 becoming clear. 
 
 Rut this brief jJcture of the Mount Rainier National Park woidd miss its 
 loveliest touch without some notice of the wild-flower parks lying at the base, 
 and often reaching far up between the icy fingers, of Mount Rainier. 
 
 "Above the forests," ^\Tites John Muir, the celebrated naturalist, "there 
 is a zone of the loveliest flowers, fifty miles in circuit and nearly two miles 
 wide, so closely planted and luxurious that it seems as if nature, glad to make 
 an open space between woods so dense and ice so deep, were economizing the 
 precious ground and trying to see how many of her darlings she can get 
 together in one mountain wreath — daisies, anemones, columbine, erythroniums, 
 larkspurs, etc., among which we wade knee-deep and waist-deep, the bright 
 corollas in m}Tiads touching petal to petal. Altogether this is the richest 
 subalpine garden I have ever found, a perfect flower elysium." 
 
 (96) 
 
Photograph by Curtis & Miller 
 
 Mount Adams from Mount Rainier — Forty Miles Southward 
 
 6si6j - 21 7 
 
Photograph by Curtis & Miller 
 
 Beautiful Paradise Valley Showing the Tatoosh Ridge 
 
 Photograph by Curtis & MUlcr 
 
 TiMBER-LlNE AND FlOWER FiELDS IN BeaUTIFUJl PaRADISE VaLLEY 
 
Photograph by A. H. Barnes 
 
 Snow Cups 
 
 (lOj) 
 
MowicH Lake, a North-Side Gem of Beauty 
 
 P holograph by Car Us & AliUer 
 
 The Roads Are Admirable 
 
 (lo.O 
 
(I04) 
 
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 >?**fe. 
 
 Photograph by Curtis & MilUr 
 
 The Roaus Lhau to the Glaciers Through Forests of Fir and Cedar 
 
 (lO.O 
 
EASIEST GLACIERS TO SEE 
 
 HE Mount Rainier National Park is so accessible that one may 
 get a brief close-by glimpse in one day. The new railroad slogan, 
 " Four hours from Tacoma to the Glaciers," tells tlie story. 
 
 But no one unless under dire necessity should tliink of being so 
 near one of the greatest spectacles in nature without sparing several days for 
 a real look; several weeks is none too long. Thousands of Americans in nor- 
 mal years go to Switzerland to see glaciers much harder to reach and far less 
 satisfactory to study. 
 
 An excellent road will carry the visitor by autostage from the railway 
 terminus to the several comfortable hotels and camps, most of which are so 
 located that the principal scenic points on tlie south side may be easily reached. 
 Pedestrians and horseback riders also follow trails through tlie gorgeous 
 wild-flower parks, Paradise Valley, Indian Henrys Hunting Ground, Van 
 Trump Park, Cowlitz Park, Ohanapecosh River and its hot springs, Summer- 
 land, Grand Park, Moraine Park, Elysian Fields, Spray Park, Natural Bridge, 
 Cataract Basin, St. Andrews Park, Glacier Basin, and others; developing new 
 points of view of wonderful glory. 
 
 r,u'u'ijrat'ii r'a c ur 
 
 N.^TiONAL Park Inn 
 
 dot.) 
 
VI07) 
 
Photograph by Fred H . Kiser. Portland, Ongon 
 
 Looking Into Its Vast Depths Is Like Looking Into the Limitless Sky 
 
^T^ '■■■ 
 
 Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
 
 The Phantom Ship — Stranded On a Magic Shore 
 
 THE LAKE OF MYSTERY 
 
 RATER TAKI{ is the deepest and the bluest fresh-water hike in 
 the world. It measures two thousand feet of solid water, and the 
 intensity of its color is unbelievable even while you look at it. 
 Its cliffs from sky line to surface average over a thousand feet high. 
 It has no visible inlet or outlet, for it occupies tlie hole left when, in the dim 
 ages before man, a volcano collapsed and disappeared within itself. 
 
 It is a gem of wonderful color in a setting of pearly lavas relieved l)y patches 
 of pine green and snow white — a gem which changes hue with ever}' atmospheric 
 change and everv shift of light. 
 
 There are crater lakes in other lands; in Italy, for instance, in Germany, 
 India, and Hawaii. The one lake of its kind in the United States is by far 
 the finest of its kind in the world. It is one of the most distinguished spots 
 in a land notable for the nobility and distinction of its scenery. 
 
 Crater Lake lies in southern Oregon. The volcano whose site it lias 
 usurped was one of a "noble band of fire mountains which, like beacons, once 
 blazed along the Pacific Coast." Because of its unique character and qiiite 
 extraordinary beauty it was made a national park in 1902. • 
 
 (109) 
 
/'holograph by i'.S. Rcdamalwn Service 
 
 The Sun Plays Wondehkul Tricks With Lights and Shadows 
 
 (no) 
 
a 
 
 THE SEA OF SILENCE" 
 
 EARLY every visitor to Crater Lake, even the most i)rosaic. 
 describes it as mysterious. To those who have not seen it, the 
 adjective is difficult to analyze, but the fact remains. 
 
 The explanation may lie in Crater Lake's remarkable color 
 scheme. The infinite range of grays, silvers, and pearls in the carved and 
 fretted lava walls, the glinting white of occasional snow patches, the olives 
 and pine greens of woods and mosses, the vivid, cloud-flecked azure of the 
 sky, and the lake's thousand shades of blue, from the brilliant turquoise of its 
 edges to the black blue of its depths of deepest shadow, strike into silence 
 the least impressionable observers. "The Sea of Silence," Joaquin Miller 
 calls Crater Lake. 
 
 Witii changing conditions of sun and air, this amazing spectacle changes 
 key with the passing hours; and it is hard to say which is its most rapturous 
 condition of beauty, that of cloudless sunshine or that of twilight shadow; 
 or of what intermediate degree, or of storm or of shower or of moonlight or 
 of starlight. At times the scene changes magically while you watch. 
 
 Photograph by U. S. Recla<n,,li,>u Smirr 
 
 Playing a Three-Pound Trout From the Rocky Shore 
 
 (ill) 
 
Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oregoi: 
 
 A Poem in Grays and Greens and Unbelievable Blues 
 
 (112) 
 
Photograph by Fred H. Kiser, Portland, Oregon 
 
 Cliffs of a Thousand Pearly Hues Fantastically Carved 
 
 65i63°~2i 8 („3) 
 
Mr Mazama . 
 
 STORY OF MOUNT MAZAMA 
 
 EW of the astonishing pictures which geology has restored for us 
 of this world in its making are so startUng as that of Mount 
 Mazama, which once reared a smoking peak many thousands of 
 feet above the present peaceful level of Crater Lake. There 
 were many noble volcanoes in the range: Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, 
 Mount Adams, Mount St. Helens, Lassen Peak, Mount Mazama, Mount 
 Hood, Mount Shasta. Once their vomitings built the great Cascade Moun- 
 tains. To-day, cold and silent, they stand wrapped in shining armor of ice. 
 
 But not all. One is missing. Where Mount Mazama reared his noble 
 head, there is nothing— until you climb the slopes once his foothills, and gaze 
 spellbound over the broken lava cliffs into the lake which lies magically where 
 once he stood. The story of the undoing of Mount Mazama, of the birth of 
 this wonder lake, is one of the great stories of the earth. 
 
 Mount Mazama fell into itself. It is as if some vast cavern formed in 
 the earth's seething interior into wliich the entire volcano suddenly slipped. 
 The imagination of Dore might have reproduced some hint of the titanic 
 spectacle of the disappearance of a mountain fifteen thousand feet in height. 
 
 When Mount Mazama collapsed into this vast hole, leaving clean cut the 
 edges which to-day are Crater Lake's surrounding cliffs, there was instantly 
 a surging back. The crumbling lavas were forced again up the huge chimney. 
 
 But not all the way. The vent became jammed. In three spots only did 
 the fires emerge again. Three small volcanoes formed in the hollow. 
 
 But these in turn soon choked and cooled. During succeeding ages 
 springs poured their waters into the vast cavity, and Crater Lake was born. 
 Its rising waters covered two of the small volcanic cones. The third still 
 emerges. It is called Wizard Island. 
 
 (lis) 
 
Pholograp/t by Fred H. Kiscr, Portland. Orcg> 
 
 SUNSE'I 
 
 THE LEGEND OF LLAO 
 
 CCORDING to the legend of the Klamath and Modoc Indians 
 the mystic land of Gaywas was the home of the great god Llao. 
 His throne in the infmite depths of the blue waters was sur- 
 rounded by his warriors, giant crawfish able to lift great claws 
 out of the water and seize too venturesome enemies on the cliff tops. 
 
 War broke out with Skell, the god of the neighboring Klamath Marshes. 
 Skell was killed and his heart used for a ball by Llao's monsters. But an 
 eagle, one of Skell's servants, captured it in flight, and escaped with it; and 
 Skell's body grew again around his living heart. Once more he was powerful, 
 and once more he waged war against the God of the Lake. 
 
 Then Uao was captured; but he was not so fortunate. l'])()n the highest 
 cliff his body was torn into fragments and cast into the lake, and eaten by 
 his own monsters under the belief that it was Skell's body. But when Llao's 
 head was thrown in, the monsters recognized it, and would not eat it. 
 
 Llao's head still Ues in the lake, and white men call it Wizard Island. 
 And the cliff where Llao was torn to pieces is named Llao Rock. 
 
 (ii6) 
 
f holograph by J-'red H. Kiscr, Portland, Oregon 
 
 Often the Trees Are as Gnarled and Knotted as the Cliffs They Grow On 
 
 ("7) 
 
I'lh'Uhjraph by L . S. Kiilainatton Scr „Ui 
 
 Looking Down Into the Cratkr of Wizard Island 
 
 VIEWED FROM THE RIM 
 
 EVERAL days may profitably be spent upon the rim of tlie lake, 
 which one may travel afoot, on horseback or ])y automobile. Tlie 
 endless variety of lava formations and of color variation may be here 
 
 studied to the best advantage. 
 
 The tem.perature of the water has been the subject of much investigation. 
 The average observations of years show that, whatever may be the surface 
 variations, the temperature of the water below a depth of three hundred feet 
 continues approximately 39 degrees the year around. This disposes of the 
 tlieory that the depths of the lake are affected by volcanic heat. 
 
 "Apart from its attractive scenic features," writes J. vS. Piller of the United 
 States Geological Survey, "Crater Lake affords one of the most interesting 
 and instructive fields for the study of volcanic geology to be founrl anywhere 
 in the world. Considered in all its aspects, it ranks with the Grand Canyon 
 of the Colorado, the Yosemitc Valley, and the Falls of Niagara, but with an 
 individuality that is superlati\'e." 
 
 (iiS) 
 
I'luitograt^h by Fred II. Kiser, Porllaiui, Oreaoii 
 
 Sand Creek, Showing Pinnacles Resulting From Erosion 
 
 (119) 
 
Plioto(iraph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
 
 General View Across Crater Lake Near SeiNtinel Rock, Showing 
 '1 hese cliffs vary from a thousand to twelve hundred feet high, occasionally rising to two thousand feet or 
 
 (120) 
 
Northern Shore Line, with Red Cone in the Middle Distance 
 The first effect of a view across the lake is to fill the observer with awe and a deep sense of mystery 
 
'^'^tMi 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 ^v*« 
 
 
 
 iVV 
 
 Pltolograph by Fred II . Kisir 
 
 'Ihk Wintkk Snowfai 1. is ]^xtri-:mi:i.y Heavy 
 (124) 
 
Photograph by Nalional Park Serine 
 
 The Moisture-Laden Winds from the Pacific Deposit Ihfir Snow Burden upon Everything 
 
 I'linlnqraph hy National Park Service 
 
 The Winter Contrast Between the Snow Burdened Cliffs and 1'rees and the Dark 
 
 Water is Very Striking 
 
 (125) 
 
 DCBSaBffiHa 
 
THE MINE OF BEAUTY 
 
 Plh'lograpli by Fred II. Kiser, Portland, Oregon 
 
 Trout Run From One to Six Pounds 
 
 RATER LAKE is seen 
 ill its glory from a 
 launch. One may float 
 for days upon its sur- 
 face Avithout sating one's sense of 
 delighted surprise; for all is new 
 again with every change of light. 
 The Phantom Ship, for instance, 
 sometimes wholly disappears. 
 Now it is there, and a few minutes 
 after, witli new slants of light, it 
 is gone — a phantom indeed. So 
 it is with many headlands and 
 ghostlike palisades. 
 
 This lake was not discovered 
 until 1853. Eleven Califomians 
 had undertaken once more the 
 search for the famous, perhaps 
 fabulous, Lost Cabin Mine. For 
 many )ears parties had been 
 searching the Cascades ; again thev 
 had come into the Rogue River 
 region. With all tlieir secrecy 
 their object became known, and 
 a party of Oregonians was hastily 
 organized to stalk them and share 
 their find. The Calif ornians dis- 
 covered tlie pursuit and di\-ided 
 their party. The Oregonians did 
 the same. It became a game of 
 hide-and-seek. When provisions 
 were nearly exhausted all the par- 
 ties joined forces. 
 
 "Suddenly we came in sight 
 of water," writes J. W. Hillman. 
 then the leader of tlie combined 
 party; "we were much surj^rised, 
 as we did not expect to see any 
 lakes and did not know but that 
 we had come in sight of and close 
 to Klamatli Lake. Not until m\- 
 
 C120) 
 
Plhitoijraphby 1-rcdIl. hi.ur, Porllaiid, Orcjoii 
 
 Thk Favorite Way to See the Sculptured Cliffs Is From a Motor I^oat 
 
 mule stopped within a few feet of the rim of Crater Lake did I look down, 
 and if I had been riding a blind mule I firmly believe I would have ridden over 
 the edge to death." 
 
 It is interesting that the discoverers quarreled on the choice of a name, 
 dividing between Mysterious Lake and Deep Blue Lake. The advocates of Deep 
 Blue Lake won the vote, but in 1869 a visiting party from Jacksonville renamed 
 it Crater Lake, and this, by natural right, became its title. 
 
 HOTELS AND CAMPS 
 
 Partly because it is off the main line of travel, but chiefly because its 
 unique attractions are not yet well known, Crater Lake has been seen by com- 
 paratively few. Under concession from the Department of the Interior, a com- 
 fortable camp is operated five miles from the lake and a newly completed hotel 
 and camp on the lake's rim. Equipments for camping may be hired. 
 
HARD FIGHTING TROUT 
 
 HIS magnificent body of cold fresh water originallv contained | 
 no fish of any kind. A small crustacean was found in large num- 
 hers in its waters, the suggestion, no doubt, upon which was founded 
 tlie Indian legend of the gigantic crawfish which formed the body- 
 guard of the great god Llao. 
 
 In 1888 Will G. Steel brought trout fry from a ranch fifty miles away, 
 
 but no fish were seen in 
 the lake for more than 
 a dozen years. Then a 
 few were taken, one of 
 which was fully thirty 
 inches long. 
 
 Since then trout have 
 been taken in ever- 
 increasing numbers. 
 They are best caught 
 by fly casting from the 
 shore. For this reason 
 the fishing is not alwavs 
 the easiest. Often the 
 slopes are not propitious 
 for casting. One has 
 to climb upon outlying 
 rocks to reach the 
 waters of best depth. 
 But the results usually 
 justify the effort. The 
 trout range from one to 
 ten pounds in weight. 
 Anglers of experience in 
 western fishing testify 
 that, pound for pound, 
 the rainbow trout taken 
 in the cold deep waters 
 of Crater Lake are the 
 hardest-fighting trout 
 of all. 
 
 Many fish are also 
 taken from rowboats. 
 A trolling spoon will 
 often lure large fish. 
 
 Pholo(jr<2t 
 
IS. 
 
 Photograph by U, S, Reclamation Service 
 
 At the Foot of thk 'I'rail From Cratkr Lake Lodge 
 
 65163° — 21 — 9 
 
 ("9) 
 
PhotooraMtl'v Fred 11. Ki^r, Porlhiud, Orajon 
 
 Across the Lakh From the Rim Road 
 
 Craikr Lake Lodge on the Rim, i,ooo ]-eet Above the Lake 
 
 The lounj^'c occupies the entire ground floor of the center segment of the building, is 40 by 60 feet, without 
 a pillar or post, and contains what is said to be the largest fireplace in the State of Oregon 
 
THE 
 
 MESA VERDE 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 PARK 
 
Pholo.irafh bv G. M . Carr 
 
 CiOVKRNMENT l\OAD TO THE CeLEHKATID PrEHISTOKIC RuINS 
 
 Showing the woods which justify the title Mesa Verde (Green Table-hiiul) 
 
I' J'hotOijiaph by F. C. J,ip 
 
 Yesterday and To-Day 
 
 CITIES OF THE PAST 
 
 NK December day in 1888 Richard and Alfred Wetherell, searching 
 for lost cattle on the Mesa Verde near their home at Mancos, 
 Colorado, pushed through dense growths on the edge of a deep 
 canyon and shouted aloud in astonishment. Across the canyon, 
 tucked into a shelf under the overhanging edge of the opposite brink, were the 
 walls and towers of what seemed to them a palace. They named it Cliff Palace. 
 Forgetting the cattle in their excitement, they searched the edge of the 
 mesa in all directions. Near by, under the overhanging edge of another canyon, 
 they found a similar group, no less majestic, which they named Spruce Tree 
 House because a large spruce grew out of the ruins. 
 
 Thus was discovered the most elaborate and best-preserved prehistoric 
 ruins in America, if not in the world. 
 
 A careful search of the entire Mesa Verde in the years following has resulted 
 in many other finds of interest and importance. In 1906 Congress set aside 
 the region as a national park. Even yet its treasures of antiquity are not all 
 known. A remarkable temple to the sun was unearthed in 191 5. 
 
(l.?5) 
 

 WM^- 
 
 
 
 Photograph by Geo. L. Btani, Vmicr, Colo 
 
 The Sun Tlmi'le, Looking Northeast. Showing at Left the Trunk oi 
 
DAR Tree With 360 Rings Which was Cut Down During Excavation 
 
 (U7) 
 
Plioloaraph by I). W . Rot>er 
 
 The Exploration of Newly Discovered Ruins Often Rec^uires Much PIard and 
 
 Even Perilous Climbing 
 
 (13S) 
 
Phoiograpk by Airs. C. R. Miller 
 
 Many Gathered Nightly Around the Camp Fire to Hear Dr. Fewkes 1'ell the 
 
 Story of the Ancient People 
 
 THE STORY OF THE MESAS 
 
 HOSE who have traveled through our Southwestern States have 
 seen from the car window innumerable mesas or isolated plateaus 
 rising abruptly for hundreds of feet from the bare and often arid 
 plains. The word mesa is Spanish for table. 
 Once the level of these mesa tops was the level of all of this vast South- 
 western country, but the rains and floods of centuries have washed away the 
 softer earths down to its present level, leaving standing only the rocky spots 
 or those so covered with surface rocks that the rains could not reach the softer 
 gravel underneath. 
 
 The Mesa Verde, or green mesa (because it is covered with stunted cedar 
 and pinyon trees in a land where trees are few), is perhaps most widely known. 
 The Mesa Verde is one of the largest mesas. It is fifteen miles long and 
 eight miles wide. At its foot are masses of broken rocks rising from three hun- 
 dred to five hundred feet above the bare plains. Above these rise the cliffs. 
 The cliff dwellings nestle under, its overhanging cUffs near the top. 
 
 (139) 
 
PP j^A. 
 
 ^ 
 
 IN THE CLIFF DWELLINGS 
 
 ll''l',' iiuis( li;i\o 1h\mi (litricull in lliis di\- C(nni(r\- wIumi (Ik- Mi>sa 
 
 L\\m(U' ooiiiuiuuitirs tlouiishcd in (ho sides of those sandslcuu' oHiTs. 
 ('.anio was soaroo ami hunlini; aiihious. 'Pho Maiioos Kivor \ ioKlod 
 a low I'lsh. Tho oarth oondtlnitod hornos or nuts. W'alor \vas 
 rave ami fonnd o\\\\ in soqnostorod jWaoi's noar Iho hoads of Iho oanxdus. 
 \o\ 01 tholoss, tho inhabitants onhi\atod thoii tainis and raised their oorn. 
 w hioh the\- );ronnd on llat stones oalU\l niotatos. The\- leaked their bread on 
 llal stone j^riddk's. Tho\' hoiloil their meat in well-inade ncssoIs. s(»nio of wlitoh 
 wore at tislioalh' tloooiatod. 
 
 Tlioit \\\c WAS cHllionh. luil (.-onrukMith- tHd tho\- beho\e that lhe\- wore 
 ik'iHMulont npon the ;;ods to make tho lain fall anil tho oorn i;ro\v. The\' 
 wore a ioli>;ions people who \vorshi]>iHHl the sini as tho father o( all ami the 
 earth as tiio mtUhor who hi-on,i;ht them all theii material blessings. Thcv i^os 
 sessed no wait ten lam;tia>;e and eiMild onh rec^>id lluar thoughts h\ a fe\v s\in 
 bols whieh the\ painted on theii eartluaiware jars or seratehed on the icK^ks. 
 
 As their sensi' i^i Infant \ was keen, their art. thoni;h ]nimiti\e. was (rue; 
 laieh lealistie. i;eneiall\" symbolie. Their deeiMation of eotlon fabries ami 
 eeramie work nii>;ht be ealled beautiful. e\ en when jmli;ed bv the hii^hlv devel- 
 opi'd taste oi t(» da\ . The\- fashioned axes, spear points, and rude tools i)( 
 stone; tln'\' wtne sandals and made attraeli\e l>asketr\-. 
 
 The\ were not eoutent with rude buiklini;s ami had lonq; ouli;rowu the 
 ea\es that satislied less ei\ili/ed Indians fat (her north ami soudi of them. 
 
 The i)iiot(\«;ra])hs of ClilT Talaee on the followiui; tluee ]>ai:es will show not 
 onl\- the pioteetion alToided b\- the (nerhan^iui; elilTs but the i^iauaal seheme 
 of eonumniilx li\in!;. 
 
 The popnlali(Ui was eomposeil of a series of units, ]vissibl\' elans, oaeh of 
 whieh had its own soeial ori^aui/aticMi nioie or less distiuet from the others. 
 I'.'aeh had eeremonial rooms, ealled ki\as. l{ach also had li\ini; nnnns autl 
 storerooms. Theie were twent\- three soei.d units oi elans in ClitT Palaee. 
 
 The kivas wore tho rocMus where tho men spout most of tho time tlovcUoil 
 to i\aomonii>s, eouuoils, and other j;alhoriui;s. The religious fratoruitios wore 
 limited [o tho men oi a elan. 
 
 40^ 
 
"HI 
 
 ! C'l.ii !■ rAi.Aci: Is llll 
 
 losi Cki rnuAT. » o. thk Mksa V.:k.)K U-mns hKCAnsK It Is Thk 
 |,Aiu;i.sr AND Mosr ruoMiNi.Ni- 
 .141) 
 
T.ookim; Across Clu k Canyon from Ci.ikk Palack; Sun ItMi-Lt on KxiKtMii: Right i: 
 
 Distance on Top of Cliff 
 
 04--) 
 

 ■''::'■' *&-'' 
 
 Photiiijral'h l>y ■\ill: 
 
 'rilli SoUAKE 'l\jWI',R OK C I il !■ J'aI.ACI'. 
 
 I'holoijrapk by Arthur Chafyman 
 
 Sl'EAKIiR ChIKk's IloUSIi, C'l.lIF PaLACE 
 
•J ' • » r- ^« 
 
 
 >Y 
 
 ;\; 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 
 
 Photograph by T. G. Lcinmon 
 
 Stones from Sun Temple Covered With Geometrical and Kmf.lematical Designs 
 
 THE MESA'S LITTLE PEOPLE 
 
 NDIANS of l()-(liiy sluiii the niiiis of the Mesa A'cnle. Tlicv be- 
 lieve Ihein inhabited by spirits whom they eall the Little I'eople. 
 It is vain to tell them that the hittle People were their own an- 
 cestors; they refuse to believe it. 
 When the national park telephone line was building in 191 _s the Indians 
 were greatly excited. Coming- to the Sn})ervis()r's olhce to trade, they shook 
 their heads ominously. 
 
 The poles woiddn't stand up, thev declared. Why? Because the Little 
 People wouldn't like such an uncanm- thing as a telephone. 
 
 But poles were standing, the Supervisor pointed out. All right, the Indians 
 replied, but wait. The wires wouldn't talk. Little People wouldn't hke it. 
 
 The poles were linally all in and the wires strung. What was more, the 
 wires actually did talk and are still talking. 
 
 Never mind, say the Indians, with imshaken faith. Never mind. Wait. 
 That's all. It will come. The Little People may stand it — for a while. But 
 wait. The Supervisor is still waiting. 
 
 (144) 
 
Photograph by F. C. Jeep 
 
 Constructive Detail of South Wall, Sun Temple 
 
 DISCOVERY OF SUN TEMPLE 
 
 NTIIv the summer of 191 5 no structures liad been discovered in 
 the Mesa Verde except those of the cliff-dwelling type. Then the 
 Department of the Interior explored a mound on the top of the 
 mesa opposite Cliff Palace and unearthed Sun Temple. Dr. J. 
 Walter Fewkes, who conducted the exploration, believes that this was built 
 about 1300 A. D. and marks the final stage in Mesa Verde development. 
 
 Sun Temple was a most important discovery. It marked a long advance 
 toward civilization. It occupied a commanding position convenient to many 
 large inhabited cliff dwellings. Its masonry showed growth in the art of con- 
 struction. Its walls were embellished by geometrical figures carved in rock. 
 
 A fossil palm leaf, which the Cliff Dwellers supposed to be a divinely 
 carved image of the sun, is embedded in the temple's walls. 
 
 Drawing Showing Constructive Detail of Sun Temple 
 
 6Sif\i° 
 
 .45) 
 
Model of Ear View House 
 
 Pholograph by Gccrgc L. Beam 
 
 Excavating Ear View House on the Top of the Mesa 
 
 (146) 
 
Spruce Tree House Hides Under a Huge Overhanging Cliff 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL DWELLINGS 
 
 lylFF PALACE is the most celebrated of the Mesa Verde ruins 
 because it is the largest and most prominent. Others are no less 
 interesting and important. Spruce Tree House is next in size; 
 Balcony House and Square Tower House are equally well preserved. 
 There are many others; some of which have yet to be thoroughly explored; 
 probably some still undiscovered. 
 
 CUff Palace is three hundred feet long; Spruce Tree House two hundred and 
 sixteen. Cliff Palace contained probably two hundred rooms; Spruce Tree 
 House a hundred and fourteen. Spruce Tree House originally had three stories. 
 Its population was probably three hundred and fifty. 
 
 The Round Tower in Cliff Palace is an object of unusual interest, but the 
 ceremonial kivas, or religious rooms, in all the communities are usually round 
 and often were entered from below. 
 
 A subterranean entrance to Cliff Palace was recently discovered. 
 
 (147) 
 
Entrance to Lower Floors, Spruce Tree House 
 
 Photograph by A rthnr Chapman 
 
 Spruce Tree House After Restoration by Dr. Fewkes 
 
 (14.S) 
 
Photograph by Mrs. C. K Milt. , 
 
 Photographing One of the Rooms at Balcony House 
 
 (149) 
 
Photoaraph by John P. DoJs 
 
 By Motor to iMfsa Verde 
 
 Photograph by John P. DoJs 
 
 A MoDKKN DFSCENnANT 
 (150) 
 
Pholo.irnplii hy J L Xn^haum 
 
 Typical Skulls of Prehistoric Man Iound in the Mesa Verde 
 
 These skulls show an unusual breadth as compared with Indians of to-day, though of the same ethno- 
 logical type. Nordenskiold concludes that the race was fairly robust, with heavy skeletons and 
 strong muscular processes. The facial bones are v.'ell developed and lower jaw heavy 
 
 SUMMER UPON MESA VERDE 
 
 KSA VERDE NATIONAL PARK is in the extreme southwestern 
 corner of Colorado and is reached by two routes from Denver. A 
 night is usually spent en route, and the ruins are reached by 
 wagon, horseback, or automobile from Mancos. 
 Apart from the ruins, the country is one of much beauty and interest. The 
 highest spot on the mesa is Park Point, 8,515 feet in altitude. The mesa's 
 northern edge is a fine bluff two thousand feet above the Montezuma Valley, 
 whose irrigation lakes and brilliantly green fields are set oft' nobly against the 
 distant Rico Mountains. To the west are the La Salle and Blue Mountains 
 in Utah, with Ute Mountain in the immediate foreground. 
 
 The views are inspiring, the entire country "difterent." In the spring the en- 
 tire region blooms. It used to be a country of w41d animals and at times deer are 
 still plentiful. There is a fairly comfortable camp near Spruce Tree House. 
 
 An unusual attraction of the summer of 191 5 was the unearthing of the 
 great mound which covered Sun Temple. Dr. Fewkes maintained a camp near 
 the mound and lectured almost nightly to those who gathered around his camp 
 fire. The same informal custom will probably be resumed during succeeding 
 summers while the exploration of other suggestive mounds is progressing. 
 
1 Hi; Imkkiok of a Sacrkd Kiva 
 
 Photograph by Mrs. C. R. Millc 
 
 Stonk Chairs Found at the Cliff Palace 
 
 (134) 
 
GLACIER 
 
 NATIONAL 
 
 PARK 
 
 (XSS) 
 
/'/:,./.vr,j/-/W'i .1. ./. I<.>k, 
 
 Woisv C"i-i\ n ANo, I1i(,;hksi' SuMMir in Glacikr 
 (150) 
 
i'li'iloiitaph by N(iiio>inl Park Service 
 
 I GuNsiGHT Pass i-kom Siiurk ot Gunsight Lake 
 
 AN ALPINE PARADISE 
 
 OTWITHSTANDINCx the sixty glaciers from which it derives its 
 iianic, the Glacier National Park is chiefly remarkable for its pic- 
 turesquely modeled peaks, the unique equality of its mountain 
 masses, its gigantic precipices, and the romantic loveliness of its 
 two hundred and fifty lakes. 
 
 Though most of our national ])arks possess similar general features in addi- 
 tion to those which sharply differentiate each from every other, the Glacier 
 National Park shows them in special abundance and unusually happy combina- 
 tion. In fact, it is the quite extraordinary, almost sensational, massing of these 
 scenic elements which gives it its marked individuality. 
 
 The broken and diversified character of this scenery, involving rugged 
 mountain tops Ijounded by vertical walls sometimes more than four thousand 
 feet high, glaciers perched upon lofty rocky shelves, unexpected waterfalls of 
 peculiar charm, rivers of milky glacier water, lakes unexcelled for sheer beauty 
 by the most celebrated of sunny Italy and snow-topped Switzerland, and grandly 
 timbered slopes sweeping into valley bottoms, offer a continuous yet ever 
 changing series of inspiring vistas not to be found in such luxuriance and per- 
 fection elsewhere. 
 
 Cxlacier National Park lies in western Montana, abutting the Canadian 
 boundary. Waterton Lakes Park joins it on the Canadian side. 
 
 (157) 
 

 ^ 
 
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 '#* 
 
 
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 -:-:-^:-, 
 
 '^:n^^ 
 
 Photograph by Bcaliix BttrUr 
 
 Cracker Lake and Siyeh Glacier 
 
 (15S) 
 
■ • ^i;iV>^'•■• 
 
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 ym 
 
 'f\<4'i 
 
 ^,^-r^J . 
 
 Photograph by Fred H. Kiscr. Portland. Oregon 
 
 You Seem Menaced by Glaciers and Waterfalls upon Every Side 
 
 Avalanche Lake, fed from the Sperry Glacier above, lies in a cirque whose precipices rise thousands 
 
 of feet 
 
 (159) 
 
(i6o) 
 
65163° 21 II 
 
MAKING A NATIONAL PARK 
 
 OW nature, just how many millions of years ago no man can esti- 
 mate, made the Glacier National Park is a stirring storv. 
 
 Once this whole region was covered with the ])rehistoric sea. 
 The earthy sediments deposited by this water hardened into rocky 
 strata. If you were in the park to-day you would see broad horizontal streaks 
 of \ariously colored rock in the mountain masses thousands of feet above you. 
 They are discernible in the photographs in this book. They are the very strata 
 that the waters deposited in their depths in those far-away ages How thev 
 got from the seas' bottoms to the mountains' tops is the story. 
 
 In the settling of the 
 earth's masses into their 
 present shape, mountain 
 ranges ha\'e arisen from 
 the sea b}'' internal pres- 
 sures. Just as the scjueezed 
 orange bulges in places, so 
 this region was forced up- 
 ward. Then it cracked and 
 the western edge of the 
 earth's skin was thrust 
 far over the eastern edge. 
 The edge thus thrust 
 over was many thousands 
 of feet thick and disclosed 
 all the geological strata 
 which had been deposited 
 at that time. In the many 
 centuries of centuries since 
 all these strata have been 
 washed away except the 
 bottom layer of the over- 
 thrust skin. The rock thus 
 disclosed is at least eighty 
 millions of years old. It is 
 the same rock as the Grand 
 Canyon. Glacier National 
 Park is the Canadian Rock- 
 ies done in Grand Canyon 
 colors. Frost and rain and 
 glaciers have marvelously 
 
 P,oio,rati,hKi!.. . car\-e(lit. 
 
 Iceberg Lake Where Floes Drift in August 
 
Photograph by A . S. Thin 
 
 The Circular Wall on the Lekt Incloses Iceberg Lake. The Enormous Cirque on 
 THE Right, with Lake Helen Shown in the Lower Right Hand Corner, is the 
 Source of the South Fork of the Belly River. The Photograph Remarkably 
 Illustrates the Workmanship of Ancient Glaciers Throughout the Park 
 
 THE CARVING OF GLACIER 
 
 HK titanic overthrust which makes Glacier what it is was not accom- 
 plished all at once. The movement covered millions of years; change 
 might even have been imperceptible in the life of one living there — 
 though this was long before man. And during these same many 
 millions of years frost and water and wind and glacier erosion were wiping off the 
 upper strata and carving the ancient rocks that still remain into the thing of 
 beauty that Glacier is to-day. 
 
 To picture this region, imagine a chain of very lofty mountains twisting 
 about like a worm, spotted with snow fields and bearing glistening glaciers. 
 Imagine them flanked everywhere by lesser peaks and tumbled mountain 
 masses of smaller size in whose hollows lie the most beautiful lakes you have 
 ever dreamed of. 
 
 Those who have seen the giant glaciers of Mount Rainier or the Alps will 
 here see what glaciers of much greater size accomplished in ages past. Iceberg 
 Take, for example, is a mighty bowl shaped like a horseshoe, with sides more than 
 two thousand feet high. A glacier hollowed it. Just north of it, the Belly Gla- 
 cier hollowed another mammoth bowl of even greater depth; the wall dividing 
 them is seen in the photograph on this page. Vast pits such as these were dug 
 by prehistoric glaciers into both sides of the mountains. Often they nearly met, 
 leaving precipitous walls. Sometimes they met; thus were created the passes. 
 
 (160 
 
PluiUigraj-h by .\ . J . Baker 
 
 ClR^UK AT THE HeAD OE CuT l^ANK. RlVER, SHOWING MoUNT MoRGAN 
 
 (164) 
 
J'huUuiiapii hi A. J. Baker \\T . . . 
 
 Cut Bank Pass— Trail Leads up Apparently Perpendicular Wall 
 
 (165) 
 
ITS LAKES AND VALLEYS 
 
 
 
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 Photograph by Fred H. Kiscr, Portland, Oregon 
 
 llli supreme glory of the 
 Glacier National Park is its 
 lakes. The world has none 
 to surpass, perhaps few to 
 ccjual them. Some are valley gems 
 grown to the water's edge with forests. 
 Some are cradled among precipices. 
 vSome float ice fields in midsummer. 
 
 From the Continental Divide seven 
 principal valleys drop precipitously 
 upon the east, twelve sweep down the 
 longer western slopes. Each valle}- 
 holds between its feet its greater lake 
 to which are tributary man\' smaller 
 lakes of astonishing wildness. 
 
 On the east side St. Mary Lake is 
 destined to world-wide celebrity, but so 
 also is Lake McDonald on the west side. 
 These are the largest in the i:)ark. 
 
 But some, perhaps many, of the 
 smaller lakes are candidates for l)eauty's 
 highest honors. Of these, Lake McDer- 
 mott with its minaretted peaks stands 
 first — perhaps because best known, for 
 here is one of the finest hotels in any 
 national park and a luxurious camp. 
 
 l^pper Two Medicine Lake is an- 
 other east-side candidate widely known 
 because of its accessibility, while far to 
 the north the Belly River \''alley, difii- 
 cult to reach and seldom seen, holds 
 lakes, fed by eighteen glaciers, which 
 will compare with Switzerland's noblest. 
 
 The west-side valleys north of Mc- 
 Donald constitute a Httle-known wil- 
 derness of the earth's choicest scenery, 
 destined to future appreciation. 
 
 The Continental Divide is usually 
 crossed bv the famous Gunsight Pass 
 Trail, which skirts giant precipices and 
 develops sensational vistas in its ser- 
 pentine course. 
 
Plwlograplihy I'. S. Rrr!,n>ii-ili,>n S,r-irc 
 
 Birth ok a Cloud on the Side ok Mount Rockwell, Two Medicine Lake 
 
 \ 
 
 Photograph by V S. Keclamnlum Service 
 
 Early Morning Cloud Effects at Two A4kdicine Lake 
 
 Romantic Rising-Wolt Mountain is sein in niiddlc distance 
 (.67) 
 
/'l:,-l,'oraf>lt hy /•>,,/ //. A', ,,. I\„il,uul. (h,.i. ), 
 
 Ir Is THK RoMANiic, Ai.MosT Sknsational Massing of Extraordinary Scenic 
 Beautitiil St. Mary Lake with Going-to-the-Siin Camp in rhe foregr 
 
 Cios) 
 
ENTS Which Gives the Glacier National Park Its Marked Individuality 
 Citadel Mountain in left center, Fusillade Mountain to the right 
 
Pluylojrahh by U. S. Rix!av:.:':,-<: V, --: .v.- 
 
 Intkrior ov Many (ii.acur IKitki., I.akk McDi rmott 
 
 (170) 
 
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 ^^^^H ^^^^Ntti I '"^^^^H 
 
 
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 Photograph by L. D. Lindsley 
 
 The End of the Day 
 
 COMFORT AMONG GLACIERS 
 
 1 1 SMALL but imposing aggregate of the scenery of the Glacier 
 
 A National Park is available to the comfort-loving traveler. There 
 are two entrances, each with a railroad station. The visitor 
 l| choosing the east entrance, at Glacier Park, will find autostages 
 to Two Medicine Lake, St. Marv Lake, and Lake McDermott. 
 
 At the railway station and at Lake McDermott are elaborate modern hotels 
 with everv convenience. At Two Medicine Lake, at St. Mary and Tapper 
 St. Mary Lakes, at Cut Bank Creek, at Lake McDermott, at a superb point 
 below the Sperry Glacier, and at Granite Park are chalets or camps, or both, 
 where excellent accommodations may be had at modest charges. 
 
 The visitor choosing the west entrance, at Belton, will find camps and 
 chalets there, and an autostage to beautiful Lake McDonald, at the upper 
 end of which is a hotel of comfort and individuality, reached by boat. 
 There is also boat service on LTpper St. Mary Lake. 
 
 But if the enterprising traveler desires to know this wilderness wonder- 
 land in all its moods and phases, he must equip himself for the rough trail 
 and the wayside camp. Thus he may devote weeks, months, summers to 
 the benefiting of his health and the uplifting of his soul. 
 
 (171) 
 
Photograph by L. D. Liii.hlcy 
 
 The Mountaineers on Tour — Wash Day at Nyack Lake 
 
 To THE V^icTOR Belong the Spoils 
 Marv Roherrs Rinchart lunching after a morning's trt)iiring on Flathead River 
 
 (.17-') 
 
I'hol.jgiapk by Ulo) jc W Dauchy 
 
 Beautiful Lake McDonald, Looking Northeast 
 Mount Cannon, cloud shrouded, is in the middle distance; Mount Brown on the right 
 
 Photograph by U. S. Reclamation Service 
 
 The Comfortable Hotel Near the Head of Lake McDonald 
 
 (i7o) 
 

 • 
 
 
 
 ■•#•1^, ■ 
 
 
 
 Photograph by National Park Service 
 
 Glenns Lake, Pyramid Peak, and the Shepard Glacier 
 
 (175) 
 
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CREATURES OF THE WILD 
 
 LACIKR, once the 
 
 G' favorite huntiiif; 
 ground of the 
 Blackfeet and now 
 for fifteen )'ears strictly pre- 
 served, has a large and grow- 
 ing ])0])ulation of creatures of 
 the wild. Its rocks and preci- 
 pices lit it especially to be the 
 home of the Rocky Mountain 
 sheep and the mountain goat. 
 Both of these large and 
 hardy climbers are found in 
 Glacier in great numbers. 
 Thev constitute a familiar 
 sight in many of the places 
 most frequented by tourists. 
 Trout fishing is particu- 
 larlv line. The trout are of 
 half a dozen western vari- 
 eties, of which perhaps the 
 cutthroat is the most com- 
 mon. In Lake St. Mary the 
 Mackinaw is caught up to 
 twenty pounds in weight. 
 
 So widely are they distrib- 
 uted that it is difficult to 
 name lakes of special fishing 
 
 Pbotograpk by Fred II. Kiscr, Porllaiia, Oregon 
 
 Summit of Appistoki Mountain 
 
 (1 78) 
 
THE 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAIN 
 NATIONAL PARK 
 
 (179) 
 
Photograph by U. S. R.-chmuili.tn Smicr 
 
 Fall River Entrante to the Rocky Mountain iSational Park 
 
 "TOP OF THE WORLD 
 
 55 
 
 OR many years the Mecca of eastern mountain lovers has been the 
 Rockies. For many years the name has summed European ideas 
 of American mountain grandeur. Yet it was not until 191 5 that 
 a particular section of the enormous area of magnificent and diver- 
 sified scenic range thus designated was chosen as tlie representative of the 
 noblest qualities of the whole. This is the Rocky Mountain National Park. 
 
 And it is splendidly representative. In nobility, in calm dignity, in the 
 sheer glory of stalwart beauty, there is no mountain group to excel the company 
 of snow-capped veterans of all the ages which stands at everlasting parade 
 behind its grim, helmeted captain. Longs Peak. 
 
 There is probably no other scenic neighborhood of the first order which 
 combines mountain outlines so bold with a quality of beauty so intimate and 
 refined. Just to live in the valleys in the eloquent and ever-changing presence 
 of these carved and tinted peaks is itself satisfaction. But to climb into their 
 embrace, to know them in the intimacy of their bare summits and their flowered, 
 glaciated gorges, is to turn a new and unforgettable page in experience. 
 
 The park straddles the Continental Divide at a point of supreme magnificence. 
 Its eastern gateway is beautiful Estes Park, a valley village of many hotels from 
 which access up to the most noble heights and into the most picturesque recesses 
 of the Rockies is easy and comfortable. Its western entrance is Grand Lake. 
 
 (l.Sl) 
 

 
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 K 
 
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 L 
 
 s 
 
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 v^ 
 
THE KING AND HIS KINGDOM 
 
 HK Snowy Range lies, roughly 
 speaking, north and south. From 
 vaUevs 8,000 feet high, the peaks 
 rise to 12,000 and 14,000 feet- 
 Longs Peak measures 14,255 feet. 
 
 The gentler slopes are on the west, a region 
 of loveliness, heavily wooded, diversified by 
 gloriously modeled mountain masses, and 
 watered by many streams and rock-bound 
 lakes. The western entrance, Grand Lake, is 
 a thriving center of hotel and cottage life. 
 
 On the east side the descent from the Con- 
 tinental Divide is steep in the extreme. Preci- 
 pices two or three thousand feet plunging into 
 gorges carpeted with snow patches and wild 
 flowers are common. Seen from the east-side 
 villages, this range rises in daring relief, craggy 
 in outline, snow-spattered, awe-inspiring. 
 
 Midway of the range and standing boldly 
 forward from its western side, Longs Peak 
 rears his lofty, square-crowned head. A veri- 
 table King of Mountains — stalwart, majestic. 
 
 Amazingly diversified is this favored region. 
 
 The valleys are checkered with broad, 
 flowery opens and luxuriant groves of white- 
 stemmed aspens and dark-leaved pines. Sing- 
 ing rivers and shining lakes abound. Frost- 
 sculptured granite cliffs assume picturesque 
 shapes. Always some group of peaks has 
 caught and held the wandering clouds. 
 
 Very different are the mountain vistas. 
 From the heights stretches on every hand a 
 tumbled sea of peaks. Dark gorges open 
 imderfoot. Massive granite walls torn from 
 their fastenings in some unimaginable upheaval 
 in ages before man impose their grav faces. 
 Far in the distance lie patches of molten 
 silver which are lakes, and threads of silver 
 wliich are rivers, and mists which conceal far-off 
 valleys. On sunny days lies to the east a 
 dim sea which is the Great Plain. 
 
 (183) 
 
 Photograph by Enos , 
 
 Mount 
 
< 
 
 C/3 
 Z 
 
 X 
 
 < 
 
 US41 
 
uss) 
 
tlsb) 
 
(I.S7) 
 
Photograph by Enos Mills 
 
 RECORDS OF THE GLACIERS 
 
 Photoqraph by I'. S. Rcclainatioit Sen ice 
 
 Moonlight on Cjrand Lake 
 
 1 FEATURE of this 
 
 A region is the read 
 ability of its records 
 I of glacial action 
 during the ages when America 
 was making. In few other 
 spots do these evidences, in all 
 their variety, make themselves 
 so prominent to the casual eye. 
 
 There is scarcelv anv part 
 of the eastern sitle where some 
 enormous moraine does not 
 force itself upon passing atten- 
 tion. One of the valley xdllages. 
 Moraine Park, is so named from 
 a moraine built out for miles 
 across the vallev's floor by an- 
 cient parallel glaciers. 
 
 Scarcely less prominent is 
 the long curving hill called the 
 Mills Moraine, after Enos Mills, 
 the naturalist, who is known 
 in Colorado as "the father of 
 the Rockv Mountain National 
 Park." 
 
 In short, this park is itself a 
 primer of glacial geology whose 
 simple, self-e\ndent lessons im- 
 mediately disclose the key to one 
 of nature 'schiefest scenic secrets. 
 
 (iSS) 
 
Plwlogrciph by 1 Vdlis T. Lee 
 
 Longs Pkak: from Boulder Field 
 At the extreme rioht is seen the "Keyhole" throiicrh which the summit is reached 
 
 Photograph by Wilhs T Lcc 
 
 Full Course ok ihe Mills Moraine 
 
 The mighty glacier that heaped it a thousand feet high was born at the foot of Longs Peak 
 precipice. The moraine is four miles long 
 
 (l^Sy) 
 
Phfllograpk by John Kzng Shrrmuti 
 
 The Chishli'D Western Wall oe Loch Vale 
 
 PRECIPICE -WALLED GORGES 
 
 Phoioinnph bv Joint Kiiuj Sherman 
 
 Chasm Lake and Longs Peak 
 
 DISTINGUISHED fea- 
 ture of the park is its 
 profusion of cHff -cradled, 
 glacier-watered valleys 
 unexcelled for wildness and the glory 
 of their flowers. Here grandeur and 
 romantic beauty compete. 
 
 These valleys lie in two groui)s, 
 one north, the other south of Longs 
 Peak, in the angles of the main range; 
 the northern group called the Wild 
 Garden, the southern group called 
 the Wild Basin. 
 
 There are few spots, for instance, 
 so impressi\-ely beautiful as Loch 
 Vale, with its three shelved lakes 
 Iving two thousand feet sheer be- 
 low Taylors Peak. Adjoining is 
 Glacier Gorge at the foot of the 
 precipitous north slope of Longs 
 Peak, holding in rock}^ embrace its 
 own group of three lakelets. 
 
 The Wild Basin, with its wealth 
 of lake and precipice, still remains 
 unexploitcd and known to few. 
 
 (190) 
 
Few Mountain Gorges Are So Impressively Beautiful as Loch Vale 
 
 (191) 
 
Pholojraph by George H . Har.i 
 
 Grand Lake from the Continental Divide 
 
 Cache la Poudre Valley at Foot ok Specimen Mountain 
 
 U9J) 
 
Photograph hv Wiswall Brothers 
 
 (>5lb:^ — 21 13 
 
 Sky Pond and Taylor Peak, Wild Gardens 
 
 (193) 
 
. ^HHril '- 
 
 mrm 
 
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 i^^^^^r- "* * 
 
 ^^^BHUIr^^^^^^^^^'^ 
 
 
 Phoiograt>h hy Eiios ^fllls 
 
 "The End of the Trail' 
 
 Phofoorapk by George C. Barnard, Denver 
 
 An Ideal Country for Winter Sports 
 (194) 
 
Photograph by Wiswall Brothers 
 
 Bluebird Lake, Wild Basin 
 
 (195) 
 
Photograph by U. S. Reclamalian Sen'ice 
 
 Odessa Lake Is Almost Encircled by Snow-Spattered Summits 
 
 (190) 
 
Photograph by U. S. Rrclamalion Service 
 
 rKUc;^.»:::FH:; Lkk, S„o„,.c L,^.e U.rr..no.. ,. m.... D,s...c. 
 
 (197) 
 
METROPOLIS o/BEAVERLAND 
 
 Copynghl by Wiswall Bruins » > l ,, n.i r 
 
 An Aspen Thicket Trail Is a Path of 
 Delight 
 
 HK visitor will not forget 
 the aspens in the Rocky 
 Mountain National 
 Park. Their white trunks 
 and branches and their luxuriant 
 bright green foliage are never out 
 of sight. A trail through an aspen 
 thicket is a path of delight. 
 
 Because of the unusual aspen 
 growths, the region is the favored 
 home of beavers, who make the 
 tender bark their principal food. 
 Beaver dams block countless streams 
 and beaver houses emerge from the 
 still ponds above. In some retired 
 spots the engineering feats of gener- 
 ations of beaver families may be 
 traced in all their considerable range. 
 Nowhere is the picturesqueness 
 of timber line more quickly and more 
 easily seen. A horse after earl\' 
 breakfast, a steep mountain trail, an 
 hour of unique enjoyment, and one 
 may be back for late luncheon. 
 
 Eleven thousand feet up, the 
 winter struggles between trees and 
 icy gales are grotesquely exhibited. 
 The first sight of luxuriant En- 
 gelmann spruces creeping closely 
 upon the ground instead of rising a 
 hundred and fifty feet straight and 
 true as masts is not soon forgotten. 
 Manv stems strong enough to partly 
 defv the winters' gales grow bent in 
 half circles. Others, starting straight 
 in shelter of some large rock, bend 
 at right angles where they emerge 
 above it. Many succeed in lifting 
 their trunks but not in growing 
 branches except in their lee, thus sug- 
 gesting great evergreen dust brushes. 
 
 (ig.S) 
 
Photograph by Eiios Mills 
 
 Beaver Dams Block Countless Streams 
 
 Photograph by Enos Mills 
 
 Wind-Twisted Trees at Timber-Line 
 
 (199) 
 
.Midway oi" thi- Range, Longs Peak Rears His Stately, Square-Crownkj 
 
 This is the very heart of the Rockies; few phor; 
 
 (--oo) 
 
A Veritable King of Mountains Calmly Overlooking All His Realm 
 3 fully express the spirit of the Snowy Range 
 
 (201) 
 
Photograph by U. S. Keclamaiian Senrice 
 
 The Stanley Hotel and Manor 
 
 EASY TO REACH AND TO SEE 
 
 HE accessibility of the Rocky Mountain National Park is ajiparent 
 by a glance at any map. Denver is less than thirty hours from 
 St. Louis and Chicago, two days onl)- from New York. Four hours 
 from Denver will put you in Estes Park. 
 Once there, comfortable in one of its many hotels of varying range of tariff, 
 and tlie summits and the gorges of tliis mountain-top paradise resolve them- 
 selves into a choice between foot and horseback. 
 
 There are also a few most comfortable houses and several somewhat primi- 
 tive camps within the park's boundaries at the very foot of its noblest scenery. 
 
 Longs Peak Inn; Altitude 9,000 Feet 
 
 I.ongs Peak (14,255 feet) in rlie center of the triple mountain group, flanked by Mount Meeker on 
 the left aiul Mount Latl)' Washington on the right; across their front is the Mills Moraine 
 
 (:!02) 
 
THE 
 
 GRAND CANYON 
 
 NATIONAL 
 PARK 
 
 By Far the Most Sublime of All Earthly Spectacles."-Charles Dudley Warner 
 
 (203) 
 
Pltolutjraph by Gcorije R. King 
 
 "It Is Beyond Comparison — Beyond Description; Absolutely Unparalleled 
 Throughout the Wide World." — Theodore Roosevelt 
 
 (-^04) 
 
Photograph by U, S. Reclamation Service 
 
 Leaving El Tovar for a Scenic Rim Drive 
 
 COLOSSUS OF CANYONS 
 
 ORE mysterious in its depth than the Himalayas in their height," 
 writes Professor John C. Van Dyke, "the Grand Canyon remains 
 not the eighth but the first wonder of the world. There is nothing 
 like it." 
 
 Even the most superficial description of this enormous spectacle may not 
 be put in words. The wanderer upon the rim overlooks a thousand square 
 miles of pyramids and minarets carved from the painted depths. Many miles 
 away and more than a mile below the level of his feet he sees a tiny silver 
 thread wliich he knows is the giant Colorado. 
 
 He is numbed by the spectacle. At first he can not comprehend it. There 
 is no measure, nothing which the eye can grasp, the mind fathom 
 
 It may be hours before he can even slightly adjust himself to the titanic 
 spectacle, before it ceases to be utter chaos; and not until then does he begin 
 to exclaim in rapture. 
 
 And he never wholly adjusts himself, for with dawning appreciation comes 
 growing wonder. Comprehension lies alwa}-s just beyond his reach. 
 
 The Colorado River is formed by the confluence of the Grand and the 
 Green Rivers. Together they gather the waters of three hundred thousand 
 square miles. Their many canyons reach this magnificent climax in northern 
 
 Arizona. The Grand Canyon became a national park in February, 1919. 
 
 (20s) 
 
Uo6) 
 
(207) 
 
Photograph by Henry Fiiermah 
 
 The Rim Road Affords Many Glorious \'ihvvs 
 
 BY SUNSET AND MOONRISE 
 
 HEN the light falls into it, harsh, direct, and searching," writes 
 Hamlin Garland, "it is great, but not beautiful. The lines are 
 chaotic, disturbing — but wait! The clouds and the sunset, the 
 moonrise and the storm, will transform it into a splendor no 
 mountain range can surpass. Peaks will shift and glow, walls darken, crags 
 take fire, and gray-green mesas, dimly seen, take on the gleam of opalescent 
 lakes of mountain water." 
 
 Copyright by h'red Harvey 
 
 Hermit's Rest, Near the Head of the Hermit Trail to the River 
 
 (20S) 
 
Photograph by U. S. Rcctamalion Service 
 
 "Is Any Fifty Miles of Mother Earth as Fearful, or Any Part as Fearful, as 
 Full of Glory, as Full of God ?"— Joaquin Miller 
 
 65163°-.! — 14 (^^g) 
 
Plioioijraf^h by L . S. Rtclaination Service 
 
 Still Parther Down the Hermit Trail 
 
 PAINTED IN MAGIC COLORS 
 
 HE blues and the grays and the mauves and the reds are second 
 in glory onlv to the canyon's size and sculpture. The colors 
 change with every changing hour. The morning and the e\'cning 
 shadows play magicians' tricks. 
 "It seems hke a gigantic statement for even Nature to make all in one 
 mighty stone word," writes John Muir. "Wildness so Godful, cosmic, prime- 
 val, bestows a new sense of earth's beauty and size. . . . But the colors, tlie 
 living, rejoicing colors, chanting morning and evening in chorus to heaven! 
 Whose brush or pencil, however lovingly inspired, can give us these ? In the 
 supreme flaming glory of sunset the whole canyon is transfigured, as if the 
 life and light of centuries of sunshine stored up in the rocks was now being 
 poured forth as from one glorious fountain, flooding both earth and sky." 
 
Photograph /n I . -S. Redamahon Service 
 
 Nkar the Bottom, Showing Hermit Camp at the Foot of a Lofty Monument 
 This photograph was taken several years ago. The camp has since been greatly enlarged, alFording 
 
 most comfortable entertainment overnight 
 
 (211) 
 
Plwlou) apit by F. A . Liillie 
 
 The Profound Abyss 
 
 ROMANTIC INDIAN LEGEND 
 
 HFf Indians believed the Grand Canyon the road to heaven. 
 
 A great chief mourned the death of his wife. To him came 
 
 the god Ta-vwoats and offered to prove that his wife was in a 
 
 happier land by taking him there to look upon her happiness. 
 
 Ta-vwoats then made a trail through tlie protecting mountains and led the 
 
 chief to the happy land. Thus was created the can3'on gorge of the Colorado. 
 
 On their return, lest the unworthy should find this happy land, Ta-vwoats 
 
 rolled through the trail a wild, surging river. Thus was created the Colorado. 
 
Photoqnit'b bv U . S. Forest Srrricc 
 
 The Gorge Near the Mouth of Shinumo Creek. 
 
 (213) 
 
Cot>vrtiihlbv I- red llariev 
 
 Hoiu House at El Iovar, Repkouucku irom an Ancient Hoi-i Community Dwelling 
 
 (-•m) 
 
Cupyriglil by Fred Harrey 
 
 When Clouds and Canyon Meet and Merge 
 
 MASTERPIECE OF EROSION 
 
 HE rain falling in the plowed field forms rivulets in the furrows. The 
 rivulets unite in a muddy torrent in the roadside gutter. With suc- 
 ceeding showers the gutter wears an ever-deepening channel in the 
 soft soil. With the passing season the gutter becomes a gully. 
 Here and there, in places, its banks undermine and fall in. Here and there the 
 rivulets from the field wear tiny tributary gulHes. Between the breaks in the 
 banks and the tributaries irregular masses of earth remain standing, sometimes 
 resembling mimic cliffs, sometimes washed and worn into mimic peaks and spires. 
 Such roadside erosion is familiar to us all. A hundred times we have idly 
 noted the fantastic water-carved walls and minaretted slopes of these ditches. 
 But seldom, perhaps, have we realized that the muddy roadside ditch and 
 the world-famous Grand Canyon of the Colorado are, from nature's stand- 
 point, identical; that they differ only in soil and size. 
 
 The arid States of our great Southwest constitute an enormous plateau 
 or table-land from four to eight thousand feet above sea level. 
 
 Rivers gather into a few desert water systems. The largest of these is that 
 which, in its lower courses, has, in unnumbered ages, worn the mighty chasm 
 
 of the Colorado. 
 
 (215) 
 
Copyright by Fred Hancy 
 
 Sunset from Pima Point. "Peaks Will Shift and Glow, Walls Darken, Crags Tai 
 
 Han( 
 
 (216) 
 
AND Gray-Green Mesas, Dimly Seen, Take on the Gleam of Opalescent Lakes. "- 
 
 LAND 
 
 (217) 
 
(2I.\) 
 
Pi 
 
 c 
 
 ft 1 Su 
 
 p 
 o 
 w 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 H 
 w 
 
 (219) 
 
Photograph by U. S. Reclamation SrrTicc 
 
 The Lookout at the Head of the Bright Angel Irail Near El Tovar 
 
 I'lioiograp/i by L . S. Reclamation Service 
 
 Waiting for the Signal to Stari Down Bright Angel Trail 
 One may descend to the river's edge and back in one day by this trail 
 
 (220) 
 
Copyright by Fred Harvey 
 
 The Celebrated Jacob's Ladder on the Bright Angel Trail 
 
 1 he photograph shows how broad and safe are the Grand Canyon trails. There is no danger in 
 
 the descent 
 
Pluloaraph bv V. S. Forest Service 
 
 On the Mighty River's Brink 
 
 A Quiet Stretch between Two Rapids 
 
 Within the Canyon the ri\cr is crossed by cars suspended on wire cables, and also, in cjuiet reaches, 
 
 by boats; there are no bridges 
 
 {222) 
 
k 
 
 W^'i 
 
 SK':.*l'i^v 
 
 Copynghl hy Fred Harvey 
 
 Where the River Rests Below the Celebrated Marble Canyon Before Taking Its 
 Plunge Into the Gigantic Canyon Below 
 
 The Colorado rolls through many miles of vast canyons before it reaches Grand Canyon 
 
POWELL'S GREAT ADVENTURE 
 
 HE Grand Canyon was the culminating scene of one of the most 
 stirring adventures in the history of American exploration. 
 
 For hundreds of miles the Colorado and its tributaries form a 
 mighty network of mighty chasms wliicli few had ventured c\cn 
 to enter. Of the Grand Canyon, deepest and hugest of all, tales were current 
 of whirlpools, of hundreds of miles of underground passage, and of giant falls 
 whose roaring music could ])e heard on distant mountain summits. 
 
 The Indians feared it. Even the hardiest of frontiersmen refused it. 
 
 It remained for a geologist and a school-teacher, a one-armed veteran of 
 the Civil War, John Wesley Powell, afterwards director of the United States 
 Geological Survey, to dare and to accompUsh. 
 
 This was in 1869. Nine men accompanied him in four boats. 
 
 There proved to be no impassable whirlpools in the Grand Can3-on, no 
 underground passages, and no cataracts. But tlie trip w^as hazardous in the 
 extreme. The adventurers faced the imknown at every bend, daily — some- 
 times several times daily — embarking upon swift rapids witliout guessing upon 
 what rocks or in what great falls they might terminate. Continually they 
 upset. They were unable to build fires sometimes for days at a stretch. 
 
 Four men deserted, hoping to climb the walls, and were never heard from 
 again — and this happened the very day before Major Powell and his faithful 
 half dozen floated clear of the Grand Canyon into safety. 
 
 Photograph by U. S. Geological Stirzcy 
 
 Two OF THE Boats Used by Major Powell in Exploring the Canyon 
 
Plwlograpk by El Tovar Studio 
 
 Memorial Just Erected by the Department of the Interior to Major John 
 
 Wesley Powell 
 
 It stands on the rim at Sentinel Point. Upon the altar which crowns it will blaze ceremonial fires 
 
 EASY TO REACH AND TO SEE 
 
 nlT is possible to get a glimpse of the Grand Canyon by lengthening 
 
 I your transcontinental trip one day, but this day must be spent 
 
 either on the rim or in one hasty rush down the Bright Angel Trail 
 I to the river's edge; one can not do both the same day. Two ardu- 
 ous days, therefore, will give you a rapid glance at the general features. Three 
 days will enable you to substitute the newer Hermit Trail, with a night in the 
 canyon, for the Bright Angel Trail. Four or five days will enable you to see 
 the Grand Canyon; but after you see it you will want to live with it awhile. 
 There are two other trails, the Bass Trail and the Grand View. 
 
 The canyon should be seen first from the rim. Hours, days, may be spent 
 in emotional contemplation of this vast abyss. Navajo Point, Grand View, 
 Shoshone Point, El Tovar, Hopi Point, Sentinel Point, Pima Point, Yuma 
 Point, the Hermit Rim — these are a few only of many spots of inspiration. 
 
 An altogether different experience is the descent into the abyss. This is 
 done on mule-back over trails which zigzag steeply but safely down the cliffs. 
 
 The hotels, camps, and facilities for getting around are admirable. Your 
 sleeper brings you to the very rim of the canyon. 
 
 65163° — 21 
 
 (-^25) 
 
^MM 
 
 <^s^^ 
 
 
 <ff^ 
 
 ^&" 
 
 v*^; 
 
 
 '♦ * 
 
 :!'^^^^^ii 
 
 
 
 
 HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS 
 
 LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK 
 
 MOUNT MCKINLEY NATIONAL PARK 
 
 HAWAII NATIONAL PARK 
 
 ZION NATIONAL PARK 
 
 MID-CONTINENT PARKS 
 
 LAFAYETTE NATIONAL PARK 
 
 THE NATIONAL MONUMENTS 
 
 (227> 
 
'C%v=.,';^^^ 
 
 
 1 HE Promenade at Hot Springs 
 
 Maurice Spring, Hot Springs Reservation 
 This is centrally located and hundreds of persons visit it daily 
 
Main Entrance to the Hot Springs Reservation 
 
 SPRINGS OF HEALING 
 
 1R0M the slopes of a picturesque wooded hill among the wild and 
 
 F romantic Ozark Mountains of Arkansas flow springs of hot water 
 whose powers to alleviate certain bodily ills have been recognized 
 1 for many generations. Tradition has it that their curative proper- 
 ties were known to the Indians long before the Spanish invasion. It is prob- 
 able that they were known to De Soto, who died in 1542, less than a hundred 
 miles away. It is tradition that Indian warring tribes suspended all hostilities 
 at these healing springs whose neighborhood they called " The Land of Peace." 
 
 Government analyses of the waters disclose more than twenty chemical 
 constituents, but it is not these nor their combination to which is principally 
 attributed the water's unquestioned helpfulness in many disordered conditions, 
 but to their remarkable radioactivity. 
 
 The reservation is the oldest national park, having received that status 
 in 1832, forty years before the wonders of the Yellowstone first inspired 
 Congress with the idea that scenery was a national asset deserving of pres- 
 ervation for the use and enjoyment of succeeding generations. No aestlietic 
 consideration was involved in this early act of national conservation. Congress 
 was inspired only by the undoubted, but at that time inexplicable, natural 
 power of these waters to alleviate certain bodily ills. The motive was to retain 
 these unique waters in public possession to be available to all persons for all 
 time at a minimum, even a nominal, cost. 
 
 (229) 
 

 
 
 
 
 
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 ^^^^^H^K^ 
 
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 One of thk Best (joif Coiirsfs in the Souih 
 
 DR. NATURE'S WATER CURE 
 
 OT SPRINGS has much besides its curative waters to attract and 
 hold the visitor. It has one of the best and most interesting golf 
 courses in the South. The surrounding country is romantically 
 beautiful. I\Iany miles of woodland trail lead the walker and the 
 horseback rider through pine-scented glades and glens and over mountain tops 
 of unusual charm. There is tennis for the young folks, ostrich and alligator 
 farms for the curious, and the gayeties of life in big hotels for all. 
 
 Hot Springs is not merely a winter resort, as used to be supposed. Climate 
 and conditions are delightful the year around, as increasing throngs are rapidly 
 discovering. It is above all a place for rest and recuperation. More and more 
 winter visitors are remaining through April and May, when the spring is young 
 and glorious and the baths the most efficacious. But those who remain after 
 March should bring summer clothing, as the temperature then ranges from 65 
 to 85 degrees. 
 
 The reservation includes three mountains and a lake, and the tract incloses 
 all the forty-six hot springs. Eleven bathhouses, some of them as complete 
 and luxurious in equipment as any in the world, are in the reservation, and a 
 dozen more in the city, all under Government regulation. There are also cold 
 springs possessing curative properties. 
 
 There are many hotels, the largest having accommodations for a thousand 
 guests, and several hundred boarding houses, many at very modest ])rices. 
 Cottages and apartments may be rented for light housekeeping. 
 
 Hot Springs Mountain, from whose sides flow the cleansing waters, is about 
 lifty miles west by south from Little Rock. 
 
}- 
 
 Photograph by P. J. Thompson 
 
 Crater of Lassen Peak After Eruption of 1914 
 
 ACTIVE VOLCANO AT HOME 
 
 ONGRESS created the Lassen Volcanic National Park in August, 
 19 1 6. A month later this volcano was again in active eruption; it 
 is the only active volcano in the continental United States. It is 
 situated in northern California, and is one of the celebrated series 
 of peaks, including Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Mount Shasta, 
 and what was once Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), in the Cascade Range. 
 
 The region is one of extraordinary interest. Lassen Peak is 10,437 ^^^t in 
 altitude. Cinder Cone, which showed some activity a few 3'ears ago, has an 
 altitude of 6,907 feet. North Peak, Southwest Peak, and Prospect Peak arc 
 prominent elevations in the National Park. 
 
 Other features of interest are the Devils Half Acre, inclosing hot springs 
 and mud geysers, Bumpass and Morgan Hot Springs, lakes of volcanic glass, and 
 ice caves. There are seven lakes, numerous trout streams, and many majestic 
 canyons. There are also forests of yellow and white pine, fir, and lodgepole. 
 "On the whole," writes Prof. Douglas W. Johnson, of Columbia I'niversity, 
 "it is difficult to imagine a region where the more striking phenomena of 
 nature are developed on a grander scale." 
 
 (231) 
 
*-,^-^^!\ 
 
 J'hulo,inifli by W . S. Valenlme 
 
 Lasskn Pi-AK IN Krui'tion, Jllv, 1*M4 
 
 (23-) 
 
w 
 
MONSTER OF MOUNTAINS 
 
 OUNT McKINLEY, a National Park since 191 7, is the loftiest nunni- 
 tain in America. It towers 20,300 feet above tide. Its gigantic ice- 
 covered bulk rises more than 17,000 feet above the eyes of the 
 observer. It is ice plated 14,000 feet below its glistening summit. 
 This enormous mass is the climax of the great Alaskan Range, which 
 extends, roughly, east and west across southeast central Alaska. 
 
 Tlie reservation contains 2,200 square miles. Its northern slopes, which 
 overlook the Tanana watershed with its gold-mining industry, are broad \alleys 
 inhabited by enormous herds of caribou. Its southern plateau is a winter 
 wilderness through which glaciers of great length and enormous bulk flow into 
 the valleys of the south. In this national park, which the railroad now building 
 by Government into the Alaskan interior will open presently to the public, 
 America possesses Alpine scenery upon a titanic scale. In fact, it matches tlie 
 Himalayas; as a spectacle Mount McKinley even excels their loftiest peaks, 
 for the altitude of the valleys from which the Himalayas are viewed exceeds 
 by many thousand feet that of the plains from which the awed visitor looks 
 up to McKinley's towering height. 
 
 (3341 
 
■*- 
 
 Photograph by H. O. Wood, Hawaiian Volcanu Observatory 
 
 The Celebrated " Ballet Dancer " of Mauna Loa, Hawaii 
 A remarkable photograph of the explosion on the flank ofMauna Loa on Ma\- 19, 1916 
 
 HAWAII'S SMOKING SUMMITS 
 
 HE Hawaii National Park, created in 191 6, includes three celebrated 
 Hawaiian volcanoes, Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Haleakala. "The 
 Hawaiian Volcanoes," writes T. A. Jaggar, director of the Hawaiian 
 Volcano Observatory, "are truly a national asset, wholly unique of 
 their kind, the most famous in the world of science and the most continuously, 
 variously, and harmlessly active volcanoes on earth. Kilauea crater has been 
 nearly continuously active, with a lake or lakes of molten lava, for a century. 
 Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano and mountain mass in the workl, with 
 eruptions about once a decade, and has poured out more lava during the last 
 century than any other volcano on the globe. Haleakala is a mountain mass 
 ten thousand feet high, with a tremendous crater rift in its summit eight miles 
 in diameter and three thousand feet deep, containing many high la\-a cones. 
 
 " Haleakala is probably the largest of all known craters among volcanoes 
 that are technically known as active. It erupted less than two himdred years 
 ago. The crater at sunrise is the grandest volcanic spectacle on earth." 
 
 The lava lake at Kilauea is the most spectacular feature of the ne\v national 
 park. It draws visitors from all over the world. It is a lake of molten, liery 
 lava a thousand feet long, splashing on its banks with a noise like waves of the 
 sea, while great fountains boil through it fifty feet high. 
 
 The park also includes gorgeous tropical jungles and fme forests. Sandal- 
 wood, elsewhere extinct, grows there luxuriantly. There are mahogany groves. 
 
 (236) 
 
Photograph by the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution 
 
 Near View of the Lava Lake of Kilauea in Heavy Smoke 
 
 Piu'iihji apn by the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution 
 
 Lava Flow on Floor of Kilauea Crater, Showing Curious Ropy Formations 
 
 (2371 
 
Photograph by Geophysical Laboralory, Carnegie Jnstiiulion 
 
 The KiLAUEA Lava Lake Close By. Picture Taken by the Light of the Lava Itself 
 
 During a Period of (trkat Activity 
 
 Photograph by Geophysical Laboratory. Carnegie Institution 
 
 Night Photograph of the Kilauea Lava Lake, New Fountain Just Breaking Through. 
 
 Period of Moderate Activity 
 
 (238) 
 
ITS TROPICAL GARDENS 
 
 LTHOUGH the Hawaii National Park includes only volcanic 
 summits, a visit necessarily means all the pleasures of the dreamy 
 islands. But the park boundaries include tropical gardens of the 
 utmost luxuriance. Tree ferns along the trails rise to a height of 
 
 forty feet. The automobile road to the edge of Kilauea's 
 
 burning pit is bordered with fuschias, and nasturtiums 
 
 climbing over the trees along the way add their gay 
 
 colors to the scene. There are groves of koa trees, 
 
 which produce the Hawaiian mahogany of the glowing 
 
 lighter tints. The ohia tree with its terra cotta pom- 
 pom of flowers, the monkey-pod tree with its pink 
 ' feathery bloom, the rich blossoms of the ginger, and 
 
 scores of other bright-colored flowers on tree and shrub 
 
 paint the lower levels in gorgeous hues. The floral pro- 
 i fusion of the islands is revealed by the fact that the 
 i Ijrilliant hibiscus appears in Hawaii in fifteen hundred 
 
 varieties. 
 I Sugar cane, of course, is grown commercially on a 
 
 I large scale; and acres upon acres of pineapple clothe 
 I the valleys with velvety green. The coconut palm with its long slanting 
 I stem and feathery top, proclaims to the visitor that he is in a strange land. 
 
 1 HE SlL\LK SwuRD, 
 
 Which Grows Only 
 IN THE Crater of 
 Haleakala 
 
 Tree Ferns Rise to a Height ok Forty Feet 
 
 (-^39) 
 
Photograph by Douglas White 
 
 El Gobernauor in Zion Canyon 
 
 This monolith, which rises 3,100 feet from the valley floor, is brilliant red two-thirds up, then 
 
 glistening white 
 
ZION NATIONAL PARK 
 
 HE latest scenic discovery of America is the canyon of many vivid 
 , colors, through which the North Fork of the Virgin River emerges 
 from the shales and sandstones of southwestern Utah to find its 
 way to the Colorado River and the Pacific. Zion Canyon was 
 known to the Mormons as early as 1861 when Brigham Young designated it 
 a refuge for his sect in case of trouble. Later it was known to the geologists, 
 who buried graphic descriptions in their scientific texts. It was made a 
 national monument in 1909, but the public did not discover it until 191 7. Now 
 it is reached by rail and motor, and a public camp has comfort for all comers. 
 
 Zion Canyon is in truth the Rainbow of the Desert. Its carved cliffs are 
 quite as high and its conformation not dissimilar to those of the Yosemite 
 Valley. But instead of granite, its precipices are of sandstone stratified 
 •in brilHant contrasts. Most of its cliffs are gorgeously red two-thirds up, 
 and glistening white above; and some of these white-topped monsters are 
 capped again in crimson. In places the white is streaked across with 
 crimson Ijands like a Roman sash. 
 
 The Public Camp on the Floor of Zion Canyon 
 65163° -21 — 16 (241) 
 
Often the White Tops of These Fairy Cliffs are Streaked with Vermilion 
 
 Photograph by WiU'tS T. Lcc 
 
 Where the Canyon Narrows 
 
Photograph by R. D. Adaim 
 
 From Right to Left: East Temple of the Sun, The Watchman, Mountain of the Sun 
 
 The Three Patriarchs — Vermilion Two-Thirds Up, with White Summits 
 
MID-CONTINENT PARKS 
 
 THE WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK 
 
 THE Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota, scene of Custer's first stand, 
 famous for many years for Indian fights and frontier lawlessness, are chiefly 
 celebrated in this generation for a limestone cave of large size and interesting 
 decoration. It is called Wind Cave because of the strong currents of air which 
 alternate in and out of its mouth. 
 
 The walls and ceiling of the various passages and chambers which consti- 
 tute the cave are elaborately covered with the formations common to most 
 caves, which here result in tracery and carvings of the most elaborate and sur- 
 prising description. The park is also a game preserve of unusual merit. 
 
 THE PLATT NATIONAL PARK 
 
 O0UTHI{RN Oklahoma's famous curative springs were conserved for the 
 *^ public benefit in 1906 by the creation of the Piatt National Park. Sulphur 
 springs predominate, but there are bromide and other springs of medicinal value, 
 besides several flue springs nonmineral in character. Altogether they have an 
 approximate discharge of nearly five million gallons daily. 
 
 Many thousands visit these springs every year. The country is one of 
 great charm and is notable for its bird life. The waters are bottled and 
 shipped to many parts of the country. 
 
 SULLYS HILL PARK 
 
 ' I 'HIS reserv^ation is on the shore of Devils Lake, North Dakota, within two 
 miles of the well-known h^ort Totten Indian School. It is a country of 
 much natural beauty and admirably adapted to the purposes of a game 
 preserve, for which Congress recently made appropriations. 
 
 1244) 
 
Photograph by George R. King 
 
 SEA AND MOUNTAIN MEET 
 
 IHK National Park Service is represented on the Atlantic coast by 
 
 Tthe Lafayette National Park in Maine. It includes the splendid 
 grouping of mountains which begins a mile south of Bar Harbor 
 I and covers the southern and western portions of Mount Desert 
 Island. The reservation is girt with ocean-side drives and surrounded by 
 summer resorts. The splendid lake-studded lands which compose it were 
 contributed or purchased by pubUc-spirited citizens and given to the Nation 
 in 1916. Congress made it a national park in 191 9. 
 
 Lafayette offers a marked contrast to the national parks of the West. 
 It is the oldest part of continental America. Its granites were worn by the 
 frosts, the rains, and the waves many millions of years before the Rockies and 
 the Sierras emerged from the prehistoric sea. Its deciduous forests rank with 
 the finest of the Appalachian region. 
 
 It is the only spot on our Atlantic coast where mountain and seashore in- 
 timately mingle; the rocky coast of New England is nowhere nobler than here. 
 From the viewpoints of its crags and slopes ocean and lake combine. 
 
 The historical associations of Lafayette are among the oldest of America, 
 
 Champlain having landed there in 1604. 
 
 (24s) 
 
■I 
 
Photograph by George R. King 
 
 INIouNTAiN, Lake, and Fiord 
 
 Photograph by George R. King 
 
 When the Tide is Our. The Organ 
 
 (247) 
 
Pliototfruph by George R. King 
 
 The Heart of Lafayeite National Park — Jordan Pond, 
 
 (248) 
 
ORDAN Mountain and Pi'Metic Mountain o-n the Sky Line 
 
 (249) 
 
It is One oi- thu Noiu.est Forests of Redwood Sa\ ed From the Axf. 
 
 (250) 
 
^tT^lS^Kiife&a!^- 
 
 ^ig^^i; 
 
 Photograph by II. C '. fihlnlls 
 
 A Glimpse of the Beautiful Muir Woods 
 
 IN THE FOREST PRIMEVAL 
 
 ITHIN ten miles of the city of San Francisco, in Marin County, 
 
 California, lies one of the noblest forests of primeval Redwood in 
 
 America. That it stands to-day is due first to the fact that its outlet 
 
 to the sea instead of to San Francisco Bay made it unprofitable to 
 
 lumber in the days when redwoods grew like grain on California's hills. 
 
 The Muir Woods National Monument contains three hundred acres. In- 
 terspersed with the superb Redwood, the Sequoia sempervirens, sister to the 
 Giant Sequoia of the Sierra, are many fine specimens of Douglas fir, Madrona, 
 California Bay, and Mountain Oak. The forest blends into the surrounding 
 wooded country. It is essentially typical of the redwood growth, with a rich 
 stream-watered bottom carpeted with ferns, violets, oxalis, and azalea. 
 
 Many of the redwoods are magnificent specimens and some have extraor- 
 dinary size. Cathedral Grove, and Bohemian Grove, where the famous revels 
 of the Bohemian club were held before the club purchased its own permanent 
 grove, are unexcelled in luxuriant beauty. 
 
 This splendid area of forest primeval was named by its donors, Mr. and 
 Mrs. William Kent, in honor of the celebrated naturalist of the Sierra, John 
 Muir. It is so near San Francisco that thousands are able to enjoy its cathedral 
 
 aisles of noble trees. 
 
 (251) 
 
V-5-0 
 
KATMAFS STEAMING VENTS 
 
 2.93 MILES 
 
 I Copyright the National Geographic Society 
 
 [ The Katmai Crater (upper) Compared with Kilauea Crater (lower) 
 
 NE of the greatest explosive volcanic eruptions of recent times 
 blew several cubic miles of material out of Mount Katmai, on the 
 southern shore of Alaska, in June, 191 2. It left a great gulf where 
 once the summit reared, and in its bottom a crater lake of unknown 
 depth. A few miles away, across the divide, lies a group of valleys from which 
 burst many thousands of vents of superheated vapors. The greatest of these 
 has been named the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes." 
 
 This remarkable volcanic region, to explore which the National Geographic 
 Society has sent five expeditions, has no parallel elsewhere to-day. It is a ver- 
 itable land of wonders. In the valley the ground in many places is too hot for 
 walking. In others one may camp comfortably in the coldest nights in a warm 
 tent and cook one's breakfast on a steaming crack outside. The volume is 
 beyond belief. A few feet below the surface, the temperature of the vents is 
 often excessively high. Once the Yellowstone geyser basins probably resembled 
 the "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes," and a few hundred thousand years 
 from now this valley may become a geyser basin greater than Yellowstone's. 
 
 The explosion which wrecked Mount Katmai was heard at Juneau, seven 
 hundred and fifty miles away. Its dust fell at Ketchikan, nine hundred miles 
 away. Its fumes were smelled at Vancouver Island, fifteen hundred miles away. 
 
 ^253) 
 
(2 54) 
 
Copyright, the National Geographic Society 
 
 Down the Steaming Surface of Falling Mountain Roll Masses of Rocks of all Sizes 
 
 Copyright the National Cieographic Society 
 
 Following the Great Eruption, a Vast Quantity of Pasty Lava Issued From the Vent 
 

 ^*M^: 
 
 Montezuma Castle 
 
 MONTEZUMA CASTLE NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 ' I 'HIS remarkable relic of a prehistoric race is the principal feature of a 
 •*• well-preserved sijoup of cliff dwellings in the northeastern ]:)art of Ya^•a])ai 
 County, Arizona, known as the Montezuma Castle National Monument. The 
 unique position and size of the ruin gives it the appearance of an ancient 
 castle; hence its name. 
 
 The structure is about fifty feet in lieight by sixty feet in width, built in the 
 form of a crescent, with the convex part against the cHff. It is five stories high, 
 the fifth story being back tuider the cliff and protected by a masonr}- wall four 
 feet high, so that it is not visible from the outside. The walls of the structure 
 are of masonry and adobe, plastered over on the inside and outside with mud. 
 
 DEVILS TOWER NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 ^ I 'HIS extraordinary mass of igneous rock is one of the most conspicuous 
 ■*■ features in the Black Hills region of Wyoming. 
 
 The tower is a steep-sided shaft rising six hundred feet aliove a rounded 
 ridge of sedimentary rocks, about six hundred feet high, on the west bank of 
 the Belle Fourche River. Its nearly flat top is elliptical in outline. Its sides 
 are strongly fluted by the great columns of igneous rock, and are nearly ])er- 
 pendicular, except near the top, where there is some rounding; and near the 
 bottom, where there is considerable outward flare. The tower has l^een scaled 
 in the past by means of special apparatus, ])ut only at considerable risk. 
 
 The great columns of which the tower consists are mostly pentagonal in 
 shape, but some are four or six sided. 
 
 (256) 
 
65163°— 21 17 
 
 The Devils Tower, Wyoming 
 
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THE CHACO CANYON NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 T^HK Chaco Canyon National Monument preserves remarkable relics of a pre- 
 '■ historic ]^eople once inhabiting New Mexico. Here are found numerous 
 communal or pueblo dwellings built of stone, among which is the ruin known as 
 Pueblo Bonito, containing, as it originally stood, twelve hundred rooms. It is 
 the largest prehistoric ruin in the Southwest. 
 
 So difficult are they of access that little excavation has Ijeen done. 
 
 SHOSHONE CAVERN NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 A FEW miles east of the celebrated Shoshone Dam, in Wyoming, is found 
 ^~^ tlie entrance to the picturesque cave to preserve which the vShoshone 
 Cavern National Monument was created. 
 
 Some of the rooms are a hundred and fifty feet long and forty or fifty feet 
 high, and all are remarkably encrusted with limestone crystals. 
 
 The passages through the cavern are most intricate, twisting, turning, 
 doubling back, and descending so abruptly that ladders are often necessary. 
 
 COLORADO NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 T^HIS area, near Grand Junction, Colorado, is similar to that of the Garden 
 •■■ of the Gods at Colorado Springs, only much more beautiful and picturesque. 
 With possibly two exceptions it exhibits probably as highly colored, magnifi- 
 cent, and impressive examples of erosion, particularly of lofty monoliths, as may 
 be found anyAvhere in the West. 
 
 These monoHths are located in several tributary can^^ons. vSome of them are 
 of gigantic size; one over four hundred feet high is almost circular and a hundred 
 feet in diameter at base. Some have not yet been explored. 
 
 (259) 
 
LEWIS AND CLARK CAVERN NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 nPHE feature of this national monument is a limestone cavern of great 
 ■'■ scientific interest because of its length and because of the number of 
 large vaulted chambers it contains. It is of historic interest, also, because it 
 overlooks for more than fifty miles the Montana trail of Lewis and Clark. 
 
 The vaults of the cavern are magnificently decorated with stalactite and 
 stalagmite formations of great variety of size, form, and color, the equal of, if 
 not rivaling, the similar formations in the well-known Luray caves in Virginia. 
 The cavern has been closed on account of depredations of vandals. 
 
 THE DINOSAUR NATIONAL AiONUMENT 
 
 •T^HK Dinosaur National Monument in Northeastern Utah was created to 
 •*■ preserve remarkable fossil deposits of extinct reptiles of great size. The 
 reservation contains eighty acres of Juratrias rock. 
 
 For years prospectors and residents had been finding large bones in the 
 neighborhood, and in 1909 Prof. Karl B. Douglass of the Carnegie Museum of 
 Pittsburgh, under a permit from the Department of the Interior, undertook 
 a scientific investigation. The results exceeded all expectation. Remains of 
 many enormous animals which once inhabited what is now our Southwestern 
 States have been unearthed in a state of fine preservation. These include 
 complete and perfect skeletons of large dinosaurs 
 
 The chief find was the perfect skeleton of a brontosaurus eighty-five feet 
 long and sixteen feet high which may have weighed, w^hen living, twenty tons 
 
 
 Unearthing the Skeleton of a Giant Dinosaur of Prehistoric Days 
 
 (260) 
 
RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 THIS natural bridge is located within the Navajo Indian Reservation, near 
 the southern boundary of Utah, and spans a canyon and small stream 
 which drains the northwestern slopes of Navajo Mountain. It is of great 
 scientific interest as an example of eccentric stream erosion. 
 
 Among the known extraordinary natural bridges of the world, this bridge 
 is unique in that it is not only a symmetrical arch below but presents also a 
 curved surface above, thus suggesting roughly a rainbow. Its height above 
 the surface of the water is three hundred and nine feet and its span is two hun- 
 dred and seventy-eight feet. 
 
 The bridge and the neighboring canyon walls are gorgeously clothed in 
 mottled red and yellow. It was first seen by white men in August, 1909, when 
 Professor Byron Cummings, John Wetherill, and William B. Douglass visited 
 it under the guidance of an Indian boy. 
 
 (261) 
 
THE CASA GRANDE NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 ONIv of the best preserved and most interesting ruins in the southwest has 
 been preserved in this reservation, which is near Florence, Arizona. The 
 structure was once at least four stories high. Many mounds in the neighbor- 
 hood indicate that it was once one of a large group of dwellings of some 
 importance. The ruin was discovered by the intrepid Jesuit missionary, Father 
 Eusebio Francisco Kino, at the end of the seventeenth centurv. 
 
 THIv PAPACxO vSAGUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 WITHIN this national monument, which lies about nine miles east of 
 Phoenix, Ariz., and less than a dozen miles from the Apache Trail, 
 grow splendid examples of characteristic desert flora, including many strik- 
 ing specimens of giant cactus (saguaro) and many other interesting species 
 of cacti, such as the prickly pear and choUa. 
 
 EL MORRO NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 EL MORRO, or Inscription Rock, in western central New Mexico, is an 
 enormous sandstone rock rising a couple of hundred feet out of the plain 
 and eroded in such fantastic form as to give it the appearance of a castle. 
 
 The earliest inscription is dated Fel)ruary i8, 1526. Historically the most 
 important inscription is that of Juan de Onate, a colonizer of New Mexico and 
 the founder of the city of Santa Fe, in 1606. It was in this year that Ofiate 
 visited El Morro and carved this inscription on his return from a trip to the 
 head of the Gulf of California. There are nineteen other Spanish inscriptions. 
 
 CAPl'LIN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 CAPULIX MOUNTAIN is a volcanic cinder cone of recent origin, 6 miles 
 southwest of Folsom, N. Mex. It is the most magnificent specimen of a 
 considerable group of craters. Capulin has an altitude of 8,000 feet, rising 
 1,500 feet above the surrounding ])lain. It is almost a perfect cone. 
 
 VERh:NDRYE NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 FROM the left bank of the Missouri River, at Old Crossing, N. Dak., rises an 
 impressive eminence from which the great plains west of the Rockies 
 doubtless were first seen by civilized man. Crow- high Butte is the second 
 highest elevation in the State. It is conserved bv presidential proclamation 
 under the title of Yerendrye National Monument. 
 
 Verendrye, the celebrated French explorer, started from the north shore 
 of Lake Superior 60 years before the Lewis and Clark expedition, passed west- 
 ward and southwestward into the unknown regions of the plains and the 
 mountains, and, about 1740, stood upon the summit of this striking butte. 
 
 (262) 
 
'■ :^-:m- 
 
 
 
 The Needles, Pinnacles National Monument 
 
 PINNACLES NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 HE spires, domes, caves, and subterranean passages of the Pinnacles 
 
 National Monument in San Benito County, California, are well 
 
 worth a visit. The name is derived trom the spirelike formations 
 
 arising from six hundred to a thousand feet from the floor of the 
 
 canyon, forming a landmark visible inany miles in every direction. 
 
 A series of caves, opening one into the other, lie under each of the groups 
 of rock. These vary greatlv in size, one in particular, known as the Banquet 
 Hall, being about a hundred feet square, with a ceiling thirty feet high. 
 
 (.263) 
 
t- 
 
 V':^lf*.--^'.'l: .^•.-- •^*.- Mi^^^m^ ■,:ftrt 
 
 THE TUMACACORI NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 THE Tumacacori National Monument in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, was 
 created to preserve a very ancient Spanish mission ruin dating, it is thought, 
 from the latter part of the sixteenth century. It was built by Jesuit priests 
 from Spain and operated loy them for over a century. 
 
 After the year i 769 priests belonging to the order of Franciscan Fathers 
 took charge of the mission and repaired its crumbling walls, maintaining peace- 
 able possession for about sixty years, until driven out by Apache Indians. 
 
 GRAN QUIVIRA NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 THE Gran Quivira has long been recognized as one of the most important 
 of the earliest Spanish church or mission ruins in the Southwest. It is in 
 Central New Mexico. Near by are numerous Indian pueblo ruins, occupying an 
 area many acres in extent, which also, with sufficient land to protect them, was 
 reserved. The outside dimensions of the church ruin, which is in the form of 
 a short-arm cross, are about forty-eight by one hundred and forty feet, and 
 its walls are from four to six feet thick and from twelve to twenty feet high. 
 
 NAVAJO NATIONAL MONUMENT 
 
 THIS tract encloses three interesting and extensive prehistoric pueblos or 
 cHff-dwelHng ruins in an excellent state of preservation. These are known 
 as the Betatakin, the Keet Seel, and Inscription House. 
 
 Inscription House Ruin, on Navajo Creek, is regarded as extraordinary, 
 not only because of its good state of preservation, but because of the fact that 
 upon the walls of its rooms are found inscriptions written in Spanish by early 
 explorers and plainly dated 1661. 
 
 (.64) 
 
THE PETRIFIED FOREST OF ARIZONA 
 
 '"pHE Petrified Forest National Monument lies in the area between the Little 
 Colorado River and the Rio Puerco, fifteen miles east of their junction. 
 This area is of interest because of the abundance of petrified coniferous trees. 
 It has exceptional scenic features, also. 
 
 The trees lie scattered about in great profusion; none, however, stands 
 erect in its original place of growth, as in the Yellowstone National Park. 
 
 The trees probably at one time grew beside an inland sea; after falling 
 they became water-logged, and during decomposition the cell structure of the 
 wood Avas entirely replaced by silica from^ sandstone in the surrounding land. 
 
 SITKA NATIONAL MONUMENT, ALASKA 
 
 T^HIS monument reservation is situated about a mile from tlie steamboat 
 ■■■ landing at Sitka, Alaska. Upon this ground was located formerl}- the 
 village of a warlike tribe — the ICik-Siti Indians — where the Russians under 
 Baranoff in 1802 fought and won the "decisive battle of Alaska" against the 
 Indians and effected the lodgment that offset the then active attempts of Great 
 Britain to possess this part of the country. The Russian title thus acquired 
 to the Alexander Archipelago was later transferred to the United States, 
 
 .\ celebrated "witch tree" of the natives and sixteen totem poles, several 
 of which are examples of the best work of the savage genealogists of the Alaska 
 clans, stand sentrylike along the beach. 
 
 (265) 
 
HOW TO REACH THE NATIONAL PARKS 
 
 The map shows the location of all of our National Parks and National Monuments and their principal railroad connections. 
 
 The traveler may work out h.s routes to suit himself. Round-trip excursion fares to the American Rocky Mountain region 
 
 and Pacific Coast maybe availed of in visilin« the National Parks duriuK their respective seasons, thus materially reducing 
 
 iMirl^.;,^ ■ k" Transcontinental throuRh trains and branch lines make the parks easy of access from all parts of the 
 
 JrTo any toiKist aeenc!-^ ^^ ^* "" *''''"'""" ^'"'''^ '° ''"^ between the National Parks apply to your local railway ticket office 
 
 S.rvi.-f"w!!lV,?n'",nn"n*'r"\'Tl''^ and travelinj; within the National Parks write to the Director of the National Park 
 Service, Washnn;ton. D. C. for the information circular of the park or parks in which you arc interested. 
 
 U Q 1 n ^^^ 1 .— . 
 
 \ 1 y I )■% : WkSHiifmOS : GUVERNMK.NT PRIX 
 
 TINU OFl'-ICE : 1921 
 
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