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1 
 
 
THE 
 
 Bishops' Blue Book 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. J. SANDERS REED 
 
 RECTOR OF TRINITY CHURCH, WATERTOWN, N. Y. 
 
 NEW YORK 
 JAMES POTT & COMPANY 
 
 114 Fifth Avenue 
 1894 
 

 Copyright, 1894, by 
 JAMES POTT & COMPANY 
 
 TROW DIRECTORY 
 
 PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
PEEFACE 
 
 Ever since I became a man I have been 
 looking for a register of the prelates whose 
 footprints have survived the centuries 
 — to the guidance or inspiration of the 
 Church. This Blue Booh is the outcome 
 of my quest. I have gleaned from almost 
 every field ; sometimes I have transferred 
 landscape, figures, and all to my pages. 
 Nothing is my own but the design and la- 
 bor of construction. 
 
 I do not flatter myself that this book 
 will find its way into the drawing-room or 
 the railway-car : it is not literature. But, 
 then, what Blue Booh is literature ? In 
 the library of the curious, the serious, and 
 the studious, however, I believe this skele- 
 ton will take on " solid flesh " and whisper 
 of the existence of books long shut and 
 
iv Preface 
 
 sealed. Its touch will open some graves, 
 and in its presence one will apprehend 
 
 That the episcopate is coeval and co- 
 extensive with the Church ; 
 
 That some of the best men in the world 
 have been in the episcopate ; 
 
 That while each National Church has had 
 its own peculiar usages, the bishop has 
 always been there ; 
 
 That the Church is a veritable democ- 
 racy ; 
 
 That the crozier is mightier than the 
 sword ; 
 
 That the State was once carried by the 
 Church, and nurtured and developed by 
 it into the Christian Nation ; 
 
 That when the Church was carried by 
 the State, the Church was muzzled, crip- 
 pled, shorn, and infirm of purpose ; 
 
 That the Church stands for human lib- 
 erty and progress ; 
 
 That the Church has been the real, ubi- 
 quitous pioneer ; 
 
 That the clergy degenerate into a caste 
 when severed from the family ; that when 
 
Preface v 
 
 the bishops of Syria, Egypt, Italy, Gaul, 
 Ireland, Britain, Constantinople, Iceland, 
 etc., were veritable fathers, the Church was 
 holy as well as Catholic and Apostolic. 
 
 A cartulary of all the exceptional bish- 
 ops of the Church, as I have discovered, 
 would attain the bulk of a parish register. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I. page 
 
 Nolo Episcopari, 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 Volo Episcopari, 15 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 Bishops Designate, 27 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Age of Consecration 35 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Number op Consecratoiis, .... 41 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Laymen Raised to the Episcopate, . . 49 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Deacons Raised to the Episcopate, . . 59 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Chorepiscopi, G5 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Coadjutor Bishops, 73 
 
viii Table of Contents 
 
 CHAPTER X. page 
 
 Regionary Bishops, . ... 81 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 Titular Bishops, 87 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 Suffragan Bishops, 95 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 Monastery Bishops, 101 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 Episcopal Antecedents, . . . .111 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 Martial Prelates, 119 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Politicians and Statesmen, . . .129 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 'AXAoTpioeirlffKOTToi, . . . . . .141 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Epoch-Makers, 153 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Missionary Bishops, 169 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 Episcop^e, ....... 189 
 
I 
 
 NOLO EPISCOPAEI 
 
"If a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a 
 '•oodwork." — 8. Paul. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 NOLO EPISCOPARI 
 
 Abbot Adrian, the African, one of the 
 most learned ecclesiastics of his day, chos- 
 en archbishop of Canterbury, persuaded 
 the pope to consecrate in his room one 
 Theodore, a Greek monk. 
 
 Gall, the ascetic, popular preacher, and 
 apostle of Switzerland, refused to leave his 
 desert solitudes for the episcopal throne of 
 Constance, and secured the election of the 
 deacon John in his place. 
 
 Dunstan, the famous Saxon, musician, 
 artist, cunning craftsman, and abbot of 
 Glastonbury at twenty-one, preferred the 
 service of the king in early life to the dig- 
 nities and responsibilities of the episcopate. 
 
 Maiolus, abbot of Clugni for forty-six 
 years, refused the papacy, though strongly 
 urged to its acceptance by the emperor 
 and his court. Odilo, his successor, posi- 
 
4 Nolo Episcopari 
 
 tively declined to be made archbishop of 
 Lyons, though the pope sent him pall and 
 ring, and peremptorily ordered him to as- 
 sume the office. 
 
 The Seraphic Doctor refused the pri- 
 macy of the Church in England, and was 
 urged in vain to ascend the chair of S. 
 Peter. The Angelical Doctor declined the 
 offer of the patriarchate of Jerusalem, and, 
 shortly after, a cardinal's hat, and then 
 prevailed on the pope to recall the bull 
 appointing him to the archbishopric of 
 Naples. 
 
 Lawrence O'Toole, son of an O'Toole 
 prince of Imai'l, an hostage at the age of 
 ten in the hands of Dermot MacMurrogh, 
 who afterward betrayed Ireland to Henry 
 II., abbot of the monastery of Glenda- 
 lough at the age of twenty-five, refused the 
 archbishopric of Dublin, and was only 
 prevailed upon to enter on that higher 
 work by the resolute refusal of the electors 
 to proceed to another election ; and so " a 
 genuine Irishman, Irish by birth, by edu- 
 cation, and by consecration," became the 
 second archbishop of the see that had just 
 declared its independence of Canterbury. 
 
Nolo Episcopari 5 
 
 Winfricl (later Boniface), the saint and 
 missionary, refused the see of Utrecht, 
 where he had been laboring, and went else- 
 where to found a monastery, where pres- 
 ently he baptized more than a thousand 
 heathens. 
 
 Master Nicholas de Farnham, " a man 
 of laudable morals and knowledge," some 
 time rector in arts at Paris, then medical 
 practitioner at Bologna, and, later, a the- 
 ologian of unusual erudition, refused the 
 bishopric of Coventry, and, subsequently 
 elected to the see of Durham, could scarce 
 be prevailed upon to reconsider his deter- 
 mination never to be a bishop. John A 
 Lasco, a Polish nobleman, educated for 
 the priesthood of the Eoman Church, a 
 friend and disciple of Zwingli and Erasmus, 
 a reformer of no mean reputation, declined 
 an offer to a bishopric, preferring to be 
 crucified for Christ among strange breth- 
 ren. Bernard Gilpin, Oxon., a member of 
 Christ Church, rector of Essington in 
 Queen Mary's reign, and of Houghton un- 
 der Elizabeth, a man highly esteemed for 
 his piety, scholarship, boldness, charity, 
 and humility, refused the see of Carlisle, 
 
6 Nolo Episcopari 
 
 affirming his insufficiency for the discharge 
 of so great a post. 
 
 Desiderius Erasmus, the champion of 
 German Humanism, the restorer of classi- 
 cal learning, the translator of the New 
 Testament, the paraphrast of the Gospels 
 and Epistles, the protege and terror of 
 prelates, cardinals, princes, and popes, the 
 critic of monks and friars, of pilgrimages, 
 indulgences, monastic vows, auricular con- 
 fession, and of every superstition, the un- 
 sparing censor of the absurdities of the 
 prevailing scholastic method, of the abuses 
 of the Church, of the moral corruptions 
 of all ranks, a " Ulysses in caution," the 
 " Balaam of Home," a sceptic at heart, a 
 left-handed friend of Luther, a lover of 
 comfort more than a lover of the truth, a 
 man of offensive levity and unhappy in- 
 consistencies ; this man, " the first who 
 brought the Church from Hales and Hol- 
 cot to S. Cyprian and S. Augustine, from 
 the fathers to the Scriptures themselves," 
 refused the offer of a bishopric in France, 
 and of another tendered him by Charles 
 V. in Sicily, and might have had a fresh 
 one yearly placed at his disposal, "had 
 
Nolo Episcopari 7 
 
 he but had the conscience to digest 
 them." 
 
 John Knox, yeoman, Koman priest, Prot- 
 estant preacher, court chaplain, people's 
 advocate, stern, brutal, callous to human 
 suffering, coarse, self-assertive, declined a 
 bishopric proffered him by Edward, as 
 having aliquid commune cum anticJiristo. 
 Dr. Sampson, the greatest linguist, most 
 competent scholar, and the profoundest 
 theologian of his day, a frequent preacher 
 of Spital sermons, the man whom Cran- 
 mer and Ridley ordained ivithout the cleri- 
 cal vestments, declined the offer of Nor- 
 wich at the hands of Queen Elizabeth. 
 Whitehead, " a great light of learning, and 
 a most heavenly professor of divinity," one 
 of the divines employed in revising the 
 liturgy, would not consent to be made 
 archbishop of Canterbury. Rainolds, div- 
 inity lecturer at Oxford, famous for his 
 reading, memory, wit, judgment, industry, 
 virtue, probity, integrity, piety, and sanc- 
 tity of life, abruptly refused a bishopric. 
 And Dr. John Porter, renowned for his 
 argument on the reasoning faculty in 
 brutes, chaplain to the Prince of Wales, 
 
8 Nolo Episcopari 
 
 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, in the course 
 of the xviith century, declined the see of 
 Gloucester. 
 
 To enumerate the prelates that were 
 literally forced into the episcopate would 
 require a reference to almost every Chris- 
 tian century. 
 
 Gregory, native of Neo-Csesarea in Pon- 
 tus, a child of heathen parents, a disciple 
 of Origen, in whom " the true sun began 
 to rise " upon him, and only a layman as 
 yet, thought to escape the burdens of the 
 episcopate by flight. But the good prel- 
 ate, Phcedimus, the bishop of Amasea, was 
 equal to the occasion, and, ordaining him 
 in his absence, declared him bishop of the 
 city of his birth. This brought him to 
 terms, and, returning, he was elevated to 
 the highest order in the Church, with the 
 usual formalities. 
 
 Gregory, the fourth doctor of the Latin 
 Church, of senatorial pedigree, the son of 
 maternal piety and endowments, lawyer, 
 prsetor, and chief magistrate of his native 
 city, founder of a monastery and a hospi- 
 tal, and Benedictine monk, summoned by 
 the Roman people, on the occasion of the 
 
Nolo Episcopari 9 
 
 plague, to succeed the dead pope Pelagius, 
 entreated the emperor not to ratify the 
 choice of the people, and incontinently 
 fled when, in spite of his protest, the elec- 
 tion was confirmed by the imperial edict. 
 But his retreat was discovered, and he was 
 brought back and forced into S. Peter's 
 chair. 
 
 Cyprian, lawyer, rhetorician, champion 
 of the "one holy, visible Church," fled 
 on hearing that the clergy and people 
 of Carthage wanted him for the vacant 
 see, and would have escaped out of the 
 window, had there been a passage open. 
 Athanasius, that " puny little fellow," as 
 Julian called him, whose steadfastness 
 saved the Church from ignominious sur- 
 render to Arianism, ran away on hearing 
 that the fifty bishops in convention as- 
 sembled had chosen him as successor to 
 Alexander, late "pope" of Alexandria. 
 John of the " golden-mouth," lured outside 
 the walls of Antioch to a martyr's chapel, 
 was there apprehended by officers of the 
 government, conveyed to the first post- sta- 
 tion on the road to Constantinople, there 
 placed in a public chariot, his remon- 
 
10 Nolo Ejpiscopari 
 
 strances unheeded, his queries unanswered, 
 hurried on under a military escort from 
 stage to stage, a closely guarded prisoner, 
 and compelled nolens volens to accept the 
 see of the great Eastern metropolis, to 
 which he was duly consecrated February 
 20, 398. Eusebius, of Cgesarea, had such 
 a reluctance to accept the episcopate that 
 it was necessary to employ military force 
 to induct him into his bishopric. Nilam- 
 mon, a solitary, elected bishop of Gera 
 (Egypt), about the time of the expulsion 
 of Chrysostom from Constantinople, died 
 from terror when the archbishop of Alex- 
 andria came to ordain him. 
 
 Mark II., " the new Mark," as the Copts 
 call him, hid himself among the monastic 
 cells in the desert, on learning of his ele- 
 vation to the see of Alexandria, and could 
 not be secured without an official order 
 to bring him, "if necessary, in chains." 
 Simeon, an ascetic, elected to the see of 
 Edessa (761), refused point-blank, and was 
 violently dragged before George, the pa- 
 triarch, and forcibly ordained. 
 
 Ambrose, governor of Milan, hearing 
 the church ring with the shout, Ambrose 
 
Nolo Episcopari 11 
 
 is bishop, ran out and feigned himself a 
 man of rough, merciless humor, and finally 
 stole away at midnight that he might not 
 be compelled to take up the crozier. An- 
 selm, renowned in history for his exaction 
 of the privilege of investiture, had the pas- 
 toral staff thrust into his hand and held 
 there during the ceremony of his election 
 to the archbishopric of Canterbury. Beck- 
 et, too, immortal for his sacerdotal preten- 
 sions, was exalted against his will to sit in 
 that self-same seat of Augustine. Ildefon- 
 sus, abbot of Agali, in Spain, in the viith 
 century, was forced into the see of Toledo. 
 Aldhelm, " the first Saxon whose writings 
 have been preserved, the first man of Teu- 
 tonic race who cultivated the Latin muse," 
 the monk who composed canticles and bal- 
 lads, and sung them on the bridges to win 
 and indoctrinate the Saxon peasants who 
 left church in haste as soon as mass was 
 over to avoid the sermon, was compelled 
 to accept the bishopric of Sherburne. 
 Nicholas I., elected pope 867, fled and hid 
 in the Vatican, but was drawn from his 
 place of concealment and raised to the 
 apostolic throne in spite of all his protests. 
 
12 Nolo Episcopari 
 
 Desiderius, abbot of Monte Casino, again 
 and again, on the death of Hildebrand, re- 
 fused to accept the papacy, until at last he 
 was seized by a popular assembly, hurried 
 into a church, and proclaimed pope under 
 the name of Yictor III. Four days later he 
 fled back to Casino as the simple abbot, 
 though, after the expiration of a year, he was 
 prevailed upon to resume the pontificate. 
 
 William, abbot of Challis, whose name 
 was found on the billet drawn forth from 
 beneath the corporal on the altar, and 
 whose nomination thus made was con- 
 firmed by a majority of the clergy there 
 convened, was seized with a trembling and 
 a fear he could not control, and could not 
 be persuaded to accept the archbishopric 
 of Bourges except at the order of the su- 
 perior of the society, the abbot of Citeaux, 
 and of the papal legate. 
 
 Colman, the man who had the three 
 pets — the cock that crowed at night, when- 
 ever the turn came for Colman to rise 
 and say his office ; the mouse that nibbled 
 his ears, or fingers, or toes till he got up ; 
 and the blue-bottle fly that hopped on as he 
 read, and formed a stop at the end of each 
 
Nolo Episcopari 13 
 
 sentence, and sat quiet at the end of a 
 paragraph, if he were suddenly called away 
 — was made bishop against his will, and 
 actually ran away and hid himself there- 
 after for the space of seven years. S. Cos- 
 mas, of Jerusalem, who holds second place 
 among Greek ecclesiastical poets, was con- 
 secrated bishop of Maiuma, the port of 
 Gaza, to his own great regret. Chrysan- 
 thus, ex-governor of Italy, and late lord 
 lieutenant of the British Isles, was dragged 
 out of his hiding-place and invested with 
 the bishopric of the Novatians at Constan- 
 tinople. Fulgentius, monk, abbot, confes- 
 sor, manufacturer of mats and umbrellas 
 by the sea-shore, was forcibly elevated to 
 the episcopate of Euspe, in Africa. 
 
 Otto, the chaplain of the excommuni- 
 cated Henry, refused the bishoprics of 
 Augsburg and Halberstadt, and, but for the 
 intervention of the king, who thrust the 
 pastoral staff into his hands and placed 
 the ring upon his finger, would have de- 
 clined the nomination to the see of Bam- 
 berg, too. Laurence Justiniani, the Vene- 
 tian, consented to the consecration only at 
 the command of the pope. Thomas of 
 
14 Nolo Episcopari 
 
 VillanoYa would not undertake the respon- 
 sibilities of the archbishopric of Granada, 
 and only the command of his superiors in 
 the Augustinian order prevailed on him 
 subsequently to accept the see of Valencia. 
 
 It is also on record that some of the 
 men whose names were mentioned in con- 
 nection with the vacant bishoprics of their 
 day, fled beyond recovery, and some even 
 mutilated their persons. 
 
 Justus, a child of heathen parents, in 
 the ivth century, hid himself so that he 
 could nowhere be found, and so escaped 
 election to the see of Poitiers. Eusebius, 
 surnamed Emisenus, also put himself out 
 of the road. Mor Ephrem, whose odes the 
 Syrians sang, and whose native sweetness 
 is distilled in his incomparable rhythms 
 on the Nativity, hearing that he was ap- 
 pointed bishop of some town, ran to the 
 market-place and exhibited himself in such 
 an indecorous manner that those who had 
 come to carry him away departed, believing 
 he had gone insane. Ammonius, the monk, 
 cut off his own right ear, that he might dis- 
 qualify himself for the episcopal office his 
 friends were about to force upon him. 
 
II 
 
 VOLO EPISCOPAEI 
 
Ut quseratur cogendus, rogatus recedat, invitatus refu- 
 giat, sola illi suftragetur necessitas obsequendi. — Law of 
 Leo and Anthemius. 
 
CHAPTEE II 
 
 VOLO EPISCOPAKI 
 
 Novatian, a Phrygian, a Stoic, baptized 
 on his sick bed and never sealed in con- 
 firmation, yet a presbyter of the Church of 
 Eome, ambitious of the episcopate, selected 
 two desperate characters to fetch him three 
 bishops from some remote part of Italy, as 
 if they were needed to allay the dissensions 
 that had arisen at Home ; who, when they 
 were come and were heated with wine and 
 surfeiting, were induced, at the hour of four 
 in the afternoon, none of the clergy or 
 people being present, to lay their hands on 
 him and ordain him bishop (251) of the 
 Cathari, or " pure ones " (protesting against 
 the discipline which allowed the lapsed to 
 return to the communion of the Church), 
 the first body of "Dissenters," and des- 
 tined to last on into the viith century un- 
 der the name of Novatians. 
 2 
 
18 Volo Episcopari 
 
 Ischyras, though not admitted to holy 
 orders, having been ordained by none but 
 the presbyter Colluthus, assumed the title 
 of a priest and exercised the sacred func- 
 tions, and, when detected and reduced by 
 a synod, fled to Eusebius, of Nicomedia, 
 who promised him a bishopric if he would 
 frame an accusation against the hated 
 Athanasius, then in such ill-odor that it 
 was enough to charge him with haying or- 
 dered his presbyter Macarius to break into 
 the chancel, while Ischyras was officiating, 
 and to overturn the communion-table, break 
 in pieces the sacramental chalice, and burn 
 the holy books; and for this indictment, 
 which he subsequently acknowledged under 
 his own hand to be false in every particular, 
 he was presently ordained bishop of Mareo- 
 tis by those who deposed Athanasius, and 
 was one of the prelates (349) at the synod 
 of Sardica. 
 
 Cyril, in order to ascend the episcopal 
 throne of Jerusalem, consented to repudiate 
 his ordination by Maximus, the confessor, 
 the venerable prelate of that city, and serv- 
 ing a while as a deacon, was rewarded (359) 
 with the coveted bishopric. 
 
Volo Episcopari 19 
 
 On the death of Liberius, bishop of Borne 
 (366), two rival candidates presented them- 
 selves, and, before order could be restored, 
 one hundred and thirty-seven dead bodies 
 covered the precincts of a church around 
 which a bloody battle had been fought. 
 
 The see of Sebasteia falling vacant (eirc. 
 374), Aerius and Epiphanius both became 
 candidates, and, the choice falling on the 
 latter, his friend refused thenceforth to 
 fellowship with him or to forgive him in 
 his heart. 1 
 
 Porphyrius, who was standing for the 
 patriarchate of Antioch, frightened away 
 his rival Constantius, and, locking himself 
 and his three consecrators in the chief 
 church, was (404) precipitately elevated to 
 the episcopate, the service being so hurried 
 that some portions of the rite were alto- 
 gether omitted, the ordaining prelates, hav- 
 ing received the promised pecuniary satis- 
 faction, hasting to liee across the mountains. 
 
 1 The biographer of Chrysostom observes that on the 
 death of Nectarius, bishop of Constantinople (397), the 
 office was so eagerly coveted that " there came priests un- 
 worthy of the priesthood, besetting the palace gates, re- 
 sorting to bribery, falling on their knees even, before the 
 people." 
 
20 Volo Episcopari 
 
 Sabbatius, a Jewish convert, a presbyter, 
 aiming at the episcopate, and promising, 
 on his oath, never to aspire to the dignity, 
 separated himself from the Novatians, and 
 organized another sect for the observance 
 of the Paschal Feast after the manner of 
 the Jews, and shortly (circ. 412) prevailed 
 upon a few undistinguished prelates to con- 
 secrate him bishop, among his consecrators 
 being one Hermogenes, whom he had pre- 
 viously excommunicated with curses on ac- 
 count of his blasphemous writings. 
 
 Peter, a fuller, a monk, intent on the 
 see of Antioch, stirred up a tumult in 
 the city, hoping to get rid of Martyrius, 
 the occupant of the see, and, his plan suc- 
 ceeding and the patriarch being expelled 
 (469) as a Nestorian in disguise, the am- 
 bitious and unprincipled adventurer, who 
 had been brought up to scour, cleanse, and 
 thicken cloth, soon found himself in the 
 place of the prelate he had dethroned : an- 
 other proof that wickedness often outruns 
 virtue here, and that falsehood is out of 
 reach before truth gets her shoe-strings tied. 
 
 When the see of Constantinople was 
 vacant (489), the Emperor Zeno (in whose 
 
Volo Episcopari 21 
 
 reign the Henoticon was issued), solicitous 
 for the welfare of the Church and craving 
 some sign from heaven for his guidance in 
 the selection of a new patriarch, placed on 
 the altar of the great church of the im- 
 perial city two sheets of paper — the one 
 blank, and on the other a prayer to God 
 to send His angel fco write on its fellow the 
 name of the person whom He Himself had 
 chosen. Forty days he fasted, and the 
 Church. On the outskirts of the city there 
 stood the church of S. Thecla, a small 
 suburban edifice, whose pastor was one 
 Fravitta, the presbyter; and, during the 
 progress of the fast, it occurred to him that 
 it would be difficult to find a man better qual- 
 ified for the office than himself, and that 
 his name ought, somehow, to be written on 
 that blank slip. He knew a eunuch of the 
 palace, and a bribe secured his services. 
 When the casket was opened, Fravitta, the 
 presbyter, was found to be approved of God. 
 Great was the joy of the Church and the 
 court. Four months later Fravitta was dead, 
 but the eunuch had not seen the promised 
 gold. Hurrying to the executors of the 
 dead bishop, he told the story and claimed 
 
22 Volo Episcopari 
 
 his reward. And when the emperor heard 
 thereof he bewailed his own simplicity, and 
 ordered the clergy to proceed to an election 
 after the usual manner of the Church. 
 
 John, a presbyter, the steward of the 
 church of S. John the Baptist (the bishop's 
 church), of Alexandria, went to Constants 
 nople (480) to obtain leave for the Alexan- 
 drians to elect their own bishop on the de- 
 cease of the then incumbent — a very aged 
 man — and made use of his opportunities to 
 attempt his own appointment, but was com- 
 pelled to take oath that he would never 
 aspire to the see of Alexandria. On the 
 death of Timothy, which occurred shortly 
 after his return, promising and showering 
 money wherever he went, he procured his 
 own nomination and election. Expelled 
 by the emperor, he went to Rome, and, 
 complaining that he had been banished 
 from his rightful see for upholding the 
 doctrines of Leo and the council of Chal- 
 cedon, won the bishop sitting in S. Peter's 
 chair, who, making the discovery shortly 
 after that the appellant had been guilty of 
 perjury, and that for this and nothing else 
 he had been ejected from the see of Alex- 
 
Volo Episcopari 23 
 
 andria, broke his head with the precious 
 balms of the righteous. Of this Timothy, 
 whose episcopal throne this steward cov- 
 eted, it is recorded that he had instigated 
 the murder of his predecessor, inspired to 
 the deed by the vision of an angel, and 
 had been consecrated by two deposed bish- 
 ops ; and he was nicknamed Timothy the 
 Cat (JElurus), because of the revelations 
 he whispered in darkness and disguise 
 through the cells of the monastery. 
 
 Gall, the son of noble parents in the 
 province of Gaul (vith century), a monk 
 and a deacon, lodged, on his return to his 
 native city, with his uncle Impetratus, 
 a priest, whose house was beset with peo- 
 ple in quest of a successor to their la- 
 mented prelate Quintinian, and who had 
 made up his mind to put his nephew in 
 the vacancy, and had, accordingly, divid- 
 ed the counsels of the meeting, looking 
 to the king for a decision in his favor, to 
 whose help the young man was to appeal 
 in person. Gall was in bed when this in- 
 telligence was brought him, and, ere ever 
 he had time to arise, a priest came in to 
 see him, speculating as to the coming man. 
 
24 Volo Episcopari 
 
 " What is the use of the people troubling 
 their heads about it ? " blurted out the 
 deacon. "I am going to have the bishop- 
 ric, and now I am off post-haste to the 
 king ; and, mind you, when you hear that 
 I am on my return, bring forth the late 
 bishop's horse to meet me, that I may ride 
 into Clermont on its back." "We can for- 
 give the priest for reading him a lecture 
 and for shaking him, although we regret 
 that he hurt him against the bed-post. 
 But Gall was no sooner left alone than he 
 dressed and started off to see the king, out- 
 riding and outwitting " the committee," 
 sent to notify the court that the clergy had 
 filled the vacant see, and securing the 
 royal nomination ; and, having been or- 
 dained priest, and having enjoyed a din- 
 ner given him by the citizens at the ex- 
 pense of the kingdom, he was escorted into 
 Clermont sitting on the episcopal charger, 
 led by the clerical assailant and a host of 
 the clergy and inhabitants, all of whom he 
 won and greatly helped and blessed. 
 
 For the bishopric of Rome (536) Vigi- 
 lius, the deacon, paid the sum of two hun- 
 dred pounds in silver. 
 
Volo Episcopari 25 
 
 Habencius, desiring the see of Astigi, 
 accused Martianus, its occupant, of prac- 
 tising divination and of admitting women 
 to his apartments, and, on his deposition, 
 on these charges, by a council of Seville 
 (633), the prosecutor was intruded into his 
 place. Five years later, the case having 
 been thoroughly investigated, Habencius 
 was found guilty of conspiracy against the 
 fame and fortune of a brother, and ordered 
 to restore the see and retire in penitence. 
 
 Chramlier, bishop of Embrun, obtained 
 his see by means of a forged deed, and he 
 had never been consecrated bishop. 
 
 In 1044 the Romans sold the papal 
 crown to Sylvester III., and shortly after 
 it was purchased by John Gratian, an arch- 
 deacon, for one thousand pounds of silver. 
 
 In the year 1050 Ulf, a Norman, who 
 could scarcely read the missal or his brev- 
 iary, was appointed to the see of Dorches- 
 ter by Edward the Confessor, but, on re- 
 pairing to Eome for confirmation, the pope 
 was so outraged at his ignorance and as- 
 surance, that only the bribery of the papal 
 officials availed to fix him in the bishopric. 
 
 Hippolytus d'Este, archbishop of Milan 
 
26 Volo Episcopari 
 
 at eleven, cardinal at thirty, and diocesan 
 of eight bishoprics at one time or another, 
 tried for the papacy on the death of Julius 
 III., and again on the death of Marcellus 
 II., and once more on the decease of Paul 
 IV. 
 
 Gerald de Barry (Giraldus Cambrensis), 
 a famous writer, the historian of the " Con- 
 quest of Ireland," and the compiler of the 
 "Itinerary of Wales," an archdeacon of 
 Brecon (d. 1220), is said to have spent 
 the last forty years of his life in fruitless 
 efforts to become bishop of S. David's, 
 where he had been educated under the eye 
 of his uncle, the diocesan at that time. 
 
 Ranke tells us that, when the cardinals 
 were in conclave, on the death of Paul 
 III., seeking a successor, Cardinal Monte, 
 one of their number, exclaimed : " Elect 
 me, and the day following I will make you 
 my intimates and favorites of the whole 
 college of Cardinals." This he spake to 
 $nq or six of his intimates. On 7 Febru- 
 ary, 1550, he was elected. 
 
 The reader will recall the forty -four anti-popes of Rome 
 (215 to 1420), to two of whom allusion has been made. 
 
Ill 
 
 BISHOPS DESIGNATE 
 
CHAPTEE III 
 BISHOPS DESIGNATE 
 
 About the middle of the ind century, 
 the see of Eome being vacant, the breth- 
 ren being assembled in the church for the 
 purpose of ordaining him that should suc- 
 ceed to the episcopate, a dove flew through 
 the building and alighted on the head of 
 one Fabianus, who had come in with others 
 from the country. Immediately the whole 
 congregation, as if moved by the Spirit 
 of God, cried out with one voice, He is 
 worthy, and forthwith took and placed 
 him upon the episcopal throne. 
 
 A hundred years later the bishops of 
 the province, learning of the death of 
 Auxentius, the wily Arian bishop, met to- 
 gether to elect his successor. The em- 
 peror refusing to nominate anyone, as it 
 was " too great an affair for him to meddle 
 in," the prelates went to the cathedral to 
 
30 Bishops Designate 
 
 take counsel of the people, and there 
 Arians and Catholics raised such a storm 
 between them that the presence of the 
 governor of the city was requisite to the 
 preservation of the peace. On the conclu- 
 sion of his grave exhortation to the excited 
 concourse, the voice of a child rang out, 
 Ambrose is bisJiop. It was but an instant 
 and the whole company shouted, Ambrose 
 is bishop, Ambrose is bishop; and from 
 that hour he knew no rest until he had 
 consented to assume the duties of the 
 bishop of Milan. 
 
 On the 26th day of September, 426, 
 Augustine, having taken his seat in the 
 Church of Peace, in the district of Hippo 
 Regius, a large congregation of clergy and 
 laymen standing by, rehearsed the in- 
 firmities which old age had laid upon him, 
 and asked leave to designate the presby- 
 ter Eraclius, a man of wisdom and unusual 
 modesty, as his successor. Twenty times 
 they all cried out, He is worthy and just 
 Five times they said, Well deserving, well 
 worthy ! Six times again, He is worthy 
 and just. Bishop Augustine expressing his 
 desire that their action should be placed 
 
Bishops Designate 31 
 
 on record, the people once more shouted 
 twelve times, Agreed ! agreed ! and then 
 six times, Thee, our father ! Eraelius, our 
 bishop ! Again resuming speech, when 
 silence had been obtained, the aged prel- 
 ate asked for their subscription to the 
 record. And twenty - five times they 
 shouted, Agreed! agreed! Then twenty- 
 eight times, It is worthy, it is just Then 
 fourteen times, Agreed ! agreed ! Then 
 twenty-five times, He lias long been worthy, 
 he has long been deserving ! And the elec- 
 tion was complete. 
 
 Three years later, Hilary, who had fol- 
 lowed his relative Honoratus, the arch- 
 bishop, to the city of Aries, and who, on 
 his death, was returning to the monas- 
 tic community on the peaceful isle of Le- 
 rins, was apprehended on the way by mes- 
 sengers from the citizens, brought back, 
 and forthwith elected, confirmed, and con- 
 secrated in the room of Honoratus, who 
 had designated him as his successor. But 
 never had the pursuing force recognized 
 the fugitive, but for a dove that settled on 
 his head, and by that sign they knew him, 
 the designate of heaven as well. 
 
32 Bishops Designate 
 
 In the same century, one Samson, son of 
 Amwn Dhu, a petty prince in Armorica, an 
 ascetic, a deacon, a priest, an abbot, and a 
 hermit, had a dream in which he saw three 
 bishops in glittering vestments, with gold 
 mitres on their heads (the apostles Peter, 
 James, and John), and heard them recite 
 over him the office of ordaining bishops. 
 Never had man, since the earliest days, 
 such good authority for assuming the du- 
 ties and office of the episcopate. No won- 
 der he felt himself a bishop all the way 
 through ! In the early morning light he 
 repaired to the prelate who had ordained 
 him deacon and informed him of his vi- 
 sion. What was Dubricius to do ? What 
 could be done with a man injected into the 
 succession by the apostles themselves? 
 Clearly it would never answer to re-con- 
 secrate him. But he could give him a 
 bishopric. And this he did, sending him 
 to Dol, in Wales, and with him two co- 
 adjutor bishops consecrated in the usual 
 way! 
 
 Remigius was a noble, and only twenty- 
 two, when, standing in the great church at 
 Eheims, where the clergy and people were 
 
Bishops Designate 33 
 
 assembled to elect a bishop, a ray of sun- 
 light, piercing a small clere-story window, 
 fell on his head and irradiated his face, 
 transfiguring and glorifying his features 
 until it seemed as though the Spirit of 
 God had set His seal upon him and desig- 
 nated him as the man of His choice. In- 
 stantly there was a cry for the ordination of 
 Kemigius, and all the congregation, as one 
 man, declared for him as their bishop. 
 
 Hildebrand, the iron-handed blacksmith's 
 son, had been the counsellor of four popes, 
 and, as archdeacon, was officiating at the 
 obsequies of Alexander II., when all at 
 once the walls of the old Lateran church 
 rang with the shout, Hildebrand is pope I 
 S. Peter chooses the Archdeacon Hilde- 
 brand / In vain the archdeacon's protest. 
 Cardinal Hugh the White stepped to the 
 front and, in a voice that drowned even 
 the roar of the multitude, cried out : 
 " "Well know ye that since the days of the 
 blessed Leo this prudent archdeacon has 
 exalted the Roman see, and delivered this 
 city from many perils. Wherefore we, the 
 bishops and cardinals, with one voice, 
 elect him as the pastor and bishop of your 
 2 
 
34 Bishops Designate 
 
 souls." Then again the people thundered, 
 It is the will of S. Peter. Hildebrand is 
 pope. And immediately he was led to the 
 papal throne and enthroned in the chair of 
 S. Peter. 
 
 Of William, Abbot of Challis at the 
 opening of the xinth century, it is written 
 that he was elevated to the archbishopric 
 of Bourges by the circumstance of his name 
 appearing on the billet drawn forth from 
 under the corporal, where it had been 
 placed with several others before mass; 
 an indication, as the majority of the clergy 
 present thought, that he was to be num- 
 bered with the apostles. 
 
IY 
 
 AGE OF CONSECEATION 
 
41 But concerning bishops, we have heard from our 
 Lord that a pastor who is to be ordained a bishop for the 
 churches must be . . . not under fifty years of age." 
 — Apost. Comtitutio?is. 
 
 Six councils (314-581) named thirty as the minimum age. 
 
CHAPTEE IV 
 
 AGE OF CONSECEATION 
 
 The great Athanasius could not have 
 been more than twenty -eight (twenty- 
 three, say some) at the time of his conse- 
 cration. The haughty and contentious 
 Hilary, the champion of the autonomy of 
 the Gallican Church, was consecrated (429) 
 archbishop of Aries at the age of twenty- 
 nine. John, surnamed The Silent, was 
 consecrated (481) bishop of CoLonia at the 
 age of twenty-seven. Eemigius, the apos- 
 tle of the Franks (457-530), was conse- 
 crated at the age of twenty-one. Kenti- 
 gem (S. Mungo), who, early in the vith 
 century, evangelized the region lying be- 
 tween Solway Firth and the Clyde, the 
 founder of the monastery and see of S. 
 Asaph, in Wales, the true apostle of the 
 Scots, was made bishop at the age of 
 twenty-four. About the same time Leo- 
 
38 Age of Consecration 
 
 nore, a disciple of S. Iltut, in Wales, a 
 youth of brilliant abilities, was advanced 
 to the episcopate at the age of fifteen, and 
 immediately crossed over into Brittany, at 
 the head of seventy-three disciples, and 
 founded a monastery for the better prose- 
 cution of his work of evangelization. 
 
 In the year 925 a child of five years was 
 made archbishop of Eheims. Thirty years 
 later the occupant of S. Peter's chair (John 
 XII.) was a youth of eighteen. Benedict 
 IX. (1033-48) was but a boy of ten when 
 elected to the papacy. 
 
 At the age of twenty-five Cellach be- 
 came primate of Ireland and sat in the 
 synod of Kathbreasil (1172), at which the 
 papal legate presided. Celsus, archbishop 
 of Armagh, was consecrated (1105) at the 
 age of twenty-six. 
 
 S. Louis, the second son of Charles II. 
 and Mary of Hungary, the brother of 
 Charles Martel, several years a prisoner 
 for the good behavior of his father, a 
 priest, the friend and benefactor of the 
 cobbler's son of Cahors, who subse- 
 quently became Pope John XXII., at 
 Avignon, was elevated to the bishopric of 
 
Age of Consecration 39 
 
 Toulouse at the age of twenty-two (1296), 
 and died the following year. 
 
 The bishopric of Metz falling vacant 
 (1383), the pope conferred it on Peter of 
 Luxemburg, son of Guy of Luxemburg, 
 count of Ligny, lord of Eoussy, then arch- 
 deacon- of Dreux, and also advanced him 
 at once to the cardinalate. The newly 
 made bishop, aged fourteen, made his 
 entry into his diocese sitting on an ass 
 and with his feet unclothed. He died in 
 his nineteenth year. 
 
 Hippolytus d'Este, son of Hercules 
 d'Este, duke of Eerrara, and Eleanor of 
 Arragon, was archbishop of Strigonia at 
 the age of eight ; a cardinal at seventeen ; 
 and, before he was twenty-one, held the 
 archbishoprics of Capua and Milan, and 
 the bishoprics of Eerrara, Agria, and Grau 
 (1497). His nephew, Hippolytus d'Este, 
 son of Alphonso I., duke of Eerrara, and 
 Lucrezia Borgia, who succeeded him, was 
 promoted to the archbishopric of Milan at 
 the age of eleven. 
 
 Charles Borromeo (1560), at the age of 
 twenty-two, and not yet in deacon's orders, 
 was put in possession of the see of Milan 
 
40 Age of Consecration 
 
 by his uncle, Pope Pius IV. Bichelieu, 
 cardinal and statesman, was consecrated 
 bishop in his twenty-third year. 
 
 George Neville, son of Richard, earl of 
 Salisbury, canon of York and Salisbury at 
 the age of fourteen, was appointed bishop 
 of Exeter when he had attained the age of 
 twenty-three, and, "as he could not be 
 consecrated for four years, he had a bull 
 to receive tne profits." 
 
V 
 
 NUMBEE OF CONSECEATOES 
 
We command that a bishop be ordained by three 
 bishops, or at least by two ; but it is not lawful that he be 
 set over you by one. — Apostolical Constitutions, Hi. , 20. 
 
 Let a bishop be ordained by two or three bishops. 
 — Apostolical Canons, i. 
 
 Let no bishop be ordained without three bishops. If 
 any think that he alone is sufficient for the ordination of a 
 bishop, let him understand that no one can presume to do 
 this unless he has seven other bishops associated with him. 
 — Council of Aries (a.d. 314), Can. xx. 
 
 It is especially fitting, that a bishop be appointed by all 
 the bishops who are in the province. But if such a thing 
 be difficult . . . it is becoming that at least three be 
 gathered to the same place, the absent bishops also giving 
 their votes and expressing their agreement by letters ; then 
 the ordination is to be performed. — Council ofMccea (a.d. 
 325), Can. iv. 
 
CHAPTEE V 
 NUMBEB OF CONSECEATOES 
 
 Fiacc, a pupil of Duffack, the poet-lau- 
 reate of Ireland, was consecrated bishop by 
 S. Patrick alone, and so was one Hogan, an- 
 other " regionary bishop." 1 
 
 Keutigern, the base-born, the foundling, 
 the man whose feet, shod with the prepara- 
 tion of the gospel of peace, brought salva- 
 tion to the Britons and Scots scattered 
 from the mouth of the Clyde to the mouth 
 of the Mersey, the founder of monasteries, 
 the confessor of queens, was consecrated 
 to the episcopate by a single bishop sum- 
 moned from Ireland for that purpose. 
 Columba, of royal lineage, creator of thirty- 
 seven monasteries in Ireland alone before 
 he had reached the age of twenty-five, poet, 
 scholar, warrior, penitent, exile, mission- 
 ary, apostle, father of Iona, went to Bishop 
 
 1 Irish consecration was usually by one bishop only, and 
 the custom survived till the xnth century. 
 
44: Number of Consecrators 
 
 Etchain to be advanced by him to the 
 episcopate, but was ordained priest instead, 
 the prelate blundering. S. David, priest, 
 monk, abbot, patron of Wales, was conse- 
 crated by one bishop only. Dubricius and 
 Teilo, other Wel'sh bishops, had but one 
 consecrator each. 
 
 Augustine, the head of the Italian mis- 
 sion in England, writing to Pope Gregory 
 as to the validity of consecration by a 
 single bishop, received answer (601 a.d.) : 
 "In the English Church, while you are 
 the only bishop, you cannot ordain a 
 bishop otherwise than without other bish- 
 ops." Fifty years later, Fridona, a Saxon, 
 the first English archbishop, was conse- 
 crated by Ithamar, the bishop of Roch- 
 ester, alone — "the first English bishop 
 consecrating the first English archbishop." 1 
 Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, in 
 the same century, the founder of the dio- 
 cesan system of the Anglican Church, con- 
 secrated, unassisted, three new bishops for 
 the three new divisions of the diocese of 
 
 1 Bede says that at this time there was no other bishop 
 in all Britain canonically ordained besides Winni, bishop 
 of the West Saxons. 
 
Number of Consecrators 45 
 
 York, to wit : — Bosa to York, for the 
 kingdom of Deira; Eata to Heshani, with 
 Lindisfarne, for the kingdom of Bernicia ; 
 and Eadhed, for the province of Lindsey. 
 
 Evagrius was elevated (389) to the see of 
 Antioch by Paulinus alone, and his epis- 
 copal authority was acknowledged by the 
 African and Latin bishops. Siderius was 
 rendered competent to assume the duties of 
 the bishopric of Palaebisca by the imposi- 
 tion of the hands of a single bishop, and 
 Athanasius recognized the validity of his 
 consecration. Augustine, bishop of Hippo, 
 appears to have had but one consecrator. 
 Bassianus was made (444) bishop of Ephe- 
 sus by Olympus,- the bishop of Thedosi- 
 opolis, alone, and the act was recognized 
 by the emperor and subsequently sanc- 
 tioned by Proclus, the patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople. Dioscorus, patriarch of Alex- 
 andria, the successor of the anathematizing 
 Cyril (444), was consecrated by two bishops 
 only. Peter Mongus was (477) advanced to 
 the same see " by two deprived bishops, if 
 not by a single bishop," and, although de- 
 posed by the emperor, he was subsequently 
 reinstated as patriarch. On the death of a 
 
46 Number of Consecrators 
 
 bishop of Rome (555) his successor, who 
 took the name of Pelagius II., was con- 
 secrated by two bishops — John, of Peru- 
 sium, and Bonus, of Ferentium — assisted 
 by Andreas, presbyter of Ostia. 1 At the 
 opening of the ixth century, Cardag and 
 Jaballaha, two of the members of the Nesto- 
 rian mission, were advised by Timotheus, 
 the Nestorian patriarch, to ordain other 
 bishops to succeed them, and to supply by 
 a copy of the Gospels the lack of a third 
 prelate to assist in the consecration. 
 
 In 1528 Peter Magnusson, bishop of the 
 see of Westeraes, consecrated a number of 
 bishops for various vacant sees in Sweden ; 
 and then (1531), assisted by one of them, 
 Magnus Sommar, bishop of Strengness, he 
 consecrated Laurence Peterson, archbishop 
 of Upsala. In 1724, Cornelius Steenoven 
 was consecrated archbishop of Utrecht, for 
 the Jansenist Church, by Dominique Marie 
 Varlet, a titular bishop, whose title was 
 Bishop of Babylon, and who was at the 
 time under sentence of suspension because 
 
 1 Bellarmine cites the permission of certain popes to 
 make up the number three by calling in the assistance of 
 two or more mitred abbots, one bishop being always present. 
 
Number of Consecrators 47 
 
 he had ministered the rite of confirmation 
 at Amsterdam for the disfavored Church of 
 Holland. The next year, on the death of 
 Steenoven, this same appellate bishop, at 
 the request of the chapter of Utrecht, con- 
 secrated Barchman Waytiers to the vacant 
 archbishopric. In 1733, Waytiers dying, 
 Theodore van Croon, the choice of the 
 chapter, was consecrated in his room by 
 the same bishop of Babylon. In 1739, this 
 Croon dying, the bishop of Babylon was 
 again invited to consecrate for the Dutch 
 episcopate, and in October of that year Pe- 
 ter John Meindaerts was duly elevated to 
 the vacant archbishopric. Rome still refus- 
 ing to consecrate any bishops for the Dutch 
 Church, and excommunicating all concerned 
 in these functions, the new archbishop pro- 
 ceeded (1742) to consecrate a bishop for 
 Haarlem, and in 1758 added one for the see 
 of De venter. On the 11th day of August, 
 1873, the bishop of Deventer consecrated 
 Dr. J. H. Beinkens, of Cologne, first bishop 
 of the " Old Catholic Church " ; and on the 
 18th of September, 1876, Bishop Beinkens 
 raised Edward Herzog to the episcopate, to 
 serve the " Old Catholics " in Switzerland. 
 
48 Number of Consecrators 
 
 In the year 1733, Koger Lawrence, the 
 learned author of " Lay-Baptism Invalid," 
 was consecrated as a bishop for the Non- 
 jurors by Campbell, the Scottish bishop, 
 acting alone and on his own authority. 
 Subsequently these two bishops conse- 
 crated Thomas Deacon. And a little later, 
 Thomas Deacon elevated to the episcopate 
 one J. P. Brown, presumably a brother of 
 the earl of Annandale. Although the Non- 
 jurors, as a regularly constituted church, 
 with its bishops, priests, and deacons, be- 
 came extinct with the death of Gordon, its 
 last regular bishop, in 1779, yet the Sep- 
 aratists continued some years longer to 
 consecrate bishops of their own, — Thomas 
 Deacon, in 1780, consecrating Price and 
 Cart wright ; Cartwright, in 1795, consecra- 
 ting Garnet ; and Garnet consecrating 
 Boothe a little later. No Nonjuring bish- 
 op has been consecrated since. 
 
 On the repression of the Gallican Church 
 by the malignant forces of the French Ke- 
 volution, a body of new bishops were ap- 
 pointed and consecrated by Talleyrand, 
 the bishop of Autun. 
 
VI 
 
 LAYMEN BAISED TO THE EPIS- 
 COPATE 
 
CHAPTEB VI 
 
 LAYMEN KAISED TO THE EPISCOPATE 
 
 The first Gregory in the see of Nazian- 
 zum, the father of the more famous Greg- 
 ory, his successor, was not in orders when 
 elevated to the episcopate. Simplicianus, 
 a man of noble birth and great wealth, 
 was but a layman when elected (346) to 
 the bishopric of Autun. Leontius, bishop 
 of Antioch (348), had been previously de- 
 posed because of self-mutilation. Basil, a 
 learned doctor of medicine, was suddenly 
 ordained (366) to the see of Ancyra. Euse- 
 bius was a layman and unbaptized at the 
 time of his election (362) to the episcopal 
 supervision of the Church in Cappadocian 
 Caesarea. Hillary (Malleus Arianorum), 
 the author of a "History of Synods," and of 
 treatises against the Arians, was chosen 
 bishop of Poitiers, in Gaul (circ. 353), 
 while in the ranks of the laity and a mar- 
 ried man. Marathonius was made bishop 
 
52 Laymen Raised to the Episcopate 
 
 of Nicomedia (356) while paymaster of the 
 prefects of the Praetorian Guards. Epi- 
 phanius, a convert from Judaism (366), 
 being in the forum one day, was seized by 
 Pappus, the aged prelate of Cytria, taken 
 into the church, and ordained, first deacon, 
 then priest, and then bishop of the city of 
 Salamis, in Cyprus (where they then were), 
 the neighboring bishops consenting. Am- 
 philochus, an advocate, was a layman one 
 year (374) and a bishop the next. Am- 
 brose was governor of the province of Mi- 
 lan, and unbaptized, when the voice of a 
 child designated him as bishop ; and eight 
 days thereafter he was seated on the epis- 
 copal throne. Nectarius was a senator and 
 praetor of Constantinople, in the latter half 
 of the same ivth century, when selected 
 by the emperor to succeed Gregory Nazi- 
 anzen in the administration of the affairs 
 of that archiepiscopal see, and only a cate- 
 chumen, and wore, at the time of his conse- 
 cration, the white dress of the neophyte 
 under the robes of the bishop. According 
 to Chrysostom, Philogonius was taken from 
 the judge's bench to fill the bishop's throne 
 at Autioch. 
 
Laymen Raised to the Episcopate 53 
 
 Synesius, a disciple of Hypatia, was an 
 agriculturist, a sportsman, a pagan, a phi- 
 losopher, as well as a married man, when 
 elected (410) to the see of Ptolemais, in 
 Egypt. Germanus, the hereditary ruler 
 of Auxerre, a rough and eager huntsman, 
 was seized by the mob, at the instigation 
 of the aged prelate, while storming at the 
 prelatical intolerance that had destroyed 
 his antlers, which he had affixed to a tree 
 in the centre of the town, dragged into the 
 church, divested of his sportsman's gear, 
 forced to his knees before the altar, or- 
 dained to the priesthood, and then and 
 there elected (418) to the episcopate of 
 his native city, in the room of his consecra- 
 tor, the venerable Amator, who presently 
 passed away, as he had anticipated. Tha- 
 lassius had been governor of Illyricum, and 
 the emperor was intending to appoint him 
 praetorian prefect, when Proclus, the arch- 
 bishop of Constantinople, suddenly laid 
 hands on him and ordained him (439) 
 bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia. Gly- 
 cerius had scarcely asserted the imperial 
 title at Kavenna, in succession to Olybrius, 
 when (471) a serious defeat decided him 
 
54 Laymen Raised to the Episcopate 
 
 to abandon the crown he had thought to 
 wear as emperor, and to put the episcopal 
 mitre in its place, and to settle down to the 
 duties of the bishopric of Salona. Euche- 
 rius was only a monk, and, therefore, a lay- 
 man, when he was ordained to the see of 
 Lyons. Sidonius Apollinaris {Gains Sol- 
 lius Modestus), the Latin author and poet, 
 was only a layman when elected (472) to 
 the episcopate of Lyons, and he accepted 
 the office most reluctantly. 
 
 Paulus, bishop of Meriden, was a phy- 
 sician when summoned (530) to the epis- 
 copal throne. Arnulf, the founder of the 
 Carolingian dynasty (born 580), was forced 
 to accept the bishopric of Metz while yet 
 a layman. 
 
 Aetherius, who died at the opening of 
 the viith century, was a distinguished sen- 
 ator at the court of King Guntram when 
 made bishop of Lyons. Desiderius was 
 prime minister and treasurer of Dagobert 
 I. when raised to the episcopate. 
 
 Gregory, who succeeded the indefatiga- 
 ble Anglo - Saxon missionary, Willibrord 
 (739), in the administration of the see of 
 Utrecht, Germany, was never consecrated 
 
Laymen Baised to the Episcopate 55 
 
 a bishop. Sergius, metropolitan of Ka- 
 venna (760), rose to the episcopate from 
 the ranks of the laity. Constantino was 
 not in orders when (767) he was elected 
 pope. Chrodegang was prime minister 
 and referendarius when (762) made a 
 bishop. 
 
 Photius, elected to the patriarchate of 
 Constantinople (858), was made monk, 
 reader, snbdeacon, deacon, priest, and bish- 
 op within six days, and was then deposed 
 for receiving orders by accumulation. 
 
 Gregory, who was consecrated arch- 
 bishop of Dublin 1121, and under whom 
 Dublin shook off the yoke of Canterbury, 
 was a simple layman at the time of his elec- 
 tion. Henry II. gave Lincoln to his natu- 
 ral son, a mere lad, who held the see for 
 eight years, though he was not even a priest, 
 when he resigned it to become his father's 
 chancellor. And in the next century both 
 Pope Innocent and King John conferred 
 the see of Norwich on Pandulf, a papal 
 deputy, who did not consent to consecra- 
 tion until he had been seven years in the 
 enjoyment of the revenues of the bish- 
 opric. 
 
56 Laymen Raised to the Episcopate 
 
 "William von Ketteler, who was bishop 
 of Miinster from 1553-57, when he re- 
 signed, had never been consecrated. 
 Bishop (?) Ernest, of Bavaria, was never 
 consecrated, and yet he died, in 1612, arch- 
 bishop of Cologne and bishop of four 
 other sees. The same may be said of 
 John, of Bavaria. And as late as 1640 the 
 bishopric of Mentz was held by a layman, 
 Henri de Bourbon, bastard son of Henri 
 IY., to whom it was assigned by the great 
 Bichelieu himself. 
 
 It is, perhaps, worthy of mention in this 
 place that the saintly Borromeo was only 
 twenty-two, and not yet in deacon's orders, 
 when the pope (1560) conferred on him 
 the archbishopric of Milan, one of whose 
 prelates, Octavian Archimboldi, had died 
 (1494) unconsecrated, to be succeeded by 
 a youth of twenty-one, and, after him, by a 
 boy of eleven, who held in the course of his 
 life, "either in succession or together, as 
 many as eight bishoprics," and who never 
 entered the city of Milan during all the 
 thirty years that he was its archbishop. 
 
 King James determined to restore epis- 
 copacy to Scotland, three divines of the 
 
Laymen Raised to the Episcopate 57 
 
 Scottish Presbyterian Kirk, Messrs. Spots- 
 wood, Lamb, and Hamilton, were, on Oc- 
 tober 21, 1610, advanced at once to the 
 episcopate, without previous ordination as 
 deacons or priests, the bishop of London, 
 one of the consecrators, citing as precedents 
 the cases of Ambrose, Nectarius, and Eu- 
 cherius. Spotswood became archbishop of 
 Glasgow ; Lamb, bishop of Brechen ; and 
 Hamilton, bishop of Galloway. Fifty years 
 later, Charles II. having come into the 
 place of his father, episcopacy was again 
 established in Scotland (1662), by a royal 
 commission requiring the bishops of Lon- 
 don and "Worcester to ordain and consecrate, 
 according to the rites and ceremonies of 
 the Church of England, four Presbyterian 
 divines, who, having renounced their Pres- 
 byterian orders, "were, in one and the 
 same day, ordained, first deacons, then 
 priests, and last of all, bishops," and en- 
 tered, respectively, into possession of the 
 sees of S. Andrews, Glasgow, Dunblane, 
 and Galloway. 
 
1 
 
VII 
 
 DEACONS KAISED TO THE EPIS- 
 COPATE 
 
There is no evidence to show that when laymen or 
 deacons were elected to the episcopate the intermediate or- 
 ders were always first conferred. Cyprian was never a 
 deacon. Basil the Great had been only reader and presby- 
 ter. Augustine, of Hippo, skipped the diaconate. Martin 
 of Tours, Eusebius of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Epiphanius 
 of Salamis, Germanus, Thalassius of Caesarea in Cappa- 
 docia, etc., were rushed into the episcopate from the ranks 
 of the laity, some of them neophytes, some catechumens 
 only, and, probably, were made bishops per saltum, as 
 Bingham and Had dan assert was not infrequently the case, 
 or received all orders by accumulation. Ambrose passed 
 in eight days from the commonalty of the audientes or 
 gennflectentes or competentes to the throne of a prince of 
 the Church. Bishop Gaerbod, missionary to the Franks, 
 confessed that he had never been ordained deacon or priest. 
 
CHAPTEE VII 
 
 DEACONS RAISED TO THE EPISCOPATE 
 
 About the year 260, Eusebius, a dea- 
 con, was appointed bishop of Laodicea, in 
 Syria. When Caecilianus, archdeacon of 
 Carthage, was hurriedly consecrated to the 
 vacant see of that city (311), the oppo- 
 sition, headed by a wealthy and bigoted 
 widow, proceeded immediately to the elec- 
 tion and enthronement of a counter-bishop, 
 Majorinus, a lector. Athanasius was but a 
 deacon when (328) he was elevated to the 
 episcopate. On the death of the unfaith- 
 ful Liberius, who had subscribed to the 
 condemnation of Athanasius, the adherents 
 of the Nicene Creed at Home chose the 
 deacon Ursinus as his successor. Martin 
 of Tours seems to have been but an exor- 
 cist (371) when, yielding to the popular 
 clamor, the bishops, assembled to conse- 
 crate a successor to the late prelate, laid 
 
62 Deacons Raised to the Episcopate 
 
 their hands on him, dirty, unkempt, and 
 poorly clad, and made him bishop of the 
 Church of Tours. Chrysostom secured 
 the see of Ephesus for Heraclides, one of 
 his own deacons, and (in order to get rid 
 of him, perhaps) ordained to the bishopric 
 of Heraclea, in Thrace, Serapion, a dea- 
 con, whose officiousness had involved the 
 Church in Constantinople in no end of 
 trouble. Augustine, the Numidian bishop 
 of Hippo, offered the new see at Eussala to 
 one Antonius, a reader, and the primate 
 ordained him, though, as the historian re- 
 marks, he had had no experience of any 
 other office. 
 
 Peter Mongus was only a deacon when 
 elected (477) by the Monophy sites of Alex- 
 andria to succeed Timotheus Aelurus in 
 the administration of the affairs of that see. 
 Esaias, a later occupant of the same epis- 
 copal throne, made so glorious by Athan- 
 asius, was also only in deacon's orders 
 when raised to 'this fore-seat. 
 
 Perthelm was deacon of Aldhelm of 
 Sherborne, when he was made the first 
 bishop of Galloway, Scotland, with his see 
 at Candida Casa. Peter, bishop of Apa- 
 
Deacons Raised to the Episcopate 63 
 
 mea (518), had been neither monk nor 
 priest. Dioscorus, Agapetus, and Vigil- 
 ius, three popes of the vith century, were 
 but deacons when elected successors to S. 
 Peter. Deusdedit had not risen to the 
 priesthood when he was elected (600) by 
 the clergy and people to the see of Milan. 
 Paulinus, the missionary, the first arch- 
 bishop of York, was only a monk when 
 (627) he was elevated to the episcopate. 
 John, a disciple of Gallus (S. Gall), was a 
 simple deacon when, at his master's insti- 
 gation, he was forced (615) into the see of 
 Constance. And John IV., Boniface III., 
 Benedict IX., and Gregory VI., were 
 deacons when it fell to them to wear the 
 papal tiara. Thomas Becket hardly gained 
 the archiepiscopal throne of Canterbury, be- 
 cause of the protests of the bishops of the 
 kingdom against the sudden elevation of a 
 deacon over them. Priested one day, he 
 was consecrated the next. 
 
VIII 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 I.— OHOREPISCOPI 
 
CHAPTEE VIII 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 I. — CHOREPISCOPI 
 
 These were the earliest assistant bishops, 
 and did duty for the diocesan in villages 
 and rural districts — hence their names, 
 " country bishops " — and were without in- 
 dependent authority or jurisdiction. 
 
 They first appeared in Asia Minor, 
 where, in the md century, they acted as 
 vicarii of the city bishops. 
 
 In the rvth century they had risen 
 into such prominence that no fewer than 
 fifteen of them had seats in the Mcene 
 Council and subscribed to its proceedings, 
 and their names were : Gorgonius, Ste- 
 phanus, Euphronius, Ehodon, Theophanes, 
 who subscribed themselves chorepiscopi of 
 the province of Cappadocia; Hesychius, 
 Theodore, Anatolius, Quintus, Aquila, chor- 
 
68 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 episcopi of the province of Isauria ; Palla- 
 dius and Selucius, chorepiscopi of the prov- 
 ince of Ccelosyria ; TheustinusandEulalius, 
 chorepiscopi of the province of Bithynia ; 
 Eudcemon, chorepiscopus of the province 
 of Cilicia. Two of these — Stephanus and 
 Khodon — had previously sat in the coun- 
 cil of Neocsesarea (circ. 314), and sub- 
 scribed themselves chorepiscopi of the 
 province of Cappadocia ; and this was the 
 council that likened them (in canon xv.) 
 to The Seventy, i.e., as inferior to the 
 bishops paramount. 
 
 But more numerous than the diocesans 
 (and Basil the Great, bishop of Csesarea in 
 Cappadocia, who died 379, had no fewer 
 than fifty in his employ, and that, too, after 
 the division of his province), and their 
 equals in spiritual dignity, it soon became 
 necessary to erect a breakwater against 
 their ambition and encroachments. The 
 council of Antioch (341) took vigorous 
 hold of the question and passed a canon 
 (x.) limiting the field of each one, and put- 
 ting it out of their power to ordain either 
 a presbyter or a deacon "without the 
 bishop of the city to which his district is 
 
Chorepiscopi 69 
 
 subject." Twenty-four years later the 
 council of Laodicea enacted a canon 
 (lvh.) forbidding the ordination of any 
 more bishops for towns or villages, and 
 directing that visiting presbyters should 
 discharge their duties under the super- 
 vision of the bishop of the city. At the 
 council of Kiez, France, convened (439) by 
 Hilary of Aries, Armentarius, a young 
 noble who had been consecrated to the see 
 of Embrun by two bishops only, was de- 
 clared incapable of serving as diocesan, or 
 of assisting at any episcopal consecration, 
 and remanded to the tender mercies of 
 some city bishop for employment as a 
 chorepiscopas, but without the power of or- 
 daining even the lowest order. Only one 
 chorepiscopus, Csesarius by name, who sub- 
 scribed himself as of Alee, was officially 
 present at the council (431) of Ephesus. 
 And at the council of Chalcedon (451) no 
 chorepiscopus subscribed in his own name, 
 only as the delegate of his diocesan. 
 
 Were they real bishops, consecrated, as 
 they were, by one bishop only, the bishop 
 of the city to whose jurisdiction they be- 
 longed ? To mention one instance out of 
 
70 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 many, it is on record that a Cappadocian 
 chorepiscopus, in this century, regardless 
 of the decision of the ecumenical council 
 of Antioch, ordained a priest for a mon- 
 astery ; and Csesarius, another " country 
 bishop," assisted (433) in the deposition of 
 the patriarch Nestorius. That they sat 
 and subscribed in the general councils is 
 also evidence of the reality of their episco- 
 pal character. 
 
 Were they only presbyters, not bishops 
 at all ? It is to the point that Theodoret, 
 bishop of Cyrus, deposed for heresy, ap- 
 pealing to Leo, bishop of Eome, for his 
 decision, intrusted his petition to "the 
 reverend and godly presbyters, Hypatius 
 and Abramius, chorepiscopi." Among the 
 Nestorians and Jacobite Syrians they were 
 simply presbyters. 
 
 That they were sometimes ambitious and 
 a source of danger to the diocesan, is illus- 
 trated in the misfortunes that overtook 
 Nonnus, the bishop of Amid, who (505) 
 commissioned his chorepiscopus , Thomas, 
 to recall the people who had fled from 
 Amid on the approach of the hostile Per- 
 sians, and who made such use of his op- 
 
Ghorepiscopi 71 
 
 portunities, while away from home, that he 
 secured the banishment of Nonnus to an- 
 other see, and his own appointment to the 
 one he had coveted and caused to be va- 
 cated. 
 
IX 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 II.-COADJUTOK BISHOPS 
 
CHAPTEE IX 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 II. — COADJUTOB BISHOPS 
 
 Id his " Lives of Illustrious Men," Jerome 
 tells us that to Narcissus, the aged prelate 
 of Jerusalem, it was revealed that the next 
 day a bishop would enter the city on whom 
 should rest part of the episcopal burden 
 of that apostolic see. The next day Alex- 
 ander, bishop of Flaviopolis in Cilicia, on 
 a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, reached 
 the City of David and, as all were on the 
 outlook, was immediately accosted. The 
 question of coadjutorship, however, was 
 so altogether new and novel that it was 
 deemed essential to obtain the sanction of 
 the whole episcopate of Palestine to the 
 arrangement. The synod having been con- 
 vened and unanimous consent given (213), 
 Alexander entered on his duties, the first 
 
76 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 " assistant bishop " on record, and without 
 right of succession. 
 
 Fifty or sixty years later Anatolius, an 
 Alexandrian of great learning and charity, 
 was consecrated coadjutor and successor to 
 Theotecnus, bishop of Csesarea in Pales- 
 tine, although, subsequently, on the death 
 of his friend Eusebius, he undertook the 
 episcopal oversight of the see of Laodicea 
 in Syria. 
 
 About the middle of the next century 
 Macarius, one of the successors of Narcis- 
 sus, ordained a certain Maximus bishop of 
 Diospolis, but the members of the Church 
 of Jerusalem insisted that Maximus should 
 remain with them, and, after the death of 
 Macarius, he succeeded to the government 
 of the Church. 
 
 Basil was summoned (365) from the re- 
 tirement of his monastery to act as coad- 
 jutor to Eusebius, the metropolitan of 
 Csesarea in Cappadocia, and it was dis- 
 tinctly understood that his tenure of the 
 office should expire on the death of the 
 metropolitan. Five years later, Eusebius 
 having passed to his reward, at a popular 
 meeting of the Christians of the city, Basil 
 
Coadjutor Bishops 77 
 
 was elected to the vacant see, by acclama- 
 tion. 
 
 On the death of Athanasius (373) Peter, 
 his coadjutor, who had been selected by 
 Athanasius as his fellow-laborer, and whose 
 nomination had been confirmed by the suf- 
 frage of all concerned and interested, was 
 compelled to await the action of the neigh- 
 boring bishops before succeeding to the 
 patriarchal chair of Alexandria. 
 
 Gregory of Nazianzus refused to serve 
 as bishop of the see of Sasima, a squalid, 
 noisy village to which he had been conse- 
 crated, and became coadjutor to his father, 
 the aged prelate of Nazianzus, but on the 
 express condition, as he tells us in one of 
 his orations (viii.), that he should not 
 succeed him. 
 
 Augustine began his episcopate as co- 
 adjutor to Yalerius, the aged diocesan of 
 Hippo, and in ignorance of the canon of 
 the council of Nice, which refuses two 
 bishops to one see. Some years later 
 (426), when he was himself in need of epis- 
 copal assistance, he alluded to the fact, 
 in the audience of the clergy and laymen 
 assembled to give him an "assistant," 
 
78 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 and expressed the wish that his successor 
 should not be exposed to the same censure. 
 It has been said of Augustine that he did 
 not " succeed," but " accede," to the see of 
 Hippo Eegius. 
 
 A bishop of Barcelona, in Spain, wishing 
 to make a neighboring bishop his coadju- 
 tor and successor, secured the consent of 
 the metropolitan, the comprovincial bish- 
 ops, and the whole of his own diocese, but 
 when the pope (Hilary) heard thereof the 
 whole proceeding was condemned, and a 
 Roman Council (465) confirmed the papal 
 sentence. Had this brother bishop not 
 been also the heir of the incumbent of the 
 see of Barcelona, the arrangement might 
 have been allowed. 
 
 In the year 722, Winfrid (later Boniface) 
 was offered the coadjutorship of the see of 
 Utrecht, with the right of succession to 
 Willibrord, archbishop ; but it was per- 
 emptorily declined. 
 
 Agobard, who was made (813) coadju- 
 tor to Leidrad, archbishop of Lyons, op- 
 pressed by age and infirmities, was com- 
 pelled, on the retirement of the archbishop 
 to a monastery, three years later, to obtain 
 
Coadjutor Bishops 79 
 
 the consent of the emperor and the entire 
 synod of Gallican bishops, in order to qual- 
 ify as his successor. According to another 
 account, the emperor and some few bishops 
 supported Agobard's nomination, but the 
 great body of the Gallican episcopate op- 
 posed it, and a synod at Aries decided that 
 Leidrad should return to his see, and that 
 in the future no more co-episcopi should be 
 appointed. 
 
X 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 III.— KEGIONABY BISHOPS 
 
CHAPTEK X 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 HI. — REGIONAEY BISHOPS. 
 
 Next after the apostles, though separated 
 from them by two full centuries, Dionysius 
 (martyred 272), " the apostle of the Gauls," 
 is on record as a bishop without a fixed 
 work or jurisdiction, free to settle where he 
 will, and to choose his own field of labor. 
 After years of successful effort among the 
 heathen of that country, Gregory the Illu- 
 minator was made (302) bishop of Arme- 
 nia, with a roving commission. Ulphilas, 
 " the apostle of the Goths " ; Frumentius, 
 "the apostle of the Abyssinians " ; Theoph- 
 ilus, of Diu, " the apostle of the East In- 
 dies," were all regionary bishops of the 
 rvth century. 
 
 The first bishops of Scotland, Ninian 
 (d. 432) and Palladius (d. 435), had no 
 
84 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 fixed dioceses. There is a legend that in 
 the middle of the next century one Leonore, 
 a disciple of Iltut, in Wales, was conse- 
 crated bishop by Dubricius, and that he 
 elected to go to Brittany in search of hea- 
 then to evangelize. 1 The head of the Ital- 
 ian mission to England (596) was a Koman 
 monk, who was consecrated later by the 
 general title of the "Bishop of the Eng- 
 lish," with permission to fix his see where- 
 ever he would. 
 
 In the year 626, Amandus, favored with 
 a vision in which he saw S. Peter ordering 
 him to carry the Gospel to the heathen, was 
 consecrated regionary bishop and labored 
 twenty years in the country of Ghent and 
 Antwerp, and at the end of that time was 
 appointed bishop of Maastricht. On the 
 resignation of Emmeram, who had been 
 consecrated regionary bishop, and subse- 
 quently appointed to the see of Ratisbon, 
 the services of another regionary bishop, 
 
 1 It is stated that almost the only bishops in Bavaria dur- 
 ing this century were those that had been consecrated else- 
 where and had no jurisdiction. Subsequently canons were 
 passed inhibiting the Scoti (or Irish bishops) from offi- 
 ciating on the Continent, so numerous and headstrong had 
 they become. 
 
Regionary Bishops 85 
 
 from Poitiers, were secured (649), and he 
 was detained three years. Willibrord, the 
 Anglo-Saxon missionary (690) in North- 
 western Germany, was ordained bishop of 
 the Frisians by the pope, and, when he 
 went to Home, his place was taken by Suid- 
 bert, consecrated a regionary bishop by 
 Wilfrid in Mercia (693). On Willibrord's 
 return, Suidbert went to the land of the 
 Bructerians, and later, dislodged by a Saxon 
 invasion, founded a monastery and mis- 
 sionary school at Kaiserwerth. Paulinus, 
 the first archbishop of York, had been or- 
 dained (625) bishop of the Northumbrians. 
 Corbinian, a regionary bishop, succeeded 
 Bishop Rupert, "the apostle of Bavaria " 
 (716), who had returned to his former see 
 of Worms, and founded (717) the bishop- 
 ric of Freisingen. Winfrid, the Saxon 
 monk, " the apostle of Germany," was con- 
 secrated (723) regionary bishop of Germany 
 by the name of Boniface, with general 
 jurisdiction over all whom he might win 
 from paganism ; and it was not until 732 
 that he became archbishop, entrusted with 
 the task of founding bishoprics in Ger- 
 many ; and not until the year 745 that he 
 
86 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 was able to find a city where he could place 
 his " metropolitical chair." 
 
 When the pope consecrated Methodius 
 metropolitan of Moravia (868), he also 
 raised his brother Cyril to the episcopal 
 office, but without assigning him a see ; and 
 before a jurisdiction could be secured for 
 him, this " apostle of the Slavs " had been 
 translated to Paradise. 
 
 In 1171 Fulco, a monk, was consecrated 
 bishop of Finland and Esthnia, but seems 
 to have selected for himself another field of 
 labor. 1 
 
 1 For other regionary bishops, see Chap. XIX. The ma- 
 jority of missionary bishops were little more than episcopi 
 regionarii. 
 
XI 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 IV.— TITULAR BISHOPS 
 
CHAPTEE XI 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 IV. — TITULAR BISHOPS 
 
 Perhaps the earliest mention of bishops 
 ordained to no see occurs in the ecclesias- 
 tical history of Sozomen, who informs us 
 (B. VI. c. 34), that some time during the 
 ivth century Lazarus, Barses, and Eulo- 
 gius were elevated to the episcopate " on 
 account of their purity of life." The title 
 was an honorary one altogether, and in the 
 nature of a degree. About the year 780, 
 Etherius figures as titular bishop of Osma, 
 a district then under Saracen rule. One 
 hundred years later, one of the " apostles of 
 the Slavs," Cyril, the brother of Methodius, 
 was consecrated bishop by the pope, but 
 not assigned to any see, and he died before 
 any could be found for him. In the year 
 957, after the revolt of England north of 
 
90 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 the Thames, the Witan decreed that Dun- 
 stan (who had been banished from the king- 
 dom by iEthelgif u, the mother of the queen 
 of the south, on account of his fearless re- 
 buke of the king's unlawful relations with 
 her daughter) should receive the episco- 
 pal dignity, and, though there was no see 
 vacant, he was immediately consecrated 
 bishop. The Crusades founded a number 
 of sees in the East, " the occupants of which 
 retained their titles even after their ex- 
 pulsion, and found employment as as- 
 sistants of Western prelates (suffragan 
 bishops). This gave rise to the institution 
 of Episcopi in partibus (sc. injidelium) , 
 which has continued ever since, in testi- 
 mony of the inalienable rights of the 
 Church." 
 
 In the year 1382, one "William Bottles- 
 ham, who was known by the official title of 
 Episcopus Navatensis, was summoned to 
 the Convocation House, London, to take 
 counsel with the Church authorities against 
 the Wicklivites. Sixty years previously 
 (1311), the council of Eavenna had re- 
 ferred to these titular bishops as ignoti 
 et vagabondi episcopi. In 1531, a Bishop of 
 
Titular Bishops 91 
 
 Sidon figured extensively in England. 
 Kobert Wauchope, who introduced the Jes- 
 uits into Ireland (1541), was titular bish- 
 op of Armagh, and, two years later, was 
 appointed archbishop by the pope. About 
 the same time, one Eobert King, Episco- 
 pus Boannensis, a see in the province of 
 the archbishopric of Athens, was translat- 
 ed from his imaginary diocese and made 
 bishop of Oxford. Cranmer invited a clerk, 
 known as Episcopus Hippolitanum, to assist 
 him in conferring orders. 
 
 After the accession of Elizabeth, a titular 
 Irish bishop of Killaloe, headed an army 
 of Italian brigands collected for the in- 
 vasion of Ireland ; and a few years later, 
 one Maceogan, a titular bishop, fell fighting 
 against the royal forces. In the time of 
 Charles I., as quaint old Fuller tells us, one 
 Eichard Smith, titular bishop of Chalcedon, 
 bishoped it over the Koman Catholics, and 
 was opposed by one Nicholas Smith, who 
 averred that a bishop over the English 
 Catholics was useless in times of persecu- 
 tion, and that he was burdensome to the 
 Church, and that this bishop of Chalcedon 
 
92 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 was uncanonical, because he was only a 
 bishop ad bene placitum papce, " at the plea- 
 sure of the pope," and not for life, and that 
 he was simply a delegate and not an ordi- 
 nary. And Mozeley, in his Reminiscences, 
 has an amusing story of how Dr. Morris, 
 " Bishop of Troy," for many years one of 
 the best known names in London, was called 
 to order one day, after sermon, in the vestry, 
 by Frederick Faber, and informed that his 
 see really lay in Magna Grsecia, and not, as 
 he had hinted in his eloquent discourse, in 
 Asia Minor, in the Troas. 1 
 
 Titular bishops were not unknown among 
 the Presbyterians of Scotland, not even 
 after the adoption of the Presbyterian form 
 of government by Parliament. They were 
 unconsecrated " superintendents," but they 
 went by the name of bishops ; and, after the 
 accession of James I., three of them (1610) 
 were actually elevated to the episcopate by 
 prelates of the Anglican Church. In 1705, 
 two bishops (Sage and Fullarton), without 
 diocesan jurisdiction, were privately con- 
 
 1 See Chapter V. for account of " Bishop of Babylon " 
 (1724-1739). 
 
Titular Bishops 93 
 
 secrated at Edinburgh ; and, four years 
 later, the same dignity was conferred on 
 Falconer and Christie in Dundee. 1 
 
 1 Twenty-two archbishopB in partibus infidelium and 
 ninety-eight bishops in partibus, were present at the Vati- 
 can Council, 1870. 
 
 The bishop of Sodor and Man is (titular), bishop of the 
 Hebrides and the Isle of Man. 
 
XII 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 V.— SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS 
 
Not the bishops of subordinate cities, or suffragans to 
 the metropolitan (as London, Rochester, Winchester, etc. , 
 to Canterbury), but " district bishops," or " assistants " to 
 the diocesan, at his pleasure and during his lifetime only. 
 
CHAPTEE XII 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 V. — SUFFRAGAN BISHOPS 
 
 Kegionary or titular bishops, the prac- 
 tical successors of the chorepiscopi, were 
 among the first to do duty as suffragan 
 bishops, and, after the failure of the Cru- 
 sades, Western Europe had no lack of 
 episcopi vacantes, only too eager to share 
 the duties and dignity of diocesans. 
 
 As early as 1332 we read of one Peter 
 Corbariensis as suffragan of several sees 
 in the province of Canterbury. Mention is 
 also made of a John Hatton who, under 
 the title Episcopus Negropont, was conse- 
 crated a suffragan to the archbishop of 
 York. 
 
 In the twenty-sixth year of the reign of 
 Henry VIII., at the instigation of Cran- 
 mer, to effect an increase in the number 
 7 
 
98 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 of bishops without multiplying the num- 
 ber of sees, an act of Parliament restored 
 the primitive system of chorepiscopi, but 
 under the name of suffragans, who yet 
 were not compelled to take title from any 
 locality in the diocese in which they 
 served. Under this act suffragans were 
 elected for twenty-six sees, among whom, 
 according to Kouth and Strype, were the 
 following : 
 
 Underwood, consecrated (1531) suffragan 
 of Norwich. This is he who degraded 
 Bilney before his martyrdom ; 
 
 Mannyng, on nomination to the king by 
 the bishop of Norwich, consecrated (1535), 
 by the archbishop, suffragan of Gipswich ; 
 
 Salisbury, the prior of S. Faith's (in the 
 diocese), consecrated (1535), on the nomi- 
 nation of the same bishop of Norwich, 
 suffragan of Thetf ord ; 
 
 John Bird, provincial of the order of 
 the Friars Carmelites of the city of Lon- 
 don, consecrated (1537) suffragan of Pen- 
 rith (diocese of Llandaff ) ; 
 
 Lewis Thomas, sometime abbot of the 
 monastery of Kynmer, consecrated (1537) 
 suffragan of Salop ; 
 
Suffragan Bishops 99 
 
 Thomas Morley, sometime abbot in 
 Sarum diocese, consecrated (1537) suffra- 
 gan of Marlborough ; 
 
 Richard Yngworth, prior of the priory 
 of Langley Regis, consecrated (1537) suf- 
 fragan of Dover, for the relief of the arch- 
 bishop, "to confirm children, to bless 
 altars, chalices, vestments and other orna- 
 ments of the church; to suspend places 
 and churches, and to renovate them; to 
 consecrate churches and altars new set up ; 
 to confer all the lesser orders, to conse- 
 crate holy oil of chrism and holy unction ; 
 and to perform all other things belonging 
 to the office of a bishop ; " 
 
 John Hodgkin, professor of divinity, 
 consecrated (1537) suffragan of Bedford. 
 This prelate assisted later in the consecra- 
 tion of Archbishop Parker ; 
 
 Barnes (1566), suffragan of Nottingham; 
 and Rogers (1569), suffragan of Dover. 
 
 The towns appointed for suffragans' sees 
 under this act were, in addition to those 
 already mentioned — Colchester, Guilford, 
 Southampton, Taunton, Shaftesbury, Mal- 
 ton, Leicester, Gloucester, Shrewsbury, 
 Bristol, Bridgewater, Grantham, Hull, 
 
 LofC. 
 
100 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 Huntingdon, Cambridge, Berwick, St. 
 Germain in Cornwall, and the " Isle of 
 Wight." 
 
 Shaxton, who resigned the see of Salis- 
 bury (1539), on the passage of "The Six 
 Articles," figures later (1555) as suffragan 
 to the bishop of Ely, and condemning 
 William Wolsey and Eobert Pigot to be 
 burnt. One of Cranmer's suffragans, a 
 man by the name of Thornton, of Dover, 
 gave him no end of trouble in the reign 
 of Mary, setting up the mass at Canter- 
 bury and hounding the anti-Roman party 
 to the death. 
 
 By 1 Elizabeth, the act for suffragan 
 bishops, repealed in the days of Philip 
 and Mary, was revived (1559), but the of- 
 fice came to an end in Sterne, who (1606) 
 was consecrated suffragan of Colchester. 1 
 
 Among the non-juring bishops were two 
 that were styled the suffragans of Thetf ord 
 and Ipswich. 
 
 1 The office was revived in England, in 1870, in the con- 
 secration of Archdeacon Mackenzie as suffragan of Not- 
 tingham (diocese of London). Canterbury, too, nomi- 
 nated Archdeacon Parry to be suffragan of Dover. 
 
XIII 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 VI— MONASTERY BISHOPS 
 
The monastery was the centre of the ancient Celtic 
 Church of Ireland, and the Church grew by the multipli- 
 cation of monasteries. There all authority was lodged ; 
 thence missionaries set out ; thither students and ecclesi- 
 astics turned their steps. Bishops there were, but they 
 were not supreme ; they were under orders and without 
 jurisdiction. 
 
 The diocese was not introduced until the Synod of Rath- 
 breasil, 1118, when the country was divided into twenty- 
 four dioceses, with two archbishoprics. 
 
CHAPTEE XIII 
 
 BISHOPS WITHOUT A DIOCESE 
 
 VI. — MONASTEKY BISHOPS 
 
 The earliest monastery bishop of whom 
 there is any clear trace was the appointee 
 of Brigit, one of S. Patrick's converts, 
 and the founder, at Kildare (circ. 500), of 
 a monastic institution for men and women. 
 The bishop had been a hermit, but, en- 
 gaged to " govern the church with her in 
 episcopal dignity," and engaged by her, he 
 was elevated to the episcopate, by the 
 apostle of Ireland or some other prelate, 
 and from that date served under her, con- 
 ferring orders and consecrating churches, 
 as she commanded. Brigit was somewhat 
 of a Puritan, as well as a local pope, for 
 when this Bishop Condlaed, her own pri- 
 vate bishop, took advantage of a trip to 
 Brittany to bring back episcopal vest- 
 
104 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 ments of a foreign pattern, she made them 
 into clothes for the poor. A little later, 
 when he would visit Home, she refused 
 her consent, and, going nevertheless, he 
 had not got off the island before he was 
 attacked and devoured by avenging and 
 angry wolves. 
 
 Kieran, who died 560, was the founder, 
 as well as the bishop, of a monastery in 
 the vicinity of Saigir, as it came to be 
 called later, around which a city grew up, 
 and whence he issued with his monks on 
 his evangelistic tours among the heathen 
 in Ossory, of which he is said to have be- 
 come the first bishop. 
 
 Columba (or Colum-cille, as he was 
 baptized), the apostle of Caledonia (b. 
 521), educated at the monastic school of 
 Clonard, being invited by Finnian, its 
 founder and its abbot, to become its 
 bishop, went for consecration to Etchen, 
 bishop of the neighboring monastery of 
 Clonfad, who chanced to be ploughing at 
 the moment of his arrival, and, some one 
 blundering, priest's orders only were con- 
 ferred ; and Columba would no more, but 
 devoted his energies thenceforth to found- 
 
Monastery Bishops 105 
 
 ing monasteries and churches in every 
 part of Ireland. 
 
 It was as abbot and bishop of his own 
 monastery of Llan-Elwyn, in Wales, that 
 Kentigern founded the see to which he 
 gave the name of S. Asaph, and as a mon- 
 astery bishop he went back (560) to Glas- 
 gow, from whose cells his monks penetrat- 
 ed even to the Orkney Isles, and Strath- 
 clyde and Albyn were evangelized. 
 
 Disibod was a monastery bishop in Ire- 
 land, and leaving it (620), grieved and 
 wearied at the Laodiceanism of the age, 
 after ten years of wandering on the Conti- 
 nent he settled in the diocese of Metz, 
 where he founded a monastic community 
 and was recognized as abbot-bishop, but 
 with no jurisdiction beyond the limits of 
 his own establishment. 
 
 Aidan, going out from Iona about the 
 same time, to attempt the reconversion of 
 Northumbria, established his head-quar- 
 ters on a little island off the coast, and, 
 reproducing there the monastic foundations 
 of Ireland, as abbot-bishop of Lindisfarne, 
 inspired and guided the extension of the 
 Church through all the north of England. 
 
106 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 Thence too, Finan, bis successor, evange- 
 lized Mercia and the East Saxons ; and 
 thence Colman, next in order of time, went 
 forth to withstand the Eomish Wilfrid 
 {664:) at the synod of "Whitby, holden in 
 the monastery of Streanashalch. After the 
 founder of this monastic bishopric, no one 
 of his successors is more honored and re- 
 vered than Cuthbert, the sixth to exercise 
 episcopal supervision over Lindisfarne 
 and its dependencies, to whom (683) the 
 Northumbrian King (Egfrith) made large 
 grants of land, and donated even the town 
 of Carlisle. In the north lay the monas- 
 tic bishopric of Abercorn, and its bishop, 
 Trumwine, was one of those who accom- 
 panied the court to the haunted rock of 
 Fame, in the centre of the Archipelago, 
 to pray the holy Cuthbert to undertake the 
 responsibilities of the episcopate. 
 
 As a result of the labors of S. Patrick, 
 who is said, in The Tripartite Life, to have 
 consecrated three hundred bishops, or, ac- 
 cording to the Annals of the Kingdom of 
 Ireland by the Four Masters, to have raised 
 seven hundred to the episcopate, Ireland 
 swarmed with bishops without sees. Some 
 
Monastery Bishops 107 
 
 of them drifted over to the Continent, 
 where they did episcopal duty for indolent 
 or overworked diocesans ; and these are 
 they who, as Scoti or episcopi vagi, were 
 condemned by councils. Some founded 
 monasteries in unclaimed districts of the 
 country, and originated a jurisdiction. 
 And some were " picked up," or " hired " 
 by abbots, who were not always (in Colum- 
 bian foundations never) bishops, to perform 
 episcopal functions for their monasteries ; 
 and these had no independent authority or 
 jurisdiction, and were liable to discipline, 
 and strictly subject to the orders of their 
 spiritual chief. 
 
 The case of Vergil, " the Geometer," il- 
 lustrates more than one of these tendencies. 
 An Irishman of genius and great erudition, 
 he is induced, on his way to the Holy Land 
 from Ireland (745), to become the abbot of 
 S. Peter's at Salzburgh, and at once sets 
 about, Irish fashion, to secure a bishop to 
 do a bishop's work for his community. A 
 little later (747) he is appointed bishop of 
 Salzburgh, and for two years, apparently 
 for fear of being considered an intruder, 
 conceals his orders, continues to be the 
 
108 Bishops Without a Diocese 
 
 presbyter-abbot, and allows his private 
 bishop to attend to all episcopal duties. 
 Then he declares himself, as it were ; and 
 the monastery bishop is promoted (!) to be 
 abbot of Chiemsee. 
 
 The synod which met at Magh Lene to 
 consider the Easter problem was chiefly a 
 council of abbots x ; abbots were the princi- 
 
 1 It is evident that the Celtic Church of Ireland (Scot- 
 land) did not require the presence of more than one bish- 
 op at a consecration ; that the bishop was not the head 
 of that Church ; that, as the successors of "the apostle of 
 Ireland" were either abbots or bishops, the question of 
 apostolical succession in the Irish Church is not a mooted 
 one ; and that, as bishops only were deemed competent to 
 confer orders or consecrate churches, and, for that reason, 
 were considered indispensable to every well-ordered mon- 
 astery, the Presbyterian theory of church government is 
 not illustrated by ancient Celtic usage. 
 
 "Associated bishops," in groups of seven (and more 
 than one hundred such groups have been enumerated) were 
 a feature of the Celtic Church. 
 
 "Tribal bishops" was another institution peculiar to 
 the ancient Irish Church. Each tribe was constituted on 
 a religious footing, and each tribe seems to have had its 
 bishop, but always under the jurisdiction of the abbot, 
 the spiritual chief of the Church. A detailed account of 
 the tribal constitution of the Church may be found in The 
 Tripartite Life of S. Patrick. 
 
 Sometimes, too, men were elevated to the episcopal dig- 
 nity in token of their services or learning. But this was 
 not peculiar to the Irish Church. The ecclesiastical his- 
 torian, Sozomen, makes mention (B. vi. c. xxxiv. ) of two 
 
Monastery Bishops 109 
 
 pal authorities at the synod of Whitefield, 
 where the same subject was discussed ; and 
 that of 695, convened, as usual, by the ab- 
 bot of Armagh (the seat of S. Patrick), 
 primus inter pares, was little more than a 
 gathering of the heads of monasteries. 
 
 presbyters, Barses and Eulogius, who were ordained bish- 
 ops on account of their purity of life, adding, u the title 
 was merely an honorary one ; " and that was before the 
 date of the Nicene Council. 
 
XIV 
 EPISCOPAL ANTECEDENTS 
 
CHAPTEE XIV 
 
 EPISCOPAL ANTECEDENTS 
 
 Callixtus, bishop of Kome (217), was a 
 liberated slave. Cyprian, bishop of Car- 
 thage, and a martyr under Valerian (258), 
 had been a heathen rhetorician. 
 
 Martin, bishop of Tours (316-397), was 
 the soldier who divided his cloak with 
 his sword and clad a beggar with the 
 half of it one winter's night, and was 
 rewarded by a vision of the Saviour the 
 next night, arrayed in the expropriated half, 
 and summoning him to an apostolic life. 
 Spyridion, bishop of the Cypriots, one of 
 the immortal " 318 " at the Mcene Coun- 
 cil, was a shepherd and continued to tend 
 his bleating flock even after his elevation 
 to the episcopate. Basil, made bishop of 
 Ancyra (336), was a learned physician. 
 " The infamous George of Cappadocia," 
 supposed by Gibbon to be the original of 
 S. George of England, made Arian bishop 
 of Alexandria on the third exile of Athan- 
 8 
 
114 Episcopal Antecedents 
 
 asms (356), was born in a fuller's shop at 
 Epiphania, in Cilicia, and became a book 
 collector and a fraudulent contractor of 
 Constantinople. Abraames, forced to ac- 
 cept the bishopric of Carrse, played the 
 pedlar on his missionary journeys in the 
 Chalcidian desert, in Syria. Eunomius, 
 Arian bishop of Cyzicus (360-64), a noted 
 controversialist and famed for the purity 
 of his life, was the grandson of a slave, the 
 son of a small farmer, and supported him- 
 self as a tailor, making clothes and girdles. 
 Marathonius, bishop of Nicomedia (356), 
 had been a paymaster in the Roman army. 
 Amphilochus (374) had been an advocate. 
 Ambrose had been governor of Milan. 
 Nectarius was praetor of Constantinople at 
 the time of his election to the archbishop- 
 ric of that city. Gregory of Nyssa (372- 
 395) had been a rhetorician. Heliodorus, 
 bishop of Altinum (380), had carried arms. 
 Basil the Great, bishop of Csesarea (d. 
 379), had been an advocate and rhetorician. 
 Petilianus, an eminent Donatist bishop and 
 one of Augustine's antagonists, had been 
 a lawyer. Chrysostom practised as an ad- 
 vocate before his baptism. Augustine of 
 
Episcopal Antecedents 115 
 
 Hippo had been a rhetorician. Philogo- 
 nius had been a judge. 
 
 Synesius, elected (410) to the see of 
 Ptolemai's, in Egypt, was an agricultur- 
 ist and pagan philosopher. Germanus, 
 bishop of Auxerre, was hereditary gov- 
 ernor of Auxerre and a noted sportsman 
 (418). Thalassius, bishop of Caesarea in 
 Cappadocia (439), had been governor of 
 Illyricum and a senator. Sidonius Apolli- 
 naris, bishop of Clermont (472), was {Gains 
 Sollius Modestus) a Latin author and a poet 
 of great repute. Irenaeus, bishop of Tyre 
 in this centnry, a correspondent of "the 
 blessed Theodoret" (bishop of Cyprus), 
 was a count of the empire. Peter, the 
 intruding bishop of Antioch (471-78), was 
 by occupation a fuller of cloth. Ibas, 
 bishop of Edessa (d. 470), had been a 
 teacher. Glycerius, bishop of Salona, had 
 been (471) emperor of Rome. 
 
 Paulus, bishop of Meriden, was a doc- 
 tor of medicine when chosen (530) bishop. 
 John, surnamed The Faster, thirty-third 
 bishop of Constantinople (582-595), me- 
 tropolitan and patriarch, was the son of 
 an artisan, and was himself a sculptor. 
 
116 Episcopal Antecedents 
 
 Aetlierius, bishop of Lyons, had been a 
 senator at the court of Guntram. Cumin 
 the Tall, bishop of Clonfert, was " born in 
 sin," cast out in infancy, rescued by the 
 clergy, and denominated the man who had 
 been saved in a basket (Cumin). 
 
 Gregory the Great, bishop of Rome 
 (d. 604), was an eminent jurist, had been 
 distinguished as a senator, and promoted 
 to the government of the city of Rome. 
 Desiderius had been prime minister and 
 treasurer to King Dagobert I. Eligius, 
 the missionary bishop of Noyon (610), 
 was a goldsmith by trade. Hubert, bishop 
 of Liege (d. 727), the apostle of the Ar- 
 dennes, had been a soldier. 
 
 Maurus, archbishop of Mayence (d. 856), 
 had given renown to the academy of 
 Fulda as a teacher. Ignatius, patriarch 
 of Constantinople in the same century, 
 was a descendant of the imperial family. 
 Dunulf, bishop of Winchester, was the 
 herdsman in whose hovel Alfred the Great 
 was sheltered for six months. 
 
 "W"illigis y archbishop of Mayence, and 
 primate of all Germany at the close of 
 the xth century, was the son of a wheel- 
 
Episcopal Antecedents 117 
 
 wright, and, since his day, a shield with 
 a white cart-wheel has been the coat of 
 arms of the city of Mayence. 
 
 Spearhafoc, who was appointed to the 
 bishopric of London (1050), was a gold- 
 smith and engaged, at the time, in making 
 a crown for the king. Peter Damiani, 
 cardinal -bishop of Ostia (d. 1072), had 
 been abandoned by his mother on his 
 birth, and, as a lad, was treated by his 
 married brother as a slave and sent into 
 the fields to feed swine. 
 
 Becket was the son of a trader, and the 
 king's chancellor when compelled to ac- 
 cept Canterbury. Longchamp, bishop of 
 Ely (1189-1197), was of low origin, small 
 and lame. 
 
 Benedict VIII., bishop of Kome (d. 
 1024), was a son of the count of Tusculum. 
 Gregory VII. was the son of a black- 
 smith. Benedict X. was the child of a 
 notary. Adrian IV. (d. 1159), the only 
 English pope, was abandoned by his fa- 
 ther at an early age, entered France a pau- 
 per, and engaged as a servant in a convent. 
 Celestine V. (d. 1296) was a simple 
 farmer's son. Urban IV. had a carpenter 
 
118 Episcopal Antecedents 
 
 for a father. John XXII. (d. 1334) was 
 a cobbler's son. Benedict XII. (d. 1392) 
 was a baker's lad. Alexander Y. (d. 
 1410) was a charity child and begged his 
 bread from door to door. Paul IV., of 
 Tridentine fame, was the son of a Mila- 
 nese tax-gatherer, and had been left to 
 shift for himself from childhood. Sixtus 
 V. (d. 1590), the son of a laundress, the 
 brother of a washerwoman, supported 
 himself in his youth as a swineherd. 
 Sixtus VI. was born of a fisherman. 
 
 "Walter Reynolds, bishop of Worcester 
 (1313), was the son of a baker. "William 
 of Wykeham had been the king's architect. 
 The maternal grandfather of Carlo Bor- 
 romeo was a poor tax-collector, and his 
 uncle the adventurer Giangiacomo, who 
 was reputed to have put 5,000 men to 
 death in one way or another. Hugh La- 
 timer (d. 1555), bishop of "Worcester, 
 was the son of a Leicestershire yeoman. 
 "William Laud, archbishop (d. 1645), was 
 the son of a clothier. Dr. Coldwell, 
 bishop of Salisbury, had been a " doctor 
 of physic." George Stone, archbishop of 
 Dublin (d. 1764), was governor of Ireland. 
 
XV 
 MAETIAL PEELATES 
 
CHAPTEE XV 
 MARTIAL PRELATES 
 
 On the conclusion of the Easter-tide 
 festivities of the year 430, the Gallican 
 bishops of Auxerre and Troyes, then on a 
 mission to Britain, headed the forces of 
 the South against the Picts and Scots, and 
 gained the bloodless victory known as The 
 Alleluia, One hundred years later Conon, 
 the bishop of Apamea, in the Isaurian rebel- 
 lion, in the reign of Anastasius, abandoned 
 his see, exchanged his episcopal vestments 
 for the garments of the soldier, led the 
 rebels, and was killed in a siege the next 
 year. Leger, of princely race, after ten 
 years' service in the bishopric of Autun, 
 put himself at the head of the Burgundian 
 faction (670), defeated his rival in a bloody 
 contest, and assumed the title of mayor of 
 the palace. 
 
 Geroldus, bishop of Mentz, was killed in 
 battle against the Saxons (743), in one of 
 
122 Martial Prelates 
 
 Carloman's campaigns. The following year 
 his son and successor, Gewilieb, accompa- 
 nied Carloman on another of his campaigns 
 against the Saxons, and challenged the slay- 
 er of his father to single combat. They 
 met in the centre of the stream, and the 
 Saxon fell, pierced by the bishop's sword. 
 
 In a pitched battle (833) between the 
 Danes and the Bretwalda, Egbert, two 
 bishops, Herefrid, of Worcester, and Wil- 
 bert, of Sherborne, were killed on the field. 
 Ealhstan, bishop of Sherborne, a man of 
 great wealth and resources, equipped an 
 army at his own expense (845), and, in con- 
 junction with the ealdermen of Somerset 
 and Dorset, gained a notable victory over 
 the Danes at the mouth of the Parret; 
 and Wessex dwelt in safety for twenty 
 years thereafter. 
 
 Cormac MacCuillenan, bishop, ancho- 
 rite, scribe, scholar, and one of the redac- 
 tors of the Saltair (Psalter) of Cashel, a 
 provincial register of kings and revenues, 
 etc., was killed in a battle (903) he was 
 compelled to fight, as king of Cashel, 
 against the united forces of Ireland, Lein- 
 ster and Connaught. 
 
Martial Prelates 123 
 
 When Archbishop iElfric was dead 
 (1005), it was found that he had collected a 
 number of ships with their equipments, one 
 of which, together with armor for sixty men, 
 he bequeathed to the king, and one to the 
 people of Kent, and a third to the Wilt- 
 shire folk. Wulfstan, the only English 
 prelate in the island at the close of the 
 Norman Conqueror's reign, had the repu- 
 tation of being a brave soldier as well as a 
 good bishop, and William was too wise to 
 insist on his deposition on a charge he had 
 trumped up; and Worcester retained its 
 bishop. 
 
 On being elevated to the bishopric of 
 Man (1134), Wymund invaded Scotland as 
 Malcom MacHeth, supported by the Nor- 
 man king of the Isles, and, after two or 
 three years' fighting, was taken prisoner by 
 David, confined in a castle, and was finally 
 made Earl of Eoss. In " The Battle of the 
 Standard" (1137) the Scots, under David, 
 were completely routed by the English of 
 the North, commanded by Eaoul, the 
 bishop of Durham, and inspired by the 
 vehement eloquence of the aged archbishop 
 of York ; while the consecrated banners of 
 
124 Martial Prelates 
 
 the three great northern saints hung sus- 
 pended from a pole in a four-wheeled car 
 on which the brave prelate stood. 
 
 Axel, bishop of Roeskilde (1158) and 
 archbishop of Lund and primate of Scan- 
 dinavia (1178), put down the Wendish 
 pirates infesting the Baltic, and, following 
 them up to their island home of Riigen, 
 forced them to receive Christianity. He 
 also overcame the Pomeranian prince, Bo- 
 gislas, and made him do homage to the 
 Danish monarch. 
 
 Walter Hubert, bishop of Salisbury, 
 accompanied Richard to Acre, where he 
 distinguished himself as a warrior, a com- 
 mander, and a pastor ; and some years la- 
 ter, while archbishop of Canterbury (1193- 
 1205), organized an expedition against the 
 Welsh, for which he was reprimanded by 
 the pope. Fifty years later Bishop Chris- 
 tianus was thought to be disqualified be- 
 cause of his unwarlike disposition, and was 
 accordingly deposed from the episcopate. 
 
 Anthony Beck, bishop of Durham, com- 
 manded a division of the English army at 
 the battle of Falkirk (July 22, 1298), when 
 the Scottish army was virtually annihi- 
 
Martial Prelates 125 
 
 lated. William Sinclair, bishop of Dun- 
 keld (1317), seeing the sheriff with five 
 hundred Scottish horse retreating precipi- 
 tately before the fleet of Edward II,, at tho 
 Frith of Forth, put himself in the road of the 
 fugitives and cried, " Out on you for false 
 knights, whose spurs should be knocked 
 from your heels ! Who loves Scotland 
 follow me ! " In the desperate charge 
 that followed the English were driven to 
 their ships, and thenceforth Sinclair was 
 known as " The King's Bishop," because of 
 Brace's declaration that that man should 
 be his bishop. On September 20, 1319, 
 William of Melton, archbishop of York, 
 headed a large force of clerks against the 
 Scots, when three hundred men in holy or- 
 ders were slain, and the bishop of Ely nar- 
 rowly escaped. William de Ayremyn, after- 
 ward bishop of Norwich, was among the 
 prisoners taken at "The White Battle," 
 which resulted in the rout of the archbish- 
 op's army. At the "Battle of Nevill's 
 Cross" (October 18, 1345), David of Scot- 
 land, who had led a large army into the 
 bishopric of Durham, was defeated with 
 great slaughter by William Zouche, arch- 
 
126 Martial Prelates 
 
 bishop of York, who led one of the divi- 
 sions of the English forces, in which 
 knights and men-at-arms and clerks were 
 indiscriminately mingled. 
 
 Over on the Continent £he archbishop of 
 Mainz entered the council of Constance 
 (1414), at which Huss was condemned, 
 " in military attire, with helmet, cuirass, 
 and iron boots." In the same century 
 Rainieri, bishop of Vercelli, led the war 
 against Dolcino and his followers. 
 
 Toward the close of the xvith cen- 
 tury Ireland was invaded by a force of 
 Italian robbers, under the command of a 
 titular Roman bishop. A few years later 
 another prelate, who assumed the title of 
 archbishop of Armagh, instigated the Irish 
 to revolt, and fell in battle with the royal 
 troops. On the occasion of the next insur- 
 rection, after the accession of the queen, 
 Maceogan, another titular bishop of the 
 Eoman obedience, led a troop of horse 
 against the sovereign, and, with sword in 
 one hand and breviary and beads in the 
 other, was killed on the field. 
 
 Among those left on the field of Flodden 
 (September 9, 1513) were the archbishop 
 
Martial Prelates 127 
 
 of S. Andrews, two bishops, and two ab- 
 bots. 
 
 It was the bishop of Derry, George 
 Walker, who led the men of Londonderry 
 in the campaign of 1690, and he fell while 
 resisting the Irish cavalry at the battle of 
 the Boyne. 
 
XVI 
 
 POLITICIANS AND STATESMEN 
 
CHAPTEE XVI 
 POLITICIANS AND STATESMEN 
 
 Arnulf, the saintly bishop of Metz, who 
 became Dagobert's political adviser in the 
 year 621, ranks among the earliest pre- 
 lates to undertake the affairs of state. 
 Leger, the ambitious incumbent of the 
 Burgundian bishopric of Autun, having 
 defeated his political rival (670), exercised 
 thenceforth the functions of the mayor of 
 the palace. Chunibert, the eleventh arch- 
 bishop of Cologne, was " prime minister " 
 to Dagobert, to Sigebert II., and to Childe- 
 ric. 
 
 Grodegang, bishop of Metz, was keeper 
 of the seal under Charles Martel. Hubert, 
 bishop of Liege (d. 727), was invested 
 by Charles with the territorial jurisdiction 
 of that city, and in a short time had sur- 
 rounded it with walls, established laws for 
 
132 Politicians and Statesmen 
 
 its government, fixed the weights and 
 measures for its citizens, and appointed 
 magistrates and a grand major to adminis- 
 ter justice in the province. 
 
 Ansgar, " the Apostle of the North" (d. 
 865), served as the ambassador of the Ger- 
 man king at the court of Denmark. Solo- 
 mon III., bishop of Constance (891-920), 
 was baron of Eamschwag and privy coun- 
 cillor to five successive kings. On the 
 death of King Arnulf (899), Hatto I., arch- 
 bishop of Mayence, became guardian of 
 the infant Louis and regent of the realm, 
 and, later on, a traitor to the crown. 
 Luitward, to whom Notker Balbulus ded- 
 icated his Liber Sequentiarum, was both 
 bishop of Yercelli and chancellor to 
 Charles the Fat. 
 
 In the year 953 the emperor appointed 
 his brother Bruno to the archiepiscopal 
 throne of Cologne, and invested him and 
 his successors with supreme judicial rights 
 over the city. Similar jurisdiction was 
 ceded (966) to the bishop of Bremen; to 
 the archbishop of Magdeburg, 968 ; to the 
 bishop of Strasburg, 983; and to the 
 bishop of Speyer, 989. Adelgag, bishop of 
 
Politicians and Statesmen 133 
 
 Hamburg, who died 988, was chancellor of 
 the realm under Otho the Great, Otho II., 
 and Otho III. 
 
 At the opening of the xmth century 
 the archbishops of Mayence were also 
 arch-chancellors of the realm, and on them 
 rested the responsibility of filling the 
 throne when it fell vacant. 
 
 Bishop-kings were not unusual in Ire- 
 land in the ixth century. Among the 
 most famous was one Phelim, both bishop 
 and monarch of Cashel, who organized an 
 expedition for the capture of Armagh, the 
 primatial city, and, being in possession, at 
 the cost of many outlying priests and 
 bishops, " quietly resumed his clerical of- 
 fice, and preached every Sunday for a 
 whole year to the people of Armagh." 
 Later in the same century, Cormac of 
 Cashel, of the royal house of Munster, was 
 called to the throne (896), after a long and 
 arduous episcopate, and spent the remnant 
 of his lif e in camp and battles, in one of 
 which he died. 
 
 The first prelate in England to figure as 
 a magnate of the state was Jaenbert, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury (766-790), who seems 
 
134 Politicians and Statesmen 
 
 to have coined money for use in the king- 
 dom of Kent. 
 
 A hundred years later the bishop of 
 Durham held the rights and dignities of 
 the king over The Bishopric — the patri- 
 mony of S. Cuthbert (Lindisfarne and 
 lands adjacent, the village of Craik, the 
 town of Carlisle, and the territory between 
 the Tyne and the Tees), which (900-915) 
 was enlarged by the purchase of "the 
 ancient parish of Bedlington, north of the 
 Tyne, with an area of thirty square miles ; " 
 and within these metes and bounds the 
 bishop held his own courts and appointed 
 his own officers ; all writs ran in his own 
 name ; he could pardon treasons, murders, 
 and felonies, and offences were said to be 
 committed against his peace ; and he had 
 his own mint. In the year 1836, on the 
 death of Bishop van Mildert, the palatine 
 jurisdiction of Durham was made over to 
 the crown. 
 
 Henry I. (1100-1135) granted royal 
 rights over the Isle of Man to the bishop 
 of Ely, which thereby was erected into a 
 county palatine. 
 
 Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
Politicians and Statesmen 135 
 
 (960-988), stands perhaps at the head of 
 the long line of ecclesiastical statesmen 
 produced in England by the law of the 
 survival of the fittest. One hundred years 
 later, a bishop (Osbert of Exeter), the first 
 prelate to hold the office, was made lord 
 high chancellor and keeper of the seal, a 
 post of little prominence before the advent 
 of the Norman kings. 
 
 Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, held 
 the office of justiciar during seven years 
 of his episcopate (1100-1107), the first to 
 bear the title as indicating a definite office. 
 Roger, bishop of Salisbury (1107), was 
 both chancellor and justiciar, and the 
 founder of that administrative system 
 which ennobled the justiciar to act as " per- 
 manent prime minister, as the representa- 
 tive of the monarchy in all relations of 
 state, as regent during the king's absence, 
 as royal deputy even in his presence, as 
 president of the judicial system which 
 centred in the Curia Regis, and so presi- 
 dent of the fiscal system which centred in 
 the exchequer." On the accession of 
 Henry of Anjou the archdeacon Becket 
 was made chancellor (1154), but, shortly 
 
136 Politicians and Statesmen 
 
 after his elevation to the archbishopric of 
 Canterbury, he relinquished the office as 
 incompatible with his obligations to the 
 Church. All through the reign of Rich- 
 ard Coeur de Lion the affairs of the king- 
 dom were in the hands of prelates, Long- 
 champ, bishop of Ely, ruling the land as 
 justiciar on the departure of the king on 
 his knight-errantry ; Walter de Coutances, 
 archbishop of Rouen, superseding him in 
 1191 ; and Hubert Walter (1193), arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, displacing him in 
 turn ; while Richard, bishop of London, 
 was treasurer, and Eustace, bishop of Ely, 
 lord high chancellor. 
 
 Of more than ordinary ability and learn- 
 ing was the prelate (Robert Burnell, bishop 
 of Bath and Wells) who held the office of 
 chancellor under Edward I., at whose 
 manor-house the statute De Mercatorious 
 was passed, and who for eighteen years 
 (1275-1292) was virtually prime minister. 
 
 Stratford, bishop of Winchester (1323) 
 and archbishop of Canterbury (1333), 
 held the great seal three different times. 
 In the year 1340, Sir Robert Bourchier 
 was appointed lord chancellor, the first 
 
Politicians and Statesmen 137 
 
 layman to hold that office. Thirty-one 
 years later "William of Wykeham, bishop 
 of Winchester, by way of answer to a pe- 
 tition presented to the king by the anti- 
 clerical party, resigned the chancellorship, 
 and the bishop of Exeter the office of treas- 
 urer ; when laymen were nominated for 
 these places. 
 
 But ecclesiastical statesmen had not yet 
 gone out of fashion altogether, for John 
 Stafford, archbishop of Canterbury in the 
 next century, was appointed treasurer in 
 1422, keeper of the privy seal in 1428, 
 lord chancellor in 1432, and held the great 
 seal till 1450. George Neville, bishop of 
 Exeter, also received the great seal in 
 1460, and, ten years later, when archbish- 
 op of York, was appointed chancellor by 
 Henry VI. Eobert Stillington, bishop of 
 Bath and Wells (d. 1491), was twice en- 
 trusted with the great seal. 
 
 Archbishop Wolsey was lord chancellor, 
 as everybody knows, from 1515 to 1529, 
 when he was forced to relinquish the office 
 under the Statute of Praemunire. Next af- 
 ter him to hold the great seal in conjunc- 
 tion with the spiritualities of a diocese, 
 
138 Politicians and Statesmen 
 
 was Goodrich, bishop of Ely, who suc- 
 ceeded Sir Richard Rich as lord chan- 
 cellor (1551), and nsed his position to 
 alter the royal succession in favor of Lady 
 Jane Grey. On the accession of Mary, 
 Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, 
 was made lord chancellor ; and on his 
 death (1555) the great seal was entrusted to 
 Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York, from 
 whom it passed to a layman. In 1587 it 
 was declined by Archbishop Whitgift. 
 
 The last prelate to hold the great seal 
 was John Williams, bishop of Lincoln, who 
 was made chancellor in 1621. 
 
 From first to last the office of chancellor 
 was held by one hundred and fifteen eccle- 
 siastics. 
 
 In the year 1635, after the lapse of two 
 hundred years, during which time the of- 
 fice was held by laymen only, William 
 Juxom, bishop of London, was made lord 
 high treasurer. 
 
 The last ecclesiastic to hold political of- 
 fice in England was John Eobinson, bishop 
 of Bristol, who (1711) held the privy seal, 
 and was appointed the next year English 
 plenipotentiary, in conjunction with the 
 
Politicians and Statesmen 139 
 
 Earl of Strafford, at the Congress of 
 Utrecht, and the treaty bears his signa- 
 ture. 
 
 In Ireland, the learned bishop of Cork, 
 Michael Boyle, was chancellor (1670), and 
 after him no more prelates were appointed 
 to the office. Hugh Boulter, who died 
 1742, archbishop of Armagh, served thir- 
 teen years as one of the local justices of 
 Ireland. 
 
 At the opening of the reign of Alex- 
 ander III. (1249) we find one Gamelin, 
 bishop of S. Andrews, chancellor of the 
 realm. James Kennedy, bishop of S. An- 
 drews (d. 1466), acted as governor of the 
 kingdom during the earlier portion of the 
 minority of James III. On the escape of 
 James V. (1528) it was on the archbishop 
 of Glasgow that the post of chancellor was 
 conferred, the archbishop of S. Andrews 
 being the royal adviser, and the bishop of 
 Dunkeld the privy seal. On the death of 
 the king (1542) Cardinal Beaton, arch- 
 bishop of S. Andrews and primate of 
 Scotland, appeared named in the royal 
 will as guardian of the infant Mary and 
 governor of the realm. 
 
140 Politicians and Statesmen 
 
 Nearly one hundred years later, John 
 Spottiswood, archbishop of S. Andrews, 
 crowned Charles I. at Holyrood, and was 
 (1635) made chancellor of Scotland. 
 
XYII 
 
 'AAAOTPIOEIliSKOIIOI 
 
 (1 Peter, iv. 15) 
 
. " A bishop ought not to leave his own parish (diocese) 
 and leap to another, although the multitude should com- 
 pel him, unless there be some good reason forcing him to 
 do this ; . ... but this is not to be settled by himself, 
 but by the judgment of many bishops and very great 
 supplication." — Apost. Canons, iv. 
 
 "Let not a bishop dare to ordain beyond his limits, 
 in cities or places not subject to him." — Ap. Can. xxxv. 
 
 "If any (bishop) shall dare surreptitiously to take and 
 to lay hands in his own church on a man belonging to an- 
 other, without the consent of his own proper bishop, let 
 the ordination be void." — Nicene Council, Can. xvi. 
 
 " A bishop must not enter into another city which is not 
 subject to him, nor into a district which does not belong 
 to him, to ordain anyone. But if anyone dare to do this, 
 the ordination shall be null, and he himself punished by 
 the Synod." — Council Antioch (341), Can. xxii. Also 
 Canon xiii. 
 
CHAPTEE XVII 
 'AAAOTPIOEIIUKOIIOI 
 
 The first episcopal intruder of whom 
 anything is clearly known was Hippolytus, 
 a presbyter, who, not favoring the views 
 and practices of Callixtus, the bishop of 
 Rome, headed a hostile minority and got 
 himself elected as counter-bishop ; and for 
 fifteen years (220-235) the Christian ele- 
 ment in the city of the Caesars was divided 
 in its allegiance to the chair of S. Peter, 
 two independent and antagonistic bishops 
 claiming ecclesiastical authority and juris- 
 diction. Twenty years later there were 
 two counter-bishops in the see of Carthage, 
 the presbyters, dissatisfied with Cyprian's 
 severe treatment of the lapsed, having 
 selected Fortunatus as their chief. About 
 the same time, Novatian, a presbyter, was 
 elected by the advocates of " a pure 
 Church " bishop of Rome, in opposition to 
 
144 Intruding Bishops 
 
 Cornelius, already consecrated to that see, 
 and was duly elevated to the episcopate 
 by three bishops. 
 
 In the year 355, Felix was intruded into 
 the see of Rome by the Emperor Constan- 
 tius, after the banishment of Liberius, 
 and supported even after his return. In 
 the year 366, Ursinus, a deacon, was in- 
 truded into the same see in opposition to 
 Damasus, already in possession. In the 
 year 537 the intriguing Vigilius was made 
 bishop of Home, and Silverius, the occu- 
 pant of the see, exiled to the island of Pal- 
 maria, where he died of hunger one year 
 later. One hundred and twenty years after 
 that Eugenius I. was declared pope, in 
 place of Martin I., who, at the First Later an 
 Council, held at Rome (649), had offend- 
 ed the emperor by his stern condemnation 
 of the imperial conception of the Person 
 of Christ, and had been declared deposed 
 therefor. Eugenius loaded him with 
 chains, sent him to Constantinople, where 
 he was declared guilty of treason, and, 
 banished to Cherson, he died (655) six 
 months later from starvation. 
 
 Into the see of Alexandria, Athanasius 
 
Intruding Bishops 145 
 
 still living, his enemies intruded, during 
 the period of his second exile (340-346), 
 one Gregory, who (345) was killed by the 
 Alexandrians themselves. In February, 
 346, Athanasius returned and resumed the 
 episcopal chair. Condemned to death (Jan- 
 uary, 356) by the Emperor Constantius, he 
 fled from the soldiery, and George, another 
 wolf, was consecrated to the see. Decem- 
 ber 24, 361, the pagans of the city, revived 
 by the accession of Julian, rose against 
 this brutal "antipope" and kicked him to 
 death. February 22, 362, Athanasius reap- 
 peared and again took the reins, and the 
 Arians, to force him out of the field once 
 more, if possible, elected Lucius, who was 
 escorted into the city by a deacon (de- 
 graded by the council of Nicsea) and one 
 Magnus, the treasurer, " notorious for every 
 kind of impiety, and a vast body of troops." 
 December, 362, by the order of Julian, 
 angered at the baptism of some pagan 
 ladies, Athanasius was condemned to exile 
 and death, but, outwitting the men com- 
 missioned to execute the order, he left the 
 city, returned, concealed himself, and then 
 went to Memphis, where he remained till 
 10 
 
146 Intruding Bishops 
 
 the death of the emperor, June 26, 363. 
 Athanasius was recalled and reinstated, 
 was present at a synod of bishops (363) 
 gathered from Egypt to the Thebaid and 
 Libya, and died ten years later, in his own 
 home, having sat on the episcopal throne 
 of Alexandria some forty-six years, and 
 ten times an exile. 
 
 Meletius, the bishop of Lycopolis (circ. 
 307), who had a way of intruding into 
 other dioceses, and ordaining and excom- 
 municating there whom he would, one 
 day received a letter from four Egyptian 
 bishops incarcerated during the Diocletian 
 persecution, calling him to account for his 
 unauthorized acts within their several ju- 
 risdictions. They quoted against him the 
 apostolical canon, limiting a bishop to his 
 own parish (diocese), and the reasons why 
 none should be ordained without due ex- 
 amination. If anyone is curious as to the 
 names of these bishops, they are given 
 as Hesychius, Pachomius, Theodoras, and 
 Phileas, and their letter of protest is dated 
 from the prison. 
 
 About the middle of this century, Cyril 
 being a second time deposed, Herrenius 
 
Intruding Bishops 147 
 
 was intruded into the see of Jerusalem, 
 and, on the accession of the Emperor 
 Theodosius, Cyril was again invested with 
 the presidency of the Church there. In 
 the year 374, on the deposition of Euse- 
 bius by the Arian Emperor Yalens, Euno- 
 mius was intruded into the see of Samo- 
 sata. As no one would bathe with him in 
 the public baths, or visit him, or exchange 
 a word with him, as he officiated in an 
 empty church and communicated almost 
 alone, he found the episcopate a more 
 lonely height than is generally supposed, 
 and it was not long before the bishopric 
 was again vacant and at the disposal of 
 the Church. The following year Ecdicius 
 was intruded into the see of Parnassus, in 
 Cappadocia Tertia, in the place of Hypsi- 
 nus, the reigning bishop, and it was brought 
 about by Demosthenes, the chefoi the kitch- 
 en of the Emperor Yalens, and vicar of 
 Pontus, who considered himself competent 
 to decide the deepest theological questions, 
 and had convened the synod of Ancyra (375) 
 of semi-Arians to secure the deposition of 
 Bishop Hypsinus and the election of his 
 candidate, who was their spokesman. 
 
148 Intruding Bishops 
 
 At the opening of the vth century there 
 died a bishop who was a great offender 
 against the vmth and xvith canons of 
 the Mcene Council, Epiphanius, bishop of 
 Cyprus. Visiting Jerusalem in the Lent 
 of 394, he contrived to seize Paulinianus, 
 the brother of Jerome, at Eleutheropolis, 
 a place outside the diocese of Jerusalem, 
 and ordained him priest for the monastery 
 at Bethlehem, thus empowering him to 
 minister in the diocese of another bishop ; 
 and against this usurpation of jurisdic- 
 tion and authority the prelate of Jerusalem 
 indignantly complained. Going, in the 
 year 403, on a mission to Constantinople, 
 he disembarked at S. John's church, sev- 
 en miles distant from the city, and there 
 ordained a deacon without the consent 
 or knowledge of the bishop of the see. 
 Chrysostom resented the intrusion, as a 
 matter of course, and, taking him to task, 
 just as he was making ready to return to 
 Cyprus, admonished him in these words : 
 " You have done many things contrary to 
 the canons, Epiphanius ; you have or- 
 dained in churches under my jurisdiction ; 
 you have ministered in them unauthorized 
 
Intruding Bishops 149 
 
 by me. Beware lest you stir up a tumult 
 and endanger yourself." Epiphanius did 
 not live to reach home. He died on the 
 voyage. 
 
 The next year Chrysostom was violently 
 expelled from Constantinople, and one 
 Arcacius was intruded into the archbish- 
 opric, a position he had voluntarily sworn 
 he would never accept. The whole West- 
 ern Church refused to acknowledge him, 
 and the banished prelate denounced him 
 as " a spiritual adulterer." 
 
 Hilary of Aries, too, did not hesitate to 
 extend the limits of his diocese on occa- 
 sion. Once he convened a synod of bish- 
 ops to try a brother bishop, and succeeded 
 in securing his deposition, although Leo 
 the Great speedily restored him. A little 
 later he consecrated a bishop to take the 
 place of the prelate Projectus, who had 
 been a long while ill and was not even lo- 
 cated in his province. And this he did 
 without asking the votes of the citizens or 
 the clergy. 
 
 In 451 the council of Chalcedon re- 
 stored Bassianus to the see from which 
 he had been ousted by one Stephen, a 
 
150 Intruding Bishops 
 
 presbyter of Ephesus ; but, owing to the 
 advice of the imperial officers, the council 
 finally declared both elections invalid, on 
 the ground of unlawful violence, and or- 
 dered a new election. Both Bassianus 
 and Stephen, however, were allowed to re- 
 tain the episcopal rank, and a pension of 
 two hundred gold pieces each was granted 
 them out of the episcopal revenues. 
 
 In the year 481 the deposed John Codo- 
 natus, bishop of Antioch, was bribed, 
 though canonically re -appointed by the 
 Eastern bishops, to retire to the bishopric 
 of Tyre, and Calandio quietly took pos- 
 session of the apostolic see. 
 
 Nonnus, bishop of Amid (505), had a 
 chorepiscopus named Thomas, whom he 
 sent to Constantinople to recall certain 
 Amidenes, who had fled thither from the 
 hostile Persians. Making good use of his 
 opportunities and of the refugees, Thomas 
 induced the Emperor Anastasius to compel 
 the patriarch, Flavian II., to consecrate him 
 bishop of Amid to the displacement of his 
 diocesan. On the accession of Thomas, 
 Nonnus was sent to fill the vacant see of 
 Seleucia. 
 
Intruding Bishops 151 
 
 In contempt of the rights of Pappolus, 
 bishop of Chartres, Egidius, bishop of 
 Rheims (565), empowered Promotus to as- 
 sume the see of Chateaudun, a city in the 
 diocese of Chartres. About the middle 
 of the Yiith century Faramond was in- 
 truded into the see of Maestricht to sup- 
 plant the prelate Lambert, whose holy life 
 was a perpetual rebuke to the luxurious 
 and turbulent Church in that city. Two 
 hundred years later the Emperor Michael 
 drove Ignatius from the see of Constanti- 
 nople, and intruded Photius in his place. 
 The council of Constantinople (861) ap- 
 proved this violent proceeding, but the 
 pope espoused the cause of the deposed 
 bishop, and the council of Rome (862) 
 declared Photius a party excommunicate. 
 Then Photius fulminated, and the council 
 of Constantinople (866) decreed that Nic- 
 olas I. (the pope) was unworthy of his 
 office. Photius was finally deposed by the 
 emperor, and Ignatius restored. On the 
 death of Ignatius (878), Photius was rein- 
 stated and acknowledged by the pope as 
 his " brother in Christ." The papal mind 
 presently underwent a change, and the 
 
152 Intruding Bishops 
 
 successor of S. Peter declared that he ap- 
 proved of the old sentence. A subsequent 
 pope deposed him again and confined him 
 in an Armenian convent, where he died in 
 891. 
 
 Early in the vinth century mention is 
 made in the annals of Ireland of an abbot 
 of Dublin who was also its bishop. With 
 an utter disregard of the native Celtic 
 Church, the Danes, on the conquest of 
 Ireland (1038), made one Dunan " high 
 bishop," assigning the city of Dublin to 
 him as a diocese. In 1477, Octavian, 
 papal nuncio in Ireland, was intruded into 
 the see of Armagh by the rescript of the 
 pope, to the displacement of Edmund 
 Connesburgh, the lawful primate, who sub- 
 sequently died in exile in England. And 
 after the accession of Elizabeth the pope 
 invested one Creagh with primary ecclesi- 
 astical jurisdiction in Ireland, when one 
 Loftus was archbishop of Armagh and 
 primate. 
 
 The history of the papacy (251-1439) furnishes over forty 
 instances of bishops intruding into the see of Rome. 
 
XVIII 
 EPOCH-MAKEKS 
 
CHAPTEE XVIII 
 
 EPOCH-MAKERS 
 
 Novatian, the leader of the Puritan party 
 in Eome, consecrated (251) bishop of Borne 
 in opposition to Cornelius, the canonical 
 bishop of the Church in that city, was the 
 first sectarian. 
 
 Hermogenes, archbishop of Csesarea, pre- 
 pared (325) that immortal symbol which, 
 with its later additions, is known as the 
 Nicene Creed. Athanasius, bishop of Alex- 
 andria (326-373), sayed the Church from 
 Arianism, and is called Pater orthodoxies. 
 Ambrose, bishop of Milan (376-397), 
 scholar, statesman, musician, poet, theo- 
 logian, introduced congregational singing 
 into the "Western Church, and in his 
 hymns, written in Latin, sacred song passed 
 from the " tongue of Homer, Plato, and the 
 New Testament into the stately Roman, 
 the language of Virgil and Cicero " ; and 
 
156 Epoch-Makers 
 
 he was the first to assert the power of the 
 keys over the kings of the earth. Euse- 
 bius, bishop of Yercelli (d. circ. 374) was 
 the first Western prelate to unite the mo- 
 nastic to the clerical life. 
 
 Augustine, bishop of Hippo (d. 430), 
 fixed the theology of the Latin Church, 
 and, teaching unconditional election, irre- 
 sistible grace, and final perseverance, pre- 
 pared the way for Calvinistic Protestantism 
 and Jansenistic Catholicism. Leo the 
 Great, bishop of Borne, saved (425-455) 
 the imperial centre of civilization from 
 ruthless annihilation, and laid the foun- 
 dations of the spiritual supremacy of the 
 Church. Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais, 
 (d. 430), orator, philosopher, patriot, states- 
 man, whose pedigree, extending through 
 seventeen centuries, "could not be equalled 
 in the history of mankind," is best known 
 to-day by his ten beautiful hymns in praise 
 of the Triune Godhead. 
 
 Gregory the Great, bishop of Eome 
 (590-604), introduced the Gregorian chant 
 (Cantus Boma7ius), elaborated the Sacra- 
 mentary of Leo the Great (chiefly Collects), 
 and the Sacramentary of Gelasins (in which 
 
Epoch-Makers 157 
 
 " The Canon " first appears) into the Ser- 
 vice Book, which gradually displaced all 
 others in the Western Church, and at- 
 tempted the conversion of England and 
 the Latinization of the British Church. 
 
 Yenantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers 
 (d. 609), achieved immortality when, on 
 occasion of the reception of certain relics, 
 he struck off that world-famous hymn, Vex- 
 ilia regis prodeunt, " The royal banners 
 forward go." Eligius, the royal goldsmith, 
 philanthropist, abolitionist, bishop of Noy- 
 on (645), wrote or preached a sermon (fifty- 
 six octavo pages), descriptive of the char- 
 acter of a good Christian, and worthy of 
 repetition in every church and century, so 
 full is it of exhortation to faith, repentance, 
 righteousness, charity, prayer, sacramental 
 duty, reverence, and adoration. Theodore, 
 " the monk of Tarsus," archbishop of Can- 
 terbury (670-690), was the first primate 
 of all England, the "first Anglo-Roman 
 Metropolitan," the last of the Roman bish- 
 ops, the creator of the English Church and 
 the English nation, the first to secure le- 
 gal provision (Kirk scot) for the English 
 clergy, and the author of the first known 
 
158 Epoch-Makers 
 
 " Penitential." Chad, archbishop of York, 
 and later, in Theodore's time, bishop of 
 Mercia, was the first to localize the episco- 
 pate, and is reckoned as the originator of 
 the cathedral idea. Berthwald, the suc- 
 cessor of Theodore, was the first to attempt 
 to "enforce the observance of Christianity 
 by penal sanctions." Pope Yitalian (657- 
 672) introduced organs for divine ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Andrew of Crete, a native of Damascus, 
 archbishop of Crete (d. 732), left the world 
 a priceless legacy in that striking Lenten 
 hymn, " Christian ! dost thou see them ? " 
 Egbert, archbishop of York (735-766), was 
 the creator of " Church lands," and is fur- 
 ther memorable for his Pontifical, one of 
 the earliest Service Books of the English 
 Church. Gregory II. (d. 731) initiated the 
 temporal power of the papacy. Pope 
 Stephen (755) asserted himself as an inde- 
 pendent prince. Boniface, the " apostle of 
 Germany " (d. 755), a second Theodore of 
 Canterbury, organized the German Church, 
 developing its diocesan system, creating 
 new sees, and changing jurisdictions. Hig- 
 bert (787-803) is only memorable as being 
 
Epoch-Makers 159 
 
 the first and last archbishop to fill the 
 archiepiscopal see of Lichfield. 
 
 Leo III., in crowning Charlemagne em- 
 peror of Eome (800), posed as God's vicar 
 on earth, authorized and commissioned to 
 confer crowns and kingdoms. Leo IV. 
 (847), in writing to the sovereign, put his 
 own name first, and omitted the word Dom- 
 ino in the address. Nicholas I. (858) re- 
 doubled the papal assumptions, claiming 
 supremacy over National Churches as well 
 as over the State, and an emperor held his 
 bridle and walked by his side as he rode. 
 He was the first pope to make public ap- 
 peal to the Forged Decretals. John VIII. 
 (875) assumed the power of disposing of 
 imperial titles, deciding in favor of Charles 
 the Bold and against Lewis the German, 
 the hereditary prince ; and the next year 
 he appointed a vicar apostolic and pri- 
 mate of Gaul and Germany, when each 
 National Church had its own metropol- 
 itan! 
 
 Sergius II. (904) inaugurated the " por- 
 nocracy." Dunstan, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury (960-988), was the Cavour and the 
 Bismarck of England, the unifier of the sev- 
 
160 Epoch-Makers 
 
 eral states under the leadership of Wessex. 
 The infamous Octavian (955-963) was the 
 first pope to change his name on his acces- 
 sion to S. Peter's chair, preferring to be 
 known as John XII. John XY. (985-86) 
 was the first pope to proclaim a saint. Al- 
 fric, bishop of Wilton, and, later, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, composed (990-91) 
 two books of homilies for the use of the 
 clergy, and enjoined an explanation of the 
 Gospel, the Creed, and the Lord's Prayer 
 on Sundays and holy-days. 
 
 In the year 1054, Leo IX. being bishop 
 of Eome, and Michael Cerularius patri- 
 arch of Constantinople, the schism be- 
 tween the Greek and the Boman Church, 
 toward which events had been tending 
 from the hour of the expulsion of Igna- 
 tius, the patriarch, in 867, was finally con- 
 summated. Victor II. (1055-57) insisted 
 on the restoration of the papal territories 
 by Henry III., who also made him gov- 
 ernor of all Italy. Nicholas II. (1059) 
 vested papal elections in the college of 
 cardinals. In 1062 Anselm of Lucca as- 
 cended to the papal chair, as Alexander 
 II., without regard to the imperial prerog- 
 
Epoch-Makers 161 
 
 ative. In 1073 the confirmation of the 
 emperor to a papal election was asked for 
 the last time, and Hildebrand, wearing a 
 royal crown containing the inscription, 
 Corona regni de manu Dei, with the hate of 
 the serf in his heart, and the intolerance of 
 the Puritan in his soul, bent himself to the 
 humiliation of kings and emperors, and to 
 the divorcement of the clergy from their 
 wives, claimed the world as his diocese, 
 and sought, in the exaltation and purga- 
 tion of the Church, the unification of so- 
 ciety. Damiani, saint, cardinal, bishop, 
 doctor of the Church the coadjutor of 
 Gregory YIL (Hildebrand) in his aggres- 
 sive policy, has been called " The austere 
 reformer of the xith century," and is fur- 
 ther noteworthy as the author of " the Dies 
 Irce of the individual life," the hymn be- 
 ginning, Gravi me terrore pulsas vital dies 
 ultima — " Day of death ! " etc. Elsewhere, 
 in this century, Archbishops Hanno and 
 Adalbert (1065-1072) were playing the 
 statesmen and misruling Germany. Lan- 
 franc, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1089), 
 compassed the abolition of the slave-trade 
 to Ireland, removed sees into prosperous 
 11 
 
162 Epoch-Makers 
 
 and growing towns, intruded Normans into 
 the Anglican episcopate, but declined to 
 acknowledge the over-lordship of the bish- 
 op of Rome. Osmund, bishop of Salisbury 
 (1087), compiled the first national Service 
 Book (Sarum Missal), which gradually 
 came into use in the other dioceses of 
 England and Scotland, and an Anglican 
 Liturgy was in vogue. 
 
 At the opening of the Xlith century 
 Anselm, the earliest of the scholastic 
 theologians, facile princeps among relig- 
 ious philosophers, the author, according 
 to Father Ragey, of the celebrated cycle of 
 poems known as the Mariale, and, above 
 all, of the Cur Deus Homo, archbishop of 
 Canterbury, had it out with the king on the 
 subject of investiture, and, insisting on the 
 decision of the Roman Synod of Lent, 
 1099, wrested from the crown the conces- 
 sion that the Church alone should confer 
 the ring and staff, the clergy to do homage 
 to the king, however, for their temporal- 
 ities. William de Corbeuil ("Old Tur- 
 moil ") who died in 1136, was the first 
 archbishop of Canterbury who acknowl- 
 edged himself to be a mere deputy of the 
 
Epoch-Makers 163 
 
 pope. Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 to whom the Church is indebted for the 
 festival of Trinity Sunday, refused to al- 
 low the jurisdiction of secular courts over 
 the clergy, and, although his quarrel with 
 Henry resulted in his death, his preten- 
 sion ultimately prevailed, it being subse- 
 quently settled that the Church should be 
 free from secular jurisdiction and that ap- 
 peals might be made to Rome. Adrian 
 IV. (d. 1159), the only English pope, ini- 
 tiated the long and bitter feud between 
 the popes and the Hohenstaufen emperors, 
 and (1158) donated Ireland to Henry II., 
 Dunan, an Italian bishop, with Dublin as 
 a see city, having been previously intrud- 
 ed into the national Celtic Church. Peter 
 Lombard, bishop of Paris (d. 1164), is im- 
 mortal forever as the author of the Four 
 Books of Sentences. 
 
 Innocent III. (1198-1216), who arro- 
 gated temporal and spiritual jurisdiction 
 over the whole world, stands for the politi- 
 cal independence of the papal see and the 
 spiritual supremacy of the Church. Gre- 
 gory IX. (1227) earned eternal infamy as 
 the founder of the Inquisition. Boniface 
 
164 Epoch-Makers 
 
 VIII. (1296-1302), who claimed the title 
 of Caesar and affected the royal purple, is- 
 sued the bull Unam sanctam, in which he 
 declared it a necessary condition of the 
 salvation of every human being that he 
 should own himself subject to the Church 
 of Eome. In England, Langton, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury (d. 1228), stood for 
 England, as against the king, and for the 
 National Church, as against the pope. And 
 Grossetete, bishop of Lincoln (d. 1253), 
 espousing the national side, protested 
 against the encroachments of the papal 
 see, and, refusing at the bidding of Eome 
 to institute a mere child to a canonry at 
 Lincoln, and denouncing the pontiff as 
 "a heretic and antichrist," sounded the 
 note of defiance which no later pope was 
 able to silence a outrance. 
 
 Clement V. (1305-1314) completed the 
 canon law of the Church and initiated 
 the " Babylonish Captivity." John XXII. 
 (1316-34) appointed a special office for 
 Trinity Sunday. Clement VII. (1378- 
 1471), " the warrior bishop of Cambray," 
 initiated the " Great Schism." 
 
 Martin V. (1423) adorned Eome, re- 
 
Epoch-Makers 165 
 
 stored churches, and erected public build- 
 ings, and has been called "Rome's third 
 founder." Nicholas Y. (1453-55), a bibli- 
 ophile and patron of art, was a lover of 
 scholars, and the Renaissance dates from 
 his pontificate. Caliixtus III. (1457) in- 
 stituted the festival of the Transfiguration 
 of our Lord. 
 
 Julius III. (1505-13) is only noteworthy 
 as a martial prelate, successful in the ex- 
 tension and consolidation of the papal ter- 
 ritories. Leo X. is chiefly remembered as 
 the pope whose bull was burned by one 
 Martin Luther, and whose unwisdom in 
 dealing with the new movement did much 
 to give it form and substance. Paul III., 
 Julius III., and Paul IV. are to be credit- 
 ed with the Catechism of Trent. Cranmer, 
 archhishop of Canterbury (d. 1556), repu- 
 diated the papal supremacy, translated the 
 Scriptures into the vernacular, and recon- 
 structed the services of the Church. The 
 bull of Pius Y. (1569), excommunicating 
 Elizabeth, gave rise to the schism which, 
 separating the party of the Eoman obe- 
 dience from the Church of England, has 
 not yet been healed. Carlo Borromeo, 
 
166 Epoch-Makers 
 
 archbishop of Milan and cardinal (1538- 
 84), was one of the reforming prelates of the 
 Latin Church, whose example and efforts 
 instituted a reign of charity and righteous- 
 ness in a diocese noted for its disorder 
 and scandals. In 1589 the archbishop of 
 Moscow erected the church of Eussia into 
 an independent patriarchate. 
 
 In 1622 Gregory XV. founded the Gon- 
 gregatio de propaganda fide, which has ever 
 since been one of the most potent mission- 
 ary forces in the world. Cornelius Jansen 
 (d. 1638), after a life devoted to the study 
 of the works of the African Augustine, em- 
 bodied the result of his studies in a learned 
 work entitled Augustinus, which, published 
 after his death, fairly rent the Eoman 
 Church in twain, exciting the fiercest 
 animosity of the Jesuits, incurring the 
 censures, excommunications, bulls, briefs, 
 and rescripts of four popes (1642-1713), 
 and giving rise to a Jansenist Church 
 in Holland (1723), with bishops of its 
 own, claiming membership in the Eoman 
 Church, but disowned by every pope in 
 turn. 
 
 Clement XIV. (1773) suppressed the 
 
Epoch-Makers 167 
 
 Jesuit Order, numbering some 20,000 
 men, and its clerical members were or- 
 dered to fall into the ranks of the secular 
 clergy. 1 
 
 1 See Chapters xv., xvi., xix. for other epoch-makers. 
 
XIX 
 MISSIONABY BISHOPS 
 
CHAPTEE XIX 
 
 MISSIONAEY BISHOPS 
 
 At the head of the long line of pioneer 
 bishops, introducing institutional Chris- 
 tianity into strange and distant lands, 
 stands the figure of S. Paul, son of Simon 
 of Cyrene (Mark xv. 21) and brother of 
 Rufus (Rom. xvi. 13), who, in the year 
 44, established churches in the southern 
 part of Asia Minor — in Pamphylia, Pisid- 
 ia, Lycaonia, and Cilicia ; and six years la- 
 ter had evangelized Central Asia Minor — 
 Phrygia, Galatia, and Troas — as well as 
 Macedonia and Greece; and within the 
 next seven had extended the Church along 
 the coasts of Asia Minor fronting Greece, 
 and founded the Church of Ephesus ; and 
 who, subsequently, passed even into Spain, 
 preaching on his way at Crete and organ- 
 izing congregations there. S. Peter would 
 seem (1 S. Peter i. 1) to have taken the 
 
172 Missionary Bishops 
 
 Gospel into the north of Asia Minor — 
 into Cappadocia, Pontus, and Bithynia. 
 S. Jude is said to have introduced it into 
 Mesopotamia. S. Mark founded the Church 
 in Egypt. S. Thomas was the apostle of 
 Parthia. S. Andrew was missionary bish- 
 op to Scythia. S. Bartholomew was the first 
 bishop to make his way to India. S. Mat- 
 thew labored in Ethiopia. S. Simon (The 
 Zealot) was crucified in Persia. Six of the 
 seven Asian churches mentioned in Tfie 
 Apocalypse owed their origin, in all prob- 
 ability, to the efforts of S. John. S. James 
 the Less, the " brother of the Lord," au- 
 thor of an epistle to the twelve tribes, not 
 one of the original apostles, was the first 
 bishop of Jerusalem. 
 
 Pothinus, imprisoned, at the age of 
 ninety, in the course of the persecutions 
 that took place under Marcus Aurelius 
 (161-180), is in repute as the founder of 
 the Church of Lyons. 
 
 Saturninus, in the next century, was the 
 first bishop of Toulouse. Dionysius (S. 
 Denys), martyred in 272, is said by Greg- 
 ory of Tours (d. 594) to have been the 
 first to preach the Gospel to the Paris- 
 
Missionary Bishops 173 
 
 ians, and is styled " The Apostle of the 
 Gauls." It was Clovis whose shout, Mont- 
 joie Saint-Denys ! originated the battle- 
 cry of the French kings, Montjoie Saint- 
 Denys ! Lucian, one of the companions 
 of Dionysius on his missionary tour to 
 Gaul, having preached the faith to the 
 heathen of the neighborhood, fell a victim 
 to their prejudices in the year 290, and is 
 known as " The Apostle of Beauvais," 
 where he was bishop. 
 
 Gregory the Illuminator, a scion of the 
 reigning family, has the credit of having 
 introduced Christianity into Armenia (al- 
 though some of the original apostolic col- 
 lege are said to have sown the seed there 
 in the beginning), and, having converted 
 and baptized the king, he was consecrated 
 bishop over the whole of Armenia by Le- 
 ontius of Csesarea (302) ; and Armenia is 
 on record as having been the first country 
 in which Christianity was adopted as the 
 national religion. Theophilus, who was 
 present at the Nicene Council, was known 
 there as " The Bishop of the Goths " ; but 
 Christianity had been introduced among 
 them by captives whom they had carried 
 
174 Missionary Bishops 
 
 off half a century or more before. His 
 successor, Ulphilas (341-381), who trans- 
 lated the Bible into the Gothic tongue and 
 was the Moses of his people, has, perhaps, 
 a better right to the title " The Apostle of 
 the Goths." Frumentius, whose early his- 
 tory reads like a romance, it was so full of 
 travel and rare good fortune, having built 
 a place of worship for the few Christian 
 folk among the Hamyrites of Arabia Felix, 
 over whom he had been placed as regent, 
 was consecrated bishop by Athanasius, 
 and on his return translated the Scriptures 
 into the vernacular and lived to see the 
 Church rapidly extending from Abyssinia 
 to Ethiopia and Nubia. The Church thus 
 founded by " The Apostle of the Abyssin- 
 ians," who died 360, " continues to this 
 day, subject to the see of Alexandria. Its 
 metropolitan is always an Egyptian monk, 
 chosen and consecrated by the Coptic pa- 
 triarch." Theophilus, a native of the isl- 
 and of Diu (at the entrance of the Arabian 
 Gulf), having been sent as a hostage to the 
 imperial court, was there educated as an 
 Arian priest, and, on his return to his own 
 country, having been consecrated bishop 
 
Missionary Bishops 175 
 
 by Eusebius of Nicomedia, labored as a 
 missionary in the East Indies (circ. 350), 
 where he is said to have found isolated 
 Christian congregations, remains of an 
 older Christianity. Moses, a solitary, who 
 was elevated to the episcopate 372, was, 
 perhaps, the first bishop to labor among 
 the Saracens. 
 
 Martin of Tours, who died at the open- 
 ing of the next century, was not, indeed, 
 a pioneer of Christianity, but for his heroic 
 treatment of the pagan temples, altars, and 
 idols that survived the influence of his 
 predecessors, he well deserves to be en- 
 rolled among the missionary bishops of 
 the Church. In the year 431 Palladius, a 
 deacon from Home, entered Ireland as its 
 first bishop ; but, failing in his mission, he 
 was succeeded the next year by the son of 
 Calpurnius, the deacon, and grandson of 
 Potitus, a priest of the town of Bonavem 
 Tabernige, and to Patrick, indeed, belongs 
 the title of " Apostle of Ireland." Remi- 
 gius (S. Remi), who was elected to the see 
 of Kheims (457) when only twenty-two 
 years of age, a man of great erudition and 
 illustrious sanctity, is styled " The Great 
 
176 Missionary Bishops 
 
 Apostle of the French," because, at the 
 baptism of King Clovis, he also received 
 into the Church " three thousand men of 
 the Frank army, and many women and 
 children." His day is October 1st. 
 
 The vith century was not prolific in mis- 
 sionary bishops. Kentigern, the foster- 
 child of the hermit, consecrated bishop by 
 a solitary Irish prelate, labored with great 
 success among the Scots and Britons scat- 
 tered through the district of Cumbria, 
 dressing in goat-skin, which he wore un- 
 der a white linen alb, lodging in a cave, 
 living on bread and cheese and milk, and 
 carrying an office-book in one hand and 
 a plain pastoral staff in the other ; subse- 
 quently became bishop of Glasgow, and lat- 
 er, on expulsion from his see, founded the 
 monastery and the bishopric of S. Asaph ; 
 dying, in the year 601, at an extreme old 
 age. Augustine, the Eoman abbot, of the 
 Italian mission, who landed at Kent, 596, 
 has been called " The Apostle of the Eng- 
 lish People " ; but his work scarce entitles 
 him to such a niche in the temple of fame, 
 for three out of the four kingdoms into 
 which he introduced the Latin Church re- 
 
Missionary Bishops 177 
 
 lapsed into their old idolatry within the 
 space of forty years, and only the restora- 
 tion of King Eadbald to the faith he had 
 once professed saved the Church of Kent. 1 
 Paulinus, the first bishop of York, com- 
 passed the conversion (627) of King Ed- 
 win and the nobility of Northumbria, and 
 is said to have baptized 10,000 souls in 
 one day. Birinus (635), another Italian 
 missionary, finding the West Saxons to be 
 pagans, labored among them with such 
 success that he presently baptized their 
 king and crowds of less distinguished peo- 
 ple, and established his see at Dorchester. 
 Aidan, a monk from Iona, with his head- 
 quarters at Lindisfarne, effected the recon- 
 version of Northumbria, which, on the 
 death of Edwin, had reverted to its orig- 
 inal paganism, and died 651, honored as 
 " The Apostle of Northumbria." Eelix, a 
 Burgundian, bishop of Dummock (now 
 Dunwich, in Suffolk), did a memorable 
 work (650) among the East Angles. Fi- 
 nan, the successor of Aidan, and, like him, 
 an Irish monk, baptized nearly the whole 
 
 i Columba (521-597), " The Apostle of the Highlanders," 
 a lover of the saintly Kentigern, was not a bishop. 
 12 
 
178 Missionary Bishops 
 
 of Essex, Middlesex, Hertfordshire, and 
 Mercia. Cuthbert, also an Irishman, and 
 cenobite, missionary, prior, hermit, and 
 bishop of Lindisfarne, and who died at 
 the hour of matins, March 20, 687, preach- 
 ing peace, obedience, and self-sacrifice, is 
 claimed as " The Apostle of the Lowlands." 
 On the Continent Emmeran, a French 
 bishop of Aquitania, resigned his see to 
 complete the conversion of the inhabitants 
 of Bavaria, and, after three years' arduous 
 and successful labors in and out of their 
 towns and villages, received the martyr's 
 crown. Rupert, bishop of "Worms, also 
 left his diocese to another that he might 
 take part in the evangelization of Bavaria, 
 and was succeeded by Corbinian, another 
 Frenchman, remarkable for his holiness 
 and the depth of his sowing. Amandus, 
 " The Apostle of the Netherlands," conse- 
 crated (630) by order of Clothaire II., but 
 without a diocese, selected Belgic Gaul as 
 the field of his labors, and, after an abun- 
 dant harvest in Flanders and a dishearten- 
 ing effort among the Sclavonic races in 
 Germany, was forced to accept the see of 
 Maestricht (647), which, three years lat- 
 

 Missionary Bishops 179 
 
 er, he resigned to preach to the pagan 
 Basques. Eligius (S. Eloy), a goldsmith 
 by trade, bishop of Noyon from 641, also 
 won great victories among the savage 
 Frieslanders. Audomar (S. Omer), out of 
 the Irish monastery at Luxeuil, bishop of 
 Tarvanne, eradicated idolatry out of his 
 diocese, which extended from Boulogne as 
 far as the Scheldt. Barbatus, an Italian, 
 appointed bishop of Benevento, in Italy, in 
 663, renowned for his preaching and his 
 knowledge of the Bible, is said to have de- 
 stroyed every vestige of paganism in his 
 whole jurisdiction. The restless and am- 
 bitious Wilfrid, archbishop of York, on his 
 way to Rome to seek the pope's support, 
 driven by a storm to the coast of Frisia, 
 evangelized that country (677-678), and, 
 baptizing the reigning duke and thousands 
 of his subjects, earned for himself the 
 name of "Apostle of the Frisians." 1 
 
 At the opening of the vinth century the 
 chief figure in the missionary field was 
 
 1 Columbanus, "The Apostle of Burgundy" (d. 615) ; 
 Gall, "The Apostle of Switzerland" (590-640) ; Fursa, the 
 Irish missionary to the Saxons of East Anglia (d. 650) ; 
 and Kilian, another Irish missionary (650-689), " The 
 Apostle of Franconia," were not bishops. 
 
180 Missionary Bishops 
 
 Willibrord, the Anglo - Saxon, who suc- 
 ceeded (690) to the evangelistic labors of 
 Wilfrid, and, as bishop of Utrecht, spent 
 fifty years among the Frisians and beyond 
 the Danish frontier. Winfrid, another 
 Englishman, consecrated (723) by the pope 
 as Boniface, illustrious forever as "The 
 Apostle of Germany," was also unwearied 
 in his efforts to evangelize the Frisians, 
 and, a year before his death (754), resigned 
 the archiepiscopal see of Mayence to spend 
 his last days among the heathen to whom 
 his youthful energies had been devoted; 
 and, itinerating through Frisia, converting 
 and baptizing thousands of idolaters and 
 destroying their temples, was presently 
 despatched, with his fifty-two assistants, 
 by a furious heathen mob. Willehad, an- 
 other Anglo-Saxon, from Northumbria, 
 who began his missionary work in Doc- 
 cum, where Boniface was murdered, and 
 was invested, by Charlemagne, with the 
 bishopric of Bremen two years before his 
 death, had such success in christianizing 
 the Frisians, among whom he lived for 
 thirty-five years, that he was called " The 
 Apostle of Saxony." Hubert, bishop of 
 
Missionary Bishops 181 
 
 Liege (d. 727), bore the true light into the 
 dark forest of the Ardennes, where he had 
 hunted in his youth, and his labors served 
 to invest him with the name of " The Apos- 
 tle of the Ardennes." Vergil (d. 780), an 
 Irishman, bishop of Saltzburg, introduced 
 Christianity into Carinthia about 770. 
 Bumold, another Irish bishop, made Christ 
 known in Brabant, and was murdered (775) 
 by a party whom he had rebuked for viola- 
 tion of the seventh commandment. 
 
 The ixth century produced two mission- 
 ary bishops whose labors and sacrifices 
 entitle them to the highest honor. Ans- 
 gar, a Frank, longing for a martyr's crown, 
 which, however, he never obtained, under- 
 took, in 830, the conversion of Sweden, 
 and, during the thirty-five years that fol- 
 lowed, was plundered by pirates, dispos- 
 sessed of the cathedral, the monastery, and 
 the library he had founded, expelled from 
 the country by the Norman invaders, aban- 
 doned by the clergy he could no longer 
 support, turned from the door of the en- 
 vious prelate of Bremen, housed on the 
 farm of a wealthy widow, and lived to see 
 himself bishop of the conjoined sees of 
 
182 Missionary Bishops 
 
 Bremen and Hamburg, and, after twelve 
 years' absence from his chosen field, the 
 head once more of the Scandinavian mis- 
 sion, and the Church spreading unmolest- 
 ed in Sweden and Denmark. While this 
 " Apostle of the North " was thus " filling 
 up that which was behind of the sufferings 
 of Christ, for His Body's sake," two Greek 
 monks, one of whom alone lived to become 
 a missionary bishop, were evangelizing 
 Moravia, Bulgaria, Servia, and Pannonia, 
 and before Methodius (who, with his 
 brother Cyril, had been forced by political 
 considerations to join the Boman Church 
 and been elevated to the episcopate by the 
 pope) had finished his course a Sclavonic 
 alphabet had been invented, the Sclavonic 
 liturgy established, the Bible translated 
 into the vernacular, and Christianity in- 
 troduced even into Bohemia. 1 
 
 In the xth century Unni, archbishop of 
 Bremen, took advantage of the German 
 conquest of the Danes (934) to re-estab- 
 lish Christianity in Denmark, and died in 
 
 1 In 1864 the one thousandth anniversary of the found- 
 ing of the Sclavic churches was celebrated in Bohemia and 
 Moravia, where the brothers are honored as u The Apostles 
 of the Sclavs. " 
 
Missionary Bishops 183 
 
 Sweden (936), having restored the churches 
 of Jutland. Hierotheus, a Greek bishop 
 from Constantinople (950), seems to have 
 been the first to essay the conversion of 
 the Hungarians ; but the Eoman Church 
 soon took possession of the field, and 
 Anastasius (954-1044) is popularly known 
 as " The Apostle of the Hungarians." Adal- 
 bert, archbishop of Prague, on whom the 
 responsibilities of the episcopal office sat 
 so heavily that he was never seen to smile 
 after his consecration, travelled as a mis- 
 sionary into Poland and founded the 
 Church in Dantzic, and is styled " The 
 Apostle of Prussia " (Dantzic being on the 
 confines of that country), and was murdered 
 (997) at the instigation of a pagan priest. 
 Guthebald, a missionary from the Church 
 of England (circ. 990), seems to have been 
 the first prelate in Norway, and to merit 
 the title of a missionary bishop because of 
 his work in Schonen. 
 
 In the early part of the following cen- 
 tury (1001) Siegfried, archdeacon of York, 
 appears as a missionary bishop in Swe- 
 den, and of him it is recorded that he 
 often left his diocese of Wexia to preach 
 
184 Missionary Bishops 
 
 the Gospel to the pagans of West-Goth- 
 land. About the same time, John, another 
 emissary of the English Church, a Scotch- 
 man, is said to have evangelized Sclavonia. 
 Grimkele, also an English priest, in the 
 retinue of King Olaus, on his return from 
 England, was appointed bishop of Dront- 
 heim, and abetted the monarch in his 
 efforts to eradicate idolatry in Norway, 
 Orkney, and Iceland. William, another 
 English priest, touching at Denmark, in 
 the suite of Canute the Great, asked to be 
 left there as a missionary, and, after an 
 abundant harvest among the pagans, was 
 assigned to a bishopric at Koschild, where 
 he died 1067. Iceland, evangelized by 
 English and Irish missionaries, reckons Is- 
 leif , whose see was fixed at Skaaholt (1056), 
 as its first diocesan bishop. And in 1055 
 institutional Christianity was established 
 in Greenland, by the appointment of one 
 Albert, by the prelate of Hamburg-Bremen, 
 as its first bishop. 1 
 
 1 u The last glimpse of this ancient Church of Green- 
 land is seen in 1408. Religion seems to have expired soon 
 after with the swarm of Icelandic and Norwegian settlers 
 who gave place to the present Esquimaux." — Hardwick's 
 Church of the Middle Ages. 
 
Missionary Bishops 185 
 
 At the opening of the xnth century the 
 Church put forth heroic efforts to compass 
 the conversion of the savage Wends in 
 North Germany, and Bishop Benno of 
 Misina (d. 1106), Bishop Yicelin of Olden- 
 burg (d. 1154), Bishop Everanod of Rat- 
 zeburg (from 1154), and Bishop Berno of 
 Schwerin (from 1158) may be called the 
 apostles of the Wends, their zeal and suf- 
 ferings being seldom equalled. The fierce 
 Pomeranians yielded only to the intrepid- 
 ity and social grandeur of Otto, bishop of 
 Bamberg, who, travelling in princely style, 
 convinced the natives that he was not seek- 
 ing pecuniary reward, and whose " firm- 
 ness without egotism ; earnestness with- 
 out severity ; gentleness and placability 
 without weakness ; and glowing zeal with- 
 out fanaticism," overcame the heathen 
 prejudices, and (1124, 1128) thousands 
 were added to the Church. Yicelin, bish- 
 op of Oldenburg, devoted thirty years of 
 his life (1124-1154) to the evangelization 
 of Holstein in the kingdom of Denmark. 
 Absalom, archbishop of Lund, planted the 
 cross in the island of Rugen, in the Baltic, 
 and in 1168 the pirates and robbers who 
 
186 Missionary Bishops 
 
 constituted that community consented to 
 receive baptism. Henry, an Englishman, 
 bishop of Upsala, followed in the wake of 
 Eric, King of Denmark, and, invading Fin- 
 land with the Gospel, sealed his mission 
 with his blood (1151), and has received 
 the title of " Apostle of the Finns." Mein- 
 hart, a canon of Segeberg, in Holstein, 
 must have the credit of having introduced 
 the Gospel (1168) into Livonia, a country 
 on the Baltic, and of the Church he founded 
 there, at TJerkull, he became the bishop. 
 
 But one missionary bishop of the apos- 
 tolic type can be discerned among the 
 years of the xmth century, and he was a 
 Franciscan, John de Monte-Corvino, who, 
 learning of the spiritual condition of the 
 Mongols from Marco Polo, who had just 
 returned from China, undertook their 
 evangelization, built two churches in Cam- 
 balu (Pekin), the residence of the Khan, 
 baptized about six thousand natives, and 
 translated the Psalms and the New Testa- 
 ment into the Mongol language, and, after 
 twelve years of solitary labor (1303), was 
 appointed archbishop of Cambalu. In 
 1368 the Mongols were driven from China 
 
Missionary Bishops 187 
 
 and the Church was annihilated. The real 
 apostle of the Prussians (originally evan- 
 gelized by Adalbert of Prague, 997) is said 
 to have been Christian the Cistercian, 
 of the Pomeranian monastery Oliva, who, 
 in 1209, was baptized for his dead prede- 
 cessors, became bishop 1214, and died, 
 1244, the regenerator of the Prussians liv- 
 ing between the Weichsel and Memel. 
 
 Lithuania is on record as being the last 
 European country to receive the Christian 
 religion, and it must have been a memor- 
 able spectacle when the people, following 
 the example of their grand duke, and clad 
 in woollen garments, the gifts of their 
 sponsors, pressed in crowds (1386) to be 
 baptized. Though no bishop is mentioned 
 as concerned in this national conversion, 
 an episcopal see was presently founded at 
 Wilna. 
 
 The xvth century produced " The Apostle 
 of the Indians," the Spanish Bishop Bar- 
 tolome de Las Casas, who visited Spain six 
 times to intercede at court for the protec- 
 tion of the hunted natives of the New 
 World, and was seventy-three years of age 
 (1547) before he had compassed the abol- 
 
188 Missionary Bishops 
 
 ition of Indian slavery in America. Born 
 1474, and living until the year 1566, he de- 
 voted the whole term of his earthly exist- 
 ence to the conversion of these newly dis- 
 covered heathen. 
 
 The xvith century gave birth to Jose de 
 Anchieta, " The Apostle of Brazil." 
 
 As products of the xvmth century we 
 have Bishop Berkeley (d. 1753), " The Apos- 
 tle of the Bermudas," a man of the greatest 
 " understanding, knowledge, innocence, and 
 humility," who thought to found a col- 
 lege at the Bermudas for the education of 
 a clergy for " converting the savages to 
 Christianity " ; Bishop Seabury (1784), the 
 apostle of Anglican Christianity in Amer- 
 ica ; and Dr. Charles Inglis, consecrated 
 (while rector of Trinity Church, New York) 
 August 12, 1787, first colonial bishop, for 
 Nova Scotia, and who labored twenty-nine 
 years throughout a jurisdiction including 
 all the British possessions in the New 
 World, from Newfoundland to Lake Su- 
 perior — a diocese three times as large as 
 the whole of Great Britain. 
 
XX 
 
 EPISCOP^l 
 
"Let not a bishop, priest, or deacon put away his own 
 wife under pretence of religion ; but if he put her away, 
 let him be excommunicated ; and, if he persist, let him be 
 deposed." — Apost. Canons, v. 
 
CHAPTEE XX 
 
 EPISCOPiE 
 
 Nothing is known of S. Peter's wife. 
 Neander thinks he has found her name in 
 1 Peter v. 13, where he would read : 
 " Syneclecta, who is in Babylon, saluteth 
 you." That he was in the habit of taking 
 her with him on his missionary tours we 
 know on the authority of a fellow-bishop 
 in 1 Cor. ix. 5. His mother-in-law cer- 
 tainly lived with him in Capernaum, and 
 we are assured that he was greatly dis- 
 tressed at the illness which overtook her 
 while he was in the service of Jesus of 
 Nazareth. His daughter is known in his- 
 tory or legend as Petronilla. 
 
 Among the bishops in attendance at the 
 Nicene Council was a prelate from the isl- 
 and of Cyprus, a holy, simple-minded man, 
 who tended his own sheep, and sheared 
 them in the season. Legend has been busy 
 
192 Episcopce 
 
 with his name, and many are the wonders 
 that are told of good old Bishop Spyridion. 
 He was a married man, and, although his 
 wife, perhaps, never did anything worthy 
 of commemoration, his daughter Irene lives, 
 a pious, gentle, comely woman, and so 
 honorable that to guard some costly orna- 
 ment entrusted to her keeping she caused 
 it to be buried with her shortly after. 
 When wanted, the bracelet was not forth- 
 coming, and the pastor of souls and of 
 sheep was accused of having appropriated 
 it. To save her father's reputation, this 
 daughter did the only thing she could : — 
 she came to life again, pointed out the 
 place where the trinket was secreted, and 
 then lay down once more to sleep until the 
 morning of the resurrection. 
 
 Gregory I. married, while yet a heathen, 
 a child of Christian parents (Philtatius and 
 Gorgonia), whose piety was of such in- 
 tense and transfiguring a character that no 
 one living in her house could fail to be as 
 good as he could be. The paganism of the 
 husband was no match for the regenerative 
 graces of the wife, and he was soon bap- 
 tized in the Catholic faith. A few years 
 
Episcopce 193 
 
 later (329 a.d.) he was elected to the bish- 
 opric of Nazianzus. The fruits of this 
 marriage were Gorgonia, his first-born ; 
 Gregory, afterward bishop of Sasima, then 
 coadjutor bishop of Nazianzus, for the re- 
 lief of his father, and finally bishop of Con- 
 stantinople ; and another son, Caesarius, 
 who rose to eminence at the court of Con- 
 stantinople. The two youngest children 
 were born after their father's elevation to 
 the episcopate, and Nonna, their mother, 
 consorted with him to the end. 
 
 Hilary, of pagan parentage and high so- 
 cial standing, bishop of Poictiers (350- 
 367), " the Athanasius of the West," was 
 not converted until he had reached ripe 
 manhood, and, when he was baptized, it 
 was in company with his wife and his 
 daughter Abra, who continued with him 
 until death " de-parted " them, as a letter 
 from him shows. 
 
 Gregory of Nyssa, the brother of Basil 
 the Great, married somewhat early in life 
 one Theosebeia, of whom another Gregory 
 (Gregory Theologos, bishop of Nazianzus, 
 and son of Gregory I., also bishop, in his 
 day, of the same see) wrote a little later, 
 13 
 
194 Episcopce 
 
 styling her " the priestess, the yokefellow, 
 and the equal of a priest." This pious, 
 exemplary woman was Hying in the year 
 381, and, in the meantime, her husband 
 had been made bishop of Nyssa (371) and 
 at the date of the sessions of the Second 
 General Council (381) had delivered the 
 sermon at the consecration of Gregory 
 Nazianzen as bishop of Constantinople, 
 and had been appointed by the synod 
 patriarch of the churches of Pontus, in 
 conjunction with Helladius, and visited the 
 churches of Babylon and Jerusalem. 
 
 Juliana was the wife of Memorius, an 
 Italian prelate, bishop of Capua (400), and 
 their son Julian became bishop of Eclana. 
 A letter (oi.) from the famous bishop of 
 Hippo to this prelate is extant, in which 
 he speaks of Julian, the son, as his col- 
 league and deacon, and commends to the 
 shadow of the wings of the Most High " the 
 father and the mother, bound in the same 
 brotherhood with your sons, being all the 
 children of the one Father." 
 
 Julian, the son of this prelate of Capua, 
 married, while " lector " in his father's 
 church, a most winsome woman, the daugh- 
 
Episcopce 195 
 
 ter of iEmilius, the bishop of Beneven- 
 tum, to whom her parents had given the 
 name of la. Paulinus is said to have com- 
 posed the epithalamium on the occasion. 
 In the year 410 Julian became a deacon, 
 and shortly after was raised to the see of 
 Eclana. 
 
 Synesius, a disciple of Hypatia, a pagan 
 philosopher, a married man, was elect- 
 ed bishop of Ptolemais, but when it was 
 demanded of him that he should separate 
 from his wife, he stoutly refused, saying 
 he was willing to give up his estates, the 
 chase and all his wonted pleasures, but 
 that marriage was for life, and that he 
 would decline the bishopric before he 
 would put away his own flesh and blood. 
 His love and loyalty carried the day, and 
 he was consecrated in spite of his instinct- 
 ive obedience to the apostolical canon. 
 
 A little later, in the same century, Ger- 
 manus, an advocate, one of the six 
 " dukes " of Gaul, a lover of the chase, on 
 attaining a suitable age married Eustachia, 
 one of the fashionable women of the day, 
 and shortly after was elevated to the epis- 
 copate of the city of Auxerre. 
 
196 Episcopce 
 
 In the year 473 there was born of wealthy 
 parents one Ennodius, who, on losing his 
 patrimony through the invasion of the 
 Visigoths, went to live with an aunt in 
 Milan, who treated him as though he had 
 been her own son, and supplied him with 
 every luxury and the means of self-indul- 
 gence. On the death of this aunt, poor, 
 homeless, and unused to labor, he married, 
 most opportunely, a young lady of family 
 and fortune, and he was saved from beg- 
 gary and starvation. Thinking himself 
 called to serve God in the ministry of the 
 Church, or incited thereto by ambition, he 
 took orders, renounced his marriage, and 
 forced the woman who had rescued him 
 from destitution to retire to a convent and 
 take the veil. After a while he was re- 
 warded with the bishopric of Pavia. 
 
 Iberia was wife to Euricius, the eleventh 
 bishop of Limoges, some time in the same 
 century, and her epithalamium was written 
 by the celebrated Latin author Sidonius 
 Apollinaris. Their son was Ommatius, 
 the bishop of Tours. They finally retired 
 to a monastery, where they ended their 
 days. 
 
Episcopal 197 
 
 The wife of Gennobandus, first bishop 
 of Laon, was a niece of the metropolitan 
 Bemigius, bishop of Eheims (circ. 500). 
 Gregory, the sixteenth bishop of Autun, 
 whose wife was Armentaria, was the 
 grandfather of Gregory, the bishop of 
 Tours (573-594), and of all the preceding 
 bishops of Tours there were but five that 
 were not among his ancestors. 
 
 About 515, one Florentius of Lyons, 
 a senator and married man, was elected 
 to fill the vacant see of Geneva. Bushing 
 home to break the news to his wife and 
 get her advice, she exclaimed " Cease to 
 desire this bishopric. In my womb I car- 
 ry a bishop of your own flesh." The see 
 was declined, and forty years later their 
 son was known as Nicetius the bishop. 
 
 In 564 there died Leontius II., the bish- 
 op of Bordeaux, who had lived long in the 
 estate of matrimony, and whose wife was 
 the gentle-woman Placidina, of the line 
 of Sidonius Apollinaris, the poet, saint, 
 and bishop. Toward the close of the cen- 
 tury the city of Vienne mourned the death 
 of Euphrasia, a woman of noble birth and 
 great wealth, the widow of Naamatus, their 
 
198 Episcopce 
 
 late bishop, who, after her bereavement, 
 had devoted herself and her estate to the 
 cause of " the exile, the widow, the cap- 
 tive, and the poor." 
 
 Doda was the name of the wife of Ar- 
 nulf, mayor of the palace, ancestor of the 
 Carolingians, who, in the year 612, was 
 consecrated to the episcopate of Metz. 
 
 Severus, bishop of Ravenna, in the xith 
 century, had a wife and daughter, and 
 Herbert of Milan was a married man. 
 
 The first resident bishop of Iceland, Is- 
 lief, the son of Gizur the "White, the suc- 
 cessful evangelist, had a wife named Dalla, 
 who brought him half the land whereon 
 he dwelt, and who not infrequently com- 
 plained of the difficulty of making both 
 ends meet on the meagre income of the 
 farm. On his death (1080) his son Gizur 
 succeeded to the vacant bishopric, and his 
 wife, too, seems to have been a brave and 
 pious woman, who, when he lay ill unto 
 death, covered with ulcers and unable to 
 sleep or rest, desired him to tell her what 
 he would like his friends to ask for him in 
 prayer, so sure was she of God's gracious 
 presence. But this old man of seventy- 
 
Episcopce 199 
 
 five made no other response than that they 
 should petition that the Lord's chastise- 
 ments might be blessed to him. He left a 
 daughter behind him. Paul, the grandson 
 of the Saemund who made the collection 
 of the elder Edda, the occupant, one hun- 
 dred years later, of the same see of Skal- 
 holt, boasted of his wife Herdisa, of whom 
 the historian writes : " She was to him and 
 to the diocese great support and strength. 
 So great was her economy and manage- 
 ment that before she had been there many 
 years there reigned a superfluity of all 
 things necessary, so that they could enter- 
 tain at a time a hundred guests, besides 
 their own servants, who numbered eighty 
 men." 
 
 It is not known that the apostle of Ire- 
 land was a married man, but there is no 
 question that he was the son of a deacon 
 and the grandson of a priest ; and, apply- 
 ing to the poet-laureate of Ireland, one 
 Duffack by name, for material for a 
 bishop, he said: "I wish a man of one 
 wife, unto whom hath been born one only 
 child." Cormac, the fighting bishop, the 
 bishop-king of Munster (circ. 897), was a 
 
200 Episcopce 
 
 married man, and his wife's name was 
 Gormlaithy who survived him and took two 
 more husbands in due time. The cele- 
 brated "Conn of the poor," an eminent 
 member of the community at Clonmacnois 
 (1022-1128), and also bishop of Clonmac- 
 nois, was a married man, and the son, the 
 grandson, and the great-grandson of clergy- 
 men. Celsus, who died (1129), archbishop 
 of Armagh, was a grandson of Archbishop 
 Moeliosa of Armagh, and the see had been 
 held by eight married men in succession. 
 Boniface, archbishop of Canterbury (1250), 
 was a married man, although Matthew 
 Paris did not see fit to record the name 
 of the spouse. Charles Maguire, canon 
 chorister in Armagh and in the bishopric 
 of Clogher, parson of Iniskeen, deacon of 
 Lough Erne, and coadjutor of the bishop 
 of Clogher, a prelate of the Celtic Irish 
 Church (1498), was a married man. Dev- 
 ereux, bishop of Ferns, and James Fitzmau- 
 rice, bishop of Ardfert and Aghadoe (1563), 
 were also men with wives and children. 
 
 Fitz-Jocelin, archbishop of Canterbury 
 (d. 1191) was the son of Jocelin, bishop of 
 Salisbury. 
 
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