«,^ ^:^^*'- ""^^ ^^"^ "* **' »j^%V "'".o*.. ' -. V° • "/" .-. v •■• • :^ ^o-^ ^-^^ ? ^ ^ ^ -.'^ais^.* 4^ ^'^^ -: ^, <. ♦'TV ;♦ ay, however, be given sub- eutaneously in gradually increasing doses without the likeli- hood of poisoning. Digitalis may cause a cumulative effect in being slowly oxidized in the body or in leading to contrac- tion of the renal vessels and suppression of urine-elimination. The drugs likely to cause a cumulative action must be ad- ministered infrequently, once, twice, or thrice daily ; whereas medicines which are rapidly decomposed and eliminated (alcohol, nitrites, etc.) may be given at very frequent inter- vals if desirable. The term excretion is often used synony- mously with elimination, but, strictly speaking, a drug is not eliminated unless it has been first absorbed. On the other hand, an insoluble drug passing unabsorbed through the ali- mentary canal is said properly to be excreted in the faeces. CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS. Mode of Administration. * The following table gives the various methods of ad- ministering drugs in order of their rapidity of absorption, beginning with the jnethod by which absorption is most rapid, and following with those by which absorption is less and finally least rapid : 1. Intravenous, by injection into the veins. 2. By inhalation (volatile drugs). 3. Subcutaneous, by injection into subcutaneous tissue. 4. Intratracheal, by injection into the trachea. 5. Oral, by the mouth. 6. Rectal, by the rectum. 7. Inunction, by the skin. 1. Injection into the veins (usually into the jugu- lar) is not so commonly practiced as the subcutaneous method, as there is a certain minute danger of inducing ])hlebitis, embolism and thrombosis. The danger is more theoretical than real, however, as we have frequently thrown from 5 3 (150 cc.) to 6^ 3 (200 cc.) of fluid extract of can- nabis indica into the jugular, and even chloral hydrate, a most irritating and caustic drug, in the dose of 1 3 (30.) dissolved in 8 3 (240 cc.) of water, without producing any uutoward symptoms. No method of administration can secure more rapid absorption, since intravenous injection is absorption. This has constituted one of the theoretical objections to the method, that the sudden entrance of a drug might create shock. Injection into the jugular is useful when very rapid and effective action is imperative, as in causing immediate catharsis in colic and intestinal MODE OF ADMINISTRATION 7 obstruction of horses. In such cases barium chloride and oserine sulphate are employed intravenously. The jugu- lar is occluded with the hand and the injection is made with the same care described below in reference to the subcutaneous method. The intravenous use of hot normal salt solution is frequently valuable in hemorrhage, shock and poisoning (see p. 733). 2. Volatile drugs are absorbed with great rapidity and effect owing to the enormous vascular surface of the lungs in contact with the inhaled vapor. Ether, chloroform, ammonia and amyl-nitrite are given by this method. In- halation of medicated steam and sprays, used mainly for their local action on the respiratory tract, are also absorbed to some extent by the bronchial mucous membrane and lungs. This is a convenient and effective mode of applying local medication to horses in inflammatory troubles of the upper air passages, including the bronchial tubes, and in many cases may effect a cure without the use of internal remedies. 3. Subcutaneous or hypodermatic injection is suitable for soluble, non-irritating drugs of small bulk, when a sure and rapid action is desired. The medicinal solution should be free from solid particles and microorganisms. If the solution is not clean, or is irritating, abscess may occur. The syringe and needle must also be absolutely clean. Solutions made by droj^ping tablets in pure drinking water will rarely cause abscess, and the syringe may be made aseptic by filling it with alcohol (70 per cent.) and wiping the needle with the same, previous to their employment. Solutions may be preserved for hypodermatic use with boric acid (1 per cent.), but soluble tablets are more convenient. In practising this method the hair should be removed from the seat of injection — preferably the thin skin under- laid by connective tissue behind the elbow or on the abdo- men — and the part washed ; then a loose fold of skin is picked up and held firmly between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, while the needle is thrust under the skin, 8 CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS but not into a vein. The syringe is slowly emptied and the needle withdrawn, keeping slight pressure over the point of injection with the thumb for a few seconds. The use of irritating drugs — permissible in emergencies — as fluid extract of ergot, tincture of digitalis, ether and ammonia, is less apt to be followed by abscess if injected deeply into the muscular substance, but this method causes more pain than ordinar;^ injections. To avoid getting air in the veins, all the air is removed from the syringe before using, by holding it, needle upwards, and pushing in the plunger till a few drops of the solution are forced out of the needle. The danger of introducing air into the blood stream is greatly exaggerated, however, as the writer has proved by forcing vast quantities of air into the jugular vein of a horse without producing any untoward symptoms. The proper quantity of a solution for subcutaneous use is 5-30 minims for dogs ; 1-2 drachms for horses, although large amounts of salt solution may be injected into the subcutaneous tissue or muscles (hypodermoclysis) with great benefit in haemor- rhage, etc. See p. 735.) The minimum doses of drugs should be employed by the subcutaneous method. INDICATIONS FOR SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. (a) To secure a rapid action, as in relieving intense pain or motor excitement ; and to svipport a failing heart, respiration and vascular tone in severe operations, anaesthesia, or other poisoning. (b) When administration of drugs by the mouth is inadvisable or impossible, as in unconsciousness, dysphagia, convulsions or vomiting. (c) When a local as vi^ell as general action is beneficial, e.g., the use of strychnin in roaring and other local paralyses ; atropin in local muscular spasms ; veratrin in muscular rheumatism. 4. Intratracheal injection is a strictly veterinary pro- cedure. The skin is incised aseptically with a sharp scalpel midway in the neck, and a stout needle (attached to a syringe) is thrust b tween the rings into the trachea. Larger quan- tities [H. ( 3 i.-ii.) (30.-60.)] and more irritating drugs are given in this way than by the subcutaneous method, and absorption is about as rapid ; the dose is the same. There MODE OF ADMINISTRATION 9 is undoubtedly dauger, however, in giving irritant drugs by this method, especially chloral, and several cases of foreign- body pneumonia have come under our notice as the result of this mode of administration. It is the best method of benumbing or killing the parasites {S.^filaria and micrurus) infesting the trachea and bronchi, and has been employed to influence the mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea in certain inflammatory conditions. 5. Drugs are usually given by the mouth and are absorbed from the stomach and intestines. Many non-irritating and not unpleasant drugs are taken voluntarily in the food, gruel, milk or drinking water by animals. Cats and dogs will often swallow medicine enclosed in a piece of meat. Absorption is more tardy than by the subcutaneous method, more rapid when given in solution into an empty stomach ; slower when administered in powder, pill or ball, and on a full stomach. Some drugs are probably absorbed from the stomach, only to be destroyed or stored in the liver (alka- loids and lipavy metals), and do not enter the general circulation at alL When drugs are administered for their local action on the stomach, in catarrh or ulcer, they should be given half hour to an hour before feeding; if given for their action in or on the intestines, they should be administered two or three hours after meals. 6. Rectal injections of medicines (enemata or clysters) are practised when the use of drugs by the mouth is inadvis- able or impossible, as in uncousciousness, dysphagia, con- vulsions ; also to destroy parasites (oxyurides) in the rectum, to influence au inflamed or ulcerated rectal mucous mem- brane, and to remove intestinal contents (oil and glycerin). The dose of drugs by this method is generally twice that by the mouth, and absorption is slower and more im- perfect. The drug should be non-irritating, soluble, and not too balky, since a small amount is necessary (3 i-- 5 i- dogs ; 5 ii.- 3 viii. horses); to avoid tenesmus and expulsion. Warm starch solution (made by boiling) or linseed tea with a little laudanum is a good vehicle for medicinal enemata, and re- 10 CIRCUMSTANCES tlODIFYIXG THE ACTION OF DRUGS tentiou of eneraata is facilitated by pressure on the anus witli a towel for some minutes after tlie injection is given. Solids are sometimes employed by rectum in supposi- torir^^. For general uses of enemata, see p. 30. 7. Drugs are absorbed very slightly by the skin, and then only when rubbed very vigorously into the epidermis (in- unction) with lanolin, fat or oil of some kind. Mercury, silver and iodine are most commonly employed for absorp- tion, but drugs are usually applied externally for their local action only and not to influence the general S5'stem through the blood. Dosag-e. The study of dosage is known as Posology. The action of drugs is altered both in degree and in kind by the dose. Thus, increasing the dose would naturally lead to an in- crease in the intensity of a drug's action, but it frequently changes the entire character of the action as well. Drugs, as strychnine, acting especially on the ner- vous system, often excite in therapeutic doses, but de- press and paralyze in toxic doses. Drugs, as digitalis, stimulating the heart in medicinal doses, usually depress and paralyze the organ in poisonous doses. Many drugs promoting urinary secretion, in ordinary doses, cause inflam- mation and urinary suppression in large doses. The best way to determine the dose of a drug is to estimate the amount required for each pound of live weight. This only applies to the same species and to animals of ordinary build. Fat is a comparatively inert tissue as far as the action of drugs is concerned, so that a very fat horse, weighing, for example, 1,200 pounds, would be affected in a more pronounced manner by a dose of medicine than would a lean horse of the same Weight and taking the same dose. In the case of young animals, and of those either above or under the ordinary size of the adult of any species, the dose should be proportioned — ac- cording to weight — to the average dose for the adult animal of that species. Thus, if the average weight of a horse is 1,000 pounds, the dose of any drug for a colt weighing ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 11 500 pounds would be half the usual dose for adult horses. In a general way the dose for all animals from birth to a few weeks old, is one -twentieth of that suitable for the mature animal of the same species ; for yearlings, about oue- third of the adult dose. The dose recommended for dogs is commonly the same as that given to man, but this rule does not apply in the case of some powerful drugs (strych- nine), where the dose should be adjusted to the weight, i.e., so much per pound, live weight. It is impossible to calculate the dose for all domestic animals as based on that for animals of one species, be- cause the differences in anatomy and physiology modify the actions of drugs in degree and kind, but the dose for sheep is about one-fourth of that for the laiger ruminants. The repetition of a dose is determined to a consider- able extent by the duration and rapidity of a drug's action. Agents used for their immediate effect, as those relieving pain and stimulating the circulation and respiration, are repeated frequently till the desired effect is attained. Medicines improving the condition of the digestion, blood and nutrition, as tonics of various kinds, require time for the accomplishment of their mission, and are usually given two or three times daily for a period of some weeks. Anatomy and Physiology, Certain differences in the action of medicines may be observed as occurring in the various species of animals, and in animals as contrasted in this respect with man. ACTION OF DRUGS ON ANIMALS AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON MAN. From a comparative standpoint the action of drugs on the nervous system of animals differs from that on man. This follows according to the "law of dissolution," which teaches that the more highly developed a part of the ner- vous system is in the evolutionary scale, the more sensitive is it to the influence of drugs. Since the cerebrum of man is relatively larger and more highly developed, in propor- 12 CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS tion to his weight, than is the case in animals, and since the spinal cord is larger and more highly developed in pro- portion to the brain in animals, it happens that drugs impressing the nervous system exert less effect on the brain, and more on the spinal cord, of animals than they do in mau. Thus opium is more powerful in its influence on the brain of man, and strychnin is moi'e potent iu its action on the spinal cord of animajs. Drugs are not absorbed so rapidly or perfectly in the enormous digestive apparatus of ruminants as in man; neither do emetics act in these animals, nor in horses; while in none of the lower animals are agents causing sweating so efficient as in man. ACTION OF DRUGS ON HORSES AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON OTHER ANIMALS. Differences exist relative to the action of drugs on the horse, as compared with other animals, chiefly in respect to the digestive apparatus. Emetics do not act on the horse, as this animal does not vomit unless the stomach is greatly distended with gas, which causes dilatation of the cardiac outlet. Moreov-er, the stomach is too bmall to be success- fully compressed by the abdominal walls, and the great )ength of the oesophagus between the stomach and dia- phragm, together with the horseshoe-like baud of fibres at its cardiac extremity, prevent the regurgitation of food. The intestines of the horse, on the other hand, are as volum- inous as the stomach is small, and therefore are powerfully influenced by irritants (as purgatives), although the action of cathartics is slow. The bowels of horses excrete vastly more of the fluid ingested than is the case in man or dogs — whose kidneys chiefly assume this function — and these latter organs are said to eliminate about 15 per cent, of the fluid ingesta in the former animals, as against 50 per cent, in man and dogs. ACTION OF DRUGS ON RUMINANTS AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON OTHER ANIMALS. The capacious four-fold stomach of ruminants always TIME OF ADMINISTRATION 13 contains large amounts of food in the rumen and abomasum, while the impervious, poorly vascular and skin-like gastric mucous membrane renders absorption feeble and imperfect and enforces a comparatively larger dosage than is proper for horses of greater weight. Ruminants are also generally insusceptible to emetics. The skin and kidneys of rumi- nants are still less active than is the case in horses. ACTION OF DRUGS ON DOGS AND PIGS AS COMPARED WITH THAT ON OTHER ANIMALS. The action of medicine on dogs and pigs is similar in kind to that observed in man, but the former animals are less sensitive to drugs as a rule, since the dose suitable for a man weighing 150 pounds is appropriate for a dog of 40 pounds weight. As exceptions to this rule, we find that dogs will not bear the human dose of calomel, oil of turpentine, or strychnine. Tn fact, the ordinary tonic dose of strych- nine (gr. -g^o) for man will throw a medium-sized dog into convulsions, and may kill a small animal, notwithstand- ing that this amount is recommended as a suitable canine dose in veterinary text books. Contrariwise, the dog is comparatively insensitive to many drugs powerfully influencing man, — notably aloes, colocynth and rhubarb. Most cathartics act more quickly on dogs than is the case with the other domestic animals, but saline purgatives are less appropriate in often causing vomiting, and because of their bulk. Time of Administration. This matter has been alluded to in speaking of the absorption of drugs. Medicines readily undergoing decom- position in the presence of other substances, as iodine and hydriodic acid, should be given on an empty stomach ; and likewise all drugs, when a speedy action is desired. Irrit- ants should be administered on a full stomach. 14 CIRCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE ACTION OF DRUGS JJtJiif.—Tlnfi circumstance does not Lave the same import- ance in veterinary medicine which it possesses in humau practice, since we control drug habits in animals. Animals usually become less susceptible to the action of drugs on their repetition, e.g., opium and cathartics. This rule does not hold in the case of drugs having a cumulative action, nor in the repeated use of irritants on the skin, for then their action is strongly intensified. Disease. — The action of drugs is profoundly influenced by disease. It is only possible to enumerate a few exam- ples. Pain is almost an antidote to opium, and large re- peated doses of the drug, previously innocuous, may, on the sudden cessation of pain, induce poisoning. Opium is also borne in enormous doses in peritonitis. Inflammation and congestion of the digestive organs hinders the absorption of all medicines. A congested condition of the alimentary canal, and even of the respiralcny tract in horses, contra- indicate the use of strong purgatives in these animals, since superpurgation may occur. A high temperature alters the action of many drugs. Opium is not so efficient as an analgesic in fevers, while antipyretics will not lower the temperature in healtl;. Stimulants are not nearly so potent in depressed bodily conditions, and counter-irritants will not produce their characteristic actions on the skin when the circulatory functions are at a low ebb. Idiosyncrasy. — Individual susceptibility to drugs is infrequent, but unfortunately cannot be anticipated. The writer has seen simple zinc oxide (free from adulteration or impurities) cause a frenzy of irritation when rubbed on a dog's skin, and a small dose of tartar emetic cause violent vomiting in a cow. Some animals are very susceptible to counter-irritants. Well-bred animals are commonly more responsive to drugs than others. GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS. Drugs Acting on the Digestive Organs. Sialagogues are agents increasing the secretion of saliva. Antisialagogues are agents diminishing salivary secretion. Among the sources of saliva — the parotid, sublingual and submaxillary glands — the latter have received most study. The chorda tympani, with its centre in the medulla, is one of the two nerves supplying the submaxillary gland. It con- tains two sets of fibres, the secretory and vasodilator. Hence stimulation of this nerve, or its centre, whether im- mediately or reflexly, leads, by means of its vasodilator fibres, to dilatation of the blood vessels and enhanced vascu- larity of the gland, and so indirectly to greater secretion ; while, through excitation of the secretory fibres, the proto- plasnj of the glandular cells is influenced and secretion directly increased. Reflexly the gland is stimulated by drugs exciting the peripheral terminations of the gustatory (lingual branch of the fifth nerve) and glossopharangeal nerves in the mouth; the vagus endings in the stomach ; by agencies sending pleasurable impressions to the brain through the medium of the eyes or nose ; or by stimulation of other sensory nerves. The submaxillary gland is also supplied by a branch of the cervical sympathetic accompanying the submaxillary arter- ies. Stimulation of this nerve, or its centre, causes vascular constriction in the gland and inhibition of secretion. Sialagogues are often classed under three heads. 1st, Specific sialagogues, acting directly on the mechanism con- cerned with secretion, I.e., the gland cells, or nervous appara- tus. Pilocarpine is the best example of the specific class. It stimulates the gland cell or peripheral nerve endings. 2ud, litfiex sialagogues, exciting sensory nerve terminations 15 16 GENEIUL ACIION OF DKUGS and indirectly or reflexlj stimulating the nervous mechan- ism controlling secretion. As examples of this class, may be mentioned alkalies, acids, emetics, and other agents stimu- lating the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach. SLrd, Mixed sialagogiies, acting both specifically and reflexly. Physostigmine, nicotine or tobacco and mercury prepara- tions may be included in this category. Antisialagogv^s. — These drugs may act in various ways to lessen salivary secretion, but atropine is most notable in this regard. It acts by depressing the peripheral endings of the secretory nerves. Uses. — Sialagogues are not of much therapeutic value. Some are added to the drinking water given to animals suf- fering from fever, to relieve dryness of the mouth and thirst. They are then called refrigerants ; as, for example, potas- sium nitrate, diluted phosphoric and other acids. The sialagogues are sometirups employed to stimulate the mucous membrane of the pharynx in sore throat and relaxed conditions ; as, for example, potassium chlorate in electuary for horses. Excessive salivation produced by mercury salts or pilo- carpine is relieved by an autisialagogue, i.e., atropine. Stomachics are drugs which, in therapeutic doses, mildly stimulate the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach, thereby increasing the secretions and vascularity of these parts, the appetite, and, in a less degree, gastric peristalsis. These agents also influence the intestines, but this effect will b3 considered under carminatives. Stomachics may be divided into bitters, aromatics (drugs containing a volatile oil and often very pungent), and aro- matic bitters (drugs containing a volatile oil and a bit- ter principle). While both the bitters and aromatics en- hance the appetite, the action of the latter is more powerful and fleeting. Yery large doses of stomachics are distinctly irritating, and cause anorexia, nausea, and vomiting in animals capable of the act. DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS u STOMACHICS. BITTERS AROMATICS Gentian Coriander Calumba Capsicum Quassia Pepper Hydrastis Ginger Alcohol Taraxacum Cardamon Ether Fennel Chloroform AROMATIC BITTERS Fenugreek Alkalies (see Antacids) Cascarilla Anise Chamomile Calamus Serpentaria Mustard Spearmint Peppermint Uses. — Stomachics — particularly bitters — are service- able in improving the appetite and gastric digestion in atonic indigestion, and in enfeebled states of the digestive organs occurring in the course of chronic diseases or during conva- lescence from acute disorders. The aromatics are more frequently employed for their action on the intestines, when they are called carminatives. Bitters are contra-indicated in irritable or inflamed conditions of the alimentary tract. Antacids are drugs which are used to counteract acidity in the stomach and bowels resulting from indigestion and fermentation, or from excessive secretion of gastric juice. Some (not ammonia compounds) are also occasionally em- ployed to alkalize the blood and urine. Pawlow's sxperiments, substantiated h,y many others, show that alkalies inhibit not only the secretion of acid gastric juice, bat also all the other digestive secretions, i.e.^ the secretions of the intestines, liver (bile), and pancreas (pancreatic juice). If administered several hours after eating, antacids counteract acidity due to fermentation and relieve pain caused by this condition. Since fermentation is frequently the cause of tympanites, the antacids are conjoined to advan- tage with carminatives (sodium bicarbonate and ginger). 18 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS The alkaline carbonates allay pain by means of the carbonic dioxide set free in their decomposition in the digestive tract, and the antacids are also beneficial in dissolving an exces- sive secretion of mucus in catarrhal conditions of the alimen- tary canal. The antacids are synonymous with alkalies, with the exception of the neutral vegetable salts — acetates, citrates and tartrates — of potassiu"^n and sodium, which are some- times classed under this head. These do not alkalize the contents of the stomach, but nevertheless are broken up in the body and transformed into carbonates and thus render the urine more alkaline during their elimination. Among those included in the following list the sodium compounds are much less active in alkalizing the urine than the potas- sium salts. Sodium bicarbonate is in most fiequent use in digestive disorders, but ammonium carbonate is particularly appropriate in flatulence, because it possesses more power in stimulating peristaltic action and expelling flatus. ANTACIDS. Sodium carbonate Ammonium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Magnesia Potassium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Potassium bicarbonate Calcium carbonate (chalk) Solution of potash Solution of lime (lime water) Ammonia Acids. — Contrary to accepted ideas, Pawlow's experi- ments show that mineral acids directly stimulate the secre- tion of acid in the stomach, and, indirectly, the secretions of the intestines, liver and pancreas. In the latter part of gastric digestion, the acid product of the first part of diges- tion acts on the mucosa to cause the formation of a body called secretin. This is absorbed into the blood and stimu- lates the activity of all the gastric glands. In the intestines, acid chyme likewise leads to secretin formation, which like- wise is absorbed and stimulates the secretion of the intes- tines, liver and pancreas. DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 19 Carminatives include the same drugs which were men^ tioned as stomachics, iucludiug valerian, asafetida and volatile oils generally, but the term as generally employed refers to their effect in exciting peristaltic action, and so expelling gas from the stomach and bowels. The uromatics are considerably more valuable for this purpose than the bitters. Carminatives also prevent griping caused by many cathartics, aid digestion, and disguise the taste of disagree- able drugs. Capsicum and ginger are most frequently pre- scribed in Veterinary practice. Digestives. — Pepsin is occasionally of benefit in the treatment of dogs and young animals in cases of enfeebled gastric digestion resulting from acute diseases or other gen- eral causes. It should be administered directly after eating, and is prescribed to advantage with hydrochloric acid. As a general proposition it is inadvisable to give agents which merely substitute an artificial for the natural digestion, except as a temporary expedient. A wiser course consists in re- moving the cause of indigestion by proper feeding or by enforcing abstinence from food, and in the use of remedies calculated to strengthen the natural digestive functions. Pancreatin may be given during, or immediately after, eating, and will assist gastric digestion for some time before sufl&cient acid is secreted to destroy it. In fact, some authors (Hare) insist that this substance is more valuable in any case than pepsin in aiding stomach digestion, although pan,- creatin is more commonly given, several hours after eating, to promote intestinal digestion. Papain is another agent which is employed as an artificial digestive of vegetable origin. Its value is not yet definitely determined. Antisejotics. — These agents are sometimes used to pre- vent or arrest fermentation of food in the stomach and bowels. Since fermentation is primarily due to indigestion, it is essential to remove the cause by diet and other rational means rather than to combat the effects of indigestion. Large doses of antiseptics hinder the digestive processes and may endanger the life of the patient, so that it is difl&cult to attain perfect antisepsis in the alimentary canal. 20 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS Among the drugs more commonly employed for their antiseptic action on the contents of the digestive tract may be mentioned : Carbolic acid Bismuth salicylate Creosote Bismuth subgallate Creolin Sodium sulphite, bisulphite and Naphtol hyposulphite Naphtalin -. Hydrogen dioxide Bismuth subnitrate Emetics are drugs which cause vomiting. The act of vomiting proceeds from irritation of the vomiting centre in the medulla, which is in close proximity to the respiratory centre. This centre is either acted upon directly by drilgs circulating in the blood, or reflexly by agents stimulating sensory nerves in various parts of the body. Thus, irritation of the sensory nerve-endiugs of the mouth, throat, gullet, lungs, heart, stomach, bowels, biliary passages, peritoneum, uterus and kidneys, may produce vomition. Vomiting is occasioned by simultaneous contraction of the abdominal walls and the diaphragm. In this process the stomach is squeezed between the abdominal walls and diaphragm, and contraction of the longitudinal fibres, radiating from the lower end of the gullet, draws the stomach towards the diaphragm and so pulls open the cardiac orifice, while the pylorus is firmly contracted and closed. Some peculiarities must be noted in reference to vomition in the domestic ani- mals. Dogs, pigs and cats vomit readily and may be placed in the same category as man in this respect. Horses rarely vomit and are not easily nauseated by emetics. Vomiting is prevented in these animals by : 1. The small size of the stomach, which is not readily compressed between the ab- dominal walls and diaphragm. 2. The length of the gullet between the stomach and diaphragm, which forms a valve- like obstruction when the tube is shortened by contraction of the longitudinal fibres at its lower extremity in attempts at vomition. 3, A horse-shoe-like band of fibres at the car- diac orifice, which hinders dilatation of this opening. Kumj' DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 21 nants are likewise com[iarativoly insusceptible to emetics because of the large size of their digestive apparatus, which is not easily compi'essed between the parietes and diaphragm. Therefore the vomiting centre remains probably in a state of non-developmeut in the horse and ruminant, by rea-on of non-use. Cattle and horses do, however, occasionally vomit. Cat- tle at sea frequently sniffer from mal de mer, and the writer has observed actual vomitioii in them following the use ot tartar emetic. Horses may vomit when the stomach is greatly distended with gas. Emetics may be classed as: 1. Specific, acting on the vomiting centre through the blood. 2. Local, by stimula- tion of the sensory nerve-endings in the mouth, throat, gullet and stomach. 3. Mixed, those acting in both ways. It is impossible, in our present state oE knowledge, to apply this classification accurately to individual drugs, but the following statements may be made: If an emetic is in- jected into the carotid and vomiting instantly occurs, the drug has probably acted upon the vomiting centre ; if some time elapses before the occurrence of vomition, it is probable that the drug has acted upon the stomach during its elimination by that organ. Contrariwise, if, after the ingestion of an emetic, a considerable period intervenes before vomiting comes on, it is probable that the agent has acted on the vomiting centre. Again, if a larger quantity of a drug is required when injected into the blood than when swallowed, to cause emesis, it is fair to suj^pose that the agent acts on' the stomach directly or dui-ing its elimination. Finally, if an emetic is thrown into the blood after the removal of the stomach and substitution of a bladder in its place, and vom- iting does not occur (Majendie's experiment with tartar emetic), it shows that the agent only acts on the st(nnach ; but if vomiting does occur, it indicates that the agent acts on the vomiting centre and causes emesis by contraction of the parietes and diaphragm, with this reservation, that the 22 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS druo; may have been eliminated by the oesopliagns and in- testines and have leflexly stimulated the vomiting centre through the medium of these parts. These remarks dem- onstrate the complexity of the subject. EMETICS. Specific Local Ilixed Apomorpliine Tepid water Tartar Emetic Seneira Mustar^ Ipecac Squills Salt Zinc Sulphate Lukewarm water Alum Copper Sulphate Ammonium Carbonate Apomorpliine is the only emetic given under the skin. It also acts well by the mouth, but causes more nausea and allied effects than drags acting locally. Mustard and salt, 1 teaspoonful each, in a cup of luke- warm water, form a convenient emetic for dogs. Ipecac is useful in respiratory diseases as an expectorant as well as emetic, and zinc sulphate is a prompt emetic in poisoning. The other emetics are practically unimportant. Emetics cause, beside vomition, several other pheno- mena which are sometimes utilized therapeutically. Among these may be mentioned, — nausea, salivation, violent respi- ratory efforts, compression of the abdominal glands and ducts and extrusion of their contents, passive congestion of the head, chest and peripheral parts by reason of compres- sion of the abdominal veins. Increased secretion of the rawcous membranes of the nose, eyes, stomach, gullet and bronchial tubes follow passive congestion. Muscular relax- ation always accompanies nausea, and sweating ensues fiom relaxation of the skin and leaking out of the secretion. The flow of bile is increased on account of pressure on the liver and gall-bladder, while the secretion is also augmented. The pulse and respiration are more frequent during emesis, but are diminished in force and frequency after-' wards. All these phenomena are more apparent after the use of specific emetics. ■Uses. — These apply particularly to dogs. 1 To empty the stomach in case of poisoning, over- DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE OEGANS 23 loading of the organ, and indigestion with convulsions in young animals : — Mustard, salt or zinc sulphate. 2. To expel foreign bodies from the fauces and gullet (apomorphine siibcutaneously) ; or, by the forcible expira- tion attending vomition, to expel excessive secretion or exu- dation from the air passages in laryngitis or bronchitis : — Ipecac. 3. To empty the gall-bladder in catarrhal jaundice and biliousness and to expel bile from the stomach. 4 To lower blood pressure and increase secretion in the first stage of bronchitis : — Ipecac. . 5. To stop vomiting : — Ipecac in minute doses. Contra-indications. — Pregnancy ; hernia ; inflammation of the stomach, brain or abdominal viscera; bleeding from the stomach, bowels or lungs ; aneurism and asthenia. Gastric sedatives and anti-emetics are agents iised to re- lieve pain in the stomach and vomiting. These include : Ice Hot water Bismuth subcarbonate Bismuth subnitrate Carbon dioxide Hydrocyanic acid Morphine Menthol Carbolic acid Creasote Aconite Belladonna Hyoscyamus Cocaine Cerium oxalate Lime water Minute doses of arsenic " " " ipecac «' " " alcohol " " '■ iodine silver nitrate Chloroform Chloral Bromides Nitrites Most of these agents act locally, but opium and mor- phine, chloral, the bromides, prussic acid and the nitrites act centrally. USES OF GASTRIC SEDATIVES AND ANTI-EMETICS IN CANINE PRACTICE. It must be recognized that vomiting is merely a symptom. It is, therefore, essential to remove the cause. This may sometimes be accomplished by starving, the use of an 24 GENEliAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS emetic, or tepid water. If vomiting is due to acute irrita- tion of the stomach, as is frequently the case in dogs, ice and bismuth subnitrate (gr. x.-xx.), with tincture of aconite (Tft-i.-ii.), form suitable remedies. When vomiting arises from indigestion and fermentation, carbolic acid with bismuth often act favorably. The vomiting following anaesthesia is probably of central origin. Here enemata of laudanum (Tl\-x.-xxx.) and sodium bromide (gr. x^.-xxx.) are beneficial. Ipecac, iodine, silver nitrate and the like are useful in vom- iting dependent upon an atonic or depressed state of the stomach. When vomiting is continuous, small quantities of milk and lime water, equal parts, or peptonized milk ( 3 ii.-iv.), or a drachm of cracked ice with a few drops of brandy, should be given at half-hour intervals. It may be rarely necessary to resort to rectal feeding. Parga.l ives or cathartics are agents which empty the bowels. They act: (1) By stimulating peristaltic action. (2) By increasing the secretions (succus entericus) of the intestinal glands and, perhaps, transudation of fluitl from the blood vessels in the walls of the intestines. (3j By hin- dering absorption of secretions and fluids which normally occurs in the lower bowels. (4) Bj^ a combination of two or more of these methods. Purgatives may be divided into : 1. Laxatives. — These include such agents as: Olive oil Nux vomica Cottonseed oil Castor oil ig^.^n dose Magnesia Linseed oil \ Sulphm' •" These drugs slightly increase intestinal action, chiefly by stimulation of peristalsis. 2. Simple Purgatives. — These stimulate secretion and peristaltic action. Among them may be mentioned : Aloes Rhubarb Calomel Senna Linseed oil Cascara sagrada Castor oil Frangula 3. Drastic Purgatives. — Drastics are essentially gastro- intestinal irritants, and in large doses cause mucous and DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 25 bloody diarrhoea, congestion of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal and severe colic. They may produce death in poisonous doses with collapse by reason of gastro- enteritis. Drastics greatly increase both peristaltic action and secretion, and are contra-indicated in irritable and in- flamed conditions of the digestive tract. They are, however, indicated for their revulsant or derivative effect (i.e., to dilate the blood vessels in the alimentary canal and to cause an outpouring of serum from the blood, thus relieving conges- tion in other parts) in some acute inflammations, as in brain diseases. Their medicinal action is often attended with considerable and irregular peristaltic contractions, so that griping occurs. The latter is prevented by suitable combi- nation with other purgatives ; with hyoscyamus and bella- donna ; or with carminatives, as ginger. The drastics in- clude : Croton oil Scammony Colocynth Jalap Gamboge Elaterium 4. Hydragogue Purgatives. — Hydragogues are agents which chiefly inctease the fluidity of the intestinal contents. They include : (a) SALINE PURGATIVES Magnesium sulphate Sodium phosphate Sodium sulphate Potassium bitartrato (b) DRASTICS Jalap Scammony Elaterium The salines stimulate secretion by reason of their bit- terness, and by their irritant and specific properties. They, moreover, hold on to the fluid thus secreted and hinder its absorption because of their slow diffasibility. Purgation follows, owing to the mechanical effect of the increased fluidity in the bowels, and since the augmented bulk of the intestinal contents excites peristaltic action. When it is desirable to remove fluid from the blood the salt should be given in concentrated solution, but when a speedy purgative 26 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS action only is required the saline should be administered in considerable dilution. This happens because salines con- tinue to cause an outpouring of fluid (succus entericus) into the intestines until a 5 to 6 per cent, solution of the salt is reached. The nearer to this degree of dilution (5-G per cent), therefore, the dose is given, the more quickly will it purge. ^ The drastics included in this class of purgatives have the power of markedly increasing intestinal secretion as well as peristaltic action. 5, Cholagogue Purgatives. — Cholagogues are agents which assist in removing bile from the body. They are sup- posed to do this in two ways. 1. By directly stimulating the secretion of bile. These are called Direct Cliolagogues, or Hepatic Stimulants. 2. By increasing peristalsis in the upper portion of the small intestines, and thus hastening the expulsion of bile from! the bowels. These are called Indirect Cholagogues. Some cholagogues are not generally considered purgatives, but it is proper to classify all of them thus, since bile stimulates peristalsis. SUPPOSEDLY DIRECT CHOLAGOGUES. *Sodium Salicylate *Sodium Phosphate *Podophyllum Ipecac Aloes Euonynius ■■ Rhubarb *Nitro--hydi-ochloric Acid Colchicum Corrosive Sublimate Sodium Sulphate These experiments may not apply to all animals owing to the differences in food requirements and anatomy. The drugs marked with an asterisk have been found by clinical evidence most valuable. DRUGS ACTING ON THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS INDIRECT CHOLAGOGUES. Calomel Mercury Most purgatives in a less degree. The bile occurring at any time within the bowels is in part absorbed and then re-secreted. This process may be repeated indefinitely, but is prevented by purgatives, espe- cially those increasing peristalsis in the duodenum and upper part of the jejunum (calomel), because they hurry along and expel the bile in the gut before it has time to be absorbed. In this way calomel and purgatives are indirect chola- gogues in removing bile from the body; not by stimulating its secretion, but by hastening its excretion from the bowels. The experiments of Rutherford and Vignal have hitherto been chiefly responsible for the scientific basis of our belief in cholagogues. Their results have been swept aside by the more recent and thorough researches of Stadelmann, on animals, and of Pfaff, on men, with biliary fistula?. These researches show that there is no agent which has any marked influence in increasing the secretion of bile, except bile itself. Salicylic acid and its compounds do, however, have a feeble cholagogue action. Moreover, there is no morbid con- dition in which increasing the flow of bile would prove rem- edial. We must regard the existence of cholagogue action then as exceedingly problematical at present. Clinically so-called cholagogues are, nevertheless, of great value — as much so as they were ever thought to be. This happens, not because they increase the flow of bile, but because they act as purgatives (calomel), or as intestinal antiseptics (calomel, salicylic acid), expelling or inhibiting the formation of toxins or in some way improving digestion (nitrohydrochloric acid). The conditions in which they act 28 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS most favorably are indigestion with constipation, with or without icterus and clay colored stools. Such conditions were formerly thought to be due primarily to disordered liver or " biliousness," but the cases amenable to treatment really arise in the beginning from functional disorder of the stomach or intestines. The clinical value of so-called cholagogues is tlierefore not at all disturbed — only the theory accounting for their action. GENERAL USES OF PURGATIVES. 1. To empty the bowels. — In this way are removed fsecal accumulations and poisonous matters resulting from bacterial infection, and from fermentative and putrefactive changes in the intestinal contents in indigestion. Foreign bodies, bile, pathological discharges and intestinal parasites are also expelled. Peristaltic action is quickened in chronic constipation, while spasmodic and painful conditions (colic) are relieved by ridding the bowels of the source of irritation causing the trouble. 2. To remove fluid from the body. — This effect is more marked after the use of concentrated solutions of saline pur- gatives and other hydragogues. Concentration of the blood and resulting absorption of dropsies of renal and cardiac origin, or inflammatory effusions, can be accomplished by these agents. 3. To revulse. — That is, to cause dilatation of the blood vessels in the intestinal walls and so Avithdraw blood from remotely congested areas, as in cerebritis. The drastics are appropriate for this service. Pain and nervous phenomena in other i-egions are sometimes benefited by the counter- irritant action of drastic cathartics. 4. To deplete. — Cathartics, particularly concentrated saline solutions, deplete the body both locally and generally by withdrawal of serum from the blood vessels. Purgatives GENERAL USES OF PURGATIVES 29 tend to combat inflammation (antiphlogistic action) in this way by lowering blood tension while they also favor reduc- tion of a febrile temperature. Local depletion by salines is especially indicated in diarrhcsa and dysentery, and in the first stages of acute inflammation of the digestive tract. Plethora and obesity are often treated by a depletive method with cathartics, 5. To eliminate. — Deleterious material in the blood re- sulting from renal insufficiency, and probably from infection in acute diseases, maybe eliminated to a considerable extent by purgatives. So also may be h?emic sources of rheuma- matism, lymphangitis and lia?moglobin[emia. Contra-indications. — These refer rather to the special agent than to any disorder, for there is scarcely a condition in which some cathartic is not permissible. Drastics are inadmissible under the following circum- stances : in catarrhal conditions of the respiratory and digestive tracts, intestinal haemorrhage, collapse, anaemia, hernia, prolapse of rectum, metritis, nephritis, pregnancy, general debiiit}^ and in wounds of and operations upon the pelvic or abdominal viscera. In well-defined enteritis and peritonitis cathartics are to be avoided. In mechanical obstruction of the intestines surgical interference is indicated when practicable, but where this is impossible enemata and possibly purgatives may be employed. The intestines, developed to an extent dispro- portionate to the size of the stomach in the horse, are pow- erfully influenced by cathartics, so that in catarrh of the respiratory organs and influenza, metastasis, or change in the site of the inflammation may occur, and the intestines may become involved with the occurrence of excessive purging (super-purgation) after the ingestion of any but the mildest cathartics, as linseed oil. Aloes is the purgative given horses for ordinary purposes, while epsom and glauber salts are suitable for ruminants and pigs, and calomel and castor oil for dogs. Water assists the action of purgatives, and its ingestion should be encouraged by supplying a liberal 30 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS quantity of common salt either with the purgative or on the food, and also by sweetening the drinking water with molasses in the case of cattle. If the action of cathartics is delayed, it is usually advisable to give enematn. Enemata,or Clysters. — These are fluid injections into the rectum and are used for the following puiposes : 1. To empty the lower bowels when purgatives are inadmissible, as in intestinal obstruction, ulceration and inflammation, faecal accumulations, debilitated conditions, obstinate vomiting, unconsciousness, and in inability to swallow (sore throat and tetanus). 2. To relieve pain, spasm (of intestines and bladder), and shock, when deep, hot enemata (lOS^-llS'^ F.) are used. 3. To save life. After severe haemorrhage, deep injec- tions of hot normal salt solutions, 110 F^. (Enteroclysis, see p. 736.) 4. To accelerate the action of purgatives, and as a preparation for abdominal and pelvic operations. 5. To supply food. (See artificial feeding, ]i. 694.) 6. For their local effect upon inflammation of the mucous membrane of the rectum and colon. Opium and boiled starch solution ; silver nitrate and tannic acid — in diarrhoea, dysentery, colitis and proctitis. 7. To kill intestinal parasites (oxyurides), — solutions of quassia and common salt. 8. To administer medicines in dysphagia due to pharyn- gitis, tetanus, unconsciousness (apoplexy, coma and convul- sions) ; to obstinate vomiting and other causes. 9. To reduce temperature, — cold enemata in fever. 10. To produce diuresis, — deep injections for retention and absorption into the blood. 11. To improve muscular tone and intestinal peristalsis in chronic constipation, — cold enemata (55°-60° F.). 12. To overcome twist and intussusception, 13. To stimulate peristalsis, relieve congestion, and increase the flow of bile in catarrhal jaundice, — cold, deep irrigations (55^-60^ F.) are here indicated. USES OF ENEMATA 61 Enemata are best given by allowiug water to gravitate into the bowel from a height of 2 to 4 feet. The ordinary- fountain syringe of human practice is suitable for the smaller animals, while for deep injections or irrigations a human rec- tal tube or soft catheter should be slipped over the hard rub- ber tubft. III the case of horses or cattle, enemata may bp si- phoned through a rubber tube or piece of small hose. This is accomplished by filling the tube with water and compressing it at either end to prevent the escape of water, while one end is submerged in a pail or tub raised 2-4 feet above the patient, and the other end is then introduced directly within the bowel ; or affixed to a rectal tube six feet lone;, when deep injections or irrigations are in order. A continuous flow is thus obtained. A still simpler method consists in pouring water into a funnel which has been fitted to one end of a rubber tube while the other end is passed into the rectum. That portion of the tube which is to be placed within the gut should always be lubricated with vaseline, oil or soap. Manual removal of hardened faeces (scybala) must be practised in all animals before the use of enemata. The finger or blunt curette may be utilized for this purpose in small patients. The injection of linseed or cottonseed oil (H.oi.; D. 3 ii.) an hour before the use of larger enemata assists in softening the intestinal contents. When deep injections are indicated, the hind quarters of the animal should be raised — small animals may be partially inverted — and the fluid allowed to flow in slowly, pushing in the rectal tube as the gut distends. Such enemata are more effective whether the object be to simply unload the bowels, to cause retention and absorption of the fluid, or to wash out the intestines. One to several gallons of warm water form a suitable quantity for unloading the bowels of large animals ; one-half pint to a quart, in the case of small patients. The injections should be repeated until a good evacuation is secured. To increase the purga- tive effect of enemata a cup each of soft soap, salt and molasses are added to a gallon of water ; or a tablespoonfnl 32 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS each to a pint. Linseed oil or cottonseed oil are also mixed with water. Epsom salts are still more efficacious (H.ftii. to gallon of water. (D. 3 i,-iv. to pint); while oil of turpentine (H. 3 ii.-iv.; D. 3 i.-iv.) is very active and especially useful in colic and flatulence, mixed with the enema. When clysters are given to be absorbed they should always be slowly injected in quantities of one-half to-one gallon for horses; or one-half to one pint for dogs. In chronic constipation and torpidity of the bowels plain cold water (o5°-60° F.) injections are indicated. Medicated irrigations are most serviceable in catarrhal disorders of the bowels (dysentery, etc.), i.e., the fluid is allowed to flow in and out again till the solution returns clear. Drugs Acting' on the Circulation. I.— Acting Upon the Blood. (a) Blood Plasma. — The alkalinity of the blood plasma can be increased by the use of the salts of the alkaline and earth metals; i.e., potassium, sodium, lithium, ammonium, magnesium and calcium compounds. This effect is of value therapeutically in rheumatism, hasmoglobinsemia and uric- acidaemia. In the former two disorders, increasing the alkalinity of the blood plasma appears to assist in the elimination of toxic material, while in the latter condition the excretion of uric acid — existing in the blood as urates — is thought to be favored by potassium and lithium salts. These salts also alkalize the urine and increase its secretion. Drugs which remove considerable fluid from the body, as purgatives, diaphoretics and diuretics, necessarily alter the composition of the blood plasma. By removing fluid from the plasma, these agents are useful in aiding absorption of inflammatory exudations, dropsies and oedemas, since the mass of fluid removed is soon replaced from that contained in the food and tissues. In the various infectious and con- stitutional diseases treatment is largely directed to exciting the secretions and excretions with the purpose of eliminating products of tissue waste and bacterial action from the blood, DRUGS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION 33 which prove detrimental to the system. This line of treat- ment is pursued in uraemia, haemoglobinsemia and lymph- angitis. Venesection, saline infusions, hypodermoclysis and enteroclysis alter the character of the plasma and often have a life-saving value. (See p. 728-736.) (b) The Red Corpuscles. — The so-called blood tonics, or hcematinics influence the red corpuscles, increasing their number and content of haemoglobin when there is a defi- ciency of either. The effect upon the aagmentation of haemo- globin is more marked. H^MATINICS. Iron and its salts Corrosive sublimate Arsenic Potassium permanganate Copper salts Manganese dioxide The first two are immensely superior to the others in blood-making properties. Iron especially favors the forma- tion of haemoglobin; arsenic increases the number of red corpuscles. Certain agents possess toxicological significance by destroying the composition of liaemoglooin. Laige doses of the coal tar products, as acetanilid, antipyrin and phen- acetin, nitrites and potassium chlorate, convert haemoglobin into methaemoglobin, a mixture, probably, of hematin and soluble albumin ; while carbonic oxide, phosphorus, sul- phur, arsenic, iodine, hydrogen sulphide and turpentine, in large doses, reduce oxyhaemoglobin and prevent its com- bination with oxygen. Acetanilid, potassium chlorate and amyl-nitrite destroy the red blood cells, if absorbed in con- siderable amount. (c) White Corpuscles. — It is possible experimentally to arrest purulent exudations caused by iiritation and inflam- mation when quinine is introduced into the blood or applied locally to blood vessels. This happens because quinine and all cinchona salts, berberine sulphate and acetanilid — like other poisons to amoebae — prevent the amceboid movement or migration (diapedesis) of leucocytes through the vessel walls. Unfortunately it is impossible to give large enough doses in practice to realize such favorable results in inflammatory disorders. An enormous increase 64. GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS of leucocytes (leiicocytosis) occurs iu acute diseases accom- pauied by a local exudative process, and also in leukaemia, etc. Recent experience with nucleic acid and talliauiue (see p. 545) proves that tbey induce leucocytes and are valuable in bacterial infections. Arsenic, and in some cases quinine, appear to reduce the leucocytosis, and in leukaemia seem to thus aid recovery. Druj^js altering the consistency of the blood are : Calcium chloride and (to a less extent) other calcium salts, gelatin and potassium iodide, which increase the rate and degree of coagulation ; cod-liver oil, ■which augments the solids in the blood ; and toxic doses of mercury, wliieh lessen the solids and coagulation and in- crease the fluidity of the blood. II. — Drugs Acting on the Heart. The mechanism controlling the lieart,wliich is influenced by drug"*, is as follows : 1. Heart- muscle and ganglia. 2. Inhibitory apparatus, including the vagus nerve roots originating from the medullary centre, and its fibres termi- nating in the heart. 3. The accelerator apparatus, consisting of the accele- rator nerve — with centres in the cerebrum and medulla — and its fibres passing down the spinal cord to the dorsal nerves ; from thence through the first thoracic ganglion to the sympathetic, and so on to the cardiac plexus, with peri- pheral terminations in the heart. The ganglia in the heart are situated about the auriculo-ventricular groove and at the entrance of the superior and inferior venae cavae, and at the orifices of the pulmonary veins. The ganglia have been divided into the inhibitory, connected with the vagus nerve ; the motor ; and the accelerator ganglia; and they are supposed to be influenced by drugs as well as the rest of the mechanism detailed above. Our knowledge of the functions of these ganglia is imperfect and therefore of the action of drugs on them. The action of drugs on the heart-muscle has been deter- mined by estimating their influence on the lower two-thirds DRUGS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION 35 of tbe apex, which is comparatively free from nerve supply. The action of drugs on the inhibitory apparatus is of more importance than that exerted on the accelerator nerve, and we know more about it. Drugs usually affect the roots of the vagus nerve in the centre, or its peripheral termina- tions in the heart, rather than its trunk. The heart is influenced by drugs as follows : 1. Stimulation of the inhibitory apparatus leads to slowing or weakening of the heart-beats, or to both. •2. Depression of the inhibitory apparatus results in quickening or strengthening the heart-beats, or both. 3. Stimulation of the accelerator apparatus causes an increase in the rate or force of the heart beats, or both. 4. Depression of the accelerator apparatus induces decrease in the rate or force of the lieart-beats, or both. 5. Stimulation of the heart-muscle produces increase in the rate or force of the heart-beats, or both. 6. Depression of the heart-muscle lowers the rate or force of the heart-beats, or both . The vagus centre is stimulated by agencies increasing blood-pressure, or causing asphyxia. On the other hand, agencies reducing blood-pressnre depress the vagus, or stimulate the accelerator nerve, or both. Thus, the nitrites, as amy I nitrite, nitro-glycerin and spirit of nitrous ether, quicken the heart by lowering vascular tension. External stimuli to sensory nerves reflexly stimulate the heart, as also do many locally irritating agents taken internally; e.g., strong alcoholic or ammoniacal preparations. Since drugs commonly influence more than one part of the mechanism controlliug the heart, and since it is difficult to determine the exact physiological details in such complex actions, we shall content ourselves with tabulating the actions of drugs ordinarily employed for their influence on the heart, remembering that while moderate doses produce the efi'ects enumerated below, poisonous doses often give rise to diametrically opposite actions. (a) Drugs increasing the force of the heart-heat. Digitalis '] Adrenalin | Barium salts ) ^ , ,, , Strophauthus [- Slow the pulse Camphor f Uo not alter rate Sparteine I Physostigmine ) particularly Squill 36 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS (b) Drugs increasing the rate of hear^t-beats. Belladonna Stramonium Atropine Cocaine Hyoscyamus (c) Drugs increasing the force and rate of heart'beaits. Alcohol Strychnine Chloroform Caffeine Ether Quinine Ammonia Arsenic Ammonium carbonate (d) Drugs decreasing the force and rate of the heart-beats. Aconite Prussic acid Veratrum viride Ergot Antimony salts The drugs most frequency given to animals for tlieir action on the heart are alcohol, ether, digitalis, strophauthus, ammonia, ammonium carbonate, camphor, caffeine, strych- nine, atropine, aconite and veratrum viride. The reader is referred to special articles on these drugs for therapeutical indications and other details. III. — Drugs Acting on the Blood Vessels. The following table includes the mechanism regulating vascular tension : {Smooth muscular fibres Terminations of vasodilators and vaso- constrictors 2. Nerve supply of vessels. ... -J ^^SlSStovs f Vasomotor centres in the medulla and I subsidiary centres in • the spinal 3. Centres ■{ cord and sympathetic system, con- trolling the vasodilating and con- [ stricting nerves Each vessel is governed by two sets of fibres, — the constricting and dilating, — but we cannot discriminate between the action of a drug on the muscular fibres and the peripheral nerve endings in the vessel walls ; nor can we DRUGS ACTING ON THE CIRCULATION 37 always tell whether a drug acts to stimulate one set of peripheral fibres or depress the other. Vascular tension is increased not only by contraction of vessels, but also by drugs which cause the heart to beat more quickly, and by those making its pulsations more forcible and complete, so that all the blood is squeezed out of the ventricle at each contraction. Contrariwise, blood pressure is diminished, not only by those drugs inducing vascular dilatation, but by those reducing the rate or force of the heart, or both. "We shall simply classify drugs influencing the vessels according as to whether they act after absorption into the blood, or only when applied locally to the vessel walls. (a) Drugs acting sijstemicaUy to contract vessels. Adrenalin Strophanthus Hamamelis Cocaine Squill Hj-drastis Ergot Sparteine Physostigmine Digitalis Strychnine (b) Drugs acting systemically to dilate vessels. Amyl nitrite Chloral Nitroglycerin Aconite Spirit of nitrous ether Opium Alcohol Belladonna (secondary action) Ether Hyoscyamus *' Chloroform Stramonium " (c) Agents acting locally to contract vessels. Cold Astringents (d) Agents acting locally to dilate vessels. Heat Counter-irritants Uses. — Drugs or agencies causing general dilatation of vessels are useful in overcoming internal congestions and colds by equalizing the circulation ; that is, by causing the blood to be distributed more equably about the body. They are also of benefit in morbid conditions attended with a high, vascular tension ; and are serviceable in dilating peripheral vessels and in causing perspiration and loss of heat in fevers (spirit of nitrous ether and alcohol). Drugs inducing general contraction of vessels are employed in 38 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS disorders characterized by loss of tone, as in shock and collapse ; and in heart weakness or disease (digitalis and strychnine) ; also in internal haemorrhage and inflammations (ergot) ; and to aid the absorption of dropsies and cede mas. The uses of drugs locally contracting vessels will be described under Astringents (p. Ii3) and of agents locally dilating vessels under ccunter-irritants (p. 62). Drugs Acting on the Nervous System. I.— Drugs Influencing the Brain. It is impossible to classify drugs according to their action on the various centres of the brain, because our knowledge is insufficient. In a general way, drugs affect- ing the nervous system fall into two groups, — the excitant and depressant. But another difficulty arises in regard to classification from the fact that the same drug usually both excites and depresses. Many drugs influencing the nervous apparatus possess some exciting action, and most drugs which excite in small doses cause depression and paralysis after poisonous quantities. It is probable that alcohol, ether and chloroform are cerebral depressants from the very beginning, contrary to accepted ideas. Belladonna and its congeners, on the other hand, only excite the brain in large amounts ; while opium and Cannabis indica may excite the brain in small doses, but are used for their more common depressant action. The condition of the patient has some bearing on the action of a drug influencing the brain. Thus moderate doses of alcohol depress and stupefy healthy animals while stimulating the enfeebled and ill-nourished. The brain of the lower animals is undeveloped compared to that of man, and, in accordance with the general fact that the more highly a portion of the nervous mechanism is organized the more powerfully is it influenced by drugs, it follows til .t drugs acting on the brain and cord are more DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 39 prone to affect the cord in veterinary patients, while impres- sing the brain more potently in man. For this reason we notice in the horse that the primary period of excitability (sometimes seen, in man) following the administration of morphine is much prolonged and not infrequently com- pletely obliterates the somnifacient action of the drug in this animal. We shall be content to classify drugs acting on the nervous system according to their most pronounced action in moderate doses. (a) Cerebral Excitants. Camphor Quinine Caffeine Cocaine Uses. — These drugs are rarely used simply to excite the brain, but for*other purposes. Camphor, caffeine and quinine are employed to generally excite the nervous system in depressed conditions. Caffeine is a valuable antidote to the depressing cerebral action of opium in poisoning. (b) Cerebral Depressant ts. — It is fortunate that drugs progressively paralyzing the functions of the brain follow the so-called law of dissolution — i.e., paralyze the various functions of the brain in the inverse order of their evolu- tionary development. The centres last to be acquired are the first to be paralyzed (cerebral centres) ; while those of earliest origin (the respiratory, vagus and vasomotor centres) are last to succumb to the action of cerebral depressants. The cerebral depressants are used mostly to relieve pain, when they are called anodynes or analgesics. Pain is duo to irritation of any sensory nerve, or the sensory tract in the spinal cord, or of the sensory centres in the brain. Pain may be relieved by paralyzing any portion of this path and destroying connection with the perceptive centres in the brain. (1) Anodynes, by reason of their action on the brain. Opium Alcohol Cannabis Indica Morphine Antesthetics Gelseniium Codeine Chloral Bromides 40 GENERAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS (2) Narcotics. — Tins term is a broad and somewhat inclusive one. Narcotics embrace drugs which depress the brain and cause sleep (hypnotics or soporifics) and stupor (some anodynes and anaesthetics), and finally ])aralyze the respiratory and circulatory functions. The following may be included in this group : Opium Anaestlietics Cannabis Indica Stramonium Alcohol Cliloral Belladonna Hyoscyamus (a) Hypnotics or Sojyorifics (drugs causing sleep) : Opium Bromides Paraldehyde Sulphonal Morphine Cannabis Indica Urethrane Trional Chloral 'O^ little importance in veterinary practice) Uses. — Hypnotics are not of much value in Veterinary medicine by simply promoting sleep. Their general sedative and anodyne actions ai e utilized in relieving motor excite- ment (spasms) or sensory excitement (pain). (b) General Ancesthefics. Ether Nitrous oxide Methylene bichloride Chloroform Ethylene dichloride Schleich's mixture (Of slight value in veterinary medicine) Anj^sthetics are agents which abolish sensation generally or locally. It is thought that the general anaesthetics act directly on the nerve cells. Anaesthetics — like narcotics generally — first stimulate and then depress the nerve centres, but depression is by far their most salient and useful effect. Anaesthetics destroy the functions of nerve centres in the cerebrum and spinal cord, and so abolish pain, sensation and reflex action. The law of dissolution is exerajDlified in their action. Anaesthesia is commonly described in three stages. (1) The first or stimulant stage is exhibited by excite- ment and struggling, owing in part to fright and in part to irritation of the respiratory tract by concentrated vapor. There are also coughing and chokiug in this stage, fol- lowing the local irritation of the vapor on the respiratory tract. There may be vomiting, and the circulation and respiration are reflexly stimulated. Stimula- tion now ceases, and depression of the cerebrum, together with the motor, sensory and reflex spinal DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 41 centres, appears, and usliers in the (2) ancestJietic stage, char- acterized by muscular rehixatiou and complete abolition of consciousness, sensation and motion. Between these two stages — the stimulant and anaesthetic — there sometimes occurs a transient state in which sensation is lost before consciousness. This has been styled the anodyne stage. Finally, the (3) j9«ra7?//'/c stage ensues, accompanied by depression and then paralysis of the three great vital medullary centres controlling the circulation and respiration, together with that of the lowest reflex centres, so that invol- untary micturition and defBecatiou occurs. The animal dies of a combination of vasomotor, heart and respiratory failure. If recovery should follow the paralytic stage, the bodily functions return in the reverse order to that in which they were lost; i.e., the lower vital functions first appear, followed finally by the higher cerebral functions. Uses. — Anaesthetics are employed in surgical operations to prevent pain and struggling ; in obstetrical operations and in the reduction of fractures, dislocations and hernia, to secure complete muscular relaxation ; to overcome spasms and convulsions resulting from disease or poisons ; to arrest severe pain in colic ; and finally to destroy aged or sick and useless animals. ' For fuller details see Anaesthesia (p. 299). (c) Drugs acting on the cortical motor centres of the brain, (1) DRUGS STIMULATING THE MOTOR CENTRES. Strychnine Physostigmine Atropine (2) DRUGS DEPRESSING THE MOTOR CENTRES. The Bromides Alcohol Chloral Anaesthetics The action of drugs on the cerebral cortical centres has been found by comparing the local effect of electrical stim- ulation before and after the internal use of drugs. Uses. — The drugs depressing the cortical motor area of the brain are valuable in convulsions and spasmodic disorders 42 GENEllAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS and in motor excitement, particularly in epileptiform ^con- vulsions of dogs. II. — Drugs Acting on the Spinal Cord. The functions of the cord consist in the conduction of sensory impulses forward to the brain and of motor impulses backward to the muscles; in the origination of nervous force in centres controlling certain functions (sexual, sweat- ing, etc.) ; and in reflex action by which the cord transmits impulses from sensory to motor tract of the same side of the body, or laterally, from sensory to motor columns en opposite sides. While drugs probably influence the various centres in the cord, our knowledge of their action is chiefly limited to that exerted on the motor cells of the inferior cornua. If a drug stimulating the motor cells of the cord is given experimentally, slight peripheral irritation will reflexly cause convulsions, and, if the cord is severed from the brain, the same phenomena appear. (A) Drugs stimulating the motor cells of the inferior cornua. Strychnine i'^'^Tv S^l-T \ Primary action Brucine Anaesthetics Ergot J •' Thebaine Uses. — Strychnine is employed in paraplegia resulting from diseases of the spinal cord after irritation caused by the lesion has passed away. (B) Drugs dejjressing the motor cells of the inferior cornua. Physostigmine Emetine ^ I Antimony Bromides Turpentine % \ Silver Ergot m L Sodium * ( Zinc Nitrites -^ •< Potassium Saponin Gelsemium sc ( Lithium Chloral Ether Nicotine Morpliine Chloroform Veratrine Apomorphine Camphor Mercury Alcohol Carbolic acid Arsenic DRUGS ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 4J Uses. — Drugs depressing the motor cells of the cord are serviceable as antidotes in the treatment of poisoning by those exciting the same (chloral and bromides in strychnine poisoning), and in convulsive and spasmodic disorders, as chorea and tetanus. III. — Drugs Acting on the Nerves. The nerve terminations, rather than their trunks, are influenced by drugs. (A) Drugs influenciri\. Vina. — Wines are weak tinctures containinor 78 PHAKMACY a small amount of alcohol, the remainder of the solvent being white wiue. They have no definite strength. IV. — Preparations Having as a Solvent Diluted Acetic Acid. Acetum, pi. Aceta. — Vinegars are solutions of the active principles of drugs in acetic acid prepared by maceration and percolation. They are not of uniform strength. V. — Preparations Made by Solution and Evaporation. Extradum, pi. Extrada. — Extracts are concentrated preparations of the crude drug. Ordinarily alcoholic solu- tions of the crude drug are obtained by maceration and percolation, and then evaporated to a pasty mass. They are usually stronger, weight for weight, than the crude drug, but are not of uniform strength. Fhddextradum, pi. Fluidextrada. — Fluidextracts are permanent, concentrated medicinal solutions of uniform strength. 1 cc. of the fluidextract is equivalent to 1 gtn. oi the crude drug. This result is obtained by percolation (usually with alcohol) and partial evaporation.* VI. — Preparations Made by Distillation or Occurring Naturally, as Exudations from Trees. Oleo-Resina, pi. Oleo-Besince. — Oleo-Resins are officially extracts obtained by percolation of the crude drug with ether, and evaporation of the solvent. They have no uni- form strength. PuJvis, pi, Pulveres. — Powders are preparations of finely pulverized drugs. Sugar of milk is frequently added, on account of its hardness, to aid in pulverization and as a diluent. Comparatively tasteless, non-irritating and often insoluble drugs are given in this form. Drugs that are vo- latile, deliquescent or irritating are otherwise administered. Powders are used to advantage in veterinary practice, since they are often taken voluntarily on food. Trituratio, pi. Triturationes. — Triturates are combina- * The last (eighth) edition of the U. S. Pharniacopa'ia directs that many of the fluidextracts be assayed so that they will contain a definite prescribed amount of the active principle. OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS 79 tions of drugs and sugar of milk, prepared by trituration. They occur in powder or are pressed into tablets. Oleum, pi. Olea. — Fixed oils are usually obtained by mechanical expression from the product of plants or the tissue of animals. Pilula, pi. Pilulce. — Pills are preparations of drugs made into globular form by the addition of a suitable excipient, and should be of a convenient size for swallowing. Massa, pi. Massce. — Masses are pasty mixtures suitable for making pills. Suppositorium, pi. Stippositoina. — Suppositories are medicinal substances incorporated with cacao butter and moulded into solid, usually conical, bodies intended for introduction into the rectum or vagina, where they melt at the temperature of the body. Covfcdio, pi. Confediones. — Confections are pasty masses, consisting of powder incorporated with syrup. VIII. — Preparations Intended for External Use. Linimentum, Y>\. Linimenta. —Jjimmenta are liquid pre- parations with an oily, alcoholic or soapy basis. Oleatum, pi. Oleata. — Oleates are medicinal solutions in oleic acid. Unguentum, pi. Unguenta. — Ointments are preparations having a fatty basis (80 per cent, of lard). Ceratum, pi. Cerata. — Cerates are similar to ointments but harder, owing to the addition of 10 per cent, more wax. Ghjceritum, pi. Glycerita. — Glycerites are preparations whose solvent is glycerin. Emplastrum, pi. Emplastra. — Plasters are solid, sticky, supple preparations intended for application to the skin, where they become adhesive at the temperature of the body. In veterinary parlance they are often known as " charges." CJiarta, pi. Chartce. — Papers are fragments of medicated paper. Collodium, pi. CoUodia. — Collodions are solutions of gun 80 pharmacy' cotton in ether and alcohol, leaving a thin, dry, adhesive coating when applied externally. IX. — Peepakations Having Honey as an Excipient. Mel, pi. Melita. — Honeys. X. — Non-Official Preparations Peculiar to Veterinary Practice. Bolus, pi. Boli. — Balls are substitutes for pills. They are of elongated, cylindrical shape, about two and one-half inches long, and should weigh about two ounces when intended for horses. Various excipients are used to make a mass of the proper consistency. For immediate use, molasses and licorice root may be employed, and brown tissue paper is used as a covering for the balls. Gelatine capsules may take the place of balls, and should be covered with paper to prevent slipping through the fingers when wet with saliva. Linseed meal is a good excipient on account of its gum. Soap is often used, and glycerin makes a good preservative and keeps the mass moist. Heat is often necessary in preparing a ball mass when the materials are resinous (as aloes) or waxy. A ball is given to a horse by holding it in the right hand, the tips of the fingers and thumb surrounding it in the form of a cone. The tongue of the animal being drawn to the operator's left with his left hand, the right is then quickly passed along the roof of the patient's mouth (avoiding the edges of the back teeth) until the back of the tongue is reached, when the ball is dropped, the right hand rapidly removed and the tongue released. If the mouth is narrow or the animal unmanageable, a balling iron or speculum is used to keep the mouth open. The horse may be backed into a narrow stall and the head steadied by an attendant with the assistance of a " twitch " on the nose. Substances of an irritating nature may be given in this form, and balls are also used when the disposi- tion of the patient does not admit the giving of a drench. OFFICIAL PKEPARATIONS 81 Haustus, pi. Haiistus. — A drench is an extemporaneous fluid mixture, intended for immediate use as a single dose. Soluble substances are best given in solution to obtain the most rapid results, unless irritating. Even then they may be pfefarable when sufficiently diluted with water and demulcents. Insoluble drugs may at times be given to advantage in a mixture rather than in the form of a ball or powder. Most official fluid preparations require dilution before administration, but for convenience small doses of tinctures and fluid extracts are dropped upon the tongue of horses unless the preparations are exceptionally acrid. Drenches are particularly applicable for cattle and sheep, as solids are not quickly absorbed in their capacious digestive apparatus, and drenches are given them with ease. The amount of liquid conveniently administered to horses is from one to two pints ; to dogs, from two to four ounces ; to sheep, six to eight ounces. Cattle take readily unlimited quantities. Care should be observed that drenches are so diluted as to be harmless to the mucous membrane, and, if containing insoluble drugs, that these be held in suspension by a suitable vehicle or thoroughly shaken before iising. Drenches are best given to horses by making a loop on the end of a rope, passing the upper jaw through this, the other end of the rope being passed through a pulley in the ceiling and held by the operator or assistant. The horse should be first backed into a narrow stall. The neck of the bottle (which should properly be made of horn or tin) con- taining the drench, being introduced and held in the right hand of the operator between the outside of the back teeth and the inside of the cheek of the patient, the left hand is used to steady the nose of the animal, but the nostrils should not be obstructed. In giving drenches to cattle the operator stands on their left and passes his right arm between the horns over the poll and down in front of the face, grasping the nasal septum between the thumb and forefinger. The neck of the bottle is then thrust with the left hand into the animal's mouth. 82 PHARMACY V Dogs are given drenclies with the aid of an assistant, who hohls the mouth dosed with one hand, while he makes a cup by pulling the corner of the lip away from the teeth with the other hand, into which the medicine may be slowly poured, the animal easily swallowing it. Small dogs may be placed sitting upon a table. A large dog may be put upon his hind quarters in a corner, and his head held between the knees of the operator. Cats are given drenches by rolling them in a heavy blanket with only the head out and the jaws held apart by means of two loops of tape about either jaw behind the incisor teeth. The jaws are then pulled apart by drawing on either loop from above and below the animal's head. Drenches should never be poured into animals if in an unconscious condition, for then they are unable to swallow, and the fluid may gravitate into the trachea. If coughing ensues during the administration of a drench, the procedure should be immediately stopped. Electuarium, pi. Electuaria. — Electuaries are medicinal pastes intended to be smeared on the teeth of animals, where they melt at the temperature of the body and become absorbed. Molasses, honey, glycerin, syrup or mucilage are used as excipients. Electuaries are used for their local action on the mouth and throat, and for convenience in administration, if so crude a method maybe thus described. A certain specified quantity of the electuary may be weighed by the dispenser and serve as a sample, or a domestic utensil may be employed to measure the dose, which is smeared with a thin, flat stick on the back teeth or tongue of the patient. INCOMPATIBILITY. Before entering upon the study of prescription writing, i^i is essential to consider the results of improper combina- tion of drugs, i.e., incompatibility. While a knowledge of chemistry, pharmacy and the physiological actions of drugs is necessary to avoid incom- patibility, it is yet possible to formulate certain rules which will assist us in escaping unfortunate combinations. Incompatibility is conveniently divided into three cl&sses : I. Chemical. II. Physical, III. Physiological. I. Chemical incompatibility occurs when drugs are so mixed that an unsuitable alteration in their chemical com- position takes place. Certain substances should usually be prescribed alone because of the frequency with which chemical changes arise when they are combined with other medicines. These are : Lead, silver and zinc salts Mineral acids Iodine and iodides Solution of potassa and lime Tannic and gallic acids Quinine sulphate Liquid iron pi:eparation8 Hydrocyanic acid Corrosive sublimate The possibilities of the following combinations must be kept in mind to avoid incompatibility : 1. Solutions of alkaloids are incompatible with tannic acid, alkalies, alkaline salts, and iodides and bromides, because precipitation occurs, 2. Glucosides are decomposed by acids and are, there- fore, incompatible with them. 3. Acids may not be added to alkalies, alkaline salts or vegetable acid salts, because decomposition and chemical change will ensue. 83 84 INCOMPATIBILJTY 4. A mixture of salts iu solution will decompose if either an insoluble compound or double salt can be formed; otlierwise no change will take place. 5. Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solutions, because chloroform is generated. 6. Chloroform and potassium cyanide form prussic acid. 7. Potassium chlorate, nitrate, or permanganate liberate oxygen and should not be mixed with readily oxidizable substances, such as charcoal, sugar, sulphur, glycerin, car- bolic acid, iodine, turpentine and organic materials, lest explosive compounds be formed. 8. Lime water precipitates mercury salts. 9. Both calomel and antipyrin are incompatible with sweet spirit of nitre. 10. Calomel may not be combined with nitrohydro- chloric acid lest corrosive sublimate result. 11. Calomel and prussic acid form the poisonous mer- curic cyanide. 12. Liquid iron compounds are incompatible with fluid preparations of the vegetable bitters (except those of calumba and quassia), because the tannic acid in them throws down a precipitate. 13. Considerable quantities of acid are incompatible with tinctures, since ethers are produced. 14. "Water precipitates resinous tinctures. 15. Gum arable is incompatible with lead and iron salts, and mineral acids. 16. Strychnine is precipitated in solution by potassium bromide. 17. Pepsin and pancreatin are mutually destructive in fluid combination. 18. Solutions of potassium chlorate and iodide unite to form a poisonous compound. It is beyond our scope to attempt the enumeration of all possible drug-incompatibilities. The special incompati- bilities of each drug may be found under the proper heading in the detailed description of them. Furthermore, we may INCOMPATIBILITY 85 avoid incompatibility by (above all) simplicity in prescrip- tion writing, i.e., the use of few drugs in combination. Water or alcohol are generally the best solvents. II. Physical incompatibility consists in the production of unsightly-looking mixtures, but without necessarily any chemical alteration of their ingredients ; for example, the addition of water to insoluble powders, oils and chloroform. While such combinations are pharmaceutically improper, they may sometimes be used to advantage in practice. III, Physiological incompatibility consists in the union of drugs possessing antagonistic physiological actions. For instance, the combination of pui'gatives and astringents ; of morphine and atropine ; of digitalis aud nitroglycerin. Such prescriptions may be valuable therapeutically when the antagonism is not complete. This follows because, while the deleterious action of one drug may be offset by another, its beneiScial effect may at the same time exist or be accentuated. Thus the anodyne influence of morphine is increased by combination with atropine, but both the depressing action of morphine on the respiration and its constipating tenden- cies are lessened. by atropine. PRESCRIPTION WRITING. "Words and Phrases Commonly Used in Prescrip- tion Writing, With their Abbreviations.* LATIN WORD. ABBREVIATIONS. TRANSLATION. Acidum Ad Ad libitum Adde Ana Aqua fontana Aqua destillata Bene Bis in dies Cape, Capiat Capsula Ceratuni Chart a (karta) Chartula (kartula) Cochleare magnum Cochleare parvum Cola. Colatus Collyrium Compositus Congius Confectio Cortex Cum Decoctum Dilute, Dilutus Divide Dividendus Dividatur in parts sequ- ales. Dosis Emplastrum Enema Extractum Fac, fiat, fiant Filtrum, Filtra Fluidus Gl3'centum 86 Acid. Ad lib. Add. A.aa. Aq. font. " dest. Bis. ind. Cap. Caps. Cerat. Chart. Chart. Coch. mag. Coch. parv. Col. CoUyr. Co. Comp. C. Conf. Cort. Decoc. Dil. D. Div. Dividend. D. in p. seq. Dos. Emp. Enem. Ext. F. Fil. Fl. f. Glyc. An acid To, up to At pleasure Add (thou). Of each Water, spring distilled Well Twice daily Take. Let him take A capsule A cerate A paper (medicated) A little paper for a powder A tablespoon A teaspoon Strain, strained An eye wash Compound A gallon A confection Bark With A decoction Dilute (thou), diluted Divide (thou) To be divided Let it be divided into equal parts A dose A plaster An enema An extract Make, let be made, let them be made A filter. Filter (thou) Fluid A glycerine PKESCRIPTION WRITING 87. LATIN WORD. ABBREVIATIONS. TRANSLATION. Gutta, GuttEe Gvxttatini Haustus Hora In dies Infusuni Injectio Lac Libra Liquor, or Liq'uor Lotio (losheo) Magnus Massa Misc'e Mistura Mucilago Nox, Nocte Maneque Numerus, Nuniero Octarius Pars Partes a?quales Parvus Pilula Pro re nata Pulvis Quantum Sufficiat Quaqua hora Saturatus Semissis Semidrachma Sesuncia Signa Solve, Solutus Solutio Spiritus Suppositoria Syrups Talis Tinctura Ter in die Unguentuni Vinum Vehiculuni Gtt. Guttat. Haust. H. Hor. Ind. Inf. Inj. Lb. Liq. Mag. Mass. M. Mist. MuciL No. O. P. £6. Parv. Pil. P. r. n. Pulv. Q. S. (followed by genitive) Q. h. Sat. Ss. Seniidr. Sesunc. S. Sig. Solv. Sol. Spr. Suppos. Syr. Tal. Tra. Tr. T. i. d, Ungt. Vin. Vehic. A drop, drops Drop by drop A draught An hour Daily An infusion An injection Milk A pound, a Troy pound A solution A lotion Large A pill-mass Mix A mixture A mucilage Night, at night and in the morning A number, in number A pint A part (governs genitive) Equal ijarts Small A pill According to circum- .stances; occasionally A powder As much as is necessary Every hour Saturated A half A half drachm An ounce and a half Sign Dissolve, dissolved A solution A spirit A suppository A syrup Such, or, like A tincture Three times a day An ointment A wine A menstrum Abstracted from Mann's " Prescription Writing." 88 rRESCPJPTION WBITING A prescription, derived from the Latin Pme, before, and Scriptum, written, comes to us from the early custom of physicians in writing down their advice beforehand for their patients' guidance. As now used it is the written formula of the practitioner describing to the pharmacist the manner of compounding and dispensing medicines, and to the attendant the mode of administering them. Formulae are official when simply taken from the " United States Pharmacopoeia," and extemporaneous when concocted off-hand by the practitioner. Extemporaneoiis formulae are simple when composed of one ingredient ; a compound prescription is composed of several parts, which may be considered as follows : I. Heading. II. Names and quantities of drugs. III. Direction to compounder. IV. Direction to attendant. V. Signature of writer. The heading, "Recipe," is derived from the Latin, the imperative of the verb meaning to take, and is ordinarily rep- resented by the sign ^, a corruption of 91, the sign of the Zodiac for Jupiter. After the Christian era the sign of the Cross was used, or N. D., for Nomine Deo, in God's name; J. D. for Jiivane Deo, meaning God helping, etc. We have now reverted to the old sign, which is all that remains of an appeal to Jupiter. This symbol seems to put the practi- tioner, even if involuntarily, into a position of reverence in thus offering a prayer in embryo (the old physicians always wrote one) whenever one writes a prescription, l^he custom also suggests that we are not yet sufficiently sure of our Materia Medica after all these centuries, to sacrifice the efficacy of prayer. In regard to the names and quantities of drugs, we find in the text books that one should always strive after a classical arrangement, whereby four ingredients are essential to accomplish any result. These include : PEESCEIPTION WRITING 89 I. The basis, or active medicinal substance. II. The adjuvant, or assistant. III. The corrigent, or corrective. lY. The excipient, vehicle, or menstruum. But Ave shall find that while such a classical arrangt;- ment may exist in the text-books, we are usually content in practice with the basis, together with a vehicle. The classical arrangement is essential in order that the old Latin motto be fulfilled : " Curare cifo, Mo et jucmde" Curare— to cure (the basis) ; cito — quickly (the adjuvant) ; ^m^o— safely (the corrigent) ; jucuiute — pleasantly (the excipient). In a physic ball for horses we may employ aloes as a basis; calomel as an adjuvant; giuger as a corrective; molasses as an excipient. More commonly in fluid prepara- tions we prescribe several bases, or ingredients for curative purposes, neglecting any adjuvant or corrigent and simply using water as a vehicle. It is often of distinct advantage to write for a combination of several drugs whose action looks towards a common euih Yet one should always lean to simplicity rather than complexity in the number of ingredients. While it is difiicult to avoid chemical antago- nism, how much harder is it to prevent untoward physio- logical combinations in the body, which we can in nowise foretell. In olden times ignorance led practitioners to try the effect of an enormous number of drugs, with the hope that out of the charge one at least of the pellets in these shot-gun prescriptions might strike the desired spot, if the others failed to do so. But we now believe that the damage done by all the shot which miss far surpasses the good accomplished by the successful missile. Four hundred different remedies are included in one of these old formulae, whereas now it is rare to find four in a prescription. In relation to the third part of the prescription (the directions to the compounder), we find that a few regulation Latin phrases or words express these directions. If one is unfamiliar with Latin, one can easily memorize these words 90 PKESCRIPTION WRITING and phrases iinderstandingly. The directions to the attendant are heralded by the Latin Signa, or Signetur, meaning label, or let it be labelled ; abbreviated, " Sig.," or merely " S.," and being for the use of the attendant of the patient, are in English. The directions should be very precise. One should not write : " Use as directed," or " Give in water," but indicate exactly the quantity of medicine to be administered, the precise amount of water with which it is to be diluted, and the time at which it is to be given. For instance: "Give one tablespoonful in half a pint of water three times daily after feeding." Poisons should be marked as such. It is well some- times to indicate that the prescription is " for a horse," in order to avoid mistakes and to quell the qualms of the conscientious druggist. Preparations which are not to be used internally should be labelled " external use." Under " Signature " the name of the writer and date is included. If desirable, one may inscribe " Do not repeat." Quantities used in prescription writing are indicated by the signs of the apothecaries or Troy system of weights for solids. For liquids, signs rep- resenting units of the wine measure are employed. The Troy grain and ounce are used by apothecaries as units of weights in dispensing prescriptions. In ordering large quantities (as pounds) the avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces is employed, and in buying ounces of drugs without a pre- scription the avoirdupois ounce is also utilized. . The avoirdupois ounce contains 437 grains ; the Troy ounce contains 480 grains. The grain is of similar value in both systems. TROY, OR apothecaries' WEIGHT. Weight Sign Latin name Pound %' Libra Ounce z Uncia Drachm z Drachma Scruple ^ Scrupulum Grain gr. Granum PKESCRIPTION WRITING 91 WINE MEASURE, 3Ieasure Sign Latin Name Gallon .... C Congius Pint Octarius Fluid Ounce Fl. 5 .... Fluida Uncia Fluid Drachm Fl. 3 .... Fluida Drachma Minim n Minimum A drop is often iised synonymously with minim, which is correct if the substance spoken of is water, or a liquid of nearly similar density. If the liquid- is not of similar den- sity, then a minim, or the sixtieth part of a drachm, is far from being a drop as measured by dropping a liquid from any ordinary utensil. Any amount from 4.5 drops to 276 drops, measured in this way, may be obtained from a drachm of fluid, according to its density, mode of dropping, and kind of vessel from which it is dropped. A gutta (gtt.), then, is of no fixed value, but means a drop as dropped from a vessel; while a minim is alwa3's the sixtieth part of a drachm. RELATIVE VALUE OF UNITS IN THE WINE MEASURE. c 3 3 m IC 8 = 138 = 1034 = 61,440 Oi. = 16 = 138 = 7,680 si- = 8 Z i. = 480 60 RELATIVE VALUE OF UNITS IN TROY SYSTEM, lb ^ 5 3 Gr. 1 = 13 = 96 = 388 = 5,760 11. = . 8 = 34 = 480 3i. = 3 = 60 3i. = 30 The abbreviation, FL, is usually omitted in prescription writing, as referring to fluids, the character of the prepara- tion being sufficiently apparent. The Roman numerals are used to express the quantities employed. The Roman numerals are written under a horizontal line, the i's or j's are dotted (they are identical in Latin) and the dot serves to enforce and check the numbers used. Fractions are 92 PRESCRIPTION W^RITING usually expressed in ordinary Arabic characters, except |, which is often indicated by a double s (ss), standing for semis, the Latin for one-half. APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS OF "WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC MEASURES. Teaspoon = 3 i.-ii. = 5Cc. Desert spoon = 3ii. = 10 Cc. Table sjwon = 3 SS. = 15 Co. Cup = 3i^^ = 130 Cc, Tumbler = 3 viii- = 250 Cc. There are usually about -six teaspoonf uls to the fluid ounce. It is a good plan to have some regard for the size of vials generally kept by druggists, and to write for a quantity to fill the bottle. The bottles commonly in use in human and canine practice are the 2 and 4 drachm ; the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 16 ounce. The 2 drachm bottles are useful for measuring the dose of fluid extracts for horses ; the 3 ounce bottle is convenient in writing prescriptions in the metric system for dogs, as it holds approximately 100 Cc. The 4 ounce bottle is the common size, employed in canine practice, containing ^4 doses of one teaspoonful each. The | pt. and pt. bottles are more appropriate for larger animals. THE METRIC SYSTEM. The metric system will be described, because it is the universal system employed in scientific writings, and is now .official. It is based on the fact that a uniform, unchange- able standard is employed as the unit of all measures, whether of weight, capacity or area. This standard is the ten-millionth part of the distance from either pole to the equator, and is denominated a meter (39.371 inches), and is the standard of length. The cube of 0.1 of a meter is taken as the unit of capacity and called a litre (2.1135 pints). The weight of water at its greatest density, 4° C. (39.2° F.), which this cube will contain, is termed a kilogram (2.2046 lbs. Avoirdupois), and is the unit of the measure of weight. PKESCRIPTION WRITING 93 METRIC DIAGRAM. The weiglit of water that the small cube will contain is one gramme. This is the unit of weight of the metric system. One=tjenth Metre Long 1 Gm. C 3 U o o o 94 PEESCRIPTION WMTING But for prescriptions and other small weighings lesser units than the kilo and liter are required and therefore the cube of one-hundredth of a meter is taken and the weight of water which this cube holds is recognized as the unit of weight and called a gram (15,432 grains). The quantity of water contained in the cube of one-hundredth of a meter is used as a unit in measuring capacity in chemical and pharmaceutical practice and termed a cubic centimeter. The multiples of these measures, proceeding in decimal progression, are distinguished by Greek numerals as pre- fixes, i.e., Deca-10, Hecto-100, Kilo-1000. The subdivisions of the unit are represented by the Latin prefixes, as Deci-0.1, Centi-0.01, Milli-0.001. Hence, using the gram as the unit, we can arrange a table as follows : Kilogram — 1.000 grams r= 1.000.0 Hectogram = 100 grams = 100.0 Decagram = 10 grains = 10.0 Gram = 1 gram = 1.0 Decigram = L gram = 0.1 Centigram = iJo g'-am = 0.0 1 Milligram = TOGO gram = 0.001 The metric system has the advantage of being arranged decimally, which makes the computation of percentages easy, and the transference of a quantity of one denomination to that of another, by merely shifting a decimal point. There are other advantages which make it of value to practitioners. Our present system is not uniform with that of any other country. The English, while using the same nomenclature for weights and measures, pt^t a different value upon them. The system has another value, at least theoretically, in having one unit for weights and measures. The unit of the fltiid measure is 1 cubic centimeter of water, which at 4P C. weighs one gram. As a matter of fact, fluids are dispensed in the metric system by meastiring them in Cc, and if liquids were all of the same density as water, they would be equivalent to grams of water when measured in Cc. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Theoretically, medicine should be dispensed by PKESCKIPTION WRITING 95 weight in the metric system, but as medicines, when given to patients, are usually measured by bulk, they cannot be dispensed by weight without producing a complication. For example, suppose that we order chloroform in a pre- scription in the metric system, — ^ Chloroformi 30 | S. Two teaspoonfuls in water. John Smith. thinking we are dispensing 10 grams,* for a teaspoonful holds 5 grams of water. But as chloroform weighs ^ more than water, we really have ordered 10 -(- y = 15 Gm. of chloro- form. Therefore, in writing a prescription for chloroform with other ingredients, weighed in Gm., we would have to add ^ of the number of Gm. of chloroform in the prescription to the number previously estimated in order to make the chloroform of the same bulk as other liquids of the density of water. In order to avoid reducing substances of density differ- ing from that of water, to terms of equivalency with that of water, it is the custom, and now official, to weigh solids in Gm. and measure liquids in Cc. This is an exact method if the doses of drugs are learned in the same way: i.e., if the doses of solids are learned in Gm. and prescribed in Gm., and the doses of liquids are learned in Cc. and prescribed in Cc. In writing prescriptions in the metric system a line is drawn perpendicularly across the right-hand side of the blank to indicate the decimal point ; multiples of the unit being placed to the left of the line, while fractious are written to the right of the decimal line. In using this system we are spai'ed the annoyance of special signs and different tables for weights and measures. As matters now stand we must be cognizant of both systems, and be able to convert the old into the new, or vice versa. One drachm is equiva- lent to four grams, 3 i- = Gm. 4. Therefore, Gm. 1 = 3 ^ or Gr. 15. Then, Gr. i. = j\ of Gm. i.; or 15) 1.000 (.066 90 100 90 * For oiicli iliise. 9G PKESCRIPTION WAITING The equivalent of Gr.l is Gm. .06. In order to determine the equivalent of fractions of a grain in grams, we divide .06 by the denominator and multiply the result by the numerator of the fraction of a grain. For example : Gr. f = I of .06 Gm.; as .06 Gm. = Gr. i., then 3) .06 (.02 X 3 = .04. Therefore, Gr. | = .04 Gm. 6 Again : to find the equivalent of Gr.^ in Gm. 8) .066 (.008 X 1 = .008 64 2 Therefore, Gr.J = .008 Gm. We stated that 3 i. = 4 Gm. It follows that 3 i. would equal 32 Gm. As a fact, 3i- apothecaries' 'weight, is equiva- lent to a trifle less than Gm. 4.; and an ounce, apothecaries' weight, is usually considered equal to 30 Gm. (exactly 31.10 Gm.) for the sake of convenience. A fluid ounce in wine measure is precisely equivalent to 29.57 Cc. We have here another reason why both solid and fluid ounces should be valued at 30 Gm. or Cc. Although it is the custom to regard the minim of liquid as the equivalent of one grain, it is inexact. An apothecaries' ounce weighs 480 Gr.; a fluid ounce of wine measure weighs 457 Gr. Multiples of grams or cubic centimeters may be designated as such, instead of using the technical terms. It is perfectly proper to speak of 100 Gm. as one hundred grams, although technically equal to a hectogram. .1 Gm. may be called one-tenth gram, although technically a decigram. Similar remarks apply to Cc, yet 1,000 Cc. (approximately 1 quart) equal one liter, and this term is in common use. PRESCRIPTION WRITING 97 TABLE FOR CONVERTING APOTHECARIES WEIGHTS AND MEASURES INTO GRAMS AND CUBIC CENTIMETERS.* SOLIDS. FLUIDS. Troy Weight. Metric. Apothecaries' Measure. Metric. Grains. Grams. Minims. Cc. eV .001 1 .06 ^'o .0015 2 .12 3*0 .002 3 .18 Vo .008 4 .24 1^ .004 5 .30 iV .005 6 .36 • ^ .006 7 .43 1 8 .008 8 .50 i .010 9 .55 X 4 .016 10 .60 i .02 15 .72 i .03 16 1.00 1 .065 20 1.25 2 .13 25 1.55 'J .20 30 1.90 4 .26 35 2.20 5 .32 40 2.50 6 .39 48 3.00 8 .52 50 3.12 10 .65 60 (f 3 i.) 3 75 15 1.00 72 4.50 20 Oi.) 1.30 80 5.00 24 1.50 90 5.60 26 1.62 96 6.00 30 1.95 100 6 25 40 2.60 120 7.50 50 3.20 160 10 00 CO ( 3 i.) 3.90 180 11.25 120 ( 3 ii.) 7.80 240 (f I ss.) 15.00 180 1165 f 3v. 18.75 240 15.50 f 3vi. 22 50 300 19.40 f 3vii. 26.25 360 23.30 f si- 30 00 420 27.20 f f ii. 60.00 480 31.10 f ? iii. 90 00 I ii- 62.20 f §iv. 120.00 1 iv. 124.40 f §v. 1.50 00 !vi. 186.60 f 3vi. 180.00 Z viii. 248.80 f 3 viii. 240.00 98 PRESCEIPTION WRITING METRIC WEIGHTS. EXACT EQUIVALENTS IN APPROXIMATE EQUIVA- GRAINS. LENTS IN GRAINS. .001 .0154 6^5 .002 .0308 3^ .003 .0468 A .004 .0617 iS .005 .0771 iV .006 .0926 A .007 .1080 i .008 .1334 i .009 .1389 1 .01 .1548 1 .02 .3086 i 3 .03 .4630 1% .04 .6173 /r .05 .7717 * .06 .9260 1^0 .07 ■ 1.0803 1 .08 1.2347 li .09 1.3890 H .10 1.543 i| .20 3.086 3 .30 4.630 4i .40 6.173 6 .50 7.717 n .60 9.260 9 .70 10.803 11 .80 12.347 121 .90 13.890 14 1.00 15.432 15 2.00 30 864 3 ss. 3.00 46.296 • 3ii. 4.00 61.728 3i. 5 00 77.160 3iv. 6.00 92 592 3 iss. 7.00 108.024 3VSS, 8.00 123.456 3ii. 9.00 138 888 3vii, 10.00 154.320 3 liss. * Tables from Mann's Prescription Writing. Rules for Forming the Genitive Case in Prescription Writing. The Latin names of drugs, as we learn them, when consisting of a single word, are in the nominative case. For example : oleum, an oil. The genitive case of a Latin word means of (the word), and is equivalent to the English pos- PRESCRIPTION WRITING 99 sessive. Thus the Latin name Oleum Lini, consists of two words. The first, oleum, is the Latin nominative for oil, and the second word, lini, is the Latin genitive of tlie word meaning linseed. The name signifies, then, oleum (oil) and lini (of linseed). In writing prescriptions it is usually essential to put the Latin name of the drug in the genitive case, follow- ing the use of the heading 1^, standing for the Latin imper- ative Recipe, meaning in English, Take. For example : Potassii nitratis | i. Literally translated this means : Take Of potassium nitrate, ounce 1. There is only one other case which is used in writing prescriptions (the accusative), but this can be avoided by using abbreviations in the few instances in which it should be employed. The following rules can be memorized (with their exceptions) in order to form the genitive case (singular): (1) Latin names of drugs ending in "a" form their genitive in ae. The only exceptions are three : Physostigma takes the genitive in tis, plujsostigmatis. Folia (leaves), pi. genitive, foliorum. Theobroma, genitive theohromatis. In most instances the genitive of Latin nouns ending in a, can be made in practice by dropping the nominative ending (a) and adding ae in its place, viz. : Tinctur-a (a tincture), gen- itive tinctur-ae (of a tincture). (2) All pharmacopoeial nouns ending in us, um [os and on), form their genitive in i. This genitive case can be formed in practice by dropping the nominative ending {us or um) and adding i in its place, viz.: bol-us, a ball ; genitive hol.-i, of a ball. Extract-um, an extract ; genitive extract-i, of an extract. The nouns ending in os and on are very few. Excep- tions : Rhus, genitive rhois. Flos, genitive Jloris. Frudus, guercus a,nd sjoiritus do not change in the genitive, as it is the same as the nominative case. 100 PKESCRIPTION WRITING (3) All other Latin names of drugs, of whatever ter- mination (except those ending as described under rules 1 and 2) have their genitive in s and is. The genitive case can be formed in practice, in some instances, by adding is to the nominative, as, for example, chloral, genitive chloral-is ; aether, genitive sether-is. To many nouns ending in the nominative in as or is, we not only add is to the nominative, but also change the latter letter of the nominative case. For instance, to sulphas (suli^hate) not only do we add is, sulphas-is, but we change the latter letter, s, of sulphas into a t, so that the proper genitive of sulphas is sulphat-is. The same remark applies to all the other Latin names of salts, as sulphis, genitive sulphit-is ; nitras, genitive nitrat-is ; hydrochloras, genitive hydrochlorat-is ; citras, genitive citrat-is ; phosphas, genitive phosphat-is ; acetas, genitive acetat-is. Cortex is not cortex-is in the genitive, but corticis. Mas, genitive not mas-is, but maris. Adeps, genitive not adeps-is, but adipis. Mucilago, pepo and pulvis lengthen and change in the genitive to mucilagin-is, pepon-is and pulver-is. Aloe, genitive not aloeis, but aloes, adding s and not is. (4) Some Latin names of drugs do not change their ending in the genitive because indeclinable and not latinized or else they belong to the fourth declension, where the genitive case is the same as the nominative. Examples : Spiritus, quercus andfructus, already mentioned, as excep- tions to rule 2. Cannabis, digitalis, sinapis and hydrastis. The genitive of these nouns is the same as the nominative. The following are indeclinable : Amyl, buchu, catechu, coca, curare, jaborandi, kino, phenol, salol, naphtol, thymol, menthol, cusso, gummi, etc. If the Latin names tor quantities and amounts thereof are written out in full (instead of using signs for quantities, and numbers for the amounts), the quantities and amounts in Latin must be put into the accusative case, as they are the objects of the verb, recipe. PRESCRIPnoN WRITING 101 For example : Sodii Sulphatis, uncias duas. Translated : Take Of sodium sulphate, ounces two. The Latin noun iincia (ounce) is in the accusative case, and the adjective duas is also in the accusative, agreeing- with uncicus. But to write out prescriptions in full, as above, is not customary and would be considered pedantic. Again : The Latin names of the ingredients should be written in the accusative case when no noun for weight or measure is employed. For example : Pilulas catharticas compositas duas. Translated literally : Take Pills cathartic compound, two. Or, take two compound cathartic pills. Pilulas (pills) is in the accusative, object of the verb recipe. Catharticas, compositas, and duas are adjectives, agreeing with pilulas. We can only write this prescription correctly, without using the accusative case, by abbreviating it as follows : Pil. Cath. Co. ii. Examples of Prescriptions for Different Preparations. TO WRITE A PRESCRIPTION FOR A PILL. 1. We calculate the number of pills we wish to pre- scribe and then multiply the dose of each ingredient in the pill by that number. We will suppose that we desire to prescribe 30 pills to a dog, containing reduced iron, soco- trine aloes and sulphate of strychnine. The dose of reduced 102 PRESCRIPTION WlJlTING iron is gi'.ii.; of socotrine aloes gr.ss.; of stryclinine sul- phate gVy^. Multiply each dose by 30 : Reduced iron gr.ii. X 30 = gr 60 Aloes gr.i^ X 30 = gr.l5 Strychnine gi'iso X 30 = gr.J^ The Latin of aloes socotriue is aloe, genitive aloes, of aloes ; socotrina, genitive socotrin-lata, Distilled Water. H,0. (The latter used in filling many prescriptions.) Action external — The reader is referred to special articles on "Cold and Heat" (p. 704), "Food and Feeding" (p. 679), and " Counter Irritants " (p. G96), for details concerning the action and uses of water, respectively, as a medium of heat and cold, as an article of diet in health and disease, and as a counter irritant. Cold water, externally, at first stimulates reflexly heat production, with slight rise of temperature, increased carbonic acid elimination and contraction of the vessels and muscles of the skin. If the cold water applica- tion is continued, the bodily heat falls, owing to physical abstraction of heat. "Reaction" follows the removal of cold, if properly applied, with dilatation of the superficial vessels (and sensation of warmth and exhilaration in man). Moderate warm water (105^ F.) applications stimulate cuta- neous vascularity, favor diarphoresis, and diminish urinary secretion. Hot water (110--120° F.) applications act as counter irritants in dilating the peripheral vessels, contract- ing those in more remote parts, and relieving pain, spasm, congestion and inflammation. Actum internal. — Water is quickly absorbed and thus swells the secretion of urine, and, to a less extent, that of bile, saliva and pancreatic juice. Intestinal peristalsis is facilitated by a considerable amount of water. Water also increases tissue change, and elimination of carbonic dioxide and urea ; promotes the appetite and washes out the tissues and urinary tract, thus removing waste matters from the body. iir 118 INORGANIC AGENTS The elimination of uric acid is lessened by water. Large quantities of water, if not taken at meal time — when they dilute the digestive juices and disorder digestion — favor the formation of fat. Uses external. — See "Heat and Cold," p. 704. Uses internal. — Healthy animals may be given as much, water as they desire, with certain restrictions in relation to work and feeding. It is unwise to allow horses much water, either immediately before or after severe work, or after feeding. If water is given before severe work it increases the bulk of intestinal contents, is apt to cause digestive disturbance, and interferes with the movements of the diaphragm. For these same reasons water should only be permitted in small amount (at a time) in "heaves" of horses. If a quantity of water is allowed horses after hard work, colic is very likely to occur. Working horses should, therefore, be watered, in reasonable amount, while at work ; and, if this is impracticable, may be allowed but a few mouthfuls of water, or a gallon of oatmeal gruel after severe work, with whole hay but no grain until after an hour's rest. When horses at rest drink much water after eating, the contents of the stomach (wliich is unusually small in this animal) are washed into the intestines and are not so thoroughly digested. This accomplishes two bad results : it deprives the animal of some nourishment and engenders digestive trouble and diarrhoea. The best plan is to give resting horses water before eating, or to keep it at their command at all times. Cold water is desirable, frequently and in limited quantities, in fever, although there is a popular fear of it. Hot water assists the action of diaphoretics ; cold water that of diuretics. Lukewarm water is an emetic, but hot water, in small and repeated doses, allays nausea and vomiting. Water is restricted in ordinary diarrhoeas, obesity, and to assist the absorption of exudations. The drinking of water should be encouraged by a liberal allowance of salt (which in itself aids digestion), in animals in a poor condition, to increase their appetite iand flesh. Water is valuable in diluting a con- SOLUTION OF HYDROGEN DIOXIDE 119 oeiitrated urine from which calculi are liable to be deposited. High rectal injections of water are absorbed, and conse- quently flush out the kidneys. Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Liquor Hydrogenii Peroxidi, Hydrogen Peroxide. A slightly acid aqueous solution of hydrogen dioxide (H„0.) containing, when freshly prepared, about 3 per cent., by weight, of the pure dioxide, corresponding to about 10 volumes of available oxygen. Derivation. — Add barium dioxide, 300, to cold, distilled \rater, 500 ; agitate and keep at a temperature of 100° C. (50° F.). To this mixture (of barium hydrate) add a solu- tion of phosphoric acid, 96, in cold distilled water, 320, and shake them together thoroughly. Filter, and wash the precipitate (barium phosphate) with distilled water until the filtrate measures 1000. Add diluted sulphuric acid to the filtrate (until cloudiness disappears in a small filtered por- tion of it; absence of barium), and starch 10. Agitate fre- quently. Filter and refilter till the solution becomes clear Properties. — A colorless liquid, without odor, acidulous to the taste and producing a peculiar sensation and soapy froth in the mouth ; liable to deteriorate by age, exjiosure to heat, or protracted agitation. Spec. gr. 1,006 to 1,012. Reaction slightly acid. When exposed to the air at the ordinary temperature, or when heated in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (140*^ F.) the solution loses chiefly water. When rapidly heated it is liable to decompose suddenly. (The value of a given sample of hydrogen dioxide may be roughly ascertaiiied by adding a few drachms to a few crystals of potassium permanganate in a test tube. The greater the amount of effervescence the better the hj'drogen dioxide. — Wallian.) Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); D., " i.-ii. (4.-8.) Action and Uses. — Hydrogen dioxide is probably the most powerful, non-toxic, surgical autisepfcic and disinfect- 120 INORGANIC AGENTS It is not poisonous to higher animals, and liberates oxygen immediately in the presence of all forms of living matter, excised organs, and drawn blood, thus destroying all bacteria and organized ferments. It is, moreover, a most efficient cleansing agent in wounds, the gaseous froth mechanically removing detritus better than irrigation. It thus acts like soap-suds in ordinary washing 23i'ocesses. Injected intra- venously hydrogen dioxide causes death through the forma- tion of gas (oxygen) emboli — in its catalysis in the blood — by plugging the heart and blood-vessels of the brain and lungs. The microbicidal action is transient and not persistent ; only water remains. Therefore hydrogen dioxide is useless for the production of continuous antiseptic action. The drug is an antiseptic in the digestive tract, and some oxygen may be absorbed by the blood, but this is extremely doubt- ful. The official solution contains 10 volumes of oxygen ; that is, it yields up 10 times its bulk of oxygen gas. Most proprietary j^reparations are stronger, and contain 12 volumes of oxygen, and are more powerfully disinfectant. Hydrogen j)eroxide is particularly valuable as an anti- septic on suppurating and septic wounds, necrosed tissue, abscess cavities, sinus', ulcers, morbid growths and suppu- rating mucous membranes. In fistulae of the withers and poll, hydrogen dioxide acts as an efficient cleansing and antiseptic agent, and it should be injected prior to the use of other anti- septics, stimulants and caustics, as carbolic acid in glycerin (see -p. 329). Hydrogen dioxide is probably the best remedy we possess in the treatment of acute catarrh of the pharynx and tonsils in dogs and cats Avhen applied directly to the throat, diluted with two parts of lime water, with an atom- izer or brush, or on absorbent cotton on an applicator. It is comtmonly employed in full strength and only in glass, porcelain, or hard rubber vessels or instruments. The drug should not be used in cavities wdiere an outlet for the free escape of gas is wanting. Peroxide of hydrogen decomposes pus with effervescence, and thus is a guide to its presence or absence ; it also destroys the pus cocci. Hydrogen dioxide is a safe and efficient agent in disin- fectin£>' drinking wator, and is of some value in gastric POTASSIUM 121 fermentative indigestion of clogs where the vomitus and faeces show evidence of gas formation or frothiness, and is absolutely safe. Kecently good results have been reported from the use of hydrogen dioxide, diluted with three parts of lime water, in dysentery when given as high enemata twice daily. SECTION 11. Alkaline Metals — Potassium, Sodium, Ammonium, Lithium. Potassium. Potassium is not used in medicine in the metallic state. Its compounds may be considered in three groups: 1, Potassa ; 2, the Carbonates (acetate and citrate); 3, the Mineral Salts. Potassium compounds were formerly obtained from wood ashes by lixiviation ; from sea water by evaporation, and from argol, a substance deposited in wine casks. Now they are obtained from potassium muriate, mined in Stass- furt, Saxony, which is thought to result- from the boiling away of sea water in past ages. genekal action of potassium salts.* In lethal doses the action of all the j)otassium com- pounds is very similar. Stomach and Intestines.- — The potassium salts, with the exception of the vegetable compqunds, are irritants to the gastro-intestinal tract, if ingested in concentrated form. Heart. — When injected into a vein, potassium has a di- rect, paralyzing action of the heart muscle, and in lethal doses there is cardiac arrest in diastole. Much the same action is, moreover, observed on all higher forms of tissue. The func- tional activity of the nerves and muscles is depressed and abolished, more especially that of the brain and cord, so that paralysis of central origin occurs. Potassium has, however, no depressing influence upon tlie heart when given by the mouth as enormously greater * The action of salts on the body is determined not by the action of the chemical compound or its molecule but by the action of the ions which are dissociated when the salt fjoes into solution. Thus the action of Potassium on the body may be studied by observing the action of KCl since the influence of the CI ion (anion) may be ignored as it induces no physiological effect upon the organism. 122 INOEGANIC AGENTS . amounts than are ever given medicinally are daily consumed in the food. Bunge estimates from 50 to 100 gms., may be thus daily ingested in food by man. This fact explodes the fallacy that sodium salts are less depressant to the heart than the corresponding salts of potassium and are preferable as medicinal agents to the latter. Blood. — When given for any considerable period, the potassium, like the sodium salts, impoverish the system and produce a more fluid state of the blood. Large doses of the potassium salts are likely, to occasion purging, while small doses are apt to cause diuresis. The carbonates and vege- table salts resemble each other in action, but that of the mineral salts is peculiar to the individual compound. PoTAssii Hydroxidum. Potassiuui Hydroxide. KOH. (U.S. P.) Smnonyms. — Potassa caustica, B. P. ; potash, potassium hydrate, caustic potash, lapis causicus chirurgorum, E. ; pot- asse caustique, Fr. ; aetz kali, G ; kali causticum fusum,P.G. Derivation.— ^K solution of potassium hydrate is evapo- rated ; the residue is fused and run into moulds. Properties. — Dry, white, translucent pencils or fused masses, hard and brittle, showing • a crystalline fracture ; odorless, or having a faint odor of lye, and of a very acid and caustic taste. Exposed to the air, it very rapidly (590 F.)* absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture, and deli- quesces. Soluble at 15° C. (59° F.) in about 0.5 part of water, and in 2 parts of alcohol ; very soluble in boiling water and in boiling alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi. Solution of Potassium Hy- droxide. (U. S. P.) An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), containing about 5 per cent, of the hydroxide. Synonym. — Liquor potassae, B. P., solution of potas- sium hydrate, kali hydricum solution, lixivium causticum, solution of potash, E. ; potasse caustique liquide, lessive caustique, Fr. ; aetzkalilauge, G. ; liquor kali caustici, P. G. Derivation. — Boiling a solution of potassium carbonate * When solubility is mentioned hereafter, reference will be had to solubility at the above temperature. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 123 with calcium hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in solution, while calcium carbonate is precipitated. K, CO3 + Ca (OH), = 2 KOH + Ca CO3. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a very acrid and caustic taste and a strongly alkaline reaction. It has a soapy feel and taste, • Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., n^v.-xx. (.3-1.3). ' PoTA^SA Cum Calce. Potassa with Lime. (Non-official.) (Equal parts of potassa and lime.) Synonym. — Vienna paste. Properties. — A grayish-white powder, deliquescent, having a strongly alkaline reaction ; should be soluble in diluted hydrochloric acid without leaving more than a small residue. Action and Uses. — Potassium hydroxide, its solution, and potassa cum calce are mainly of value as escharotics. Liquor potassse is unfit for internal use unless greatly diluted with water. It resembles potassium carbonate in its effects. Caustic potash is very destructive of tissue by dissolving proteids and forming alkali-proteids. It is most diffusible and, therefore, difficult to limit its action. This we may do, however, by applying a plaster to a part, with a hole in it, through which the caustic stick is applied. Before using the caustic, the outside of the plaster should be covered with oil or grease, but not the part under the aperture in it. After removing the plaster the operation of the caustic may be arrested by vinegar. . Cauterization by this means is very painful under ordinary circumstances, but may be made comparatively painless by incorporating one part of mor- phine muriate with three parts of potassa cum calce, and adding enough chloroform to make a paste. Caustic potash is indicated where extensive destruction of tissue is desirable, as in the treatment of the bites of rabid dogs and of snakes. It is less commonly used for the 124 INOEGANIC AGENTS removal of warts and small growths, and as a caustic on indolent or exuberant granulations. Potash has been employed to form an issue, or artificial ulcer for the production of counter irritation. Potash may be prescribed in bronchitis, for its action, common to the alkalies, in thinning and increasing the bronchial secretions. An excellent mild stimulating liniment consists of : 01, Terebinthinse 50.00 01. Succini 30.00 Saponis pulv 10.00 Potassae 2.00 AquEe ad 1,000.00 M. et fiat linimentum. The potash s^iponifies the oils and exerts a stimulating action on the skin. Potassium bicarbonate is less irritating and morn suitable for the latter indication. Potash is some- times recommended as an antacid and sedative in gastric disoiders, but is inferior to sodium bicarbonate for this purpose. PoTASSii Carbonas. Potassiuui Carbonate. KoCog . (XJ. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Salts of tartar. Derivation. — The solution resulting from the lixiviation of wood ashes is boiled to dryness, and the resultant mass is the "potash" of commerce. This is purified to some eitent by burning in ovens, forming "p'earlash," a mixture of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves mainly the carbonate which is obtained by evaporation of the aqueous solution. Properties. — A white, granular powder, odorless, and having a strongly alkaline taste ; very deliquescent. Soluble in 1.1 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). POTASSIUM BICARBONATE 125 PoTASSii BiCARBONAS. Potassium Bicarbouate. KHCos (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — DoppelkohlejisaurHs kali, G. Derivation. — Obtained by passiug a scream of Coj through a solution of the carbonate. K,C03. + CO, + H,0 = 2 KHC03. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monocliuic prisms, odorless and having a saline and slightly alkaline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 3.2 parts of water. Almost insoluble in alcohol. Becomes converted into the carbonate by boiling. Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Preferable to carbonate for internal use, as it is less irritating. PoTASSii AcETAS. Potassium Acetate. KCgHjOo (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Terra foliata tartari, E.; Essigsaures kali, G. Derivation. — Add acetic acid in excess to potassium carbonate. Evaporate to dryness and fuse residue. K,C03 + 2 HC,H30, = 2 KC,H30, + H,0 +C0,. Properties. — A white powder, or crystalline masses of a satiny lustre ; odorless and having a warming, saline taste. Very deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in 0.36 part of water and in 1.9 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Same as bicarbonate. POTASSII CiTRAS. Potassium Citrate. KgCgHsO; (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Citrate de potasse, Fr.; Citronsaures kali, G. Derivation. — Neutralize potassium carbonate with a solatioii of citric acid, and evapoiHte to dryut^ss. 3 K,CO, + 2 H3C,H,0, = 2K3C,H,0, + '3H,0 + 3 CO,. Properties. — Transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white, granular powder ; odorless and having a cooling, saline .126 * INOKGf-^NIC AGEJN^'TS . taste. Deliquescent on exposiu'e to air. Soluble in 0.6 part of water ; sparingly soluble in alqohol. Dose. — Same as bicarbonate. ■ •' , , • . ■ ' . '' ACTION OF THE CARBONATES AND VEGETABLE SALTS. ^ . The carbonate is to*o irritating for internal use, wbile the- bicarbonate is more so than the similar sodium salt. ^Tlierefdre the latter is in more dommon use as an antacid. Antacids neutralize abnormal acidity, due to fermentation, 'if given some time after eating in large dp'ses. . The vegetable salts (the acetate and citrate) are con- verted into the carbonate in the blood .and ^re non-irritating. The bicarbonate is also absorbed into the blood as the car- ^ bonate. These salts, together with the hydrate, alkalize the blood and urine. ' It is thought by many authorities that they increase oxidation within the body, as it is known that they do sq outside the body in contact with organic matter. As 'a result of all experiments with tile hydrates and car- bonates, neither' oxidation nor metabolism appear to be materially influenced. Uric acid elimination is not affected, but ,urea may be increased, replacing ammonia in the uT-ine. The action of. these salts is due wholly to the hvdroxyl (OH) ion. The action of the carbonates is only less in degree and rapidity than^ the hydrates since OH is f re^d in the body when car- bonates combine with water. The carbonates are mainly use- ful as antacids ; .the citrate and acetate as diuretics. Uses. — Potassium carbonate' forms a useful addition to. mixtures for application to the» skin, as, through its strong alkalinity, it removes grease "and ^baceous matter, per- mitting medicinal agents. to penetrate the skin. -A mixture of potassium carbonate, 15.0 (.^ss.)-; sublimed sulphur, 50.0 (5i--3v.) ; and water, 12 lite.rs (3 gallons), makes a service- able application for the milder forms of rhange and eczema. Th'C. animal should be Avell washed with the mixture in a tub every second day, and periivian balsam, oil of cade or tar should be applied daily. Potassium bicarbonate in aqueous solution is serviceable in relieving itching (gr.v.-^i.) ' While probably not so generally efficient* as the correspond- ing sodium salt,' it is' of bFhefit when given an hour after ■ feeding to horses Subject to cqHc at that' time. It is more '•fc\ POTASSIUM NITRATE 127 useful than sodium bicarbonate in alkalizing an over-acid urine (dogs), and in dissolving and eliminating uric acid from the blood. Potassium citrate and acetate are indicated in irri- tation or inflammation of the kidneys and bladder and cause absorption of exudations (pleural effusions, for example), through their diuretic power. They are also good uric acid solvents. They are sometimes prescribed in fever on account of slight diarphoretic and powerful diuretic properties, and in bronchitis with the purposes of increasing and thinning secretion. The salts under consideration stimulate bronchial secre- tion and make it thinner, and are recommended accordingly in bronchitis. They are less efficient than potassium iodide for these purposes in this affection. PoTAasii NiTBAS. Potassium Nitrate. KNO3 (U.S. &B.P.) Synonym. — Nitre, saltpetre, E.; nitre prismatique, azo- tate (nitrate) de potasse, Fr.; saltpetersaures kali, kalisal- peter, G. Derivation.— ^aXi^eixe is formed in the soil in certain regions and climates and is made artificially, by the putre- faction of animal or vegetable material, in the presence of heat, moisture, oxygen, and alkaline or earthy bases capable of fixing the nitric acid set free in this process, known as nitrification. The natural conditions for nitrification are present in some parts of India, and saltpetre is largely imported from Calcutta. Artificially, nitre beds are made of animal and vegetable matter, wood ashes, and calcareous eartli or old plaster from houses. Sodium nitrate is im- ported extensively from Chili, where it occurs as a mineral product, and is used widely in this country in artificial fertilizers. Chili saltpetre may be converted into nitre by treatment with potash. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, six-sided, rhombic prisms, or a crystalline powder, odorless and having a cool- ing, saline and pungent taste. Permanent in the air. Sol- uble in 3.8 parts of water ; very sparingly soluble in alcohol. 128 INOilGANIC AGENTS Dose.—H. & C, Bss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 5ss.-i. (2.-4.); B., gr.v.-xx. ).3-1.3). Action. External. — Eefrigerant. Action Internal. — Stomach and Intestines. — Nitre causes, in lethal doses, violent gastro-enteritis, often neph- ritis, muscular weakness, coma, collapse and depression of the circulation. The pulse becomes both slow and weak. There is muscular weakness and paralysis. Potassium nitrate is one of the most irritating salts of this grouj), but its toxic effect depends upon the influence of the nitrate ion, and — when concentrated — upon its '^ salt action " (see p. 140) in withdrawing water from the tissues. Blood. — Toxic doses of nitre have a slight decomposing action (hemolysis) on the blood. Heart. — Nitre is said to be more depressing to the heart than the other potassium compounds. There is no basis for this belief. Lungs. — The resj^iration is slowed by considerable doses of potassium nitrate, and it exerts an antispasmodic action by depression of the unstriped fibres of the bronchi. Kidneys. — Diuresis is the predominant medicinal ac- tion of nitre. It may induce diuresis through its "■ salt ac- tion " (see p. 140) but in that case should escape unchanged in the urine. Apparently little or none is thus eliminated, except after large doses. In moderate doses the salt is changed in the body. It is conjectured that it is first con- verted into nitrites, then into ammonia, and finally escapes from the lungs as free nitrogen. The diuretic action is chiefly due to direct stimulation olthe renal cells. Potassium nitrate is more frequently prescribed than any other potassium salt in veterinary practice, and is com- monly considered one of the best febrifuges. Its only service in fevers is as a diiiretic. Its use as a febrifuge has there- fore been long abandoned in human medicine. Administration. — Nitre is dissolved in a pail of drink- ing water and kept constantly at the larger animal's disposal. The salt is rendered harmless by dilution ; vascular tension and diuresis are increased by the water, and the solution is POTASSIUM CHLORATE 129 cooling and grateful to the taste in fever. Smaller doses (5 ss.) may be given on the food to horses. Uses. — Nitre, ammonium chloride, and common salt, each one part, are dissolved in three parts water, and some- times used for their refrigerant effect on local inflammatory conditions. Ice poultices are more efficient. The value of nitre is over-estimated in veterinary practice. It is recom- mended in purpura and rheumatism as alterative. Here again it is less serviceable than ergot in the former, or sali- cylic acid and alkalies in the latter disease. Nitre is, how- ever, in common use in such febrile affections as pneumonia and influenza in horses. Powdered potassium nitrate — mixed with an equal amount of stramonium leaves — is sometimes employed in asthma and bronchitis of dogs as an inhalation by burning the mixture. PoTAssii Chlokas. Potassium Chlorate. KCIO3. (U. S. &B. P.) Synonym. — Kali oxymuriaticum, E. ; chlorate de pot- asse, Fr. ; chlorsaures kali, G. Derivation. — Pass chlorine into a mixture of potassium carbonate and calcium hydrate; dissolve the result in boil- ing water and recover the chlorate by crystallization. K2CO3 + 6 Ca (0H)2 + 12 CI = 2 KCIO3 -f Ca C03 + 5 Ca CI2 + 6 IIoO. Properties. — Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or plates, or a white powder, odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 10.7 parts of water. Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly solu- ble in mixtures of alcohol and water. Explodes readily when rubbed with sugar, sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and man}'^ other substances. Dose.—R. & C. 5ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4) ; D., gi'.v.-xx. (.3-13). Action Internal. — Stomach and Boirels. — In concentra- ted form potassium chlorate is an irritant to mucous mem- branes — causing vomiting and purging in the alimentary tract — owing to its withdrawal of water from the tissues. Its " salt action " is also seen in its increasin-^ tension in the 130 INORGANIC AGENTS renal glomeruli and thus causing diuresis (see p. 140, sodium chloride)! Lethal doses occasion gastro-enteritis, diarrha-a, cyanosis, depression of the heart, coma and death from as- phyxia. Jaundice and dark-colored urine occur in sub-acute poisoning. The Blood. — The blood is unaffected by mediciuc'il doses, but in poisoning the red corpuscles are broken down and crenated. The haemoglobin is converted into meth?emoglo- bin, which is probably a mixture of hirmatin and soluble albumin. Haemoglobin, methsemglobin and hannatin and dis- integrated corpuscles appear in the urine. The blood is chocolate-colored after death. The liver, spleen, kidneys and intestines are softened and filled with disorganized blood. It was formerly thought that potassium chlorate parted with its oxygen in the blood, and it w^as prescribed in many disorders as an oxidizing agent. While the blood changes are due to its oxidizing action, yet potassium chlorate gives up very little oxygen to the body since almost all of the salt absorbed escapes unchanged from the organism. On the contrary, the important symptoms of poisoning are due to lack of oxygen (asphyxia), methsemoglobin not liberating its oxygen readily to the tissues. Death from fat embolism is not uncommon during convalescence from poisoning. Elimination. — Potassium chlorate is eliminated un- changed by all channels; mainly by the urine (90 to 96 per cent.), but also by the sweat, saliva, etc. Acting locally as a stimulant in the mouthy and then affecting the throat a second time by its elimination in the saliva, potassium chlorate is frequently prescribed in diseases of the mouth and pharynx afi a topical stimulant. It is given in electuaTy, solution, or ball internally. Summary. — Sialogogue and diuretic. Uses. — Stomatitis is treated by chlorate of potassium in saturated solution applied on a swab. The salt is valuable in the treatment of pharyngitis in electuary. A favorite combination consists of fluid extract of belladonna, § i. ; potassium chlorate, % ii. ; powdered licorice root, § ^^•■) with sufficient molasses to make an olectuarv. One ounce is to be POTASSIUM BITARTRATE ,131 smeared on the teeth of a horse thrice Jaily.^ An half oiiijce of a saturated solution of potassium chlorate, with a ' fcW drops of laudanimi, 'forms a useful injection for hsenjorrjioids in dogs. ' .' *^ PoTASSii BiTAKTRAS. Potassium Bitartrate. KH4C4HO6 ■ (U.S. P.) ■ ■ .. ■ Synonym^ — Potassii tartras acida, B.P.;. cream o^ tar- tar, cremor tartari, acid tartrate of potash, E. ; tartarus de- puratus, P.G. ; pierre de vin, I^r. ; weinstein, G. • . Derivatio7i. — Obtained from crude. tartar fargol) depos- ited on the sides of wine cask« during fermentation of g'rape ■juice, bv purification. * ; Properties. — Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic -crvs- tals, or a white, somewhat, gritty powder ; odorless and having a pleasant, acidulous taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble ,in about, 201* parts of w^ater; .very sparingly soluble. -in alco- hol. Re acton acid. • ' -Dose.—H. & C, S ss.-r.- (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 ss:. (15.) ; D., 3SS.-1. (2.-4.). ' ;• . _ ;• . "; . Action internahf-— Intestines. — Potassium bitartrate is i\ non-irritating purgative in large doses. It is a hydragogue cathartic and has a strong affinity for water; abstracting.it . from the blood vessfels in the bowels, _hblding the same; in ■ f olution, and thus flushing out the intestines, (see p. .136). ;^ Blood. — Potassium bitartrate is in part decomjiosed, converted into^ the garbonate, and. absorbed as such into the blood. The oTeater'part'js excreted by the bowels unchanged. A portion of the latter* niay have been absorbed and elim- inated by the intestines. " ,,^ ♦ v" " . \ Kidneys. — Potassiuftl bitartrat-e is an active diuretic and renders the urine more alkaline, but for some reason iY is not ordinarily employed in ^veterinary practice. J^veverthe- less, it is the best and safest diuretic w4iich can be u.'^^e'd' by. the veterinarian in the treatment of the horse and siaialler animals. «' ' > " ' Summary. — Diuretic iji " small doses. Hydfagogue * Also in membranous croup (roup) of fowl (gr.x.). and in tliat of foals, calves and pi.gs (,gr. X3tx.),.it is useful when giv.en in solution \v.ith an equal do^e of the tiiVcture of chloride of iron/ : - 132 INORGANIC AGENTS cathartic in large doses. It should be given in solution and is useful in dropsies, more particularly of renal origin ; also in catarrhal jaundice, aud as a laxative for foals and calves. In cases where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and high-colored, potassium bitartrate will cause it to regain its normal state. It may be easily administered in either food or drinking water', and its diuretic effect is enhanced when the salt is given with a large amount of water. Sodium. {The metal is not employed in medicine.) SoDii Hydroxidum. Sodium Hydroxide. NaOH. (U.S. P.) Synony7n.—^odA caustica, B.P.; soda, sodium hydrate, caustic soda, natruin causticum, S. hydricum, E.; sonde caustique, Fr.; natron setznatron, G- Derivation. — It is made from liquor sodse by evapora- tion, and run in moulds. Properties. — Dry, white, translucent pencils, or fused masses, showing a crystalline fracture ; odorless, and having an acrid aud caustic taste. Exposed to the air it rapidly deliquesces, absorbs carbon dioxide, aud becomes covered with a dry coatiiig of carbonate. Soluble iu 1.7 parts of water ; very soluble in alcohol. Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi. Solution of Sodium Hydroxide. (U. S. & B. P.) An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, containing about 5 per cent, of hydroxide. Synonym. — Solution of sodium hydrate, E.; natrum hydricum solutum, soude caustique liquide, Fr.; liquor natri caustici, P. G.; ?etznatron lauge, G. Derivation. — An aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is boiled with calcium hydrate, aud the supernatant liquid is siphoned off. Na,C03 + Ca(OH), = 2 NaOH + CaCO,. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a very acrid and caustic taste, and a strongly alkaline reaction. SODIUM CARBONATE 133 Dose.—TI. & C, 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sb. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., Il^v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Action and Ihes. — Sodium hydroxide and its solution resemble compounds of potassium, but are used cliieflj for chemical and pharmaceutical purposes. Liquor sodii hyutoxidi should be given largely diluted with water. In poisoniug by the caustic alkalies or soap lye, use emetics or stomach pump; and give vinegar^ diluted acetic acid, lemon juice and demulcents. Sodii Carbonas. Sodium Carbonate. Na^ CO3 10 HoO. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Washing soda, sal soda, carbonas sodicns, E.; natrum carbonicum crudum, P. G.; carbonate de sonde, Fr.; kohlensaures natron, soda, G. Derivation. — Made by Leblanc's process. Three steps : 1st. Salt and sulphuric acid heated together. 2 Na CI + H, SO, = Na, SO, + 2 HCI. 2nd. Sodium sulphate is heated with carbon. Na.^SO^ + 4 C = Na, S + 4 CO. 3rd. Sodium sulphide heated with chalk. Na, S + Ca C03 = Na, CO3+ CaS. Properties. — Colorless, monoclinic crystals, odorless and having a strongly alkaline taste. In dry air the salt efflor- esces, loses about half its water of crystallization and becomes a white powder. Soluble in 1.6 parts of water and in 1.02 parts of glycerin. Reaction alkaline. Sodii Carbonas Exsiccatus. Dried Sodium Carbonate. Na,C03. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Natrum carbonicum siccum, P. G.; carbo- nate de sonde, Fr.; getrocknete soda, G. Derivation. — Sodium carbonate (200 gm.) is broken into small fragments and allowed to effloresce in dry air. It is then heated to drive off Avater of crystallization, till it weighs 100 Gm. 134 INORGANIC AGENTS Properties. — A loose, white powder, corresponfling in solubility to sodium carbonate. Reaction alkaline. Action of sodium carbonate similar to the hydrate, but infrequently employed in medicine. Dosc—B.. & a, -ii.-vi. (8.-24); Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Given in large amount of water. SoDii BiCARBONAS. Sodium Bicarbonate. Na HCO3. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym.. — Soda, baking soda, sodium sesquicarbonate, natrum carbonicum acidulum, bicarbonas sodicus, sodium hydrocarbonate, bicarbonate of soda, E.; natrum bi carboni- cum, P. G.; bicarbonate de sonde, sel digestive de vichy, Fr.; doppelkohlensaures natron, G. Derivation. — Pass C0„ through a solution of sodium carbonate. Na, CO3 + CO, + H,0 = 2 Na HCO3. Properties. — A white, opaque powder, odorless, and having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. Permanent in dry. but slowly decomposed in moist air. Soluble in 11.3 parts of water, insoluble in alcohol and ether. Slight alkaline reaction. lacompatihles. — Decomposed by acid and acid salts, as bi.smuth subnitrate. i)ose.— H.,3ss.-ii. (15.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). GENERAL ACTION OF SODIUM SALTS. Sodium and its salts are not nearly so poisonous as similar potassium compounds, because they are less depress- ing to the circulatory, muscular and nervous systems, but death has occurred after enormous doses. The salts possess a local paralyzing action on nerve and muscular tissue. They are absorbed and eliminated more slowly than the corre- sponding potassium compounds. Sodium salts alkalize the blood and urine, but are only slightly diuretic. Sodium SODIUM BICARBONATE 135 carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate diminish the solids in the bile and, therefore, increase its fluidity Sodium Bicarbonate. 'Action External. — Sodium bicarbonate lessens irrita- bility of the skin in itching and burns. Action Internal. — When sodium bicarbonate is given internally it neutralizes gastric acidity, whether it be normal, abnormal from indigestion and fermentation, or excessive fhyperchlorhydia.) It does not in any event stimulate an increase of normal acid gastric juice, as has hitherto been taught. Its constant administration weakens the digestive powers and creates anemia, general cachexia, and scorbutic symptoms. Sodium bicarbonate liberates carbonic dioxide in the stomach, whch is a sedative and peristaltic stimulant, thus expelling gas and relieving pain in the viscus. It dis- solves mucus and thins the biliary secretion. It is, there- fore, useful in catarrh of the gastro-intestinal tract. Blood. — The blood is made more alkaline. Kidneys. — The urine is alkalized, but the salt is only feebly diuretic ("salt action," p. 140). Uses External. — In aqueous solution (1-50) sodium bi- carbonate relieves itching in urticaria, prurigo and chronic eczema. It also allays the pain of slight burns and of acute rheumatism. For this purpose cloths should be soaked in saturated solutions and placed upon the affected parts. Added to water (3 i.-Oi.) in which instruments are to be boiled, it prevents rusting. Uses Internal. — Sodium bicarbonate is one of the most useful remedies in gastric or intestinal indigestion associated with abnormal acidity, or flatulence and distress. It does not always remove the cause of indigestion, however, and, there- fore, should be combined with agents which do: e.g., cathar- tics, antiseptics, carminatives and stomachics. For this reason sodium bicarbonate is often prescribed to dogs with bismuth, subcarbonate, salol or beta naphtol; to horses with gentian or nux vomica and ginger. Sodium bicarbonate is of value in alkalizing the blood in acute rheumatism, and in threatened couia in diabetes mellitus; large doses of the salt given in solution by the mouth or intravenously, neutralize diacetic acid in the blood and may avert a fatal ending. 13G INORGANIC AGENTS The salt assists the action of calomel, with which it should be generally conjoined, since it stimulates the flow of bile and aids the alkaline intestinal juices in transform- ing the inactive chloride into the active oxide. Sodium llparbonate is occasionally given in acute bronchitis, but it is distinctly inferior to the corresponding potassium salt in thinning and increasing bronchial secretions. This salt is highly recommended in the treatment of hspmoglobina^mia (azoturia) in horses, when given in quanti- ties of 10-30 ounces daily. Theoretically, sodium bicarbo- nate is of benefit in this disease, by neutralizing acid pro- ducts of metabolism which lead to solution of the haemo- globin. Sodium bicarbonate relieves thirst in polyuria of horses, when placed in their drinking water, and should be added to the food of cattle and sheep, when they are highly fed (in fattening), to avert calculus. Administration. — Sodium bicarbonate mav be given in solution or on the tongue or food in the j)ure state. SoDii Sulphas. Sodium Sulphate. jSTaa SO4 lOHgO. (U. S. &B. P.) Synonym. — Glauber's salts, sulfas sodicus (natricus), sal mirabile Glauberi, sulphate of soda, E. ; sulfat de sonde, sel de Glauber, Fr. ; Glaubersalz, G. Derivation. — jSTeutralize the residue left in the manu- facture of IICl from -salt, with sodium carbonate. 2 Na HSO4 -h Xao CO3 = 2 Nao SO^ + COo + HoO. Properties. — Large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals, odorless, and having a bitter, saline taste. The salt effloresces rapidly in the air, and finally loses all its water of crystallization. Soluble in 2.8 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol ; soluble in glycerin. Dose.—Q., Ibi.-iss. (500.-750.) ; H. (laxative), § ii.-iv. (60.-120); Sh., I ii.-iv. (60.-120.). Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — The action of the saline cathartics depends upon the slow absorption of certain acid ions or anions (sulphates, phosphates, tartrates, and citrates) as compared with others (chlorides, bromides, and iodides). The latter, being readily absorbed into the blood, cause diuresis. The former salts fail of absorption — to any considerable extent — in the bowel, and so their solutions in- SODIUM SULPHATE 137 crease the fluidity of the ingesta and aid in the expulsion of feces. Peristaltic action is also excited through increase of tiie mass of intestinal contents. Concentrated (hypertonic) solutions of the saline pur- gatives withdraw water from the blood vessels of the bowels because the solution in the intestines has a greater osmotic pressure than the blood. When the solution in the bowel be- comes sufficiently diluted to be isotonic with the blood some absorption and diuresis occurs ("salt action," see p. 140). The blood and urine first become concentrated, and thirst is induced by the action of the saline purgatives in both with- drawing water from the blood and in preventing absorption of water from the food. Later diuresis may take place, especially when absorp- tion of the saline occurs through failure of purgation. The basic ion, or kation, of some salts is less absorbable than that of others (as Mg), and when such a basic ion is combined with an acid ion of slow absorption (as in Mg SO4) the purgative effect is naturally at its maximum. Any cholagogue action, formerly attributed to the saline purgatives, has been proved to be wanting. The saline cath- artics are sometimes called hydragogues. Sodium sulphate is not used much in human practice on account of its nauseating taste and it is said to produce more griping. For the larger animals it is sometimes pre- ferred to tlie magnesium salt in veterinary medicine. Sodium sulphate is the principal ingredient of Carlsbad salts, which have recently come into vogue with veterinarians, although long valued in human medicine. The formula for the arti- ficial Carlsbad salts (Sal carolinum factitium), which is the preparation commonly used, is as follows: R Sodii sulphatis exsiccati 40.0 Sodii bicarbonatis 35.0 Sodii chloridi 15.0 Potassii sulphatis 2.0 M. et fiat pulvis. Sig. One to two heaping tablespoonfuls on the food two or three times daily for horses. Sodium sulphate is thus given as Carlsbad salts or alone in small doses as a laxative, but in constipation asso- ciated with indigestion and malnutrition, gentian, powdered rhubarb, iron and other stomacliics and tonics are often combined; while, in fever, small doses of Glauber's salts are 138 INORGANIC AGENTS useful in promoting the activity of the skin and kidneys, and for this purpose may be given with spirit of nitrous ether, to which diluted sulphuric acid and the compound tincture may be added to improve appetite and digestion. Glauber's salts are useful in aiding the action of peristaltic agents, as aloes. Small doses are given to horses in their drinking water while the aloes is acting. Sodium sulphate is of benefit in the treatment of diar- rhrca, dysentery and overloaded and impacted colon of horses when given in frequent and repeated doses in connection with linseed oil. An enema, consisting of one pound of Glauber's salts in a quart of water, to which two ounces of oil of turpentine and four onnces of glycerine may with advantage be added, should be injected high into the bowel to secure rapid pur- gation in horses suffering with colic. Glauber's and Epsom salts are the most common pur- gatives given to ruminants. It is therefore impossible to enumerate special indications for their employment in the case of these animals. To assist the action, one teaspoonful each of ginger and molasses are given with each ounce of Glauber's or Epsom salts, and often an equal weight of sodium chloride. When a speedy action is desired, Glau- ber's salts should be administered with a large amount of water and thirst should be encouraged by the addition of common salt. When, on the other hand, it is essential to remove fluid and morbid effusions from the bod}', the iiurgative salt should be exhibited in concentration and the patient should be deprived of water to a considerable ex- tent. Glauber's and Epsom salts are not used so commonly in canine practice as calomel and castor oil, but find more favor with German than English-speaking veterinarians. Sometimes salts are serviceable in irritable states of the bowels in dogs (piles, duodenitis and intestinal catarrh) in teaspoonful doses ; and when given every second day, as a laxative, in eczema. Vomiting, however, not uncommonly follows the ingestion of salts by dogs. Carlsbad salts form a good cathartic for cage birds. About f3 grains are added to an ounce of their drinking water in the case of small birds. SODIUM CHLORIDE 139 SoDii Chloeidum. Sodium Chloride. N'aCl. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Common or table salt, muriate of soda, sal commune or culinare, ehloruretum sodicum, E. ; natrium chloratum purum, P. G. ; chlorure de sodium, sel commun, sel de cuisine, Fr. ; cblornatrium, kochsalz, G. Derivation. — Mined in a native state and obtained by evaporation of brine, spring or sea water. Properties. — 'Colorless, transparent, cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline powder, odorless, and having a purely saline taste. Permanent in dry air. Soluble in 2.8 parts of water ; almost insoluble in alcohol ; insoluble in ether or chloroform. Reaction neutral. Z>ose.— Cathartic, C, Ibss.-i (250.-500.) ; Sh.,5 i.-ii. (30.-60.). Action External. — Salt is a stimulant to the skin when applied in concentrated solution. Action Internal. — Salt is an essential constituent of food, and necessary to the composition of HCl in the gastric juice, and of blood plasma from which it is constantly elim- inated in the urine. Herbivorous animals require sodium chloride in addition to that contained in their food ; for blood is rich in common salt, while vegetables abound more especi- ally in potassium salts. The potassium salts, according to Bunge, on entering the blood bring about a chemical reaction, whereby sodium chloride circulating in the plasma is split ; the chlorine in sodium chloride combines with potassium, while the acid set free from the potassium salt unites with sodium, and both products are swept away with the urine, thus removing sodium chloride from the blood. This is only replaced by that taken as food.* Animals deprived of salt suffer from anaemia, general weakness and a?deina. Stomach and Intestines. — Salt has caused gastro-enter- itis and death in enormous doses. Large doses occasion emesis in dogs. Irritation of the stomach is caused by vrith- drawal of water from the mucous membranes by strong * Some doubt is cnst upon tliis hypothesis by Lapicque who rebates that African tribes, living- wholly upon vegetables, use wood ashes (chiefly potassium) in place of table salt. 140 INORGANIC AGENTS solutions (osmotic action). This is called " salt action " and is common to all salts of the alkalies. Salt in the food often improves digestion — probably by bettering the taste of the food and exciting the appetite and so, reflexly, stimulating the flow of gastric jnice. On the same principle that the ^ight, taste, and smell of food are the chief factors in the first secretion of HCl. Salt acts in the bowels as a mild hydragogue purgative. It is unfit as a cathartic for horses or dogs, but is useful for cattle and sheep when combined with magnesium or sodium sulphate. Salt creates thirst and, therefore, promotes the indigestion of water. A large supply of water flushes the system and removes deleterious and imj^erfectly oxidized matters. Blood.— The red corpuscles are augmented by salt. Metabolism. — Salt solutions in the blood withdraw fluid lymph from the tissues by osmotic action. In this way they appear to stimulate tissue change as there is an increased elimination of nitrogen in the urine. Vascular tension is thus augmented and activity of the malpighian bodies, and therefore diuresis results. This is another example of " salt action " and is common to the other salts of the alkalies. Sum.mary. — Emetic, cathartic, digestive. Uses External. — A solution consisting of one ounce each of salt, nitre and sal ammoniac, in one quart of water, may be used on bruises and sprains as a stimulant and refrig- erant lotion. Severe haemorrhage, collapse and surgical shock are treated most successfully by injections of hot normal salt solution into a vein, under the skin, or into the r<^tum. The solution maintains the proper salinity of. the blood, replaces the mass of blood lost, and supplies heat. The solution is made by adding one heaping teaspoonful of salt to a quart of boiled water at a temperature of 100° to 105° r. From 2 to 4 quarts may be given to horses, and from 1/2 to 1 pint to dogs. (See p. 732.) Salt is an efficient antidote externally and internally to silver nitrate. Uses Internal. — Salt is a serviceable emetic for dogs, when zinc sulphate is not at hand, in emergencies and pois- oning. One teaspoonful may be stirred into a cup of luke- warm water with a tablespoonful of mustard. It is a useful SODIUM PHOSPHATE 141 addition to Epsom salts, since it increases thirst and the ingestion of water, and assists purgation in overloaded conditions of the first and third stomachs of ruminants. One-half pound of salt is administered to cajjtle with one- half to one pound of Epsom salts, one-quarter pound of ginger and a pint of molasses in two quarts of water. The habitual ingestion of salt is prejudicial to ascarides and diminishes the secretion of mucus in which they live. It is even more efiicacious in destroying oxynrides inhabiting the lower bowels. Enemata containing 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls of salt to the pint of water are employed for this purpose. Salt should be constantly kept in the feed boxes of horses and cattle. Animals convalescing from acute diseases, and those with feeble digestion, need salt particularly. Horses are commonly given a bran mash once a week, with plenty of salt to enhance its laxative and hygienic action. Dogs usually procure sufficient salt in their ordinary food, but it should be added to their diet in the treatment of obesity. Repeated doses of salt aid the absorption of serous pleural effusions. SoDii Phobpeas. Sodium Phosphate. Na^HPO^ + l£H.O. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Phosphas sodicus (natricus), sal mirabile perlatum, phosphate of soda, E.; natrum phosphoricum, P. G.; phosphate de sonde, Fr.; phosphorsaures natrum, G. Derivation. — Digest bone ash with sulphuric acid. Ca3 2P0, + 2 H, SO, = Ca H, 2 PO, (acid calcium phos- phate) + 2 Ca SO,. Filter and add sodium carbonate to filtrate. Ca H, 2 PO, + Na, CO, == Na, H PO, + H,0 + CO + Ca HPO4. Evaporate, and sodiam phosphate crystallizes out. Properties. — Large, colorless, monoclinic prisms, odor- less, and having a cooling, saline taste. The crystals effloresce in the dry air and gradually lose 6 molecules of 142 • INOKGANIC AGENTS their water of crystallization. Soluble in 5.8 parts of water; insoluble in alcohol ; slightly alkaline reaction. j^Qse. — Same as sodium sulphate ; D., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.), as laxative. The phosphate resembles the sulphate, but is a milder purgative and is wrongly thought to be an hepatic stimu- lant. It is indicated in jaundice due to duodenitis, and as a laxative for foals and calves. It is occasionally prescribed in rickets as a source of phosphorus, but the calcium phos- phate is more appropriate. SoDii SuLPHis. Sodium Sulphite. Nag SO^ 7 H„0. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Natrumsulfuriosum,sulfis sodicus (natricus), sulphite of soda, E.; sulfite de sonde, Fr.; schwefligsaures natron, G. Derivation. — Saturate a solution of sodium carbonate or hydrate with sulphurous anhydride gas. Na^ CO, 4- S0o= Na, SO3 + CO,. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless, and having a cooling, saline, sulphurous taste. In air the salt effloresces, and is slowly oxidized to sulphate. Soluble in 4 parts of water ; sparingly soluble in alcohol ; Neutral or feebly alkaline. Z>o.se.— H. & C, 3i. (30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.v.-xxs. (.3-2.). SoDii Bisulphite. Sodium Bisulphite. NaHSOs. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Obtained from sodium carbonate or bicar- bonate and sulphurous anhydride gas. Properties. — Opaque, prismatic crystals, or a granular powder, exhaling an odor of sulphur dioxide and having a disagreeable, sulphurous taste. Exposed to the air the salt loses sulphur dioxide and is gradually oxidized to sulphate. Soluble iu 4 parts of water and in 72 parts of alcohol ; reac- tion acid. Dose. — Same as sodium sulphite. SODIUM THIOSULPHATE 143 SoDii Thiosulphas. Sodium Thiosulphate. Kag 83 Oo 5 H2O. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Sodium hyposulphite, hyposulphate of soda, E. ; natrum suhsulfurosum (hyposulfurosum, P. G. ; hypo- sulphis sodicus, hyposulfite de soude, sulfite solfure de soude, Fr. ; unterschwe fligsaures natron, G. Derivation. — Dissolve sulphur in a boiling aqueous solution of sodium sulphite. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless, and having a cooling, afterwards bitter, taste. Permanent in air below 33° C. (91.4° F.), but efflorescent in dry air above that temperature. Soluble in 0.65 part of water ; insoluble in alcohol ; slightly soluble in oil of tur- pentine ; reaction neutral. Dose. — Same as sodium sulphite. Administration. — The sulphites are given in solution, or mny be added in powder to the food of horses. ACTIOX OF THE SULPHITES BISULPHITES AND HYPOSULPHITES Action External. — These salts are antiseptics, deodor- izers and parasiticides externally and in the digestive tract. The antiseptic action is due to the destructive effect of the sulphites in withdrawing oxygen from organic matter to oxidize themselves into sulphates. Given internally, 96 per cent, of sodium sulphite escapes in the urine as a sulphate, while but 3 per cent, is eliminated unchanged. It has been taught that the sulphites are converted into sulphur dioxide (SO2) by the acids in the stomach but this is very doubtful. Uses. — A 15 per cent, solution or ointment of the sul- phites are used against pruritis and parasitic skin diseases. The salts are recommended in indigestion with fermentation, flatulence and foul-smelling faeces and in general septic con- ditions, but have proved as useless a§ most other drugs in the latter states. Sternberg found that neither the sulphites nor hyposulphites exerted any germicidal action on bacteria in culture media. 144 INOKGANIC AGENTS The oUier sodium salts are of no particular value in veterinary practice except sodium bromide See Bromine, p. 241.) Ammonium.* Ammonium is not employed in medicine. Ammonia (iNHs) exists in the free state as a gas, and is used in medi- cine in solution in water or alcohol. Aqua Ammonite. Ammonia Water. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Liquor ammoniiP, B. P. ; spirits of harts- horn, E. ; liquor ammonii caustici, P. G. ; spiritus salis am- moniaci causticus, ammonia aqua soluta, ammoniaque liquide, eau (solution, liqueur) d'ammoniaque, Fr. ; sal- maikgeist, a?tzammoniak, ammoniakfllissigkeit, G. An aque- ous solution of ammonia (iSTIIg), containing 10 per cent., by weight, of the gas. Properties. — A colorless, transparent liquid, having a very pungent odor, an acrid, alkaline taste, and a strongly alkaline reaction. Spec. gr. 0.960. Derivation. — Evolve ammonia gas by heating am- monium chloride with calcium hydrate, and pass it into water. 2 XH, CI + Ca(0H)2 = 2]SrH3 + 2 HoO + Ca QU Dose.—R. & C, §ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 5i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., T11X.-XX. (.6-1.3). PREPARATION. Linimentum Amnionice. Ammonia Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) Ammonia water, 250 ; cottonseed oil, 600 ; alcohol, 50. (U. S. P.) Aqua Ammonij: Fortiob. Stronger Ammonia Water. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Liquor ammonia; fortis, stronger solution of ammonia, B. P. ; eau d'ammoniaque forte, Fr. ; starker salmiakgeist, G. An aqueous solution of ammonia (NHg), containing 28 per cent., by weight of the gas. Derication. — Same as aqua ammonije. Properties. — A colorless, transparent liquid, having an * The radical Ammonium ('NH4) of the Ammonium compounds is not a metal although it resembles so closely — in physical, chemical, and physiological properties ^the other alkaline metals, that it is usually classed with them. STROXGEK AMMONIV WATER 145 excessively puugent odor, a very acrid and alkaliue taste, and a strongly alkaline reaction. Spec. gr.O.OOl. Dose.—li. & a, 3 ii.-vi. (8.-21) ; Sli. & Sw., 3 i. (4.) ; D., Hl^v.-x. (.3-.6). PREPARATION. S^nvitus Ammotiice. Spirit of Annmonia. (U. S. P.) Synonym — Spiritus ammoniaci caustici dyondii, ammoniated alco- hol, E. ; liquor ammonia? caustici spirituosus, P. G. ; alcoole d'amrao- niaque, liqueur d'ammoniaque vineuse, Fr. ; weingeistige animoniak- flussigkeit, G. An alcoholic solution of ammonia (NH3), containing 10 per cent., by weight, of the gas. Properties. — A colorless liquid, having a strong odor of ammonia, and a spec. gr. of about 0.810. This preparation combines the stimulating properties of ammonia and alcohol. Dose.— B..&C., 5 ss.-i. (15.-80.); Sh.&Sw., ji.-ii. (4.-8.);D., nix.- XX. (.6-1.3). AMMONIA PREPARATIONS. Action External. — Ammonia is a powerful irritant in stronger solution, or gas. If it is applied for a sufficient time, liyperaemia, vesication and sloughing ensue. Action Internal. — Stomach. — If swallowed in concentrated solution death may take place instantaneously from oedema and spasm of the glottis. Otherwise, more or less extensive inflammation of the alimentary canal will follow, according to the amount ingested. Diluted vinegar and lemon juice, together with the whito of egg, or sweet oil, should be given as antidotes. Tracheotomy may be indicated, if there is glottic obstruction. Ammonia, in passing through the mouth, throat, gullet and stomach, reflexly stimulates the heart and respiration before absorption can occur. Ammonia is an antacid in the stomach, but should not be employed in gastric irritability. Respiratory Tract. — Inhalation of stronger ammonia through the nostrils causes reflex stimulation of the heart and respiration by irritation of the nasal branches of the fifth nerve. Care must be exercised to prevent inflammation 146 INOEGAA^IC AGEA^TS of the air passages. Ammonia stimulates the respiratory centre when it is injected into the blood. Given under the skin in lethal doses, ammonia causes death by paralysis of the respiratory centres. Circulation. — It is probable that ammonia only acts re- flexly to stimulate the heart through irritation of the stom- ach, when it is ingested. If given intravenously or subcu- taneously, ammonia stimulates directly the heart muscle, and probably the accelerator and vasomotor centres, making the cardiac pulsations stronger and quicker and increasing vascular tension. Rarely the vagus centre is stimulated and the heart's action slowed. Lethal doses paralyze the cardiac muscle. Ammonia differs from alcohol in being more evan- escent as a stimulant, in not affecting the brain nor meta- bolism, and in not acting as a food. Blood. — The normal blood contains ammonia, w'hich is supposed to aid in maintaining its fluidity. The action on the blood is unknown. Ammonia is thought to prevent coagii- lation of blood within the vessels in conditions favorable to thrombosis. Nervous System. — An intravenous injection of a lethal dose of ammonia occasions tetanic convulsions in animals, owing to stimulation of the reflex and motor functions of the cord. Medicinal doses excite the spinal reflex and motor centres. Where ammonia is applied directly to nerve tissue it excites in dilute solution, but paralyzes functional activity in concentration. The brain is unaffected by the therapeutic administration of ammonia. Elimination. — Ammonia combines with acid in the stomach and is absorbed into the blood. Ammonia and its car- bonate are oxidized in the body and transformed into urea, in. wdiich form ammonia compounds escape in th'e urine. Urea being the most active diuretic there is some augmented flow. The urine is, however, not alkalized as by the salts of the other alkaline metals. Summary. — Heart and respiratory stimulant and ant- acid. Externally, rubefacient, vesicant, and escharotic. Uses.- — The indications for ammonia are closely in ac- cord with its physiological actions. Externally. — It is frequently used in stimulating lini- AMMOIs'IUM CARBONATE 147 ments. One part each of water of ammonia and oil of tur- pentiue, may be combined to advantage witli 4 to 6 parts of camphor liniment. Ammonia water is one of the best remedies to relieve pain and antagonize the action of insect bites, as stings of bees and wasps. It should be applied directly to the poisoned part. Internally. — Ammonia is indicated when rapid stimula- tion of the heart and respiration is desirable. In emer- gencies it may be given intravenously (aq. amnion, fort. 1 ; water, 4 parts) ; or b}- inhalation. It is serviceable in the treatment of prussic acid and aconite poisoning, syncope, collapse and shock following surgical operations ; also in snake bites. The spirit of ammonia may be prescribed in fevers as a stimulant. Ammonia is inferior to ammonium carbonate or the aromatic spirit in the care of colic and tympanites. Ammonii Carbonas. Ammonium Carbonate. NH^ HCOj NH,NH,CO,. (U.S.&B.P.) Synonym. — Yolatile salt, sal volatile siccum, carbonas ammonicus, E.; ammonium carbonicum. P.. G.; carbonate d'ammoniaque, alkali volatil concret, sel volatil d'Angleterre, Fr.; fliichtige, laugensalz, reines hirchhornsalz, kohlensaures ammonium, G. Derivation. — A mixture of ammonium chloride or sulphate, and calcium carbonate, is sublimed and resub- limed. Ammonium carbonate, so-called, is a mixture of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate. ^ 4 NH, CI + 2 Ca CO3 = NH, HCO^ .NH.NH, CO, 4- 2 CaCL + NH3 4- H,0. Properties. — White, hard, translucent, striated masses, having a strongly ammoniacal odor without empyreuma, and a sharp saline taste. On exposure to the air the salt loses both ammonia and carbonic dioxide, becoming opaque, and is finally converted into friable, porous lumps, or a white powder. Soluble in about 5 parts of water. Alcohol only dissolves the carbonate (NH^ NH„ COo). 148 INORGANIC AGENTS Dose.—B.., 3ii. (8.); C, 3in.-vi. (12.-24.); Sb. & Sw., gr.xv.-xl. (1.-2.6); D., gr.iii.-s. (.2-. 6); D., emetic, gr.xv. (1.). PREPARATION. Spiritus Amvionice Aromaticus. Aromatic Si^irit of Ammonia. (U. S. &B. P.) Synonym.— Sal volatile, alcoolat ammoniacal aromatique, Fr,; aromatischer ammoniakgeist, G. Ammouium carbonate 34 Ammonia water 90 Oil of lemon 10 Oil of lavender flowers 1 Oil of nutmeg 1 Alcohol.. 700 Distilled water to make 1000 Properties. — A nearly colorless liquid when freshly prepared, but gradually acquiring a somewhat darker tint. It has a pungent, ammcj- niacal odor and taste. Spec. gr.0. 905. Dose.— H. &C., 3i.-ii. (30-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 3 ss.-i. (3.-4.), well diluted. The aromatic spirit of ammonia nearly resembles ammo- nium carbonate in action, but tLe alcohol aud volatile oils add to the stimulant qualities of ammonia and ammonium carbonate. Action Intetyial. — Ammonium carbonate is decomposed by acid in the stomach and escapes in the urine as urea. It stimulates gastric secretion, vascularity and motion, and also excites intestinal peristalsis. It is, therefore, a stom- achic and carminative. It is also an antacid, aud, in large doses, an emetic to dogs. The action of ammonium carbo- nate is almost identical with that of ammonia water in stimulating the heart and respiration, but it has more power in augmenting the bronchial secretions. Summary. — Cardiac aud respiratory stimulant, expecto- rant, stomachic and emetic. Administration. — Ammonium carbonate is given in ball, or in solution in cold water, to avoid irritating fumes ; also, with syrup or gruel. It is often prescribed with other stimulants and antispasmodics, as alcohol, capsicum, cam- phor and asafoetida. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE 149 Uses. — The indications for the administration of ammo- nium carbonate are much the same as those for ammonia preparations. It is a more useful expectorant, however, and it and the aromatic spirit are more serviceable in the treat- ment of flatulence. For the latter condition in horses with colic a ball containing ammonium carbonate 3 ii-j a'ld cap- sicum 3 i", with sufficient linseed meal and molasses to make the proj)er bulk and consistency, is often efficient. We may- use ammonium carbonate alone in the case of acute or chronic bronchitis, or it may be combined with other stimulants, or expectorants, as ammonium chloride. In electric shock, so common au accident in the larger cities from "live" wires, the administration of full doses of aromatic spirit diluted with half a pint of water will prove a most effective heart stimulant when the animal can swallow. Ammonii Chloeidum. Ammonium Chloride. NH^ 01. (U. S. & B. P.) STjnonym. — Sal ammoniac, ammonia muriatica or hydro- chloratum, chloruretum ammonicum, salammonicum, ammo- nias hydrochloras or murias, muriate of ammonia, E.; chlorure d'ammonium, sel ammonite, muriate d'ammoniaque, Fr.; salmiak, chlorammoniuni, G. Properties. — A white, crystalline powder without odor, having a cooling, saline taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in three parts of water ; almost insoluble in alcohol. Reaction neutral. Dose.—B.., 3ii. (8.); C, 3iii.-vi. (12.-24.); Sh. & Sw., gr.xv.-xl. (1-2 6); D., gr.iii.-x. (.2-.6). Action Internal. — When ingested, sal ammoniac is a feeble heart and respiratory stimulant, and is not comparable to the ammonia compounds or ammonium carbonate in this respect. It is eliminated in great part unchanged by the urine, but also by the other channels. In its excretion it stimulates the mucous membranes, increases their secretions generally, 150 INOKGANIC AGENTS and is thougbt to improve tlieir nutrition. Hence it has been termed an alterative. Ammonium chloride both excites the secretion of the bronchial mucous membrane and renders it less viscid in inflammatory conditions. It is mildly diarphoretic and diuretic. Summary. — Externally, refrigerant ; internally, expec- torant, alterative, feebly diarphoretic and diuretic. Uses. — Four ounces each of nitre and sal ammoniac may be dissolved in two quarts of water as a refrigerant lotion. Sal ammoniac is indicated more especially in the second stage of acute bronchitis, in chronic bronchitis, and in chronic intestinal catarrh with diarrhoea. Ammonium chloride may be given to dogs with glycerin and chloroform water as a cough mixture. If cough is excessive, codeine or morphine sulphate can be added to this prescription with advantage. Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Solution of Ammonium Acetate. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Spirit of Mindererus, spiritus Mindereri, acetas ammpnicus liquidus, E.; liquor ammonii acetici, P. G.; acetate d'ammoniaque liquide, esprit de Mindererus, Fr.; essigsaure ammonium-fliissigkeit, G. An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate (NH^CjHgOo) containing about 7 per cent, of the salt, together with small amounts of acetic acid and carbon dioxide. Derivation. — Ammonium carbonate is gradually added to cold, diluted acetic acid until the latter is neutralized. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, free from empy- reuma, of a mildly saline, acidulous taste, and an acid reaction. Incompatibles. — Acids and alkalies. Dose.—R. & a, 3ii.-iv. (60.-120.); D., Sii.-^iii- (8.-30.). Action. — Spirit of Mindererus stimulates the secretory cells of the kidneys and sudoriparous glands. In the stomach it exerts a mild, antacid action. LITHIUM CARBONATE 151 Summary. — Externally, refrigerant ; internally, diuretic, diaphoretic and antacid. Uses. — Liquor ammonii acetatis is an exceedingly feeble medicine and is often employed as a vehicle with more pow- erful agents of its class, e.g., spiritus aetheris nitrosi. It is useful as a febrifuge. ^ Tine, aconiti T^xxiv. Sodii bromidi 3 ii. Sp'r. aetheris nitrosi 3 ss. M, Liquor, ammonii acetatis ad 3 iv. S. Teas, every hour. The foregoing prescription is a good palliative combi- nation for dogs suffering with fever and restlessness. The solution of ammonium acetate is frequently conjoined with sweet spirit of nitre and ammonium chloride or potassium iodide, in the treatment of acute respiratory diseases of horses, e.g., influenza, bronchitis, and pneumonia. It may be added to the rVinking water without rendering it unpala- table. Lithium. {The Metal is not Used in Medicine.) LiTHii Carbo.>jas. Lithium Carbonate. Li., C03. (U. S. ct B. P.) Synonym. — Carbouas lithicus, carbonate of lithia, E.; lithium carbonicum, P. G.; carbonate de lithine, carbonate lithique, Fr.; kohlensaures lithion, G. Derivation. — Made by action of lithium chloride on acid ammonium carbonate. 2Li CI + NH, HCO3 = Li.CO, + NH.Cl + HCl. Pari- fied by washing with alcohol and drying. Properties. — A light, white powder, odorless, and having an alkaline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 80 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. Reaction alkaline. Dose. — D., gr.iii.-x. (.2-.6). 152 INORGANIC AGENTS LiTHii CiTRAS. Lithium Citrate. LijCgHsO,. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Lithium citricum, citrate of lithia, E.; citrate de lithine, Fr.; citronsaures lithiou, G. Derivation. — Made by actiou of citric acid on lithium carbonate. 2H,C,H,0, + 3Li,C03 = 2 Li3C«H,0, + 3 H,0 + 3 CO,. Recovered by evaporation and crystallization. Properties. — A white powder, odorless, and having a cooling, faintly alkaline taste ; deliquescent on exposure to air ; soluble in 2 parts of water ; almost insoluble in alcohol or ether. Reaction neutral. Dose. — D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). ACTION OF LITHIUM SALTS. Lithium salts are said to form soluble compounds with uric acid in the blood, and so assist its elimination in the urine. As lithium combines more readily with acid sodium phosphate in the blood than with uric acid, it is doubtful whether it is a very efficient uric acid* solvput in tlip borly. The lithium salts alkalize the urine and notably increase its secretion. Summary. — Lithium salts are diuretics, and uric acid solvents in some degree. The carbonate may be given in powder or pill ; the citrate in solution. Uses. — Lithium compounds are of little value in veteri- nary medicine. They are serviceable, however, in the treatment of dogs with a very acid urine of high specific gravity ; with uric acid calculus, or those affected witli chronic rheumatism. The salts will not dissolve calculi in the body, but prevent their formation. Water is extremely useful in such conditions. Lithium citrate may be placed in the drinking water. Thirst should be encouraged by the administration of salt on the food, and high rectal injections may be given to create absorption of water by this channel. Lithium salicylate is thought to be * Uric acid can not exist as such in blood, which is an alkaline fluid. PRErARED CHALK 153 the better salt for rheumatism. It is probable tliat treat- ment with salicylic acid and lithium citrate would be more satisfactory. SECTION III. Alkaline Earth Metals : Calcium, Barium and Magnesium. Calcium. {The Metal Calcium is not Employed in 3Iedicine.) Creta PrtEPARATA. Prepared Chalk. Ca C03. (U. S. & B. P.) Si/nonym. — Diop chalk, E.; craie preparee, Fr.; prapa- rirte kreide, G. Derivation. — Made from chalk by levigation, elutriation and dessication. Properties. — A white, amorphous powder, often moulded into conical drops ; odorless and tasteless ; permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. Incompatibles. — Sulphates and acids. Dose.— a., 5i.-ii. (30.-60.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii--iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). PREPARATIONS. Pulvis Cretce Compositus. Compound Chalk Powder. (U. S. P.) Chalk, 30; acacia, 20; sugar, 50. Z»ose.— D., gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). Mistura Cretce. Chalk Mixture. (U. S. P.) Compound chalk powder, 200; cinnamon water, 400; water to make 1000. Dose.— D., ?i.-ii. (30.-60.) Piihns Cretce Aroniaticus. (B. P.) Do.sf?.— D., gr. s.- 3 i. (.6-4.). Pulvis Cretce Aromaticns Cum Opio. (B. P.) (Contains 2i'2 per cent, opium.) Do.se.— D.. er. x.-xl. (.6-2.6). 154 INORGANIC AGENTS Calcii Carbonas PRiECiPiTATUS. Precipitated Calcium Car- bonate. CaC03. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Calcis carbonas prsecipitata, B. P.; pre- cipitated carbonate of lime, creta prsecipitata, carbonas cal- cicus prsecipitatus, E.; calcaria carbonica praecipitata, P. G.; carbonate de cliaux precipito, craie precipitee, Fr.; prae- cipitirten kolilensauren kalk, G. Derivation. — Obtained by precipitation of calcium chlo- ride with sodium carbonate. CaCI, -f Na,C03 = CaCO, + 2 N;iC!. Dry the precipi- tate. Properties. — A fine, white ]iowder, without odor or taste, and permanent in the air. Nt^arly insoluble in water; insol- uble in alcohol. The solubility is increased by presence of carbon dioxide. Permanent in air. Dose.—H.., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.- 3 i. (.6-4.). Calcium Carbonate. Action External. — Dessicant and slightly astringent powder ; also protective. Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Calcium carbonate is the slowest acting antacid, because of its comparative insolubility, and is of value when it can exert its long- continued influence throughout the digestive tract. It resembles bismuth in^ mechanically coating or protecting inflamed or irritable surfaces. It is not so astringent nor antiseptic as the bismuth salts, and these are .generally preferable to chalk for the smaller animals. It is excreted unchanged in the fseces. Adniinistration. — Calcium carbonate may be given to dogs in troches, pills or powder ; to other animals in powder, balls or electuary. Chalk is commonly prescribed suspended in flour gruel, milk or mucilage to the larger animals. The official preparations are suitable for dogs. Uses. — Chalk forms a dusting powder for moist eczema, LIME 155 slight burns and intertrigo. Zinc oxide and starch (1 to 4) is, however, a better preparation. Chalk is the most useful antacid for diarrhoea accompanied by fermentation of the intestinal contents, while its local astringent and protecting influence assist in overcoming the trouble. It is especially good for foals and calves given in flour gruel, and often combined with catechu, ginger and opium. The following prescription is appropriate for dogs with diarrhoea : Tine, kino, tine, catechu co. and tine, opii camphor, aa 3ss.; mistura cretse to make 3 iv. S. Teaspoonful every three hours. A serviceable ball for horses with diarrhoea contains: Creolin, chalk and ginger, aa 3SS.; powdered opium, 3 i. Calx. Lime. CaO. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Burned lime, quicklime, calcaria, calx viva, calx usta, oxydum calcicum, E.; calcaria usta, P. G.; chaux, chaux vive, Fr.; kalk, gebrannter kalk, G. Derivation. — Prepared by burning white marble, oyster shells, or the purest varieties of natural calcium carbonate, to expel carbon dioxide. Projoerties. — Hard, white, or grayish-white masses, which in contact with air gradually attract moisture and carbon dioxide and fall to a white powder ; odorless ; of a sharp, caustic taste. Reaction intensely alkaline. Soluble in about 750 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. PREPARATIONS. Liquor Calcis. Solution of Lime. (U. S. & B. P.) A saturated, aqueous solution of calcium hydrate. Synonym. — Lime water, solution of calcium hydrate, aqua calca- rise ustee, aqua calcis, calcaria soluta, oxydum calcicum, aqua solutum, E. ; aqua calcarias, P. G. ; eau (liquor) de chaux, Fr. ; kalkwasser, G. Derivation. — Dissolve lime in water. The jjercentage of calcium hydrate [Ca (0H)o] varies with the temperature, being somewhat over 0.17 percent, at 15° C. (59° F.), and diminishing as the temperature rises. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid without odor, and having a saline and feebly caustic taste. It absorbs carbon dioxide from the air, so that a pellicle of calcium carbonate forms on the surface of the liquid. Reaction strongly alkaline. 156 inorgajstic agents Dose.— H. & C, g iv.-vi. (120.-180.); Calves, S ii. (60,); D,, 3 i.-viii. (4.-30.). Si/rupus Calcis. Syrup of Lime. (U. S. P.) Lime, G5 ; sugai", 400 ; water to make 1000. Dose. — Calves and dogs, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). Well diluted vi^ith water or milk. Linimentum Calcis. Lime Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Carron oil. Solution of lime and linseed oil, of each one volume. Dose. — Foals and calves, S ii.-iv. (60.-120.). Calcii Hydras. Slaked Lime. (B. P.) Used as disinfectant in stables. ACTION OF LIME AND SOLUTION OF LIME. Extejiml. — Lime is caustic, but less so tlian potassium or sodium hj-drate. It is an irritant. The dust of quick- lime will cause coujunctivitis. If inhaled, it will cause in- flammation of the air passages; if swallowed, irritation of the digestive tract. The hydrate is a caustic also, but is not so active as lime. Solution of lime is a sedative and astrin- gent. Internal. — Neither lime nor slaked lime (calcium hy- drate) are used internally, except in the official preparations. The action of lime and its solution is due, not to calcium, but to the hydroxyl ion — that is, to the alkalinity. As com- pared with the alkalies the action is much slower and less in degree, on account of the comparative insolubility of cal- cium compounds. Solution of lime acts as a sedative, ant- acid and astringent in the stomach. It dissolves mucous secretions. Lime w-ater is also a mild astringent in the bowels. Uses. — Lime is employed outside of the body to destroy putrefying organic matter *by combining Avith water and forming slaked lime, which absorbs many of the products o'f decomposition. Whitewash, a mixture of slaked lime and water, is not a disinfectant, although it covers sources of infection. It may be made so by combination with sufficient crude carbolic acid to make a 2 per cent, solution. Linimentum calcis is one of the most satisfactory applica- tions for superficial burns and acute eczema. Old clean cotton or linen cloths are soaked in it and spread over the burned surface of the body. This preparation has been facetiously called " carrion " instead of carron oil, because it is not germicidal. Antiseptic applications are of course desirable in burns, giving rise to a raw surface, and PRECIPITATED CALCIUM rilOSPHATE 157 the addition of two per cent, of carbolic acid will not only render the preparation antiseptic, but more or less anaesthetic as well. When the burn is extensive boric :icid with vaseline (1 to 8) will be safer. Ortho- form (see p. 258) is the most comfortable application which can be made on burns, but is expensive. A mix- ture of slaked lime and charcoal, equal parts, makes a useful stimulant, absorbent, dessicant, and antiseptic di'essing powder for wounds and ulcers in horses. Lime water is serviceable in relieving itching in skin diseases, and dries up moist surfaces through its astringent proper- ties. With carbolic acid (1 to 50) lime water is most efficient in allaying pruritus. Lime water is inimical to apthous ulcerations and may be employed to swab out the mouth in this disease. Enemata of lime water destroy pin worms. Solution of lime is one of the best remedies in the treatment of vomiting in dogs. It is a direct sedative to the stomach, and, mixed with milk, equal volumes, prevents the rapid coagulation of the casein, lessens the formation of large, tough curds in the stomach, and assists the retention and digestion of milk. Syrup of lime is twenty-four times stronger in calcium hydrate than lime water, and is more astringent. It may be given to foals and calves suffering from indigestion and diarrhoea. It should be administered in a considerable quantity of milk. Lime water may be given as an antidote in poisoning by acids. Carron oil is a good, mild laxative and antacid for horses with "heaves." It is given on the food. Furthermore, it is an excellent purgative for foals and calves in the treat- ment of diarrhoea and indigestion. Calcii Phosphas Pr^cipitatus. Precipitated Calcium Phos- phate. Ca3(P0J,. (IT. S. P.) Synonym. — Calcis phosphas praecipitata, B. P.; precipi- tated phosphate of lime, phosphas calcicus praecipitatus, E.; calcaria phosphorica, P. G.; phosphate de chaux hydrate, Fr.; phosphorsaure kalkerde, G. 158 INORGANIC AGENTS Derivation. — Obtained from bone ash (impure calcium phosphate) bj solution in hydrochloric acid and purified by precipitation with ammonia water and by washing with water. Properties. — A light, white, amorphous powder ; odor- less and tasteless and permanent in the air. Almost insol- uble in cold water; insoluble in alcohol; easily soluble in hydrochloric or nitric acids. Dose.—R., oii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, 5 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh, & Sw., 5i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Sykupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. Syrup of Calcium Lactophosphate. (U. S. & B. P.) Precipitated calcium carbonate, 25; lactic acid, 60; phosphoric acid, 36; orange flower water, 50; sugar, 725; water, a sufficient quantity to make 1,000. Dose. — Foals and calves, § ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.). Calcium Phosphate. 'Action and Uses. — Calcium salts are most important constituents of the body, being essential for the contractibility of muscles, the activity of nerves, the coagulability of blood and as calcium phosphate, forming 50 per cent, of bones. Calcium salts mostly pass unchanged through the bowels. A small amount is absorbed and eliminated by the large bowel and by the kidneys. The food ordinarily contains an amount of lime in excess of the needs of the body. By with- holding lime from the food animals may develop conditions similar to rickets. Rickets, however, is not usually due to lack of lime salts, but to an abnormal condition in which the lime ingested can not be deposited in the bones, although abounding in the blood. Lime being deficient in the bones in rickets and osteo- malacia, it has been given in these conditions and also in caries and fragilitas ossium. Unless the food has been de- ficient in calcium salts their use will probably be of little benefit. CALCIUM CHLORIDE 159 The same comment applies to the administration of cal- cium salts in delayed union in fractures and in anaemia, mal- nutrition, and weakness of joung animals. In the latter con- ditions the calcium salt should be given with iron. Administration. — Precipitated calcium phosphate may be given on the food, but is more readily absorbed if it is administered in the syrup of calcium lactophosphate. Calcii Chloridum. Calcium Chloride. CaCl2. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — I^eutralize hydrochloric acid with cal- cium carbonate and evaporate: 2 H ClXCaCOg^CaClgX CO2 + H2O. Fusion at the lowest possible temperature renders the salt anhydrous. Properties. — White, translucent, hard fragments ; odor- less ; having a sharp, saline taste, and very deliquescent. Soluble in 1.3 part of water, in 8 parts of alcohol. Dose.—R. k C, S ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; D., gr.5-20 (.3-1.3). Actions and Uses. — Calcium chloride has been used of late extensively both to prevent and arrest hemorrhage. Outside of the body, calcium chloride causes blood to coagu- late more quickly and firmly than usual, and the same kind of action appears to obtain—/, e., rendering blood more coagulable — when the salt is . given internally. Calcium chloride is an efficient hemostatic in hematemesis, hemo- ptysis, purpura hemorrhagica and in all conditions giving rise to hemorrhage. When administered by the mouth several days before surgical operations in maximum doses it may lessen hemorrhage in cases likely to be attended by much bleeding. Two per cent, solutions of gelatin in normal salt solution have been given by the mouth, rectum and subcutaneously for the same purposes, and it is thouglit that the gelatin owes its power in arresting hemorrhage to the calciimi (0.6 per cent.) contained in it. Unless gelatin is sterilized fractionally for half an hour on three to five successive days, tetanus may ensue when it is injected under the skin, and numerous cases have been repo-rted following such use in human surgery. The simplest manner of employing gelatin to arrest hemorrhage internally is by 160 INORGANIC AGENTS injections per rectum ; 1^ ounces foi- small animals and 10 ounces to a pint for larger animals of the following aqueous solution, given at body temperature after the bowel has received a cleansing enema of boiled water. The solution is made of gelatin to the amount of 6 per cent, and calcium chloride to the amount of 1 per cent., to which a little laudanum may be added to prevent expulsion. It should be repeated every five hours as long as there is danger of hemorrhage. Recent experiments by H. C. Wood, Jr., appear to show that gelatin may be given ad libitum by the mouth and retain its hemostatic action; therefore gelatin should be given freely in this way as well. Aqueous solu- tions of gelatin 10 per cent, with calcium chloride 1 per cent., have been used locally to arrest bleeding in wounds and cavities of the body, but considering the danger of tetanus and the fact that adrenalin chloride is a better local hemo- static, such a use of gelatin is inadvisable. Gelatinum. Purified Gelatin. (U. S. P.) Calx Chlorata. (Spb Chlorine, ]\ 237.) Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus. (U. S. P.) Dri^d Calcium Sulphate, or Plaster of Paris, used for bandages. Barium. (Barium is not used in the metallic state.) Baku Chloridum. Barium Chloride. BaClg. (Non-official.) Derivation. — Native barium sulphate is fused with charcoal. The resulting sulphide is treated with hydro- chloric acid. BaSO, + 2C = BaS + 2 CO,. BaS + 2 HCl = BaCl, + H,S. Properties. — Occurs in colorless, glistening rhombic plates ; taste bitter and disagreable ; permanent in dry air ; soluble in 2.5 parts of cold water; reaction neutral. Dose. — H., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); intravenously, gr.xv.-xxx.(l.-2.'i Action Internal. — Barium chloride is an intense irritant if swallowed in consideiable amount and in insufficient dilution. Large medicinal doses stimulate the muscular coat of the bowels and cause increased peristalsis and BARIUM 161 purging. Evacuations from the bowels follow in horses one-half to one hour after the salt is given in drench ; in one to two hours after administration to these animals in ball ; in a few minutes after intravenous injection. Subcutaneous application will occasion abscess. The drug resembles phvsostigmine in its action on the intestines. Heart and Blood Vessels, — Barium chloride makes the ventricular contractions of the heart stronger and slower. The salt acts entirely on the heart muscle and does not influence the vagi. Lethal doses are followed by slower and slower ventricular contractions, succeeded by peristalsis of the cardiac muscle, and, finally, by stoppage of the heart in systole. Barium chloride also directly excites the muscular walls of the capillaries, and, like physostigmine, increases vascular tension in small doses. Muscles. — Barium chloride stimulates muscular con- traction when it is applied locally. The potassium salts antagonize the action of barium chloride on the circulation and muscles. Toxic doses, given intravenously, cause con- vulsions owing to stimulation of the spinal cord and medulla. This is succeeded by paralysis of the central nervous system. Summary. — Circulatory stimulant, and purgative in large medicinal doses. Uses. — Barium chloride is a new remedy in veterinary medicine. Many practitioners are afraid to use barium chloride, but repeated use of the drug has convinced us that it is absolutely safe when given in the dose of 1 gram or 15 grains, intravenously, or 8 to 15 grams (2 to 4 drachms) by the mouth in solution for the horse. The intravenous dose of 1 gram, or the dose per orem of 8 grams, may be repeated with safety in one hour if necessary. Barium chloride is of the greatest value in colic and obstinate constipation of horses. It may for the time cause some increase of pain, but not nearly as much as follows the use of eserine or arecoline, and it quickly passes off when the bowels are moved. Great care should be exercised to avoid introduc- tion of the barium solution into the connective tissue while injecting it into the vein. The needle of the hypodermic 162 INOEGANIC AGENTS syringe should be introduced into the jugular about midway of the neck, and, after some drops of blood have exuded from the vein, the syringe is attached and slowly emptied, when the plunger is withdrawn until some blood enters the syringe. Then the needle may be removed with safety. It is rarely necessary to repeat the dose of barium chloride, and small doses of fluid extract of cannabis indica may be given to lessen colic while barium is acting, when it is given by the mouth. Extensive experiments of Mnir* with barium chloride lead him to conclude that the salt may be administered intravenously in the amount of 1.0 to 2.0 gm. (15 to 30 gr.) in 1 to 2 drachms of sterile water ; that 2 gm. is a safe dose by the intrajugular method for a horse of ordinary weight and fair condition ; that the drug acts promptly when given in this way, catharsis being produced within one to nine minutes, and that even volvulus may be relieved ; that there are no unpleasant symptoms following the smaller dose (1 gm.), and that even after the 2 gm. dose there are only slight signs of pain and sweating ; that while the passages from the bowels are few in number the total amount of feces is large ; finally, that the drug has the advantage of being cheap. That the toxic line is closely approached in giving barium chloride in the dose of 2 gm. intravenously, is shown by experiment 31 * in which a gelding weigliing 900 pounds received two 2 gm. doses intrajngularly about 2J hours apart, when death occurred from heart failure in nine minutes after the second dose. * Jour, of Comp. Med. and Vet. Archives, Jan. and Feb, 1899. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 163 Magnesium. {The metal is not used in medicine.) Magnesii Sulphas. Magnesium Sulphate. MgSO^ -|- 7HoO. (U. S. &B. P.) Synonym. — Epsom salt, sal amarum, sal Epsomense, sal anglicum, sulfas magnesicus, etc., E. ; magnesia sulfurica, P.G. ; sulfate de magnesie, sel d'Epsom, sel de sedlitz, sel amer, Fr. ; bittersalz, schwefelsaure magnesia, G. Derivation. — It is obtained from native dolomite, a double carbonate of magnesium and calcium, or magnesite (MgCOa). MgCOg + H2SO4 = MgSO, + HoO + COo. Properties. — Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, or acicu- lar crystals, without odor, and having a cooling, saline and bitter taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air; soluble in 1.5 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol ; reaction neutral. Incompatihles. — Lime water, alkaline carbonates, phos- phoric acid, phosphates, silver nitrate and lead acetate. Dose. — H., laxative, 5 ii--i^'- (60.-120.); C, purgative, ibi.-ii. (500.-1,000.); laxative, 5 iii.-iv. (90.-120.); Calves, 5ii.-iii. (60.-90.) ;'Sh., 5 iv.-vi. (120.-180.); D., 5i.-iv. (4.-15.) Action Internal. — Epsom and Glauber's salts are the best purgatives for general purposes in the treatment of cattle and sheep. Its mode of action is similar to that described under sodium sulphate. Briefly, magnesium sulphate causes purgation by increasing intestinal secretion, retarding absorp- tion of fluid from the bowels, and probably by stimulating peristalsis. The salt moves the bowels, in the case of the lar- ger animals, usually within twelve or fifteen hours. Epsom salt is absorbed to some extent, and is elimi- nated by the kidneys and sweat glands, increasing the secre- tions of these organs, especially when the dose is small. Summary. — Hydragogue cathartic. Feeble diuretic and diaphoretic. Uses. — For uses the reader is referred to Sodium Sul- phate (p. 136), as they are almost identical. Solutions of magnesium sulphate produce local anaesthesia when injected under the skin or intraspinally. 164 INORGANIC AGENTS Magnesii Carbonas. Magnesium Carbonate. (MgCo3),. Mg(OH), + 5 H,0. (U. S. P.) Sijnonym. — Magnesii carbonas ponderosa, or magnesii carbonas levis, B. P.; magnesia alba, magnesia hydrico- carbonica, carbonas magnesicus, carbonate of magnesia, E.; magnesia carbonica, P. G.; carbonate de magnesie, magnesia blanche, Fr.; weisse magnesia, G. Derivation. — Mix concentrated, boiling, aqueous solu- tions of magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate, and evaporate. 5 MgSO, + 5 Na, CO, + H,0 = (MgCOJ, Mg(OH), + 5 NA2SO4 + CO2. Purified by digestion with water, filtration and drying. Properties. — Slight, white, friable masses (heavy mag- nesium), or a light, white powder (light magnesium), without odor, and having a slightly earthy taste ; permanent in the air ; almost insoluble in water, to which, however, it imparts a slightly alkaline reaction ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose. — Foals and calves, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., gr.v - 3 i. (..34.). Magnesii Oxidum. Magnesium Oxide or Magnesia. MgO. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Magnesia levis, light magnesia, B.P.; calcined magnesia, magnesia calcinata, E.; magnesia usta, P. G.; magnesie, magnesie calcinee, Fr.; gebrannte magnesia, G. Derivation. — Heat magnesium carbonate. 4 (MgCOj). Mg(OH), + 5 H,0 = 5 MgO + 6 H,0 + 4 CO, Water and carbon dioxide are driven off and magnesia (MgO) is left. Properties. — A white, very light, very fine powder, with- out odor, and having an earthy, but not a saline taste. On exposure to the air it absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide ; almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose. — Foals and calves, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.- 3 i. (.3-4.). HEAVY MAGNESIA 165 Magnesii Oxidum Ponderosum. Heavy Magnesium Oxide, or Heavy Magnesia. MgO. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Made from light magnesia by trituration with alcohol, drying and pulverizing. Properties. — A M-liite, dense, very fine powder. Only differs in tests from light magnesia in that it does not readily unite with water to form a gelatinous hydrate. Dose. — Foals and calves, 3 i--ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-3i. (.3-4). action of magnesium carbonates and oxides. Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — These salts are antacid and neutralize abnormal acidity, due to fermentation, when exhibited after a meal. The carbonate also exerts a sedative action in liberating carbon dioxide in the stomach, and both the carbonate and oxide unite with the gastric juice to form chlorides, lactates and bicarbonates. These compounds are mild, saline purgatives. Blood and Urine. — The oxide and carbonate of magne- sium alkalize the blood and urine, and are slight diuretics. They resemble potassium and sodium bicarbonates, as antacids, but are milder Because feebly absorbed. Uses. — Phillip's milk of magnesia is a good laxative and antacid preparation for puppies. One or more teaspoonfuls may be added to milk, which will be taken voluntarily. Magnesia is a useful remedy for foals and calves affected with intestinal indigestion, tympanites and acid diarrhoea. It may be given to advantage in powder : magnesia and rhubarb, 2 drachms each ; with ginger, one drachm. This dose should be administered in milk or flour gruel. Magnesia may give rise to intestinal concretions if its use is persisted in for a considerable period. Magnesium carbonate and oxide are antidotes to mineral acids, oxalic acid, salts of mercury, arsenic and copper, and alkaloids, by alkalizing the gastric contents and rendering these bodies insoluble. Arsenic antidote is kept on hand at drug stores and is made by adding solution of ferric 166 INORGANIC AGENTS sulphate to an aqueous mixture of magnesia (see Ferri Oxidum HyJratum cum Magnesia, p. 196). Heavy Metals : Including Aluminum, Cerium, Plumbum, Aegentum, Zincum, Cuprum, Bismuthum, Ferrum, Manganum and Hydrargyrum. Aluminum. (The metal is not tised as medicine.) Alumen. Alum. ALK, (SO J, + 24 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Potassium alum, aluminum and potassium sulphate, sulphate of aluminium and potassium, E.; alun, sulphate d'alumine et de potasse, Fr.; alaun, kalialaun, G. Derivation. — From alum slate, clay, shale or schist, a native mixture of aluminium silicate and iron sulphide. This is roasted and exposed to the air, when the sulphur is oxidized into sulphuiic acid and combines in part with aluminium and iron to form sulphates. The mass is lixiviated with water, and aluminum and iron sulphates together with sulphuric acid are recovered in solution. The solution is concentrated and to it is added potassium c'lilorifle. The double sulphate of potassium and aluminum (.ilum) is formed, which crystallizes out on cooling, while ])otassium sulphate and ferric chloride remain as bye- products. Alum is purified by recrystallization. Properties. — Large, colorless, octohedral crystals, some- times modified by cubes, or in crystalline fragments; without odor, but having a sweetish and strongly astringent taste. On exposure to the air the crystals are liable to absorb ammonia and acquire a whitish coating. Soluble in 9 parts of water. It is also soluble in warm glycerin ; insoluble in alcohol ; reaction acid. Incompatibles. — Iron, lead and merciiry salts, alkalies, lime, tartrates and tannic acid. Z)o.se.— H. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6); emetic, D., 3i. (4.). DRIED ALUM 167 Alumen Exsiccatum. Dried Alum. Al^Ka (SO,)^ (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Alumen ustum, B,P.; burnt alum, E.; alum calcine (desseche brule), Fr.; gebrannter alaun, G. Derivation. — Heat 100 gm. of alum moderately until aqueous vapor ceases to be disengaged, and the product is; reduced to 55 gm. Alumini Hydboxidum. Aluminum Hydroxide. AL(OH)g (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Aluminum hydrate, hydrated alumina, E.; alumine, Fr.; thonerdehydrat, reine thonerde, G. Derivation. — Alum, 100 Gm.; sodium carbonate, 100 Gm.; water, a sufficient quantity. Mix hot, boiling solutions of alum and sodium carbonate. Precipitate strained, washed, and dried. Properties. — A white, light, amorphous powder ; odorless and tasteless ; permanent in dry air ; insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose. — Same as alum. Alumini Sulphas. Aluminum Sulphate. Al2(SOj3 + 16H.,0. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Sulphate of aluminum, E.; sulphate d'alum- ine, Fr.; schwefelsaure thonerde, G. Derivation. — Aluminum hydroxide [Al (0H)3] is dis- solved in diluted sulphuric acid, and the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness. Properties. — A white, crystalline powder, without odor, having a sweetish and afterwards astringent taste ; perma- nent in the air ; soluble in 1.2 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol ; reaction acid. Dose. — Same as alum. 168 inorganic agents Aluminum Salts. Action External. — Dried alum is a superficial caustic, in contact with raw surfaces, on account of its affinity for water. It is only used externally. Alum lias no action on unbroken skin, but applied to mucous membranes or denuded parts it is antiseptic and astringent ; coagulates albumin of discharges ; precipitates or coagulates albumin of the tissues; squeezes blood out of the vessels; reduces inflammation and makes the part whiter, tougher and denser. Alum is an haemostatic, stopping bleeding by compression of the structures surround- ing the vessels, and by causing blood to clot. Alum coagu- lates casein aud gelatin in the presence of an alkali. Action Infernal. — Stomach and Intestines. — Enormous doses of alum produce gastro-enteritis, while large doses cause vomiting in carnivora. All the gecretions are dimin- ished in the alimentary canal, and constipation ensues, unless the dose is excessive. Traces of alum are said to ap- pear in the urine, but little is absorbed from the digestive tract and systemic poisoning is not caused by the ingestion of alum. Intravenous injection of salts of aluminum produce vomiting, weakness, tremors, convulsions, paraplegia, diar- rhea, and nephritis. Aluminum induces degeneration of the brain and cord, and inflammation of the bowel and kid- neys in its elimination by these parts — like the other heavy metals. Alum does not, therefore, occasion any stringent action in the body outside of the digestive tract, and is ex- creted by the bowels. Uses External. — Alum is employed mainly for local surgical purposes. In arresting slight hem'orrhages it may be applied in saturated solution on absorbent cotton pledgets, or in the form of burnt alum dusted upon the bleeding sur- face. Epistaxis may be controlled by the injection of a strong solution into the nostrils, or by insufflation of burnt alum. Alum is sometimes used on granulating surfaces of indolent ulcers, or woimds, as a slight caustic, stimulant and antiseptic. It can be employed alone, or as a dusting powder, containing: alum, 1 part; charcoal, 4 parts; and salicylic acid, 2 parts. Alumen exsiccatum will often prevent the es- ALUM 169 cape of synovia from small punctured wounds when applied to their apertures. Solutions (gr.iii.-v. to § i*) a^^e occas- ionally instilled into the eye in conjunctivitis, but alum is not generally so satisfactory as boric acid, zinc sulphate, or silver nitrate, in this disease. Alum crystals may be applied with profit to granular lids. Alum is used more frequently in the treatment of stomatitis, or apthous sore mouth. It is also beneficial in ptyalism. A 5 per cent, solution may be utilized to touch the inflamed oral parts by means of a swab. A spray of the sam'e strength is serviceable for the cure of laryngitis and bronchitis in dogs. A 2 per cent, solution is appropriate as an injection for otorrhoea, or canker of the ear, attacking dogs, A similar solution will relieve leucorrhoea, pruritus vulvae, and pro- lapsus ani. The following combination, containing dried alum, forms an excellent preparation for application to dead tissue. It causes sloughing of the necrotic mass and is in- dicated when the use of the knife is inadmissible. Alumenis exsiecati 25.0 Acidi arsenosi 15.0 Aeidi carbolici 10.0 Cerati 25.0 M. et fiat unguentum. Uses Internal. — Alum is a prompt, safe and non-de- pressing emetic for dogs. It is suitable in poisoning, or when the secretions are excessive in laryngitis or bronchitis. Teaspoonful doses should be given in solution in syrup every 15 minutes in these latter diseases, until vomiting occurs. Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid and astringent. It combines with acid in the stomach (antacid) and goes into a soluble form when it acts as an astringent in the bowels. It is, therefore, more applicable for internal use in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Other astring- ents, such as tannic acid in some form, lead acetate, or copper sulphate, are; however, usually more valuable in diarrhoea! disorders. Aluminum sulphate may be used interchange- ably with alum, externally or internally. 170 INORGANIC AGENTS Cerium. (Cerium is not employed medicinally.) Cerii Oxalas. Cerium Oxalate. Ce^ (CoOJj + 9 HoO. (U. S. & B. P.) Sijnonym. — Cerous oxalate. Derivation. — Precipitate a solution of ammonium oxalate with a soluble salt of cerium. Properties— K white, granular powder, without odor or taste, and permanent in the air ; insoluble in water, alcohol or ether. Dose.—D., gr.iii.'V. (.18-.3). Action and Uses. — The physiological details concerning the action of cerium are unknown. It is useful in relieving vomiting of a reflex or nervous character, and is often com- bined with bismuth salts. Cerium is absorbed with diffi- culty from the digestive tract. Given intravenously, it produces poisoning resembling that of bismuth. SECTION IV. Plumbum, Argentum, Zincum, Cuprum and Bismuthum. Plumbum. {Lead is not used in the metallic state in vetcriyiary medicine, except as a last resort.) ' Plumbi Oxidum. Lead Oxide. PbO. (U. S. & B. P.) Syno7iym. — Litharge, E.; lithargyrum, P. G.; b'leiglatte, Go Derivation. — Made by roasting lead in the air. Properties. — A heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow pow- der, or minute scales, without odor or taste. On exposure to the air it slowly absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide. Almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. Reaction faintly alkaline. Lead oxide is only valuable for its prepa- rations. LEAD ACETATE 171 PREPARATION. Emplastrum Phimbi. Lead Plaster. (U. S. & B. P.) (Diachylon Plaster.) Lead oxide, 32; olive oil, 60; water, a sufficient quantity. Basis of other preparations. Plumbi Acetas. Lead Acetate. Pb (CjHjOJa + 3 HjO. (U. S. & B. P.) " Synonym. — Sugar of lead, E.; sel (sucre) de saturne, Fr.; essigsanres bleioxyd, bleizucker, G. Derivation. —'H.esit lead oxide in acetic acid and water. PbO + 2 HC,H30, + 2 H,0 = Pb(C,H30,), + 3H,0. Lead acetate crystallizes on cooling. Properties. — Colorless, shining, transparent, monoclinic prisms or plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, or granular crystals, having a faintly acetous odor and a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic, taste. Efflorescent and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to the air. Soluble in 2.3 parts of water and in 21 parts of alcohol. Reaction slightly acid. Incompatibles. — Hard water, alkalies, mineral acids and salts, potassium iodide, opium, veget^ible astringents and albuminous liquids. Dose.—B.. & C, 3i. (4.);Sh. k Sw., gr.xv.-xx. (1.-1.3); D., gr,i.-ii. (.06-.12). PREPARATIONS. Made from lead acetate in which lead exists as the subacetate, PbsO (CaHsOg)^. Liquor Plumhi Suhacetath. Solution of Lead Subacetate. (U. S. P.) Liquor Plumbi Suhacetutis Fortis. (B. P.) Synonym. — Goulard's extract, acetum plumbicuni, acetum Saturni, plumbum hydrico-aceticum solutum, subacetas plumbicus liquidus, E.; liquor plumbici subacetici. P. G.; sous-acetate de plomb liquide, extract de Goulard de vinaigre, plomb. Fr. ; bleiessig, G. Composition. — An aqueous liquid, containing in solution about 25 •jjer cent, of lead subacetate (approximately), PboO (CaHsOs).. Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilntus. Diluted Solution of Lead Subacetate. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym.— head WaU i: Lead Subacetate, 3; water to make 100. 172 INORGANIC AGENTS Ceratum Plnmhi SubacetaUs. Cerate of Lead Subacetate. (U. S. P.) Solution of lead subacetate, 20; camphor cerate, 80. Plumbi Carbonas. Lead Carbonate. (PbC03)2 Pb(OH)j. (Non-official.) Synonym. — White lead, E.; ceruse, Fr., bleiweiss, G. Derivation. — Expose lead to the action of acetic acid vapor and air with carbonic dioxide. 4 Pb + 2 HC„H30, + 2 O, + 2 CO, = (PbCo3), Pb (OH), + Pb(C,H3dj,. Properties. — A heavy, white, opaque powder, or a pul- verulent mass, without odor or taste. Permanent in air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Used only externally. Plumbi Nitras. Lead Nitrate. Pb (NO3),. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Salpetei'saures bleioxyd, bleisalpeter, G. Derivation. — Dissolve lead in nitric acid. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, octohedral crystals, or white, nearly opaque crystals; without odor, and having a sweetish, astringent, and afterwards metallic taste ; permanent in the air ; reaction acid ; soluble in 2 parts of water ; almost insoluble in alcohol. Only used externally in 1 per cent, solution as an astringent and deodorant in gangrenous surfaces, etc. Plumbi Iodidum. Lead Iodide. Pb I^. (U. S. &, B. P.) Derivation — Treat solution of lead nitrate with that of potassium iodide. Pb (NO3), + 2 KI = Pbl, -f 2 KNO3. Dry the pre- cipitate. Properties. — A heavy, bright yellow powder, without odor or taste; permanent in the air; soluble in about 2,000 parts of water ; very slightly soluble in alcohol ; used only externally. ACTION OF LEAD SALTS 173 PREPARATION. Unguentum Plumhi lodidi. Ointment of Lead Iodide. (B. P.) Employed externally to absorb glandular swellings. ACTION" OF LEAD SALTS. External. — Soluble lead salts differ somewhat from salts of the other heavy metals in being more astringent and less irritant. This happens because thej form a denser pre- cipitate with albumin of the tissues and of secretions. The actate which is generally used is dissociated slowly in solution in contact with the tissues. The metallic ion coag- ulates albumin by forming a lead albuminate, so producing a protective pellicle over raw surfaces ; while the acid constituent has little effect (lack of irritation). It thus makes the tissues drier, denser and harder — and contracts vessels — but has no action on the unbroken skin. Intenial. — Soluble salts of lead in concentrated solution ■ — and at times insoluble salts — cause gastro-enteritis in large doses. Lead salts are absorbed in medicinal doses whether taken in a soluble or insoluble state. The chemical form of the lead compound at the time of absorption is unknown. Lead is deposited in the tissues, especially in the liver and kidney, and is very slowly eliminated in the urine and intestinal mCucus, bile, milk and saliva. Lead salts have a marked astringent action on the entire digestive canal and diminish secretions accordingly. After absorption lead salts have no remote astringent action. Toxicology. — Poisoning not infrequently occurs in ani- mals at pasture, from eating paint, sheet lead, or products of lead works. The drinking w^ater may be contaminated with lead, especially from new pipes, or lead receptacles in M'hieh water has been standing. Hard water is not affected by lead pipes, since an insoluble crust of lead phosphate and sulph- ate is deposited upon the interior of the pipes. There is an acute and chronic form of poisoning. The first is caused by single large doses of soluble lead salts, and is characterized by gastro-enteritis and colic; rarely there are symptoms of absorption, as convulsions, coma, paralysis and death. The fa?ces are sometimes colored black with lead sulphide; the vomitus is white from lead chloride. Three groups of symp- 174 INORGANIC AGENTS toms may be briefly tabulated, which occur to a greater or less degree in chronic lead poisoning: DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS. Lead line on gums. I'hirst. Colic. Abdomen retracted, or "tucked Constipation. up.'' Anorexia. NERVOUS SYSTEMS. Paralysis of tendons — extensors — Anesthesia, of extremities. Arthralgia. Animals stand on knees before. Dizziness. Animals stand on toes behind. Tremors. Convulsions. Delirium. General paralysis. Coma. Wasting of muscles. Amblyopia. The nervous symptoms are due to peripheral neuritis and to influ- ence on the brain and cord. GE]!TEBAL SYMPTOMS. Dyspnoea. (Edema. Pulse accelerated. General debility. Emaciation. Interstitial nephritis. Anaemia. Animals die in chronic poisoning from paralysis of the respiratory muscles, or in convulsions. The lead line on tne margin of the gums, at their junction with the teeth, is due to sulphuretted hydrogen in the mouth, acting upon the lead deposited in the gums, and forming lead sulphide. The treatment consists in removing the cause, relieving the symptoms and in hastening elimination. Potassium iodide eliminates lead in a soluble form into the bowels and kidneys. Magnesium sulphate converts lead into an insolu- ble sulphate in the intestines and then sweeps out the salt. The stomach pump or emetics should be employed in acute poisoning. Alum is the best emetic. This treatment should be followed by the administration of opium and Epsom salts. Administration. — Lead acetate is given to the larger animals in solution or ball; to the smaller patients in pill; to young animals in solution in milk. Uses External. — Lead acetate is useful in the treatment of skin diseases, as weeping eczema and erythema, and in excoriations, blistered surfaces, bruises, strains, and burns. An efficient lotion having an astringent and sedative action SILVER NITRATE 175 in such conditions, contains: laudanum, 1 part; Goulard's extract, 4 parts; and oil, glycerin or water, 16 parts. The '' white lotion " of veterinary medicine is made by adding 3 drachms each of lead acetate and zinc sulphate to a pint of Avater, It is a favorite astringent, sedative and antiseptic application for strains, bruises, scratches, bursitis and teno- synovitis in horses. Compresses soaked in it are bandaged to the part. Also as an injection in urethritis, and exter- nally in balanitis of dogs. The stronger solution of lead subacetate should not be employed extensively on raw surfaces or mucous membranes undiluted. The diluted solution of lead subacetate may be used as an injection for leucorrhoea. Lead acetate should be diluted with 20 to 40 parts of vinegar or water. Lead acetate is not suitable for collyria, if there is any ulceration of the cornea, because a permanent film may be deposited and obscure the sight. Lead iodide, in 10 to 20 per cent, ointment with petrolatum, has proven of service in aiding resolution of induration or caked condition of the udder in acute mammitis, if applied twice daily with thorough massage, before suppuration has set in. Uses Internal. — Lead acetate is serviceable in the treat- ment of diarrhoea, dysentery, and hemorrhage from the stomach and bowels. It is frequently prescribed in these diseases with opium, but should not be used for a long period. Argentum. ^Argenti ^N'lTEAS. Silver Nitrate. AglTog. (U. S. &B. P.) Derivation. — Dissolve silver in nitric acid with heat. 3 Ag2 + 6 HNO3 = 6 AgN03 + 3 Ho. Evaporate and crystallize. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic crystals, becoming gray, or grayish-black on exposure to light in the presence of organic matter ; without odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly metallic taste ; reaction neutral; soluble in 0.6 part of water and 26 parts of alcohol. Iincompatihles. — Alkalies and their carbonates, acids '(except nitric and acetic), chlorides, potassium iodide, as- tringent infusions and solutions of arsenic. 176 INORGANIC AGENTS Dose. — II. & C, gr.v.-x. (.3-.6) ; Sli. & Sw., gr.i.-ii. ;(.06-.12) ; D, gr.f ^ (.008-.03). Argenti Nitras Dilutus. Diluted Silver jSTitrate. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Argenti et potassii nitras, B. P.; mitigated caustic, E. ; argentum nitricum crjstallizatum, P. G. ; azotas (nitras) argenticus, azotate d'argent, nitre lunaire, Fr. ; salpetersaures silberoxjd, silbersalpetcr, G. Der'ivaf'wn. — ^.lelt silver nitrate, 30, with potassium nitrate, 60, in a crucible at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and cast into suitable moulds. Properties. — A white, hard solid, generally in the form of pencils or cones of a finely granular fracture ; becoming- gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in presence of organic matter ; odorless, having a caustic, metallic taste, and neutral reaction. Each of its constituents soluble in water and alcohol to the extent mentioned under Argenti Kitras and Potassii JSTitras. Used only externally. Argenti ISTitras Fusus. Moulded Silver ^Nitrate. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Lunar caustic, lapis iiifernalis, azotas (nitras) argenticus fusus, E. ; argentum nitricum fusum, P. G. ; azotate d'argent fondu, pierre infernale, Fr. ; hollen- stein, geschmolzenes salpetersaures silberoxyd, G. Derivation. — Melt silver nitrate, 100, Avith liydroehloric acid, 4, at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and pour into suitable moulds. Properties. — Practically same as above. Used only externally. Silver oxide, cyanide, and iodide are official, but unimportant in veterinary medicine. action of silver nitrate. Extermil. — Silver nitrate is more caustic in action than any of the lead, copper or zinc salts (except the chloride). "When applied externally in the pure state to a mucous membrane, or a raw surface, it forms a white coating of coagulated protein, or silver aluminate. This coating limits ACTIO:X OF SILVER NITRATE 177 the further action of the salt, so that lunar caustic is always superficial and localized in its effect. Silver nitrate is tlie caustic in most comuion use, since it produces a more healthv condition in a granulating wound after its application and separation of the eschar. Silver compounds are powerfully antiseptic because silver itself is actively antiseptic and be- cause the nitrate destroys germs in coagulating their pro- teid protoplasm. In dilution, silver nitrate is stimulant, astringent, antiseptic and caustic, according to its strength. Internal. — Silver nitrate is probably precipitated to a considerable extent by the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, as the chloride. Some of it is possibly converted into the albuminate, and absorbed as such, when ingested for a long period. Silver is deposited in the tissues in the form of the oxide, causing dark staining of the skin in man. These stains, occurring when silver nitrate comes in direct contact with the skin, can be removed by a solution contain- ing potassium cyanide, 2^ drachms; iodine, 15 grains; and water, 3 ounces. Large doses of silver nitrate cause gastro- enteritis with nervous symntoms — paralysis and convulsions ■ — and death from depression of the respiratory centres. Common salt is the antidote, both externally and internally, forming the insoluble chloride. In addition to salt, opium and demulcents should be exhibited in acute poisoning. Sil- ver nitrate in medicinal doses has probably a local stimula- ting, astringent and alterative action on the mucous mem- brane of the stomach ; to a less degree on the bowels. Elim- ination may not take place at all — inert organic compounds being deposited in various parts of the body — or may occur slightl}' from the epithelium of _ the digestive tract. h. chronic form of poisoning by silver nitrate (argyrism), is seen in man, following its continued use, and is accompanied by pigmentation of the skin, marasmus, chronic indigestion, with wasting of the testes and mammary glands. A similar condition has been produced in animals, associated with anorexia, weakness, anseniia and emaciation. Uses External. — An aqueous solution (gr.iii. to § i.) is most valuable in treatment of catarrhal conjunctivitis, while a stronger preparation (gr.x. to 3 i.) is employed for purulent 178 INORGANIC AGENTS conjunctivitis, as a stimulant, astringent and antiseptic collyrium. Wlien strong solutions, like the latter, are used, the eye should immediately be jflooded with a solution of common salt and water to precipitate the excess of silver nitrate as the insoluble chloride and thus prevent further irritation. Lunar caustic is applied in pencil form to ulcerated surfaces. When these surfaces are touched lightly the caustic stimulates sluggish granulations ; when more heavily, it destroys exuberant granulations. In 2 to 4 per cent, solution, silver nitrate is caustic to mucous mem- branes ; in ^ per cent, solution it is stimulant and astringent to mucous membranes. Boils may be aborted by painting them with a saturated solution of silver nitrate. Pruritus ani, or vulvae, is relieved by painting the parts several times daily with a 1 per cent, solution. A solution (gr.iii. to 3 i.) may be used in the form of spray in the treatment of pharyngitis and laryngitis in the dog. In catarrh of the external ear, so common in dogs, the canal should be swabbed with a 5 per cent, watery solution of silver nitrate after thorough cleansing with ether, or alcohol and naphtha, to remove dirt and sebaceous matter. In 2 to 6 per cent, solutions silver nitrate is cura- tive in moist patches of eczema in dogs. Fissures in the skin occurring in sore teats ot cows are cured by the application of fused silver nitrate. Uses Internal. — The crystals should only be employed internally; to insure purity. Silver nitrate is not of much value for internal use except in the digestive tract. Pills containing the silver salt are sometimes given to dogs with diarrhoea and ulcer of the stomach. Dysentery may be treated by enemata containing 12 grains of silver nitrate to the ounce of water. If this treatment is followed by much irritation, injections of salt and water should be used afterwards. PROTARGOL 179 Protargol. (Non-official.) Protargol was first introduced into medicine by Prof. Neisser, in 1897, as a local remedy for gonorrhoea in man. It is a fine, yellowish-brown, soluble powder, a combination of a protein substance with silver ; odorless, and possessing a strong metallic taste. Protargol Ijas recently superseded silver nitrate (which contains 64 per cent, of silver) to a considerable extent in medicine because, containing less silver (7.5 per cent.), protargol is decidedly less irritating, is not precipitated by albumin or solutions of sodium chloride, does not discolor the skin and more than equals silver nitrate in certainty and efficiency of action. Protargol is particularly applicable in veterinary medi- cine as a bland but powerfully penetrating antiseptic and mild astringent in the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the conjunctival membranes. The drug does not cause the pain, redness, swelling and lachrymation which follow the use of silver nitrate ; nor does it lead to the formation of fibrinous coagula and the production of false membranes and opacities of the cornea seen after the application of silver nitrate. A 10-per-cent. solution of protargol induces less flushing of the eye and discomfort than a 1-per-cent. solution of silver nitrate, and the irritation of a 2 or 4 per cent, solution is not, as a rule, more than would be produced by a one-half grain to the ounce solution of zinc sulphate (Cheney). Protargol is indicated in acute catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis in from one-half to 10 per cent, aqueous solu- tions ; usually in one-half per cent, solution in the catarrhal form, two or three times daily, applied with a camel's hair brush or by instillation ; and in the purulent variety, in 2 or 4 per cent, solution with a pledget of absorbent cotton on a probe, or with a camel's hair brush, in conjunction with frequent boric acid irrigations. This new silver couibina- 180 INORGANIC AGENTS tion has also been used with, reported success (and the use might apply to canine practice) in human medicine as a non-irritating astringent and antiseptic agent internally in .5 gm. doses, twice or thrice daily, in pills, for the relief of haemorrhages and ulcerations of the alimentary canal, in diarrhoea and in purulent inflammation of the genito-urinary tract. Argyrol. Argyrol represents one of the latest of the numerous organic liver compounds, this preparation containing as much as 30 per cent, of the metal combined with a proteid substance obtained from wheat. It occurs as a brownish powder, soluble in less than its own weight of water, forming dark-brown solutions which stain clothing black, but the stains may be removed by solutions of corrosive sublimate. Like protargol, it is not precipitated by the salts of the tis- sues, nor does it coagulate albumiu, so that its action is not neutralized by the tissues — as is the case with silver nitrate, and thus, unlike the latter, it possesses a penetrating power when applied locally. Argyrol is used in from 2 to 50 per cent, aqueous solutions for the same purposes to which protargol is adapted. Solutions of argyrol should be freshly made.* Soluble Silver. Soluble silver, known also as GoUoickil Silver, or more commonly as CoUargol, is an allotropic form of metallic silver (87 per cent, silver) wholly soluble in water, and dis- 'covered by Lea about 1890. It may be used intravenousl}^ subcutaneously, by inunction (as Crede's ointment, see below), and by the mouth, if first dissolved in the pro- portion of five parts of collargol with one part of white of egg in one hiindred parts of water ; or it may be given in pill with sugar of milk.t When given intravenously — which is the most effective mode of administration — ♦Recently (1906) the Therapeutic Comm. of the Brit. Med. Assoc, has found argyi'ol without any bactericidal action whatever, while protargol is markedly so. Argyrol has almost superseded the latter, and its curative effect is therefore at present a mystery, + Collargol has heen also given with benefit by the rectum (H., 3 i.-ii.; in 01. water; D., gr. ii.-iv. in I ii.-iii. water). SOLUBLE SILVER 181 one injection may suffice, but if it does not cause im- mediate improvement in the symptoms, several doses may thus be given at six-hour intervals. Soluble silver has recently proven successful in many cases of general infection, where it appears to either kill or inhibit the growth of staphylococci and streptococci. It is certainly worthy of trial in veterinary medicine in this field, where it }:as iiccomplished noteworthy results.* Puerperal septicaemia, mastitis, extensive cellulitis, fetid bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, endo and pericarditis, deep suppurations, phlebitis, suppurating nasal sinusitis, empyema and other bacterial infections have yielded to the systemic and local influence of soluble silver in human medicine. Its expense is the only objection to its free employment in animal practice, and this applies to all the new organic silver compounds. A rigor often occurs from one to four hours after the injection of collargol, but no other ill effects have been noted. When the silver can be used locally (in local infections) it is also effective and may or may not be at the same time given intravenously, its desirability by the latter mode depending on the degree of general infection. The dose intravenously is 3 1-1 (2.-4.) for horses; dogs, gr.1-2 (0.6-0.12), given in 2 to 5 per cent, aqueous solution. It is injected into the tissues as in abscess, in 1 per cent, solutions. It is soluble in 20 parts of water, which should be distilled or boiled, and solutions in water may be kept for months in brown bottles. Solutions, from having a clear, biown color, become gray and turbid when decomposed. 1-3000 aqueous solutions are appro- priate for use on mucous membranes or cavities of the hodj. Credes Ointment, made by incorporating collargol with lard and wax to the extent of 15 per cent., has given good results when rubbed for thirty minutes into the skin (which has previously been scrubbed with soap, water and alcohol) in the treatment of local and even general infectious. It often arrests the formation of boils, threatened suppuration of glands, lymphangitis, phlebitis, cellulitis and mastitis. The dose by inunction is ^ to 1 ounce for horses, ^ to 1 * Since writing the above collargol has been gaining headway in veter- inary practice. DieekerliofE recommends it as a daily intravenous injection of 25 cc. of a 2 per cent, solution in purpura in the" horse, and Wyman of Ohio speaks very favorably of its action in catarrhal diseases of the upper air passages and in septic cellulitis and lymphangitis in the horse. 182 INORGANIC AGENTS dvaclim for dogs. Collargol appears to be non-toxic when given intravenously or by inunction, if used with reasonable care. Zincum. {Zinc is not used in 3Iedicine in the metallic state.) ZiNCi Chloridum. Zinc Chloride. ZnCL. (U. S. &B.P.) Derivatio7i. — Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by boil- ing. The solution contains the zinc chloride with chlorides of iron and lead as impurities. These are precipitated by adding first nitric acid then zinc carbonate. Filter and finally evaporate. Zn, + 4 HCl = 2 Zn CL + 2 H,. Pt'operties. — A white, granular powder, or porcelain- like masses, irregular or moulded into pencils ; odorless ; of such intensely caustic properties as to make tasting danger- ous unless the salt be dissolved in much water, when it has an astringent, metallic taste ; very deliquescent ; reaction acid; soluble in about 0.3 part of water; very soluble in alcohol. Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Solution of Zinc Chloride. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Made as above with the addition of water. It contains about 50 per cent., by weight, of zinc chloride. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having a \'ery astringent, sweetish taste and an acid reaction. Spec. gr. about 1,535 at 15° C. (59° F.). Toxicology. — Zinc chloride is a powerful irritant if swal- lowed in any degree of concentration, and will, therefore, produce gastro-enteritis. Emetics or the stomach pump should be used, followed by demulcents and sodium bicar- bonate. Uses. — Zinc chloride is employed in a paste made into small pieces with flour ; or on lint soaked in a saturated ZINC SULPHATE 183 solution, dried, aud introduced under the skin about the base of tumors to cause their destruction by sloughing. It is employed in the form of pencils on unhealthy, granulating surfaces, as in " foot rot," and injected in strong solution into fistulous tracts to destroy their walls. It is not used internally. ZiNCi Sulphas. Zinc Sulphate. ZnSo, + 7 H.^O. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Prepared by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid. Zn, + 2 H,SO, = 2 ZnSO. + 2 H,. Iron and tin exist as impurities, aud are removed by chlorine solution and zinc carbonate. ' Froperties. — Colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals, without odor, and having an astringent, metallic taste. Efflorescent in dry air; reaction acid ; soluble in 0.6 part of water, in 3 parts of glycerin ; insoluble in alcohol. IncompatibJes. — Lead acetate, silver nitrate, lime water, alkalies and carbonates, vegetable decoctions or infusions, and milk. Dose.— a. &C.,3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh. & Sw., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3); D., gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.2); Emetic, D., gr.x.-xv. (.6-1.). Zmci Carbonas Pr^cipitatus. Precipitated Zinc Carbonate. (U. s. p.) Synonym. — -"Zinci carbonas, B. P.; precipitated zinc car- bonate, kohlensaures zinkoxyd, G. Derivation. — Solutions cf nearly equal weight of sodium carbonate and zinc sulphate are boiled together ; dry pre- cipitate. S ZnSO, + 8 Na,C03 -f 2 H,0 = 2 (Zn CO,),, Zn (OH). ? (hydrated basic zinc carbonate) + 8 Na.SO, + 2 COo. This salt is in reality a mixture of zinc carbonate and oxide, in varying proportions, with water of crystallization. Properties. — An impalpable white powder, of somewhat variable chemical composition, without odor or taste ; insol- uble in water or alcohol. 184 INORGANIC AGENTS ZiNCi OxiDUM. Ziuc Oxide. Zn O. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Heat the carbonate to redness. 2 (Zu 003)3 Zn(OH), = 8 ZnO -f- 2 H,0 + 6 CO,. Properliffi. — An aniorplious, white powder, without odor or taste. It ^n-adnally absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. i)o.s^.— H & C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). PREPARATION. Unguentum Zinci Oxidi. Ointment of Zinc Oxide. (U. S. P.) Zinc oxide, 200 ; benzoinated lard, 800. (U. S. P.) Unguentum Zinci. 15 per cent, of zinc ointment. (B. P.) ZiNCi AcETAS. Zinc Acetate. Zn (CoHjO,), + 2 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic acid and boil. ZnO + 2 HC3H3O, = Zn (C,H30,), + H,0. Evaporate and crystallize. Properties. — Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, of a pearly lustre, having a faintly acetous odor, and an astrin- gent metallic taste. Exposed to the air the salt gradually eJ09oresces and loses some of its acid ; reaction acid ; soluble in 2.7 parts of water and in 36 parts of alcohol. Incompatihles. — Same as sulphate. Dose. — Same as sulphate. ACTION OF. THE ZINC SALTS. » External. — The salts of zinc (except the chloride) have an astringent action on raw surfaces and mucous iuembranes in precipitating solutions of proteids, as zinc albuminate, notably the sulphate and acetate. Absorption is not followed by poisoning, as most of the zinc is stored in the liver. They resemble other astringents, especially copper salts, and are more irritating than lead acetate or subacetate. Internal. — In the alimentary tract very large doses of the sulphate or acetate may induce gastro-enteritis, which is to be treated with demulcents and alkaline carbonates in USES OF ZINC SALTS 185 order to form insoluble compounds. Vomiting will relieve carnivorii ; otherwise the stomach pump must be resorted to. Zinc salts apparently produce no remote effricts upon the body when ingested. Given intravenously (double salts) to mammals, zinc causes vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weak- ness and paralysis. It is eliminated chiefly by the ali- mentary tract and slightly in the bile and urine. In therapeutic doses the zinc salts are astringent, diminishing secretion in the digestive tract. USES OF ZINC SALTS. External. — Zinc sulphate is in common use as an astrin- gent coUyrium for subacute conjunctivitis (gr.ss.-ii. to 5 i.). It is also employed in the treatment of canker of the ear m dogs (gr.x. to 3 i.), or as " white lotion " (see Plumbi Acetas), in this affection. The salt is likewise serviceable as a stimulant and astringent solution (gr.ii.-v. to 3 i.) in moist eczema, ulcers, atonic inflammations of mucous membranes, balanitis and urethritis in dogs, and leucorrhoea. ■ Zinc carbonate is a much milder astringent than zinc sulphate or acetate. The impure carbonate (calamine) is an ingredient of the popular astringent and antiseptic, *' pink ointment" of veterinary medicine used for the cure of " scratches " in horses. ^ Zinci carbonatis (impure) § ii. Alumenis § iss. Calcii carb. pr^ecip 3 x. Creasoti Ceraj flavi aa| iss. Adipis I XV. M. S. External use. The lard and wax are first melted together and then the other ingredients are stirred in. Calamine in the form of a lotion is a more cleanly application for house dogs and pets than in ointment or paste. The following is useful in dermatitis, erythema and moist eczema attended with itch- ing. The carbolic acid may be omitted when the lotion is 186 INORGANIC AGENTS applied over a large surface to avoid poisoning by absorp- tion or from the acid being licked off by the patient. Acidi carbolici 1.0 gr.xv, Zinci oxicli 15.0 3 ss. Calaminae 5.3 gr.80 Glycerini 30.0 si. Liquoris calcis ad 240.0 3 viii. M. et fiat lotio (shake). Sig. External use. Zinc ointment is used externally in the form of a dust- ing powder, ointment or paste. In eczema, erythema and scratches, the zinc oxide ointment is valuable and can be combined with carbolic acid (gr.x. to 31.) or creolin (5 per cent.) to great advantage, when itching is a prominent symp- tom. Still better than zinc ointment is a paste containing zinc oxide, 2 parts ; starch and vaseline, each 3 parts. Zinc acetate can be used in all cases as a substitute for zinc sulphate. Internal. — Zinc sulphate is the best and most prompt emetic for dogs in many conditions, as poisoning. It shoukl be given in tepid water. Zinc oxide is occasionally pre- scribed in diarrhoea, and empirically as a tonic and anti- spasmodic in chorea and epilepsy. Zinc oxide may be given in powder, pill, or dissolved in alkaline solutions. Zinc Yalerate. See p. 536. Zinc Phosphide. See p. 236. Cuprum. {Copper is not used in the metallic state in Medicine.) CuPRi Sulphas. Copper Sulphate. Cu So^ + 5 H„0. (U.S.&B.P.) Synonym. — Cupric sulphate, blue vitriol, blue stone, sulfas cupricus, cuprum vitriolatum, E.; cuprum sulfuricum purum, P. G.; vitriol bleu, sulfate de Cuivre, Fr.; kupfervit- riol, blauer-vitriol, schwefelsaures kupfer (kupferoxyd), G. COPPER SULPHATE 187 Derivation. — Boil metallic copper and sulphuric acid together. 2 Cu + 2 H2 SO^ = 2 CuSO^ + 2 H2. Dissolve product in hot water and crystallize. Properties. — Large, transparent, deep blue, triclinic crystals ; odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste ; slowly ef- florescent in dry air; soluble in 2.6 parts of water; almost insoluble in alcohol ; reaction acid. Incompatihles. — Mineral salts (except sulphates), alka- lies and their carbonates, iodides, lime water and vegetable astringents. Dose.—H. & C, oi.-ii. (4.-8.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6) ; D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; Emetic, D., gr.vi.-xx. (.36-1.3). ACTION OF COPPEK SULPHATE. External. — Copper sulphate precipitates protein in solution and is stimulant, astringent or caustic to mucous membranes or raw surfaces, according to the strength ap- plied. Internal. — In poisonous doses copper sulphate causes salivation, vomiting, gastro-enteritis, and nervous symptoms (convulsions, paralysis and delirium), and finally death from collapse. AYhen injected intravenously copper salts lead t® destruction of the blood, and fatty degeneration of the liver, kidneys and heart. Rarely does absorption from the digest- ive tract cause poisoning since the salt is either vomited, or absorbed too slowly, or stored in the liver. The treatment consists in emptying the stomach in animals which cannot, or do not, vomit, and the use of magnesia, tannin or yellow prussiate of potash, as antidotes ; and demulcents, as milk and white of egg, together with opium. Large doses are emetic to the dog, but should not be used except in phosphorus poisoning. Smaller doses are astringent in the digestive tract. The copper absorbed from the alimentary tract lodges in the liver, kidneys and thyroid gland. It is eliminated slowly in the urine, bile, intestinal secretions, saliva and milk. Copper is a normal constituent of the tissues and has a strong affinity for hemoglobin attaching itself, on absorp- tion, to the corpuscles as cuprohemol. Uses external. — Copper sulphate is employed in the solid, crystalline form in granular conjunctivitis, by rub- bing the stick over the aifected surfaces of the lids. 188 INORGANIC AGENTS A solution (gr.ss.-ii. to 5 i-) is dropped into the eye for simple conjunctivitis. Copper sulphate is similar in action to zinc sulphate, but more powerful. On ulcerated and granular surfaces it is used as a stimulant and astringent, as in the following mixture, a combination of cupric sul- phate and zinc sulphate, of each 2^ drachms (lOgm.,), with solution of lead subacetate, 5 drachms (20 gm.), which is of value in thrush and as an application for chronic sores and unhealthy indolent granulating surfaces. It may also be applied locally with an equal part of dried alum in the form of powder for the treatment of thrush. The disaiDpearance of the moisture and foul odor will soon herald recovery. Uses Internal. — Copper sulphate is prescribed for its local effect with opium in diarrhoea, and injected into the bowel in 2 per cent, solution in ulcerated conditions of the rectum. The sulphate of copper in small doses is believed to be a tonic remedy in anaemia and nervous conditions, al- though without sufficient experimental proof. It is thought to resemble arsenic and to increase the number of corpuscles, firmness of flesh and amount of fat. Copper sulphate is often used as a vermicide in the treatment of lumbricoid worms and ozoema, combined with iron. Copper sulphate in 1 drachm doses (-4.0 gm.), with powdered charcoal and feiui- greek, of each 1-1^ drachms (4.0-6 gm.), given to ^hc horse night and morning for eight to ten days and followed by a brisk cathartic of aloes and linseed oil, will cause the expul- sion of ascarides. It is recommended in purpura, and is given to dogs in the form of arsenite of coj)per for chorea and epilepsy". Copper sulphate, added to reservoirs of drink- ing water in the proportion of 1 part to 5 to 50 millions of v»ater, destroys algae but is innocuous to animals. CupRi AcETAS. Copper Acetate. (Non-official.) Synonyms. — Verdigris, cupric subacetate, E. ; acetate de cuivre, vert-de-gris, F. ; grunspau, G. Derivation. — Exposure of copper plates to pomace or residue resulting from expression of juice from grapes in wine making, or to immersion in pyroligneous acid. Properties. — Pale-green masses of minute, acicular cyrstals, sometimes of bright blue hue. Verdigris is the COPPER ACETATE 189 impure article ; tlie pure salt is known as Crystals of Yeuus. The taste is coppery and odor vinegar-like. Soluble in water. J9o.se.— H. & C, gr.15-30 (1.-2.); Sb. & Sw., gr.5-10 (.3-.6). Action Exlernal. — It is astringent, stimulant and eschar- otic according to the strength and whether applied to the unbroken skin or to mucous membranes or raw surfaces. Action Internal. — This salt is an efficient vermifuge for the expulsion of ascarides fiom the horse. It should be given in doses of gr.15-30 (1.-2. gm.) twice daily with pow- dered gentian and charcoal, 1 drachm of each (1.0 gm.), for a week and then be followed by a cathartic dose of aloes. It is a poison in large doses, causing gastro-enteritis, con- A-nlsions and death. The antidotes are milk, raw eggs and soap. Bismuthum. {Bismuth is not employed medicinally in the metallic state.) BiSMUTHi Sdbcarbonas. Bismuth Subcarbonate. (BiO)2CO,. -fH,0? (U.S. P.) Synonym. — Bismuthi carbonas, B. P. Derivation — Made by dissolving pure metallic bismuth in dilated nitric acid, precipitating with ammonia water, and redissolvingin nitric acid. This ..olution is treated with ammonium carbonate, or a solution of sodium carbonate. 2 Bi (NOJ, + 3 Na, CO3 + H,0 = (BiO), CO3 + H,0 -f 2 CO2 + 6 NaNO,. The precipitated bismuth subcarbo- nate is filtered and washed. Properties. — A white, or pale yellowish-white powder, of somewhat varying chemical composition ; odorless and tasteless, and permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol, but completely soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid, with copious efflorescence. Dose.—B.., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). 190 INORGANIC AGENTS BiSMUTHi SuBNiTRAs. Bismutli Subnitrate. BiO 1^0^ -f", HoO? (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Bismiithum subnitricum, P.G. ; bismiitlmm hydriconitricum, magisterium bismuthi, subazotas (s. sub- nitras) bismiithiciis, sous-azotate de bismuth, Fr. ; basisches salpetersaures bismuthoxyd, G. Derivation. — Dissolve pure metallic bismuth in diluted nitric acid. First reaction— Bis + 6 HNO3 = 2 Bi(E'03)3 + 3 Ho. Final reaction— Bi (^03)3 + HgO = BiONO.^ -|- 2 HNOg. Evaporate ; add water ; wash and dry precipi- tated bismuth subnitrate. Properties. — -A heavy, white powder of somewhat vary- ing chemical composition ; odorless and almost tasteless, and permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water and insolu- ble in alcohol, but readily soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid. Dose. — Same as subcarbonate. BiSMUTHi SuBSALicYLAs. Bismutli Subsalicylate. (II.S.P.) BiSMUTHi Salicylas. Bismuth Salicylate. (B. P.) Properties. — White, soft powder; insoluble in water, ether, alcohol or chloroform ; soluble in acids. Dose.—D.,gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). BiSMUTHi Suegallas. Bisiuutli Subgallate. (U.S.P.) Synonym. — Dermatol. Properties. — A fine, yellow powder ; permanent in the air and odorless; used externally as a substitute for iodo- form; it is antiseptic and astringent; occasionally given internally. ACTION OF BISMUTH SUBNITRATE x\ND SUBCARBONATE. External. — The insoluble salts of bismuth have a pro- tecting, sedative, astringent and antiseptic action pn raw surfaces. If applied over very extensive areas for a consid- erable length of time, they may cause absorption and poison- ing. Bismuth has- no action on the unbroken skin. ACTION OF BISMUTH SUBNITRATE 191 Internal. — Tlie salts of bismuth are absorLod and elim- inated to some extent. When administered continuously in enormous doses, or when absorbed from the skin or given intravenously, bismuth has caused stomatitis, vomiting, diar- rhcea, weakness, convulsions, blackness of the mucous mem- branes of the digestive tract, and death. Probably, as ordin- arily used, all the bismuth absorbed from the alimentary canal is stored in the liver. In poisoning, however, it irri- tates the parts which eliminate it — i.e., the kidneys, mouth and the bowels (chiefly the c^cum.) An odor of garlic appears in the breath after the continuous exhibition of bismuth, owing to traces of tellurium contained in the bismuth. Mechanically used, the salts of bismuth are absolutely harmless, although formerly poisoning was not infrequent from their contamination with arsenic. The tongue and faeces are stained black by bismuth salts, which are trans- formed into the sulphide. Bismuth, locally and mechan- ically, by reason of its weight and insolubility, protects and coats the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and thus exerts a sedative, astringent and antiseptic action through- out the canal. Bismuth must, therefore, be given, to be effective, in large and frequent doses, and when the stomach is empty. For this reason the drug is not of much value in the treatment of the horse, as a sufficient quantity cannot be used economically. USES OP BISMUTH SUBNITRATE AND SUBCARBONATE. External. — Bismuth subnitrate is a very good dusting powder on sores, and for moist skin diseases and ulcerated surfaces. It may be combined with zinc oxide and salol, or used in the form of an ointment in the proportion of 1 to 4. The following is an effectual combination to apply to superficial wounds and raw surfaces attended with much secretion : IJ Bisnmtlii siibnitratis 50.0 5i- 3 v. Acidi tanniei 25.0 3 vi. lodoformi 15.0 3 iv. Carbo ligni 100.0 5 iii. 3 ii. M. et fiat pulvis. . Siff. Dust on surface. 192 INORGANIC AGENTS It may be employed to advantage in coryza and ozena, by insufflation into the nostrils. Dermatol (bismuth subgal- late) is even more efficient than the subnitrate alone as an antiseptic and astringent dusting powder. InternaL — Bismuth is one of the best agents to relieve vomiting in dogs, owing to the soothing and sedative effect upon inflamed mucous membranes. It may bn given alone or in combination with. oxalate of ceiium upon the tongue or in the food. It is also a very efficient agent in diarrhea in the dog, being astringent, sedative and antiseptic. Its use should be preceded by the administration of oil or calomel, in diarrhoea. Bismuth is given for diarrhoea in powder with salol ; or in suspension with gum arable and water, with one drop of carbolic acid to each dose of bismuth ; or better, in capsules, dispensing one grain of carbolic acid and five grains of bismuth. The sedative effect upon the stomach is increased by giving the subcarbonate of bismuth with bicarbonate of sodium, while the sedative effect upon the bowels is enhanced by combining morphine with bismuth subnitrate. It is generally immaterial whether the subnitrate or sub- carbonate of bismuth be selected in any given case. Bismuth salicylate is more powerful as an antiseptic than the other salts. It is useful in diarrhoea, intestinal fer- mentation and indigestion of dogs. The drug should be given in capsules. SECTION V. Ferrum. Metallic iron is official in the form of fine, bright and non-elastic wire, from which are made iron preparations and reduced iron. Ferrum Reductum. Reduced Iron. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Ferrum redactum, B. P.; iron by hydrogen, Quevenne's iron, ferrum hydrogenio reductum, ferrum ope hydrogeuii paratum, E.; ferrum redactum, P. G.; fer reduit par I'hydrogeue, Fr.; reducirtes eisen, G. FERROUS SULPHATE 193 Derivation — Hydrogen gas is passed over freshly made and carefnllv washed ferric oxide in a hot and closed tube. Fe.O, + 3 H, = Fe, + 3 H,0. Properties.— Avery fine grayish-black, lustreless powder, without odor or taste ; permanent in dry air ; insoluble iu water or alcohol. Z>ose.— H., 3 i.-ii (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. &. Sw., gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). Ferri Sulphas. Ferrous Sulphate. Fe So, -|- 7 H„0. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Copperas, green vitriol, vitriolum martis purum, sulfas ferrosus, ferrum vitriolatum purum, E.; ferrum sulphuricum purum, P. G.; sulfate de fer, sulfate ferreux, Fr.; schwefelsaures eisenoxydul, G. Derivation. — Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in diluted sulphuric acid. Fe, + 2 H,SO, = 2 Fe SO, + 2 H,. Properties. — Large, pale, blueish-green, niouoclinic prisms, without odor, and having a saline, styptic taste ; efflorescent in dry air. On exposure to moisi- air the crystals rapidly absorb oxygen aud become coated with brownish- yellow, basic ferric sulphate ; soluble in 1.8 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose.—R., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus. Exsiccated or Dried Ferrous Sulphate. 2 FeSO, + 3 H,0. (U. S. o5e.— H. & C, 3SS. (15.); Sh. & Sw., "S^n.-^x. (.6-1.3); D.,niii.-x. (.12-.6). It has no value for internal use. Ferri Hydroxidum Cum Magnesii Oxido. Ferric Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide. (U. S. P.) {Arsenic Antidote.) Solution of ferric sulphate, 40 cc; water, 125 cc. Magnesia, 10 gm.; water, q.s. Keep solutions separate till ready for use ; then mix. Uses. — This preparation is used as a chemical antidote, to arsenic, whereby the arsenic mass is mechanically en- wrapped and converted into the insoluble arsenite. The administration of the arsenic antidote should be followed by emetics, or the stomach pump. Dose. — Large quantities should be repeated frequently ad libitum. Ferri et Potassii Tartras. Iron and Potassium Tartrate. (U. S. P.) . {Potassio- Ferric Tartrate.) Synonym. — Ferrum tartaratum, B. P.; tartarus ferratus, IRON AND AMMONIUM CITEATB 197 P. G.; ferri potassio-tartras, ferrum tartarizatum, tartras ferrico-kalicus, etc., E.; tartrate de fer et de potasse, tartre martial, Fr.; weinsaures eisenoxyd-kali, eisenweinstein, G. Derivation. — Solution of ferric sulphate, 100 Cc; tartaric acid, 29gm.; distilled water, 200 Cc; ammonia water and water, of each a sufficient quantity. Made by solution and precipitation. Properties. — Thin, transparent scales, A'arying in color from garnet-red to reddish-brown ; without odor, and having a sweetish, slightly ferruginous taste ; slightly deliquescent in the air ; very soluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose. — D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). Ferki et Ammonii Citras. Iron and Ammonium Citrate. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Ferrum citricum ammoniatum, P. G.; ferri ammonio-citras, ferro-ammonium citricum, ammonio-citrate of iron, E.; citrate de fer et d'ammoniaque (de fer .ammo- niacal), oitrate ferrique ammoniacal, Fr.; citronensaures eisenoxyd-ammonium (ammoniak), G. Derivation. — Solution of ferric citrate, 100 Cc; j,mmonia water, 40 Cc. Evaporate. U. S. P. Properties. — Thin, transparent, garnet-red scales, with- out odor, and having a saline, mildly ferruginous taste ; deliquescent in moist air ; soluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose.—D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). Ferri et Quinine CitraSo Iron and Quinine Citrate. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Chininum ferro-citricum, P. G.; citras ferrico- quinicus, citrate de fer et de quinine, Fr.; citronensaures eisen chinin, G. Source. — Ferric citrate, 85 gm.; quinine, 12 gm.; citric acid, 3 gm.; water, a sufficient quantity to make 100 gm. U. S. P. 198 INORGANIC AGENTS Properties. — Thin, transparent scales, of a reddish- brown color, without odor, and having a bitter, mildly ferruginous taste ; slowly deliquescent in damp air ; slowly but completely soluble in cold water and but partially solu- ble in alcohol. Feeri et Quinine Citras Solubilis. Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate. (U. S. P.) Occures in thin, greenish-yellow, transparent scales. Very rapidly and completely soluble in cold water. Dose. — D., gr.v.x. (.3-.6.). general action of iron and its salts. External. — The local action of iron salts — like tbose of the other heavy metals — depends upon coagulation of the pro- teids of the tissues through the formation of albuminate com- pounds with the metal and the setting free of the acid ions of the salt. Certain salts of iron, depending upon their acid constituent, are strongly astringent and more or less irritant — as the chloride, perchloride, sulphate, persulphate, and ni- trate. They contract tissue when applied to raw surfaces or mucous membranes, by coagulating albumin, and through this means, by compressing the blood vessels from without and plugging them from within with clotted blood, arrest ha?mor- rhage. The astringent salts may also induce some contrac- tion of the vessels besides. Iron — in the form of liquor ferri chloridi or liquor ferri subsulphatis — is the most powerful of the metallic hemostatic agents we possess. Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Iron is a food rather than a medicine. It exists as a natural constituent of vege- table foods and of the body, and is found particularly in the hgemoglobin of the blood — to the extent of about half an ounce in that of the horse. Tjiere is a sufficient quantity in the food to support healthy animals. If iron is ingested by a normal animal in ordinary doses, it has little effect unless continued for a long time in considerable quantity, when it may produce indigestion and constipation. Large doses of GENERAL ACTION OF IKON AND ITS SALTS 199 irritant and astringent salts, as the perchloride, may induce gastroenteritis by local irritation. Internally in the stomach the iron salts behave as they do externally. Acid ions are set free from the iron salt and the metal combines with albupiin. The liberation of the acid ion leads to an astringent action and, if large doses are in- gested, actual irritation. The degree of astringency is due to the preparation also. Thus ferric chloride is especially astringent because of the ease of dissociation and corrosive action of the HCl ion. Ferrous sulphate is only a little less so; while reduced iron, the oxide, carbonate, double salts and salts of the vegetable acids (citrates, acetates and tar- trates), and albuminates, are very slightly or not at all as- tringent. In the case of the salts of the organic acids and double salts the acid ions are but slowly dissociated, and in that of the albuminate there is no acid to be freed. Acid salts, as the sulphate, are more suitable for the horse than the dog. Iron may blacken the tongue from formation of the sulphide. In the stomach all forms of iron are converted into chlorides, by the HCl of the gastric juice, and then probably into albuminates. Iron is naturally absorbed from the organic compounds of the metal existing in the nucleoalbumins of food, and, either existing in this form or when given in medicine in the inorganic state, it is probably absorbed chiefly from the duo- denum as the albuminate. But in any event the greater por- tion escapes from the bowel unabsorbed. The route which iron follows, after absorption, has been quite accurately as- certained by many experiments. It is taken up from the duodenum by the epithelial cells and leucocytes and carried by the blood into the spleen, in which it is first deposited. From thence, through the blood, it is conveyed to the liver and bone marrow. If it is needed for blood making it is transformed by many steps into hemoglobin in the liver. But if it is not so needed it is eliminated by the large intestine and escapes from the bowel in the form of the sulphide and albuminate — the feces turning dark on exposure to air. Constitutional Action. — This is not observed unless iron is given intravenously. A salt which w^ill not coagulate 200 INORGANIC AGENTS blood and which will free its iron ion must be employed — as the tartrate of iron and sodium. Large doses thus given cause vomiting, purging, convulsions, dyspncea and failure of respiration. Albumin and casts may appear in the urine. In other words, gastrointestinal and renal irritation suc- ceeded by stimulation and final depression of the central nervous system. The numerous compounds of iron now manufactured by pharmaceutical concerns under the name of albuminates and ppptonates, and supposed to imitate the natural organic forms of iron found in the blood and liver, are not superior to the inorganic salts in many cases and are worthless in others. Some — as ferratin and camiferrin — are more readily absorbed and less irritating than many of the inorganic prep- arations and might be of some value in canine practice. Blood. — In anaemia iron is mainly of worth by fur- nishing building material for blood. ' It may also stimulate the blood-making organs and in this way perhaps increases the number of red corpuscles. The leucocytes are also some- what augmented. Iron increases the power of the red cor- puscles to hold and carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and to transform it into ozone. Iron is then indirectly an oxidizing agent, stimulating tissue change and vital activity. Elimination. — Iron is chiefly excreted by the intestinal mucous membrane, however administered, yet it is also foimd in minute amounts in the urine, bile, saliva, sweat and tears. SunDnary. — Iron is essentially a blood tonic and restor- ative, increasing the number of red blood corpuscles, the amount of haemoglobin, and aiding nutrition. Externally it is an astringent, styptic and stimulant. Uses External. — Liquor ferri chloridi and liquor ferri subsulphatis are frequently used to stop bleeding from wounds or natural cavities of the body. They may be injected, applied by swab, or on absorbent material, which is packed into the wound or cavity. As a local application in pharyngitis, we use 1 part of the solu- tion of ferric chloride with 4 parts of gl^^cerin. In the same strength, diluted with water, the chloride may be injected into the uterus to stop hemorrhage. Again, a GENEEAL ACTION OF IRON AND ITS SALTS 201 solution, in the strength of 2 drachms to the pint of water, is employed as an enema to destroy ascarides. The objec- tion to these solution.^ of iron is that they form heavy, nasty, tenacious clots, Avhen employed to arrest haemorrhage, and the clots are apt to decompose and favor sepsis. Therefore they should not be us^d if other means, ;is ligature, pres- sure, heat or cold, or adrenalin chloride can be utilized. Internal. — Reduced iion is one of the best preparations for dogs. It is commonly administered in pill, and often with other tonics, as strychnine, quinine, and arsenic. Reduced iron is non-irritating, non-astringent, and non- constipating. It may be placed on the tongue in the form of powder. Ferrous sulphate is one of the two most valuable forms of iron which can be prescribed to the larger animals. The other form is the tincture of ferric chloride. The sulphate is more astringent and irritating than some of the other iron salts, but does not usually cause constipation in the horse. Indeed, when constipation is due to loss of tone in the lower bowel, small doses, by their local stimulant action, may actually assist peristalsis. The dried ferrous su^.^hate is prescribed to horses in anaemia, and is the most common constituent of tonic powders. It is frequently combined with powdered gentian, nux vomica, arsenic, and bicarbonate of sodium. Sodium bicarbonate is useful in indigestion and lessens the astringent action of sulphate of iron in neutral- izing the acid set free from the salt. Nux vomica relieves constipation. A common and useful preparation for the horse is as follows : Sodii bicarbonatis. Pulv. nucis vomica? aa 3 ii. Ferri siilphatis exsicc 3 i. M. et f. pulv. 1. Dispense pulv. tales no. xxx. S. Give one powder on the feed three times daily. Ferrous sulphate is given in antemia secondary to chronic 202 INORGANIC AGENTS indigestion, intestinal parasites, leucorrhoea, ozoena, albumi- nuria, and in convalescence from acute diseases. Ferrous sulphate is in itself an anthelmintic, but, to get its full effect when used for this purpose in the treatment of round worms in the horse (ascarides), it should be given twice daily on the food for ten days, and then a pint of linseed oil containing three ounces of oil of turpentine is to be admin- istered to complete the cure. In convalescence, iron may well be preceded b}^ alcohol and bitters. Large doses of iron sulphate are indicated in haemorrhage from the bowels, if unassociated with acute inflammation, as in purpura. In the latter disease, sulphuric acid is a synergistic remedy. The saccharated feiTOus carbonate may be given horses if they will not voluntarily take the sulphate of iron on their food. It is a useful, mild, non-astringent preparation for dogs, and may be given in powder, or the mass may be dispensed in pills. The iodide of iron is thought to be of benefit in man in scrofulous conditions, but as these states do not commonly occur in horses and dogs, the drug is chiefly of value, in the form of the syrup, in rickets, and acts almost as a specific in that form of polyuria afflicting horses during hot weather, and also in mild cases of anasarca and dropsy. The syrup should be prescribed undiluted and water should be added ju^t before administering the preparation. If prescribed with water, the syrap will undergo decomposition if allowed t ) stand for any length of time. The syrup must be a fresh preparation, else free iodine is formed in it, which will l)l;\cken the buccal mucous membrane. When the action of iodine and iron is desirable, it is often better to prescribe them separately. The tincture of ferric chloride is a very powerful preparation. It contains free hydrochloric acid. Alcohol constitutes three-quarters of its bulk, and there are also some traces of ether. It was formerly thought to be hydro- chloric ether, arising from the action of the contained muriatic acid on the alcohol of the preparation ; but Weir MANGANUM 203 Mitchell has shown it to be nitrous ether. Ferric chloride is of itself diuretic, apart from any action of nitrous ether in the tincture. The free acid aids digestion in the stomach. The tincture of ferric chloride is locally stimulant and astringent, and generally aids digestion; is diuretic, and in large doses, owing to the alcohol which it contains, is somewhat stimulating. The tincture is, accordingly, partic;- ularly valuable in anaemia, dependent upon chronic indiges- tion in horses and cattle, and in that occurring in convales- cence from acute diseases. In such conditions, the preparation stimulates appetite, digestion and renal activity. When given by the mouth, the tincture of the chloride of iron is of local benefit in pharyngitis, combined with chlorate of potash, glycerin and water. Also in membranous croup of fowl (roup) in 10 m. doses ; and of foals, calves and pigs ( 3 ss.), with an equal amount of potassium chlorate. It is prescribed in intestinal hemorrhage (dried ferric subsul- phate or Monsel's salt given in 1-2 drachm doses in gelatine capsules is more effective for this purpose in the larger animals), but there is no remote astringent or styptic effect exerted upon the vessels or tissues. Small doses of the tincture of ferric chloride maybe safely dropped, undiluted, upon the tongue of horses or cattle from a small bottle used a measure. It is frequently conjoined with alcohol and mineral acids. Iron and ammonium citrate and iron and potassium tartrate are mild, non-astringent preparations, suitable for dogs and given in i)jll. Iron and quinine citrate is a useful combination for dogs, dispensed in pill. It is often employed in canine distemper and chorea. Mang-anum. {Blanganese is not used in Medicine in the met all ic state.) PoTASsii Permanganas. Potassium Permanganate. KMnO. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Kali hypermanganicum crystallisatum, P.G.; hypermanganas potassicus S. kalicus, permanganate of 204 INORGANIC AGENTS potash, E.; permangauate de potasse, Fr.; uebermangan- saures kali, G. Derivation. — Caustic potash, chlorate of potnssium and black oxide of manganese are fused tngetht^r. 6 KHO + E.CIO3 + 3 MuO, = 3 KJInO, ^ KCl + 3 H,p. The manganate of potassium is boiled with water till the color changes to purple and the permanganate is formed. 3 K^ MnO, + 2 H,0 = 2 KMnO, + 4 KHO + MnO,. The liquid is neutralized with carbonic dioxide gas and evaporated. Properties. — Slender, monoclinic prisms, of a dark purple color, odorless, and having a taste at first sweet, but after- wards disagreeable and astringent ; permanent in dry air ; soluble in 16 parts of water ; undergoes decomposition with alcohol ; reaction neutral. Incompatihles. — It is very readily deoxidized in the pres- ence of organic matter. Dose. — H., gr.xv.-xx. (1.-1.3) in one pint of water; D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12), in pill, or tablet, with kaolin. ACTION OF POTASSIUM PEEMANGANATE. External. — Potassium permangMnate, like hydrogen dioxide, is a powerful oxidizing agent. It quickly parts with its oxygen in contact with organic matter, largely in the form of ozone, and is broken up into black oxide of manga- nese and potassa. Solutions, which are of a purple hue, change into a dark brown color when this transformation occurs, and are no longer of any medicinal value. This action is exceedingly rapid and transient, and its effects correspondingly so on the tissues. For this reason, and because bacteria are so combined with organic matter in the tissues, its action is largely exerted on the latter, and potas- sium permangauate is, therefore, a better antiseptic than disinfectant. The antiseptic action of potassium perman- ganate is, moreover, quite superficial, since it parts with its oxygen so soon as it comes in contact with the albumin of the tissues. Outside of the body, permanganate of potash is a disinfectant, but it is too expensive for general purposes. In powder it is slightly caustic, owing to the potassa set free in its decomposition ; and in solution is POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 205 stimulant to the tissues. A solution of permanganate of potasli is a deodorizer when in contact with putrid and decomposing matter, but is not of the slightest value as a deodorizer and disinfectant to premises when simply stand- ing in vessels, as frequently advised. There is no danger from absorption of potassium permanganate when applied to the body. Uses Internal. — Potassium permanganate is occasionally used in human medicine in dyspepsia and flatulence, for its antiseptic action, and in obesity. It is supposed to resem- ble iron in its effects, and has been used in ammenorrhoea associated with ausemia. Moor, of New York, has shown that potassium permanganate is the best chemical antidote for morphine or opium, chemically destroying them by oxi- dation ; 10 to 15 grains may be given to dogs in 8 ounces of water immediately after poisoning. Horses may be given 2 drachms of permanganate of potash in 5 pints of water. In case morphine has been swallowed, solutions of potassium permanganate should be accidulated with vinegar, or diluted sulphuric acid, in order to form soluble compounds in the digestive tract. After morphine or opium have been ab- sorbed into the blood, it is said that potassium permanganate is also antidotal when injected subcutaneously. It is difficult to see, theoretically, how this can be the case, and practically has been proven not to be so. Uses External. — Potassium permanganate is a valuable antiseptic and deodorizer in solutions, varying in strength from one-tenth of 1 per cent, to 4 per cent., and is used in the treatment of sores, wounds, ulcers, abscess, caries, gangrene, fetid ozoena, otorrhcBa, and leucorrhoea. In the stronger solution it is stimulant, as well as antiseptic. It is a useful agent in stomatitis and sore throat, when applied locally by means of a swab. The powder is employed as a caustic upon ulcers. Potassium permanganate is one of the best agents with which to sterilize the hands before operat- ing. A saturated solution is to be recommended for this purpose, and the stains may be removed from the hands 206 INORGANIC AGENTS by washing tbem in a saturated solution of oxalic acid, or in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. Potassium permanganate is a test for impure water m changing color in the presence of organic matter. Two ounces of a 1 per cent, solution will clarify and deodorize 100 gallons of stale and putrescent rain water. SECTION VI. Hydrargyrum . Mercury. Quicksilver. Synonym. — Mercurius vivas, argentum vivum, E.; mer- cure, vif- argent, Fr.; quecksilber, G. Derivation. — Cinnabar, the native sulphate, is roasted or distilled with lime, and condensed. Projxrties. — A shining, silver-white metal, without odor or taste ; liquid at ordinary temperatures, and divisible into spherical globules ; insoluble in the ordinary solvents ; boils at 675° F., and is completely volatilized; spec, gr., 13.5584. When cooled to 38.88' F.,it forms a ductile, malleable mass. PREPARATIONS CONTAINING METALLIC MERCURY. I. — Ilijdrargijrum cum Greta. Mercury with Chalk. (U. S. & B. P.) Si/nnnyni. — Gray powder. Mercuv}% 38 gni.; honey, 10 gm.; prepared chalk, oT gm. ; water, suflBcient quantity to make 100 gm. (U. S. P.) Mercuric oxide becomes developed by keeping, making the powder more active. Properties. — A light gray, rather damp powder, free from gritti- ness, without odor, and having a slightly sweetish ta^te. Contains mercury in fine division by shaking the ingredients together. Dose. — Foals and calves, gr.x.-xv. (.6-1.); D., gr.i.-x. (.06-.6). II. — Massa Hydrargyri. Mass of Mercury. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Pilula hydrargyri, B. P.; blue mass, blue pill, pilulse coeruleae, E. ; pilule de mercure, Fr. ; mercurial pillen, G. Mercury, 33 gm.; glycyrrhiza, 5 gm.; althaea, 25 gm.; glycerin, 3 gm. ; honey of roses, 34 gm. Contains 33 jjer cent, of mercury in a state of fine division. (U. S. P.) Dose.—D., gr.i.-x. (.06-.6). RED MERCURIC OXIDE 207 in.—Unguentum Hydrargyri. Mercurial Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) (Blue Ointment.) Synonym. — Pommade mercurielle, pommade Napolitaine, Fr. ; graue quecksilbersalbe, G. Mercury, 500 gni. ; lard, 250 gm. ; suet, 330 gm. ; oleate of mercury, 20 gm. Contains 50 per cent, of mercury. (U. S. P.) Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubkum. Red Mercuric Oxide. HgO. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Hydrargyrum oxydatum rubrum, P. G.; hydrargyri-nitrico-oxydum, mercurius corrosivus (prsecipi- tatus) ruber, oxydum hydrargyri cum, peroxide of mercury, red precipitate, mercuric oxide, E.; deuto-oxyde (peroxyde) de mercure, oxyde mercurique, precipite rouge, poudre de Jean de Vigo, Fr.; rothes quecksilberoxyde, rother priicipi- tat (quecksilber-pracipitat), G. Derivation. — Dissolve mercury iu diluted nitric acid. 3 Hg„ ^- 16 HNO3 = 6 Hg (NO3),. (Mercuric nitrate) + 4 NO + 8 H,0. Rub mercuric nitrate with metallic mercury and heat. 2 Hg (NO3), + Hg, = 4 HgO + 2 N,0, Properties.- — Heavy, orange-red, crystalline scales, or a crystalline powder ; odorless, and having a somewhat metallic taste ; permanent iu the air ; almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. PREPARATION. Unguenfum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. Ointment of Red Mercuric Oxide. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Red precipitate ointment, red mercuric oxide, 10; cas- tor oil, 5; ointment, 85. (U. S. P.) Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. Yellow Mercuric Oxide. HgO. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Hydrargyrum oxydatum via humida para- tum, P. G.; hydrargyrum oxydatum prsecipitatum (vel 208 INORGANIC AGENTS flavura), precipitated oxide of mercury, E.; oxyde de mercure jaune (precipite), Fr.; priicipitirtes (Gelbes) quecksilber- oxyde, G. Derivction. — Precipitate an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride, 100, with caustic soda, 40 : HgCl., + 2 NaOH ^ HgO + 2 NaCl + H,0. Properties. — A light orange-yellow, amorphous, heavy, impalpable powder ; .odorless, and having a somewhat met- 'allic taste ; permanent in the air, but turning darker on exposure to the light ; almost insoluble in water ; insoluble in alcohol. PREPARATIONS. Unguentuvi Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. Ointment of Yellow Mercuric Oxide. (U. S. P.) B. P. 3 per cent. Yellow mercuric oxide, 10 ; ointment, 90. Oleatum Hydrargyri. Oleate of Mercury. (U. S. P.) Hydrargyri Oleas. (B. P.) Yellow mercuric oxide, 25 ; oleic acid to make 100. (U. S. P.) Hydrargyri Chloridum "Corrosivum. Corrosive Mercuric Chloride. Hg CI,. (U. S. P.) {Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, Corrosive Suhlimate.) Synonym. — Hydrargyri perchloridum, B. P.; hydrargy- rum birchloratum corrosivum, P. G.; hydrargyrum muriati- cum corrosivum, hydrargyri bichloridum, sublimatus cor- rosivus, sublimatum corrosivum, mercurius sublimatus corrosivus, chloruretum (chloretiim) hydrargyricnm, per- chloride of mercury, bichloride of mercury, E.; Deuto- chlorure de mercure, sublime corrosif, chlorure mercurique, Fr.; setzendes quecksilberchlorid, setzender quecksilbersub- limat, G. Derivation.—'Keiit a mixture of mercuric sulphate, 20; sodium chloride, 16; manganese dioxide, 1. Hg SO^ -f 2 NaCl + MnO, = HgCL + Na, SO, + MnO,. The bichloride sublimes and is condensed. Properties. — Heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals, or crys- MILD MEKCUKOUS CHLORIDE 209 talline masses ; odorless, and having an acrid and persistent metallic taste ; permanent in the air ; soluble in 16 parts of water and in 3 parts of alcohol. Incompatibles. — It is incompatible with most substances. Z>ose.— H. & a, gr.v.-vii. (.3-.5); Sh. & Sw., gr.ii. (.12); I>Mgr.3V-H-002-.008). Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. Mild Mercurous Chloride. Hg,Cl,. (U. S. P.) {Calomel, Mild Chloride of Mercury.) Synonym. — Hydrargyri subchloridum, B. P.; hydrargy- rum chloratum mite, P. G.; hydrargyri chloridum, hydrar- gyrum chloratum (muriaticum) dulce, mercurius dulcis, calomelas chloruretum (chloretum) hydrargyrosum, sub- chloride (protochloride) of mercury, E.; protochlorure (sous- muriate) de mercure, calomele, Fr.; quecksilberchloriir, calomel, G. Derivation. — Heat mercurous sulphate and sodium chloride. Calomel sublimes. Hgj SO^ + 2 Na CI = Hg, CI, + Na, SO,. Properties. — A white, impalpable powder ; odorless and tasteless ; permanent in the air ; insoluble in water or alcohol. When strongly heated it is wholly volatilized without melting. Dose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); C, 3 v.-vi. (20.-24); D., gr.ss. (.03), in divided doses; D., gr.iii.-v. (.2-.3) in single doses. PREPARATION. PihdcB Catharticce Compositce. Compound Cathartic Pills. (U. S. P.) Compound extract of colocynth, 80; calomel, 60; extract of jalap, 30; gamboge, 15; water, Q. S. to make 1,000 pillso i)ose.— D.,pilll to 3. HroRARGTRi loDiDUM EuBRUM. Red Mercuric Iodide. Hgl,. (U. S. & B. P.) (Binodide of Mercury, Red Iodide of 3Iercury.) Synonym. — Hydrargyrum biiodatum rubrum, P. G.; 210 INORGANIC AGENTS deutoioduretum (biniodidum) hydrargyri, mercurius iodatus ruber, iduretum hydrargyri cum, E.; deut-iodure (bi-iodure) de mercure, iodure mercurique, Fr.; rothes jodquecksilber, queeksilberjodid, G. Derivation. — Mix aqueous solutions of corrosive mercuric chloride, 40gm., and potassium iodide, 50gm. The red iodide is precipitated. Filter, wash and dry. HgCl, + 2 Kl = Hgl, + 2 K CI. Properties. — A scarlet-red, amorphous powder ; odorless and tasteless ; permanent in the air ; almost insoluble in water ; soluble in 130 parts of alcohol. Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis. Ointment of Mercuric Nitrate (Citrine Ointment). (U. S. & B. P.) Mercury, 70 gm.; nitric acid, 175 gm.; lard oil, 760 gm. (U.S.) Properties. — A lemon-yellow ointment. Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Ammoniated Mercury. NHj HgCl. (U.S.&B.P.) {White Precipitate, Mercuric Ammonium Chloride.) Synonym. — Hydrargyrum praecipitatum album, P. G.; hydrargyrum amidato-bichloratum (ammoniato-muriaticum), hydrargyri ammonio-chloridum, mercurius pi secipitatus albus, E.; oxychlorure ammoniacal de mercure, mercure pre- cipite blanc, Fr.; weisse quecksilber-pracipat, quecksilber- chloridamidid, G. Derivation. — Mix anaqaeous solution (1-20) of corrosive mercuric chloride, 200, with ammonia water, 15. HgCl, + 2 NH.OH = NH, Hg CI + NH.Cl + 2H,0. Filter, wash with diluted ammonia water (1-20), and dry the precipitated ammoniated mercury. Properties. — White, pulverent pieces, or a white, amor- phous powder, without odor, and having an earthy, after- wards styptic and metallic, taste ; permanent in the air ; almost insoluble in water or in alcohol. GENERAL ACTION OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS 211 PREPARATION. Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. Ointment of Ammoniatecl Mer- cury. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — White precipitate ointment. Ammoniated mercury, 10; benzoinated , lard. 90. ( U. S. P. ) GENERAL ACTION OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS. External. — The salts of mercury are antiseptic, germi- cidal, irritant and — in the case of the soluble salts — caustic, when ajDplied to raw surfaces or mucous membranes. Cor- rosive sublimate is one of the most powerful and frequently used antiseptics. The germicidal action of mercury salts is due to their habit of combining with albumin wherever it exists and forming the albuminate of mercury. Thus they act on bacteria and in so doing destroy germ life. The caustic action of the soluble salts of mercury may be ex- plained by the fact that when the salts are dissociated by con- tact with the tissues the metallic and acid ions are corrosive. Moreover, like the other salts of the heavy metals, they pre- cipitate the proteids of the tissues with which they come in contact but, unlike them, the mercury albuminate thus formed is soluble to some extent in the fluids of the body and there- fore does not protect the surface from the further action of the salt. The antiseptic effect of corrosive sublimate is les- sened by this action since the salt is decomposed in contact with albumin and the coagulated proteid prevents it from reaching germs. By the addition of salt, hydrochloric or tartaric acid to solutions of corrosive sublimate the union of mercury with albumin is materially prevented and such combination (with tartaric acid) is provided in the tablets sold for surgical purposes. Corrosive sublimate is more irritant to the tissues than carbolic acid, creolin or lysol, and cannot penetrate raw surfaces so well to reach germs (on account of its coagulating proteids), and cannot be used in contact with metallic in- struments since mercury is deposited upon them through decomposition of this salt. The salts of mercury kill the lower forms of animal as well as vegetable life, and are valuable in the treatment of parasitic skin diseases. As a rule, antiseptics relieve itching, and the mercury salts are 212 lAOKGAKIC AGENTS often used to combat this condition. Mercury and its salts are absorbed when rubbed into the unbroken skin, particu- larly when in combination with oil or grease. Metallic mercury and its salts (notably the iodide), when rubbed well into the skin with fat, are thought to aid the absorption of inflammatory exudates in underlying parts. Internal. — The irritant salts of mercury, as the bi- chloride, iodide, nitrate, and some of the oxides, in large doses, produce gastro-enteritis, vomiting, colic, bloody diar- rhcca, anuria, or urine holding albumin and casts, collapse and death. The white of egg is an antidote to corrosive sub- limate, forming an insoluble albuminate. Emetics, or the stomach pump, should be used in case vomiting is not spon- taneous. The use of mercury, or any of its compounds, if con- tinued for any considerable time, either internally or exter- nally, in such a way as to lead to absorption, may cause a chronic form of poisoning or mercurialism. This condition is characterized by fetor of the breath and soreness of the gums, making mastication painful. The gums are swollen and bleed easily; the tongue swells and salivation ensues. The teeth become loosened, the salivary and parotid glands enlarge, the temperature is elevated, and if the condition continues, there are: ulceration of the mouth (due to irrita- tion produced by mercury eliminated in the saliva), necrosis of the jaw, general weakness, a w'atery condition of the blood, oedema, annemia and cachexia, prostration and death. Local poisoning, as exhibited by paralysis of the hand and forearm, has occurred in a man who applied the ointment of red iodide of mercury to cattle. There is a tendency for mercury to accumulate in the liver and kidneys, chiefly, and also in the tissues generally, when given in large doses, or -in smaller doses when continued for a considerable period. The prevailing fashion of administering calomel in small and repeated doses, may lead to mercurialism if purga- tion does not occur. Stomach and Intestines. — Calomel and preparations of metallic mercury are most commonly used for their action on the digestive tract. Exactly what chemical changes they undergo is uncertain. Calomel was thought to be converted GENERAL ACTION OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS 213 into mercuric chloride in the stomach, but this appears to be improbable. It is also surmised that the alkaline juices in the duodenum convert calomel into the gray oxide. Sufficient evidence of this is lacking. It is more probable that these insoluble preparations do not remain long enough in the stom- ach to be irritating (although vomiting is occasionally caused by calomel), but exert an irritating and therefore purgative effect in the bowels owing to some of the mercury combining with proteids of the intestinal mucous membrane. Some of the preparation is thus absorbed, as an albuminate of mer- cury, while the larger portion is swept out with the feces. Calomel and mercuric chloride are also intestinal antiseptics. The mercurial purges have always enjoyed a great repu- tation in the treatment of so-called biliousness and torpid liver, the supposition being that they stimulated the liver and How of bile. But experiments on man and animals show that they exert no apparent effect on the liver or biliary secretion. Their indubitable efficacy is due to their cathar- tic and intestinal antiseptic action, as such conditions (biliousness, etc.) are not owing to liver disorder but to in- digestion. The purgative action of calomel and mercury is assisted by salines, which increase the amount of fluid in the bowels, and aid in the expulsion and prevent the absorption of mer- cury. The saline should be given four hours after the ad- ministration of calomel to cattle. Blood and Metaholism. — It is stated that calomel may be absorbed unchanged from the intestines by leucocytes to some extent. It is probable, Jiowever, that mercury prepara- tions are chiefly absorbed as albuminates and even metallic mercury is oxidized, when in contact with the tissues, and absorbed. Small doses of mercury apparently increase the nutrition and weight of healthy animals and also the hemo- globin and red corpuscles. Mercury is sometimes called an antiphlogistic, as it has been supposed to combat the effect of inflammations. A part of this result ma^' be attributed to the antiseptic action of the salts of mercury in the intestines by preventing fermentation and absorption of toxic material. I'or want of a better term to explain the beneficial actions of mercurv on the tissues, that va£>ue term " alterative " is fre- 214 INOKGAiJ^IC AGENTS quently applied. Mercury (and calomel in particular) is diuretic, stimulating the secreting cells of the kidneys, and increasing the amount of urine. Elimmation. — Mercury is eliminated very slowly, mainly by the ca?cum and colon (after its absorption), but also by the kidneys, liver, salivary glands, and, in fact, by every conceivable channel. In thus stimulating the elimi- native activities of the various glands, mercury has been termed a deobstruent. It has been surmised that its alter- ative effect depends, in part, upon this action in stimulating — to use the old term — the emunctories. SUMMARY OF ACTIONS OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS. External. — Antiseptic, germicide, irritant, caustic, para- siticide, antipruritic and sorbefacient. Internal. — Antiseptic, purgative, antiphlogistic, alter- ative and diuretic (calomel). USES OF MERCURY AND ITS SALTS. Hydrargyrum cum creta is similar to calomel in its effects, but very much milder, unless it contains the black oxide of mercury, when its action is much intensified. The same may be said of massa hydrargyri. Either preparation may be given dogs as a laxative in indigestion with vomiting and diarrhoea ; or to foals and calves with intestinal indiges- tion and diarrhoea, particularly if accompanied with jaun- dice. The oleatum or unguentum hydrargyri are rubbed into the skin to cause resolution of chronic inflammatory swellings, and also to kill animal and vegetable parasites. As the former action is due to absorption, large quantities will lead to poisoning when applied over an extensive surface. We can use other and safer remedies, as creolin, tar or sulphur ointment, for parasiticides. It is to be remembered in this connection that gTease alone will kill lice and other parasites en the skin. On account of their sorbefacient properties, the oleate and blue ointment of mercury are applied over chronically enlarged glands, swollen joints, and thickened tendons. In view of their parasitic action, these prepara- HYDRARGYEI CIILOKIDUM COKROSlVUM. 215 tions are employed to kill the fimgiis of favus and ring- worm, and to destroy lice and the acari of mange, Avlicn in- habiting circumscribed areas. Itching in skin diseases, as chronic eczema and psoriasis, is relieved by either blue oint- ment or the oleate of mercury. HYDRARGYRI OXIDUJI RUBRUM ET FLAVUM The official ointments of the red and yellow mercuric oxides are prescribed, as stimulant and antiseptic prepara- tions, in chronic conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers (gr. i.-ii. of the yellow oxide to § i. of vaseline), granular lids and scaly skin diseases. They are also employed on indolent ulcers, swollen glands and old granulating surfaces. When used on mucous membranes, or raw surfaces, the official ointments should be diluted with equal parts of lard. HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM. External. — Corrosive sublimate is of value mainly as an antiseptic on the unbroken skin. It is germicide in solutions containing 1 part to 500, or 1000, of water. A])- plied to mucous membranes, or raw surfaces, it is antiseptic in solutions varying in strength from 1-10,000 to 1-1,000. In the larger cavities of the body, as the vagina, solu- tions should not be used in strength greater than 1-5000 or 1-3000. Eecent experiments by Harrington and Walker go to show that corrosive sublimate is much less active than commonly believed. A 1-1000 solution requires more than ten minutes' contact to kill common forms of pus cocci, so that dipping the hands for a few seconds in such solutions does more harm than good in inducing a false security which does not exist. They conclude by saying that, as the result of their experiments, " corrosive sublimate in any of the strengths commonly employed is a much overrated disinfectant, and under the best of conditions is so uncer- tain in its action that it would be of advantage to abandon its use altogether in surgery." These men are known to be careful and trustworthy investigators and their findings agree with the results obtained by many great surgeons. In view of the ease Avith which corrosive sublimate combines 31G IXOKGANIC AGENTS with albimiiii, it is best not to rely upon this agent for wound disinfection, but to employ normal salt solution for cleansing, followed by hydrogen dioxide. It is only fair to state, however, that corrosive sublimate is still regarded as their antiseptic sheet anchor by many good surgeons for the irrigation of infected wounds and cavities, and for skin disin- fection. For hand and skin disinfection Harrington's solution * of corro^^ive sublimate is perhaps the most effective of any in existence. Mercuric bichloride, even in the weaker solution, is too damaging to the serous membrane of the peritoneal cavity, and there is too much danger of absorption to warrant us in usiii it in intra-abdominal operations. As a caustic, satu- rated solutions are injected into fistulous tracts: e. g., fistulai of the withers, " quittor " and " poll evil," to destroy their so-called pyogenic membranes, and hasten repair. There is not much danger of absorption when used in' this way. Corrosive sublimate is very useful as a parasiticide, in destroying lice, ringworm and the fungus of favus, in solu- tion (1-500 on the unbroken skin. It also relieves itching in pruritus, prurigo and urticaria, but is generally inferior to carbolic acid in this respect. Bichloride solutions may be used in the septic uterus (after removing placental or membranous remains, with the hands, forceps or curette), in the strength of 1-3000 or 1-5000. Apart from the body, corrosive sublimate in solution (1-500 or 1-1000) is one of the cheapest and most effective disinfectants for premises infected with the contagion of glanders, anthrax, etc. The Avails and floors of stables (after thorough cleansing and washing with soft soap and boiling water), clothing and all paraphernalia, not metallic, can be disinfected by washing or soaking in solutions of bichloride. Before operations, the operative field should be sterilized by scrubbing with green soap and then with Harrington's solution * after the * Harrington's solution consists of: Commercial alcohol (94 per cent.), G40 c.c; commercial hydrochloric acid, 60 c.c. ; corrosive subli- mate, 0.8 gni. It is the most powerful jireparation for skin disinfection known, rendering the skin sterile in most cases after application for two minutes. HYDEARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE Zli hair has beon shaved from the part. Durin«>; an operation, irrigation with corrosive (1-3000) solution or boiled normal salt solution is commonly practised. In epizrjotic abortion, in addition to quarantininc; the diseased animals, their dis- charges and the premises should be disinfected, and both the well and sick female animals should be washed twice daily about the genital regions with a solution of corrosive subli- mate. Yellow wash, made by the addition of 30 gr. of mer- curic bichloride to 1 pint of lime water, is sometimes em- ployed as a stimulant application in chronic eczema, and to relieve itching. It contains the yellow oxide of mercury. In purulent conjunctivitis, frequent irrigation Avith a 1-1000 solution of corrosive sublimate is of the greatest service. Internal. — Corrosive sublimate is of value in minute doses as a blood tonic, and is recommended as an antiphlo- gistic agent in inflammatory diseases of serous mem'branes, as ])leuritis, meningitis, and arthritis. It is probably inferior to calomel for this purpose. We at least know that calomel is an ethcient cathartic in inflammatory diseases. Mercuric bichloride is employed as an intestinal anti- septic in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea with mu- cous or vile smelling discharges. In these conditions, irri- gation of the rectum with a 1-5000 solution is of advantage. This solution should be drained off through the rectal tube and followed by an injection of plain boiled water. Administration. — Corrosive sublimate is given in the form of a pill or ball. If exhibited in solution to the large animals, it must be diluted with 2 quarts of water. HYDEARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE. External. — Calomel is of use in chronic eczema when applied over small patches in its pure state, or as " black wash." The latter consists of one drachm of calomel in one pint of lime water, forming the black oxide of mercury, and is a very efficient preparation to relieve itching and promote recovery in chronic eczema, by mild stimulation. Calomel is of benefit when blown into the eye once or twice a week, stimulating and hastening absorption of opacities of the cornea following keratitis. It is the best agent to arrest 218 INORGANIC AGENTS thrush when worked up into the eommisure of the hoof, between the frog and the bars, and retained in place by oakum packing. Internal. — Calomel is a purgative, intestinal antiseptic, diuretic and alterative. It is also used for its remote anti- phlogistic effects. It is particularly adapted to dogs, and is given in a single dose, or often, to better advantage, in hnlf- grain doses, repeated every two hours till purgation occurs. For diarrhoea or vomiting in dogs, calomel is useful in removing the source of irritation, in being antiseptic and easily borne by an irritable stomach. In accordance with the theory that calomel is transformed by the alkaline intestinal secretions into the grey mercurous oxide it has been the cus- tom to combine sodium bicarbonate with it in order to facili- tate this transformation. Suiticient evidence to substantiate the occurrence of the transformation is wanting and the clinical value of the combination is doubtful. The adminis- tration of calomel should be followed by oil, salines or other cathartics, if purgation does not occur within twenty-four hours after its ingestion, otherwise mercurialism may occur. In heptogenous jaundice, with light-colored faeces, gas- tro-duodenitis or constipation, calomel is a valuable remedy for dogs. In the jaundice occurring as a form of influenza in horses, nitro-muriatic acid is more effective. Calomel is one of the best remedies for the treatment of dysentery, un- less there is great weakness. It should be continued in re- peated small doses till the character of the discharge changes. Foals and calves, with indigestion and diarrhoea, may be given calomel to advantage to remove the source of irritation in the digestive tract. Calomel must be combined with a sihall dose of aloes, or with linseed oil, to form an effective cathartic for the horse. As aloes acts on the large; and calo- mel on the small, intestines, the above combination secures a general purgative influence. Cattle are given calomel, followed by the administration of salines, to produce free catharsis. As a remedy for round worms, |- to ^ grain each of santonin and calomel, with 5 grains of sugar of milk, are administered to dogs four times, at half hour intervals, and followed by castor oil. Lunibri- coid worms in the horse may be treated by conjoining 3 HYDRAKGYRI lODIDU-AI EUERUM: 219 drachms of santonin with 1 drachm of calomel, given in the form of a ball to the fasting anim;d, and repeated once on the following day if necessary. Calomel was formerly very frequently used, and is occasionally prescribed to this day in the treatment of enteritis, pleuritis, meningitis, peritonitis, pericarditis, and iritis, for its antiphlogistic and alterative action iu supposedly diminishing iuflammatory exudations. At the present time these actions are very much (]ues- tioned, and any beneficial effects accruing from the use of calomel in inflammatory diseases are now ascribed to its action as a purgative and intestinal antiseptic in destroying and eliminating toxins from the bowels. Calomel is of value in inflammatory diseases when given at the onset of the attack. In dropsy (ascites of dogs), calomel sometimes acts as a useful diuretic, when combined with digitalis and squill in pill form. Administration. — Calomel is given to cattle on the tongue or in gruel ; to horses in ball, on the food, or on the tongue ; to dogs in pill, tablet or on the tongue ; to fowl on the food (gr.i.). The compound cathartic pill is a good purga- tive preparation for occasional use. Two to three pills for large dogs; one to two pills for smaller animals. HIDRARGYRI lODIDUM KUBKUM. The red mercuric iodide is a favorite remedy in veterinary practice. It causes absorption of morbid exuda- tions through its counter-irritant, local absorbent and alter- ative effect, in combining the action of iodine and mercury. It is employed with 8 to 10 or 12 parts of lard or vaseline, and is of value in the treatment of periostitis with osseous deposits, especially for splints. Spavin and ringbone are treated with red iodide of mercury alone, but are generally cured more effectively by rest, firing, and blistering. The red iodide of mercury ointment is also of use for enlarged glands, chronic swelling about tendons, joints or bursae ; and applied about the throat in chronic laryngitis and "roaring." The ointment is rubbed on splints every third 220 INORGANIC AGENTS day, or until vesication is produced, and the hair begins to drop out, when its use is stopped for a time. Like other mercury preparations, the red iodide must not be employed in large quantities over an extensive surface. It is much more irritant locally than blue ointment. UNGUENTUM HYPRARGYRI NITRATIS. Citrine ointment is similar to unguentum hydrargyri ammoniati (white precipitate ointment), but more power- ful, and should be diluted with equal parts of lard.- These preparations are used for their stimulant action in granular lids, chronic eczema, pityriasis, and for their anti-parasitic effect in ringworm. SECTION VTL Arsenum. Arsenic is not used in the metallic state in medicine. Arseni Trioxidum (U. S. P.) AciDUM Arseno3UM. Arsenous Acid. A'^.,0,. Synonym. — Acidum arseniosum, B. P.; acidum arsenic- osum, P. G. ; arsenic trioxide, white arsenic, arsenicum album, arsenic, arsenious anhydrid, E.; acid arsenieux, arsenic blanc, fleurs d'arsenic, Fr.; arsenicsaure, weisser arsenic, G. Derivation. — Arsenical ores are roasted and purified by sublimation. Pro'perties. — A heavy solid, occurring either as an opaque, white powder, or in irregular masses of two varieties; the one amorphous, transparent and colorless, like glass ; the other crystalline, opaque, or white, resembling porcelain. Both are odorless and tasteless. The glassy variety dissolves slowly in 30 parts of water ; the porcelain-like in 80 parts of water. Arsenous acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, but soluble in glycerin, hydrochloric acid and solutions of the SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM ARSENITE 221 alkali hydrates and carbonates. Wlien heated to 424^ F., arsenous acid is completely volatilized without melting. Incompatibles. — Lime water, salts of iron and magnesia. Dose.—B.., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3j ; Sh. & Sw., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; r>., gr-aV-rV (•002-.006.) Usual dose for H., gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.2). Liquor Potash Arsenitis. Solution of Potassium Arsenite. (U. S. P.) {Foioler''s Solution.) Synonym. — Liquor arsenicalis, B. P.; liquor kali arseni- cosi, P.G.; solutio arsenicalis Fowleri, kali arsenicosum solutum, arsenical solution, E.; liqueur arsenicale de Fowler, Fr.; Fowlers'che tropfen, G. Arsenous acid, 10 gm.; potas- sium bicarbonate, 20 gm.; compound tincture of lavender, 30 Cc; distilled water to make 1000 Cc, Strength, 1 part of arsenous acid in 100. Dose.—n. & C, 3ii.-3i. (8.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., m^iL-x. (.12-.6). Usual dose for H., 3 ss. (15.). Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. Solution of Arsenous Acid. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Liquor arsenici hydrochloricus, B.P.; hydro- chloric solution of arsenic, E.; liqueur arsenicale hydrochlo- rique, Fr.; chlorarsenik-losung, G. Arsenous acid, 10 gm.; diluted hydrochloric acid, 50 Cc; distilled water, a sufficient quantity to make 1000 Cc. Strength, 1 part of arsenous acid in 100. Dose. — Same as Fowler's solution. action of arsenical compounds. External. — Arsenous acid acts as a caustic on raw sur- faces and mucous membranes. It produces considerable pain, and may lead to poisoning. In frogs poisoned by 222 INORGANIC AGENTS arsenic the epidermis peels off very rapidly, owing to degeneration of its lower layers. Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Arsenic, when given in minnte doses, improves the appetite, and increases both the motion and secretions of the stomach and duodenum. In larger amounts, arsenic is an irritant, causing loss of appetite, nausea and digestive disturbance. In toxic doses arsenic produces gastro-enteritis. Blood. — Arsenic is absorbed into the blood, and in some forms of anjcmia increases notably the number of red corpuscles, and to some extent the haemoglobin. Circulation. — It is said that arsenic stimulates the pulse rate Avhen given in minute doses. In large doses it has a local depressing action on the heart — and probably on the vasomotor centre — lowering the force and frequency of the heart and reducing blood pressure. The nerve endings, ganglia, and muscle of the heart are alike paralyzed, and this action takes place when the heart is removed from the body. Respiration. — In small doses arsenic quickens the breathing and stimulates the respiratory centre ; whereas in lethal amounts the respiration fails through lowered blood pressure and exhaustion. Nervous System. — The nervous apparatus is powerfully influenced by arsenic. Toxic doses cause paralysis of the spinal tracts, in frogs, with loss of sensation, motion, and reflex action, and the brain nerves are also depressed. The nerve trunks are chiefly affected in the higher animals. There is peripheral neuritis and trophic changes occur. Medicinal doses of arsenic are stimulant to the nervous s^'stem generally. MetahoUsm. — Therapeutic doses probably diminish tissue change and the elimination of urea and carbonic dioxide. Large doses, on the other hand, increase metabolic processes and the escape of nitrogenous waste. Elimination. — Arsenic is eliminated slowlj^ by most channels, but mainly by the urine and to a less extent by the mucous membrane of the respiratory and di- gestive tracts. Traces are found in the milk, sweat, tears and saliva. It exists in, and can be recovered from, the ACTION OP AESENICAL COMPOUNDS 223 bodies of animals years after their death from toxic amounts of arsenic. Summary. — Arsenic is unfortunately one of the drugs whose physiological action — so far as we know it — does not throw any light, in many instances, upon its therapeutic effects. In altering the condition of the patient for the better, in some diseases, it is described by that vague and otherwise indefinable term, " alterative." Toxicology. — The lower animals, as the horse and cow, are proportionately not nearly so susceptible to the poisonous effects of arsenic as the human subject; I5 grains is the smallest fatal dose reported in man. Amounts larger than a drachm appear to be required to cause death in the horse, although much smaller quantities have produced death when repeated a number of times. Mild toxic action is seen following therapeutic doses of arsenic when the physiological limit is reached. This condition is characterized by loss of appetite (nausea and vomiting in dogs), watery (discharge from the nose and eyes, pntfiness of the eyelids, indigestion with mild colic, and diarrhoea. The pulse may be accelerated and harder than normal. Acute Poisoning begins with bilious, mucous, or bloody purging and colic. There is vomiting iu dogs. Thirst is excessive ; the urine is high-colored and albuminous ; the pulse is feeble, small and frequent ; the respiration is rapid and difficult from abdominal pain ; the extremities are cold, and there is great weakness of the limbs. Collapse, with convulsions and coma, often close the scene in from five to twenty hours to three days. A sub-acute form of poisoning occasionally occurs after a remission from the acute attack, only to be followed by death in from two to five days. In the interim, cutaneous eruptions may appear. Rarely, death takes place within an hour or two, in coma, collapse or convulsions. Chronic Poisoning, such as is seen in the human subject living in apartments furnished with arsenical wall paper or fabrics, or in those working in arsenic, is rarely observed 224 INORGANIC AGENTS in animals and would not be likely to occur save in those living in the immediate vicinity of chemical works. In this condition there are symptoms similar to those noted above as occurring in the milder form of arsenic poisoning, together with gradual loss of strength and flesh, local paralysis or paraplegia, and anfesthesia. Fatty degeneration of the liver, kidneys, heart, stomach and muscles, in cases of chronic arsenical poisoning, is found after death. The poftf-morfpm changes observed after acute poisoning, are as follows : The gastric mucous membrane, especially the villous portion in horses, is swollen, softened and covered with j^atches of a deep crimson or dark brown color. There is rarel}^ ulceration. The upper portion of the small intestines, and in horses sometimes the whole of the intes- tinal tract, is similarly affected with that of the stomach. There is generally a wide-spread fatty degeneration of the stomach, bowels, internal organs and muscles. The treatment of acute poisoning depends mainly upon the use of the official freshly prepared arsenic antidote (ferri oxidum hydratum cum magnesia) in large quantities. If this can not be obtained, an antidote can be prepared by precipitating Monsel's Solution, or the tincture of the chloride of iron, with sodium bicarbonate or ammonia. Dialyzed iron may be precipitated with an alkali. In either case the precipitate should be washed in a filter of muslin and given in large amounts. If vomiting has not occurred, zinc sulphate should be given, or the stomach pump or siphon resorted to, and the stomach well washed out. The after-treatment is carried out with castor oil, demulcents, opium and external heat. Sweet spirit of nitre is to be prescribed, with considerable water, to flush out the kidneys. Uses External. — A paste containing 1 part each of arsenous acid and gum arabic, with 5 parts of water, is used to destroy warts and morbid growths. Arsenous acid, diluted with 5 parts of lard, may be employed to slough out fistulous tracts. In any case, there is danger of poisoning through absorption, if a sufficient amount of arsenic is used ; USES OF ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS 225 but, on the other hand, the danger is slight if a large enough quantity is applied to cause rapid sloughing. Arsenic is the principal constituent of so-called " sheep-dips " employed to kill ticks and other parasites in the wool. Finlay Dmi recommends 2h, lbs. of arsenous acid with an equal amount of pearl ash, soft soap, and sulphur, dissolved in 10 gallons of boiling water and added "♦o 90 gallons of cokl water. This quantity will suffice for dipping 100 sheep. The sheep are submerged, except their heads, for a few seconds, and placed on a grating to drain into a tub, from which the water flows back into the first receptacle. The excess of water in their fleeces is squeezed out with the hands and a scraper. Sheep have been poisoned after dipping, by eating grass and fodder on which they have drained ; therefore the sheep should always be kept on clean floors or yards in the open air and sunlight until they have become thoroughly dry. Sul])lio-n;iphtol (1-100) or creolin are preferable for this purpose, since they are as effective and safer. Uses Internal. — Arsenic is of the greatest service in the treatment of indigestion in horses associated with malnutri- tion and staring coat. In this condition, arsenous acid is often combined with sodium bicarbonate and nux vomica, and may be given iu powder on the food. It is also of value in atonic diarrhoea, and is used in both the serous and dysenteric varieties. In diminishing tissue change, and in acting as a blood tonic, arsenic is believed to improve the condition, endurance, and wind in. horses, and is popularly prescribed by dealers and others. The classical case of the arsenic-eating peasants of Styria seems to corroborate this view. These people appear to be very robust and healthy. Five grains of arsenic was given experimentally to one of them without pi'oducing any untoward effect. Arsenic seems to influence favorably diseased mncous membranes of the respiratory tract, to improve their nutrition, and hasten absorption and repair in diseases of the air passages. Coryza, ozoena, chronic 226 INORGANIC AGENTS cough, asthma, emphysema and " broken wind " are greatly benefitted by a course of arsenic, and in chronic conditions the treatment should be sustained for months in small doses. "Thick wind " and convalescence from acute bronchitis, pneumonia or influenza are favorably influenced by arsenic. Arsenic is one of the best agents we can prescribe in general debility and anaemia and may be conjoined with bitters or iron. Arsenic is indeed the next best remedy to iron in anemia, and, in pernicious anemia and leukemia, it is the remedy offering the greatest chances of improvement, when given in gradually increasing doses until horses are taking as much as two ounces of Fowler's Solution, twice or thrice daily ; and dogs one-half a dram. In dry, scaly skin diseases, arsenic is the most successful internal remedy, but should not be prescribed in moist con- ditions associated with a proliferation of new cells, or exudate of serum or other liquid. It is particularly useful in chronic squamous, or papular eczema, lichen, acne and chronic urticaria, when given for a considerable length of time in small doses. In the human subject, arsenic is almost a specific in chorea, but does not seem to yield such good results in that disease in dogs, usually associated with distemper. Fowler's Solution should be given to dogs with chorea, in doses of two or three drops three times daily, and gradually increased till the physiological limit is reached. The same treatment should be tried in diabetes mellitus in dogs. Large single doses of arsenous acid (3ss.) are sometimes given with calomel ( 3 i.) and aloes ( 3 iv.), in a ball to horses to kill round worms. Administration.— kvsemc is given to horses as Fowler's Solution, or arsenous acid, on the food. If continued for a long time, arsenic must be prescribed in small doses once daily, or i^iarger doses once in two or three days. Arsenic is exhibited to dog»;in tablet or pill, and as Fowler's Solu- tion. The administration of Fowler's Solution secures more rapid and accurate results than that of white arsenic. ANTIMONY SULPHIDE 227 Antimonium. (The metal antimony is not used in medicine.) Antimonii Sulphidum. Antimony Sulphide. SboSj. (Non-official.) Synonym. — Antimony trisulphide, E.; stibium oxydatum, oxydum antimonicum vel stibicum ; oxyde d'antimoine, Fr.; antimonoxyd, G. Derivation. — Native antimony sulphide, purified by fusion, and as free from arsenic as possible. Properties. — Steel-gray masses of a metallic lustre and a striated, crystalline fracture, forming a black, or grayish- black, lustreless powder ; without odor or taste, and per- manent in the air. Insoluble in alcohol or water. Antimonii Sulphidum Pukificatum. Purified Antimony Sulphide. SbjSs- (Non-official.) Synonym. — Antimonium nigrum purificatum, B.P.; puri- fied antimony trisulphide, E. Derivation. — Antimony sulphide, 100 ; purified by macer- ation in ammonia water, 50 ; washing and drying, U. S. P. Properties. — A heavy, grayish-black, lustreless powder ; without odor or taste, and permanent in the air. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose. — The antimony sulphides should not be used in medicine. Dose would be twice or thrice that of tartar emetic. Antimonium Sulphuratum. Sulphurated Antimony. (B. P.) Synonym. — Kermes Mineral. Chiefly antimony trisul- phide (SbjSg), with a very small amount of antimony trioxide. Derivation. — Boil purified antimony sulphide, 100, with solution of soda, 1200. (U. S. P.) Sb^ + 4 Na O H = Na 228 INORGANIC AGENTS SbOj 4- NajSbSj f 2 H^O. Strain and add sulphuric acid to the liot liquoi- as long as precipitation occurs. NaSbOj + Na3SbS3 + 2 H,SO, = Sb,S3 + 2 Na.SO, + 2 H,0. Properties. — An amorphous, reddish-brown powder, becoming lighter in color on exposure to the light, and having neither odor or taste. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Golden Sulphur. (Non-official.) A yellow, insoluble powder, is another compound of antimony, consisting of a mixture of antimony trisulphide and trioxifle. Dose. — Neither kermes mineral nor golden sulphur are suitable for internal use. The dose would be twice or thrice that of tartar emetic. Antimonii Oxidum. Antimony Oxide. Sb203. (Non-official.) {Antimony Trioxide.) Derivation. — Pour a solution of chloride of antimony into water. The oxychloride of antimony is precipitated. Sb CI3 + H,0 = Sb O CI + 2 H CI. The precipitate is treated with carbonate of sodium, and the result is washed and dried. 2 Sb O CI + Na, C O, = Sb, O3 + 2 Na CI 4- C O,. Properties. — A heavy, grayish-white powder, without odor or taste, and permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Dose. — Would be twice that of tartar emetic, but the oxide is inappropriate for internal use. Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. Antimony and Potassium Tartrate. 2 K (SbO) C,H,Oe + H,0. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Autimonium tartaratum, B.P.; tartar emetic, tartarated antimony, tartarus emeticus, stibio-kali tartaricum, E.; antimonii potassio-tartras, antimonium tartarizatum, tartarus stibiatus, P.G.; tartrate de potasse et d'antimoine emetique, tartre stibie, Fr.; brechweinstein, G. ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE 229 Derivation. — Make a paste with cream of tartar, anti- mony trioxide, and water. Set aside 24 hours, boil in water 15 minutes and crystallize. 2 K HC^H^O^ + Sb.O, = 2 K (SbO) C,H,Oe + hJo. Properties. — Colorless, transparent crystals of the rhom- bic system, becoming opaque and white on exposure to the air ; or a white, granular powder, without odor, and having a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, metallic taste. Soluble in 17 parts of water ; insoluble in alcohol. Dose. — H. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); emetic, pigs, gr.iv.-x. (.24-.6) ; D., gr. iV4. (.006-.03) ; emetic, D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). PREPARATIONS. Vinum Antimonii. Wine of Antimony. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Vinum antimoniale, B.P. Antimony and potassium tartrate, 4 gm.; boiling distilled water, 65 Cc; alcohol, 150 Cc; white wine to make 1000 Cc. (U. S. P.) Dose f 07' Dogs. — -n\,v.- 3 i. (.3-4.). Syrpus Scillce Compositus. Compound Syrup of Squill. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Hive syrup. Fluid extract of squill, 80 Cc. ; fluid extragt of senega, 80 Cc. ; antimony and potassium tartrate, 2 gm. ; precipitated calcium phosphate, 10 gm. ; sugar, 750 gm. ; water to make 1000 Cc. Dose for Dog-. — tii,v.-xxx. (.3-3.) ACTION OF ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS. Tartar emetic is the only antimony compound suitable for internal use. The sulphide and oxide of antimony are insoluble, save in the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, and are not so certain or reliable in their action as tartar emetic. Kermes mineral and golden sulphur, containing variable amounts of antimony trisulphide and trioxidp, are even more uncertain and unreliable than antimony sulphide or oxide. External. — Tartar emetic is irritant, and when rubbed into the skin produces a pustular eruption and often slough- ing and destruction of tissue. Internal. — Stomach and Boiuels. — Tartar emetic is a gastro-intestinal irritant, causing salivation and nausea in 230 IXOKGANIC AGENTS small doses, vomiting and diarrhoea in large quantities; while toxic amounts are followed bj vomiting (in carnivora), serous or bloodj purging, great depression of the cir- culation and respiration, muscular weakness, collapse and death. Uneasiness, nausea, colic and death have been reported in horses only after enormous doses of tartar emetic by the mouth. The horse and ruminants are comparatively insus- ceptible to the action of tartar emetic. The writer has observed a cow, however, in which nausea and actual vomi- tion occurred, following a therapeutic dose of kermes mineral in electuary. Tartar emetic is a powerful but slowly acting emetic (attended with a good deal of nausea) in dogs. Tartar emetic has been recovered in the first vomitus following its intravenous injection. It also expels the contents of a bladder artificially replacing the norm'al stomach. These results go to show that tartar emetic acts both as a specific emetic upon the vomiting centre, and locally as a specific irritant and an emetic upon the mucous membrane of the stomach. Tartar emetic is eliminated in great part by the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. Circulation. — The principal action of antimony is exerted upon the heart and vessels. The heart muscle is weakened and vascular tension markedly lowered by large doses of tartar emetic. This action depends upon the in- fluence of antimony on the cardiac muscle itself, and possibly upon the vagus nerve-endings in the heart. Vascular tension is lowered through depression of the heart and of the peripheral vasomotor nerves or muscle of the vessel walls. Whether the vasomotor centre is also depressed is uncertain. The pulse is reduced in force and frequency by large doses of tartar emetic. Following lethal amounts, the heart be- comes flabby and relaxed, and death occurs in diastolic arrest. The preceding remarks apply only to the action of tartar emetic upon carnivora. Antimony was formerly a very popular drug when ACTIOIN^ OF ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE 231 general depressant and dcpletant treatment was in vogue, because of its powerfully depressing action upon the circu- lation. Respiratory Organs. — Small doses of antimony increase secretion of bronchial mucus. Toxic amounts weaken the respiratory movement by lowering the functional activity of the respiratory and vagus centres, and cause a copious outpouring of serous and mucous secretion into the bronchial tubes, which has the effect of drowning an animal in his own secretions. This action is only seen in horses after intravenous injection of toxic quantities of tartar emetic. The respiration is slow and labored in poison- ing. Nervous System. — Large doses of antimony depress the functional activity of the brain and sensory tract of the spinal cord. Larger doses produce loss of reflex action and anaesthesia, owing to the influence of antimony upon the sensory side of the cord ; while in toxic amounts, antimony is a general paralyzant to all the spinal centres and to the motor nerves. Muscles. — In carnivora and man, antimony lessens muscular strength and relaxes spasm through its depressing action upon the motor nerves and muscular tissue. Elimination. — Antimony is mainly eliminated by the mucous membrane of the stomach and bowels, but also by the kidneys, bronchial mucous membrane, and other channels. Toxicology. — The symptoms are those described under " Action on the Stomach and Bowels." The faecal discharges in man are copious and of the rice water appearance char- acteristic of Asiatic cholera. If vomiting is not free, zinc sulphate should be given, or the stomach washed out. Tannic acid should be administered as a chemical antidote, together with the use of external heat, alcohol, strychnine and mor- phine subcutaneously, and demulcents by the mouth. Uses External. — Tartar emetic is used in ointment, in the strength of 1-4, over chronically enlarged and rheumatic joints of cattle. It is also employed over the sides of the 232 INORGANIC AGENTS chest in cattle, to produce counter-irritation and pustulation in the strength of 1 part to 12 of lard. Internal. — The therapeutic value of tartar emetic is limited mainly to canine practice. Antimony is still pre- scribed largely by the Germans as a general and circulatory depressant and expectorant for horses. General depressant, treatment has gone out of vogue and is not usually indi- cated in inflammatory affections, and even if it were, anti- mony does not exert such an action in any considerable degree upon horses or ruminants. Aconite is a much more valuable and efficient circulatory depressant than antimony for the horse. There are three indications for antimony in canine practice : 1st, as an emetic ; 2nd, as a general depressant in inflammatory diseases and in strong patients ; 3rd, as an expectorant in acute bronchitis. The first indication is generally attained more promptly and safely by zinc sulphate. The second and third indications may be combined by prescribing antimony in the first, or dry stage of acute bronchitis in dogs, in the form of hive syrup. For example : Syr. Scillas Co. Sp't's ^ther. Nitrosi aa % ss. M. Liq. Amnion. Acetatis ad ^ iv. S. Teaspoonful every 2 hours. Antimony may be employed as an emetic in bronchitia to clear the stomach and upper part of the respiratory tract of secretions, and to reduce the force and frequency of the Jieart. Ipecac is, however, a better and safer agent for this purpose, and antimony is generally counter-indicated in the second, or exudative stage of bronchitis. The Germans prescribe tartar emetic very commonly to horses as a parasiticide against round worms and tape worms. Four or five drachms are given in aqueous solution to the fasting animal, and followed by the administration of a dose of oil. PHOSPHORUS 233 SECTION VIIL Phosphorus. Phosphorus. Phosphorus. P. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. —Digest bones in sulphuric acid, or treat bone ash with sulphuric acid ; filter and evaporate. Ca, (POJ, (bone ash) + 2 H,S O, - Ca H, (POJ, (acid calcium phosphate) + 2 Ca So^. Heat acid calcium phosphate, charcoal, and sand to- gether, and distil over phosphorus into vrater. Heat breaks up Ca H.lPOJ^ into Ca (POJ, (calcium metaphosphate) + 2 HjO. Then : 2 Ca (PO3), + 2 SiO, + 10 C = P, + 2 Ca Si O, + 10 C O. Properties. — A translucent, nearly colorless solid, of a waxy lustre, having at ordinary temperature about the con- sistency of bees' wax. By long keeping, the surface becomes red and occasionally black. It has a distinctive but dis- agreeable odor and taste. It should not be tasted except in a state of great dilution. When exposed to the air it emits white fumes which are luminous in the dark, and have an odor somewhat resembling garlic. On long exposure to the air, it takes fire spontaneously. Insoluble in water, or nearly so ; soluble in 350 parts of alcohol, in 80 parts of ether, in about 50 parts of any fatty oil, and very soluble in chloro- form and carbon disulphide. Besides the official form there are several other allotropic forms of phosphorus, including the red, or amorphous, the black, and the crystallized metallic phosphorus. Red phosphorus is non-poisonous, owing to its insolu- bility preventing its absorption in the digestive tract. i>ose.— H., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; C, gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.18j ; Sh. & Sw., gr.^^-^ (.0006-003) ; D., gv.^-^ (.0006-.003;. 234 INORGANIC AGENTS PREPARATIONS. Oleum Phosphoratum. Phosi^horated Oil. (B. P.). Phosphorus, 1 gm. ; expressed oil of almond and ether, of each a sufficient quantity to make 100 gm. (U. S. P.) Properties. — A clear, yellowish liquid, having the odor of phos- phorus and ether. The ether in this preparation evaporates in time and the strength is proportionately, and perhaps dangerously, increased. Dosc—B.., 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.) ; D.. TTli.-v. (.Ofi-.S). Pilulae Phosphori. (U. S. P.) Each pill contains gr. 1/100 of phosphorus. Pilitla Phosphori. (B. P.) 2 per cent, phosphorus. Dose. — D., pills, i.-ii. ACTION OF niosniOErs. Internal. — The sole physiological action of pliosphorns which would suggest, and in some manner explain, its therapeutic use is that on bones. Phosphorus, when given in small doses to growing animals, apparently sti'mulates tlie bone-making cells (osteoblasts) and the growth of denser bone, both from cartilage and periosteum. In older animals the lamellffi of spongy tissue are made thicker and, in fowl, the marrow cavity may be Avholly obliterated by the de- position of hard bone through the ingestion of phosphorus. If calcium salts be withheld from the food the activity of the osteoblasts continues but the new bone is soft and of the nature of bones in rickets. The precise mode of action of phos- phorus on normal and diseased bones (rickets and osteomal- acia) has yet to be determined. There appears to be clinical evidence that phosphorus is a nerve stimulant and, in man, it is said that large doses cause mental exhilaration, increased capacity for work and excite sexual desire. Experiments with phosphorus on ani- mals show no special action of the drug on the nervous system. Phosphorus is absorbed largely in an unchanged condition in solution in fatty matter in the bowels and as vapor. Some of the phosphorus is probably converted in the bowels and blood into pho?;phureted hydrogen (PHo) and further oxidized into phosphoric acid in the body. Its fate ACTION OF PHOSPHOKUS 235 is unknown, but some phosphorus is eliminated as vapor from the lungs and some in organic compounds in the urine. The toxic action of phosphorus differs decidedly from its therapeutic effect and so does the action of pure phos- phorus from its compounds. The action of phosphates, phosphoric acid and hypophosphites is not at all that of phosphorus. Most of the hypophosphites are eliminated unchanged in the urine and do not act as phosphates, as formerly be- lieved. They appear to have little more influence than sodium chloride, except the iron salt, where the metallic ion acts as other iron compounds. Phosphoric acid stimulates digestion and secretin formation, like other mineral acids, but is inferior in this respect to hydrochloric acid. It has been given internally for its supposed action as a phosphate, but the organic phosphate compounds of the body cannot be built from the inorganic salts. Calcium hypophosphate, lactophosphate and glycero- phosphate act similarly to calcium phosphate (page 158). Toxicology. — The symptoms of poisoning do not ordi- narily appear until some hours after ingestion of toxic doses. Then abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting (in those animals in which it is possible) and purging occur. The breath, vomitus and faecal discharges may be luminous, and have the odor of phosphorus. There is fever, anorexia and thirst. This condition is followed by an intermission in which the patient appears to be recovering, only to be succeeded by jaundice, hemorrhages (due to fatty degeneration of vessels and blood poor in fibrinogen), nervous symptoms, as delir- ium, coma and convulsions, and death. The urine rarely Ijecomes albuminous in animals, but contains leucin and tyrosin. The heart muscle is directly paralyzed by lethal doses. Grave, destructive metabolic changes (autolysis) occur in the tissues — especially the liver. There is general fatty de- generation of the viscera and muscles. The blood is disor- ganized, and there are widespread ecchymoses. Jaundice follows closure of the common, or hepatic duct, or smaller biliar}^ tubules (owing to proliferation of interstitial tissue, seen also in the stouiach and kidney), and disorganization 236 INOEGANIC AGENTS of the blood. There is rapid atrophy of the liver, and phosphorus poisoning in man is often indistinguishable dur- ing life from acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Nitrogenous elimination is increased. Imperfectly decomposed products of metabolism, as leucin and tyrosin, occur in the urine; also an excess of urea and ammonia and often blood, bile and fat and sarcolactic acid. It is a matter of dispute whether the fat deposited in the cells of the tissues is formed there (fatty degeneration), or is conveyed thence from that already existing in the subcutaneous tissue. Chronic poison- ing, attended with necrosis of the jaw and other symptoms, and occurring among workers in phosphorus, is unlikely to occur in the lower animals. Acute poisoning is treated by emptying the stomach with a stomach tube or copper sul- phate; the latter forming an insoluble phosphide of copper. Cathartics should also be administered. Permanganate of potash or hydrogen dioxide should be employed as anti- dotes, for their oxidizing action. Old turpentine is usually recommended as the antidote, but only the French variety is of any value, and that is generally unobtainable. Demul- cents and opium are in order after evacuant and antidotal treatment has been carried out, but oil should never be given in phosphorus poisoning, as it assists the solution and absorption of the poison. Uses. — Phosphorus is indicated as a stimulant to the erowth of bone in rachitis and osteomalacia, as a nerve stimulant and tonic in conditions of nervous exhaustion and impaired vitality, due to excessive activity of the sexual organs or otherwise. It is used empirically in treatment of boils, acne, and psoriasis, and has been prescribed with alleged advantage as a general stimulant in pneu- monia. Administration. — Phosphorus may be given in pill or ball, with cacao butter, or in the official preparations to doffS, and in a saturated alcoholic solution to horses. Phosphide of zinc represents the action of phosphorus, and yields phosphureted hydrogen in its decomposition in the body. It may be given to dogs (gr.1-10) in the form of pills. CHLORINE 237 SECTION IX. Chlorine. Chlorum. Chlorine. CL Tlie gas is not official. Liquor Chlori Compositus. Compound Solution of Chlorine, Chlorine Water. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — ^Aqua chlori, chlorum solutum, aqua oxy- muriatica, solution of chlorine, E.; aqua chlorata, P. G.; eau chloree, chlore liquide, Fr.; chlor-wasser, G. An aqueous solution of chlorine (CI), containing at least 0.4 per cent, of the gas. Derivation. — Generate chlorine gas with hydrochloric acid, 18 ; potassium chlorate, 5 ; and water to make 1000. Heat in flask. Properties. — A clear, greenish-yellow liquid, having the suffocating odor and disagreeable taste of chlorine, and leaving no residue on evaporation. Incompatible with salts of silver and lead. The preparation deteriorates on keeping. Dose. — Not used internally. Calx Chlorinata. Chlorinated Lime. Ca CljOo, Ca C\. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Calx chlorata ; calca ria chlorata, P. G. ; chloris calcicus, chloruretum calcis, calcii hypochloris, chlo- ride of lime, hypochloride of calcium, bleaching powder, E.; chlorure de chaux, poudre de Tenna jt, ou de Knox, Fr.; chlorkalk, bleichkalk, G. A preparation often improperly called " chloride of lime." It should contain not less than 3£ per cent, of avail- able chlorine. Derivation. — Pass chlorine gas over calcium hydrate, 238 INOltGANIC AGENTS when chlorinated lime, a mixture of calcium chloride and hypochlorite, results. 2 Ca 0,H„ + 2 CI, = Ca C1,0„ Ca Cl„ + 2 H.,0. It may also be regarded as a mixture of lime and chlorine. 2 Ca 0,H, + 2 CI, = 2 Ca O, 2 CI, + 2 H,0. Properties. — A white, or grayish-white granular powder, exhaling the odor of hypochlorous acid, having a repulsive saline taste, and becoming moist and gradually decompos- ing on exposure to air. In water or in alcohol it is only par- tially soluble. It evolves chlorine on exposure to the air or on addition of an acid. Chlorinated lime possesses an alkaline reaction and bleaching properties. Dose. — Only of value externally. PREPARATION. Liquor Calcis Chlorinatce. Solution of Chlorinated Lime. (B. P.) This sohition should yield about 3 per cent, of chlorine. Liquor Sod^ Chlorinate. Solution of Chlorinated Soda. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Liquor sodse chlorinatse, Labarraque's solution, E. An aqueous solution of several chlorine com- pounds of sodium, containing at least 2.6 per cent., by weight, of available chlorine. Derivation. — A solution of sodium carbonate, 150; chlo- rinated lime, 75 ; in water to make 1,000. F7^operties. — A clear, pale, greenish liquid, having a faint odor of chlorine and a disagreeably alkaline taste. Dose. — Only of value externally. ACTION AND USES OF CHLORINE. Chlorine gas, in the presence of organic matter and moisture, unites with the hydrogen of water and sets free nascent oxygen. When chlorine comes in contact with sul- phuretted hydrogen, it removes and destroys the compound. Chlorine is thus a powerful oxidizing disinfectant agent and deodorizer. One-quarter of 1 per cent, of chlorine in solution is an effective germicide. When chlorine gas is ACTION AND USES OF CHLORINE 230 inhaled undiluted, it is an irritant to the respiratory tract, producing sometimes spasm of the glottis, or severe bron- chitis, and at other times a condition of narcotism, with death from paralysis of the respiratory center. In contact Avith living tissues, chlorine replaces the hydrogen of proteid compounds and forms hydrochloric acid with the hydrogen thus set free. The symptoms of poisoning are explained by the local irritation of the hydrochloric acid thus formed. In dilute form it is stimulant, antiseptic, and deodorant in rela- tion to the body. Chlorine gas may be generated from salt and black oxide of manganese, 1 part each ; with commercial sulphuric acid and water, 2 parts each. The spores of most bacteria are killed after three hours' exposure to a moist atmosphere containing 0.3 per cent, of chlorine gas. Chlorine may be used to advantage in this jnanner as a substitute for sulphur fumigation. Chlorine water is employed, Avell diluted, for the same purposes and with the same results as the solution of chlorinated soda. Chlorinated lime varies much in strength. To be of any value it should be so irritating to the eyes that it cannot be held near the face. It owes its medicinal value to the hypochlorite of lime which it contains. If the compound is very moist, it is because calcium chloride preponderates. Chlorinated lime is often employed as a deodorizer, standing about premises in vessels, but is of no practical value unless it comes directly in contact with bacteria or sulphureted compounds which it is desirable to destroy. It is the best and cheapest germ destroyer we possess for disinfecting ]iremises and other appurtenances, apart from the body, as walls and floors of buildings, faecal and other discharges, sewers, privies and cesspools. A 10 per cent, solution is to be employed on the floors, walls and other parts of buildings. The pure compound may be mixed with manure and dis- cliargcs. Even a 1 per cent, solution is germicidal, and may be employed to wash blankets, harness and other parapher- nalia. It is said not to harm woolen or cotton fabrics, in the latter solution. One or two pounds of chlorinated lime is a useful disinfectant when put in priv3^ vaults once a week. One or two ounces of chlorinated lime will render drinkable 65 gallons of putrid, bad smelling water, after a 249 INORGANIC AGENTS few hours have elapsed for precipitation followiug the use of the compound. Upon the body, a 2 or 3 per cent, solution of chlorinated lime is employed as a stimulant, deodorant, and antiseptic, for decubitus, foul-smelling and gangrenous sores, severe burns and indolent ulcers. It is used in 10 per cent, solution as a parasiticide in ringworm and scabies. A 1 per cent, solution forms a valuable wash in ulcerative stomatitis. Chlorinated lime may be prescribed, with an equal amount of lard, upon ulcers when a stimulat- ing action is desired. Chlorinated lime (gr.-xv. in 3 ii. of sterile water) is one of the most effective antidotes for snake bite, when injected in several places in the region of the lesion. Its internal administration is undesirable. The solution of chlorinated soda is a slight caustic, deodorizer and antiseptic preparation on indolent, sloughing, foul- smelling surfaces. It may be prescribed in sore throat, or ozoena, as a spray, or injected into the uterus, vagina or rectum. It is commonly diluted with 8 to 10 parts of water. Bromine. Bromum. Bromine. Br. Derivation. — From seaweed and mineral springs. Properties. — Heavy, dark, brownish-red liquid, volatiliz- ing with the production of an irritating vapor. Soluble in 30 parts of water, and readily soluble in alcohol and ether. Of no value in veterinary medicine. PoTASSii Bromidum. Potassium Bromide. K Br. (U. S. & B. P.) , Synonym. — Kalium bromatum, P.G.; bromkalium, G. Derivation. — Obtained from liquor potassae, bromine, and charcoal by the same process described in making potassium iodide (p. 247). Properties. — Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or granules ; odorless, and having a pungent, saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in about 1.6 parts of water and in 200 parts of alcohol. ACTION OF THE BROMIDES 241 Dose.—B.. & C, 5 i.-ii. (30.-G0.) ; Sh. & Sw., 5 ii.-iv. (8.-15.);D., gr.v.-Bi. (.3-4.). *SoDii Bromidum. Sodium Bromide. Ka Br. (U. S. k P. B.). Synonym. — Bromure de sodium, Fr. ; bromnatrium, G. Derivation. — Similar to potassium bromide. Liquor sodse is used instead of liquor potassfp. Properties. — Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or a white, granular powder; odorless, and having a saline, slightly bitter taste. From air the salt attracts moisture without deliquescing. Soluble in 1,2 parts of water, and in 13 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Same as potassium bromide. ACTION OF THE BROMIDES. External. — I^one. Internal. — Digestive Tract. — The bromides, when in- gested in concentrated form, may induce nausea and vomit- ing through irritation of the stomach produced by with- drawal of water from the gastric mucosa. This " salt action " i.5 common to other salines. In a large, single dose, the bromides cause in horses muscular weakness, dulness and staggering gait, and the respiration slowed. The urine is increased in quantity and sexual desire diminished. Broni- ism may be produced in man, or the lower animals, by the continuous administration of the bromides. This condi- tion is characterized by general weakness and unsteady gait, mental dulness, indigestion, fetid breath, cutaneous anaes- thesia, loss of sexual power, and occasionally an acneform eruption. Death has never been caused in man by the bromides. Nervous System. — The bromides are essentially depres- sant to nerve tissue. Therapeutically, this depressing action is seen particularly in relation to the motor centres of the middle region of the cerebral cortex ; to the intellectual areas in the anterior cerebral region (in man) ; and in lessening- reflex action. The whole nervous system is depressed, but the motor tract in the brain and the sensory nerves are the *Ammonii bromidum, lithii bromidum, calcii bromidum and strontii l)ioiniduni are also official. These salts are given in the same doses as sodium bromide. 242 INORGANIC AGENTS first to sueenmb to the influence of the bromides. Intellection is clouded, and dulness and mental apathy are observed in man after large amounts. Reflex action is diminished owing to interference to the passage of impulses from the sensory to motor cells of the cord and, later, to depression of the sen- sory nerves. Finally, with the continuous administration of large doses the motor area of the spinal cord, the motor nerves, and muscles fall under the depressing action of these agents. Circulation. — Potassium bromide is a powerful depres- sant to the heart in toxic doses. Medicinal doses injected into a vein induce weakness of the heart, but therapeutic amounts, given by the mouth, exert no appreciable effect upon the circulation. The depressing action of potassium bromide upon the heart is due wholly to the potassium ion ; the bromine ion is not a heart depressant. There is practically no dif- ference in the action of therapeutic doses of potassium, sodium, strontium, or ammonium bromides. Ischemia of the pia is seen under the influence of bromides. This is the result of depression of the cerebrum and sleep, and not the cause of sleep. The old idea that the beneficial action of the bromides, in relieving nervous excitability and in causing sleep, was due to the production of vasomotor spasm and cerebral anaemia, is now exploded. Temperature. — The temperature falls, following the action of toxic amounts of the bromides, owing to lessened muscular movements. Sexual Organs. — The bromides diminish sexual desire and power. In so doing they either depress the spinal centres or lessen perij^heral sensibility of the genito-urinary tract. Elimination. — The bromides are eliminated unchanged by all channels and are found in the sweat, urine, milk, saliva, intestinal secretions, etc. Elimination begins imme- diately but may not keep pace with continuous administra- tion, and bromism may occur. Uses Internal. — The bromides, being particularly useful in the treatment of functional nervous diseases, do not pos- sess nearly the value in veterinary medicine that they have IODINE 243 in human practice. Moreover, their use is limited mainly to canine disorders, as bromides have little influence upon diseases of horses. Bromides are especially indicated in irritation of the motor area of the cerebral cortex (convulsions), in general nervous excitability, and in corditions due to exalted reflex nervous excitabilty, in cerebritis, and in conditions due to exalted reflex action in dogs. The bromides are indeed the best agents we can use to cure fits or convulsions in dogs. They should be combined with chloral and given, if necessary, per rectum. The bromides are useful in canine chorea, in connection with Fowler's Solution. With chloral the bromides are antidotes to strychnine poisoning. Sexual excitement in all animals may be allayed by the bromides. The bromides are occa- sionally of value in reflex cough, palpitation of the heart, and asthma, but are inferior to other agents in these disorders. Potassium bromide is recommended in the treatment of tetanus of the horse, but opium, belladona and cannabis indica are generally more effectual. If the bromides are used they should be given with chloral. Iodine. loDUM. Iodine. I. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — lodinum, U. S. P. 1870; iodum, P. G.; iode, Fr.; jod., G. Derivation. — Iodine is a non-metallic element (Halloi^en^ existing in combination in the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms. It occurs in seaweed, from which it is obtained by distillation. It is also mined in the form of iodates and iodides. Properties. — Iodine occurs in heavy, bluish-black, dry and friable rhombic plates, having a metallic lustre, a distinctive odor, and sharp, acid taste. It is soluble in 5,000 parts of water, and in 10 parts of alcohol ; very soluble in ether and in solutions of potassium iodide. Iodine volatilizes on heating, with the formation of a 244 INORGANIC AGENTS a purple vapor. With starch, iodine forms an insoluble blue compound. Dose.—B.. & C, 5ss.-i. (2.-4.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3). "Not often used in solid state. PREPARATIONS. Liquor lodi Compositus. Compound Solution of Iodine. (Lugol's Solution.) (U. S. P.) Iodine, 5; potassium iodide, 10; water to make 100. (1-20). Dose.— H. & C, 3 ii-iv. (8.-15.) D., Tllii-x. (.12-.6). Should be given in one quart of water to the larger animals. Tinctura lodi. (U.S.P.) Iodine, 70; alcohol to make 1,000. Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) ; D. Tl^i.-v. (.06-.3). Tinciure lodi. (B. P.) Dose. — Same as U. S. P. tincture. Unguentum lodi. 1-25. . (U. S. & B. P.) Too weak for most veterinary purposes. Action External. — Iodine acts as a slow, moderate and prolonged irritant upon the skin and mucous membranes. The yellow stain produced by iodine may be removed by am- monia water, alkalies and sodium hyposulphite. A small amount of iodine is absorbed through the unbroken skin, and it is thought to have a special resolvent and alterative action over and above that of other counter irritants. Whether this be true or not, its easy mode of application makes it a very convenient irritant for local uses. Action Internal. — Iodine produces gastro-intestinal irri- tation and inflammation in large doses ; and in toxic quanti- ties induces colic, vomiting in animals capable of the- act, and purging and salivation. The pulse becomes rapid and weak; there is often suppression of urine, and occasionally nephritis. Widespread fatty degeneration has been found after fatal poisoning in the lower animals. If there is much IODINE 245 starchy material in the bowels, the faecal discharges may be of a bluish color. Aphrodisiac action has been noted in man, following small doses of iodine. The treatment of acute poisoning is embraced in the use of starch by the mouth, or raw eggs, external heat; strychnine, alcohol, and atropine subcutaneously. Chronic poisoning by iodine and iodides (iodism), in man, commonly causes symptoms analogous to a severe cold in the head, with pain over the frontal sinus, sore throat, running at the eyes and nose, gastric indigestion, together with an acneform, and occasion- ally purpuric, or furuncular eruption. These more frequent symptoms of iodism occur more often after the administration of potassium iodide than after that of iodine. The physiological action of the iodides is simi- lar to that of iodine, which is transformed into iodides in the body. But the iodides are usually preferred for internal use since they are locally so much less irritating. Both iodine and potassium iodide are readily absorbed from mucous mem- branes, and are found in all the tissues and fluids of the body. Iodine is absorbed as iodides and, perhaps, in loose combination with albumin (iodoalbuminates) — and elimi- nated as iodides by all the usual channels, as well as by the mucous membranes. The kidneys eliminate the greater amount, but iodine is found in the saliva and gastric juice after it has ceased to be present in the urine. The effect of iodine on the thyroid gland probably accounts for much of its influence on the body. Iodine is essential for normal tJiyroid activity. Glandular hyperplasia (simple goitre) is a physiological reaction to a deficiency of iodine. The iodine content of the gland varies inversely with the degree of en- largement. Giving iodine in simple goitre in puppies causes reduction of the glandular hyperplasia. An excess of iodine ingested in goitre will produce the same symptoms (thyro- toxic) as occur in morbid conditions where an excess of thyroid secretion is formed (exophthalmic goitre in man) i. e., rapid heart, tremors, wasting, excitement, etc. Uses External. — Iodine is of most value applied exter- nally, or locally, while potassium iodide is administered internally because it is not irritating to the digestive organs. Although potassium iodide does not exactly represent the 246 INORGANIC AGENTS action of iodine, yet it is usually preferable for the reason just stated. Potassium . iodide renders iodine soluble and prevents its precipitation in fluids within and without the body; it is therefore combined with iodine, when concen- trated solutions are desirable. Six parts of potassium iodide and twelve parts of iodine are added to one hundred parts of water, or ointment, to make a suitable counter-irritant preparation for the horse. A useful tincture for veterinary purposes contains 15 parts of iodine and 18 parts of potas- sium iodide in 100 parts of alcohol. Iodine is employed in aqueous and alcoholic solution, or in ointment, as above, either painted upon or rubbed into the skin over enlarged glands, rheumatic swellings about the joints, or upon the chest in chronic pleuritis. It is also of \alue in strains, bruises, periostal inflammation and muscular rheumatism. In the horse, severe sprains and inflammation of joints, bones, and periosteum are treated more satisfactorily by blistering agents. Iodine is a valuable disinfectant and parasiticide, with equal parts of alcohol in alopecia areata, and particularly in ringworm and favus in dogs, when the tincture is applied locally. Iodine is applied externally, in the form of the tincture, on patches of chronic mange, eczema, and psoriasis. Iodine is often recommended for erysipelas, but is in- ferior to ichthyol for this purpose. Iodine is injected into joints, synovial sacs, abscesses, and cavities of the body to promote healing through its antiseptic and irritant action ; to cause adhesive inflammation, and in this manner to close cavities and to prevent the accumulation of fluids in them. The official tincture is commonly used for injections. The tincture of iodine may be injected undiluted directly into the substance of enlarged glands,* in amounts varying from 15 to 30 drops, to assist their absorption. If the tinc- ture is injected into the subcutaneous tissue, abscess may ensue. Ozoena may be treated to advantage by irrigation with a solution containing one drachm of the tincture of iodine to the pint of normal salt solution. In inflammation of the upper air passages, iodine is sometimes beneficial as * In goitre in dogs, calves and lambs, injections of tincture of iodine (lUx.) may be made every other day for 10 to :iO times— if painting on the tincture extern- ally and potassium iodide or dessicated thyroid glands (gr. iii. in capsules thrice daily) internally are unsuccessful. POTASSIUM IODIDE 247 a stimulant and antiseptic inhalation, which is produced by adding one-half a drachm of iodine to the pint of boiling water. Uses Internal. — Iodine is thought to act more satisfac- torily than potassium iodide in the treatment of diabetes insipidus or polyuria of the horse, in which it often appears to be a specific. Administration. — Iodine may be combined with gentian and iron in the form of a ball, as recommended by Fiulay Dun, or better, as Lugol's Solution, which is less irritating and more active. PoTASSii loDiDUM. Potassium Iodide. K I. (U. S. hur and also to form steam by its combustion. The latter unites with sulphurous anhydride to make the more potent sulphurous acid. SULPHUEOUS ACID 259 If steam can be introduced into the apartment, together with sulphur fumes, the effect is vastly more efficient. The sulphur and alcohol may be placed in an iron or earthen- ware vessel, floating in a tub of water to avoid danger of fire. The sulphur not infrequently fails to burn freely, and combustion is secured more certainly by placing flowers of sulphur with alcohol in an iron vessel which should rest upon a stand in a large iron pot. A lighted alcohol lamp is then put under the smaller iron vessel, containing the s.ul- phur, and the lamp is ignited. The lamp insures complete combustion of the sulphur and the outer iron pot prevents the surrounding premises from catching fire. Sulphiirous anhydride has been employed for its local antiseptic and stimulant action, in inflammatory diseases of the upper air passages in horses. For this purpose it is burned in such quantities that the vapor is capable of being inspired because largely dilated with air. With such dilu- tion the antiseptic action is lost, and there is danger of producing considerable irritation, and the procedure is of doubtful value. The same treatment has been pursued in verminous bronchitis of lambs and calves, caused by the Strongylus filaria and S. micrurus. Local treatment, with tracheal injection, is more efficient. AciDUM SuLPHUROSUM. Sulphurous Acid. H2SO3. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acide sulfureux, Fr.; schwefelige saure, G. Derivation. — Charcoal, 20, and sulphuric acid, 80, are heated together and the sulphurous anhydride evolved is passed into water. 4 H, SO, + 2 C = 4 SO, + 2 CO, + 4 H,0. 4 SO, + 4 H,0 = 4 H.SO,. Propertien. — A colorless liquid of the characteristic odor of burning sulphur, and of a very acid, sulphurous taste. It should contain not less than 6.4 per cent., by weight, of sul- phurous anhydride, and not more than 93.6 per cent, of water. 260 INORGANIC AGENTS Dose.—B.. k a, §i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., 5ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Actions and Uses. — Sulphurous acid decomposes organic matter, abstracts oxygen, and is transformed into sulphuric acid. The amount of sulphuric acid formed from the medi- cinal solution is not sufficient to interfere with its action in or upon the body. Sulphurous acid is a deodorant, deoxi- dizer, parasiticide and disinfectant externally. Solutions (1-4) are used as local stimulant and antiseptic applications to wounds, ulcers, or sores with foul discharges, and to kill the fungus growths producing ringworm. Sulphurous acid is employed as an antiseptic in indi- gestion, associated with flatulence, and has the same effect and value as the sulphites and hyposulphites which are used for the same purposes. PoTAssA SuLPHURATA. Sulphurated Potassa. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Potassii sulphuretum, potassii sulphidum, liver of sulphur., E. ; foie de soufre, Fr. ; kalischwefel- leber, G. Derivation. — Powdered and dried potassium carbonate, 200, is mixed with sublimed sulphur, and heated in a cru- cible. Potassa sulphurata is a mixture of potassium hypo- sulphite and sulphide. 3 K2C O3 + 8 S =1^28203 +- 2 K2S3 + 3 CO2. Properties. — Irregular pieces of a liver-brown color, which by exposure to the air gradually absorb moisture, oxygen, and carbonic dioxide, and change to greenish-yellow and finally to a gray mass containing potassium carbonate, hy2")osulphite and sulphate. The compound has a faint odor of hydrogen sulphide, and a bitter alkaline taste. Soluble in 2 parts of water, with the exception of a small residue. Dose.— H. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.ii.-x. (.12.6). Action Internal. — Sulphurated potassa is composed chiefly of potassium trisulphide (K2S3) and of potassium thiosulphate (K2S2O3). Its action is that of the sulphides generally. These give off HoS in the bowel, which leads to purging and local irritation. When injected into a vein the SULPHURATED POTASSA 261 sulphides induce -two notable phenomena in toxic doses. First, they cause convulsions in mammals — owing to action on the cerebrum — and, in lethal doses, paralysis of the re- spiratory and vasomotor centres. Second, they produce alter- ation in the hemoglobin of the red corpuscles with formation of a body like methemoglobin and called sulpho-hemogoblin. In frogs this happens during life but in mammals apparently comes on immediately after death. Externally the sulphides in solution dissolves the horny epidermis and hair, and leads to irritation of the skin after prolonged action. The sulphides undergo oxidation in the blood and escape in the urine as sulphates and organic sulphur compounds and in the breath and sweat as hydrogen sulphide. Sulphurated potassa has been administered internally as a substitute for sulphur, but is only of value externally. Action and Uses External. — Sulphurated potassa is one of the most serviceable agents we possess in the treatment of chronic forms of skin diseases, as acne, lichen, but particularly eczema of the horse and dog. It is locally stimulant, alterative ( ?), and parasiticide. There is only one drawback to its general use, which is its exceedingly dis- agreeable odor. Peruvian balsam is frequently substituted for this reason in the treatment of skin diseases in dogs. A solution, "yellow lotion," is used in different strengths (1-8 to 1-15), according to the amount of stimulation which the skin will endure. The " yellow lotion," is a good agent for killing lice upon the skin. The following prescription will be found of benefit in canine practice : Potassse Sulphuratse 3 ii. S3. Chloralis 3 ss. 01. Anisi TTLii. Aquae ad 5 iv. M. S. External use. The chloral relieves itching and the anise disguises to some extent the odor of hydrogen sulphide. 262 INORGANIC AGENTS SECTION XI. Acids. AciDUM Hydkochloricum. Hydrochloric Acid. H CI. (U. S. & B. P.) (Muriatic Acid.) Synonym. — Acidum hydrochloratum, S. chlorliydricum, E.; acide chlorhydriqne S. nuiriatique, Fr.; salzsaiire, G. A liquid composed of 31.9 per cent., by weight, of abso- lute hydrochloric acid, and 68.1 per cent, of water. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Distil together sulphuric acid, sodium chloride and water. The resulting hydrochloric acid gas is passed into distilled water, while acid sodium sulphate remains in the retort and is further acted upon by sodium chloride. 2 Na CI + H,S O, = H CI + Na HSO, ; then : Na HSO, + Na CI = H CI + Na.SO,. Properties. — A colorless, fuming liquid, of a pungent odor and an intensely acid taste. Spec, gr., about 1.16^ at 15° C. (59° F.) Miscible, in all proportions, with water and alcoliol. Incompatibles. — Alkaline and other carbonates, and lead and silver salts. PREPARATIONS. AciDDM Hydrochloricum Dilutum, Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum, Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. Acidum Ilydrocliloricum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) * {Diluted Muriatic Acid.) Derivation. — Hydrochloric acid, 100; distilled water, 219. Diluted hydrochloric acid contains 10 per cent, of absolute hydrochloric acid. (Ui S. P.) Properties. — It does not fume in the air and is without odor. Spec, gr., 1.050. Otherwise corresponds to hydrochloric acid. (U. S. P.) Dose.—n., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, • ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sw. & D., nix.-xxx. (.6-2.). SULPHUBIC ACID 263 AciDUM SuLPHUBicuM. Salpliuiic Acid. H^SO^. (U. S. & B. p.) Synonym. — Oil of vitriol, E.; acide sulphurique, Liiile de vitriol, Fr.; schwefelsaure, vitriolol, G. A liquid composed of not less than 92.5 per cent, by weight of absolute sulphuric acid, and not more than 7.5 per cent, water. Derivation. — Sulphurous anhydride (U.S. P.), generated by roasting iron pyrites, or sulphur, is passed into leaden chambers. Nitric acid is introduced with steam, and the sulphurous anhydride undergoes oxidation and hydration. 2 HNO3 + 2 SO, + H,0 = 2 H,,SO, + N,03. The nitrous acid combines with oxygen and water in the air, and is re-transformed into nitric acid, acting con- tinually as a carrier of oxygen to sulphurous anhydride. Properties. — A colorless liquid, of oily consistence, ino- dorous, and very caustic and corrosive. Spec. gr. not below 1.835. Miscible, iu all proportions, with water and alcohol, with evolution of so much heat that the mixing requires great caution. (U. S. P.) Tncompatibles. — Alkalies and carbonates, calcium and lead salts. PREPARATIONS. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DiLUTUM, ACIDUM SULPHURICUM ArOMATICUM. Acidum Sulphuricuru Dilutiuii. Diluted Sulphuric Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) Derwaftoji. — Sulphuric acid, 100 gm.; distilled water, 825 gm. Properties — Diluted sulphuric acid contains 10 j)er cent, by- weight, of ahsolnte sulphuric acid. Spec. gr. about l.OTO. (U. S. P.) Do.se.— H., 3i-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8-15); Sh. . 3 ss.-i. (2-4.); Sw. & D., mx.-xxx. (.6-2 ). Acidum Sidphuricum Aromaticiim. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. (U. S. &B. P.) Synonym. — Tinctura aromatica acida, P. G. ; elixir vitrioli Myn- Bichti, elixir of vitriol, E.; elixir vitriolique, teinture (alcool) aromatique sulphurique, Fr.; saure aromati.sche tinctur, Mynsicht's elixir, G. 264 INORGANIC AGENTS Derwation. — Sulphuric acid. 111 Cc; tincture of ginger, bO Co.; oil of cinnamon, 1 Cc ; alcohol to make 1,000 Cc. (U. S. P.) Proper//>.s-.— Aromatic sulphuric acid contains about 20ijercent., by weij^ht, of ofRcial sulphuric acid, partly in form of ethyl sulphuric acid. Spec. gr. about 0.939. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.); C, 3 i.-ii. (4,-8.); Sh., mxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); Sw. &D., TH,v.-xv. (.3-1.). AciDUM NiTRicuM. Nitric Acid. HNO3. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acide azotiqiie, Fr.; salpetersaure, G. A liquid composed of 68 per cent., by weight, of abso- lute nitric acid, and 32 per cent, of water. Derivation. — Seven parts of sodium or potassium nitrate are distilled with four parts of sulphuric acid and water. KNO3 -+- H,SO, = KHSO, + HNO, Properties. — A colorless, fuming liquid, very caustic and corrosive, and having a peculiar, somewhat suffocating odor. Spec. gr. about 1.414. (U. S. P.) Incompatibles. — Alkalies and carbonates, iron sulphate, lead acetate and alcohol. PREPARATIONS. ACIDUM NiTRICUM DiLUTUM, ACIDUM NiTROHYDROCHLORICUM, ACIDUM NiTROHYDROCHLORICUM DiLUTUM. I. Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. Diluted Nitric Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Nitric acid, 100; distilled water, 580. Diluted nitric acid contains 10 yer cent , by weight, of absolute nitric acid. Spec. gr. about 1.057. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sw. & D., mv.-xxx. ( 3-2.). II. Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum. Nitrohydrochloric Acid. (U. S. P.) {Nitromuriatic Acid.) Derivation. — Nitric acid, 180 ; hydrochloric acid, 820. Chemical composition uncertain. Prox>erties. — A golden yellow, fuming and very corrosive liquid, having a strong odor of chlorine. The strong acid should always be freshly prepared and should be used in preference to the diluted acid. It may be made off hand by mixing 4 parts of nitric acid with 16 parts PHOSPHORIC ACID 265 of hydrochloric acid. The mixture shovdd remain in an open bottle QOl more than half full, until the fumes pass off. Dose.— H., Tiixx.-xl. (1.3-2.6); D., niiii.-v. (.2-.3). JJL Acidura Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. Diluted Nitrochloric Acid. (U.S. &B. P.) {Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid.) Synonym. — Acidum chloro-nitrosum, P. G. ; aqua regia S. regis, — acide chloro-azotique S. chloro-nitreux, eau Regales, Fr.; salpetersalz- Baure, konigswasser, G. Derivation. — Nitric acid, 40; hydrochloric acid, 180; distilled water, 780. Properties. — A colorless, or pale yellowish liquid, having a faint odor of chlorine and a very acid taste. Completely volatilized by heat. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sw. & D., Tn,v.-xxx. (.3-2.). Acidum Phosphoricum. Phosphoric Acid. H3P O^. (U. S. & B. P.) A liquid composed of not less than 85 per cent., by weight, of absolute orthophosphoric acid (H3P OJ, and not more than 15 per cent, of water. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Heat phosphorus with diluted nitric acid till nitrous fumes cease. P3 -f 5 HNO3 + 2 H„0 = 3 H, PO, + 5 NO. Properties. — A colorless liquid, without odor, but having a strongly acid taste. Spec. gr. not below 1.710. Miscible, in all proportions, with water or alcohol. (U. S. P.) PREPARATION. Acidum Phosphoricum Dilvtum. Diluted Phosphoric Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Phosphoric acid, 100; distilled water, 750. (U. S. P.) Diluted phosphoric acid contains 10 per cent., by weight, of absolute orthophosphoric acid. Spec. gr. about 1057. Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., 3ss-'. (2.-4.); D., mv.-xxx. (.3-2.) 266 INORGANIC AGENTS AciDUM AcETicuM. Acetic Acid. H C2H3OJ. (U. S. & B. P.) Synomjr.i. — Acetum purum, — acetum destillatum, P.G.; acide acetique dilue, Fr.; reiuer essig, G. A liquid composed of 36 per ceut., by weight, of absolute acetic acid, and 64 per ceut, of water. Dfrlvation. — Distillatiou of dry sodium acetate with snlphnric acid aud crvstallizatiou of the distillate. Na C, H,0, + H, SO, = H (I H, O, + Na H SO,. Fro/)eHies. — A ck-ar, colorless liquid, haviup; a stroucr, vinei^ar-like odor, a purely acid taste aud a strougly acid reaction. Spec. gr. about 1.048. Miscible with water or alcohol in all proportions. PREPAKA.TION. Acidurii Aceticum Dilutuvi. Diluted Acetic Acid. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acetum concentratuin, — acide acetiqup, Fr.; ver- diinnte essigsaure, G. Derwation. — Acetic acid, 100; distilled water, 500. Diluted acetic acid contains 6 per cent., bj^ weight, of absolute acetic acirl. Spec gr. about 1 008. Not employed internally except in the form of official aceta. Vinegar is impure diluted acetic acid, made by destructive distillation of wood, or by acetous fermentation and oxidation of alco- holic solutions, as cider. CoHoO H + O2 = H CsHsOj + H,^. A temperature of S0° F., and the presence of the ferment or mould (Mycoderma aceti), are necessary. AciDUM Aceticum Glaciale. Glacial Acetic Acid. H GMJ^^. (U. S. ctB. P.) Synonym. — Acidum aceticum, P. G.; acidum aceticum concentratum, acetum glaCiale, — acide acetique concentree, esprit de viuaigre, vinaigre glacial, Fr.; essigsaure, eissesig, G. Derivation. — Same as acetic acid. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid of a strong vinegar- like odor, and a very pungent, purely acid taste. Contains about 99 per cent, of absolute acid. Not used internally. TARTArJC ACID 267 AciDUM Tartakicum. Tartaric Acid. HjC.H.Os. (U.S.&B.P.) Synonym. — Sal essentiale tartari, — acide tartrique, acide de tartre, Fr.; weinsaure, weinsteinsaure, G. Derivation. — Boil acid potassium tartrate or argol (incrnstation in wine casks) witli chalk to form calcium tartrate. 2 K H C,H,0, -f Ca C O3 = Ca C,H,0« + ICC,H,0« + HjO + C O,,. Add calcium chloride, which precipitates more calcium tartrate, and decompose with sulphuric acid. H,S O, + Ca C,H,0, = H,C,H,0« + Ca S O, Evaporate solution. Calcium sulphate ciystals separate and are removed, while tartaric acid crystallizes on further evaporation. Properties. — Colorless, translucent, mouoclinic prisms, or crystalline crusts, or a white powder; odorless, having a purely acid taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in about .8 jiart of water, and in 2.5 parts of alcohol. Not commonly used in Veterinary medicine. Dose.—K., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). AciDUM CiTRicuM. Citric Acid. H3CeH50,. (U. S. k B. P.) Synonym. — Acidum citri S. limonum, S. limonorum, — acide citriqiie, acide du citron, Fr.; citronensaure, G. Derivation. — Usually prepared from the lemon (Citrus lemonum), or lime (Citrus bergamia). Boiling lemon juice (containing 7 per cent, of citric acid) is treated with chalk to form calcium citrate. 2 H3C6H5O, + 3 Ca C O3 = Ca, (C,H,0,)., + 3 C O, + 3 H,0. Calcium citrate is boiled with sulphuric acid and the resulting citric acid is obtained by filtration, evaporation and crystallization. Ca3 (C,H,0,)., + 3 H. S O, == 2 Ufijl, O, + 3 Ca SO,. Properties. — Colorless, translucent, right - rhombic prisms; odorless, having an agreeable, purel}^ acid taste; efflorescent in warm air and deliquescent when exposed to 268 INORGANIC AGENTS moist air. Soluble in 0.63 parts of water and in 1,61 parts of alcohol. Dose.—B.., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3). PREPARATION. Syrupus Acidi Citrici, Syrup of Citric Acid. (U. S. P.) Citric Acid, 10; water, 10; spirit of lemon, 10; syrup to make 1000. Dose. — Ad lib. AciDUM Lacticum. Lactic Acid. H CgHjOj. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acide lactiqne, Fr.; milchsanre, G. An organic acid, usually obtained by subjecting milk- sugar or grape-sugar to lactic fermentation. Compospd of 75 per cent., by weight, of absolute lactic acid, and 25 per cent, of water. Properties. — A colorless, syrupy liquid, odorless, of a purely acid taste. Spec. gr. about 1.213. Freely miscible with water, alcohol, or ether. Z>o.se.-H., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., ITLxxx.- 3 i. (2.-4.). Other acids to be found in other sections. Action External. — The concentrated mineral acids are powerful escharotics, but in dilation are stimulant, astrin- gent, rubefacieut, or vesicant, according to th^ir strength. Acids have a great affinity for the alkaline juices of the tissues and blood, and weak acid solutions are thus neutral- ized. Strong acids coagulate albumin, probably by combin- ing with alkalies, which hold albumin in solution, and pre- cipitating especially the globulins of the tissues. When mineral acids are present in abundance the albumin first coagulated is afterwards dissolved (except nitric acid), and the corrosive action of the acids is extensive. Acids farther destroy tissue by combining with water, for which they have also a great affinity, particularly sulphuric and phosphoric acids. The former withdiaws wjiter to such an extent that the tissues are carbonized and blackened. Sulphuric acid is more destructive of tissue and acts more extensively than ACTION OF ACIDS 269 the other mineral salts. Nitric acid is less caustic, and hydrochloric acid is the least corrosive. Xitric acid stains the parts yellow, and hydrochloric, white. The vegetable acids, as citric and tartaric acids, are slightly caustic, but are irritant to the skin, and still more so to raw surfaces and mucous membranes. An ounce of tartaric acid has caused death in man through its local effect The action of the caustic alkalies is more widespread than that of the mineral acids. Diluted sulphuric and nitric acids are astringents, because of their power of condensing tissues, and also hemostatics in causing compression of blood vessels by contraction of the tissues about them. [Nitric acid is com- monly employed externally, because its effect is limited by its own eschar, which is not dissolved by an excess of acid. Hydrochloric acid has no astringent effect and is not used externally for its caustic properties. The acids are antiseptic, but are less appropriate than other agents in most cases, on account of their irritant action. Free hydro- chloric acid as it exists in the gastric juice (0.2-0.3 of 1 per cent.) is a powerful antiseptic and even germicide. Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — The classical ex- periments of Pawlow have materially altered our concep- tions of the action of acids. We have shown (p. 18) that indirectly, by stimulating the formation of secretin in the stomach and intestines, they excite the activity of all the glands giving rise to the secretions concerned with di- gestive activity. They all aid digestion. Hydrochloric acid is particularly serviceable in gastric anacidity, being the natural acid of the gastric juice. The mineral acids also possess a certain degree of antiseptic action on the contents of the digestive tract. Diluted acids are called refrigerants in imparting a sense of coolness to the skin and mucous mem- brane of the mouth, and, by augmenting the secretion of saliva, relieve thirst in fever. The acids exert a local stimu- lant and astringent action upon the intestinal canal. Nitric acid is particularly a stimulant, sulphuric acid an astringent. Constitutional Action. — Almost all living matter poss- esses an alkaline or neutral reaction. x\n animal dies from acid poisoning even before its blood becomes neutral. The constitutional action of acids is seen after absorption of di- 270 INOEGANIC AGENTS lute solutions. Acids are immediately converted into salts — as acid can not exist as such in the tissues or blood. In the case of herbivora the fixed alkalies of the tissues and blood thus neutralize acid as it is absorbed. When the alkalies of the blood and tissues are consumed the animal dies. Her- bivora are verj susceptible to acid poisoning, as in them the lessened alkalinity of the blood renders it unable to carry carbonic acid from the tissues to the lungs. When the tissues become flooded with carbonic dioxide, dyspnea, heart weakness, depression of the vasomotor centre, and death by failure of the respiration ensue. Carnivora are more resistant to acid poisoning because they possess a protective power whereby they are able to liberate free ammonia from their tissues and thus neutralize absorbed acid and save — to a considerable extent — the fixed alkalies in their blood and tissues. Acid is absorbed from the digestive tract as acid salts and in this form eliminated by the kidneys, which may lead to renal irritation and the presence of albumin and blood in the urine. The urine of herbivora therefore becomes strongly acid and contains large quantities of the salts of the alkalies ; that of carnivora holds an excess of ammonia and — to a less de- gree — an increase in potassium and sodium salts. The organic acids are also absorbed as salts of the alkalies but do not usually reduce the alkalinity of the blood or render the urine acid. ' ' They are oxidized into carbonates in the tissues and mav even alkalize the urine by their eliminaton as alkaline carbonates. The vegetable salts are infrequently used in veterinary medicine. The effect of the mineral acids on the body is due almost wholly to their hydrogen ion, to which thev owe their activity. USES OF ACIDS 271 Diluted phosphoric acid relievea thirst and forms an agreeable cooliug drink in fevers. Phosphoric acid is used as a tonic and reconstituent, but experiments have shown that phosphorus compounds of the body can not be built from inorganic forms of phosphorus. Poisoning. — If acid is spilled on the skin, alkalies should be applied, and in case of sulphuric acid the excess of acid should first be rubbed off, and then large quantities of very- dilute alkaline solutions or soapsuds should be employed to avoid evolution of heat when the acid combines with water. When acids are swallowed, there is excoriation and sloughing of mucous membranes, difl&culty in swallowing, vomiting of dark brown material and mucus (in animals capable of the act), severe colic, pain on movement, consti- pation, or, rarely, bloody diarrhoea. Occasionally some acid flows into the larynx during deglutition and oedema and suffocation rapidly ensue. There is inflammation of the upper part of the digestive canal, thirst, and collapse, with weak pulse and cold extremities. Softening, sloughs, haemorrhage and perforation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, gullet and stomach and small intestines are found post mortem. Treatment. — Soapsuds, sodium bicarbonate, lime water, magnesia, or other alkalies. Demulcents, as milk, white of egg, gum arabic and linseed tea. Opium and stimulants. Wash out the stomach with a large amount of alkaline solution. Uses External. — Strong mineral acids are used as caustics. One part of sulphuric acid is mixed with three parts of sulphur, or asbestos, to form a paste for the destruc- tion of morbid growths. The application of sulphuric acid is somewhat dan- gerous, as it is difficult to limit the action, and it is not by any means the best escharotic, nor so good as nitric acid, which produces less extensive destruction of tissue, and is a useful agent for the removal of tumors, for the cauterizntion of bites inflicted by rabid animals, and for the treatment of foul, sloughing wounds or foot-rot. 272 r:oKGANic agejs^ts The action of nitric acid may be limited by surrounding the part to which the strong acid is applied with oil, or by washing the acid off with soapsuds. Glacial acetic acid is frequently employed to remove warts and small excres- cences. It is not so powerful as sulphuric or nitric acid. The acids in weak solution ( 3 i.-Oi.) are useful in relieving irritation of the skin, as in urticaria, for their astringent action upon piles, and to stop slight haemorrhages. Vinegar diluted with 3 parts of water may be used for the same purposes. Nitric acid (Tftv.-xxx. to 3 i. of water) is a good antiseptic, stimulant and astringent application to indolent rtlcers, wounds, or, in the month, for ulcerative or mercurial stomatitis. Uses Internal. — The acids are all of value in digestive disorders. Hydrochloric acid is useful in fever, to relieve thirst and aid digestion, when a few drops may be put in the drinking water. Hydrochloric acid is especially indi- cated for gastric indigestion with deficiency in the secretion of gastric juice, in convalesence, and for fermentation and tympanites in chronic-gastritis. Hydrochloric acid should be given after feeding, and is often combined with bitters. It acts as an antiseptic in addition to aiding digestion. Hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid, or hyperchlorhydria, is said to be characterized by acid reaction of the secretion in the month, and a desire to lick alkaline earthy matters. It is best treated by alkalies after feeding. All the acids are serviceable in the treatment of diarrhoea and intestinal indi- gestion. Aromatic sulphuric acid (with 0[)ir.m) is more particularly valuable as a remedy for watery purging. Nitric and nitrohydrochloric acids are of more use in diarrhoea with indigestion, jaundice, 'and disordered hepatic functions. The latter acid is often combined with nux vomica in the treatment of intestinal indigestion, and is a valuable remedy in catarrhal jaundice of dogs. The mineral acids are of service in preventing the formation of phos- phatic calculi in horses. BORIC ACID 273 Sulphuric acid is utilized in acute lead poisoniug, as an antidote, to form insoluble sulphates in the bowels. The anids are given for their remote astringent action in arrest- ing or preventing haemorrhage (purpura) from internal organs, and in diminishing excessive sweating and mucoiis discharges; but are inferior to other agents in the treatment of these conditions. Administration. — The acids should all be thoroughly diluted with water for internal use. AciDUM BoRiGUM. Boric Acid. H3 B O3. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Boracic acid, E.; acide borique, Fr.; acidum boracicum, sal. sedativum Hombergii, borsaure, G. Derivation. — Made by evaporation and crystallization of solutions obtained by passing steam issuing from rocks in volcanic regions of Italy, through water; or by the action of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids upon borax. "Na,^ B^O, (borax) + 10 H,0 + 2 H CI = 4 H3B O3 + 2 Na CI + 5 HA Recovered by filtration and recrystallization. Properties. — Transparent, colorless scales, of a some- what pearly lustre, or, when in perfect crystals, six-sided triclinic plates, slightly unctuous to the touch ; odorless, having a faintly bitterish taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 25 6 parts of water and in 15 parts of alcohol; also soluble in 10 parts of glycerin. It is feebly acid. Dose. — Foals and calves., gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.). PREPARATION. Glyceritum Boroglycerini. Glycerite of Boroglycerin. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Glycerinum acidi borici, B. P.; glycerite of glyceryl borate, solution of boroglvceride. Boric acid, 310; glycerin to make 1,000. Solution prepared by heat (302° F.) Unguentuvi Acidi Borici, (10 per cent.) (U. S. & B. P.) SoDii Boras. Sodium Borate. Na^B^T (U. So P.) Synonym. — Borax, B.P.; natrum biboricum, boras, boras sodicus, E.; borate de soudre, Fr.; borsaures natron, G. 274 INORGANIC AGENTS Derivation. — Natural deposits of the crude article occur as incrustations on shores of lakes in Nevada and California, which are purified by calcination and crystallization. Borax is also made by boilinc^ boric acid with sodium carbonate. 4 H;.B 0,3 + NaoC O, = Na.B.O^ + C Oo + 6 IIo O. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or a white powder, inodorous and having a sweetish, alka- line taste. Slightly eillorescent in warm, dry air. Soluble in 16 parts of water at 59° F., and in 0.5 part of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol. At 176° F. it is soluble in one part of glycerin. Borax is slightly alkaline. ACTION OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX. Boric acid and borax are essentially mild, non-irritating antiseptics. These agents are practically harmless, as ordi- narily employed, yet death in man has been reported from absorption of a 5 per cent, solution of boric acid used for irrigation of the large cavities of the body, and fatalities have resulted from its external use and from the ingestion of quantities of boric acid. Three drachms of boric acid may be given daily to dogs, without causing any untoward effect. In man, boric acid poisoning has been exhibited by feeble pulse, subnormal temperature, vomiting, erythema and swelling of superficial parts, muscular weakness, involu.ntary evacuations, coma, and disordered respiration. Boric acid is eliminated by the urine, sweat, saliva and faeces. Borax tends to alkalize the urine, but neither borax nor boric acid are diuretics. Boric acid and borax,, like other antiseptics, relieve itching and destroy parasites upon the skin. Boric acid exerts an antiseptic action upon the contents of the digestive tract and upon the urine. It is thought to jjossess some emmenagogue action. USES OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX. The value of boric acid and borax is chiefly surgical. They are employed more commonly upon the mucous mem- "USES OF BORIC ACID AND BORAX 275 branes of ^he eyelids, mouth, nose, vagina, urethra and bladder, for their non-irritating, antiseptic properties, and also to relieve itching and to destroy parasites upon the skin. Boric acid is in more frequent use than any other agent in simple catarrhal conjunctivitis, and may be com- bined to advantage with cocaine as follows: Cocainae Hydrochlor gr.v.-x. Acid. Borici gr.x.-xx. ' Aquae ad § i. M. S. Eye lotion. Borax is perhaps more appropriate in the mouth, being alkaline. It is applied by swab, in saturated solution, for aphthous and other forms of stomatitis. A saturated solu- tion (4 per cent.) of boric acid is useful as an injection for ozoena, cystitis and vaginitis. Borax in saturated solution assuages pruritus ani and vulvae, and is employed as an application for ringworm. Boroglyceride is indicated for burns and wounds. A serviceable antiseptic dressing is made by soaking gauze in a boiling saturated solution of boric acid. The dried gauze contains boric acid, which crystallizes upon it as the solution cools. One part of boric acid in combination with four parts of zinc oxide forms a soothing, protective dusting powder for chafed surfaces, intertrigo, erythema and moist eczema in dogs. Boric acid is prescribed in 10 per cent, ointment for burns, eczema and psoriasis. It is perhaps the best remedy for canker of the ear in dogs (otitis externa). The ear should be syringed out with a 2 per cent, solution, dried with absorbent cotton, and powdered with pure boric acid. The internal uses of boric acid are unimportant. It has been recommended and given as an einmenagogue, and as an intestinal antiseptic in fermenta- tive diarrhoea of foals and calves. Boric acid is often administered in human medicine to acidify the urine and disinfect the genito-urinary tract, although not so efficient as urotropin. 276 INORGANIC AGENTS SECTION XII. Class 1. — Carbon. Carbon is represented officially as follows : Carbo Animalis. Animal Charcoal. (D. S. P.) Synonym. — Bone black, E.; charbon, Fr.; thier (or) knochen-kolile, G. Derivation. — Bones freed from fat are exposed to great heat in close iron cylinders till ammoniacal vapors pass off. The resulting charcoal is pulverized and contains about 10 per cent, of carbon and 88 per cent, of calcium phosphate and carbonate. Properties. — Dull, black, granular fragments, or a dull black powder ; odorless, nearly tasteless, and insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. k Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.- 15.); D., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4). PREPARATION. Carho Animalis Purificatus. Purified Animal Charcoal. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Animal charcoal, 100, is boiled with hydrochloric acid, 300, and water to remove ash. Resnlt filtered and residue on filter paper washed and dried, Proxyerties. — A dull, black powder, odorless and tasteless; insoluble in water, alcohol or other solvents Dose. — Same as above. Carbo Ligni. Charcoal. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Wood charcoal. Derivation. — Soft wood is charred by piling it in heaps, igniting, and covering it with sand and turf to prevent rapid combustion. Properties. — A black, odorless and tasteless powder, free from gritty matter. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Dose. — Same as animal charcoal. CHARCOAL 277 Action. — Charcoal is essentially a Deodorant and Ab- sorbent, It possesses the power to absorb gases like other porous substances. Ordinarily it holds oxygen and when it comes in contact with decomposing matter it gives up its oxygen and at the same time absorbs the gaseous products of the decomposing substance. In this way it hastens the fermentation by oxidation and, while not a sufficiently power- ful oxidizer to act as a germicide or antiseptic, yet it may favor the growth of aerobic rather than anaerobic organisms. The latter particularly produce foul-smelling and toxic bodies. So it may be seen that charcoal acts directly to absorb gases and indirectly to prevent the formation of the more undesirable fermentations. It was formerly thought that charcoal only acted as an absorbent in the dry state but it is almost as efficient when wet. Charcoal is not absorbed and escapes from the bowels unchanged. There is no material difference between the action of wood and animal charcoal. Externally charcoal acts as a Dessicant, Deodorant, and, indirectly, as an Antisep- tic by absorption of the body fluids on which germs subsist. If administered continually in large quantities charcoal may produce mechanical obstruction in the bowels, and it is therefore employed in conjunction with laxatives. Uses External. — Charcoal is applied as a dusting powder with astringents and antiseptics upon ulcers, galled and raw surfaces. The following combination is useful : charcoal, 4 parts ; salicylic acid, 2 parts ; burnt alum, 1 part. It is also used in flaxseed meal poultices upon foul, sloughing parts. Uses Internal. — Charcoal is employed occasionally in indigestion, chronic gastric and intestinal catarrh, and diarrhoea, accompanied by flatulence and mucous discharges. Charcoal possesses the power of attracting and holding alkaloids in its substance, and so may be used in large doses as an antidote in poisoning by alkaloidal drugs, as opium, nux vomica and aconite. Its action is slow, and other means, as tannic acid, emetics and the stomach tube, are more efficient. 278 INORGANIC AGENTS Carbonei Disulphidum. Carbon Disulpliide. C S,. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Carbonii bisulphidum, bisulphide of carbon, carbon sulphide, E.j carboneum sulphuratum, alcohol sul- furis, P. G.; sulfure de carbone, Fr.; schwefelkohlenstoff, G. Dei ivation. — Obtained from carbon and sulphur by distillation. Properties. — A clear, colorless, highly refractive liquid; very diffusive, having a strong, characteristic, but not fetid odor, and a sharp, aromatic taste. Soluble in 535 parts of water ; very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and fixed volatile oils. Spec. gr. 1.268 to 1.269. Carbon disulphide vaporizes readily and is highly inflammable. Actions and Uses. — Carbon disulphide is a rapid and powerful anaesthetic when inhaled, and also locally, when applied in spray upon the skin. It produces muscular weakness, coma, and, rarely, convulsions in toxic closes. It has been used as a counter-irritant in the form of Y.ipor, to cause absorption of enlarged lymphatic glands. Favorable results have been reported by Perroncito, with carbon disulphide given in gelatine capsules to horses to destroy the larv?e of the bot fly (CEstrus equi). Three cap- sules, containing 10 grams each, for a horse, or 8 grams each for a colt, should be given at hour intervals, and followed in 12 hour's by a pint of oil. Class 2. — Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. Alcohol. Alcohol. C,H, O H. (U. S. P.) /S'2/now?/m.— Spiritus rectificatus, B. P.*; spiritus vini rectificatissimus, alcohol vini, rectified spirit, E.; alcool, Fr.; weingeist, G.; spiritus, P. G. * Rectified spirit (B. P.) contains 90 per cent, of pure alcohol by volume (85.65 per cent, by weight). There are four official dilutions in the B. P. containing 70, 60, 45 and 20 per cent, of alcohol by volume respectively. ALCOHOL 270 Alcohol is derived directly from fruit sugar, and indi- rectly from starch. The grains, as wheat, rye, corn ; and potatoes, supply starch most economically. The starch in these substances is converted into glucose by heating with very dilute sulphuric acid, or by fermentation with malt. Glucose is further acted upon by yeast containing the Torula cerevisise, which converts 15 per cent, of glucose into alcohol and carbonic dioxide. CeHi^Og = 2 C, H^ O H + 2 C O,. The weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated distillation until sufficiently pure and concentrated. In the natural fermentation of Iruit sugar in grape juice, during the formation of wine, the amount of alcohol is self-limited to 15, rarely 20 per cent., since the ferment is killed by an amount of alcohol greater than this. Derivation. — The official alcohol is derived from rectified spirit, by maceration, first with anhydrous potassium car- bonate, then freshly fused calcium chloride, and finally by distillation. Properties. — A liquid composed of about 92.3 per cent., by weight, or 94.9 per cent., by volume, of ethyl alcohol (C^H^O H), and about 7.7 per cent., by weight, of water (U. S. P.) A transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, of a characteristic, rather agreeable odor, and a burning taste. Spec. gr. about .820 at 15° C. (59° F.). Miscible with water in all proportions and without any trace of cloudiness. Also miscible with ether or chloroform. It is readily volatile at low temperatures, and boils at 78° C. (172.4° F.). It is inflammable and burns with a blue flame. i>06e.— H. & C, §i.-iii. (30.-90.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.). PREPARATION. Alcohol Dilutum. Diluted Alcohol. (U. S. P.) A liquid composed of about 41 per cent., by weight, or about 48.6 per cent., by volume, of absolute ethyl alcohol (Cj Hs O H), and about 59 per cent, of water. (U. S. P. ) Derivation. — Alcohol, 500; distilled water, 500. 280 INORGANIC AGENTS Alcohol Absolutum. Absolute Alcohol. C2H5O H. (U. S. ifeB. P.) Ethyl alcohol, coutaiuiug not more than 1 per cent., by weight, of water. Derivation. — Percolation of the purest alcohol through quicklime, out of contact with the air, and redistillation in vacuo. Properties. — Transparent, colorless, mobile find volatile liquid, of a characteristic, rather agreeable odor, and a burning taste. Very hydroscopic. Spec. gr. not higher than 0.797 at 15=^ C. (69'^ F.) Alcohol Deodoratum. Deodorized Alcohol. (Non-ofl&cial.) A liquid composed of about 92.5 per cent., by weight, or 95.1 per cent., by volume, of ethyl alcohol (C, H^ O H), and about 7.5 per cent., by weight, of water. Derivation. — Distillation of alcohol with about 2 per per cent, of pure fused sodium acetate. Properties. — Similar to alcohol, except as regards odor. Spiritus Frumenti. "Whisky. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Eau-de-vie de grains, Fr.; whiskey korn- branntwein, G. Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distil- lation of the mash of fermented grain (usually of mixtures of corn, wheat and rye), and at least two years old. Properties.-^ k.n amber-colored liquid, having a distinc- tive odor and taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Its specific gravity should not be more than 0.930, nor less than 0.917, corresponding, approximately, to an alcoholic strength of 44 to 50 per cent., by weight, or 50 to 58 per cent., by volume. Contains no more than traces of fusel oil. The alcoholic liquors owe their flavor or bouquet to ethers which are only developed in course of time. The amylic alcohol. ALCOHOL ■ 281 or fusel oil in whiskey is therefore converted into ethers^ which give the characteristic flavor to whiskey. Dose.—H. and C, sii.-iv. (60.-120.); Sh. & Sw., li.-iL (30.-60.); D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). Spiritus Vini Gallicl Brandy. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Spirit of French wine, E.; eau-de-vie, cognac, Fr.; Frantzbranntwein, G. Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distil- lation of the fermented unmodified juice of fresh grapes, and at least four years old. Brandy is somewhat astringent and is often not made from the distillation of wine, but is a factitious preparation. Native brandy is said to be purer, but is usually inferior in ti ivor to that of foreign manufacture. Brandy contains ri!)- 47 ])er ci^nt. of absolute alcohol by weight; 46-55 per cent, by vol nine. Dose. — Same as that foi- whiskey, Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. Compound Spirit of Juniper. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Oil of juniper, 8 ; oil of caraway, 1 ; oil of fennel, 1; alcohol, 1,400; water to make 2,000. Compound spirit of juniper is similar to gin in its thera- peutic action. Contains about 15 per cent, more alcohol. Gin is made by distillation of fermented malt and juniper berries. Gin differs from the other alcoholic preparations therapeutically in being more diuretic. Dose. — Same as that for whiskey. Rum. (Not official.) Rum is made from a fermented solution of molasses by distillation. It contains, by weight, from 40 to 50 ])er cent. of absolute alcohol. Rum does not differ physiologicillv from alcohol. There is no authoritative Latin name for rum. Dose. — Same as that for whiskey. 282 INORGANIC AGENTS ViNUM Album. Wliite Wine. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera (nat. ord. vitaceae), free from seeds, stems, and skins. Properties. — A pale amber or straw-colored liquid, having a pleasant odor, free from yeastiness, and a fruity, agreeable, slightly spirituous taste, without excessive sweet- ness or acidity. The Pharmacopoeia directs that the wine should contain from 7 to 12 per cent., by weight, of absolute alcohol. California Hock and Eeisling, Ohio Catawba, Sherry, Muscatel, Madeira and the stronger wines of the Khiue, Mediterranean, and Hungary, come within the phar- macopceial limits. Wines containing more than 14 per cent- of alcohol, are usually fortified, /. e., have alcohol or brandy added to them, and much imported Sherry and Madeira contain 15 to 20 per cent., by weight, of absolute alcohol. YiNUM RuBRUM. Red Wine. (U. S. P.) Derivation.-^ An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh colored grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera (nat. ord. vitaceae), in presence of their skins. Properties. — A deep-red liquid, having a pleasant odor, free from yeastiness, and a fruity, moderately astringent, pleasant and slightly acidulous taste, without excessive sweetness or acidity. Should contain not less than 7, nor more than 12 per cent., by weight, of alcohol. Native Claret, Burgundy, Bordeaux, and Hungarian wines may be included within the pharmacopoeial limits of vinum rubrum. Port (vinum portense) is fortified with brandy during fermenta- tion, and contains 15 to 25 per cent., by weight, of absolute alcohol. Port is astringent from tannic acid in the grapes, skins and stalks, or the astringency may be due to logwood. Red wines are said to be rough, contain tannic acid and therefore are astringent. Dry wines are those which con- tain little sugar. The wines develop ethers with age, and these improve their flavor and action. ALCOHOL 283 Champagne contains about 10 per cent, of absolute al- cohol and carbonic acid gas, which acts as a local sedative upon the stomach. Ale, stout and beers contain from 4 to 8 per cent, of alcohol, together with bitters and malt extracts. Cider contains 5 to 9 per cent, of absolute alcohol. Imported Sherry (vinum exericum, B. P.), 15 to 20 per cent, of absolute alcohol. Alcohol is the solvent most commonly employed in pharmacy, dissolving alkaloids, resins, volatile oils, balsams, oleo-resins, tannin, sugar, some fats and fixed oils. Action External. — When applied in dilution to mucous membranes raw surfaces or wounds, alcohol is a stimu- lant and local anaesthetic ; while in concentration, it is irri- tant and even caustic, coagulating mucus and albumin. If alcohol is allowed to evaporate from the unbroken skin, cooling of the surface and contraction of the superficial blood vessels ensue, with diminished secretions of sweat ; but when alcohol is rubbed into the skin, it is absorbed, takes up w-ater, hardens the integument and causes temporary vascular dilatation. Alcoholic aqueous dilutions containing 60 to 70 per cent, of absolute alcohol are among the most valuable skin disinfectants. Absolute alcohol, or the undiluted commercial alcohol, have no germicidal action on dry bacteria, and alcohol in less than 40 per cent, strength is too weak. Alcohol is equal in germicidal action to 3 per cent, carbolic acid solution. Action Internal. — Alcohol acts locally upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, as described above, and if swallowed in concentration it produces congestion and white patches in the mouth by coagulating albumin upon the mucous membrane. The secretion of saliva is increased. In small doses the more powerful alcoholic liquors, as whis- key and brandy, aid digestion by stimulating locally the gastric circulation, secretion, movement and appetite. Alcohol, except in great dilution, tends to inhibit the action of the digestive ferments — gastric and pancreatic — and in so far antagonizes its beneficial influence on gastric digestion just noted. So, while often aiding digestion, al- cohol may fail on this account in some cases. In large amounts, alcohol destroys the action of the peptic and pancreatic ferment, causes inflammation of the 284 INORGANIC AGENTS walls of the stomach and perverts the normal secretion into a mucous discharge. Alcohol is slightly astringent in the di- gestive tract, and may relieve pain by its local annesthetic action upon the stomach, and spasm, by stimulating tha nervous mechanism controlling the stomach and bowels, and so co-ordinating the peristaltic movements. Circulation. — A tremendous change in the position and practice of the profession in regard to the stimulant action of alcohol has been wrought by the accumulating evidence of experimenters. It is no longer regarded as a heart stim- ulant from a physiological standpoint although in disease it has not altogether lost its reputation in this respect. At present it is impossible to explain this contradictory condi- tion. The reason for the supposition that alcohol is a heart stimulant was based on its action in increasing the pulse rate in man. In animals diluted alcohol does not affect either the rate or force of the heart, except in poisonous doses, when the pulse is slowed and weakened owing to weakening of the cardiac systole and dilatation of the heart cavities. In man the increased pulse rate is attributable to muscular and mental activity produced by alcohol. The blood pressure is not materially altered by medic- inal doses of alcohol. There is, however, marked dilatation of peripheral vessels following the use of alcohol, as seen in the flushing of the face in man. Whether this is due to action on the central or periph- eral vasomotor system is unknown. The dihitation of vessels is certainlj' not general or blood ]U'essure Avould be lov.'ered. But there is a redistribution of blood occasioned by alcohol, which appears to be of signal value in certain morbid con- ditions as chills. In fever the slowing of the pulse, some- times produced by alcohol, is thought to be due to its quieting effect on the central nervous system. There is a transient stimulation of the heart induced by the ingestion of strong alcoholic solutions in acting re- flexly on the circulatory centres through irritation of the upper alimentary mucous membrane. Large doses of alcohol depress and paralyze the vaso- constrictor centres and heart muscle. ALCOHOL 285 Respiration. — The respiration is not appreciably in- fluenced by medicinal doses of alcohol in animals. In man slight reflex stimulation occurs, with increase in rate, owing to peripheral excitation of the alimentary tract. Enormous doses paralyze the respiratory centres. Temperature. — The temperature, both in health and fever, may be lowered by alcohol, because alcohol causes re- laxation of the peripheral blood vessels and loss of heat by radiation from the skin. The larger the quantity of alcohol ingested, the greater the fall of temperature. In alcoholic narcosis, vasomotor paralysis and dessened move- ments lead to great loss of heat, particularly if the animal be at the same time exposed to cold. In small, doses, alcohol may sometimes increase the temperature in man by leading to excitement and muscular movements, but the sensation of warmth perceived in man following the use of alcohol is generally fallacious, and is simply due to flushing of the vessels of the skin and stomach. Some of the lowest temper- atures ever observed have been in drunken persons exposed to .cold. Tissue Change. — Metabolic activity is not altered to any degree by the action of alcohol in ordinary amounts. In serving as a non-nitrogenous food, of course, alcohol may influence carbonic dioxide exhalation as do other foods of its kind. But the drug does not exert a specific df^pressing action on the blood corpuscles or cell protoplasm to hinder oxidation, as was formerly thought. Deductions drawn from the action of alcohol on tissue change as shown by carbonic dioxide and urea elimination are faulty. Alcohol increases or diminishes tissue change and oxidation only in proportion as it stimulates or interferes with muscular movement. In the elimination of nitrogen that es- caping as uric acid is greater than normal, while that as urea is relatively less. Nervous System. — Moderate doses of alcohol stimulate, while excessive quantities depress and paralyze the nervous system. This action is similar to that exerted upon the circulatory organs. The local effects of alcohol upon the peripheral nerves resembles the action after absorption upon the system generally. The nervous system is affected in nearly the same order and manner as by anaesthetics, and 286 INOKGANIC AGENTS the same stages may be observed. The stages include the stimulant, depressant and paralytic. The law of dissolution is demonstrated by alcohol, as the more highlj' organized centres, and those more recently developed in the process of evolution, are the first to succumb, and following out this order the medulla, the first of the higher centres to be devel- oped, is the last to be influenced by the drug. In accordance with this law the cerebrum is first acted upon. The period of excitement is brief and is due in a considerable degree to the increased cerebral circulation and flushing of the brain. It is essential to emphasize the fact that by far the most apparent and decided action of alcohol is one of depres- sion upon the nervous system as a whole. Many experi- menters — as Schmiedeberg and Bunge — affirm that alcohol acts only as a depressant to the nervous system from the very outset. An increasing mass of evidence corroborates this view. The apjoarent enhanced mental activity in man is, ac- cording to this theory, simply due to lack of inhibitory con- trol over the higher cerebral centres. Henco the freedom of speech and lack of modesty. Similarly the activity of the spinal reflex centres is thought to follow failure of inhibition. The mental excitement in man is chiefly due to exciting surroundings and does not occur in many persons nor in animals. While the fact that alcohol is no more a nervous than a circulatory stimulant is now being generally accepted, the author has not yet seen fit to change his original statements in this book. Alcohol has certainly an apj^arent primary stimulating effect on nerve centres and it is yet to be positively proven that alcohol has no real actual stimulating effect on the nervous system. The stimulating influence .of alcohol upon the spinal centres is more marked in the low^er animals than in man, because the brain is proportionately small and poorly developed in the former. The primary stimulating effect of alcohol is shown in man by increased mental activity and apparent brilliancy, but acute reason- ing and judgment are not enhanced, and in many cases there is almost immediate mental confusion and drowsi- ness induced. In man there is emotional excitement and the functions of speech and imagination are stimulated ALCOHOL 2S7 in the primary stage, but depression is soon notod in tlie loss of judgmeut and reasoning power, emotional couLroI, decent restraint and speech. The patient cries, shouts, sings or laughs and talks inculierently. In the lower animals the stimulation of the higher and sensoiy ]isychical cerebral centres, with exhilaration, is rarely observed, but depression is seen in stupor and muscular incoordination. Stimulation of the cerebral motor ceutres is shown by motor excitement. In man, following the symptoms described above, there is incoordination of muscular movements, first of those more highly and recently organized, such as are employed in writing, and then the muscular movements more remotely developed are affected, and the person is unable to walk, and finally there is complete paralysis of the motor centres and muscles. The staggering and uncertain gait of drunken people occurs not only because the cerebral motor and cerebellar centres are depressed by alcohol, but also because of loss of sensation and touch, or muscular sense, which is essential in maintaining the equilibrium. In relation to the spinal cord, primary stimulation of the reflex centres is more marked in animals than in man, as has been pointed out. In animals this stimulation causes motor excitement, so that the patient trembles, jumps about, or strikes out with the feet. Depression of the reflex centres occurs in the latter stage of poisoning, and is exhibited by involuntary defsecation and micturition ; sensation and voluntary motion are lost. The motor nerves and muscles are not generally paralyzed, except by the local action of alcohol. The medulla finally becomes depressed and paralyzed, so that respiration, which is first stimulated, now fails, and the heart muscle becomes paralyzed and stops beating. The action of alcohol upon the nervous system may be summarized with a fair degree of accuracy, as stimulation and then depression of the parts enumerated below, and in the following order : 2S8 INORGANIC AGENTS Cerebral psychical centres. Spinal centres. Cerebral sensory centres. Sensory, reflex and motor. Cerebral motor centres. Medullary centres. Cerebellum. Vasomotor (early depression). Respiratory. Horses and dogs are comparatively susceptible to alco- hol, ruminants slightly so. iVn amount of alcohol equivalent to a pint of whiskey has killed a sound horse, while four ounces of whiskey will cause death in dogs if vomition be prevented by ligature of the oBsophagus. Primary motor excitement is followed by unsteady, stag- gering gait, and coma in fatal cases. Skin. — Alcohol dilates the peripheral vessels, and there- fore brings more blood to the sudoriparous glands, and ex- cites their functional activity. It is thus a diaphoretic. Kidneys. — Alcohol acts as a diuretic. The exact mode of this action is unknown. Nutrition. — Alcohol is a food, and, like other non-nitrog- enous foods, supplies force and energy in its' oxidation, takes the place of fats and carbohydrates, and may form fat in the body. It also protects food and tissue 'protcids from combustion. We are ignorant of the fate of alcohol after absorption, but we do know that the greater portion is de- composed and is not eliminated. Alcohol is most advant- ageous as a food in fever, or in conditions associated with weak digestion, since it is readily absorbed and assimilated. Alcohol causes dulness and lessened power for mental or physical work in man, and in normal conditions is not a desirable food unless there is a deficiency in the ordinary diet. In acting as a substitute for fat and carbohydrates, alcohol assists the accumulation of fat. Elimination. — When alcohol is ingested in ordinary doses it is practically all consumed, and none but the most trivial amount is eliminated, i. e., five to ten per cent. The greater the quantity absorbed the larger the amount elimin- ated by the urine, breath, sweat and faeces, both relatively and absolutely ; but under no circumstances after the most enormous doses does the elimination exceed 25 per cent, of the quantity ingested. Milk is not affected in quality or quantity through the ingestion of alcohol by the animal secretine; it. ALCOHOL 289 Summary. — Alcohol is externally refrigerant, astring- ent, anhidrotic and antiseptic, and if applied so that ob- sorption occurs, it is rubefacient. On raw surfaces it is slightly anaesthetic. Alcohol is internally a stomachic, car- minative and slight local anaesthetic in the digestive tract. Alcohol is only reflexly a heart stimulant through its irri- tant action on the alimentary tract before absorption. Tn dilution and after absorption it is not a heart stimulant. Alcohol is a narcotic and its chief action is in progressively depressing and paralyzing nerve centres. It supplies force and is a food. Alcohol is a diuretic, diaphoretic, and anti- pyretic in dilating peripheral vessels and in causing sweat- ing- Acute Poisoning. — In coma and muscular relaxation, the treatment consists in the external application of boat and counter-irritants; while strychnine, digitalis and atropine should be given subcutaneonsly and followed up with am- monia by the mouth. Uses External. — Alcohol is applied to the unbroken skin, on cotton or lint, to bruises, for its local refrigerant and astringent action in relieving pain and congestion. Diluted to 70 per cent, strength, alcohol forms an antiseptic and local ana?sthetic application to wounds, and like most antiseptics, relieves itching, particularly when combined with 1 to 2 per cent, of carbolic acid. Alcohol diluted with one-third part of water makes one of the best known agents for hand dis- infection. It is relied upon entirely in some of tlie best hospitals in the country, in addition to thorongh scrubbing in soap and water. Uses Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Alcohol is a useful remedy to promote appetite and assist digestion. The drug should be given immediately before eating or with the food, properly diluted, and often advantageously with egg and milk during fever or convalescence from acute diseases. Alcohol is frequently combined with bitters, as compound tincture of gentian, when employed as a stomachic. Acute Diseases. — Alcohol finds its greatest field of use- fulness in the treatment of febrile diseases, notably influenza and strangles and pneumonia in horses. In such conditions it flushes the vessels of the skin and distributes the blood 290 INORGANIC AGENTS more equally, allowing the heart to receive more blood and thus overcoming internal congestion. It is impossible to reconcile the clinical remedial effects of alcohol with its action on healthy animals. The results of recent researches — especially as showing an absence of stimulation of the circulation and respiration by alcohol — has led to its lessened use as a therapeutic remedy. Never- theless the enormous practical experience of some of the most acute clinicians of the past and present, that alcohol renders service in the diseases named herein, does not permit one to hastily sweep it aside as a therapeutic agent. "We may summarize its worth in acute diseases as follows : It is a food and one which is not only digestible but which in itself may aid digestion. It has more food value than sugar. It dilates peripheral vessels and equalizes the circulation. In man one of its most potent effects is probably in acting as a narcotic and quieting the nervous system. A high temperature does not contra-indicate its use but it is not desirable in the early stages of acute inflammatory disorders. Alcohol is particularly serviceable in asthenic diseases — as purpura — and in continued fevers associated with much depression — as in jjuerperal and other forms of septicemia. In fevers alcohol sometimes causes the heart to beat more slowly. Whether this be due to stimulation of the inhibitory apparatus or invigoration, directly or indirectly, of the weakened organ, we do not know\ The pulse, respiration and nervous system are our guides, and the object is to bring the functions into a more normal condition. Alcohol should therefore reduce the fre- quency of the pulse and respiration, when they are too rapid, and should cause the animal to become quieter. If these results are obtained, the use of the drug should be persisted in ; if otherwise, administration should be stopped, ymall and repeated doses are more appropriate in fever. Alcohol is one of the most rapidly effective agents at our command in syncope and cardiac failure from various causes — as surgical shock, severe hemorrhage, collapse, ex- haustion, snake bite, and following exposure to cold. In these conditions it should be given in the form of spirits diluted with only an equal part of very hot v/ater._ It may act in ALCOHOL 291 these cases bj stimulating' reflexlv the medullary, cardiac and rcsj^iratorj centres by its irritant action on the alimentary tract. From our physiological data alcohol should not be of service in such conditions as a stimulant. Its narcotic action in serving as a nervous sedative in lessening anxiety and pain and so oflFsetting the efl'ects of shock — may account in some measure for its worth. Thus morphine is the best drug to use in surgical shock — even better than alcohol. Af- ter exposure to cold it is easy to explain the benefit derived from alcohol in its action in dilating the peripheral vessels and directly antagonizing the results of cold. Experiments on healthy animals regularly receiving moderate doses of alcohol have proved that they are more susceptible to innoc- ulation with bacteria and toxins than controls. In disease, however, clinicians greatly differ on this point, Hare even going so far as to claim his experiments show that alcohol increases the power of the blood to overcome germs in disease. Here again the results of the effects of alcohol in health and disease clash. Alcohol is a chemical antidote in carbolic acid poisoning, and besides overcomes the shock produced by the latter ; undiluted whiskey or brandy may be used. Administration. — Veterinary practitioners are fortu- nately exempt from any moral considerations in relation to their medicinal use of alcohol. Rum, gin and whiskey are more commonly employed than the other alcoholic prepara- tions, although diluted alcohol is practically as valuable. Gin is indicated when a diuretic action is important. Brandy, being more astringent, is given to dogs with diar- rhoea, and, combined with cracked ice in small quantities, relieves vomiting. Sherry may also be administered to dogs with advantage. The dose of the various alcoholic liquids depends upon the quantity of alcohol contained in them. Animals will usually take alcoholic preparations volun- tarily if largely diluted with water, milk or gruel. Whiskey should be diluted with about 4 parts of water when given in drench, unless the reflex action is desired, when it is admin- istered in considerable doses with an equal amount of hot water. Diluted alcohol, undiluted whiskey or brandy are in- jected subcutaneously when a rapid action is imperative. 292 INORGANIC AGENTS ^THER. Ether. (C, H:),0. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — iEther purus, B. P. ; aether fortior, pure ether, E.; ether hydrique pur, Er.; reiner aether, G. A liquid composed of about 96 per cent., by weight, of absolute ether or ethyl oxide [(C^HJ^O], and about 4 per cent, of alcohol containing a little water. Derivation. — Obtained by distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. There are two steps in the production of ether ; sulphovinic acid and water are formed in the first step. H,S O, + C, H,0 H = C, H„ H S O, + H, O. Sul- phovinic acid is then further acted upon by alcohol. C,H„ H S O, 4- C,H„ O H = (C,H,), O + H,S O, The distillate is freed from water by agitation with calcium oxide aud chloride, and subjected to redistillation. Properties. — A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, liiiving n, characteristic odor aud a burning and sweetish taste. Spec. gr. .725 to .728 at 59° F. Soluble in about 10 limes its volume of water at 59° E. Miscible in all pro[).')r- tions with alcohol, chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. Ether boils at about 37° C. (98.6° R), and it should therefore boil when a test tube, containing some broken glass aud half filled with it, is held for some time in the hand. Ether is highly volatile and inflammable ; its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes violently. The color of light blue litmus paper moistened with water should not be changed when the paper is immersed in ether for 10 minutes. Upon evaporation ether should leave no residue. Ether is a solvent for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, gutta percha and gun cotton. Ether vapor is heavier than air, and, consequently, etherization should never be done above a light or fire. Dose.—R. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D.,1]lx.-3i. (.6-4.). PREPARATIONS. JEtltev Purificatus. (B. P.; (Ether freed from most of its alcohol and water. ) Spirits ^theris. Spirit of Ether. (U. S. & B. P.) Ether, 335 ; alcohol, G75. ( (J. S. P.) Dose— Same as for ether. ETHER 293 Spirittis ^theris Compositus. Compound Spirit of Ether. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Hoffman's anodyne. Ether, 325 ; alcohol, 650 ; ethereal oil, 25. (U. S. P.) Dose. — Same as for ether. Action External. — Ether evaporates rapidly from the skin, and abstracts so much heat in the process that the superficial parts are cooled, benumbed, and even frozen. This action is taken advantage of in spraying ether from an atomizer upon the skin (with or without cocaine injection) to cause local anaesthesia in minor surgical operations, as opening abscesses. The spray should not be applied more than a few minutes, or freezing, damage to the tissues, and retardation of the healing process will ensue. If ether is applied with friction, or if evaporation from the skin is prevented by bandaging, it will act as a rubefacient. Action Internal. — Digestive Organs. — Ether is an ir- ritant to the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and should be given only when considerably diluted with water. Ether stimulates secretion, motion, and increases local blood supply of the stomach. Ether, in concentration, resembles alcohol and ammonia in stimulating the heart reflexly, by its irritant action upon the alimentary canal, before it has time to be absorbed. It relieves pain and spasm in the di- gestive tract by coordinating or restoring nervous control over the stomach and bowels. Circulation. — Ether is reflexly a stimulant to the heart and vasomotor centres through peripheral irritation of its vapor, as in the case of alcohol. Some authorities allow no direct stimulating action (Cushny). In poisonous doses, or after prolonged inhalation, the circulation becomes depressed and weak. Nervous System. — Ether is chiefly depressant to nerve centres. Its apparent primary stimulation of the central nervous system is somewhat doubtful and many experi- menters deny that it directly stimulates the nerve centres at all. Ether depresses and abolishes the functions of all the great nerve centres in the following order, and with the fol- lowing results : 1. The cerebrum (with loss of consciousness). 2. Sensory spinal tract (loss of sensation). 294 INORGANIC AGENTS 3. Motor spinal area (loss of motion and partial loss of reflex action). •i. Sensory medullary centres. 5. Motor medullary centres (failure of respiration). Ether does not affect the nerves or muscles when inhaled or ingested. Ether depresses the action of the nerves, how- ever, when applied locally. Respiration. — The respiratory centre is stimulated by inhalation or ingestion of therapeutic quantities of ether. Paralysis of the respiratory centre occurs in the last stage of ether poisoning. Ether vapor is irritant to the respira- tory mucous membrane, and causes coughing and choking during inhalation. It is not an appropriate anaesthetic, there- fore, in inflammatory conditions of the respiratory tract, be- cause its vapor is given in greater concentration than in chloroform. In giving ether by the drop method undue irri- tation of the lungs is avoided and such conditions as bronchitis, pulmonary edema and pneumonia. Ether vapor excites the peripheral ends of the trifacial nerve in the face, and the vagus nerve in the lungs, so that temporary arrest of respiration often occurs when a fresh supply of ether is added during inhalation. Temperature. — The temperature of the body may be raised during the stage of excitement and struggling, but jjrolonged etherization leads to loss of heat, owing to evapo- ration of ether from the lungs, and general depression of the nervous system. Elimination. — Ether is eliminated principally from the lungs. Recent experiments indicate that ether causes con- traction of the renal arteries, with diminution in the size of the kidneys, suppression of urine and albuminuria. Ether damages the kidneys, however, less than chloroform, which sometimes leads to fatty degeneration. Acetone has been found in the urine of 90% of patients in human practice within IS hours of etherization (through a closed cone). Death may sometimes occur in coma, follow- ing ether anaesthesia, with rapid pulse and breathing and the odor of acetone in the breath. This occurs less often than with chloroform (which see, under Metabolism). Uses. — Apart from its value as an aniiesthetic, ether is mainly of service for two j)urposes. First: in collapse, CIILOROFOEM 2tL5 syncope, or " sinking spells," due to poisoning, or natural causes. Ether may be given by the mouth, or subcutan- eously into the muscular tissue, to avoid abscess. It is to be compared with, and is an efficient substitute for, ni- troglycerine, or amyl nitrite, as a rapid, circulatory stimu- lant. Ether should not be given as a stimulant, however, when such an agent is required during or following antes- thesia. Second : In spasmodic colic or tympanites, ether relieves pain, spasm and flatulence. The following prescrip- tion will be found useful for the horse : ^theris B i. Chloroformi 3 ii. Tine, opii B ii. M. et f. haustus. S. Give at once in a pint of cold water. Ether is a good antispasmodic remedy for asthma, hic- cough or " thumps," in the horse, and has a narcotic action upon tape and lumbricoid worms. When used for the latter purpose, ether should be followed by a purge. Ether may be employed in the enema to narcotize and remove the Oxyuris curvula of the horse. Administration. — Ether should be given in gelatine cap- sules ; mixed with two parts of cracked ice and water ; or with equal parts of brandy or whiskey, to avoid undue irritation of ether and its vapor upon the mucous membranes during deglutition. Chloroformum. Chloroform. C II CI.. (U. S. & E. P.) Synonym. — Chloroformum puriiicatum, purified chloro- form, E. ; chloroformium, P. G. ; formylum trichloratum, chloroforme pur, Fr. ; reines chloroformum, G. A liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent., by weight, of absolute chloroform, and 1 to 0.6 per cent, of alcohol. Derivation. — Alcohol and water are heated in a still to 37.7° C. (100° F.), when chlorinated lime is added and chloroform is evolved. The chemical action is very compli- cated. Chloroform, free from chlorinated compounds, is also made from acetone and chlorinated lime by distillation. Calcium acetate, hydrate and chloride result as bye products. 2 CaHgO + 6 Ca O CI2 = 2 C H CI3 4- Ca (CoH,02)2 ,H- 2 Ca O0H2 + 3 Ca CI2. 21) (J INORGANIC AGENTS For tests and purification, vid. U. S. P. Properties. — A heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and diffus- ible liquid, of a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning, sweet taste. Spec. gr. not below 1.490 at 15° C. (59° F.). Soluble in about 200 times its volume of cold water, and in all proportions in alcohol, ether, benzol, benzine and the fixed and volatile oils. Chloroform is volatile even at a low temperature, and boiL^ at 60° to 61° C. (140° to 141.8° F.). It is not inflammable, but its vapor in the presence of a naked flame undergoes decomposition with the formation of noxious gases, chiefly chlorine. This has caused death during chloroform inhalations. Chloroform is a solvent for fats, resins, oils, balsams, gutta percha, wax and many alka- loids. Dose. — H. & C, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; Sh. and Sw., TTtxx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., TTlii.-xx. (.12-1.3). PREPARATIONS. Aqua Chloroformi. (U. S. & B. P.) (Saturated Solution.) Used as vehicle in cough and diarrhoea mixtures for dogs. Linimentum Chloroformi. (U. S. & B. P.) Chloroform, 300; soap liniment, 700. (U. S. P.) Spiritus Chloroformi. (U. S. & B. P.) Chloroform, 60; alcohol, 940. (U. S. P.) Dose.—U. & C, B i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 3 ss.-i. (2-4.). Action External. — Chloroform acts as a rubefacient if rubbed into the skin, or prevented from evaporation by bandaging. In evaporating from the surface it produces mild refrigeration. Chloroform penetrates the skin more easily than many other agents, and is employed for. this reason to aid the absori)tion of belladonna and o'tlier drugs used in liniments, (^hloroform possesses some local anies- tlietic action upon mucous membranes, raw surfaces, or when rubbed into the skin. Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Chloroform is an irritant in concentration, but, properly diluted, stimulates the flow of saliva and increases the secretions, motion, and blood supply of the stomach. Chloroform has a local ami's- thetic and antiseptic action in the alimentary canal, and by its stimulant effect in restoring the normal state of nervous CHLOKOFOKM 297 and muscular tissue, relieves spasm, pain and flatulence in the stomach and small intestines. Circulation. — Chloroform exerts an ever increasing de- pressing influence upon the heart muscle, its ganglia, and the vasomotor centres. Vasomotor depression leads to dilatation of the arte- rioles and leaking of blood into the veins, with consequent venous engorgement (particularly of the abdomen), and arterial anaemia. Failure of respiration in chloroformiza- tion is secondary to cerebral ana?mia, and chloroform kills, primarily by vasomotor depression. (Leonard Hill and Hare.) The ventricles dilate and all cardiac muscular contrac- tility is lost in fatal poisoning. Death, however, occurs almost invariably in healthy animals during chloroform in- halation from respiratory failure associated with circula- tory depression. The heart usually continues to beat after cessation of breathing. Death from syncope occurs occa- sionally, and circulatory depression is greater and occurs more suddenly than with ether. Rarely sudden death occurs in the beginning of anaesthesia from reflex inhibitory arrest of the heart produced by the inhalation of concentrated chloroform vapor. The degree of concentration is of the ut- most importance. A great deal of chloroform may be given for a long period if it is greatly diluted with air. It is not the amount but the rapid absorption of concentrated vapor which kills. With ether the vapor may be greatly concentrated with- out danger ; with chloroform the difference between the neces- sary concentration for anaesthesia and that which means danger is slight. As chloroform anaesthesia proceeds, the ])ulse becomes rapid from the depressing effect of chloro- form upon the vagus centre. Respiration. — Chloroform does not markedly affect the respiration, when inhaled in proper dilution for an ordinary period, or when ingested in small doses, but after long con- tinued inhalation, or when large quantities have been swal- lowed, depression and paralysis of the respiratory centre ensues. Since asphyxia leads to inhibition and heart fail- ure — besides being dangerous in itself — the respiration should 208 INORGANIC AGENTS always be watched as carefully during chloroform as in ether inhalation. Nervous System. — Chloroform depresses the nervous system as dc scribed under ether ; that is, the cerebrum, sen- sory and motor spinal tract, and sensory and motor centres of the medulla. Chloroform, although generally following the order noted, affects the nervous system more rapidly, irregularly and persistently than ether, and therefore is more dangerous. It occasionally haj^pens that some of the reflexes are abolished by chloroform before sensation has been an- nulled, and irritation of a sensory nerve produced during operation may reflexly stimulate the inhibitory centres (in- stead of increasing vascular tension as in health), and so cause heart failure. Operations should never be performed, therefore, under chloroform until complete anaesthesia is se- cured. Tlie nerves are not influenced by the constitutional action of chloroform, although the latter is a local irritant and an£esthetic to them. Temperature. — The temperature is reduced by the con- tinual inhalation of chloroform through its depressing action on the heat producing centres, and because heat loss is in- creased by evaporation of chloroform from the lungs. Antiseptic Action. — Chloroform prevents the growth of micro-organisms, but does not influence that of the unorgan- ized digestive ferments. Chloroform's antiseptic properties may be utilized in preserving solutions for subcutaneous injection. Saturated aqueous solutions are used for this purpose. Metabolism. — Death occasionally follows chloroform- ization from fatty degeneration of the heart, liver and kid- neys. Chloroform apparently leads to imperfect oxidation of nitrogenous bodies and to production of acid' in the tis- sues with the formation of acetone which is eliminated in the breath and urine. Death Occurs in coma in acetone pois- oning from chloroform, as happens in diabetes mellitus. Elimination. — Chloroform is chiefly eliminated by the lungs and slightly by the kidneys, but is also decomposed in part in the body. Uses External. — Chloroform is em^DJoyed in liniment to relieve pain and produce counter-irritation in muscular rheu- matism and strains. ANAESTHESIA. 29.9 Uses Internal. — Chloroform is of service internally in the treatment of four conditions : 1. Intestinal colic, and flatulence. 2. Spasm, as in spasm of the diaphragm in horses. 3. Diarrhoea. 4. Congh. Chloroform alleviates pain in colic by restoring the functions of the nervous and muscular mechanism of the bowels, by relieving spasm, and also by its local anaesthetic action. It stimulates motion and secretion; it is an antiseptic in the digestive tract, and, in these ways, overcomes flatulence. Chloroform should be combined with opium in diar- rhoea and colic. It is administered in spirit or water to assuage cough. Administration. — Chloroform may be administered in 3 parts of glycerin ; in emulsion with wdiite of egg or accacia ; or as the spirit, diluted with water. ANAESTHESIA. Anaesthesia is commonly divided into three stages : the stimulant, angesthetic and paralytic. The so-called " law of dissolution " is illustrated by anaesthetics, as the more highly organized (cerebral) centres are the first to succumb, while the lower centres (medulla) are the last to be affected. The anaesthetics resemble other narcotics in producing a primary condition of stimulation of the nervous system, which is followed by depression. In the first stage of ana?sthesia there is often struggling and excitement. This is partly due to the physiological action of the drug and partly to fright. In this stage the functions of the brain are stimulated and then depressed. The higher functions are the first to be excited, and the effect produced is very similar to that of beginning alcoholic intoxication. The lower motor functions are next stimulated, inducing struggling and rnotor excite- ment.* In the first stage of etherization, the local irritant action of the vapor causes choking and coughing, and also induces struggling. The respiratory and cardiac centres are temporarily stimulated, the pulse and respiratory move- ments are increased in force and frequency, and blood ten- sion is raised. The smaller animals may vomit during the * As recent researches show ether, like alcohol, to be depressing: to nerve centres from the outset it is probable that the excitement in anaesthesia is due to the local irritation of the throat and friqrht. With the drop niethod of etherization in man there is little or no struggling and excitement. 300 INOKGAXIC AGENTS lirst stage of anaesthesia. A subdivision of the first stage, sometimes described as the anodyne stage, occurs when sensation is lost, before consciousness and voluntary motion. Short operations, as extraction of teeth, have been done by men upon tliemselves in the anodyne stage of anaes- thesia, without pain. The anesthetic stage is that condition characterized by absence of consciousness, sensation, motion, and partial loss of reflex action, and is that state suitable for operations. The stimulating action of the amTesthetic has ceased and there is now depression of the cerebral functions, the motor and sensory tract of the cord, and, to a partial extent, the reflex centres. The muscles are com- pletely relaxed, and the patient lies absolutely motionless. The conjunctivae fail to respond to irritation, i.e., winking is not produced when the conjunctival membrane is lightly touched with the finger. Occasionally the muscles are seen to be rigid and twitching during this stage of etherization, although sensation and consciousness are absent. The respiration and pulse should not be particularly altered during the anaesthetic stage, unless danger threatens. In the last stage, narcosis, or poisoning, is beginning, and there is depression of the three great medullary centres, controlling the heart, respiration and vascular tension, and also the lowest reflex centres of the cord, so that the urine and faeces are passed involuntarily. Micturition frequently occurs in the first stages of anarsthesia and should not of itself be con- sidered a danger signal. The pulse becomes rapid, feeble and irregular; the breathing is at first stertorous, and then the respiratory movements become shallow and weak, with considerable intervals intervening between them. The pupils are often dilated. The pupil is said to be a guide during anaesthesia, especially with chloroform, since it is contracted during the anaesthetic stage and dilates quickly when danger approaches. Death, however, occurs in animals with either dilated or contracted pupils. With the former, probably from asphyxia ; with the latter, from syncope ; and the pupil should not be regarded as an unfailing sign. The foregoing stages are conventional, and are not in any case so clearly defined in practice as they are described theoreti- cally upon paper. The first stage may be either absent or prolonged, and the last stage should not be reached at all. ^N^STHESIA 301 COMPARISON OF ETHER WITH CHLOROFORM. CHLOROFORM. Vapor heavier. Less irritating. Not inflammable. ETHER. More diffusible. Inflammable. Irritating: may induce bronchitis, pulmonary edema and pneu- monia, unless properly di- luted (see drop method, p. 306). Administered slightly diluted with air. Reflexly, stimulant to heart, ex- . cept in enormous quantities. Reflexly, stimulant to vasomotor centres, except as above. Respiratory centres not so easily depressed as by chloroform. Larger quantity required. Less rapid : stage of struggling and excitement longer. More expensive. Fatal from respiratory failure. More danger from shock during imperfect anaesthesia. Depresses powerfully, heart, res- piratory and vasomoter centres in large doses. Acts more quickly, profoundly, and persistently. Smaller quantity required. Cheaper. Proportion of deaths to inhala- tions, 5 times greater than with ether.* Death occurs from respiratory failure combined with circula- tory depression, or later from fatty degeneration of the inter- nal organs, or from coma due to acetone poisoning. Occasionally fatality results from reflex inhibitory arrest of the heart. It will be seen that all the advantages are in favor of chloroform, except that of safety. '' Ether is more expen- sive than chloroform, but cheaper than a funeral." (Edes.) ACCIDEXTS AND DANGERS ATTENDING ANAESTHESIA. Respiratory failure and asphyxia may occur from giv- ing too much of the ana?sthetic and from mechanical ob- struction in the air passages. The tongue may fall back upon the epiglottis and prevent the free entrance of air. The latter accident is obviated by pulling the tongue forward with the hand, or, in the case of the smaller animals, by means of forceps, or suture passed through the tongnie. Mucus, blood or vomitus may obstruct the mouth, pharynx, larynx, or trachea, and should be removed if possible by swabbing with absorbent cotton. To prevent excessive se- cretion of m-ucus in the air passages, it is wise to give tropine subcutaneously fifteen minutes before etheriza- tion. The head should be extended and the lower jaw of the patient held forward during anaesthesia, and no impediment to the free movement of the chest is allow- * The mortality is about 1 in 3.. "lOO chloroformizations : and about 1 in 16.000 ether- izations in human practice. Chloroform is 3 1-8 times more depressant to nerve centres, and 8 times more depressant to the heart than ether. 302 IXORGAXIO AGENTS able. Struggling is to be avoided, as f.ir as possible, since it leads to irregular respiration and asphyxia, and causes the aiisesthetizer to push the inhalation, strains the heart, and favors cai-diac dilatation, with chloroform. Struggling may be prevented to some extent by giving the anaesthetic well diluted with air at the outset. Asphyxia results also from tetanic fixation, or relaxation of the res- piratory muscles. The signs of asphyxia include cyanotic mucous membranes, muscular twitchiugs, shallow, feeble, slow and irregular breathing, with long intervals between the respiratory movements, and dilation of the pupils. If death occurs, the heart continues to beat after the breath- ing stops. The condition of the diaphragm during etheriza- tion is an important guide. At first the contractions of the diaphragm are so vigorous that the viscera are forced backward, and the abdominal wall bulges outward during inspiration. As the inhalation is prolonged the diaphragm becomes flaccid and powerless, the respiratory movements are shallow, and the breathing thoracic. The abdomin.il contents may then be drawn forward during inspiration into the thoracic cavity, so that the abdomen is retracted (Hare). When the latter condition is seen, etherization should be stopped instantly. Heart failure occurs more frequently with chloroform, but does occasionally result from the action of ether upon animals with a fatty or otherwise weak heart. Cardiac depression is shown by a weak, irregular and rapid pulse, and pallor of the mucous membranes. The respiratory movements are sustained after the heart ceases to beat in fatal cases. Operations should never be done under chloroform before the patient is fully under the influence of the aiisesthetic, as irritation of a sensory nerve caused by even a slight surgical procedure may cause death by reflexly stimulating the vagus and inhibiting the heart. Such an accident is not likely to occur with ether, and minor operations are often done with safety during the first stage of anaesthesia (primary anaesthesia) when con- ACCIDENTS AND DANGERS ATTENDING ANESTHESIA 303 scionsness and sensation are lost and the muscles begin to relax. Shock from hemorrhage, or prolonged and severe sur- gical operations, may lead to fatalities during anaesthesia, and it sometimes occurs when an operation is begun before the patient is fully under the influence of an anaesthetic — particularly chloroform — as described above. In practice, these causes of danger, i.e., respiratory failure, circulatory depression and shock, are usually combined. We have already seen that asphyxia leads to circulatory disorder, and both may be associated with surgical shock. The following embraces the proper treatment of all these conditions, and should be followed in every case where danger threatens during anaesthesia : I.. Remove the anaesthetic and allow plenty of fresh air. 2. See that there is no mechanical obstruction to the movements of the chest, or to the free entrance of air. Pull forward the tongue and lower jaw and extend the head. 3. Invert small animals, particularly with chloroform, to allow blood to flow to the brain. 4. Use forced, artificial respiration with bellows and rubber tube introduced into larynx. Practice ordinary artificial respiration in small animals by carrying the fore- legs outward and forward till they meet in front of the head, and then bring them back till they touch, and com- press the sides of the chest. These movements should be re- peated twenty times a minute. Massage over the heart, together with artificial respiration, is iiseful in sudden car- diac arrest in small animals. Artificial respiration may be done in the horse by two persons compressing intermittently one side of the chest with the knees and hands. Rhythm- ical traction of the tongue, at intervals of five seconds, has proved successful in restoring respiration. Dash hot or cold water or ether upon the chest or epigastrium ; or use the faradic battery to .stimulate respiration by moving the electrodes over the chest and abdomen. Stretch the sphincter ani apart by placing the thumbs in rectum and separating them with force. This is a powerful reflex stimulus to heart and respiration. 304 , INORGANIC AGENTS 5. Give subcutaneous injections of strychnine and digi- talis. Administer nitroglycerin on the tongue, or inhalation of amyl nitrite. In chloroformization, give strychnine and atropine hypodermatically ; and, in shock, saline infusion as below. Do not use alcohol or ether as stimulants, for their action resembles that of the anaesthetics. 6. Use hot (115° F.), high, rectal injeciions of salt solution (one heaping teaspoonful to the quart) in case of surgical shock with feeble pulse and subnormal temperature resulting from hemorrhage or other cause. Two to four quarts for large animals, and one pint to one quart for smaller animals. Saline infusion is still more efficient. (See " Saline Infusion," p. 732.) CHOICE OP AN ANESTHETIC. Ether and chloroform are the only anaesthetics of any importance in veterinary medicine. The A. C. E, mixture, containing alcohol (one part), chloroform (two parts), and ether (three parts), possesses no particular value, and is not so safe as etherc While chloroform is inferior to ether in the matter of safety, it may be given to horses by an experienced and careful person without much danger. It is commonly the most suitable anaesthetic for the horse, for the following reasons : It is less expensive ; whereas several pounds of costly ether are required to produce anaesthesia, a few ounces of chloroform will accomplish the same result. Chloroform inhalation is much easier of administration, more rapid, and causes less struggling. It may be used without any special inhaler, and may be given to animals in the upright position. It should not be given if fatty heart is suspected. Chloroform may be employed for all animals during parturition, as it is less dangerous in this condition and because only enough is needed to produce relaxation of parts to relieve pain, to assist dilatation of the os and manual operations done to rectify faulty position of the foetus. Chloroform is indicated in all cases where the actual PRACTICAL ANiESTHESIA 305 cautery is used in the neighborhood of the mouth. Ether is the most suitable anaesthetic for cats and dogs, unless the animal is suffering from bronchitis, emphysema or asthma, when chloroform is more appropriate. Chloroform, being more rapid and less irritating, may in any case be employed to begin anaesthesia, which should then be maintained by- ether. The use of anaesthetics is contraindicated in anemia if the hemoglobin is reduced below 50 per cent. PRACTICAL ANiESTHESIA. The horse should be starved for twelve hours, and should receive a cathartic twenty-four hours before anaes- thetization, in order to afford more room for the respiratory movements and prevent accidents in casting.* A specially constructed inhaler, or nose bag, strapped about the head, may be employed for convenience. Harger recommends placing a sponge wrapped loosely in flannel, in the upper nostril, as the animal lies upon his side upon the ground, and after a few minutes a similar sponge is introduced into the lower nostril. Chloroform is then administered in continuous drop doses from a bottle having a cork nicked upon the side sufficiently to allow the anaesthetic to flow out in this small quantity. The nostrils should be previously smeared with vaseline to afford protection from the irritation of the chloroform. If the operation is prolonged, anaesthesia may be carried on with ether. It is not essential to cast a horse before chloroformization, but the animal should be con- trolled with side lines, and a twitch should be placed upon the nose, unless an inhaler is used. Since there is com- monly more or less struggling, it is, howevei-, more satisfac- tory to cast an animal before anaesthesia is begun. The writer has given chloroform in several instances to horses in the standing position until tliey fell or were pushed over upon a straw bed, w'th the aid of only one assistant. In thus producing anpestliesia,, a s])onge covered with a towel was used, and this was saturated with about half an ounce * Hypodermic injections of morphine (see footnote, p. 391) fifteen minuted before anesthesia is often of advantage. It diminishes excitement and allows of the use of a smaller amount of the anesthetic. It is very important that all pre- liminary procedures should be done— as casting, preparation of the opeiative field, etc — be"foie the chloroform is begun, to lessen the necessary amount of the anes- thetic A drachm or two of chloroform may be placed on each sponge as an initial dose, to hasten the anesthesia, while after this the method of constant dropping is to be preferred. 306 INORGANIC AGENTS of cliloroform, and held at first three inches from the animal's nose, in order that the vapor should be thoroughly diluted with air. From half a drachm to a drachm of chloroform should be added from time to time, alwa3-s allowing plenty of air, and inhalation may be continued for an hour with comparative safety. The ausesthetizer should give his whole attention to the work, and watch carefully the respiration, pulse and pupil, for any sign of danger. If any arise, the anaesthetic should be removed and treatment pursued as recommended in the previous section. Dogs should be fasted for twelve hours before etheriza- tion, in order to avoid vomiting during anaesthesia. It is necessary to muzzle dogs before anaesthesia is begun. This may be done by tying a strong tape about the nose, bringing both ends up between the ears, over the top of the head, and then tying them together in a knot, and finally carrying the ends down, one on either side of the neck, and fastening them underneath. A wire muzzle may be used to control the dog more conveniently, and the ether is then poured upon a sponge within the muzzle and the muzzle is covered with cloth to keep out the air. More recently the writer has foxmd the following method and appliance most suitable for dogs and small animals. A thin metal cone open at both ends (rolled over to present smooth edges) and taper- ing — to fit the general outline of an animal's nose — is used. Inside this is a second cone made of coarse wire mesh, and between the two are placed several layers of gauze or towelling. Ether is given by the drop method. That is, a wedge-shaped piece is cut from the cork of the ether bottle or can, and a little piece of gauze is laid in this, which acts like a wick and allows a continual dropping when the bottle is inverted. This is the safest method and requires the least ether. The cone may be held in place by a strap over the back of the head. Dogs may also be anaesthetized by placing them in a covered pail, tight box or barrel, or by driving them into USES OF ANESTHESIA 307 tlieir kennels, and dropping; in cloths, sponges, or absorbent material saturated with chloroform, while excluding the outer air. The smaller animals can be destroyed in a humane and satisfactory manner by this method. USES OF ANAESTHESIA. Anaesthetics are not employed as frequently as is desirable in veterinary medicine. Anaesthesia entails skilled assistance, increased expense, and danger ; but, on the other hand, facilitates rapidity and asepsis during opera- tions by lessening struggling, and should be employed to relieve suffering where a local anaesthetic is impracticable. The owner of an animal should be made to understand the extra risk and expense attending operations under anaesthe- sia, and his consent should be secured before using ether or chloroform. The general indications for anaesthetics embrace all severe, prolonged, and delicate operations. The more special indications are as follows : In abdominal opera- tions, as ovariotomy, herniotomy and reduction of hernia. In operations for retained testicle, scirrhus cord, castration, and in dystocia to cause dilatation of a rigid and otherwise undilatable os, to assist the operator in remedying faulty positions of the foetus by relaxation of the parts, and to facilitate instrumental delivery in bitches. Anaesthesia is also indicated in removal of tumors, in arytenectomy, excision of the eyeball or parts of the hoof, extraction of teeth, reduction of dislocations, setting of fractures, and to relieve severe pain in colic, and to overcome spasm iu chorea and hiccough, or convulsions due to poison or natural causes. Chloroform is used to destroy sick, injured or aged horses, but is not so rapid, convenient, or effective as the 44 calibre revolver, or rifle. The bullet should be directed toward a point upon 'he forehead at the intersection of two imaginary lines drawn from either eye up to the root of the opposite ear. 308 INORGANIC AGENTS Class 3.— Nitrites. Spiritus iExHERis NiTROSi. Spirit ()[ Nitrous Ether. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Sweet spirit of nitre, siiiritus nitri dulcis, spiritus iiitrico - sethereus, E.; ether azoteux alcoolise, liqueur anodine nitreuse, Fr.; versusster sallpetergeist, G. An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite (CoH^NOo), yield- ing, when freshly prepared, not less than 11 times its own volume of nitrogen dioxide (NO). Derivation. — Dissolve sodium nitrate, 770, in water; add deodorized alcohol, 550; introduce sulphuric acid, 520, previously diluted with water ; distil in flask and condense. Wash distillate with ice water to remove alcohol, with cold solution of sodium carbonate to remove traces of acid ; agitate with potassium carbonate to remove traces of water ; filter, and add sufficient deodorized alcohol to make the mixture weigh 22 times the weight of the nitrous ether to which it was added. Properties. — A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid, of a pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, having a fragrant ethereal and pungent odor, free from acidity, and a sharp, burning taste. Spec. gr. 0.820. Mixes freely with water and alcohol. Dose.—H.. and C, 5 i.-iv. (30.-120.); Sh. and Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., 1]|x.-3i. (.6-4). Smaller doses every two hours, diarphoretic. Larger doses, repeated three times daily, diuretic. Amylis Nitris. Amyl Nitrite. C3nN0,. (U. S. P.) Sijnonym. — Amyl nitris, B.P.; amylum nitrpsnnj, amyl- sether nitrosus, amylo-nitrous ether, E.; azotite d'aniyl, Fr.; amylnitrit, G. A liquid containing about 80 per cent, of amyl (prin- cipally iso-amyl) nitrite, together with variable quantities of undetermined compounds. SPiniT OF GLYCEEYL TRINITRATE 309 Derivation. — Obtained through distillation of nitric acid and amylic alcohol. Distillate purified by sodium carbonate. HNO3 + C,Hn OH = C,H„NO, + 2 H,0. Properties. — A clear, yellow or pale-yellow liquid, of a peculiar ethereal, fruity (baiaana) odor, and a pungent, aromatic taste. Spec. gr. 0.870 to 0.880. Dose (by inhalation). — H., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., Tr[ii.-v. {.12-.3). When given internally the smaller doses should be used dissolved in alcohol. Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis. Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate, Spirit of Glonoiu. C3H, (N 03)3. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Liquor triuitrini, B.P.; spiritus glonoini, propenyltrinitrate, glonoin trinitrate, spirit of nitroglycerin, trinitrate of glyceryl, triuitin, E. An alcoholic solution containing one per cent., by weight, of nitroglycerin. It is probably decomposed in the blood with the formation of potassium and sodiiim nitrite. Derivation. — Nitroglycerin is obtained b}' dropping pure glycerin upon a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, kept cool by ice, and purified by washing with water. The official one per cent, solution is not explosive uule.5s it becomes concentrated by evaporation to an extent exceeding 10 per cent. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, possessing the odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be exercised in tasting it, since even a small quantity is liable to produce a violent headache. Spec. gr. .826 to .832. Dose.—R., 3 8s.-i. (2.-4); D., 1TLi.-ii. (.06-.12). action of the nitrites. External. — Spirit of nitrous ether, like ether, produces a cooling and local anaesthetic action, owing to its evapora- tion upon the skin. Amyl nitrite has a slight depressing action upon the periphei-al ends of the sensory nerves. Internal. — The actions of spirit of nitrous ether, amyl 310 INORGANIC AGENTS nitrite and nitroglycerin are essentially the same. Spirit of nitrons ether should contain 4 per cent, of ethyl nitrite. Analysis of 68 samples taken at random from drug stores, resulted in showing that a teaspoonful of the best specimen contained as mnch ethyl nitrite as a pint of the worst, with all manner of variations between these extremes. To be of value as a nitrite, sweet spirit of nitre should be freshly prepared by a reliable chemist. Circulation. — The important action of the nitrites centres upon the heart and blood vessels. The arteries and veins all over the body (but particularly of the head and belly) become relaxed and blood tension is lowered by the nitrites. This action is no doubt peripheral, and is due to direct depression of the unstriated muscle of the vessel walls. The heart beats more rapidly in consequence of the lessened vascular resistance and direct depression of the in- hibitory centre and because a diminished blood pressure indirectly depresses the vagus centre and often stimulates the accelerator. The arterioles being dilated in the heart, as elsewhere, there follows an increased cardiac blood supply, nutrition and force. It is probable that the nitrates also stimulate the cardiac ganglia, and increase the force as well as the rapidity of the heart. This is shown by the fact that in small doses blood pressure is raised by the nitrates, de- spite the vascular dilatation. Poisonous doses depress the heart muscle and the pulse becomes slow and weak. Nervous System. — The nitrites depress the spinal motor centres. This is more marked in the frog than mammals, however. ISTeither the motor nor sensory nerves nor cere- brum appear to be influenced by medicinal doses of nitrites. Keflex excitability is lessened. Muscles. — Amyl nitrite paralyzes both unstriated and striated muscular tissue when applied locally; and the ni- trites, when administered internally, relieve spasm of mus- cular tissue by their depressing action upon the motor nerves and muscles. Kidneys. — Nitrites often increase the flow of urine by ■widening the renal arteries supplying the glomerules. But the general lowering of blood pressure may prevent an in- crease of local pressure in the kidney, when urinary secre- tion will be diminished. ACTION OF THE NITKITES 311 Blood. — In poisoning by the nitrites, the oxidizing power of the Mood is lost. Both the venous and arterial blood become of a chocolate hue from the conversion of the normal oxy-hipmoglobin into meth-haemoglobin. The latter yields up oxygen very sparingly. Bespiration. — The respiratory movements may be in- creased both in force and frequency by medicinal doses of nitrites, but paralysis of the respiratory centre and asphyxia occurs in fatal poisoning. Elimination. — The nitrite group rapidly escape in the urine as nitrites and nitrates of the alkalies. The amyl, of amyl nitrite, is completely oxidized in the body, while of nitroglycerin part is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Summary. — The nitrites dilate arterioles, increase the rate of the heart-beat, depress the spinal motor area, and lessen reflex action. They relieve spasm and may increase the secretion of urine. Boisoning. — Fatal poisoning is extremely rare as an accidental occurrence. Recovery from a quantity 120 times greater than the normal dose of nitroglycerin, has been reported in human practice. The physiological effects of the nitrites are more noticeable in man, owing to his bare skin. Immediately following the inhalation of amyl nitrite, the face becomes extremely flushed, and throbbing of the vessels of the head, with a feeling of tremendous pressure and headache, ensue. These symptoms are due to vascular dilatation. There is dizziness, the heart is rapid and violent, and the pulse full, frequent and easily compressible. The respiratory movements are increased. These symptoms occur after a full medicinal dose. In poisoning there is pallor, vomiting in man, trembling, w^eakness, cyanosis and failure of respiration and heart. The treatment is included in the administration of ammo- niacal and alcoholic stimulants, together with the subcuta- neous injection of ergotin, strychnine and atropine, to restore the vascular tone. The nitrites differ sufficiently to call for a word con- cerning their individual characteristics. It is important to emphasize the fact that their action, as a whole, is transient. Amyl nitrite diminishes vascular tension, as shoAvn by the sphygmograph, within a minute of its inhalation, and this 312 INORGANIC AGENTS condition lasts for 2 to 4 minntes, with variations of from 10 to 30 minutes. The same action of nitroglycerin occurs within 6 minutes and lasts from half to, rarely, an hour and a half. Good spirit of nitrous ether lowers tension from 45 to 60 minutes. In addition to this difference in degree, spirit of nitrous ether differs somewhat in kind of action. It is more stimulant to the heart, and more diuretic, owing to the ether it contains. For the same reason sweet spirit of nitre increases the secretions and motion of the upper part of the digestive tract, relieves spasm and is of some value in indigestion and mild colic. In stimulating the activity of the sweat glands, following its action in dilating peripheral vessels, sweet spirit of nitre is a useful diarphoretic and mild febrifuge. It has been pointed out that spiritus astheris nitrosi is far from being a reliable preparation as a nitrite, and there- fore nitroglycerin or amyl nitrite are preferable where rapid and certain vascular dilatation is essential. USES OF THE NITEITES. Internal. — Respiratory Diseases. — No drug is more efl&- cient than spirit of nitrous etber, in the treatment of acute diseases of the respiratory tract, as coryza, pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis. Its value lies in its power of dilating peripheral vessels, equalizing the circulation and preventing local congestions. In assisting diarphoresis and diuresis, sweet spirit of nitre hastens elimination of toxines and cools the body ; and in both ways is useful in abating fever. The following prescription may be of service in canine practice in febrile conditions : Tine, aconiti ti[xxiv. Spiritus getheris nitrosi 3 vi. Potassii bromidi § ss. Liq. Aninionii acetatis ad o i^'« M. Sig. Teaspoonful in water every 3 hours. USES OF THE NITKITES 313 In asthenic and febrile diseases, as inflnenza, sweet spirit of nitre is of worth, combined with tonic doses of quinine and alcoholic stimnlants. The nitrites are the most successful remedies in reliev- ing dyspnoea, when due to spasm of the bronchial tubes, or congestion of the lungs. They relax the bronchioles and avert congestion by vascular dilatation and equalization of the circulation. Thus the dyspnoea occurring in pneumonia, acute pulmonary oedema, asthma and chronic bronchitis, are advantageously treated by half-hourly or hourly doses of nitroglycerin. Amyl nitrite, in dilating peripheral vessels and blanching the lungs, has proved the most successful remedy in hemoptysis. Cardiac Diseases. — Tliese are comparatively rare in the lower animals ; but, in general, it may be said that no remedy is more useful for its transient action in the severe dyspnoea of cardiac diseases than nitroglycerin. The passing engorgement of the right heart and lungs is relieved by nitroglycerin, which tends to distribute the blood about the body in its proper channels, and thus takes the load ofF the heart temporarily. Nervous Diseases. — iSTitrite of amyl is invaluable in warding off epileptic seizures in man, when warning of their approach is given the patient. As this warning cannot be detected in the lower animals, the nitrites are of less value, but may be combined with the bromides as prophylactic agents. The nitrates exert their favorable effect in this condition by preventing cerebral vasomotor spasm, which is thought to occur in epilepsy. Amyl nitrite is useful in relieving hiccough or " thumps " in horses. Diseases of Urinary Organs. — Spirit of nitrous ether is useful as a diuretic in carnivora, when the urine is concen- trated and irritating to the bladder. It is also a valuable remedy, for the same reason, in acute cystitis of all animals, when it may be combined to advantage with potassium citrate, or acetate and tincture of aconite. Summary. — We may summarize the therapeutical indi- cations for the nitrites as follows: 1. To dilate peripheral arterioles and equalize the cir- culation in internal congestions. 314 INOKGANIC AGENTS 2. To stimulate the lieart. 3. To relieve spasm of vascular, nervous, or muscular origin. 4. To increase the secretion of urine. Administration. — Sweet spirit of nitre is given by the mouth, diluted with water, and often combined with alco- holic stimulants (whiskey), diarphoretics ( liq. ammon. acetatis), diuretics (potassium nitrate), and bitters (quinine). Amyl nitrite is administered usually by inhalation to the larger animals, from a sponge ; or two or three drops are given by inhalation from a bit of linen or cotton to the smaller animals. It may be given internally on sugar to the smaller animals, or in spirit to the larger patients. The spiritus glonoini is the only preparation of nitroglycerin in use. It may be dropped undiluted upon the tongue of the conscious or unconscious animal. The tongue of the smaller animals luay be frequently moistened with a small stick dipped in the solution, or it may be given in pill or tablet. Class 4.— Chloral. Chloralum Hydra tum. (U. S. P.) Chloral Hydrate. Chloral. CJi CI3O + H^O. Synonym. — Chloral hydras, B. P.; hydrate of chloral, E.; chloratum hydratum crystallisatum, P. G.; hydrate de chlo- ral, Fr.; chloralhydrat, G. A crystalline solid, composed of trichloraldehyde, or chloral with one molecule of water. Derivation. — Dry chlorine gas is passed into' absolute alcohol until the latter is saturated. Aldehyde and hydro- chloric acid first result, C,H,0 H + 2 CI = C,H,0 + 2 H CI. The chlorine gas then acts upon the aldehyde, abstracting 3 atoms of hydrogen and replacing 3 atoms of chlorine, and so forms chloral. C.H.O + 6 CI = C,H CLO + 3 H CI. Chloral is purified first by distillation with sulphuric acid, and then with linie, and when mixed with water forms chloral hydrate (C,H CI3O + H,0). CHLORAL 315 Properiiefi. — Separate, rhomboidal, colorless and trans- parent crystals, having an aromatic, penetrating and slightly acrid odor, and a bitterish, caustic taste. Slowly volatilized when exposed to the air. Freely soluble in water, alcohol or ether ; also in chloroform, benzol, benzin, carbon disul- phide, fixed and volatile oils. It liquifies when triturated with about an equal quantity of camphor, menthol, thymol or carbolic acid. Chloral is decomposed by caustic alkalies, alkaline earths and ammonia, chloroform being formed, and a formate of the base produced. Dose.—n. & a, 3i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Action External. — Chloral is a strong irritant applied locally in concentration to the skin and mucous membranes, and if injected under the skin may cause abscess and sloughing. It is a powerful antiseptic, and relieves itching, especially in combination with camphor. Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Chloral produces severe irritation of the mucous membrane in concentrated solution (20 per cent, or over), and large doses may cause vomiting in dogs. The writer has seen intense glossitis and stomatitis follow the breaking of a gelatine capsule, contain- ing chloral, in the mouth of a horse. Blood. — Chloral is absorbed into the blood unchanged. It was formerly thought that the action of chloral was due to chloroform produced by the decomposition of the former in the alkaline blood. C,H CLO + KH0 = CHC]3 + K C H O, (formic acid). It is now known that the blood is not sufficiently alka- line to decompose chloral, and that chloroform is not found in the blood, tissues or excretions, except in the case of the urine, when it is strongly alkaline. Moreover, chloral acts as usual upon a frog when the blood of the batrachian is replaced by a neutral saline solution. Heart and Blood Vessels. — Chloral in large doses depres- ses the action of the heart muscle, its contained ganglia, and the vasomotor centres. It also produces local paralysis of the vascular walls. Blood pressure is therefore lowered. 316 INOEGANIC AGENTS In small medicinal doses the circulation is not influenced materially, but in poisoning the pulse at first is accelerated and then becomes slow, weak and irregular, and the heart is arrested in diastole. Nervous System — The salient action of chloral is exerted upon the brain and cord. Like other narcotics, the depress- ing effect may be preceded by a transient and unimportant excitation of the brain and cord ; but this commonly passes unnoticed, and the prominent action of chloral consists, in ordinary doses, in depressing the sensory and motor centres of the brain, and in larger doses, .the spinal reflex activity and the motor tract of the cord. Mo- derate therapeutic doses cause, therefore, dulness an^ sleepiness (with contracted pupils) in the lower animals, while doses approaching the toxic point produce insensi- bility, coma, paralysis of the inferior cornua, with loss of reflex action and muscular power, so that the anim.il falls; paraplegia, dilated pupils and anaesthesia. These symptoms may occur and be followed bj recovery. The anaesthesia is of spinal origin. Neither the sensory nerves, motor nerves, nor muscles are affected except in the later stages of poisoning. Insensibility to pain is said, by Brunton, to follow the action of chloral upon the gray matter of the cord, by pre- venting the transmission of painful sensations through this tract. It is uncertain whether chloral acts as an hypnotic by its direct depressing influence upon the brain tissue, or by inducing cerebral anaemia in causing the blood to be with- drawn from the cerebrum into the dilated peripheral arte- rioles. Resjjiration. — The respiration is not interfered with by moderate medicinal doses of chloral, but toxic quantities depress and paralyze the respiratory centre. The respira- tory movements become deep, regular, accelerated (26) and full, with large therapeutic doses, but with toxic doses, slow, irregular and shallow. Death occurs more commonly from arrest of respiration, yet primary heart failure, or botli combined, may lead to a fatal result. . CIII.OKAL 317 Temperature. — The temperature may- be elevated at first, but soon falls, owing to diminished heat production and increased loss, through heart failure and vascular dilatation. Elimination. — Chloral is eliminated by the urine, in part unchanged and in part as urochloralic acid. Metabolism. — Chloral in large doses leads to increased destruction of the proteids of the body and imperfect oxida- tion of their products, together with fatty degeneration of the internal organs. These tissue changes are caused l)y the production of urochloralic acid in the tissues. Summary. — Chloral is a local stimulant and antiseptic, and relieves itching. It is a powerful depressant to the cere- brum, vasomotor and respiratory centres, inferior cornua, heart muscle and its ganglia. Acute Poisoning. — Large doses produce insensibility, coma, and complete loss of muscular power, so that the animal falls. There is general ana?sthesia, and the pupils dilate. The pulse is weak, at first frequent, later infrequent and irregular. The respiration may be primarily quickened, but subsequently becomes slow, shallow and irregular. The animal sweats, sways, gapes and trembles and sometimes falls to the ground, the sphincters are relaxed and involuntary deftpcation occurs, but recovery commonly follows. With doses greater than 4 ounces, horses die in a generally anaes- thetic and paralyzed state. In man, death has followed the ingestion of 10 grains of chloral, and several fatalities have occurred after doses of 20 or 25 grains, although these are exceptional cases. The fatal dose for dogs is said to be from 2 to 6 drachms. Treatment. — Emetics and the stomach tube, shouting at and beating the animal, external heat. Five times the ordi- nary dose of strychnine and atropine subcutaneously. Strong, hot coffee and alcohol by the rectum. Amyl nitrite inhala- tions. Administration. — Chloral has been given intravenously, subcutaneously, and intratracheally, as well as by the mouth and rectum. The common way of administering it is in solution per orem or rectum. It may cause abscess if in- jected under the skin, or thrombi when thrown into a vein. Experiments of Dr. Muir* appear to show that chloral may * Jour. Compar. Med. and Vet. Archives, April, May, 1900. 318 INORGANIC AGENTS be safely given intrnjugnlarlj^ ; one ounce dissolved in two ounces of sterile water and repeated once in an hour if de- sirable. If given in ball, the chloral may prove too irritating in the digestive tract. It should be diluted at least 10 tmes, and is given by the mouth with glycerin and water, or weak syrup, or with boiled starch solution by the rectum. Uses External. — Chloral may be employed as a stimu- lant, antiseptic, and slight local anaesthetic, in solution (1 to 4), upon ulcers and wounds. It may be used with an equal part of camphor diluted with 8 parts of ointment, to relieve itching. A 4 to 8 per cent, aqueous solution forms an excellent antiseptic preservative for anatomical specimens, and chloral may be added to urine for this purpose. Uses Internal. — Chloral is used for three purposes in veterinary practice : 1. First and foremost, to relieve spasm. 2. To assuage pain. 3. To procure sleep. In human medicine chloral is mainly employed as an hypnotic, but a purely soporific action is rarely required for the lower animals. The spasmodic conditions benefited by chloral include colic, convulsions, chorea, epilepsy, asthma, canine distemper, spasmodic cough, rigidity of the uterine OS in the first stage of labor, hysteria, cerebritis (to relieve motor excitement), tetanus, and strychnine poisoning. In spasmodic colic, chloral is inferior to opium as an anodyne^ but has the advantage of not inducing constipation. It may be employed in colic, by the rectum, combined with mor- phine given under the skin, ac recommended for procuring anaesthesia. It is the best remedy we possess for the treat- ment of convulsions in dogs, apart from anaesthetics. Ether may be administered during the convulsion, and chloral simultaneously, or between the attacks, in gr.v.-xx., per rectum, and repeated if necessary. Chloral is only indicated in chorea when the movements are so severe that the animal cannot secure sleep or rest. In distemper in dogs, chloral is used for the same purpose, when there is excessive cough ACETANILID 319 and restlessness. Chloral is given per rectum in tetanus, so as to keep the animal continually narcotized, and may be employed in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin. Sp;ism of the os uteri is relieved by chloral when given per rectum in frequently repeated doses, until the safe physiological limit is reached. Chloral is inferior to ether or chloroform as an anaesthetic, because it is not so safe, nor is the anaesthesia so complete, but it relieves pain effectually, and is more easily administered. It is combined, in order to produce ansesthesia, with stuall doses of morphine, which decidedly enhance the anodyne action of chloral. To prepare a horse for surgical operation, 3 grains of moiphine sulphate and 1 grain of atropine sulphate may be injected under the skin, and followed in 10 minutes by an enema containing 1 ounce of chloral. Class 6. — Antipyretics and Analgesics. AcETANiLiDUM. Acetanilid. C„H,N H C.H^O. (U.S.&B.P.) Synonym. — Phenylacetamide, antifebrin. An acetyl derivative of aniline. Derivation. — Glacial acetic acid and aniline are distilled together, and the residue is purified by repeated crystalliza- tion. H C3H3O3 + C.H.N H3 = C,H,N H. C,H30 + H,0. Properties. — White, shining micaceous crystalline lami- nae, or a crystalline powder, odorless, having a faintly burning taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 194 parts of water, and in 5 parts of alcohol ; also soluble in 18 parts of ether, and easily soluble in chloroform, Dose.-n., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.iii.-vii. (.2-.5). AcETPHENETiDiNUM, AcETPHENETEDiN. Phenacetin. Ci„H,,N O, (177.79). (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Phenacetinum, B. P.; para-acetphenetidin, C,H,0 C,H,N H C,H30 + H,0 (178.63). 320 INORGANIC AGENTS Derivation. — Obtained by the action of glacial acetic acid upon paraplienetitin, a phenol derivative. H C,H30, + CeH,0 C.H^N H = CJS.JO C.H.N HC.H,© + H,0. Properties. — Glistening, colorless, tasteless, odorless, scaly crystals. Practically insoluble in water (1-925), soluble in 12 parts of alcohol, and in glycerin, chloroform and acetic acid. Dose.—B.. & C, 3ii.-iii. (8.-12.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). Antipyrina. Anti pyrin. CgHg (C Hj). CgH N.O. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Phenazonum, B. P.; phenyl-dimethyl-pyra- zolone. Derivation. — Phenyl-hydrazine is acted upon by aceto- acetic ether, when phenyl -monomethyl- pyrazolone, ethyl alcohol and water result. H,N N H CeH, + C H3C O C H, C O O C,H, = CeH, (C H3) C3H,N,0 + C,H, O H + H,0. Then CeH, (C H3) C3H,N,0 + C H3 1 (methyl iodide) - C«H, (C H3), C3H N,0 + HI. Properties. — Colorless, odorless, scaly crystals, of a bit- terish taste and alkaline reaction. Soluble in about its own weight of water, alcohol and chloroform. Incompatibles. — Spirit of nitrous ether, iron sulphate, chloride and iodide ; salicylates, tannin, chloral, calomel, and a large number of diug-. Dose.—B.. & a, 3iii.-iv. (12.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i- (4.)j D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). action of acetanilid, antipyrin and phenacetin. External. — Acetanilid and antipyrin are antiseptics. Solutions of the latter contract vessels and exert a local anesthetic and hemostatic state. Internal. — These substances exert no action upon the digestive tract, but acetanilid possesses a decided antiseptic influence upon bacteria within the alimentary canal. ACTIOX OF ACETAXILID, ANTIPYEIN AND PHENACETIN 32 1 Blood. — Those agents have no influence upon the blood, in moderate medicinal doses, but in large doses (except anti- pyrin) they diminish the ozonizing power of the blood, re- duce the haemoglobin of the red corpuscles, change it to metlupmoglobin, and alter the color of the blood to a brown- ish-red hue. In large toxic quantities, administered continu- ously, they cause disintegration of the red corpuscles and elimination of the. blood-coloring matter in the urine. Heart and Blood Vessels. — In ordinary therapeutic doses these drugs do not alter the normal condition of the heart or blood vessels, but in large medicinal doses they first stimulate and then slow and depress the force of the heart by action (probabl}^) upon the heart muscle. Phenacetin is the least, and acetanilid the most depressant. Antipyrin is said to stimulate the heart and increase blood pressure in minute quantities. These three antipyretics decidedly diminish blood tension in large medicinal doses, owing to depression of the heart and of the vasomotor apparatus. Nervous System. — ^Usual therapeutic doses of these sub- stances exert a sedative action upon the sensory nerves and sensory tract of the spinal cord. They are therefore anal- gesics, although not comparable in this respect to opium. Poisonous quantities of these drugs diminish muscular powder, lessen reflex action and cause paralysis. Experi- ments apparently' show that acetanilid paralyzes the motor nerves, antipyrin the motor nerve endings, while motor de- pression seems to be of spinal origin in the case of phen- acetin. The brain is undoubtedly influenced by these agents, as evidenced by coma and convulsions in poisoning, but exact knowledge is wanting in relation to the action upon the brain. The functions of the cerebral cortex are thought to be de- pressed by antipyrin, and the special senses to be first stimu- lated and then paralyzed by this drug. Temperature.- — Acetanilid, antipyrin and phenacetin are essentially antipyretics. While they do not invariably lower temperature, even in large doses in normal animals, they do so very materially in animals suffering from fever. They apparently depress the activity of the calorefacient centres iJ22 INOKGANIC AGENTS (probably in the corpora striata), and therefore diminish beat production. Testimony is at variance in regard to their action upon heat loss. They frequently induce diar- phorcsis, but it is generally accepted that heat dissipation if: increased to a greater extent than would be accounted for by sweating, and that it occurs even when diarphoresis does not take place. Experimenters vehemently disagree as to which prej^nderates — increased heat loss or lessened heat- production — in causing antipyresis. Respiration,— The respiratory functions are unaffected by therapeutic doses of these medicines. In lethal doses respiration is quickened, owing to the greater work thrown upon the respiratory centre by the altered condition of the blood, and this vital centre is ultimately paralyzed. Kidneys. — The drugs under consideration produce slight diuresis in moderate medicinal doses. In poisoning, the urine may become dark-colored by the hiematin escaping from the disintegrated red blood corpuscles. Antipyrin lessens the nitrogenous products of tissue waste in the urine, and also diminishes the amount of that secretion. Acetanilid, on the other hand, increases the excretion of urea. ■ Elimination. — Antipyrin is rapidly eliminated un- changed in the urine in some animals ; in others it is oxidized. Acetanilid escapes in part unchanged and in part as different oxidation products in different animals; Avhile phenacetin is chiefly eliminated as such and as glycuronate of phenetidine. Poisoning. — Toxic doses of these drugs cause, in the lower animals, nervous excitement and convulsions, and sometimes coma, loss of consciousness, staggering gait, muscu- lar failure, sweating, rapid, feeble respiration, weak pulse, cyanosis, occasional vomiting in dogs, fall of temperature and general paralysis. Treatment. — External heat, alcoholic stimulants by the mouth, rectum, or under the skin ; strychnine, and atropine subcutaneously. ! Administration. — Antipyrin is given in solution by the mouth, rectum, or under the skin. Acetanilid and phen- acetin can be administered in powder, tablet, pill or ball ; or ACTION OF ACETANILID, ANTIPYRIN AND PHENACETIN 323 ill solution in alcoholic liquor. Acetauilid is to be preferred for horses ou account of its much greater cheapness.* The average dose of acetanilid is one drachm for a horse, and three to five grains for a dog ; and the dose of phenaeetin is twice, and of antipyrin three times greater than that of acetanilid. Uses External. — Acetanilid is employed as an antiseptic dusting powder undiluted. A ten per cent, solution of anti- pyrin may be applied as a haemostatic upon bleeding surfaces. Uses Internal. — There are three indications for the use of these agents : 1. To lower temperature in fever. 2. To relieve pain. 3. To lessen motor excitement and spasm. They are not so valuable in veterinary practice as in human medicine, since the lower animals rarely sufi'er from neuralgic pain, which is the special variety of suffering alleviated by these drugs. Phenaeetin is the most serviceable for dogs, as it is less toxic, more sedative, and more permanent in its antipyretic action than antipyrin or acetanilid. Dogs suffering from distemper are greatly relieved by small and repeated doses of phenaeetin, which lessen fever, cough and restlessness. In acute diseases, as pneumonia, these antipyretics may be occasionally employed to advantage when the temperature rises above 104° Far., and remains there any length of time. They are generally inadvisable in asthenic, febrile diseases, since they are too depressant in their action upon the heart and have no effect in removing the cause of the disease. The hyperpyrexia of insolation may be treated with these agents, in combination with cold, externally and per rectum. For the relief of pain their scope is limited in veterinary practice to that of a rheumatic character. Motor distur- bances, including convulsions, chorea and spasm, may be abated by the antipyretics, but they are usually inferior to chloral, opium, or other antispasmodics. Phenaeetin, combined with codeine or heroin, in powder or tablet, is a useful remedy for cough in dogs. * Phenaeetin is now more desirable, as less depressant, since the patent on it has expired. 324 INORGANIC AGENTS Class 6.— Antiseptics. AciDUM Carbolicum Crudum. Crude Carbolic Acid. Synonym. — Acide phenique cru, Fr.; rohe carbolsaure,G. Derivation. — A liquid consisting of various constituents of coal tar, chiefly cresol and phenol, obtained by fractional distillation at a temperature between 302° F. and 392° F., and twice rectified at a temperature between 338° F. and 374° F. Properiies. — A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown liquid of a strongly empyreumatic and creasote-like odor, having a benumbing, blanching and caustic effect upon the skin or mucous membrane, and gradually turning darker on ex- posure to the air and light. Soluble in 15 parts of water. The aqueous solution has a slight acid reaction. Phenol (U. S. P.) *AciDUM Carbolicum. Carbolic Acid. CeH^O H. (B. P.) Synonym. — Phenic acid, phenol, phenyl alcohol, pheny- licum crystallisatum, E.; acide phenique, acide carbolique, hydrate de phenyle, Fr.; carbolsiiure, phenylsaure, phenyl alkohol, G. Derivation. — Obtained from crude carbolic acid by agitation with caustic soda, heating to 338° F., aud adding hydrochloric acid. Then by agitation with sodium chloride, digestion with calcium chloride, and distillation at a tempe- rature between 336° F. and 374° F., and finally by crystalli- zation. Properties. — Colorless, interlaced, or separate, needle- sha})ed crystals, or a white crystalline mass, sometimes acquiring a reddish tint ; having a characteristic, somewhat aromatic odor, and when copiously diluted with water, a sweetish taste with a slightly burning after-taste. Delique- scent on exposure to damp air. Soluble in about 15 parts of water, and very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, fixed and volatile oils. Faintly acid reaction. • The U. S. P., 1905, recognizes only "Phenol" as the ofllcial name for car- bolic acid. CARBOLIC ACID 325 Plienol crystals melt when heated, but solidify again on cooling. A 95 per cent, solution of carbolic acid crystals, in alcohol, remains fluid at the ordinary temperature. The crystals are also liquified by the addition of about 8 per <;ent. of water. Dose. — H. & C, gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.v.-x. .(.3-.6); D., gr.ss.-i. (.03-.06). PREPARATIONS. Unynciitum Acidi Carbolici. Ointment of Carbolic Acid. (B. P.) Unguentum Phenolis. (U. S. P.) Phenol, 3 ; ointment, 97 (U. S. P.) ; 4 per cent., B. P. Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici. Glycerite of Carbolic Acid. (B. P.) Glycerituvi Phenolis. (U. S. P.) Phenol, 20 ; glycerin, 80. Addum Carbolicum Liquef actum. Liquified Carbolic Acid. (B. P.) Phenol Liquefactum. (U. S. P.) Carbolic acid liquified by addition of 10 per cent, of water. Dose. — Same as acidum carbolicum. Action External. — -Carbolic acid causes burning pain Avhen applied to the skin or mucous membranes, and this action is followed by local anaesthesia and the production of a dry white spot. If used in sufficient quantity, it leads to sloughing, but the escharotic effect is superficial, since the acid coagulates albumin, which forms a protective coating to the underlying parts. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic and disinfectant, and, in proper solution, acts as a sedative upon the peripheral sensory nerves, and is one of the most efficient agents in relieving itching. It checks the growth of both organized (bacteria) and unorganized (digestive) ferments. Strong solutions (1-2 per cent.) kill most bacteria, but a considerable time is required to destroy the organisms of certain diseases and those relating to putrefaction. Some hours are required to kill anthrax spores, by even a 5 per cent, solution. Two per cent, solutions destroy the digestive ferments. The lower forms of vegetable parasites, growing upon the skin, perish by the application of carbolic acid. 326 INORGANIC AGENTS Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Carbolic acid exerts a local, angesthetic action upon the ssensorj nerve endings in the stomach, and may act to a certain extent in the diges- tive tract as an antiseptic, hindering abnormal fermentation, but is, in this respect, inferior to creolin, napthol and nap- thalin. It is probably converted into a sulpho-carbolate in the stomach. In concentration, carbolic acid is a powerful gastio-intestinal irritant. Blood. — Carbolic acid is absorbed into the blood and probably circulates in part as an alkaline carbolate of sodium and potassium. Heart and Blood Vessels. — Phenol, in poisonous doses, paralyzes the vasomotor centre and later depresses the heart. The effect upon the vessels is the more important and promi- nent, but neither action is observed after medicinal doses. Respiration. — Therapeutic doses do not influence the respiratory functions, but toxic quantities make the respira- tory movements rapid and shallow at first, owing to stimula- tion of the respiratory centre and peripheral vagi, while death occurs after lethal amounts from paralysis of the respiratory centre. Nervous System. — T^he brain is depressed by toxic doses of carbolic acid, and si/upor and coma occur. The convul- sions appearing in carbolic acid poisoning are due to pri- mary stimulation of the spinal motor area, which is finally depressed and paralyzed. When locally applied, carbolic acid depresses and paralyzes the peripheral sensory nerves. Temperature. — Carbolic acid, in medicinal doses, slightly lowers temperature both in health and fever, but is not suffi- ciently antipyretic to be suitable for such a purpose in prac- tice. It depresses heat production and increases heat loss. Elimination. — Carbolic acid is eliminated by all ordinary channels, but mainly by the kidneys. The urine becomes dark colored — a very characteristic sign — even after large medicinal doses. Phenol normally occurs in small quan- tities in the urine of man and animals. Three grains have been recovered from the urine passed in 24 hours by a CARBOLIC ACID 327 horse, and is thought to be a product of intestinal ferment- ation. In large toxic doses most of the carbolic acid is eliminated in the urine unchanged. Part, however, is oxidized into two bodies — pyrocatechin and hydroquiuone — and these, as well as phenol, unite with sulphuric and glycuronic acids in the tissues. Thus phenol is eliminated in the urine as double sulphates and glycuronates of phenol, pyrocatechin and hydroquiuone. The last two are unstable and further undergo oxidation into dark substances, color- ing the urine, which grows darker on exposure to the air. The normal sulphates are absent in the urine following carbolic aci-d poisoning. Toxicology. — Carbolic acid ranks as one of the most powerful poisons — together with prussic acid and nitro- benzole — in existence. Several cases of death in man have occurred after the ingestion of one-half an ounce of carbolic acid ; and the smallest fatal human dose on record appears to be about one drachm. One or two drachms are fatal to dogs, and a dose as small as 15 grains is said to have caused the death of a dog, while the lethal amount for the horse is about one ounce. Many cases of accidental poisoning have occurred from absorption of carbolic acid when applied externally for surgical purposes in dressings or solutions upon raw surfaces. The symptoms are the same as when absorption occurs from the digestive tract. Extensive local sloughing, after continuous treatment with moist carbolic applications, is occasionally seen. Dogs and cats are particularly susceptible to the action of phenol. The milder symptoms of poisoning include dulness, loss of appetite, muscular weakness and trembling, and dark-colored urine having the odor of carbolic acid. After lethal doses death may be instantaneous through respiratory arrest, the heart continuing to beat for a time. The mere ordinarv symptoms in severe poisoning in all animals are : trembling, rarely vomiting and purging, restlessness, salivation, loss of muscular power (animal reels and falls), diminution of bensibility, ausBsthesia, dyspnoea ; the breathing is rapid, 328 INORGANIC AGENTS shallow and stertorous; tlie pulse is weak, irregular, and usually frequent; the temperature is'lowered, and there are the usual symptoms of collapse, with insensibility, coma, loss of reflex action, general paralysis, occasional convul- sions and death. Sometimes hsematuria, albuminuria and hsemoglobinuria have been observed. The condition resem- bles apoplexy, but the mucous membrane of the mouth is stained white in patches after ingestion of pure acid, dark with crude acid, and the odor of the poison lingering about the animal, together with the dark, green-colored urine, are characteristic of phenol poisoning. The urine may be clear when first voided, but becomes dark on standing. The absence of carbolic acid in the urine affords certain evidence that the case is not one of poisoning by this drug. Post-mortem examination reveals hard, whitish or brownish or black patches and sloughs upon the mucous membrane of the mouth, gullet, stomach, and even the small intestines. The blood is dark from asphyxia, and imperfectly coagu- lated. There is occasionally fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys. The odor of the acid remains not longer than twenty-four hours. Treatment. — Emetics are usually valueless on account of the angesthetic condition of the mucous membrane of the stomach. "We use, therefore the stomach pump or tube, and, as antidotes, pure whisky or brandy, to avert the local escharotic effect and as a stimulant. Washing the stomach with 10 per cent, solution of alcohol has proven most efficient. Epsom or Glauber's salts do not form in- soluble sulphocarbolates in the body, and are there- fore useless. For collapse, heart and respiratory fail- ure, — digitalis, strychnine, atropine, ether, and brandy sub- cutaneously, are to be employed, together with heat ex- ternally. Mucilaginous drinks are also useful. The local caustic action of carbolic acid on the skin or mucous mem- branes can be prevented by the immediate application of strong (96 per cent.) alcohol to these parts. Of late years alcohol has also been regarded and widely given as a phy- siological and chemical antidote in carbolic poisoning. In CARBOLIC h :iD 329 experiments, cited by Thornton,* on dogs with mixtures of toxic doses of carbolic acid and alcohol, and with the ad- ministration of poisonous doses of the acid followed by alcohol, the results go to show that alcohol does not in any way lessen or alter the poisonous ejffect of carbolic acid except in preventing the corrosive action on the stomach His conclusions are somewhat weakened, however, by the fact that doses of alcohol were used which in themselves might be toxic (4 to 9 ounces). It is certainly well to give pure whiskey or brandy in a large dose by the mouth after carbolic acid has been swallowed, for two reasons : to pre- vent the corrosive action of the acid on the mucous mem- branes, and to act as a circulatory stimulant, even if there is not any other specific effect produced. Administration. — Carbolic acid is commonly given in- ternally, diluted several hundred times with water. Uses External. — A solution of carbolic acid (1-20) is frequently used in surgery to disinfect the unbroken skin, while a weaker solution (1-50) is more suitable as an antiseptic upon raw surfaces and mucous membranes. While corrosive sublimate has enjoyed chief popularity as a surgical antiseptic for many years on account of its cheap- ness and supposed superior bactericidal properties, recent experiments (see p. 215) have shown that the value of cor- rosive sublimate is much over-estimated, so that carbolic acid has again resumed almost the importance it originally had in Listerian days in surgical work. Pure carbolic acid is occasionally used as a caustic to destroy small growths, as warts, and the lining membrane of fistulge of the poll, withers, or lateral cartilages ; to swab out a septic uterus, and as a local anaesthetic upon the skin. A drop of pure acid, or a line drawn with a brush along a proposed path of incision, may render a hypodermic puncture or superficial incision painless. Carbolic acid with glycerin (1-16) is one of the most excellent preparations for applying to sluggish Progressive Medicine, p. 343, Dec, 1901. 330 INORGANIC AGENTS ulcers and old sinuses and fistulse. The glycerin appears to entirely offset the corrosive action of the acid, and the result is a stimulation of the pyogenic membrane and pro- motion of healing which often can not be obtained by any other remedy. It is equally effective in canker and foul in the foot of cattle, and in foot rot of sheep (1 part in 10 of glycerin). Injection of ten to thirty drops of a two per cent, solution into the substance of boils, acne, gl-mdular swell- ings, erysipelatous inflammatory patches, poisoned wounds, joints affected with chronic synovitis, and inflamed burs89, will often assist recovery and may abort the lesion. In acute inflammation, the injections are made twice daily ; in chronic conditions, once every other day ; and if there is a large extent of surface involved, several injections are done at one timp. Bacelli's treatment of tetanus with carbolic acid has met with remarkable success of late. One drachm of the pure acid in solution (5 to 10 per cent.) should be injected in the region of the neck and shoulders of the horse every two hours during the first 32 hours, and less frequently afterward. As much as 36 drachms may be given to the horse in 24 hours, for there appears to be a special tolerance for carbolic acid acquired in tetanus. One of the best agents which can be used in the treat- ment of septic wounds is carbolic acid in | to ^ of 1 per per cent, aqueous solution. Aseptic gauze or absorbent cotton are wrung out in the solution and applied to the part and covered with oil paper, silk or other waterproof material and so kept continuously wet. Instruments are frequently placed in carbolic acid solution (1-40) during surgical operations, although it is sufficient to boil them in water for ten minutes and keep them in the boiled water, or place them in a pure atmos- phere upon boiled towels. Carbolized gauze is prepared from unbleached cotton gauze medicated with half its weight of a mixture consisting of carbolic acid, 1; resin, 3; and paraffin, 4 parts. Plain gauze, sterilized by baking at a temperature of 140^ C. for two hours, is preferable, and avoids the danger of absorption and poisoning. CARBOLIC ACID 331 Tlie glycerite of carbolic acid is employed as a local application in stomatitis, upon the ulcerations of actinomy- cosis with iodine, and also upon the skin to destroy ringworm. It is inferior, however, to tincture of iodine for the latter purpose. Two per cent, solutions are recommended to kill lice and the acari of scab and mange. Carbolic acid is the most serviceable remedy we possess to relieve itching. Two per cent, solutions may be employed upon the unbroken skin, but the strength should not be greater than half this amount upon excoriated surfaces. In sub-acute moist eczema of dogs, carbolic acid with zinc ointment (gr.S-^ i.)j or the following prescription, will be found of value in relieving itching and promoting recovery : Calaminae § ss. Zinei oxidi 3 ii. Acid. Carbol gr. xx. Liq. Calcis ad S iv. M. Sig. External use. (Shake.) Care should always be taken not to apply carbolic preparations over any considerable extent of raw surface, and to muzzle dogs in the event of an opportunity being afforded them to lick off any undue amount of the acid. A solution (1-50) in boiling water forms an efficient anti- septic and sedative inhalation for horses suffering from catarrh of the upper air passages. One of the most excellent remedies for burns consists of a two per cent, solution of cafbolic acid in carron oil. It relieves pain and lessens sup- puration, although carbolic acid in oil possesses little anti- septic property, because phenol is so much more soluble in oil than in the watery protoplasm of bacteria. Good results have been reported with intratracheal injections in vermin- ous bronchitis of foals and calves, consisting of the fol- lowing : Acidi earbolici TlXxx. 01. tercbintliinae 3 ii. Chlovoformi 3 ss. M. Sig. Give at one injection intratracheally. 332 INORGANIC AGENTS Crude carbolic acid may be used to disinfect infected buildings and their contents, and, in two per cent, solution with whitewash, can be applied to walls after cleaning. Uses Internal. — Evidence has been accumulating of late as to the value of carbolic acid iu general diseases of bacterial origin. Not only has Bacelli's treatment proven successful iu many cases of tetanus, but in human medicine numerous favorable reports have been made upon the use of carbolic acid when given in large doses in dilution by the mouth in the treatment of surgical sepsis, influenza, erysipelas, etc. Moreover, the subcutaneous injection of 2 drachms (8 cc.) of a 3 per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid every ten days into all pregnant cows during the prevalence of epi- zootic abortion is a valuable prophylactic measure. In the carbuncle form of anthrax in man, the injection of carbolic acid solution has yielded successful results and it may be tried in cattle. But speedy destruction of anthrax patients iu veterinary practice is usually the only wise procedure. Locally, carbolic acid may exert an antiseptic and anaesthetic action in the stomach. Carbolic acid is sometimes of service in relieving vomiting and gastric pain caused by flatulence in dogs, and in counteracting intestinal fermen- tation and diarrhoea in all animals. In diarrhoea of dogs, grain doses are combined to advantage with bismuth sub- nitrate in powder, capsule, or pill. CREOSOTE 333 Creosotum. Creosote. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Kreosotiini, P.G. ; kreosote, Fr. ; kreosot, G. Derivation. — A mixture of phenols and phenol deriva- tives, chiefly giiaiacol and creosol, obtained dnring the dis- tillation of wood tar, preferably of that derived from the beech, Fagus sylvatica Linne. (liat. ord. cupuliferse.) Properties. — An almost colorless, yellowish or pinkish, highly refractive, oily liquid, having a penetrating, smoky odor, and a burning, caustic taste. Usually becoming darker in tint on exposure to the light. Spec. gr. not below 1.070 at 59° F. Soluble in about 150 parts of water, but without forming a perfectly clear solution. Freely soluble in al- cohol, ether, chloroform, acetic acid, fixed and volatile oils. Dose.—K., tllxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); C, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. and Sw., lUv.-xv. (.3-1.) ; D., lUss.-ii. (.03-.12). Action and Uses. — The action of creosote upon animals is practically the same as that of carbolic acid in kind, but is much less toxic. The antidotes (soluble sulphates) and treatment of poisoning are also similar. Externally, creosote is as effective a germicide as carbolic acid, but the latter is usually preferred, being much cheaper. Creosote may be ap- plied in the same strength for its local antiseptic, parasit- icide, and local antesthetic action. Internally, creosote is administered, as is carbolic acid, to check vomiting and to act as an intestinal antiseptic* Outside of the body, creosote is employed in inhalation in inflammatory diseases of the upper portion of the respiratory tract, and to kill parasites in the air passages. Intratracheal injection ma}' be substi- tuted for inhalation in the latter condition. Given internally in wine or spirit, creosote is of value in bronchitis with fetid or excessive secretion, in addition to its use by inhalation. Creolinum. Creolin. (JSTon-official.) Derivation. — Obtained from soft coal by dry distilla- tion. Composition very complex. Is said to contain cresol and higher homologues of phenol. * And in its elimination by the bronchial mucosa it may kill filaria. Neumann advises creosote (Bii-). benzine (3x. ), and water (^qts.) ; of the mixture for sheep, 1 teaspoonful daily, by the mouth, for 8 days for verminous bronchitis. 334 INOKGANIC AGENTS Pi'operties. — Dark-brown, syrupy, alkaline liquid, of a tarry taste and odor. Nearly soluble in alcoliol; soluble in chloroform and ether. When added to water, creolin forms a white emulsion containing in suspension as much as 12 per cent, of the drug. Dose. — H. and C, 3 ss.-i, (15.-30.), in single dose. For continuous use— H. and C, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., ITLi.-v. (.06-.3). Action External. — Creolin is a powerful and useful dis- infectant, antiseptic, and parasiticide. It forms a slippery coating upon the skin. Strong solutions are not caustic, but may cause a dermatitis when continuously applied. Creolin generally represents carbolic acid, but is much more efficient as a germicide, less irritating, and does not endanger animal life from absorption.* Aqueous solutions (emulsions), containing from I to 1 per cent., are employed for antiseptic purposes. Action Internal. — Creolin is -eliminated by all channels, giving the secretions a tarry odor, and coloring the urine brown. One or two drachms of creolin (a lethal dose of carbolic acid), when given daily lo dogs for weeks at a time, produce no bad effects. It is a good intestinal antiseptic, and better than carbolic acid. Uses. — Creolin is employed mainly outside of the body, and is a useful general antiseptic for surgical purposes in 1 per cent, solution. Antiseptic poultices, so valuable upon septic sloughing parts, are best made by soaking clean gauze in a 1 per cent, aqueous solution of creolin, and applying the same, covered by a waterproof protective. Creolin solutions are not to be recommended for instru- ments during operations, as the fluid is so turbid that they cannot be seen by the operator. A 2 per cent, solution is useful for a vaginal or uterine injection; a 1 per cent, solution for irrigation of the bladder in cystitis, or eye in keratitis and conjunctivitis ; and a |- per cent, solution for intestinal irrigation in dysentery. As a parasiticide, 2 per cent, solutions, or 10 per cent, ointments or soaps, may be used to kill lice, fleas, and acari of scab and mange. With alcohol (1-10-20) creolin is remedial in alopecia areata. * t'reolin, to avoid toxic effects, should be pure. That made by Merck is a reliable article. LTSOL 336 Sheep are dipped to advantage in 2 per cent, solutions, to destroy ticks, instead of the more dangerous arsenical liquids. Creolin (of Merck) may be used internally, as an intestinal antiseptic and anthelmintic. One ounce given on an empty stomach, in a quart of water, is one of the most effective vermifuges for the horse. Lysolum. Lysol.* Derivation. — From that part of tar oil which boils between 190° and '200° C, by dissolving in fat and saponi- fying in alcohol. Properties. — A clear, brown, oily liquid, of a feeble, creosote-like odor. Soluble in water, forming a clear, frothy, soapy fluid, and in alcohol, chloroform, and glycerin. L5^soi contains 50 per cent, of cresol. Lysol is used as a substitute for creolin, in ^ to 2 per cent, aqueous solution. It is a powerful antiseptic, and is stated to be more efficient and half as poisonous as creolin, and only I as toxic as carbolic acid. Lysol solutions do not obscure instruments, nor damage the hands of the operator. The drug is undoubtedly a very useful one. Naphtol. Naphtol. C,,B..(d H. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Beta naphtol. A phenol occurring in wood tar, but usually prepared artificially from naphthalin. Derivation. — Naphthalin is treated with strong sulphuric acid. B-naphthalin sulphonic acid is formed (CioH. H SO3). The latter acid is dissolved in water with milk of lime, and the resulting calcium salt is recovered by crystallization. The crystals are then dissolved in water and treated with sodium carbonate, when sodium naphthalin-sulphonate (Ci, H^SOgNa) results. The latter is mixed with fused sodium hydroxide, when sodium naphtol (Cm H, O Na) and sodium sulphite are obtained. Hydrochloric acid is added to the * A preparation, Liqunr Crexolis Cnrtwo»ttiis (U. S. P.), is now official and re- presenis lysol. It has the advantage of being cheaper than lysol. 336 INOr>GANIC AGENTS former, and naplitol results, which is further purified by sublimation and recrystallization. Properties. — Colorless, or pale buff-colored, shining, crystalline laminae, or a white, or yellowish- white, crystalline powder ; having a faint phenol-like odor, and a sharp and pungent but not persistent taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in about 1,000 parts of water, and in 0.75 parts of alcohol ; also very soluble in ether, chloroform, or solutions of caustic alkalies. Dose.—R., 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.); D., gr.i.-x. (.06-.6). Actions and Uses. — Naphtol is a powerful disinfectant, antiseptic and parasiticide. It is a useful application exter- nally in 10 per cent, ointment, for mange and ringworm. Internally it is employed to kill round and tape worms, and as an antiseptic in intestinal fermentation. It should be given in keratin coated pill (to avoid iiritating the stomach), or capsules, to dogs, and in ball to horses. Naphthalenum. Naphthalene. G^^ Hg (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Naphtalin. Derivation. — A hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar by distillation between 356° F. and 482° F. The impure naph- talin resulting is treated with sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide, and is further purified by distillation with steam, and then by mixture with strong sulphuric acid, and finally by redistillation. ProiJerties. — Colorless, shining, transparent laminae, having a strong characteristic odor resembling that of coal tar, and a burning aromatic taste; slowly volatilized on exposure to the air. Insoluble in water; soluble in 15 parts of alcohol ; very soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disul- phide, and fixed and volatile oils. />ose.— H., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.i.-xx. (.06-1.3). Actions and Uses. — Naphtalin, like other coal tar pro- ducts, is an antiseptic and parasiticide. It may be used as an antiseptic dressing powder upon wounds, or in 10 per RESORCIN 337 cent, ointment for parasitic skin diseases. Kaplitnlin is jilmost insoluble in tlie digestive tract, and acts as an anti- sp]itic, therefore, throughout this canal. It is of service in intestinal fermentation, diarrhoea, dysentery, and, as a ver- micide, in combination with castor oil. Naphtalin is administered to dogs in starch wafers or gelatine capsules; and to horses in ball or electuary. Eesorcinol. Eesorcin. CsH,(0 H),. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Kesorcinnm. Metadioxybenzol. Derivation.— K diatomic phenol formed by the action of fuming sulphuric acid upon benzine, whereby benzine meta- disulphonic acid [CgH^ (H S Og),] results. The latter is neutralized by milk of lime ; calcium sulphate is expressed, and sodium carbonate is added. The process is continued by filtration, and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residue is heated with sodium hydrate, with the formation of sodium resorcin [CgH^ (O Na)^. Sulphurous acid is driven off from sodium resorcin by boiling, and the result is extracted with ether; impure resorcin is recovered by distillation, and is purified by sub- limation or by recrystallization from water. Properties. — Colorless, or faintly reddish, needle-shaped crystals, or rhombic plates; having a faint, peculiar odor, and a disagreeable, sweetish, and afterward pungent taste. Resorcin acquires a reddish or brownish tint on exposure to light and air. Soluble in 0.6 part of water, and in 0.5 part of alcohol ; readily soluble in ether or glycerin, and very slightly soluble in chloroform. Dose. — H., 3 i--ii- (4.-8.); Foals and Calves, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3). Action and Uses. — Resorcin was originally employed as an antipyretic, but is not now used for this action, being too depressing to the heart. It is an efficient antiseptic, exter- nally and internally; possesses a slight local anaesthetic effect, and is not nearly so irritating topically as phenol. 338 INORGANIC AGENTS Externally it is of value in scaly skin diseases, as psoriasis, in solution (1-4), in glycerin. InterDally, resorcin is of worth in fermentation and indigestion, given in a large amount of water an liour or two after eating FOEMALDEHYDE. C H O H. (Non-oflficial.) Synonym. — Formic aldehyde. Derivation. — Obtained by partial combustion of wood alcohol, without ignition, by evaporation of the spirit in contact with a hot, platinized, asbestos plate. 2 C II3 O H + 0, = 2CHOHH2 H,0. Properties. — Formaldehyde is a pungent gas, having a spec. gr. of 1.6; soluble in water, forming a clear, colorless, stable solution when kept in glass-stoppered bottles, but volatilizing on exposure to the air. Formalin is the com- mercial name for an aqueous solution containing 40 per cent, of formaldehyde gas. PREPARATION, Liquor Foriaaldtliydi. (U. S. P.) Formalin. Containing not less than 37 per cent, of formaldehyde gas. Action and Uses. — Formaldehyde and formalin are powerful microbicides. A 1 per cent, solution of formalin will kill Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus in about an hour; B. typhosus in 40 to 50 minutes ; B, coli communis in 30 to 40 minutes ; B. anthracis and S. cholerPB in less than 15 minutes. Clothes soaked in cultures of B. typhosus, S. cho- lerse and Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, and ■ then for 24 hours in a 1 per cent, solution of formalin, were found to be completely sterile (Slater). Trillat and Robinson have apparently shown that formaldehyde gas has wonderful disinfectant and penetrating properties, destroying all pathogenic bacteria in ordinary rooms containing the micro- organisms biiried under mattresses, between blankets, in in clothing and other articles, in the air, dust, and morbid secretions. Harrington has proved, however, that the pene- . FORMALDEHYDE 339 tratiiig power of formaldehyde is nil in the case of moist substances, and that sterilization is not always complete when micro-organisms are imbedded in, or covered by, dry pervious material. Still, formaldehyde is the best practical disinfectant now known for the sterilization of infected premises.* The gas is most effective between 60° and 70° F., bnt will act at other temperatures. It is not so operative in damp air, and the premises should be closed tight from the outer air, in order that the disinfection may be thorough. The premises containing the gas should be sealed from 4 to 24 hours. Formaldehyde vapor is extremely pungent and irritating to the mucous membranes, causing running of the nose and eyes in those exposed to its influence ; but some ex- perimenters have subjected animals to formaldehyde vapor (of disinfectant strength) for hours without causing their death. In Harrington's experiments two rabbits were killed by formaldehyde in the disinfection of a room, and exhibited the following post-mortem appearances: Congestion and hemorrhage of the buccal mucous membrane ; intense bron- chitis with hypersemia, and consolidation of the lung with a purulent and slightly fibrinous exudate. There was also congestion of the abdominal organs, including the liver, kid- neys and spleen. As death may occur, it is certainly unwise to attempt the disinfection of premises with formaldehyde, when inhabited by men or animals. The smaller insect pests and animal parasites are sometimes killed by formaldehyde disinfection, but not invariably so. Internal Action. — Solutions of formaldehyde are in- tensely irritant. jSTausea, vomiting, coma with slow pulse, and death have followed its ingestion. The red blood cells are altered in form, and destructive changes have been noted in the liver and kidneys. Formaldehyde escapes unchanged in the urine. Formic aldehyde vapor is not injurious to clothing, metals, or other like articles, as are sulphurous anhy- dride or chlorine gas, and it bids fair to supersede all other agents for the gaseous disinfection of premises infected with * It does not kill rats, but burning sulphur is effective for this purpose. 340 INORGANIC AGENTS pathogenic bacteria. Formaldehyde gas may be generated by evaporating formalin in a vessel over a lamp, or other form of heating apparatus. Harrington states that the evaporation of 110 cc. of formalin is suiRcient to kill all pathogenic micro-organisms within 2^ hours, in 1,000 cubic feet air space. Formalde- h^'de gas may be liberated most readily by mixing 6^ ounces of potassium permanganate with each pint of formalin. This should be only done in deep, tin vessels to avoid the effects of great frothing. This quantity of formalin and potassium permanganate is necessary to disinfect each 1,000 cubic feet of air space. A solidified formaldehyde is also on the market to which one need only add hot water, to free the gas. In veterinary disinfection one may spray formalin in five per cent, solu- tion with a force pump all over the floors, walls, fixtures, etc. Rubber gloves should be used to protect the hands. Formalin, in :j to 2 per cent, solution, is perhaps the most powerful antiseptic that has been used for surgical purposes, but, when used in such strength upon raw sur- faces and mucous membranes it produces pain and irrita- tion and coagulates albumin so as to shut off the underlying parts from participating in the antiseptic action. These stronger solutions, although formerly employed for surgical uses, should be confined to skin disinfection or where an escharotic action is desired on sloughing tissues. . Ordinarily the strength of an aqueous solution should not exceed 1-2000, or at most 1-1000, for application to raw surfaces or mucous membranes, and even in this dilution applications sometimes produce considerable pain and irritation, and, for this reason, are contraindicted for ordinary surgical use. HEXAMETHYLENAMINE 341 Success is reported from the use of formalin on sloughing surfaces of malignant growths and foul ulcers. A 4 per cent, solution is increased to 10 per cent, and finally to pure formalin, the solutions being applied on cotton saturated with the drug and retained on the part for thirty minutes each day. A 5 per cent, solution of formalin is serviceable for sterilizing catheters, instruments and sutures, for the preservation of pathologic specimens, for the disinfection of stables, and in the treatment of canker of the feet in horses. PREPARATIONS. Hexavuilujlcnaminii. Hexamethylenamine. Ce Hia N4. (U. S. P ) ( Uro tropin ) Urotropin occurs in colorless, transparent crystals, soluble in 1.2 parts of water and in 14 parts of alcohol; odorless, of a sweet, afterward bitter taste, and slight alkaline reaction. It is made by combining solu- tions of ammonia and formaldehyde, and was first introduced into medicine by Nicolaier in 1895. Urotropin appears to be decomposed in the kidneys with the liberation of formaldehyde, and thus disinfects the urinary tract. It is, in fact, considered the best urinary antiseptic in human medicine and has been used with the greatest success in the treatment of all infectious diseases of the urinary passages, especially acute and cliromc pyelitis and cystitis. It renders normal a putrid urine containing pus or mucus, is a solvent for uric acid and is sliglitly diuretic. These actions should be of value in similar diseases of animals, especially of dogs. The drug may be given in from 3 to 5 giain doses tlrrice daily in solution, in canine practice. It should now be bought more cheaply under its official name than by its trade name, urotropin. In diabetes mellitus of the human urotropin is often benefi'-ial in reduc- ing the loss of glucose in the urine ; it should be tried in this disease in dogs. Glutol (Formalin Gelatin). Glutol is a coarse, white powder, without odor or irritating pro- perties, and is prepared by dissolving gelatin in water and drying the solution in formalin vapor. It is a most valuable antiseptic powder in liberating formaldehyde gas in contact with living cells. Glutol forms a, scab when dusted over fresh wounds, preventing infection, and is serviceable in the treatment of infected wounds, abscesses, boils (after paracentesis), sinuses and other surgical conditions. It was first brought into use by Dr. C. L. Schleich, in 1896 342 INORGA.NIC AGENTS Class 7. — Miscellaneous Carbon Compounds. AciDUM Hydrocyanicum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. H C N. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Prussic acid, acidum liydrocyanatum, s. borussicum, E.;* acide cyanhydrique, s. liydrocyanique, Fr.; cyaiiwasserstoffsaure, blausaure, G. Derivation. — A liquid composed of 2 per cent., by •weight, of absolute hydrocyanic acid, and 98 per cent, of water. Obtained by distillation of potassium ferrocyanide, 20 ; sulphuric acid, 8 ; and water, 65 ; into distilled water. The following reaction first occurs : K^ Fe Cg Ng + 2 Hj S O4 = 2 Kj S O4 + H^ Fe Cg Ng; then on the application of heat, the hydroferrocyanic acid resulting in the first reaction reacts with the remaining potassium ferrocyanide and siil- phuric acid, as follows : H, Fe Cg Ng + K, Fe Cg Ng + H, S O, = 6 H C N + K, S O, + K, Fe (Fe Cg X)- Diluted hydrocyanic acid can also be made by mixing hydrochloric acid, 5 ; with distilled water, 55 ; silver cyanide, 6. Shake together in a glass- stoppered bottle. Ag C N + H CI = H C N + Ag CI. When the precipitate of silver chloride falls, pour off the clear, supernatant fluid. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, of a characteristic taste and odor, resembling those of bitter almond. It is very unstable and is apt to be inert as obtained from ordi- nary drug stores. It should be kejjt in inverted glass-stop- pered dark bottles. Incomjyatihles. — Salts of iron, copper and silver; sulphides and red mercuric oxide. Bose.—H. & C, 111xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6); Sh., Tl^x.-xv. (.6-1.); Sw., miL-v. (.12^3); D,, llli.-iii. (.06-.2). Action External. — Prussic acid is absorbed to some extent through the unbroken skin ; paralj^zes the peripheral sensory nerves, and acts as a local anaesthetic. If the finger * Scheele's prussic acid contains 4 to 5 per cent, of the pure hydro- cyanic acid. DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID .343 is held over a bottle containinfr the acid, it soon becomes anaesthetized. Upon mucous membranes, or raw surfaces, prussic acid is rapidly absorbed and exhibits its usual con- stitutional action. Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — Hydrocyanic acid exerts a sedative effect upon the mucous membrane of the stomach and upper portion of the digestive tiact. It is absorbed into the blood, but we are ignorant of its fate or mode of elimination. Blood. — In poisoning, the blood becomes first of a bright arterial hue, and later assumes a dark, venous color. The first condition is due to the fact that the tissues do not absorb oxygen owing to changes in the protoplasm which interfere with cell respiration; probably also in part because the blood is hurried so rapidly through the dilated peripheral vessels that it does not have time to yield up its oxygen. The dark color of the blood is probably owing to asphyxia and accumulation of carbonic dioxide, following the paralytic action of prussic acid upon the respiratory centre. A substance called, cyanohsemoglobin is formed outside the body by hydrocyanic acid when shaken with blood. The acid appears to deoxydize the normal oxyhaemoglobin, and blood thus treated has no ozon- izing property. Cyanohsemoglobin was thought to account for the action of prussic acid, but it does not exist within the body in the blood of poisoned animals. The red blood corpuscles are altered in shape by the action of prussic acid upon blood withdrawn from the vessels. They generally become rounder, then granular, and finally disintegrate and liquefy. But these changes do not occur in the blood during life. The general action of prussic acid is altogether inde- pendent of any influence upon the blood, since the same toxic effect is produced upon the bloodless, or " salt frog " (vessels containing normal salt solution), as upon the normal batrachian. Nervous System and 3IuscJes. — Prussic acid first stimu- lates the hind-brain — as shown by convulsions, and excita- tion of the vagus, respiratory and vasomotor centres — and then paralyzes the whole nervous system. The brain, cord 344 INORGANIC AGENTS and nerves become paralyzed by larpje doses. The convul- sions occurring in poisoning are shown by experiments to be due probably to stimulation of the hind-brain, although they have been attributed to altered cerebral circulation and to asphyxia. They are, however, pre- sent during that period of poisoning when the blood is of a bright arterial hue. The spinal cord is paralyzed at a period after coma and convulsions have appeared. The peripheral nerves and muscles are paralyzed directly by toxic doses, and not through the mediation of the central nervous apparatus. This is proved by shutting off the blood supply containing the drug, from a frog's leg, and leaving the nervous connections intact, when no effect of prussic acid is observed upon the limb. Heart and Blood Vessels. — Death sometimes occurs instantaneously from large lethal doses of prussic acid, owing to diastolic arrest of the heart. This action is due probably to paralysis of the heart and its contained ganglia, and also to irritation of the vagus centre. Moderate non- toxic doses stimulate the vagus centre of the medulla, and slow the pulse without diminishing the force of the heart. When the vagi are previously divided, this action does not occur, but after large doses slowing of the heart is observed whether the vagi are cut or not; thus showing that the heart muscle, or its ganglia, are directly influenced. Mode- rate doses of prussic acid first stimulate, and then depress the vasomotor centre. Arterial pressure is therefore prima- rily raised considerably, but this is followed by a fall to, or below, the normal. Toxic doses stimulate the vasomotor centre very briefly, and this action is succeeded by profound depression and paralysis of the centre, accompanied by a great diminution of blood tension. Respiration. — Inhalation of the pure acid will cause death in a confined atmosphere, and even inhalation of the medicinal solution will induce the physiological symptoms of the drug. The respiratory centre is usually depressed from the beginning, by prussic acid, and the respiratory DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID 345 movements are therefore lessened in frequency throughout the period of its action. Rarely, there is a primary transient stimulation of the centre, so that the breathing is increased in frequency. lu the latter stage of poisoning, the breathing is feeble and shallow, and only occurs at long intervals. If death does not supervene immediately from diastolic arrest of the heart, it comes on more slowly by asphyxia. The respiratory movements become less frequent and forcible, the animal giving an occasional gasp, until finally the breathing ceases altogether, while the heart continues to beat for a time. Summary.—Prnssic acid in any considerable dose exerts a transient stimulation upon the hind-brain, followed by brain, spinal cord, nerves, muscles, and the three great medullary centres controlling the heart, respiration and ves- sels. Topically applied, hydrocyanic acid also paralyzes nerves and muscles, and acts therapeutically as a local sedative and anaesthetic. Toxicology.- — Prnssic acid is one of the most powerful poisons in existence. Death may be instant9)neous, or life may be prolonged for over an hour after a lethal dose. More commonly the animal survives for a few minutes, and we observe the following symptoms in dogs : The animal falls, froths at the mouth, the respiration is of a gasping character and occurs at infrequent intervals. There is un- consciousness, the pupils become dilated, there are muscular tremblings, and clonic or tonic spasms. Defsecation and micturition occur, and erections oft^n ensue in the male. Respiration ceases before the cardia-^ pulsations. Three stages may be distinguished in fatal poisoning. First : a very short period elapses before the symptoms appear. There are giddiness, difficult breathing, and slow pulse in this stage. Second : the pupils dilate, vomiting may occur, and the animal utters loud cries. Spasmodic defsecation, micturition and erections may be present, with convulsions and unconsciousness. Third : the last stage is characterized by collapse, spasms, general paralysis and 346 INORGANIC AGENTS death. The subacute form of poisoning may ensue and prove fatal, or, owing to the volatile character of the drug, complete recovery may take place within one-half or three- quarters of an hour. Occasionally dogs continue to be paralyzed for several days and get well. The minimum fatal dose recorded in man is -^^ of a grain of pure acid, or about 50 drops of the medicinal solution. Four to five drachms of the diluted acid frequently, but not invariably, cause subacute poisoning and death, in horses, within an hour. One to two drachms of the pharmacopoeial jDrepara- tion usually kills dogs within ten minutes. Prussic acid is commonly used to destroy the domestic animals. Two to four drachms of the medicinal acid are to be given to dogs and cats of the ordinary size, and certain, painless, and rapid death will occur if a fresh preparation of the drug can be obtained. The unopened, half-ounce vial, kept by druggists, is recommended. Big dogs, horses, and the other larger animals are not killed rapidly, nor sometimes at all, by great quantities of the diluted acid. Hence, shooting is a more humane and preferable mode of death for them. In the experience of the writer, one to two drachms of prussic acid saturated with potassium cyanide, failed to kill a horse, when injected directly into the jugular vein. The odor of the acid lingers about the animal for a few hours after death ; the eyes are fixed and staring ; the pupils dilated; the teeth are clinched tight and covered with froth, while the blood is of a very dark color. The treatment embraces emptying the stomach by large doses of promptly acting emetics, or by the stomach tube, or ])ump ; atropine, ether, and brandy subcutaneously, and inhalations of ammonia, together with artificial respiration, and hot and cold douches upon the chest. Uses. — Prussic acid is indicated for three therapeutic purposes : 1. To relieve gastric pain and vomiting, by its paralyz- ing action upon the peripheral sensory nerves of the stomach. POTASSIUM CYANIDE 847 2. To stop cougliing. 3. To allay itching by means of its local, sedative action upon tlie cutaneous sensory nerve-endings. As a medicine it is not of much value, but is used in veterinary practice as a cough remedy, when the symptom is of reflex origin, or is caused by chronic or verminous bronchitis ; and the acid is often conjoined with chloroform, or opium, in some form. Prussic acid is a dangerous remedy to apply to the skin, as absorp- tion may occur, or the acid may be lapped off by the patient. Solutions containing, of the diluted acid, 3 ss.-i. to 3 i. of water, are, however, sometimes employed to relieve pruritus. PoTASSii Cyanidum. Potassium Cyanide. K C N. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Cyanure de potassium, Fr.; cyankaliura, G. Derivation. — Made by heating together potassium ferro- cyanide and carbonate. Properties. — White, opaque, amorphous pieces ; or a white, granular powder, odorless when perfectly dry, but in moist air exhaling tlie odor of hydrocyanic acid. Taste sharp and alkaline, and in moist air the salt deliquesces. Reaction very strongly alkaline. Solutions stain and destroy clothing. Soluble in about 2 parts of water ; sparingly soluble in alcohol. Dose.—H., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^V (-006). Action and t^ses.— ^Potassium cyanide is transformed, in the stomach and blood, into prussic acid, and resembles the latter in its action, but is much slower. Death has been caused in man by 5 grains of the salt. Argenti Cyanidum. Silver Cyanide. Ag C N. (U. S. P.) A white, insoluble, tasteless, odorless powder, used for making prussic acid. 348 INORGANIC AGENTS Prunus Virginiana. Wild Cherry. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Ecorce de cerisier de Virgiiiie, Fr.; wild- kirschenrinde, G. The bark of the wild cherry, indigenous in the United States, contains a ferment (emulsin) which, in the presence of water, acts on a glucoside (aniygdalin, C„o H^^ N On) con- tained in the bark, with the formation of hydrocyanic acid, glucose and a volatile oil. A fluid extract, infusion and syrup of prunus virginiana are official. The latter prepara- tion is sometimes employed in cough mixtures for dogs, on account of its sedative action. The entire value of the drug depends upon the minute amount of prussic acid formed in it. The official hydrocyanic acid is more reliable, but syrupus pruni virginianse (U. S. P.) maybe used as a vehicle for more efficient remedies. Petrolatum. (U. S. P.) (Three varieties.) 1. — Petrolatum Liquidum. Liquid Petrolatum. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh- gas series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the residue when it has the desired consistence. Properties.— K colorless, or more or less yellowish, oily, transparent liquid, without odor or taste ; or giving off, when heated, a faint odor of petroleum. Spec. gr. about 0.875 — 0.945. Insoluble in water; scarcely soluble in cold or hot alcohol, or cold absolute alcohol ; but soluble -in boiling absolute alcohol, and readily soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzin, benzol, and fixed and volatile oils. 2. — Petrolatum.* Petrolatum. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Vaseline, cosmoline. Derivation. — A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the * The 1905 edition of the U. S. P recognizes simply Petrolatum, wliich now includes both the Petrolatum Molle and hpissum. HAED PETKOLATUM 349 marsh-gas series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the residue when it has reached the desired melting point. Properties. — A fat-like mass of about the consistence of an ointment, varying in color from yellowish to light amber, having not more than a slight fluorescence, even after being melted ; transparent in thin layers, completely amorphous, and without odor or taste ; or giving off, when heated, a faint odor of petroleum. The melting point of petrolatum ranges between 45° and 48° C. (113° and 118.4° F.). In other respects soft petrolatum has the solubility of liquid petrolatum. Petkolatum Album. White Petrolatum. A colorless mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of 'the methane series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum, and purifying the residue. A white, unctuous mass, of about the consistency of an oint- ment, transparent in thin layers, completely amorphous; without odor or taste. Otherwise it resembles, in solubility, petrolatum. Action and Uses. — Petrolatum is a valuable emollient. It soothes, protects and softens parts to which it is applied, and is superior to animal and vegetable fats and oils in not becoming rancid, and therefore irritant and malodorous. Petrolatum may be used alone, or as an excipient in the preparation of ointments, but does not aid the absorption of drugs (as do alcohol, glycerin, chloroform, and animal oils and fats), for it is not itself absorbed even when adminis- tered internally. Petrolatum exerts a demulcent action upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, and may be prescribed in electuary or capsule in inflamma- tion thereof. Petrolatum is sold universally under the pro- prietary names of vaseline and cosmoline, and is often com- bined with antiseptics for medicinal and surgical purposes ipi skin diseases and upon inflamed mucous membranes, blistered and abraded surfaces and sores. It is one of the most useful agents in lubricating instruments, protecting 350 INORGANIC AGENTS metal from rust, preserving leather, and is sometimes emj^lojed as a vehicle for electuaries. Khigolene. (]S[on-official.) Ehigolene is a petroleum product prepared by repeated distillation until the liquid boils at 64.4° F. It evaporates at a lower temperature than any other substance, except cjnnogene, and is employed as a spray to induce numbness and local ana?sthcsia of a part in minor surgical operations, such as paracentesis of an abscess or the use of the actual cautery. Aethyi^is Chloeidum. (U.S.P.) Co Hg CI. Ethyl chloride is in more common use for the same pur- poses. It is a colorless, mobile, verv volatile liquid ; slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol. It is made by the action of HCl gas upon absolute ethyl alcohol. It is usu- ally sold in glass tubes with a screw or lever-spring metal top enabling the fluid to be sprayed upon the surface of the body in any desired amount. On account of its great volatility and rapid evaporation it abstracts heat and freezes a part, and so acts as a local anaesthetic. It is convenient for minor surgical operations, as opening abscess or boil, or aspiration. The vapor is very inflammable. Ethyl chloride is also used to produce trans- ient, general anaesthesia. 1 or 2 drachms may be used for dogs. It is exceedingly rapid in its effects and a safe anses- thetic for short periods. It is sprayed into the neck of a funnel, the large end being partly filled with absorbent cotton and held tightly over the nose. Recovery is also extremely rapid. Ethyl chloride is often sold under the name of " kelene." It is used frequently as a preliminary to ether in human practice and is more agreeable to inhale. Plenty of air should be allowed, except at the outset. PABT II. VEGETABLE DRUGS. SECTION I.— DKUGS ACTING UPON THE BEAIN. Class 1. — Depressing the Brain. Opium. Opium. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — The concrete, milky exudation obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum Linue (Nat. ord. Papaveracese), and yielding in its normal, moist condition, not less than 9 per cent, of crystallized morphine, when assayed by the official process (U. S. P.) Opium is procured from Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, India and Egypt. The Smyrna, or Turkey opium is the more common variety used in the United States. It occurs in irregular, globular masses, covered with poppy leaves and capsules of a species of dock, weighing from ^ to 1 pound. Properties. — Irregular, or sub-globular cakes, with the remnants of poppy leaves and fruits of a species of rumex adhering to the surface; plastic, or of a harder consistency; chestnut-brown or darker, and somewhat shining ; internally showing some tears and fragments of vegetable tissue. It has a sharp, narcotic odor, and a peculiar, bitter taste. It yields its medicinal properties to water, alcohol, and diluted acids, forming dark brown solutions. Ether extracts its principles in part. Constituents. — There are nineteen or more alkaloids; the three first are used in human medicine, but narceine is of no value in veterinary medicine. Morphine. 2.5—33.8 per cent. Thebaine. .15— 1, per cent. Codeine. .2 — .7 " " Narcotine. 1.3 —10. << << Narceine. .1— .7 " " Papaverine. 1. << <- 351 352 VEGETABLE DRUGS In addition to these, the following exist in minute quan- tity, but some are merely "pharmaceutical curiosities": — Protopine. Organic Acids. . Cryptopine. Meconic Acid. Oxynarcotine. Lactic^Acid. Hydronarcotine. ^ ' ^„ Laudanosine. 2"°^- ^^- P^^^^^*' T J • Resin. Laudame. ^, Ti, J ■ Glucose. Phoeadme. „ , . Fixed Oils. Codamine. ,, J. A volatile Oil. Meconodine. ^ , „ , . ^ . Odorous Bodies. Gnoscopme. ^ , , _ ,, . Caoutcaouc. Lanthopme. . . ^ „ „7 . ^ R OR i^ Ammonium Salts. Water. 15. — 25. percent. ^ , . ^ ,, TIT * 7 r> J- Calcium Salts. Neutral Bodies. ,_ . ^ ,, Meconin. Magnesium Salts. Meconoisin. Impurities. — Starch, molasses, leaves, fruit, stones and water. Incompatibility. — Solutions of lead acetate and sub- acetate, and of copper and arsenic salts, precipitate mecon- ates, sulphates and coloring matters, but the opium remains physiologically active. Ferric chloride produces a deep red color with opium, by its union with meconic acid. Tannin compounds precipitate codeine tannate. Alkalies, their car- bonates and ammonia precipitate morphine and narcotine. Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., gr.x.- XXX. (.6-2.); Sw., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3); D., gr.ss.-iii. (.03-.2). Opii Pulvis. Powdered Opium. (U. S. P.) Opium dried at a temperature not exceding 85° C. (185° P.), and reduced to a fine powder. Powdered opium, for pharmaceutical or medicinal purposes, when assayed should yield not less than twelve (12) nor more than twelve and a half (12.5) per cent, of crystallized morphine. Any powdered opium of a higher percentage may be brought within these limits by admixture with powdered opium of a lower percentage in proper proportions. Only those are mentioned here which are applicable to veterinary practice. POWDERED OPIUM 353 2)o.sp. — Same as for opium, bnt preferable to the crude drug. PREPARATIONS. Extractum Opii. Extract of Opium. (U. S. & B. P.) Powdered opivn- 100 listilled water, 1000; sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity. Made by trituration, filtration, and evaporation. Assayed to contain 20 per cent, of morphine. (U. S. P.) Dose. — About one-half that of powdered opium. H., 3 ss.-i. (3.-4.); C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); Sh., gr.v.-xv. (.31.); Sw., gr.ii.ss.-x. (.15-.6); D., gr.i:^-i.ss. (.015-.09). Piilvis Ipecachuanhce et Opii. Powder of Ipecac and Opium. (U. S. P.; Synonym.—DoxeT's powder, E. ; pulvis ipecacuanhas opiatus, s. pulvis Doweri, P. G.; poudre de Dower, Fr.; Dower'sches pulver, G. Ipecac, 10 ; powdered opium, 10 ; sugar of milk, 80. The most diarphoretic compound of opium. Dose.— H., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., gr.iii.-xv. (.2-1). Tinctura Ipecacuanhm et Opii. Tincture of Ipecac and Opium. (U. S. P.) Synonyvi. — Liquid Dover's powder. Tincture of deodorized opium, 1000; fluid extract of ipecac, 100; diluted alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 1000. Made by evapora- tion and filtration. Dose. — Same as Dover's powder. Tinctura Opii. Tincture of Opium.* (U. S. & B. P.) Synonyvi. — Laudanum, tinctui'a meconii, tinctura thebaicee, E.;; tinctura opii simplex, P. G.; teinture d'opium, teinture thebaique, Fr.; einfache opitimtinktur, G. Powdered opium, 100 ; alcohol, 400 ; water, 400 ; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by trituration, maceration with precipitated cal- cium phosphate, and percolation. (U. S. P.) Dose— H., I i.-ii. (30.-60.); C, I ii.-iii. (60.-90.); Sh. & Sw.. i ii.-vi. (8.-24.); D., TTiiii.-xx. (2-1.3). Tinctura Opii Camphorata. Camphorated Tincture of Opium. (U. S. P.) Synonym.— Tiwctura, camphorse composita, B. P.; paregoric, elixir paregoricum, paregoric elixir, E.; tinctura opii benzoica, P. G.; elixir paregorique, Fr. : benzoesaui-ehaltige opiumtiuLtur, G. * Roth the tincture and deodorized tincture of opium are standardized to contain i.:i-1.25 gni. of morphiue in luU Cc. (U. S. P.) 354 VEGETABLE DRUGS Powdered opium, 4; benzoic acid, 4; camphor, 4; oil of anise, 4: glycerin, 40; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by maceration and filtration. (U. S. P.) Dose.— D., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.). Opium Deodoratum. Deodorized Opium. (XJ. S. P.) Synonym. — Opium denarcotizatum . Powdered opium (containing 12-12.5 per cent, of morphine). 500 ; purified petroleum benzin, q. s. Made by repeated maceration, agita- tion and percolation with purified petroleum benzin. The petroleum benzin removes narcotic and odorous principles, which cause nausea and disagreeable after- effects in opium. Contains 12-12.5 of morphine. Dose. — Same as powdered opium. The eighth (last) edition of the U. S. P. has introduced Opium GranulaUim (granulated opium); made by drying opium at a tempera- ture not exceeding 85" C. (185'' F.) and reducing it to a coarse (No. 20) powder. It should not yield less than 12 nor more than 12.5 per cent, of crystallized morphine. Dose, same as deodorized oijium. Tinetura Opii Deodorata. Tinctureof Deodorized Opium. (U. S. P.) Granulated Opium, 100; purified petroleum benzin, 75 ; alcohol, 200 ; water to make 1000. Made by percolation with water, agitation with purified petroleum benzin, and evaporation. Dose. — Same as tincture of opium, but less nauseating. Extractum Opii Liquidum. (B. P.) (Contains % per cent, of morphine.) Dose. — Same as laudanum. Vinum Opii. (U. S. P.) Dose. — Same as laudanum. MoRPHiNA. Morphine. C^, !!„ N O, -1- Hj O. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — An alkaloid obtained from opium. 1. Macerate opium iu cold water, forming a solution of morphine meconate. 2. Add calcium chloride to precipitate calcium meconate and resins. 3. Evaporate solution remain- ing, which contains morphine hydrochlorate, till it crystal- lizes ; press in flanuel to remove uarcotine and coloring matter ; redissolve ; filter ; evaporate and crystallize repeat- edly. 4. Decolorize by digestion with charcoal. 5. Preci- pitate with ammonia and wash, when pure morphine is separated from codeine. Properties. — Colorless or white, shining prismatic crys- tals, or fine needles, or crystalline powder; odorless and MOKPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE 855 having a bitter taste ; permanent in the air ; soluble in 4,350 parts of water. Dose. — Same as salts of morphine, but the latter are preferable on account of their solubility. Morphine Hydrochloridum. Morphine Hydrochloride. C,,Hi«N O3H CI + 3 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Morphine is stirred with hot distilled water, to which hydrochloric acid is gradually added. Mor- phine hydrochlorate crystallizes out on cooling. Pro-perties. — White, feathery needles of a silky lustre ; or minute, colorless, needle-shaped crystals ; odorless and having a bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 24 parts of water and in 62 parts of alcohol. Very slightly soluble in ether or chloroform. ■ Incomioatihility. — Incompatible with all agents containing tannin, alkaline carbonates, lime water, salts of copper, mer- cury, zinc and lead ; and with Fowler's solution of arsenic. Dose.—B.. & a, gr.iii.-x. (.2-.6) ; Sh., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12) ; Sw., gr.-iV-i (.006-.03); D., gr.i-i (.008-.03). . Subcutaneously.— H., gr.iii.-iv. (.2-.24); D., gr.|4 (.008- .03). 124 parts of morphine hydrochloride correspond to 100 parts of morphine. Morphin.e Acetas. Morphine Acetate. Ci,H,,N 03C,H,0, + 3 H,0. (U. S, & B. P.) Derivation. — Morphine is dissolved in acetic acid and water, and the solution evaporated and crystallized. Propertiefi. — A white, or faintly yellowish-white, crystal- line, amorphous powder, having a faint, acetous odor aud bitter taste. It slowly loses acetic acid on exposure to the air, and should be kept in dark, amber-colored, well-stop- pered vials. Soluble, when freshly prepared, in 2.5 parts of water, and in 47.6 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Same as morphine hydrochloride. 356 VEGETABLE DRUGS Morphine Sulphas. Morphine Sulphate. (C,,H,3N O3), H,S O, + 5 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — Morphine is stirred into boiling distilled water; diluted sulphuric acid is added until neutralization is attained, and the sulphate crystallizes out on cooling. Properties. — White, feathery, acicular crystals of a silky lustre; odorless and having a bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in 21 parts of water, and in 702 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Same as hydrochloride. 125 parts of morphine sulphate correspond to 100 parts of the pure alkaloid. The official salts of morphine may be used interchauge- ably. The acetate is more soluble, but less stable, than the sulphate, which is sufficiently soluble for practical purposes, and is in more common use. Liquor Morphinje Hydrochloridi. (B. P.) One per cent. Dose.—B.., 3vi.-3ii- (24.-60.); D., ITLx.- 3 i- (.6-4). Liquor Morphine Acetatis. (B. P.) Same strength and dose as above. Injectio MoRPHiNiE Hypodermica. (B. P.) One per cent. Dose. — Same as liquor morphini hydrochloridi. SupposiTORiA Morphine. (B. P.) ' (Gr.| morphine.) Dose. — Pog, 1 per rectum. CoDEiNA. Codeine. C,,H,iN03 -f H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — An alkaloid obtained from opium by evapo- ration of the ainnioni;ic;il liquid, after the precipitation of HEROIN 357 morphine. The residue is added to water, precipitated by potassium hydrate, aud redissolved in ether, from which codeine crystallizes out on evaporation. Properties. — White, or nearly transparent, orthorhom- bic prisms, or octohedral crystals; odorless, and having a faintly bitter taste; slightly efflorescent in warm air. Soluble in 80 parts of water, and in 3 parts of alcohol ; also soluble in 30 parts of ether and in 2 parts of chloroform. Dose.—D., gr.;^-ii. (.015-.12). Hekoin. (Diacetylmorphine.) This remedy, derived from morphine, was first intro- duced by Dreser, in 1898, and is now used extensively in human medicine as a substitute for morphine and codeine. Heroin occurs as a white, odorless, crystalline powder, possessing a slightly bitter taste aud alkaline reaction. Practically insoluble in water, but readily soluble in weak acidulous solutions. Heroin hydrochloride is a white, crystalline, odorless powder, soluble in 2 parts of water. Heroin surpasses both morphine and codeine therapeutically in many ways. It increases markedly the inspiratory and expiratory force, while lessening the number of the respiratory movements, and exerts a special sedative influence on the respiratory mucous membranes. The drug acts also as a general motor depressant hypnotic and analgesic, but is not comparable to morphine in these respects. The after-eflfects of small medicinal doses (nausea, constipation, etc.) are slight. Heroin is particularly valuable in the treatment of all varieties of cough affecting the human subject, and should prove useful in canine practice. Heroin may be administered in powder, pill or tablet, the hydrochloride in solution, every few hours. The dose of either is, tor the dog, gr.gV-f (.0025-.01). 358 vegetable dkugs Opium and Morphine. Tlie action of morphine and opium is practically the same, with some exceptions to be noted. Action External. — Opium may be absorbed to a slight extent from the unbroken skin, and causes a mild, anodyne action. Absorption readily occurs from mucous membranes and raw surfaces, with resulting characteristic effects. Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Opium diminishes the two principal activities of the digestive organs, namely, secretion and motion. Secretions all over the body are decreased, except that of sweat. The action upon the ali- mentary tract in lessening secretion, is partly a local one and partly constitutional, following the absorption of the drug. The mouth is made dry, thirst is increased and appe- tite impaired. Opium is absorbed rather slowly from the stomach and bowels, and stimulates the splanchnic nerve centre of the sympathetic system, which inhibits the move- ments of the stomach and intestines, and thus lessens peri- staltic action of these organs. Opium is directly opposed to belladonna in this respect, as the latter drug paralyzes the intestinal inhibitory apparatus (splanchnic endings), and so increases peristalsis. In diminishing both secretion and motion, opium causes constipation in health, but is most useful in relieving vomiting and diarrhoea. In toxic doses, opium may induce diarrhoea from paralysis of the splanchnic inhibitory centre. Blood and Elimination. — Morphine circulates in the blood as such. The greater part of opium is decomposed in the body, a portion being destroyed by the liver, while some is probably burned up in the blood. The smaller part is eliminated, chiefly by the kidneys, but also in the other secretions. It is found in the gastric juice after hypo- dermic injection, and therefore washing out the stomach assists elimination and recovery in opium poisoning. Nervous System. — The most important action of opium is exerted upon the nervous system. It is necessary to OPIUM AND MORPHINE 359 study the drug from the comparative standpoint in order to obtain a full understanding of its effects. The brain of man, being more highly developed and sensitive, in comparison with other parts of the nervous system, than the brain of the lower animals, it follows that this organ is more power- fully influenced in man, while the spinal cord is often mainly impressed in the lower animals. We may take ihe action of opium on the frog, at one end of the scale, as exhibiting the most active spinal symp- toms; while in man, at the other end of the scale, cerebral phenomena predominate. The other animals occupy an intermediate position; the action upon the horse and rumi- nants is something between that exerted upon the frog and man, and the influence upon dogs approaches more nearly that seen in human beings, only that a relatively greater dose is required to produce the same result, as the brain is not so highly organized or sensitive to the action of medi- cines. The brain of the horse is only one-twelfth as large, in proportion to their respective body-weights, as that of man, and it follows that the spinal cord of the horse is more readily affected by opium, in accordance with the general law that the more highly developed a part is, the more easily is it influenced by therapeutic agents. Opium exerts first a stimulating, and then a depressing action upon the brain and spinal cord, and in studying the action comparatively it will be noted that the influence upon the cord in the frog, horse, ruminant, and to some extent in the dog, preponderates frequently over the effect of the drug upon the brain, for the reasons stated above. Action Upon the Frog. — In non-poisonous doses, sleep is produced and diminished spinal reflex activity, followed by a period of reflex excitement. Toxic doses of 1 or 2 grains of morphine, injected under the skin, cause at first a condition where convulsions occur, if the animal is artificially irri- tated ; later they come on spontaneously. This state is followed by general paralysis, respiratory failure and death. The convulsions are shown to be due mainly to stimulation 360 VEGETABLE DRUGS of the receptive and transmitting cells of the spinal cord, as in strychnine poisoning. Action Upon Horses. — Three grains of morphine, injected subcutaneously, occasion sometimes drowsiness, and at other times produce no visible effect. Four to six grains, given in the same way, cause restlessness, a rapid pulse, and moisture of the skin. The animal paws the ground and walks in a rhythmical manner about the stall. The pupils are dilated. Large doses (12 grains) are followed by in- creased excitement aggravated by noises, sweating, ptyalism, muscular rigidity, staggering gait, trembling and delirium; while still larger doses (four drachms of the extract of opium) cause violent trembling, convulsions, insensibility to pain and external irritation, without coma ; or (morphine, gr. 36 under the skin), rarely, stupor for several hours (3 hours), dilated pupils and blindness, followed by delirium and rest- lessness, continuing for a longer time (7 hours) and ending in recovery. Horses have recovered from an ounce of opium, but 2| ounces of the drug, and 100 grains of mor- phine have proved fatal. The action of opium upon the horse differs from that upon man and dogs in the more frequent occurrence of restlessness and motor excitement due to stimulation of the cerebral and spinal motor centres; and in dilatation instead of contraction of the pupil. The rationale of the latter phenomenon has not been discovered. Action Upon Ruminants. — These animals are compara- tively insusceptible to opium. Ounce doses of the drug cause, in cattle, restlessness, excitement, hoarse bellowing, dry mouth, nausea, indigestion and tympanites. Sheep are affected in much the same manner. One to two drachms of morphine have led to fatality in cattle. Fifteen to thirty grains of the alkaloid comprise a lethal dose for sheep. Swine are variously influenced; sometimes excited, some- times dull and drowsy. Action Upon Birds. — Birds, as represented by chickens, ducks and pigeons, are exceedingly insusceptible to opium. This is chiefly due to the slow absorption from the crop. OPIUM AND MORPHINE 361 Pigeons cannot be given enough opium by the mouth to cause death, but 8 to 10 grs. of morphine per orem, or 2 ol 3 grs. hypodermatically, will prove fatal. The toxic symp- toms in birds are exhibited by unsteadiness, difficult breathing and failure of respiration, convulsions and death. The pupils are unaffected, and sleep does not ensue. Action Upon Dogs. — When 8 or 10 grains of morphine are given to a moderate sized dog, coma comes on, from which the animal may recover. One half a grain injected under the skin of a dog weighing 25 lbs., causes nausea, vomiting and perhaps purging, sleep deepening into coma, contracted pupils, and shallow breathing ; the condition lasting for several hours and followed by recovery. Opium rarely exerts an hypnotic action upon cats, but rather motor excitement. Lethal doses (average, 4 grains of morphine sulphate subcutaneously to the pound, live weight, for dogs; 2 to 3 grains sometimes kill small dogs), increase the frequency of the pulse, cause vomiting, unsteadiness, contracted pupils, motor excitement, as twitching of the limbs, followed by coma, respiratory failure and death. Recovery from fall doses of opium is accompanied in dogs by general physical and mental depression and lassitude, as in man. There are muscular weakness, loss of natural spirit, timidity, and nausea, lasting for several hours. The action of opium upon dogs differs from that upon man only in degree. The dose required is proportionately larger. There is often more preliminary excitement and symptoms of reflex irritation, as muscular twitching. These animals do not sweat, and the pupils are not so continuously con- tracted in poisoning. Failure of the drug to produce sleep, and the presence of nausea, retching, dreams, delirium, hallucinations, occasionally observed in dogs, are common to man. Convulsions rarely occur in either men or dogs. Action UiJon Man. — In man, a small dose of morphine d' gr.) causes usually a sense of well-being, together with itching of the nose, and later, of the skin generally, dryness of the mouth (occasionally there may be nausea, vomiting 3G2 VEGETABLE DRUGS and faintness), followed by sleep, or ii pleasant, dreamy state. Aftcr-etfects may be absent, or consist of nausea, headache, coated tongne and constipation. If the dose is larger, sleep comes on quickly, the pnpils are contracted, the respiratory movements and pulse become slow, and the skin is moist. With lethal doses, sleep deepens into coma, from which the patient can at first be aroused ; the coma becomes pro- found, the pulse feeble and rapid, the respiration stertorous, slow and imperfect. The mucous membranes are cyanotic, the face livid, the pupils dilate, and the surface is covered Vv'itli clammy sweat. Death occurs from respiratory failure, occasionally preceded by convulsions. One-eighth of one grain of morphine is the smallest fatal human dose recorded. The action of opium upon man, as compared with that upon the horse and ruminants, is characterized by its predominant depressing effect upon the higher mental functions. The motor centres of the brain and cord are only slightly influenced. General Action of Opium Upon the Nervous System: — The action of opium on the nervous system may be summar- ized as follows: 1. On the cerehrum. The predominant action of opium on man and the dog consists in depression of the higher brain centres with the production of nervous sedation and sleep. In the hind-brain depression of the perceptive centres gives relief fiom pain. In the fore-brain depression of the centres for intellect — especially of will and attention — • causes sleep. The middle or motor area of the brain is com- monly not affected until paralyzed in fatal poisoning. In horses and cats, however, toxic doses do stimulate the cere- bral motor centres. A primary stimulant stage in the action of opium on the brain of man is sometimes evident. In this there is a feeling of well-being and enhanced mental powers. But the stimulation is brief and rarely uni- form, imagination being increased at the exj)ense of reason and judgment. This stage is often wholly absent. In the lower animals — other than dogs — the sedative and hypnotic effect of opium is less certain and may be completely want- ing. In a general way small and moderate doses cause cere- OPIUM AND MORPHINE 363 iDral depression, while large doses give rise to spinal reflex excitability in the lower animals — especially in the horse, ass, cattle and cats. 2. On the spinal cord. Small medicinal doses depress the motor cells, but large and toxic amomits stimulate the motor cells indirectly and cause convulsions — probably — as in strychnine poisoning — by increasing the activity of the receptive and transmitting cells of the cord. Con^iilsions, caused by spinal and cerebral motor stim- nlation, rarely occur in man or dogs but are common after toxic amounts in horses, cattle and cats. The result of a fatal dose is paralysis of the central nervous system, includ- ing the resjDiratory and, to much less degree, the vagus and inhibitor}' centres. The unique and inestimable value of opium depends upon its anodyne action. Relief from suffering is often in- duced without the production of sleep. Muscular weakness is present in man and dogs, but even this evidence of depression may be absent in horses and rumi- nants, yet pain be effectually relieved. Initial stimulation of the vomiting centre may cause emesis ; but, as depression of the centre rapidly ensues, the act becomes later improbable. The excitability of the motor and Sensory nerves is slightly increased, but otherwise the nerves are not affected except in poisoning, when the sensory, and later the motor nerves are paralyzed. The muscles remain uninfluenced. Respiration. — Opium does not influence the respiratory functions in small therapeutic doses, but large doses make the respiratory movements slower and feebler, and death oc- curs from the direct depressing and paralyzing action of the drug upon the respiratory centres* in the medulla. Circulation.- — Small doses commonly produce little effect upon the heart. Large doses first increase the force and then sloAV the heart's action, while toxic quantities de- press the organ. The cardiac muscle is primarily 364 VEGETABLE DRUGS stimulated, with acceleration of the pulse, but depression soon follows more or less synchronously with stimulation of the vagus centre -and endings, so that the pulse becomes infrequent. Finally, before death, depression of the inhibi- tory apparatus occurs, and this, coexisting with depression of the heart itself, produces a feeble, rapid pulse, character- istic of the last stage of opium poisoning. Death occurs with diastolic arrest of the heart owing to failure of the cardiac muscle, although fatality is mainly due to the more powerful effect of the drug upon the respiratory centre. The action of opium upon the vasomotor system is unimportant. Immediately after the administration of large doses there is a slight primary stimulation, followed in the toxic stage by some depression of the vasomotor centres in the spinal cord and medulla. Pupil. — The pupil of the horse is widely dilated by large doses of opium. The pupil in the dog occasionally remains unchanged, and often dilated before undergoing contraction. Contraction of the pupil is a charactistic physiological effect of large doses of opium in man and the dog. In birds the pupil is unaffected. These various con- tradictory phenomena are at present inexplicable. In man, contraction of the pupil is brought abqut by stimulation of the pupillary centre in the floor of the aqueduct of Sylvius, and through it, the oculomotor nerves. Dilatation, preceding death, occurs from depression of the centre. Kidneys and Metabolism. — The excretion of urea appears to be diminished by opium in man, but varies greatly in animals. Temporary retention of urine may follow the administration of a considerable dose of opium, owing to diminished sensibility of the bladder. The amount of urine voided may be greater or less than normal ; more commonly the latter. Opium lessens the secretion of bile. The elimination of carbonic dioxide is diminished by the hypnotic action of opium, but is increased if there is OPIUM AND MORPHINE 3G5 general excitement and muscular activity following tbe use of the drug. Shin. — Opium induces mild diarplioresis in man ; occa- sionally sweating occurs in horses, but not at all in dogs. Temperature. — The bodily temperature may be slightly increased by large medicinal doses of opium, but is dimin- ished by toxic quantities. Toxicology. — The symptoms of poisoning have already been sufficiently described in previous sections. The treat- ment embraces irrigation of the stomach, or the use of emetics, as apomorphine hydrochlorate under the skin, and the subcutaneous injection of strychnine, ene- mata of hot, strong, black coffee ; leading the animal about, slapping him, or using the faradic current. Dr. Moor, of New York, has apparently found in potassium permanganate the most efficient antidote for opium and morphine. Ten to fifteen grains, dissolved in eight ounces of water, should be given by the mouth, to large dogs. One to two drachms of potassium perman- ganate may be administered to horses in two or three pints of water. Permanganate solution oxidizes and destroys morphine, and should be acidulated with a little vinegar or diluted sulphuric acid, after the ingestion of morphine salts. The antidote has been recommended to be given subcutan- eously after absorption, or hypodermic injection of morphine, but this is not of the slightest use. Morphine Contrasted with Opium. — Opium is more con- stipating, more sudorific, and more apt to disturb the digestion than morphine. Morphine is more anodyne and soporific ; more readily absorbed and more suitable for use under the skin. Synergists. — Belladonna aids the action of opium and yet is antagonistic to it. It assists opium in its anodyne action and lessens nausea, indigestion, and constipation following the action of the latter drug. Belladonna and atropine are antagonistic to opium in stimulating the brain and respiration, and increasing peristalsis. Small doses of 366 VEGETABLE DRUGS belladonna combined with opium do not interfere with the soporific action of the latter, notv/ithstanding the exciting influence of the former upon the brain. The bromides also promote the sedative and hypnotic action of opium, and lessen the depression and nausea following its adiuinistra- tion. Opium often acts profoundly when combined with chloral, and this combination is occasionally used to induce anaesthesia (p. 319). Chloroform and ether are frequently prescribed with opium to secure an additional antispasmodic and anodyne action in colic. The astringents and mineral acids enhance the effect of opium in diarrboeal disorders. Codeine. — Codeine in large doses causes motor excite- ment and convulsions in dogs and cats, but physiological experiments conducted by various observers have otherwise yielded diverse results. This is explicable, since so-called codeine is frequently in part morphine. Codeine is inferior to morphine as an anodyne and hypnotic, but is a useful sedative in relieving bronchial irritation and cough, and in the doses commonly employed does not induce indigestion, nausea or constipation. The writer would particularly recommend it for dogs suffering with bronchitis, combined with phenacetin in powder or tablet. The other alkaloids of opium are not of sufiicient therapeutic value to warrant their consideration in this work- Administration. — Morphine sulphate is employed under the skin where an immediate effect is required. The prepa- rations more frequently used in veterinary practice include laudanum and the deodorized tincture, powdered opium, extract of opium, and the salts of morphine. One-quarter grain of the latter is equivalent to one grain of opium. Paregoric is useful in canine practice for cough mixtures. Dover's powder combines the expectorant and diarphoretic action of ipecac with the sedative, antiphlogistic and sudo- rific influence of opium, but the former drug has little effect upon the horse. The preparation may be serviceable, how- ever, in the first stage of catarrhal affections of the respira- tory tract in dogs. INDICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL ITSE OF OPIUM 367 Fluid preparations are generally desirable in securing more rapid absorption, but opium produces the best result in diarrhoea, when given in pill or ball. Enemata composed of thin, boiled starch solution and laudanum at the body temperature are to be recommended in diarrhcea of the young, dysentery and pain arising from strangury or disease of the genito-urinary organs. Opium suppositories are of value in canine practice for the same- purposes, and will relieve irritation and pain caused by piles. Uses External. — Opium is applied externally in various ways. In the form of laudanum it is sprinkled on poultices and prescribed in liniment (laudanum and soap liniment, equal parts) for its anodyne action, but has probably little medicinal virtue upon the unbroken skin. On raw surfaces, sores and ulcers, opium does relieve pain, and for this pur- pose laudanum may be conjoined advantageously with lead water (1-25). INDICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL USE OP OPIUM. 1. To relieve pain and spasm. 2. To lessen secretions. 3. To allay motor excitement, diminish muscular action, and prevent hemorrhage. 4. To abort inflammation. 5. To act as a stimulating and supporting agent. The sudorific action of the drug upon the lower animals is slight and comparatively unimportant. Among the pre- ceding indications the first three naturally follow from the physiological action of opium, while the latter two are deduced solely from clinical experience. 1. Althougli the anodyne and sedative action of opium is not so marked in its influence upon veterinary patients as in human subjects, yet it is by far the most valuable agent we possess for relieving pain of any description, parti- cularly when combined with atropine. In spasmodic colic of horses, opium arrests pain by preventing irregular and violent peristaltic action. It may be given as morphine oOb VEGETABLE DRUGS (with atropine), subcutaneoiisly; or as laudanum, with ether and chloroform in a drench, simultaneously with an aloes ball. In this affection opium actually assists the action of the purgative by overcoming spasm. Pain directly antagonizes the effect of opium, and repetition of the dose is both justifiable and necessary until relief is obtained. Hypodermic medication is therefore safer when the dose has to be repeated, in enabling the practitioner to decide that failure to relieve pain is due to insufficient dosage rather than to delayed absorption from the digestive canal. Opium is indicated in all forms of pain and in motor excitement in cerebritis and meningitis. The pains and spasmodic contractions resulting from acute or traumatic meningitis are benefited by opium ; also neuralgic and rheu- matic pains.. The spasms of eclampsia and tetanus are eased when opium is combined with chloral in enema, or when morphine is injected under the skin. Clonic spasm of the diaphragm in horses (" Thumps ") is also treated suc- cessfully with opium. Morphine under the skin is useful in asthma in dogs. 2 and 3. Opium is invaluable in lessening secretion, motion and pain in various digestive disorders. Gastric digestion is inhibited by the action upon secretion and motion, and opium should not be administered immediately after the ingestion of food, unless the demand for it at that time is imperative. Excessive vomiting in dogs may be combated with opium and bismuth, or with morphine hypodermatically. Opium quiets peristalsis and secures rest of the canal in gastritis and gastro-enteritis. In superpurgation and in all forms of diarrhoea and dysentery, opium is the remedy par excellence. (Laudanum in dose of 5-10 drops for large birds is an efficient remedy for diarrhoea in poultry). Its administra- tion in these disorders should be accompanied, or preceded, by an oleaginous (horse), saline (herbivora), or mercurial (horse and dog) purgative; and its action may be assisted INDICATIONS FOR THE INTERNAL USE OF OPIUM 369 by astringents, alkalies, mineral acids, and intestinal antisep- tics in various combinations suited to the particular case. Peritonitis, enteritis, and acute obstruction of the bowels are treated most successfully with opium, which quiets the bowels, relieves pain and facilitates the vis medatrix naturae, besides acting as an antiphlogistic in the first-mentioned diseases. By preventing muscular activity and allaying general excitability, opium is the most effective haemostatic in all internal hemorrhages, and it quiets the heart most effectively in acute endocarditis. Cough, as a symptom of irritation within the res- piratory tract, is more commonly treated by some form of opium than by any other drug. When cough is irrita- tive or excessive, and is not remedial in removing secre- tion, then it is very properly controlled by opium. If, on the other hand, respiratory movements are weak, or cyanosis threatens from retained secretions, opium is dis- tinctly contraindicated, since it depresses the respiratory centres and lessens the irritation produced by the secre- tions in the bronchial tubes, which would otherwise cause coughing and expulsion of the exudate. Opium, especially when combined with belladonna, notably diminishes secretions, so that this combination is peculiarly appropriate in the treatment of cough and exuda- tion, and it is only when increasing moist rales are found to exist during this medication that it should be stopped. Pleuritic cough causes intense pain and accomplishes nothing, so that opium here affords great relief without inducing bad results. 4. Opium possesses antiphlogistic action in aborting and combating inflammation. Reflex excitability is less- ened by opium, and therefore irritation of nerve centres, which would otherwise cause vascular dilatation, stasis, and inflammation, is prevented by the drug. This is at least the theory. Opium and quinine are the two remedies having the most popular cliuical reputation for aborting colds and inflammation, and the latter agent also diminishes reflex excitability. Inflammation of serous membranes is thought 370 VEGETABLE DRUGS to be that form most favorably influenced by opium, as peri- tonitis, enteritis unci meningitis, for wliicli purpose the drug is frequently combined with calomel. But opium is also an extremely useful antiphlogistic remedy in coryza, bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, and in inflammations of the mucous coat of the digestive canal, as gastritis and dysentery. A single full dose should be given at the earliest possible stage of these disorders, and the patient should be kept as quiet as possible to secure the best result. 5. Opium stimulates and supports the system in a manner not explicable on physiological grounds. It often conserves life in a remarkable way in patients weakened by long continued disease, and in those suffering from loss of blood following surgical operation, parturition, or other natural causes. Opium in some form (often as codeine) is the most useful remedy in diabetes mellitus, in dogs, in reducing the loss of glucose in the urine. Contra-indlcations. — In respiratory diseases associated with cyanosis or excessive exudation, in very high fever and obstinate constipation. The drug must be used with cau- tion in the treatment of the aged and very strong. Apomorphine Hydrochloridum. Apomorphine Hydrochlo-, ride. C,,H„N 0,H 01. (U. S. & B. P.) Derivation. — The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid, obtained by heating morphine (or codeine) in hermetically closed tubes, with an excess of pure hydrochloric acid. The morphine thus loses one molecule of water; Ci,Hi^N O3 = C,H,N O, + H,0. Properties. — Minute, grayish- white, shining, acicular crystals, without odor, having a faintly bitter taste, and acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure to light and air. Soluble in about 45 parts of water, and about 45 parts of alcohol; very little soluble in ether or chloroform. It should be kept in small, dark, amber-colored vials. (IT. S. P.) Dose.— Emetic— D., gr.-gV-iV (.002-.006), subcutaneously ; D.,by the mouth, gr.i-| (.008-.012); D., expectorant, gr.^V-FT (.0015-.0024), by the mouth. APOMORPHINE 371 PREPARATION. InjecUo Apomorphince Hypodermica, (B. P.) One per cent. Dose.— TTiv-x (.3-.6). Action Internal. — Small doses (gr.-gV'sV) cause vomiting in dogs, while larger doses produce salivation and trembling in addition to vomition. Very large quantities (gr.4-5) occa- sion first great excitement; the dog howls, runs and jumps about, the pupils are dilated and the slightest noise excites great alarm. Then the animal weakens in the hind legs, becomes paraplegic, falls and goes into convulsions. The breathing, at the beginning rapid, becomes weak and slow. Death ensues from respiratory failure. Nervous System. — The drug primarily stimulates the brain and induces delirium and excitement, but secondarily causes cerebral paralysis. The origin of the convulsions is not ascertained. Apomorphine is a direct local paralyzant to the muscles, acting upon their substance or upon the motor nerve endings. Circulation. — Medicinal doses do not alter the force, but may increase the rate and tension of the pulse by stimula- tion of the cardiac accelerator nerves and vasomotor centres. Toxic doses paralyze the heart muscle and lower blood pressure. Respiration. — The respiratory movements are at first markedly increased by large doses of apomorphine. The reason for this is uncertain. Lethal doses depress and paralyze the respiratory centre. The breathing then be- comes feeble and infrequent. The agent causes a copious outpouring of a watery fluid from the blood vessels of the respiratory mucous membrane, and is, therefore, an expec- torant. Vomiting Centre. — This is stimulated by therapeutic doses of apomorphine, but paralyzed by toxic doses, so that vomiting may not occur in poisoning. Apomorphine does not act locally upon the stomach. 372 VEGETABLE DRUGS Uses. — Apomorpliine is a reliable, prompt and powerful emetic. The alkaloid is generally given under the skin and can be administered along with zinc sulphate or other emetic in poisoning. In narcotic poisoning, as with chloral or opium, apomorphine — like other emetics — may fail to act eflficiently. In the first stage of acute bronchitis, apomor- phine is useful in canine practice, and again in the later stage, when the animal becomes choked with exudation. The drug, in a mild emetic dose, will aid recovery by causing violent expiratory efforts during vomition, and these tend to expel secretions, which is furthermore assisted by the action of the alkaloid in rendering the secretions less viscid. Chronic dry bronchitis of dogs is likewise benefited by amomorphine. Apomorphine is the best remedy known for pica : C, gr.-ii. subcutaneously, once daily for 3 days j foals, gr.-i.-iii. once or twice weekly, given under the skin. The alkaloid decomposes in crystal, and rapidly in solu- tion, becoming toxic and of a green hue. Solutions should be freshly prepared and are said to be prepared by the addition of a few drops of hydrochloric acid. Class 2. — Stimulating the Brain. Belladonna Folia. Belladonna Leaves. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Deadly nightshade, E.; folia S. herba bella- donnse, feuilles de belladonne, Fr.; tollkraut, tollkirschen blatter, wolfkirschen-blatter, G. Derivation. — The leaves of Atropa Belladonna Linne (Nat. ord. solanacese). Leaves from 10 to 15 cm. long, from 5 to 10 cm. broad; broadly ovate, equilaterally narrowed into a petiole, tapering at the apex, entire on the margin, smooth, thin ; the upper surface brownish-green, the lower surface greyish-green ; both surfaces whitish punctate ; odor slight ; taste bitterish, disagreeable. Constituents. — Two alkaloids ; 1, atropine, the chief one, representing the action of belladonna ; and, 2, hyoscyamine. Atropine is now considered to be an artificial product of hyoscyamine, and therefore the latter to be the natural BELLADONNA ROOT 373 alkaloid. Belladonna leaves contain about 0.46 per cent, atropine. Dose.—B.. & a, 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). PREPARATIONS. Extractum Belladonnce Foliorum. Extract of Belladonna Leaves. (U. S. &B. B.) Made by percolation and evaporation to pilular consistence. Used in preparing the unguentum belladonnee. Contains 1.4 per cent, of mydriatic alkaloids. Dose.—R. & C, gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3); Sh. & Sw., gr.ii.-iv. (.12-24.); D.,gr.i-i(.008-.03). Tinctura Belladonnce Foliorum. Tincture of Belladonna Leaves. (U.S. &B. P.) Belladonna leaves, 100, diluted alcohol to make 1,000. Made by maceration and percolation. (U. S. P.) Dose.— D., TUv.-xxx. (.3-2.). Unguenhim Belladonnce. Belladonna Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) Extract of belladonna leaves, 10 ; diluted alcohol, 5 ; benzoinated lard, 85. (U. S. P.) Belladonna Kadix. Belladonna Boot. Synonym. — Bacine de Belladonne, Fr.; wolfskirschen- wurzel, tollkirschen-wurzel, G. Derivation. — The root of Atropa Belladonna Linne (nat. ord. solanacese). In cylindrical, somewhat tapering, longi- tudinally wrinkled pieces, 10 to 25 mm. or more in thickness ; externally brownish-gray, internally whitish ; fracture nearly smooth and mealy, not radiating or showing medullary rays in the thicker roots, only in the layer near the bark; nearly inodorous, taste sweetish, afterwards bitterish and strongly acrid. Constituents. — Same as leaves. Contains 0.2 to 0.6 per cent, atropine. PREPARATIONS. Fluidextractum Belladonnce Radicis. Fluidextract of Belladonna Root. (U. S. P.) Made by percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporation. One cc. of the extract = one gm. of belladonna root. Standarizcd so that 100 cc. of the fluidextract contain 0.5 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids. The most reliable preparation. 374 VEGETABLE DRUGS Dose.— H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.); Sh. & Sw., ti^x.-xv. (.6-1.); D., mi.-iii. (.06-.2). Linivientum Belladonnce. Belladonna Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) Camphor, 50; fluidextract of belladonna to make 1,000. (U. S, P.) Atropina. Atropine. C1-H23 N O3. (U. S. & B. P.) An alkaloid obtained from belladonna. As it occurs in commerce, it is always accompanied by a small proportion of liyoscyamine extracted along with it, from which it cannot readily be separated. Derivation. — Atropine is obtained from a strong tincture of the root. Slaked lime is added, which splits up atropine malate and precipitates lime malate. The excess of lime is precipitated by sulphuric acid, and coloring matters by potassium carbonate, which also sets free atropine. The atropine is dissolved in chloroform, recovered on evapora- tion, and purified by digestion with warm alcohol and char- coal. Properties. — White, acicular crystals, or a more or less amorphous white jiowder; without odor, having a bitter, acrid taste, and gradually assuming a yellowish tint on exposure to air. Soluble in 130 parts of water, 3 parts of alcohol, 16 jDarts of ether, 4 parts of chloroform, and about 50 parts of glycerin. At about lOS'^ C. (226.4° F.) it melts, forming a colorless liquid. At about 140° C. (284° F.) it begins to give off white, acrid fumes, and when ignited, it is consumed without leaving a residue. It has a markedly alkaline reaction; its saturated aqueous solu- tion acquires a pink color upon the addition of a drop of phenolphtalein. Incompatihles. — Decomposed by sodium or potassium hydrate. Dose. — H., gr.ss.-iss. (.03-.09) ; average dose, gr.i. (.06) ; C, gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.-^-^ (.003-.005) ; D., gi-.Ti^-(rV (.0005-.001). ATROPINE SULPHATE 375 Atropine Sulphas. Atropine Sulphate. (Ci,Ho3N03)2 H^SO^. (U. S. &B. P.) Derivation. — Atropine is dissolved in sulphuric acid and treated with ether, when the insoluble sulphate settles out. Properties. — A white, indistinctly crystalline powder, without odor; having a very bitter, nauseating taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 0.4 parts of water, 6.2 parts of alcohol, 2,270 parts of ether, or 694 parts of chloro- form. At 187° C. (309° F.) the salt melts, forming a brown- ish-yellow liquid. When ignited, it chars, emits acrid vapor, and is completely consumed. The salt is neutral to litmus paper. Dose.—B.., gr.i.-iss. (.06-.09) ; C, gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.^V-iV (-OOd-.OOS) ; D., gr.^-3V (.0005-.002), average dose, gr.^ (.0006). ACTION OP BELLADONNA AND ATROPINE. External. — Belladonna is ordinarily not absorbed from the unbroken skin, but when applied to raw surfaces and mucous membranes, or, to a less extent, when rubbed iuto the skin with camphor (linimentum belladonnse), chloroform, alcohol, etc., it depresses the sensory nerve endings and produces a local anodyne action. Thus applied it also depresses the peripheral motor nerve fibres, and is some- times injected into spasmodically contracted muscles for relief of spasm. The vessels are said to be first contracted and then dilated by the local action of the drug, and the secretions of the skin are diminished. Internal. — Digestive Tract. — The action of belladonna, if any, on the secretory functions of the stomach and bowels is unknown. Small doses of the drug depress the peripheral terminations of the intestinal inhibitory nerve (splanchnic), so that peristalsis is increased by the normal stimuli. It is stated that both minute and large doses apparently lessen intestinal peristalsis; the former by primary stimulation of 376 VEGETABLE DRUGS the splanchnic nerve endings, the latter by direct depressant action upon the iinstriated muscle of the intestinal wall. Circulation. — Belladonna is readih' absorbed into the blood, but has no particular action upon this fluid within the body. Dilute solutions of atropine paralj'ze and stop corpuscular movement in the blood witlidrawn from the vessels. The characteristic action of belladonna upon the circulation consists in depression of the peripheral pneumo- gastric fibres in the heart, so that the frequency of the pulsa- tions is increased.* There is also, probably, a slight stimu- lation of the cardiac muscle, or its contained ganglia. Bella- donna is therefore a heart stimulant, by increasing the num- ber of its beats without diminishing their force. Large doses sometimes give rise to primary slowing of the pulse, owing to stimulation of the inhibitory apparatus. Blood pressure is exalted synchronously with the increased frequency of the heart, and is due to cardiac stimulation and also to stimula- tion of the spinal and medullary vasomotor centres, with con- striction of blood vessels of the abdomen. f In poisoning, vascular tension is considerably lowered because of paralysis of the vasomotor centres, smooth muscles (or ganglia) of the vessel w^alls (with vascular dilation), and the heart muscle itself. Nervous System. — Cerehrum. — Belladonna is classed as a delirifacient by some authorities, — notably Wood. It stim- ulates the brain incoordinately, and large doses produce restlessness, nervous excitement and delirium in man, and occasionally delirium in the lower animals. Stimulation is succeeded by exhaustion and some depression, with stupor rather than coma. Spinal Cord. — Belladonna appears to exert a double action (stimulant and depressant) upon the spinal cord. The spinal vasomotor and respiratory centres are stimulated. Large doses cause complete loss of motion and reflex action in the frog, lasting for several days, and followed by reflex excitability and convulsions. Poisoning in mammals is exhibited by less paralyzant action accom- * Occasionally the heart is slowed by belladonna. Perhaps by pri- mary stimulation of the peripheral vagi. t Dilatation of the vessels of the skin occurs at the same time but this is insufficient to reduce blood pressure. In man this is shown by flushing of the skin and a bright rash on the face and neck after large doses. ACTION OF BELLADONNA AND ATEOPINE 377 panied by more convulsive movements. Various explana- tions have been offered to reconcile these phenomena. The prevalent theory is that, following complete paralysis of the spinal cord, the motor and sensory tracts recover before the inhibitory centres, so that normal stimuli pass through the latter unrestrained and result in convulsions. Nerves — The action of belladonna upon the nerve end- ings is extremely important, and represents, to a consider- able degree, the therapeutic value of the drug. The peripheral motor nerve terminations, and, to a less extent, their trunks, are depressed and paralyzed. This is never so complete, however, but that there is some voluntary power left in an animal fatally poisoned. Depression and loss of function of the afferent nerves come on more slowly, and exist to a less degree. Belladonna, then, when applied locally or given internally, is an anodyne, but is far inferior in this respect to opium ; and, whereas opium acts centrally, belladonna acts peripherally. The terminations of all secre- tory nerves are also depressed and paralyzed by belladonna, and secretions are therefore diminished. Secretions. — Dryness of the mouth is one of the first physiological symptoms following the administration of belladonna. This is due to paralysis of the peripheral terminations of the secretory nerve (chorda tympani) of the submaxillary gland, and of the secretory nerve endings of the other salivary and mucous glands in connection with the mouth. Another characteristic effect of belladonna consists in the production of dryness of the skin, which follows the action of the drug in paralyzing the peripheral nei'vous filaments supplying the secretory cells of the sudoriparous glands. In the same manner the tracheal and bronchial secretions are diminished, and also the secretion of milk (anti-galactagogue action), by depression of the terminations of the secretory nerves. The drug does not exert any decided iniljience upon the secretions of the digestive tract, as before stated. The amount of urine is sometimes increased after the ingestion of small doses of S78 VEGETABLE DRUGS belladonna, but is considerably lessened, or suppressed, in poisoning by tlie drug. Experiments upon man show that the urinary solids are increased : urea and uric acid to a slight extent ; sulphates and phosphates to a considerable degree. 3Iuscles and their Nerves. — Atropine is an antispasmodic in its effect upon involuntary muscle. It depresses both the unstriped fibres and their motor nerve endings. Toxic doses cause paralysis of the smooth muscles. Voluntary muscles are not afi'ected by any doses of atropine, although the motor nerves controlling them are depressed by toxic amounts of the alkaloid. In regard to the effect of the drug upon the intestines, experimental and clinical evidence appear to yield quite contradictory results. It seems probable that any dose of atropine will depress, to a greater or lesser extent, the activity of the intestinal muscle, but, as there is at the same time depression of the inhibitory nerve endings (splanchnics), there is also a tendency to increased peristalsis through the greater sensitiveness of the gut to stimuli. As the result of careful experiments, it appears that minute doses of atropine stimulate the splanchnics and lessen peristalsis ; that moderate doses increase markedly peristalsis by paralyzing the splanchnics ; and that large doses stop all movement of the bowel by paralyzing the intestinal musculature. Other experiments by reliable men and clinical experience negative these conclusions. Atropine has been used successfully to produce three diverse actions on the bowel : (1) to quiet intestinal move- ment in inflammation of the bowels ; (2) to relieve spasm in . colic and spastic conditions generally ; (3) very commonly to aid catharsis in sluggish states of the intestines. In practice, small doses will often move the bowels effectively, while, on the other hand, enormous doses (gr.1-12, instead of the usual dose of gr.1-100) have recently proved success- f al in moving the bowels in obstinate constipation (in ACTION OF BELLADONNA AND ATROPINE 370 hnrnan patients) due to obstructioD,* when all other means failed. Conversely, it is, and has been, the common practice to give atropine with morphine to prevent peristalsis in peritonitis and with apparently satisfactory results. It is at present impossible to reconcile these apparently conflicting facts, but it is readily conceivable that the resultant of the opposing actions of atropine on tfie bowels in either stimu- lating peristalsis by depression of the inhibitory apparatus, on the one hand, or, in lessening peristalsis by depression of the muscle, on the other, may depend as much upon the condition of the gut as upon the dosage, and that, according to the physiological or pathological state, one or the other of these opposing actions will preponderate. The action upon the inhibitory nerve of the heart is similar to that exerted upou the inhibitor}^ nerve of the bowels. The pneumogastric terminations are depressed in the heart by moderate doses, while the heart muscle is paralyzed by large quantities of belladonna. A like depressing influence is believed to be exerted upon the efferent nerve endings of the un striped muscles of the bladder, urethra, uterus and vagina, as well as upon the muscles of these organs. Belladonna acts medicinally as an antispasmodic in relation to the muscles. Respiration. — Small doses of atropine do not affect the respiration. Large therapeutic doses make the respiratory movements quicker and deeper, by stimulation of the medullary and spinal respiratory centres. Fatal doses produce respiratoryfailure and asphyxia, owing to paralysis of the respiratory centre and the peripheral vagus filaments concerned with the respiratory movements. Belladonna also paralyzes the peripheral fibres of the pneumogastric nerve in the bronchial tubes and acts therapeutically as follows ■ 1. As a respiratory stimulant ; the drug is generally inferior to strychnine in this respect. 2. As an antispasmodic, by * It IS probable in these cases that the obstruction was due to spasm, and not mechanical. 380 VEGETABLE DRUGS depressing the efferent vagus endings in the bronchial tubes and relaxing spasm of the smooth muscle of their walls. 3. As a sedative, by depressing the afferent vagus fibres and diminishing the irritation produced by secre- tion, so that cough is allayed. 4. As an agent lessening secretion. Temperature. — Moderate doses of belladonna cause a rise of temperature, while fatal doses lessen bodily heat. The first phenomenon is produced by stimulation of the spinal thermogenic centres, while the latter effect follows the vasomotor paralysis which occurs after lethal doses. An elevation of 2-5.4° F. has been noted in dogs after full doses of atropine, while a greater fall of temperature has been observed in the same animal in fatal poisoning. Elevation of temperature is accompanied by increased heat loss, caused by radiation from the dilated cutaneous vessels. Eye. — The action of belladonna upon the eye affords another illustration of the depressing action of the drug upon the nerve terminations. The oculomotor nerve end- ings are paralyzed by belladonna, and therefore dilation of the pupil ensues. The mydriatic action is exhibited, whether the drug be given by the mouth or dropped directly into the eye. In the former case, the drug does not act through the nervous system, but locally upon the peripheral filaments of the third nerve through the medium of the blood. The muscular fibres of the iris are unaffected by belladonna. The terminations of the sympathetic and and the trigeminus may be stimulated, which would also produce dilation of the pupil. These latter actions are not definitely determined, while it is known that the dominant effect consists in depression of the oculomotor nerve end- ings, as before stated. Paralysis of accommodation follows paralysis of the terminations of the third nerve in the ciliary muscle, and therefore vision is disturbed. Intra- ocular tension is increased by large and continuous dosage of belladonna, and an artificial glaucoma may be thus produced. PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF BELLADONNA 381 Elimination. — Belladonna is eliminated by the kidneys and bowels ; traces have been found in the milk. It is, however, chiefly oxidized in the body. Sicmnico'i/. — It will be observed that belladonna, gener- ally speakiug, first stimulates and then depresses the nerve centres, while it chiefly paralyzes the motor nerve termiua- tious, iiicludii)g the inhibitory (vagus and splanchnic), the secretory (chorda tympani, etc.), and, to a less extent, the sensory nerves. Secondary depression of the cerebrum is not so profound as that of the great medullary centres, especially the respiratory centre, and there is sometimes a slight and brief stimulation of the motor nerves of the smooth muscles, viz., vagus, splanchnic, and possibly vaso- motor nerves. Full medicinal dosps depress the peripheral filaments of the inhibitory and secretory nerves and the motor nerves of the unstiiped muscles, as well as the muscles themselves, lessen the functional activity of the volun- taiy motor system, and, to a less degree, that of the affe- rent nerves. The pulse becomes quickened because of paralysis of the peripheral vagus endings and stimulation of the heart or its ganglia; the blood tension is augmented because of the increased cardiac action and stimulation of the vasomotor centres; and the respiration is accelerated because of excitation of the respiratory centres. The temperature is elevated owing to the circulatory exaltation and stimulation of the heat-producing centres. Slight delirium may be present from the exciting action of the drug npon the cerebral motor centres. The spinal cord is unaffected by therapeutic doses. Locally applied, belladonna is a direct paralyzant to nerves, muscles, vessels and cells. PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF BELLADONNA TO OTHER DRUGS. A medicinal dose of atropine stimulates, while morphine depresses, the brain, respiratory functions, and intestinal peristalsis. This antagonism ceases when poisonous doses 382 VEGETABLE DRUGS of tlie two drugs are combined, and therefore atropine slionld be given with caution in the treatment of opium narcosis, so as not to aggravate the ab-eady existing central nervous depression, particularly of the respiration. Mor- phine relieves pain, causes sweating, and contracts the pupil centrally. Atropine dilates the pupil, produces dry- ness of the skin, and depresses the functions of sensory nerves throngh its peripheral action. Atropine antagonizes physostiguia in so far as the latter stimulates the peripheral oculomotor nerve fibres, the vagi, diminishes blood pres- sure, depresses the respiratory centres, and stimulates the unstriated muscle of the intestines, and the secretions of the stomach, bowels and bronchial tabes. Atropine is antagonistic — in part — to pilocarpine,, which stimulates secretory nerve terminations in the sweat and salivary glands, the peripheral oculomotor filaments, and the nerve endings in the involuntary muscle of the heart, stomach, intestines and uterus. Atropine counteracts the influence of aconite and muscarin (the poison of fungi) upon the heart, and the action of the latter principle in producing spasm of the pulmonary vessels. Toxicology. — Toxic doses of belladonna cause in animals dryness of the mouth, increased frequency of the pulse and respiration, elevation of temperature, dilation of the pupil and partial blindness, restlessness, nervousness, delirium, twitching of the muscles (occasionally erythema), and fre- quent micturition. These symptoms are succeeded, in fatal poisoning, by fall of temperature, retention of urine, muscular weakness, staggering gait, partial anoesthesia, convulsions and paralysis (one preponderating over the other), weak, slow, irregular respiration, feeble, rapid pulse, paralysis of the sphincters, stupor and death. Death occurs mainly from asphyxia, but is due in part to cardiac failure. The physiological test consists in placing a drop of the urine (secreted by the poisoned animal) into the eye of a healthy animal, when mydriasis should follow if the case be one of belladonna poisoning. Three-quarters of a grain of USES OF BELLADONNA 383 atropine under the skin lias proved fatal to dogs. Two grains of atropine produce mild toxic symptoms in the horse. Small dogs are slightly poisoned by gr.-^^y of atro- pine ; medium sized dogs by gr.y^^, given hypodermatically. Cattle are as susceptible as horses, although herbivora are not so easily influenced as carnivora. The pulse in dogs is greatly accelerated, sometimes as high as 400, v/hile the pulse rate of the horse is not generally more than doubled. Rodents, as guinea pigs and rabbits, and pigeons, are parti- cularly insusceptible to belladonna, in regard to its effect upon the pupil, circulation, etc. The treatment of poisoning includes the use of the stomach pump, emetics, cardiac stimulants, and pilocarpine under the skin. Also external heat, general faradism and artificial respiration. Post-3fortein Apjxarances. — These are not generally characteristic, except of asphyxia. The blood is dark and poorly coaguable. There is congestion of the lungs, general passive hypersemia, and sometimes ecchymoses in the brain, cord, and their membranes. Congestion of the retina is said, however, to be pathognomonic of belladonna poisoning. Administration. — The fluid extract of belladonna root is the official preparation more commonly used for horses. The alcoholic extract of the leaves is given in pill or suppo- sitory to dogs, and in electuary to horses. Atropine sul- phate is employed under the skin when a rapid effect is desired. Uses Extei^nal. — Local application of belladonna is more effective when combined with internal medication of the same drug. Belladonna is the best remedy for mammitis, applied by massage in the form of liniment, and given by the month. It relaxes spasm, contracts the blood vessels, and lessens inflammation and congestion ; paralyzes the secretory nerves and so diminishes the amount of milk, vascular tension, pain and glandular activity. In fissure of the rectum, and in haemorrhoids, belladonna (with opium) in ointment or suppository, allays spasm and pain. Lini- aSi VEGETABLE- DRUGS ment of belladonna is useful in rheumatic or neuralgic pain, and rubbed upon the throat, in cases of pharyngitis and laryngitis, affords a serviceable application, when combined with the internal administration of the drug. Uses in Connection With the Eye. — In examination of the fundus of the eye, the media, or lens, for cataract, the pupil may be dilated to advantage with a weak solution (gr,^- 3 i.) of atropine sulphate. A drop will suffice, and no trace of its effect will remain after the second day. A strong solution (gr.iv.-3i.) is essential to completely paralyze the iris and ciliary muscle. In the normal animal, accommodation is paralyzed and vision disturbed for 8 or 12 days after the use of this solution. Atropine is particularly useful in keratitis and iritis. In the former disease, photophobia and blepharospasm are diminished by the paralyzing action of atroj)ine upon the trigeminus, and pain, congestion and inflammation are diminished by contraction of the peri- pheral blood vessels. In central perforating ulcer of the coruea, with protrusion of the iris, atropine, by dilating the pupil, draws the iris away and prevents its permanent adhesion (anterior synechia) to the cornea, while the per- foration is becomi-ag filled with lymph and the anterior chamber is being restored. Strong solutions of atropine instilled at frequent intervals, are useful in iritis by (1) paralxzing and securing rest of the iris and ciliary muscles; (2) in lessening local blood supply, congestion and iuflam- mation, and in preventing adhesions of the posterior sur- faces of the iris to the anterior capsule of the lens (posterior syiioc' se), which both limits the normal variation in the pupillary diameter and interferes with the nutrition of the lens, and so predispose to cataract. Atropine is contra- indicati d in glaucoma. ll^es I 'terncd. — The general indications follow directly from oiir knowledge of the ])hysio]ogical action of the drug. They aiH as follows :- 1. To stimulate the respiration and circulation. 2. To diminish secretion. 3. To relieve spasm and pain. USES OF BELLADONNA 385 1. Acute diseases, as pueumonia, bronchitis, influenza, cerebro-spinal meningitis, etc., are frequently treated at the outset with belladonna, with the intent of cutting short the inflammatory process by producing general vascular con- traction. There does not seem to be sufficient physiological or clinical evidence to warrant this practice (except in coryza, pharyngitis and laryngitis), and there are other drugs (ergot) which accomplish the purpose, were it desirable, more effi- ciently. In the second stage of acute diseases, as pneu- monia, belladonna is a valuable agent in combination with strychnine, to stimulate respiration, prevent effusion and vasomotor and cardiac depression. Belladonna is of service also as a respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor stimulant in poisoning by various drugs, including opium, chloro- form, ether, aconite, prussic acid, physostigma and pilocar- pine. Recent experiments by Reichert {Therapeulic Monthly y May, 1901) and others show that atropine, while stimulating the respiratory centre exerts a powerful depressing action on the pulmonic motor fibres of the vagi, and that in opium poisoning atropine, instead of strengthening, actually lessens respiratory power. Strychnine undoubtedly is a much better antidote in this condition. In surgical shock, with low temperature, owing to vasomotor paralysis and vascular dilatation, atropine is a most potent remedy, combined with digitalis. 2. Belladonna is employed therapeutically to diminish excessive sweating and salivation, mercurial or otherwise. It is recommended in serous, or watery diarrhoea. (Edema of the lungs is combated most successfully with atropine (combined with strychnine) subcutaneously. In the second stage of acute respiratory diseases, as bronchitis, influenza, canine distemper, and pneumonia, belladonna diminishes secretion, irritability and cough, and stimulates the heart and respiration. It may be associated with opium to in- crease the sedative effect. 3. Belladonna does not have much influence over spasm of the voluntary muscles, unless injected (atropine) into their 386 VEGETABLE DRUGS substance. Elieumatic lameness aiul cramps and spasm due to injury of nerves, may be treated in this manner. Spasm of involuntary muscle is, however, more easily over- come, and this action is of exceeding therapeutic importance. Intestinal spasmodic colic of horses succumbs most readily •when atropine is given with morphine under the skin. In peritonitis and enteritis, full and repeated doses of atropine, with morphine, assist in paralyzing the smooth muscular fibres of the intestines, and in quieting peristaltic move- ment. Paradoxical as it may seem, large doses of atropine have been recently used in human medicine, and with re- markably good results, in the treatment of intestinal ob- struction from impacted feces, and even in invagination and twist, on the assumption that the inhibitory splanchnic fibres of the gut are paralyzed by these large quantities given under the skin (see " Action on Muscles and Nerves "). Cough, stridulus breathing, and spasm, associated with acute pharyngitis and laryngitis, are iufluenced favorably by belladonna, in the first stage. The drug acts locally to paralyze the ends of the motor nerves in the throat, relieves spasm, and also contracts the peripheral vessels and over- comes congestion and inflammation. It may be given to horses in electuary, and also applied in liniment or oint- ment externally. The following prescription is suitable for horses suffering from pharyngitis or laryngitis. ]^ Extract. Belladonnte Rad, Fl 3 i. Pulv. Potassii Chloratis 3 ii. Pulv. GlycyrrhizEe 3 v. Syrupi Fusci Q. S. ' M. et f. electuarium. Sig. Give i ounce every two hours. (Furnish i ounce for sample dose.) In bronchitis and asthma, belladonna also allays spasm and lessens secretion, irritation and cough. Other spasmo- dic conditions benefited by belladonna are, "thumps," lead colic, convulsions (with bromides), spasm of the rectum owing to fissure or other causes, and incontinence of HYOSCYAMUS 387 urine due to spasm of the neck of the bladder. Pal- pitatiou of the heart is relieved by the sedative action of the mydriatic upon the unstriated cardiac muscle. Tetanus is favorably influenced by extract of belladonna given in electuary. In this section may be included the effect of small doses of belladonna in paralyzing the inhi- bitory (splanchnic) nerve terminations in the bowels, and thus assisting the action of peristaltic stimulants, as aloes and strychnine. Pills containing aloin (gr.|), extractum belladonnse alcoholicum foliorum (gr.g), and extractum cas- carae sagradse (gr.^), form a useful laxative combination in chronic constipation of dogs. Htoscyamus. Hyoscyamus. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Hyoscyami folia, B. P.; henbane, herba hyoscyami, E. ; feuilles de jusquiame noire, Fr. ; bilsen- krant, G. The leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger Linne (nat. ord. solanacese), collected from plants of the second year's growth. Habitat. — Indigenous to England, the Continent, and Asia, and naturalized in the northern part of the United States. Description. — Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, up to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. broad ; sinuate-toothed ; the teeth large, oblong or triangular, grayish-green, and, particularly on the lower surface, glandular-hairy ; midrib prominent ; flowers nearly sessile, with an urn-shaped, five-toothed calyx, and a light yellow, purple-veined corolla; odor heavy, narcotic; taste bitter and somewhat acrid. Constituents. — Two alkaloids : hyoscyamine Ci-H.jN O3, and hyoscine. The first resembles atropine in composition and action. Impure, amorphous, commercial hyoscyamine is a dark-brown fluid and contains as its active principle mainly hyoscine. Incompatibility. — Incompatible with caustic alkalies and 388 YEGETABLE DRUGS vegetable acids, lead acetate and silver nitrate. Hyoscyamus may be given in pill with the two latter mineral salts. Bose.—U. & C, §ss.-i. (15.-30.); T>., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). PREPARATIONS. Extractuvi Hyoscyami. Extract of Hyoscyamus. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and evaporation to pilular consistency. The extract should contain 0.3 per cent, of mydriatic alkaloids. Dose.— H. &C., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4.); D., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12). Fluidextractum Hyoscyami. Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration, percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of hyoscyamus. Each 100 cc. of fluidextract contains 0.075 gm. of alkaloids from hyoscyamus. Dose.— B..&C., 3ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., mv.-xv. (.3-1.). Tinctura Hyoscyami. Tincture of Hyoscyamus. (U. S. & B. P.) Hyoscyamus, 100 ; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by mace- ration and percolation. Standardized to contain 0.007 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids in each 100 cc. of the tincture. (U. S. P.) Dose.— D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). The dose of hyoscyamus preparations is generally two to four times that of similar belladonna preparations. Succus Hyoscyami. Juice of Hyoscyamus. (B. P.) Dose. — Same as tincture. Hygscyamin^ Sulphas. Hyoscyamine Sulphate. (C,H,3 N O3), H,S O, The neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from hyo- scyamus. Derivation. — Hyoscyamine is derived from hyoscyamus seed. The latter are treated with ether to extract fat, and then distilled with alcohol and sulphuric acid. The liquid residue is neutralized with caustic soda and precipitated with tannic acid. The precipitate is mixed with lime and extracted with alcohol. The resulting alcoholic solution is first treated with sulphuric acid, then with caustic soda, and HYOSCAMINE HYDROBROMIDE 389 finally willi fthpv, -which dissolves the ulkaloid. The latter is recovered by distillation. Properties. — White, indistinct crystals, or a white pow- der, without odor, and having a bitter, acrid taste. Deli- quescent in damp air. Soluble in 0.5 part of water, and in 2.5 parts of alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether or chloroform. i^ose.— H., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^- 3V (.001-.002). Hyoscyamin^ Hydrobromidum. Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide. C,,B.,^ O3H Br. (U. S. P.) The hydrobromide of an alkaloid obtained from hyo- scyamus. Properties. — A yellowish-white, amorphous, resin-like mass, or prismatic crystals, having, particularly when damp, a tobacco-like odor, and an acrid, nauseous and bitter taste. Deliquescent on exposure to the air. Soluble in about 0.3 part of water, 2 parts of alcohol, 3,000 parts of ether, or 250 parts of chloroform. Dose.—B.., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12); D., gr.^gV (.001-.002). HlosolN^ Hydrobromidum. Hyoscine Hydrobromide. Ci,H,,N 0,H Br. (U. S. P. & B. P.) The hydrobromide of an alkaloid obtained from hyo- scyamus. Properties. — Colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals; odorless and having an acrid, slightly biter taste. Perma- nent in the air. Soluble in 1.9 parts of water, and in 13 parts of alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether or chloro- form. . Z)ose.— H., gr.|-i (.001-.015); D., gr.^io-Tw (.0004-.0006). Action Internal. — The action of hyoscyamus is a resul- tant of that of its two alkaloids, hyoscine and hyoscyamine. The latter is practically atropine, except that its mydriatic action is shorter. Hyoscine, in poisonous doses, is a power- o90 VEGETABLE DKUGS fill depressant to the cerebrum, respiratory centre, spinal reflex centres, and motor tract. It differs from atropine in being a cerebral sedative, and in its greater paralyzant action upon the spinal cord. The tetanic stage succeeding spinal paralysis, observed in tropine poisoning, does not ensue with hyoscine. The latter alkaloid slightly depresses and slows the heart, and does not paralyze the vagus termi- nations, nor depress the motor and sensory nerves or muscles. The circulation is but slightly influenced, and vasomotor depression only occurs in the latter stage of lethal poisoning. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory centres. Poisoning in animals is exhibited by loss of muscular power, slowing and failure of respiration, dryness of the mouth, stupor and asphyxia. The pulse may be ■ infrequent, the pupils are dilated and the skin is moist rather than dry. Delirium and convulsions sometimes occur in man. The effect of the combined action of hyoscyamine and hyoscine in hyoscyamus is shown when we compare the drug with belladonna. Hyoscyamus is more of a cerebral sedative and hypnotic, and less of a heart and respiratory stimulant. It is said to possess more power in overcoming spasm, and grip- ing of cathartics, and in aiding intestinal movement. Hyoscyamus is also thought to exert a more pronounced an- tispasmodic action than belladonna upon the smooth muscles of the bladder and urethra. Uses. — Hyoscyamus is generally applicable in the same disorders for which belladonna is indicated. In relieving some sorts of spasm, hyoscyamus is more efficient than bella- donna, as in spasmodic colic, spasm of the bladder, and griping caused by cathartics. Tetanus, chorea, and epilep- tic convulsions in dogs, are benefited by henbane, but the drug does not possess a curative action. Hyoscyamine may be combined to advantage with strychnine, subcutaneously, in impaction of the bowels in horses. The former drug depresses the inhibitory nerve endings (splanchnic), and assists the stimulant action of strychnine upon the intestinal muscle. Repeated small doses of oil will facilitate peristal- sis in this condition. Hyoscine hydrobromide is indicated in spasmodic affections and in nervous and sexual excite- ment. It is a powerful drug and should be employed at the outset in small doses. To avoid contamination with hyo- scamine is difficult, and the preparation of Merck is to be INDIAN CANNABIS 391 recommended.* Hjoscine has not been employed to any extent in veterinary practice. It is used in human medicine as a hypnotic and sedative in mania and delirium of the insane. It causes no unpleasant after-effects. Cannabis Indica. Indian Cannabis. (U. S. & B. P.) The flowering tops of the female plant of the Cannabis sativa Linne (nat. ord. urticacese), grown in the East Indies. Synonym. — Indian hemp, E. ; chanvre indien, Fr. ; in- discher hanf, G. ; herba cannabis indicae, P. G. Haschisch is a confection of the drug. Arabian habi- tues of this preparation are frequently impelled by its in- fluence to deeds of violence. They are called " hascha- schins "; hence the English, assassins. Gunjab, or ganga, is the dried plant used in India for smoking. Churrus is the resin and epidermis scraped off the leaves. Bhang consists of the young leaves, flowering and fruiting tops and resin resulting from the first season's growth. Habitat. — The official cannabis is indigenous to Asia, but the common hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) grows in America and many other parts of the world. Description. — Branching, compressed, brittle, about 5 cm. or more long, with a few digitate leaves, having linear- lanceolate leaflets, and numerous, sheathing, pointed bracts, each containing two small pistillate flowers, sometimes with the nearly ripe fruit; the whole more or less agglutinated with a resinous exudation. It has a brownish-green color, a peculiar narcotic odor and a slightly acrid taste. Incompatibility. — Water precipitates the active resinous principles. Lemon juice and other vegetable acids are the most efficient antidotes. * Scopolamine is identical with hyoscine and is so named because obtained from Scopola atropoides. Scopolamine, or hyoscine, with morphine under the skin (after Korff ) have been employed to some extent as general anaesthetics in human surgery to replace ether or chloroform. Hyoscine (or scopolamine) is sometimes given to horses to aid the action of chloroform and prevent its excitement. One hour before operation gr. 1-6 to 1-3 may be injected under the skin for this purpose. To produce general anfesthesia in dogs, morphine is given with hyoscine in 2 doses— one 3 hours, and the other 15 minutes, before operation. Thus morphine, gr. ss., with hyoscine gr. 1-100, are injected subcutaneously for this purpose and will generally suffice for the performance of ordinary operations — although a few whiffs of ether may be required in addition. Dogs are comparatively insusceptible to scopolamine. It has been estimated by Bernardini that morphine may be given to the extent of gr. 1-fi to each 2.2 lbs. of live weight ; and hyoscine from gr. 1-iaO to gr. 1-15 to each 2.2 ll)s. live weight for dogs. 392 VEGETABLE DKUGS Constituents. — The active principle of cannabis indica is Cannabinol (O H COooHogC O H), a red oil or resin boiling at a high temperature, which apparently exerts the charac- teristic action (Marshall) of cannabis indica on man and animals. But the therapeutic value of the principle has not been sufficiently studied to enable it to be used as a substitute for the crude drug or its preparations. PREPARATIONS. Extractum Cannabis Indicce. Extract of Indian Cannabis. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and by evapora- tion to a pilular consistence. Dose.—H., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.J^-i. (.015-.06). Fluidextractum Cannabis Indicce, Fluidextract of Indian Cannabis. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation. The alcohol is distilled off from the last part of i!ie percolate, and the residue is dissolved in the first part (700 Cc), and enough alcohol is added to make 1 Cc. of the fluid extract equal 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose.—H., 3iv.-vi. (16.-34.); D., nii.-x. (.12-.6). Administration. — The extract is given in ball, pill, electuary or suppository ; or the fluid preparations may be used. Tinctura Cannabis Indicce, Tincture of Indian Cannabis. (U.S. &B. P.) Indian cannabis, 100; alcohol to make 1,000 Cc. Made by macera- tion and percolation. (U. S. P.) Dose.—D., TTixx.-xxx. (1.3-2.). Action External, — Cannabis indica exerts a considerable irritant action when applied to mucous membranes. This is followed by local anaesthesia. Action Internal, — Indian hemp is a distinct depressant to the functions of the brain and cord in poisonous doses, although therapeutically stimulating these organs in small quantities, and producing in man a kind of intoxication and mild delirium. The reflex activity of the spinal cord is primarily increased, but this is succeeded by diminution of reflex movement, and, after large doses, by anaesthesia and loss of voluntary motion. The sensory tract (centres and INDIAN CANNABIS 303 nerves) is depressed by considerable therapeutic doses. Our knowledge of the detailed physiological action of the drug is imperfect. The action of cannabis comes on slowly and continues for a long time. A horse receiving, under the direction of the writer, at the Harvard Veterinary Hospital, ^ ounce of the solid extract, became drowsy. Sleep after a few hours deepened into stupor, and stupor into coma. The respiration became slow, the pulse slightly accelerated, and the animal so anaesthetic that amputation of the penis was done on the following day without producing the slight- est pain or struggling. The animal had to be supported in slings, and only recovered after three days. Frequently neither constipation, anorexia, or other deleterious after- effects follow the action of this drug. The following are extracts from experiments of Muir* with cannabis indica : Gelding. 8 years old ; condition poor. Gave two doses of fluid extract (Park & Davis, normal liquid) undiluted of 12.5 cc. each (about 3 drachms) intra jugularly, twenty minutes apart. Became rapidly nervous and excitable, increased by sounds or touch. In half an hour from first dose he became sleepy and stupid. A third dose of 15 cc. (}y£ ounce) was injected into the jugular about an hour after the first and caused sweating and a sleepy condition, in which the animal jerked and twitched his head as if di'eaming. The temperature dropped to 96° F., and the sleepy state, alternating with excitement when annoyed, lasted three hours, when delirium supervened and continued for six hours, at which time all the symptoms disappeared. Pony, 575 pounds ; condition fair. Received 15 cc. (J^ ounce) of the fluid extract intravenously. In two minutes became delirious ; in ten minutes was asleep against stall. In half an hour fell to floor and slept there for eighteen hours and could not be aroused. Temperature fell to 92.5° F. Respiration regular; pulse from 42 to 30 during experiment. Gelding. 1050 pounds ; in good condition. Given 45 cc. of fluid extract intravenously. In three minutes rearing, kicking, snorting and going on like one mad. He ran back and forth along one side of his stall like a caged tiger with sweat rolling off him and cutting and bruising himself, being apparently anesthetic. He endeavored to bite Jour. Comp. Med, and Vet. Archives, April and May^ 1900. 394 VEGETABLE DKUGS or strike anyone approaching and remained delirious and excitable for twelve to twenty-four hours. Gelding, 650 pounds. 30 cc. of fluid extract injected into jugular. In four minutes became unsteady ; in twelve minutes he was asleep ; in half an hour he fell and so slept for eighteen hours. Temperature dropped to 91.8° F. from normal; the pulse was accelerated and th» respiration slightly so. Muii- deduces from his experiments that as much as 50 cc. ( 3 iss.) of the fluid extract may be given with safety intravenously. In the human being, cannabis induces very peculiar mental phenomena, including hallucinations, a sense of double consciousness, and great prolongation of time, so that minutes are drawn out into hours, and hours into days. Sometimes sexual excitement, exaltation, and hilariousness are exhibited ; at other times a dreadful premonition of im- pending death seizes the human subject. The drug is not fatal, except in colossal doses, but the effects may appear alarming. Intrajugular injection into a small dog, of five drachms of the fluid extract (10 minims of which proved active in man ) only caused death after several hours (Hare). Preparations of Indian hemp vary greatly in strength, many being entirely inert, and this fact constitutes one of the principal objections to its use. The practitioner is recommended to experiment until he secures a reliable preparation, and use no other thereafter. Uses. — Cannabis is indicated for the relief of: 1, pain; 2, spasm; 3, nervous irritability. It is not comparable to morphine as an analgesic, on account of the uncertainty and slowness of its action, and because anaesthesia is only pro- duced by an unwarrantably large dose. It is only superior to opium in not causing constipation, anorexia and indiges- tion, and is therefore sometimes given in colic to horses, for the relief of pain and spasm. The permanency of the action of Indian hemp suggests its use in conditions of long continued pain or spasm. In thirty-five cases of tetanus in the human being, treated with cannabis, twenty-one recovered and fourteen died. The results reported in veter- CAFFEINE 395 inary pi*actice have been almost as favorable ; over half the cases have recovered when subjected to this medication. Medication has, however, usually very little influence in tetanus. Recovery appears to be largely a matter of chance, even with antitoxin. Cannabis Indica is occasionally em- ployed as a sedative for irritable cough, and to relieve the spasms of chorea. Caffeina, Caffeine. CgHioN^Oj + H^O. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym.— Theme, guaranine, E.; coffein, G.; cafeine, Fr. A feebly basic, proximate principle, obtained from the dried leaves of Thea sinensis Linne (nat. ord. ternstroemia- cese), or from the dried seeds of Coffea arabica Linne (nat. ord. rubiaceaB), and found also in other plants. Habitat. — Indigenous to Africa, and cultivated in othei tropical countries. Derivation. — Crushed coffee is treated with successive portions of boiling water, and the resulting solution is precipitated with lead acetate and filtered. Hydrogen sul- phide decomposes the excess of lead acetate remaining in the filtrate. The latter is then concentrated by evaporation and neutralized with ammonia water. Caffeine crystallizes on cooling. The alkaloid is purified by charcoal and recrys- tallization. Properties. — Fleecy masses of long, flexible, white crys- tals, possessing a silky lustre, without odor, having a bitter taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in 80 parts ' of water, 33 parts of alcohol, 555 parts of -ether, or 7 parts of chloroform. Also soluble in about 2 parts of boiling water, and very soluble in boiling alcohol. Caffeine is neutral to litmus paper. Caffeine exists, curiously enough, as the active principle of the national non-alcoholic beverages in use all over the world. Coffee contains .0-2.2 per cent, of caffeine, together with glucose, fat, vegetable casein, tannic acid, and an empyreumatic oil developed by roasting, i. e., 39G VEGETABLE DRUGS caffeone. Tea contains 1.36-3. per cent, of caffeine, or tlieine, and also a volatile oil and tannic acid. Guarana (the seeds of Paullinia cupana) contains 4 tc 5 per cent, of caffeine ; mate, or Paraguay tea (the leaves of Ilex paraguayensis), contains .45-1.2 per cent. Caffeine is found in kola nut (the fruit of Sterculia acuminata), used as a beverage in Africa, and now as a nervous stimulant in human medicine, and is allied to theobromine, occuring in chocolate beans, and to cocaine, existing in coca leaves. Incompatibility. — Caffeine is incompatible with mercury salts, potassium iodide and tannic acid. /Xasv'.-H. and C, 3i--ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.-ss.-iii. (.03-.2), according to size. Caffeina Citrata. Citrated Caffeine. (U. S. P=) Derivation. — Dissolve citric acid (50) in hot, distillled water (100); add caffeine (50) and evaporate the resulting solution, on a water bath, to dryness, constantly stirring towards the end of the operation. Reduce the product to a fine powder and transfer it to well-closed bottles. Properties. — A white powder, odorless, having a purely acid taste and acid reaction. One part of citrated caffeine forms a clear, syrupy solution, with about 3 parts of water. Upon dilution with water this yields a white precipitate (caffeine), which redissolves when about 25 parts of water have been added. It is also soluble in a mixture of two volumes of chloroform and 1 volume of ether. Dose.—B.., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.); D., gr.i.-vi. (.06-.36). Action Internal. — Caffeine has no particular action upon the digestive tract, except in large quantities, when it may cause gastro-intestinal irritation. The effect of caffeine and raw coffee is identical, but when the latter is roasted, aroma- tic oils, or an empyreumatic oil, are developed (caffeone). It is impossible to separate completely the action of caffeine from caffeone in boiled coffee. Recent investigations appear to show that the oil (caffeone), of which there is from one to CAFFEINE 397 one-half drachm in a cup of the beverage, has no physiolo- gical action except to disturb digestion and cause bilious- ness. This result is not in accord with the general belief, and it is probable that caffeine possesses a transient action in stimulating intestinal peristalsis, the cerebral functions, and in lessening vascular tension. Circulation. — Caffeine stimulates the heart muscle and vasomotor centres. The action of the heart is strengthened and accelerated after moderate doses in most cases. Some- times the stimulating action on the vagus 'centre overcomes that on the heart and the pulse is somev^hat slowed. Blood tension is enhanced. In poisoning the pulse becomes weak and irregular and the heart stops in diastole. Nervous System. — Caffeine is a certain and direct stim- ulant to the higher nervous centres. In moderate doses it produces wakefulness and restlessness (action of tea and coffee at night on man), and increases the capacity for mental and physical work (see muscles). In the lower ani- mals caffeine often causes the most intense cerebral excite- ment and mania in large doses. The alkaloid affects the spinal cord like strychnine, and toxic quantities produce restlessness, increased reflex excitability and convulsions in the lower animals. It is undetermined whether the convul- sions are of cerebral or spinal origin. The motor and sensory nerves are unaffected by medicinal doses. Caffeine opposes the depressant action of opium and alcohol. It antagonizes alcohol in stimulating the highest or controlling functions of the brain, the reasoning faculties, perception of sensory impressions and association of ideas, and greater accuracy of touch and capacity for physical exertion. Muscles. — The injection of caffeine solution into a frog's leg causes a stiffness and hardness of the muscles like that seen in rigor mortis. On muscle fibres, removed from the body, it acts in the same way by coagulating the muscle pro- teids. In small quantities in the body it acts to stimulate the ability of the muscle to contract and its capacity and en- durance for work. The action of tea and coffee, in enabling men to perform more physical work, has hitherto betn ascribed to the action of caffeine on the nervous system, but is now attributed to its effect on the muscles themselves. Kidneys. — The kidneys primarily contract for two or , three minutes with corresponding diminution in the flow of 398 VEGETABLE DRUGS urine, after the subcutaneous injection of small doses of caffeine. This effect is independent of the general vascular condition, and is followed by an increase in the volume of the kidneys, with accompanying augmentation of the urinary secretion, as shown by experiments with Roy's oncometer. The renal cells are directly stimulated, and it is thought that caffeine also increases the blood supply of the malpighian bodies. The drug is therefore a local diuretic and (with theobromine) is the most efficient and powerful. ^o other drug can produce such a flow of urine. Respiration. — The respiratory centres are stimulated (along with the vagus and vasomotor) by caffeine in mod- erate doses, and depressed by toxic amounts. Metabolism. — Caffeine increases tissue change and therefore the elimination of urea and carbonic dioxide — con- trary to the time honored teaching. Toxicology. — Caffeine is a spinal and muscle poison to the frog. Tetanic convulsions occur in the batrachian sim- ilar to those produced by strychnine, but there is also mus- cular rigidity. These phenomena follow the direct stimula- tion of the spinal motor tract and muscles, and are succeeded by paresis. In man, stimulation of the cerebral cortex oc- curs, while both stimulation of the brain and cord are ob- served in the domestic animals. The symptoms of poison- ing in dogs, cats and mammals generally, are restlessness, occasionally vomiting in dogs, rapid breathing, primary re- duction followed by rise in temperature, clonic or tonic convulsions, muscular weakness, and general paresis. Death occurs from respiratory failure. Tllie minimum fatal dose is about 1 gr. to 1 lb. of live weight in the cat. Administration. — Caffeine and its ordinary salts are decomposed by water and therefore should not be 'given sub- cutaneously. The alkaloid is best administered in solution with sodium salicylate, or benzoate, for use under the skin as folloAvs : — Caffeinse gr.xl. Sodii salicylatis gr.xxx. Aquae 3 i. M. S. Give fifteen drops hypodermically to horse. Three drops to dog. or: — CAFFEINE 399 Caffeinae Sodii bensoinatis aa gr.xv. Aquae ni,xlv. M. S. Give one-half, under the skin, to horse. The soluble citrate may be given internally, but it is not a definite or reliable ^preparation, and inferior to caffeine, which may be administered in solution with a little citric acid, or as above. Uses. — Three indications for the use of caffenie may be deduced from our knowledge of its physiological action. 1. To stimulate the brain. 2. To stimulate the heart. 3. To cause diuresis. 1. Its application as a cerebral stimulant is very lim- ited in veterinary medicine. It acts thus as an antidote to opium poisoning. One and a half grains of caffeine will save cats poisoned by the minimum fatal dose (gr. 1^) of mor- phine. 2. Caffeine possesses particular value in the treatment of dropsy of cardiac origin in dogs, because of its diuretic action, as well as stimulant effect upon the heart. The therapeutic indications are much the same as for digitalis, but caffeine differs from digitalis in the following particu- lars : Does not prolong diastole. Is not cumulative. Does not slow the heart. More transient in its effect. Nor regulate the heart. Caffeine, in combination with acetanilid and other modern coal tar products, is useful in preventing their de- pressing action upon the heart. Furthermore, caffeine, tea and coffee are serviceable in the treatment of acute asthenic diseases in the horse (influenza), dog (distemper), and in foals and calves, acting as nervous and cardiac stimulants and perhaps restraining tissue waste. 3. Diuretic pio})erty of caffeine renders it appro- priate in aiding the absorption of pleuritic effusion, ascites, and dropsies, particularly of cardiac and renal origin, and in the hepatic form as well. 400 VEGETABLE DRUGS SECTION II. —DRUGS ACTING ON THE SPINAL CORD. Class 1. — Stimulating the Inferior Cornua. Nux Vomica. Nux Vomica. (U. S. e;irt is caused by depression of the cardio-inhibitory * Refers to use' of strqng soiutions. ' Cocaine applied locally to the eye stimu- lates the endings of th« sympathetic nerve and dilates the pupil, constricts the blood vessels of the conjuhctiva and iris, ahd causes some exophthalmos and reduction of intraocular tension. -. • COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE . 433 centres, and sometimes as well by depression of the' cardiac inliibitory ganglia. Vas6nlar tension is increased' because of stifnulation of the medullary Vasomotor centre's, smooth inuscle, of the vessel walls, .and because of the increased ac.tion of ;the heart. On the oSHer hand, both minute and large doses may diminish the pulse rate.; 'Respiration. — Cocaine ..is a;, respiratory stimulant in ^ medicinal doses, but a paralyzant in toxic amounts. The respiratory centres are first stimulated and the breathing is made deeper and quicker. , Depression and paralysis of the respiratory centres .fojlow ; cyanosis supervenes, and the respirations are shallow and irregular. • Death occurs from asphyxia. ,' ' ■ , ■ , •• Temperature. — The body hea£ is elevated, sometimes to an excessive degree, by poisonous dOses of cocaine. Medi- cinal dose$ doVnOt affect the temperature. The rise of tem- perature isi said to follow .increased heat production. • Kidneys.— The greater part of the cocaine absorbed is oxidized withijn the body. The smaller part is eliminated by the kidneys.- Experimental- evidence concerning the influence of the alkaloid upon the isecretion and composition of the urine is conflicting and indefinite. Toxicology. T-M.odev able: doses' produce in dogs mental exhilaration and joyousness, so^that they bark and jump about with deljight. ' Poisoning with large doses (gr.^ of cocaine to 2 lbs. of live weight) may be divided into three stages. In the first stage, there is restlessness, anxiety and terror, with rhythmical movements. Noises frighten the animal and he fails to recognize his master. The second stage is characterized by a joyous, condition, in which dogs bark, dance about and lick people's hands. In the third stage, weakness and nervous' phenomena appear, — as mus- cular twitching, rhythmical movements, a pendulum-like motion of the head, convulsions and stupor. There is dys- pnoea, feeble pulse and failing respiration.. In an experiment upon a Newfoundland dog, weighing about 100 lbs., con- ducted by the writer,;there were sium acetate and nitre. See Dropsy, section on treatment. STROPHANTHUS 453 4.. The use of digitalis in large doses as an antipyretic in fevers is not without danger and is inadvisable. STROPHANTHUS. Strophanthus, (U. S. &B. P.) The seed of Stvophanthus Koinbe Oliver (nat. ord. Apocyuaceae), deprived of its long awn. Habitat. — Tropical Africa. There are eighteen species, and the seeds from at least two are found in commerce. This has led to some confusion, as the chemical and physio- logical properties of their different products vary to some extent. Description. — About 15 Mm. long and 4 or 5 Mm. broad ; oblong-lanceolate, flattened and obtusely edged, grayish- green, covered with appressed, silky h;iir, one side with a ridge extending into the attenuated, pointed end ; kernel white and oily, consisting of a straight embryo, having two thin cotyledons, and surrounded by a thin layer of peris- perm ; nearly inodorous ; taste very Ijitter. Constituents. — The chief one is (1) Strophanthin, C31 H^g O12 (8-10 per cent.), a glucoside occurring in white or faintly yellowish crystalline powders, and having a very bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol, and insoluble in chloroform or ether. Decomposed by sulphuric acid into glucose and strophanthidin. Strophanthin is said to be contained only in S. Komb6. It varies in composition and strength and decomposes in solution. (2) Kombic acid. (3) An alkaloid, Ineine. (4) Tanghinin, occurring in rhombic prisms. PREPARATION. Tinctura Strophanthi. Tincture of Strophanthus. (XT. S. &B. P.) Made by digestion and percolation of strophanthus (100) with alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., mii-x. (.12-.6). The minimum doses should be used at first, since preparations vary in strength. 454 VEGETABLE DRUGS Strophanthinum. Stroplianthin. (U. S. P.) Dose.-B.., gr.|4 (.012-.03) ; D., gr.^-J^ (.0006-.001), The glucoside is not always pure and the dose is uncertain and must be given with caution. Action External. — Strophanthus is a local anaesthetic. Action Internal. — Strophanthus is a gastro-inte'stinal irritant in large doses, like digitalis, and produces violent purging and sometimes vomiting. On account of its bitter qualities it may act in small mediciual doses as a stomachic, improving appetite and stimulating gastric secretion and motion. Circulation. — The action of strophanthus on the circula- tion is very similar to that of digitalis, but it is a more powerful and uncertain heart stimulant and produces less vascular constriction. By its influence the heart beats are made more forcible, infrequent and regular. Diastole is prolonged and systole is strengthened but unaltered in time. Arterial tension is raised and the pulse wave is increased in volume and force. The physiological details are not so well ascertained as are those of digitalis, but -it is known that strophanthus directly stimulates the heart muscle in moder- ate doses. The vessels are slightly contracted, but not nearly as much so as by digitalis. Increased blood pressure results mainly from the augmented heart's action. In poisoning, the peripheral vagi are paralyzed and vascular tension falls, owing probably to tetanic contraction of the ventricles. The heart is arrested in systole or diastole. Nervous System. — 3Iuscles and Respiration. — Strophan- thus is a powerful muscle poison. Therapeutic doses increase muscular activity and tone, while toxic quantities paralyze voluntary muscles. Medicinal doses not only stimulate the voluntary muscles, but also the unstriped muscle of the heart, and to some extent that of the vessel walls. The nerve centres and trunks are unaffected except by the local application of strophanthus, which paralyzes CONVALLARIA 455 the sensory nerve endings and muscular tissue. The respira- tion is uninfluenced by therapeutic doses of strophanthus, but in poisoning death sometimes takes place from respiratory failure following paralysis of the respiratory muscles. Kidneys. — The kidneys are irritated by large doses of strophanthus and the urine is albuminous. Inflammation of the renal tubules with minute hsemorrhages are found post mortem. The renal vessels are not dilated, and the oncometer shows that the size of the kidney is not increased. The drug stimulates the secretory cells of the renal tubules and causes diuresis directly as well as indirectly by increasing general blood pressure. The active principle is eliminated in the urine. A cumulative action in the lower animp,ls and in man has been noted by several observers. Uses Interned. — In general, it may be stated that the indications for strophanthus are identical with those for digitalis, but the former is not so certain in its effects. It is of value as a substitute for digitalis when this medicine is not well borne, and to replace digitalis temporarily in order to avoid its cumulative action. On account of the stimulant and diuretic properties of strophanthus, it is useful in mitral disease, cardiac dropsy, pericardial and pleural effu- sions, pulmonary oedema, and chronic nephritis ; but in heart disease digitalis should be tried first. CoNVALLARiA. Convallaria. (IT. S. P.) Synonym. — Lily of the Valley, E.; muguet, Fr. The rhizome and roots of Convallaria majalis Linne (nat. ord. Liliaceae). Habitat. — United States, in the Alleghany Mountains, Europe and northern Asia. Description. — Of horizontal growth and somewhat branched ; about 3 Mm. thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, whitish, marked with few circular scars ; at the annulate joint with about 8 or 10 long thin roots ; fracture somewhat fibrous, 450 VEGETABLE DRUGS white; odor peculiar, pleasant; taste sweetish, bitter and somewhat acrid. Constituents. — Two glucosides ; (1) Convallamariii {G^^^^ Ojj), the active principle. A white powder, having a sweet, bitter taste, and soluble in water and alcohol. (2) Conval- larin (Cj^H^iOi,), occurring in prismatic crystals, soluble in alcohol, sparingly in water, and insoluble in ether. A purgative. PREPARATION. Fluidextractum Convallarice. Fluidextract of Convallaria. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose.— H. & C, 3i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., tti,v.-x. (.3-.6). Action and Uses Internal. — Convallaria, by virtue of convallamarin, resembles digitalis in its action on the heart, vessels and kidneys, but is not so reliable and powerful. The indications for its use are the same as those for digitalis. In some cases it is successful where the latter drug has failed. Occasionally purging has resulted owing to the con- vallarin in convallaria. The fatal dose of convallamarin is stated by Marme to be gr. | to ^, (.015-.03) for dogs, and yet the dose recommended in veterinary text books is gr. |^ to 2 (.03-.12). The glucoside is not a pure principle and there- fore varies in strength. For this reason the dose is uncertain and its use undesirable. SoiLLA. Squill. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Squills, E. ; meerzwiebel, G. ; scille, squille, Fr.; bulbus scill^e, P. G. The bulb of Urginea maritima (Linne) Baker (nat. ord, Liliacese), deprived of its dry, membranaceous outer scales, and cut into thin slices, the central portions being rejected. Habitat. — Southern Europe, on the shores of the Medi- terranean. Description. — In narrow segments about 5 cm. long, slightly translucent, yellowish-white or reddish, brittle and SQUILL 457 pnlverizable when dry ; tougli and flexible after exposure to damp air ; inodorous ; taste mucilnginous, bitter and acrid. Constituents. — Various active principles have been recovered, but it is doubtful if any completely represent the action of the drug. All possess some poisonous properties. Merck sells three substances derived from squill : (1) Scil- litoxin, a glucoside. (2) Scillipicrin. (3) Scillin. In addi- tion, the drug contains mucilage. SquRl Dose.—R., 3 i.-ii- (4.-8.) ; C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) ; Sh., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). PREPARATIONS. Fluidextr actum Scillce. Fluidextract of Squill. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and evapoi'ation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. Dose.— H., li.-ii. (4.-8.); C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh., ttlxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); D., TTLi.-v. (.06-.3). Tinctura Sciirce. Tincture of Squill. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation of squill, 100; witli alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose— H., : vi.- 1 i.ss. (24.-45.) ; C, 3 i.ss.-iii. (45.-90.) ; Sh., 3 i.ss.-iii. (6.-12.); D., TTiv.-xxx. (.3-2.). Syrupus SciUoi. Syrup of Squill. (U. S. & B. F ) Made by boiling and filtering vinegar of squill, 450 ; adding sugar, 800 ; straining and adding water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H., 3SS. (15.); D., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.). Incompatible with ammonium carbonate. Syrupus Scillce Compositus. Compound Syrup of Squill. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Coxe's Hive Syrup. Fhiidextract of squill. 80; fluid- extract of senega. 80; antimoniuin and potassium tartrate, 2; purified talc, 20; sugar, 750; water to make 1000. Dose.— D., Tilv.-xxx. (.3-2.). Pil. Ipecachuanhae cum Scilla. (B. P.) Contains 5 per cent, opium. Dogs, gr.ii.-viii. The compound syrup (U. S. P.), or the pill of ipecac with squill (B. P.), are good cough remedies for dogs. Action Internal. — Gastro-intestinal Tract. — Therapeutic doses do not exert any effect, but toxic quantities cause 458 VEGETABLE DRUGS vomiting and purging in clogs, with fall of temperature, stupor, intermittent paralysis, convulsions, suppression or scanty secretion of bloody urine, and death within 12 or 15 hours. Lesions of gastro-enteritis and congestion of the kidneys are found after death. Circulatio:i. — The action of squill on the heart and vessels is practically identical with that of digitalis. Be^piration.—CliwicnX experience, rather than physio- logical experiments, has shown that squill acts as an expect- orant during its elimination from the bronchial mucous membrane, thereby increasing secretion and vascularit}'. KidneTjs. — Squill is eliminated mainly by the kidneys, and in its excretion directly stimulates them and increases the amount of urine. In toxic doses it produces acute pai-enchymatous nephritis and urinary suppression. Squill is a more powerful diuretic than digitalis. Uses Internal. — Squill is useful in ascites of dogs, result- ing from valvular lesions or otherwise, to stimulate the heart and cause diuresis. It may be given to advantage in pill with digitalis, calomel, and extract of hyoscyamus — one grain of each. Small doses of squill are often exhibited to dogs in the second stage of acute bronchitis, and occasion- ally to horses, as an expectorant; and in large doses as an emetic for dogs in the form of the simple or compound syrup. The drug is indicated in bronchitis with scanty secretion, or when exudation is excessive to improve the tone of the bronchial mucous membrane. Class 2. — Decreasing the Force and Frequency of the Heart. AcoNiTUM. Aconite. Synonym. — Aconiti radix, B.P.; racine d'aconit, Fr.; tubera aconiti, P. G.; eisenhutknollen, G. The tuber of Aconitum Napellus Linne (nat. ord. Ranunculacefe).* Habitat. — Northwestern North America, Europe and Asia in mountainous regions, and cultivated in the United States for its showy flowers. * Should yield not less than 0.5 per cent, of aconitlne. ACONITE 459 JDescnptmi. — From 10 to 20 Mm. thick at the crown ; conically contracted below ; from 50 to 75 Mm. long, with scars or fragments of radicles ; dark brown externally, whitish internally, with a rather thick bark ; the central axis about seven-rayed ; without odor ; taste at first sweetish, soon becoming acrid and producing a sensation of tingling and numbness which lasts for some time. Constituents. — The alkaloid representing the action of the drug is aconitine (Cg^H^.NOn), which is precipitated by ammonia from an aqueous solution of an alcoholic extract of the root of various species. It is a colorless, crystalline, or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, and soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether, and 1 part of chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. Commercial preparations vary in purity and strength, and since it is extremely poisonous (an Indian arrow poison) its internal administration is undesirable. Pseudo-aconitine (CjeHjgNOu), aconine (CoeHjgNOu), and other alkaloids in com- bination with aconitic acid (CgHgOg), have been obtained Iro.i aconite, bat their identity and chemistry are uncertain. Aconite Dose. — H. & C, gr.iii-xx. (.2-1.3) ; D., gr.-^-ii. (.006-. 12). Aconitinoi Nitras. (Squibb.) Subcutaneously. Hi, gr. Jff (.002) ; D., gr.^-^^^ (.0003-.0006). ACONITINA. Aconitine. (U. S. & B. P.) Occurs in colorless or white rhombic tables or prisms, possessing no odor, and permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water. Aconitine often contains a considerable proportion of aconine and benzaconine, and so varies in activity, which is a* great objection to the use of one of the most powerful drugs known. (Vid. supra). PREPARATIONS. Tinctura Aconiti. Tincture of Aconite. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Teinture de racine d'aconit. Fi-. ; eisenhuttinktur, G. Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; with alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.—B.., TTlxx.-3i. (1.3-4.): C, 3 ss.-i.as. (2.-6.); Sh. & Sw., mx.-xx. (.6-1.3); D., mii.-x. (.12-.6). 460 VEGETABLE DRUGS Fluidextractum Aconiti. Fluidextract of Aconite. (U. S.P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and v.ater, and evaporation, so that 1 ce. = 1 gra. of the crude drug. Dose. — U. & C, miii-xx. (.2-1.3); D., Tlll/10-ii. (.006-.12). Vnguentum Aconitince. (B. P. ) (2 per cent.) Linimentum Aconiti. (B. P.) Fleming's Tincture. (Non-ofFicial.) (79 per cent.)] i)ose.— H., TTlvii.-xv. (.5-1.); D., THHi. (.015-.12). ACONITE AND ACONITINE. Action External. — Aconite or aconitine applied to mucous membranes, raw surfaces or the unbroken skin, irri- tates and then paralyzes the nerves of touch and temperature. This is evidenced in the human subject by a sensation of tingling and burning, followed by numbness and local annes- thesia. Action Internal. — Digestive 'Tract. — Aconite in medi- cinal doses has no special effect on the digestive organs. Toxic doses produce nausea and retching, and, in animals capable of the act, vomiting. Circulation.- — The chief therapeutic value of aconite depends upon its influence over the heart and vessels. It reduces both the force and frequency of the cardiac pulsa- tions and lowers blood tension owing to stimulation of the vagus centre in the medulla. This is the chief effect of aconite on the circulation in medicinal doses. In fatal pois- oning by the drug, however, the action of the heart becomes rapid and irregular. The time of contraction of the auricles does not correspond with ventricular contraction, and the lack of rhythm and irregularity increase until the heart is thrown into delirium. Depending on this condition of the heart, the blood pres- sure is naturally subject to momentary variations. The rapidity and irregularity of the heart are due to stimulation ACO?>ITE 461 of the cardiac muscle and paralysis of the peripheral vagus endings occurring simultaneously. The vasomotor system is not influenced by medicinal doses, but the blood pressure is lowered through the slowing of the heart beats, prolonged diastole, and lessened systolic contractions. In poisoning there is paralysis of the vaso- motor centres. The heart is arrested in diastole, but death immediately results from respiratory failure. Nervous System. — The most striking effect of aconite on the nervous system (in man) consists in tingling followed by loss of sensation and temperature sense after large medi- cinal doses. This phenomenon is due to stimulation succeeded by depression of the sensory nerve terminations. The drug is not comparable with opium, since doses large enough to produce a general anodyne action are dangerous. Poisonous doses of aconite cause muscular twitching and loss of motor power, which result from excitation, and finally paralysis of the motor nerve endings. Convulsions occur in poisoning. These are thought to follow stimulation of the medulla as the higher cerebral centres are often un- impaired. Stimulation and then depression of the lower divisions of the nervous s^^stem — especially the medulla and peripheral sensory and motor nerves — describe the general effect of aconite. Its influence over the cord is uncertain. Respiration. — Tlie breathing of animals under the in- fluence of aconite resembles that observed after section of the vagi. The respiration is slow and labored ; the expira- tion is prolonged, and is succeeded by a considerable interval before the next inspiration. This condition is brought about by depression of the medullary respiratory centres. Temperature. — The bodily heat is reduced by aconite in fever, after medicinal doses, and in poisoning by the drug. Vascular dilatation, retarded circulation, and therefore heat dissipation, probably explain the antipyretic action. Slx'in. — Aconite sometimes produces slight diajihoresis. The cause of this action is unknown. 462 VEGETABLE DRUGS Kidneys and Elimination. — The urinary flow is some- wliat increased, especially in fever. The cause is uncertain. Aconitine is eliminated in the urine. Toxicology. — The minimum fatal dose of aconite is about 3 i. for the horse ; gr.xx. for medium sized dogs ; and gr.v.-vi. for cats. The smallest fatal dose recorded in man is a tea- spoonful of tincture of aconite, equivalent to about gr.xxx. of the crude drug. The minimum lethal quantity of aconitine is gr.j^ for man, and about the same for cats. For dogs it is from gr.| to gr.^. The writer has found that cats will live from fifteen minutes to half an hour after receiving the smaller deadly doses under the skin, but large doses produce death immediately by paralyzing the heart. Large thera- peutic doses cause, in horses, restlessness, pawing the ground, shaking of the head, champing of the jaws, increased secretion of salivary mucus, and attempts at swallowing, probably owing to the peculiar sense of irritation produced by the drug in the throat. Nausea and retching are observed in all animals, while vomiting occurs in dogs and cats. The pulse and respiration are weakened and generally retarded. After lethal doses these symptoms are intensified. We observe violent retching, frequent and difficult attacks of swallowing, ejection of frothy mucus from the mouth, copious sweating in horses ; pulse first weak and infrequent, later rapid, running and. almost imperceptible; respiration slow, interrupted, and shallow, and reduction of tempera- ture. Death is preceded by muscular twitchings in the horse and loss of strength, so that the subject falls and is unable to rise ; or in the case of cats and rabbits, the animals jump vertically into the air, topple over backwards and go into convulsions, lying helpless on their side. The labial muscles are retracted and the lips drawn back, showing the teeth covered with foam. The face is anxious, the eyeballs are retracted or protruded, and the pupils more commonly dilated. Death takes place usually from asphyxia, occasion- ally from syncope. The post-mortem tippearances are simply those resulting from asphyxia. ACONITE 463 Treatment — Evacuate the stomacli by pump or siphon. Emetics are contraindicated as disturbing the heart. Car- diac and respiratory stimulants are to be given subcutane- ously, as alcohol, ammonia, ether, tincture of digitalis, atropine and strychnine, in addition to inhalation of amyl nitrite. The patient must be kept quiet, and artificial respiration done if practicable and necessary. Experimental and clinical evidence abundantly prove the antagonism of digitalis as an antidote in stimulating the heart, even when it has stopped beating, in aconite poisoning. Uses External. — Aconite may be applied in the official liniment (fluid extract of aconite, 40 ; chloroform liniment, 60) to relieve pain of an inflammatory, neuralgic, or rheu- matic character; or as aconitine in ointment (2-4 per cent.) for the same purposes. Aconitine is very expensive, how- ever. Care must be exercised to prevent undue absorption and poisoning. Uses Internal. — Aconite fills certain indications which no other drug does. It is useful in fever because : 1. It diminishes the force and frequency of the heart. 2. It causes arterial relaxation and equalizes the circu- lation ; i.e., it allows the blood to flow away from congested areas into dilated peripheral vessels. It is not so powerful as veratrum viride. 3. It lowers temperature and produces sweating and diuresis. 4. It relieves pain and restlessness to some extent. Aconite is particularly applicable, conjoined with sweet spirit of nitre, in the first stages of febrile diseases ; in those attacking the young ; and in those of self-limited and short duration, viz., coryza, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, bronchitis and pneumonia uncomplicated with influenza. It is also indicated in the initial period of acute muscular rheumatism, enteritis and peritonitis (combined with opium), and in mammitis, lymphangitis, and laminitis. Spasmodic and painful disorders, as colic, are relieved more success- 464 VEGETABLE DRUGS fully by powerful anodynes and antispasmodics (opium and belladonna). In chronic or long continued fevers, the use of aconite should not be persisted in, but it should be given at the very outset of fevers and repeated frequently in small doses. TtXxv. for the horse, and TTLii. for the dog, every fifteen min- utes for two hours, and afterwards TIXxxx. for the horse and TTtiii. for the dog, hourly, being governed, however, by the condition of the pulse and temperature -and the physiolo- gical effects. Aconite is a liseful sedative in some cardiac disturbances. It quiets nervous palpitation, and that form resulting from hypertrophy of the heart. It can be admin- istered to advantage in the first stages of acute pericarditis and endocarditis. Vekatrum. Veratrum.* Synoiiym. — Veratri viridis rhizoma, B. P. ; veratrum viride, American hellebore, green hellebore root, Indian poke root, E. ; griiner germer, G. veratri albi rhizoma, white helle- bore root, E. The rhizome and roots of Veratrum viride Aiton or Veratrum album Linne (nat. ord Liliacejv). Description. — lihizome upright, obconical, simple or divided, from 3 to 8 Cm. long and 2 to 4 or 5 Cm. thick ; externally blackish -gray, internally grayish-wdiite ; showing numerous short, irregular Avood-bundlcs. Roots emanating from all sides of the rhizome, numerous, shrivelled, light yellowish-browm ; about 10 to 20 Cm. long and 2 Mm. thick. Inodorous, but strongly sternutatory when powdered ; taste . bitterish and very acrid. Constituents. — 1. Veratrine (C32ll49J^O„), a pure alkaloid. 2. Jervine (C26lI;^-XO;j), a pure alkaloid. 3. An impure alkaloid, veratroidine, a mixture of rubijerv- ine and an inert resin. 4. Pseudojervine. 5. Rubijervine. 5. A resin, a gastro-intestinal irritant. VeratruniDose.—R. & C, 5 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-xxx. (1.3-2.) ; D., 1-10-i. (.006-.06). *Great confusion exists concerning the alkaloids in veratrum be- cause writers apply different names to the same alkaloids. VEEATRUM 463 PREPARATIONS. Fluidextractum Veratri, Fluidex-tract of Veratrum. (U. S. P.) Made hj maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporation, *o that 1 cc. =1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose.—B.. & C, 3ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. &S\v., mxx.-xxx. (1.3.2.); D., ni^Vi- (.006-.06). Tinctura Veratri. Tincture of Veratrum. . (U. S. &B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation of veratruni viride, 100 ; and alcohol to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H. & C, §ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8,-15.); D., TTIV.-XV. (.3-1.) JERYTNE. Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Large doses cause salivation, but have little eflfect on the stomach or bowels. Circulation. — Jervine is a powerful depressant to the heart muscle, its contained ganglia, and the vasomotor centres. Large doses, therefore, weaken and slow the pulse and lower vascular tension. Eespiration. — The alkaloid is also a profound respira- tory depressant, and death occurs from asphyxia in poison- ing, the heart continuing to beat after cessation of breathing. Nervous System. — In poisoning b}^ jervine, animals exhibit muscular tremors and weakness, and finally fall from loss of muscular power. Lying prostrate on the grouncl in a paralytic state, they are attacked by clonic con- vulsions. The paralysis is attributable to depression of the cells of the inferior cornua, while the convulsions are due to disturbance of the cerebral circulation, or stimulation of the cerebral motor tract. The muscles and nerves are unaffected by jervine, but there is partial anaesthesia of spinal origin observed just before death. VERATROIDINE. Action Internal. — The alkaloid is a decided gastro-intes- tinal irritant and produces vomiting in animals capable of the act, and often purging. 4:GQ VEGETABLE DRUGS Circulation. — Veratroidine mainly influences tlie cardiac inhibitory apparatus. When artificial respiration is practised, so that the effect of the substance on the respiratory centres will not overcome the action on the circulation, it is found that the alkaloid slows the heart's action in moderate doses by stimulating the pneumogastric centres. Large toxic doses, on the other hand, paralyze the vagus nerve endings in the heart, and the cardiac pulsations therefore become very frequent. The vasomotor centres are uninfluenced by ordinary quantities of veratroidine. Respiration. — The depressing action of veratroidine on the respiratory functions is more marked than that exerted on the heart, so that, unless artificial respiration is sustained, asphyxia supervenes, and this leads to vasomotor spasm and great rise of blood pressure. Death ensues from respiratory failure. Nervous System. — The influence of veratroidine upon the nervous system is similar to that of jervine, but the spasmodic phenomena are not so prominent. VERATRUM. Action Internal. — The action of the drug is a resultant of the action of veratrine*, jervine and veratroidine. Circulation. — The most noteworthy therapeutic value of veratrum viride depends upon its effect on the circulation. It first lowers the force (jervine), and, if continued, the fre- quency (veratrine*, protoveratrine*, veratroidine and jer- vine) of the pulse, and also reduces vascular tension (jervine). Veratrum is considerably more powerful than acouite, which depresses the action of the heart, but does not directly lessen arterial action. Veratrum is, however, inferior to aconite for general purposes, as it does not possess the anodyne, diarphoretic, or diuretic properties peculiar to the latter drug. The temperature is reduced several degrees by large doses of veratrum. Toxicology. — The symptoms exhibited in veratrum poisoning are : salivation, vomiting, or attempts at vomiting, * See p. 468. VERATRUM 467 purging, abdominal pain, muscular weakness, dijQficultj in progression, loss of power and general paralysis, muscular tremors and spasms, and occasionally convulsions. The pulse is unaltered in rate at first, but later becomes infrequent and compressible and finally rapid, thread-like and running. The respiration is shallow, the temperature reduced, the skin is cold and clammy ; there is semi-consciousness, loss of sight and death from asphyxia. Treatment should be pursued with cardiac and respira- tory stimulants, as amyl nitrite (by inhalation), alcohol, strychnine and atropine ; tannic acid as a chemical antidote ; opium to subdue pain ; and demulcents to relieve local irrita- tion of the digestive tract. Warm water should be given the smaller animals to wash out the stomach and to assist vomi- tion, and quietude should be enforced. In man, fatal poison- ing is rare, since the drug is sj)ontaneously vomited. The same would probably apply to dogs. Recovery has ensued in horses after ingestion of two ounces of veratrum root. Administration. — It is advisable to give small doses of the tincture or fluid extract hourly. In the case of the smaller patients, the dose should be preceded by the ad- ministration of a correspondingly small dose of laudanum (T[\,v.-x.) to prevent vomiting. Uses Internal. — The alkaloids of veratrum are difficult to obtain in their purity, and are not used in practice. The drug is applicable as a circulatory sedative at the outset of sthenic diseases afflicting strong, plethoric ani- mals. Veratrum bleeds an animal into its own vessels by causing vascular dilatation. The indications are similat to those applying to venesection, and are therefore limited. In some cases of acute diseases, included within the limits defined above, it may prove of the utmost service to cut short or even abort the attack. In- this list may be placed sthenic pneumonia, cerebritis, laminitis, puerperal fever, and, when veratrum is combined with opium to obviate stimulation of peristaltic action, 468 VEGETABLE DRUGS enteritis, peritontis, and abdominal wounds and injuries. Veratrum is said to relieve pain, lower temperature and lessen the duration of acute rheumatic fever. Veratrum Album.* Synonym. — Veratri albi rhizoma, white hellebore root, E. Habitat. — Europe (used on the continent). Constituents. — 1. Protoveratrine (C32H51NO11), an alkaloid acting like veratrine on the heart. 2. Jervine, 3. Rubijervine. 4. Pseudojervine and other alkaloids. The Germans recommend it to be given as an emetic to swine, in milk, gr.v.xx. (.3-1.3), and as an emetic to cattle, 5 iv.-vi. (16.-24.). Its use is, however, attended with some danger in these doses. Veratrina. Veratrine.f (U. S. & B. P.) A mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seed of Asagrsea officinalis (Schlechtendal et Chamisso) Lindley (nata. ord. Liliacese). (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Obtained from the seed by alcohol, which is recovered by distillation, and the residue is treated with water to precipitate resins ; filtered, and veratrine is precipi- tated from the filtrate by ammonia. It is further purified by solution in water, decolorization, and reprecipitation. Properties. — A white, or grayish-white, amorphous, or semi-crystalline powder ; odorless, but causing intense irri- tation and sneezing when even a minute quantity reaches the nasal mucous membrane ; having an acrid taste, and leav- ing a sense of tingling and numbness on the tongue. Per- manent in the air. Very slightly soluble in- cold or hot water ; soluble in 3 parts of alcohol, and very soluble in boiling alcohol ; also soluble in 6 parts of ether, and in 2 parts qf chloroform. * Veratrum (U.S.P. ) now includes both Veratrum viride (Ameri- can Hellebore) and Vei'atrum Album (White Hellebore). t This substance contains the pure alkaloid veratrine (C32H49NO9), veratrine of Wright (C37H53NO11), and eevadine. The action described is that of pure veratrine. VERATEINE 469 Dose.—K., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12) ; C, gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3) ; D., gr 1/50-1/10 (.0012-.006). The smaller doses to be given subcutaneously. PREPARATIONS. Oleatum Veratrince. Oleate of Veratrine, 2 per cent. (U. S. P.) Unguentum Veratrince. (U. S. & B. P. ) (4 per cent., U. S. P.) Action Internal.- — Veratrine is a powerful irritant. If inhaled in minutest quantity it causes sneezing and a mucous, or bloody discharge. When injected under the skin, vera- trine occasions suffering and restlessenss. Rubbed into the skin or applied to a mucous membrane or raw surface, it produces redness and pain followed by local anaesthesia. Action Internal. — Here again veratrine is an intense irritant. After ingestion of large doses, there are salivation, violent vomiting, in animals capable of the act ; often severe purging, pain, collapse, fall of temperafure and other symp- toms common to gastro-enteritis. Nervous System and Muscles. — Veratrine is a poison to the medulla, spinal cord, motor and sensory nerves and mus- cles, first exalting and then depressing and paralyzing their functional activity. The cerebrum escapes its influence. Spasms and convulsions occur in veratrine poisoning, in the stage of motor excitement, while paralysis follows depression of the nerves and muscles. The action of the substance be- gins and ends sooner in the nerves than the muscles. The effect of veratrine on voluntary muscle is peculiar. A tracing of a muscle during contraction shows that the latent period, and that of ascent, is unaltered ; but the amount of contrac- tion is much augmented, as shown by the increased height of the curve ; and the time of relaxation is greatly prolonged. Circulation. — Veratrine affects the heart muscle much as it does the striped muscle, and the vagus nerve similarly to the spinal nerves. The cardiac muscle, vagus and vaso- motor centres are primarily stimulated, while later the heart muscle, vagus endings and vasomotor centres are depressed and paralyzed. Three conditions have been noted in rela- tion to the pulse, corresponding to different stages in the action of veratrine. 1. A small dose may, induce a temporary 470 VEGETABLE DRUGS rise of pulse rate, force and tension, by stimulation of the cardiac muscle and vasomotor centres. 2. Large doses are followed by slowing and weakening of the pulse. The vagus centre is stimulated and the heart muscle depressed. 3. Towards the end of fatal poisoning the pulse becomes weak, thread-like, rapid and irregular from paralysis of the heart muscle, vagus endings and vasomotor centres. It sometimes happens, however, that the pulse remains weak and slow in this stage because the paralyzing influence of the substance on the heart muscle prevents quickening of the heart even after the removal of inhibitory control. The heart is dilated and irresponsive to galvanism, after death, as are also the voluntary miiscles. Respiration. — Lethal doses paralyze the respiratory centres and death occurs from respiratory arrest. The breathing may be quickened by small doses of veratrine, owing to transient stimulation of the respiratory centres and vagus nerve endings in the lungs. Toxicology. — The symptoms of poisoning are referable to the action of veratrine on the digestive, nervous and muscular apparatus, heart, and respiratory organs. They include nausea, salivation, clammy sweating, excessive vomit- ing in dogs, cats and cattle, attempts at vomiting in the horse, abdominal pain, severe purging, muscular twitchings or convulsions (excited by external stimuli), loss of muscular power and paralysis. The pulse, at first weak and infrequent, becomes thready, rapid and irregular. The temperature is reduced and the respiration is weak and slow. Death occurs in convulsions or paralysis. One-sixteenth of a grain has caused alarming symptoms in man. The minimum fatal dose is about one grain for dogs. One grain subcutaneously, or five to six grains by the mouth, produce poisonous symptoms in horses. Treatment. — External heat; respiratory and cardiac stimulants should be employed subcutaneously. Potassium carbonate and demulcent drinks are to be given in- ternally. IPECAC 471 Uses External. — Veratrine is of trivial value, since its therapeutic application is narrowly limited. It is occasion- ally useful in the official ointment, or in greater strength (gr.xl. to 3 i.) for its local anaesthetic action applied over rheumatic joints. It may be employed also as a simple rubefacient. An aqueous solution of veratrine sulphate, or an alcoholic dilution of the pure alkaloid, is recommended by Ellenberger and other noted Germans in shoulder lameness, myalgia, and chronic rheumatic affections of the horse, to be injected every alternate day, or oftener, into the muscalar tissue over the seat of the trouble. The animal should be led about for fifteen or thirty minutes while the pain of the treatment lasts. The initial dose is gr.f (0.4 Gm.), to be increased to gr.li (0.1 Gm.). Uses Internal. — Veratrine has been employed as a cardiac sedative and antipyretic in pneumonia, acute rheumatism, and in other sthenic disorders, but it is inferior for these purposes to aconite or veratrum, and, its other effects are undesirable. The remedy is lauded by foreign authori- ties as an emetic and cathartic for cattle in impaction of the third stomach, and in conditions where it is desirable to quickly unload their digestive apparatus. P. Cagny advises veratrine, grs.25-3 (.15-.20), subcutane- ously, to be followed if necessary by daily doses of grs.5-7^, (0.3-0.5 Gm.) in mucilaginous drinks by the mouth. The same writer finds the drug useful in "broken wind." Vera- trine stimulates intestinal secretion and peristalsis in the horse, but is inferior to eserine and pilocarpine in that animal as a quickly acting cathartic. SECTION VII.— DEUGS ACTING ON THE KESPIRATOKY ORGANS. Ipecacuanha. Ipecac. (U. S. & B. P.) Synofiym. — Ipecacuanha, racine bresilienne, Fr. ; brechwurzel, ruhrwurzel, G. 472 VEGETABLE DBUGS The root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero) A. Richard (nat. ord. Rubiacese). Habitat. — South America from Brazil to Bolivia, and New Grenada. Cultivated in India. Description. — About 10 Cm. long and 4 or 5 Mm. thick ; mostly simple, contorted, dull grayish-brown or blackish, finely wrinkled, closely and irregularly annulated, and often transversely fissured ; bark thick, brittle, brownish, easily separated from the thin, whitish, tough, ligneous portion; odor slight, peculiar, nauseous ; taste bitterish, acrid, nauseating. Constitue7ds.—l. The alkaloid Emetine (Ci,H„(CH3)N0,)* existing to the extent of 1-2 per cent., and representing in the main the action of the crude drug. It is a white, odor- less, uncrystallizable powder, with a bitter, burning taste, and soluble in alcohol and chloroform ; less so in ether, and very slightly in water, turning yellow on keeping. The impure commercial alkaloid occurs in brownish-red trans- parent and deliquescent scales, very soluble in water. 2. An amorphous, bitter glucoside. 3. An astringent, ipecac- uanhic acid. 4. A volatile oil, starch, gum, tannin, coloring matter, etc. Hemidesmus exists as an impurity, it is cracked, not annulated ; also bitter almond powder, which exhales the odor of prussic acid when wet. Emetine (non-official) is rarely used. Dose of Poivdered Boot. — H^ 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; C, 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) ; Sh., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.) ; D., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12). Emetic. — D. & Sw., gr.xv.-xxx. (1.-2.). PREPARATIONS. Fluidextraetnm Ipecacuanhce. Fluidextract of Ipecac. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, evap- oration of a portion of the percolate, solution of the residue in the reserved portion of the pei'colate, and addition of arlcohol and water, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. The fluidextract should contain 1.75 per cent, of alkaloids from ipecac. Dose. — Same as powdered root. Exfractnm Ipecacuanha; Liqiiidimi. (B. P.) Dose — One-half that of the U. S. P. fluidextract. * ReaUy emetine is composed of three alkaloids: (1) Pure em^etine (Ci4Hi8 (CHajNOa). (~) Cephaeline (C14H19NO2), resembling emetine in action. (3) Psychotrine, which is inert. IPECAC 473 Syrupus Ipecacuanhce. Syrup of Ipecac. (U. S. P.) Fluid extract of ipecac, 70 ; acetic acid, 10 ; glycerin, 100 ; sugar, 700 ; water to make 1000. Dose.— D. (expectorant), mxv.- 3 i. (1.-4.). Vinum Ipecacuanhce. Wine of Ipecac. (U. S. & B. P.) Fluid extract of ipecac, 100; alcohol, 100; white wine, 800. (U. S. P.) Dose. — Same as syrup of ipecac. Pulvis Ipecacuanhce et Opii. (U. S. & B. P.) (See opium.) Tinctura Ipecacuanhce et Opii. (See opium.) Action External. — Ipecac, and still more emetine, are decided irritants when applied to mucous membranes, raw surfaces, or even to the unbroken skin ; causing, variously, hyperaemia, vesication, pustulation, and ulceration, according to their strength and the mode of application. Ipecac is said to possess some antiseptic properties not resident in emetine. Action Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Ipecac is naturally a local irritant in the alimentary canal as well as externally. It increases the flow of saliva and gastric juice, besides dilating the blood vessels of the stomach. Small doses are stomachic, improving the digestion and tone of the gastric mucous membrane, and, in some cases, minute quantities are anti-emetic i)i allaying vomiting. Large doses, on the other hand, cause a little nausea and free vomiting. It is probable that emetine is not, as frequently stated, a specific emetic; that is, it does not act directly on the vomiting centre, although vomiting is produced, when emetine is thrown into the blood, by means of its elimination through the stomach. This is substantiated by the following facts : (1) Emetine is recovered in the first vomitus after its subcutaneous injec- tion. (2) Vomition does not occur so rapidly, and more emetine is required, when the alkaloid is injected in place of being ingested. (3) Furthermore, when the vagus is pre- viously divided, vomiting does not follow hyperdermic medi- cation of emetine. The act does, however, follow the admin- istration of apomorphine and tartar emetic under similar 474 VEGETABLE DRUGS conditions. Therefore it is probable that in whatsoever way ipecac is exhibited, vomiting proceeds from direct irritation of the stomach or the vagus endings situated therein. Ipecac and emetine do not act so promptly as zinc sulphate or apomorphine (under the skin). The latter are accordingly preferable as evacuants in poisoning. Compared with tartar emetic, ipecac is less persistent and prostrating in its effect. It is probably the mildest emetic at our command. Ipecac and emetine increase secretion and cause hypersemia and purging, sometimes of a bloody character, in their passage through the bowels. Gastro-enteritis may follow the admin- istration of large quantities to dogs. Experimental evidence has shown that ipecac is an hepatic stimulant (cholagogue), increasing the secretion of bile. Circuhtion. — Medicinal doses have no influence on the circulation. Lethal doses paralyze the heart muscle. The act of vomiting, nevertheless, may slightly depress the heart. Respiratory Organs. — The lungs are often found intensely hypersemic after death by ipecac poisoning. Not only this ; portions are seen to be collapsed and consolidated. In therapeutic doses the pulmonary mucous membrane is stimu- lated during its elimination and is made more vascular ; the secretion of bronchial mucus is increased and cough is reflexly excited. Ipecac is thus strictly a stimulating expect- orant in so far as its action on the bronchial mucous mem- brane is concerned ; but it is, perhajjs unfortunately and misleadingly, classed by some (Brunton) as a depressing expectorant because of the side influence on the circulation. Skin. — Ipecac is mildly diarphoretic in addition to and independent of this action common to nauseants in general. Toxicology. — The following toxic phenomena are exhib. ited by animals : vomiting, loss of muscular power and paralysis, increased, followed by diminished reflex activity, failure of heart and respiration, and post mortem evidences of congestion and inflammation of the lungs and intestines. IPECAC 475 Three ounces of ipecac have killed a horse, and two grains of emetine have proved fatal to a dog. Uses. — The indications for the therapeutic employment of ipecac may be described under the following heads : 1. Emetic and anti-emetic. 2. Expectorant. 3. Diarphoretic. 4. Empirically in dysentery and chronic diarrhoea. 1. Powdered ipecac is a good agent for dogs, cats and pigs, given in luke-warm water, in \repeated doses if neces- sary, to empty an overloaded stomach. Also in acute bronchitis and laryngitis of dogs and cats, when the patient is endangered by accumulation of secretion, ipecac, by the forcible expulsion attending vomiting, removes secretion from the upper respiratory tract and clears out the stomach of any secretion which may have been swallowed. Ipecac is efficacious in stopping vomiting in cases of acute catarrh of the stomach in dogs, and is given as the wine with tincture of aconite, one drop each in a drachm of ice water, at half hour intervals. The drug is also of service in reflex vomit- ing, and that due to an atonic or depressed condition of the stomach. Therapeutically, ipecac should only be of value in the latter disorder, but it nevertheless is often efficient in the vomiting of irritative dyspepsia, as noted above. 2. Ipecac is prescribed in the first stage of acute bron- chitis, when the secretion is scanty, and again in bronchitis of long standing, to stimulate the bronchial mucous membrane. It may be given to dogs and cats in repeated expectorant doses of the wine or syrup, with other expectorants, diarpho- retics and diuretics, as syrup of squill and spirit of nitrous ether, or as Dover's powder, to all animals. 3. Ipecac is a feeble diarphoretic, and inferior to sweet spirit of nitre, aconite, alcohol or external heat, for general sudorific purposes. The combination of opium and ipecac, in Dover's powder, is an appropriate mixture to relieve pain and cause diarphoresis in acute rheumatism, and may cut short attacks of acute inflammation of the respiratory tract. i76 VEGETABLE DRUGS 4. Ipecac is probably tlie best single remedy for the treatment of dysentery. It should be given in the form of powder, bolus, or pill every four hours, combined with opium to prevent nausea or vomiting. Extempoianeous decoctions are likewise useful given in the form of enemata, and may take the place of the drug by the mouth in dysentery or chronic diarrhoea. Ipecac has been used successfully in the treatment of anthrax, in man, by dusting the powdered drug over the external lesion and giving it internally every two hours. SECTION VIII.— ANTIPYKETIC AND ANTISEPTIC OEGANIC AGENTS. Class 1. — Cinchona and its Alkaloids. Cinchona. Cinchona. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Cinchon?e cortex, B.P. ; cortex chinse, E. ; quinquina, Fr. ; chinarinde, G. The bark of Cinchona calisaya Weddell, Cinchona officialis Linne, and of hybrids of these and of other species of cinchona (nat. ord. Rubiacete), yielding when assayed not less than 5 per cent, of total anhydrous cinchona alkaloids, and at least 4 per cent, of ether-soluble alkaloids. Habitat. — Indigenous in South America on the east slope of the Andes, and northwards into Colombia ; south- wards to the lower part of Bolivia, at altitudes varying from 5,000 to 10,000 ft. Cultivated in India, East Indies, Jamaica, and to some extent in South America. Description. — In quills or incurved pieces, varying in length, and usually 2 or 3 or sometimes 5 Mm. thick. The outer surface covered with a gray or brownish-gray cork, usually slightly wrinkled, marked with transverse, and also with intersecting, longitudinal fissures (C. Calisaya), and sometimes with scattered warts and slight, longitudinal CINCHONA 477 ridges ; inner surface light cinnamon-brown, very finely striate ; fracture short and granular in the outer layer, and finely fibrous in the inner layer ; powder, light brown or yellowish-brown ; odor slight, somewhat aromatic ; taste bitter and somewhat astringent. Constituefits. — (a) Four chiff alkaloids and three artificial products. (1) Quinine (C.oH.AO, -f 3 H,0). Solutions of its salts are fluorescent. Turns plane of polarization to left. Gives green color with ammonia and chlorine water. Precipitated * Isomers \ from its salts as hydrate. (2) Quinidine ( CjoH^^NoO,). Solutions of its salts flnorescent. Differs from quinine in turn- I ing plane of polarization to right, and in being [ insoluble in ammonia except in excess. (Quinicine is an artificial amorphous alkaloid, probably not occur- ring naturally, and obtained from quinine by heat and excess of a mineral acid. Quinoidine is a cheap brown amorphous substance obtained from the mother liquor after quinine sulphate has crystallized out, and contains a mixture of quinidine cinchonine and cinchonidine.) (3) Cinchonine (CigHjjNjO). Is not fluores- cent. Turns plane of polarization to right. Does not assume a green color with ammonia * Isomers -{ or chlorine water. I (4) Cinchonidine (CigH^.KO) is slightly I fluorescent. Turns plane of polarization to [ left. Cinchonicine is an artificial alkaloid obtained from cinchonine by heat and an excess of a mineral acid. Some other alkaloids of no particular importance are : Quinamina (C18H24N2O2). Paricina (CisHisNaO). Aricina, etc. ^ Isomers are bodies composed of the same elements, in the same proportions, but possessing difiierent chemical or physical properties. 478 VEGETABLE DRUGS (&) Less Important Constituents. — (5) Kinic, or quinic acid (C^HijOe), occurs in colorless prisms. Related to benzoic acid and eliminated in the urine as hippuricacid. Found in coffee beans and other vegetables. The alkaloids in cinchona are naturally united with kinic or kinovic acid, and salts of this combination are used in medicine ; i.e., quinine kinate, which is soluble and may be employed subcutaneously. (6) Kinovic, or quinovic acid (Cj^H^gOe), a white, amor- phous substance allied to kinovin. (7) Kinovin, or quinoviu (CjoH^gOg), a glucoside readily decomposed into glucose and kinovic acid. (8) Cincho-tannic acid, or kiuo-tannic and kinovi-tannic acid (2-4 per cent.). The astringent principle of cinchona. Distinguished from tannic acid in yielding green color with ferric salts. (9) Cinchona red, the coloring matter of cinchona bark. Nearly insoluble in water. (10) A volatile oil existing in minute amount. (11) Starch, gum, resin and salts common to other vegetable matters. Incompatibility. — Cinchona is incompatible with lime water, ammonia, metallic salts or gelatin. Bose.—B.., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, 3 i -ii. (30.-60.); Sh. .tillati()n of salicylic acid, or salicylates, with methyl alcohol and sulphuric acid. Properties. — A colorless or slightly yellowish liquid, having the characteristic, strongly avouiatic odor and the sweetish, warm and aromatic taste of oil of gaultheria, with the essential composition of which it is identical. It is wholly identical with oil of betula (birch). Spec. gr. 1.183- 1.185 at 59°F. Soluble in all proportions in alcohol, glacial acetic acid, or carbon disulphide. Dose.-B.., 3 ii.- 1 i- l8.-30.) ; D., 111,v.-xv. (.3-1.) ACTION AND USES OF OIL OP GAULTHERIA, OIL OF BETULA AND METHYL SALICYLATE. Oil of wintergreen contains about 90 per cent, of methyl salicylate. Eleven parts of methyl salicylate are equivalent to nearly ten parts of salicylic acid. The oil and methyl salicylate are free from the impurities of artificial salicylic acid, while methyl salicylate is of more certain composition than the oil. Both behave similarly to salicylic acid thera- peutically, although the oil is more of a local irritant, and they are used for the same purposes as salicylic acid. Either GENERAL ACTION OF VOLATILE OILS 497 may be given in emulsion, or to clogs in capsules, ajid in combination with salicylic acid or salicylates. Oil of wintergreen is serviceable in the following lini- ment for rheumatism : Tine. Aconiti. 01. Gaultheriae. Chloroformi aa § i Lin. Saponis ad. § viii. M. S. External use. The external application of methyl salicylate to acutely inflamed rheumatic joints is one of the most efficient forms of treatment, and, since some is absorbed, will take the place of the internal administration of salicylates to a considerable extent. It is usually best to combine this treatment with internal medication, however. Plain gauze, or other absorb- ent material, is saturated with methyl salicylate, applied to the affected joint, and then covered with oil silk, or rubber protective and bandage. SECTION IX.— VOLATILE OILS, OR DRUGS CONTAINING THEM. GENERAL ACTION OF VOLATILE OILS. Synonym. — Essential, ethereal, aromatic or distilled oils. Externally, volatile oils cause reddening of the skin (rube- facients), sometimes blistering (vesicants), and often local anaesthesia, notably oil of cloves and peppermint. They are also parasiticide, antiseptic and disinfectant, penetrating into the protoplasm of bacteria. Inter'nally, these agents stimulate the flow of gastric, salivary and intestinal secretions and increase the vascularity and movements of the stomach and bowels, and are antiseptic and anthelmintic. They therefore temporarily improve digestion, overcome flatulence by expelling gas from the intestines, prevent griping pro- 498 VEGETABLE DRXJGS diiced by cathartics, and disguise and offset disagreeable effects and tastes of medicines. In the digestive tract, vola- tile oils excite reflexl}'^ the nervous system and heart, and augment the pulse rate and vascular tension. In large doses, volatile oils are gastro-intestinal irritants. Volatile oils may be absorbed from the skin, bronchial mucous membrane, and stomach. They are eliminated by the skin, bronchial mucous membrane and kidneys, and act as antiseptics and para- siticides in the kidneys and lungs. In the process of excretion the parts are stimulated ; vas- cularity, secretion, and contractility of the unstriated muscle of the bronchial tubes are increased, and volatile oils thus assist expectoration and coughing. In irritating the kidney's and mucous membrane of the genito- urinary tract, the vola- tile oils are stimulant and diuretic ; while in poisonous doses they produce acute nephritis, strangury, and haematiuiji. Toxic doses, injected into the circulation, lower the force of the heart and the blood pressure, and occasion a sort of intoxication, and sometimes convulsions. To summarize : volatile oils possess the following actions in a greater or less degree : parasiticide, antiseptic, disinfectant, rubefacient, vesicant, local anaesthetic, sialagogue, stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic, stimulant, expectorant, emmenagogue, and diuretic actions. Class 1. — Used Mainly for their Action on the Skin. Terebinthina, Turpentine. (U. S; & B. P.) A concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Miller, and from other species of Pinus (nat. ord. Conifer?e). Habitat. — Southeastern United States ; from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico. Description. — In yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle iu the cold ; crumbly, crystalline in the interior, of a terebin- thinate odor and taste. Oleum Terebinthin^. Oil of Turpentine. (U. S. & B. P.) A volatile oil distilled from turpentine. OIL OF TURPENTINE 499 Synonym. — Spirit of turpentine, E.; essence de terebin- tliine, Fr.; terpentinol, G. Properties. — A tbiu, colorless liquid, having a character- istic odor and taste, both of which become stronger and less pleasant by age and exposure to the air. Spec. gr. 0.855 to 0.870. Soluble in three times its volume of alcohol ; also soluble in an equal volume of glacial acetic acid. Solvent for resins (varnish), fats, wax, gutta pereha, india rubber, sulphur, phosphorus, iodine, and many alka- loid . It is dextro-rotatory, but the French variety is leavo- rotatory. Old oil of turpentine and French oil of turpentine (Pin us maratima) are oxidizing agents. Coiistihients. — Turpentine contains 20 to 25 per cent, of oil of turpentine. Oil of turpentine is composed of several isomeric hydrocarbons, called terpenes, and having the formula C^JI^^. Among these terpenes are oil of juniper, savin, cubeb, caraway, cloves, thyme, etc. They differ from each other and turpentine in their boiling points and direction in which they rotate the plane of polarization. The terpenes are oxidized into camphors. Dose. — Carminative — H. & C, 3 i.-ii (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., 11|x.-sxx. (.6-2.). Anthelmintic— K. & C, 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); D., 3 ss.-iv. (2.-15.). Diuretic— R. & C, 3 ii.-vi. '(8.-24.). PREPARATIONS. Linimentum Terbinthince. Turpentine Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) Resin cerate, 650 ; oil of turpentine, 350 ; melt the resin cerate and add the oil of turpentine. (U. S. P.) Oleum Terebinthince Rectificatum. Rectified Oil of Turpentine. (U. S. P.) Derivation. — Made by shakingoil of turpentine, 1, with lime water, 6; and distillation. Properties. — A thin, colorless liquid, having the same properties as oil of turpentine. 500 VEGETABLE DEUGS Teeebenum. Terebeiie. C„H,6 (^- ^- ^^ B. P.) A liquid consisting chiefly of pinene, and containing not more than very small proportions of turpinene and dipentene. Made by action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine and by distillation. Properties. — A colorless, or slightly yellowish, thin liquid, having a rather agreeable, thyme-like odor, and an aromatic, somewhat terebinthinute taste. Spec. gr. about 0.862. Only slightly soluble iu water, but soluble in an equal volume of alcohol, glacial acetic, or carbon disulphide. Dose.—Il. & C, 3ii.-vi. (8.-24.); ^y.-xy. (.3-1.). Terpini Hydras. Terpin Hydrate. Ci„H,8 (OH)^ ■«- H,0. (U. S. P.) The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol, Terpin. Derivation. — Eectified oil of turpentine, alcohol and nitric acid are mixed together iu shallow, porcelain dishes, and after three or four days terpin hydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are collected, drained, dried on absorbent paper, and purified by recrystallization in alcohol.* OIL OF TURPENTINE Action External. — Oil of turpentine is an irritant to the skin, causing itching, pain and redness, or even vesication, followed by local ausesthesia. It produces intense irritability and restlessness when applied externally to some horses. The oil is antiseptic, disinfectant and parasiticide, being more penetrating on the skin than mustard or cantharides. Action Internal. — Alimentary Canal. — The oil induces a sense of warmth in the stomach (man), and increases gastric secretion, motion and vascularity, but is too disagreeable to be iised as a stomachic. Iu acting similarly in the bowels, particularly in stimulating the muscular coat, oil of turpen- tine is a useful carminative by exciting peristalsis and expel- ling gas in tympanites. Its antiseptic properties also antag- onize intestinal fermentation. * Colorless, odorless crystals, having a somewhat bitter taste. Soluble in 350 parts ot water and in 10 parts ot alcohol. Dose.—E.. I ss.-ii. (3.-8.); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). OIL OF TURPENTINE 501 Large doses occasion purging and are anthelmintic. Toxic doses create gastro-enteritis and sometimes intestinal nlceratioi]. The irritation of the nerve endiugs in the digestive tract caused by turpentine, leads to reflex stimulM- tioii of the nervous system and heart. Circulation. — Turpentine is readily absorbed into the blood. Experimental evidence is at variance with regard to the action of the oil on the circulation. Small doses appar- ently increase the force and frequency of the heart-beat, and slightly raise blood pressure. The vessels are somewhat contracted and the drug is employed to arrest haemorrhage in the digestive tract and in remote organs. It is interior to ergot as an haemostatic. Large doses of turpentine lower the cardiac force and frequency, and cause vascular dilata- tion and fall of blood pressure. Respiration. — Oil of turpentine enhances the strength and rapidity of the respiratory movements, in small doses, but large quantities depress the respiration. The oil is easily absorbed by inhalation and is also eliminated in the breath. Inhalation of the oil stimulates the bronchial mucous membrane, acts as an antiseptic, and excites muscular con- traction of the bronchial tubes and cough. Authorities differ as to the influence of turpentine on bronchial secretion. Rossbach found that the inhala- tion of air saturated with turpentine diminished secre- tion, while the topical application of a watery solution increased secretion. The oil is essentially a local stimu- lating expectorant. Nervous System. — Medicinal doses occasion mental exhilaration in man. Large doses cause dulness, languor and unsteady gait in animals ; while distinctly toxic doses produce coma, sensory paralysis, loss of reflex activity, and, at times, convulsions. Kidneys and Genito- Urinary Tract. — The kidneys are very prone to irritation during its elimination. Small doses induce frequent micturition. Large quantities lead to albuminuria, pain in the lumbar region, haematuria, and 502 VEGETABLE DBUGS constant painful passage of high-colored urine, owing to irritation of the urinary mucous membrane and muscular spasm of the urethra (strangury). Menorrhagia and dys- menorrhoea occur in females under the influence of the oil. Acute nephritis and complete suppression of urine follow great toxic doses. The urine has sometimes the odor of violets. Elimination. — Turpentine is eliminated in the urine, breath, and, to some extent, in the bile and intestinal mucus; slightly by the skin. Toxicology. — Turpentine poisoning is not an uncommon occurrence from the administration of large doses (undiluted) by empirics. Post-mortem appearances reveal gastro- enteritis, sometimes congestion and inflammation of the lungs, and fatty degeneration of the liver, kidney and muscles, following prolonged use of the oil. The action of terebene and terpin hydrate is very similar to oil of turpentine. Administration. — Oil of turpentine is given with eight or more times its volume of cottonseed or linseed oil, gruel, or milk ; and in emulsion with acacia or white of egg. An emulsion is made by shaking a single dose with powdered acacia, and adding water or oil. Terebene is administered in a similar manner. Terpin hydrate may be exhibited in pill, ball or alcoholic solution. USES OF OIL OF TUEPENTINE, TEREBENE AND TERPIN HYDRATE. External. — Oil of turpentine is employed as a stim.ulant and counter-irritant with two or three parts of cottonseed oil and soap liniment, or as the official liniment in rheuma- tism, myalgia, sprains, shoulder lameness, swollen joints, gangrene, frost bites, burns and ulcers. It is serviceable in the same form and for the same actions applied to " sitfasts " and obstinate ulceration about the heels in horses, and in footrot of sheep. As a parasiticide, the oil, diluted two or three times with sweet oil, is painted on the skin to kill ringworm and lice. USES OF OIL OF TURPENTINE, ETC. 503 Oil of turpentiue is a valuable counter-irritant in reliev- ing pain and inflammation of deep-seated parts. It is particularly useful in tympanitis, flatulent and spasmodic colic and peritonitis. In the first two named disorders, external application is combined with the internal and rectal exhibition of the drug. Oil of turpentine is less frequently employed over the chest in pleurisy and bronchitis. The turpentine stupe is the favorite method of applying the oil in abdominal troubles. A blanket is thoroughly sprinkled with turpentine, folded, and rolled into a cylindrical form which will fit into an ordinary pail. Boiling water is then poured on the blanket until it is saturated. The blanket is quickly wrung out, placed over and around the horse's trunk, covered with rubber protective and dry blankets, and allowed to remain in place fifteen to thirty minutes. Uses Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Oil of turpentine is of greatest utility in colic and in expelling gas iu tympanj given internally ( 3 ii.-Oii. of linseed oil) and per rectum. Enemata can also be employed for their stimulant action on the nervous system and circulation, iu collapse. One or two ounces of oil of turpentine are dissolved in two or four ounces of cottonseed oil, when used as an enema for horses. Turpentine is an anthelmintic for round and tape worms. From two to four ounces of the oil with one ounce of oleoresin of aspidium in a pint of linseed oil, are recommended for the latter purpose in the case of horses. Oil of turpentiue is often advised as an antidote for phosphorus because it con- tains ozone and forms a harmless, camphor-like body — tur- pentine phosphoric acid. The French variety only is effica- cious ; the American oil, so far from being antagonistic to phosphorus, actually assists its solution and absorption. Turpentine is occasionally given iu indigestion, chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery of horses and cattle, as a local stimulant and antiseptic. Respiratory Organs. — Oil of turpentine is an efficient stimulating and antiseptic expectorant in subacute and chronic bronchitis ; and deodorant in gangrene of the lungs. 504 VEGETABLE DRUGS It is administered internally, and by inhalation in tlie pro- portion of one teaspoonful to the quart of boiling water. Terebene is used as a substitute for oil of turpentine, as a stimulating expectorant, and is likewise prescribed as an antiseptic and carminative in flatulence, and as a genito- urinary stimulant. Terpin hydrate increases bronchial secretion and is employed in both acute and chronic bron- chitis. Oil of turpentine has been found beneficial in ver- minous bronchitis of calves and lambs* (caused by Strongulus micrurus and filaria), injected into the trachea midway in the neck, according to the following prescription : 01. Terebinthinae 3 i-ii Acid, Carbol Glycerini Chlorof ormi aa 3 ss. M. S. Inject in one dose. " Gapes " in fowl, due to Syngamus trachealis, is cured by the same mixture diluted with 5 parts of oil and applied to the throat internally with a feather. Circulation. — Oil of turpentine is of some worth as a cardiac stimulant and haemostatic. It is said to have been exhibited in parturient fever and apoplexy of cattle with success. Bleeding from the nose, limgs, digestive tract, uterus, kidneys, and bladder, and haemorrhages occurring in purpura hemorrhagica, are sometimes stopped by the inter- nal use of turpentine. Genito- Urinary Tract. — Oil of turpentine is indicated as a stimulant in amenorrhoea, chronic pyelitis and cystitis. The drug is contra-indicated in acute inflammation of the kidneys and alimentary canal. Pix BuRGUNDiCA. Burgundy Pitch, (B. P.) The prepared, resinous exudation of Abies excelsa Poiret (nat. ord. Coniferse). Synonym. — Poix blanche, poix de Bourgogne, Fr.; Bur- gunder harz (pech), G. * VerTnlnous bronchitis in calves may be cured by pouring into each nostril, once daily, '^ drams of tnrpentine with the head upturned. Also give internally, and to lambs with this disease, I dram in milk or gruels once daily. CANADA TURPENTINE 505 HahitaL— Southern Europe, mountainous regions. Froperties.—B.sivd, yet taking gradually the form of the vessel in which it is kept ; brittle, with a shining, conchoidal fracture ; opaque or translucent ; reddish-brown or yellowish- brown ; odor agreeably terebinthinate ; taste aromatic, sweetish, not bitter. It is almost entirely soluble in glacial acetic acid, or in boiling alcohol, and partly soluble in cold alcohol. Constituents. — 1, resiu ; 2, a volatile oil (OioHig). Dose.—lI. & C, Si.-iii. (30.-90.); Sh. &Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6). PREPARATION. EmpJaatrum Picis. Pitch Plaster. (B. P.) Terebinthina Canadensis. Canada Turpentine. (U. S. & B. P.) A liquid oleoresin obtained from Abies balsamea (Linne), Miller (nat. ord. Coniferse). Synonym. — Canada balsam, balsam of fir, balsamum Canadense, E. ; baume de Canada, Er. ; Canadischer terpen- tin, G. Habitat. — Canada and N. United States ; west to Minne- sota, south on mountains to Virginia. Properties. — A yellowish or faintly greenish, transparent, viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. When exposed to the air it gradually dries, forming a transparent mass. It is completely soluble in alcohol, chloroform or benzol. Constituents. — 1, volatile oil, 20-30 per cent.; 2, a resin; 3, a soluble bitter principle. Dose.—n. & a, 3 i.-iii. (30.-90.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii (4.-8.); D., gr.xx.-xl. (1.3-2.6). ACTION AND USES OF BURGUNDY PITCH AND CANADA TURPENTINE. Biirgundy pitch is slightly stimulating to the skin and is used as a mild counter-irritant (in plaster) in rheumatism, 506 VEGETABLE DEUGS strains, swelling of joints, and upon the chest. Burgundy pitch, Canada turpentine, crude turpentine, Venice turpen- tine, Bordeaux turpentine and Frankincense have much the same action and uses as oil of turpentine internally. They are administered in the same manner and in nearly identical doses, but are less commonly employed than the latter. Eesina. Bosin. (U. S. & B. P.) The residue left after distilling off the volatile oil from turpentine. Synonym. — Colophony, resin, E. ; colophonum, P.G. ; colophane, Fr.; kolophonium, geigenharz, G. Properties. — A transparent, amber-colored substance, hard, brittle, pulverizable ; fracture glossy and shallow-con- choidal ; odor and taste faintly terebinthinate. Spec. gr. 1.070-1.080. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and fixed or volatile oils ; also in solution of potassium or sodium hydrate. Constituents. — Chiefly abietic acid anhydride (C^^HgoO^,), 80-90 per cent. PREPARATIONS. Ceratum Resiuce. Resin Cerate. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Basilicon ointment. Rosin, 350 ; yellow wax, 150 ; lard, 500. Ceratum Resince Com.positiim. (U. S. P.) Contains oil of turpentine and linseed oil in addition to wax, lard and rosin. Emplastrum Adhwsivum. Adhesive plaster. (U. S. P.) Rubber, 20 ; petrolatum, 20 ; lead plaster, 960. Emplastrum Resince. Resin Plaster. (B. P.), Unguentum Resince. (B. P.) ACTION AND USES OF ROSIN. Bosin is a local stimulant and antiseptic externally. The cerate is an excellent preparation for burns, wounds, ulcers, and abraded surfaces. The fumes arising from burning rosin (on a hot shovel) are said to be of value when inhaled in chronic or subacute bronchitis. TAK 507 Pix LiQuiDA. Tar. (U. S. (fe B. P.) An empyreumatic oleoresin obtained by tlie destructive distillation of the wood of Pinus palustris Miller, and of other species of Pinus (nat. ord. Coniferse). Synonym. — Resina empyreumatica liquida — goudron, ^oudron vegetal, Fr.; theer, G. Habitat — United States. Properties. — Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish-brown; heavier than water, transparent in thin layers, becoming granular and opaque with age ; odor empyreumatic, terebin- thinate ; taste sharp, empyieumatic. Tar is slightly soluble in water ; soluble in alcohol, fixed or volatile oils, and solutions of potassium or sodium hydrate. Constituents. — Mainly — 1, oil of tar ; 2, methylic alcohol ; 3, creosote ; 4, guaiacol ; 5, phenol ; 6, pyrocatechin ; 7, toluol ; 8, xylol ; 9, acetic acid ; 10, acetone ; 11, resins. Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D.,nixv.-3i. (1.-4.). PREPARATIONS. UngiLentum Picis Liquidw. Tar Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) Tar, 500 ; yellow wax, 150 ; lard, 350. Pix Carbonis Preparata. Prepared Coal Tar. (B. P.) Liquor Picis Cicrbonis. Solution of Coal Tar. (B. P.) OLEuai Picis Liquid.e. Oil of Tar. (U. S. P.) A volatile oil distilled from tar. Properties. — An ahnost colorless liquid when freshly distilled, but soon acquiring a dull, reddish-brown color, and having a strong tarry odor and taste. Spec. gr. about 0.970. Soluble in alcohol. Pix Nigra. Pitch. (Non-official.) A solid, shining, black, bituminous substance. Soluble in ether, oils, and aqueous alkaline solutions. It con- tains an altered resin, and a crystalline principle. Retina (CigHj,). 508 VEGETABLE DRUGS Oleum Cadinum. Oil of Cade. (U. S. & B. P.) A product of the dry distillation of wood of Juniperus Oxycedrus Linne (nat. ord. Coniferse). Synonym. — Oleum juniperi empyreumaticum, E. ; huile de cade, Fr. ; cadol, G. Habitat. — North Africa, Spain, France, and Portugal, on the borders of the Mediterranean, in waste places and stony hill-sides. Properties. — A brownish or dark brown, clear, thick liquid ; having a tarry odor, and an empyreumatic, burning, somewhat bitter taste. Spec. gr. about 0.990. It is almost insoluble in water, but imparts to it an acid reaction. Parti- ally soluble in alcohol ; completely soluble in ether, chloro- form, or carbon disulphide. Constituents. — The composition is similar to that of tar. Dose. — Same as that of tar. ACTION AND USES OF TAR, OIL OP CADE AND PITCH. Externally, tar produces hypersemia, and, when rubbed continually into the skin, sometimes papules and pustules. It is a stimulant, rubefacient, antiseptic and parasiticide externally. Poisoning may follow the extensive application of large quantities of tar over a denuded surface, or if it be licked off the skin. Tar is mainly employed in veterinary medicine on the skin, and is a valuable remedy to relieve itching and as a local stimulant in chronic eczema (" grease "), sometimes in moist eczema and erythema, psoriasis, pityri- asis, pruritus, and lichen. It also destroys the parasites of mange and ringworm. It is applied with fat, vaseline, soap or alcohol, in the proportion of 1-2 to 10. The official oint- ment (1-2), is generally appropriate in the above-mentioned skin diseases, but may require dilution. The following preparation is serviceable on patches of psoriasis : Tar, soft or green soap, each two ounces ; alcohol, two ounces. Pure tar painted over the surface with a brush, is often most efficient in obstinate cases of eruptive disorders. ACTION AND USES OF TAR, ETC. 509 A lotion of oil of tar, sulphurated potassa, or Peruvian balsam, is more cleanly and suitable for house dogs with eczema. (See diet for eczema in dogs, section on foods and feeding, p. 088.) Tar is of the greatest utility in stimulating the growth of horn, and is the principal ingredient of hoof ointments for horses. It may be mixed with an equal part of lard for this purpose, or the following mixture is well spoken of : tar, yellow wax and honey, | lb. each ; lard, 1^ lbs.; glycerin, 3 ounces. Melt and mix the lard and wax together ; add the other ingredients ; stir while cooling. Oakum, soaked with tar, is frequently packed under leather, beneath the shoes on horses' feet, to soften and stimulate the horn and to cure thrush and canker. Tar is also a beneficial application for foot rot of sheep. Tar is usually kept on hand for farming purposes, and is therefore a popular anti- septic and protective in the treatment of wounds and broken horns in cattle. Internally. — Tar — on account of its constituents, phenol and creosote — in large qiiantities causes toxic effects, with symptoms resembling carbolic acid poisoning: e.g. , abdominal pain, vertigo, signs of gastro-intestinal irritation, and the passage of dark-colored urine. It is not exceedingly pois- onous, however, as recovery has been reported in man after the ingestion of an amount varying from one to two pints. Tar is eliminated by the kidneys, with the production of irritation and diuresis ; also by the mucous membrane, and affects more especially that lining the bronchial tubes, where it acts as a local stimulant and antiseptic. For this reason the drug is an excellent expectorant in subacute or chronic bronchitis when given internally or by inhalation. The latter process may be conducted by pouring tar on a heated shovel, or, better, by dissolving tar in boiling sodium carbonate solution and steaming the patient with the vapor. Tar is occasionally exhibited in chronic gastro-intestinal catarrh and obstinate diarrhoea, with good results. Tar is of value internally in influencing tJiose skin disorders which are benefited by its external application. 510 VEGETABLE DRUGS Iiilialatioiis of tai' are sometimes serviceable in pharyngitis and laryngitis, as well as in bronchitis. Oil of tar may be applied, dissolved in alcohol (1-8), as a lotion, and is an agreeable substitute for tar in chronic eczema or psoriasis of dogs. It is used in the pure state as a parasiticide for mange, scab, ringworm or favus. Oil of cade represents oil of tar and tar in their actions and uses, but its odor is pleasanter. It is prescribed externally in chronic eczema and pruri- tis, as follows : Oil of cade, 1 ; soft soap and alcohol, 4 parts each; or in equal parts with wax. Oil of cade can also be used in any proportion or manner in which tar is applic- able. Pitch likewise possesses the same action as tar, and is sometimes employed for making hoof ointments and plasters. Balsamum Peeuvianum. Balsam of Peru. (U. S. &B. P.) A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereirae (Royal) Baillon (nat. ord. Leguminosse). Synonym. — Balsamum peruvianum nigrum, balsam indi- cum, baume de Peron, baume des Indes, Fr. ; Peru bal- sam, G. Habitat. — Central America. Properties. — A liquid having a syrupy consistence, free from stringiness or stickiness ; of a brownish-black color in bulk, reddish-brown or transparent in thin layers ; of an agreeable, vanilla-like, somewhat smoky odor, and a bitter taste, leaving a persistent aftertaste. On exposure to air it does not become hard. Spec. gr. 1.135 to 1.150, Miscible in all proportions, with absolute alcohol, chloroform, or glacial acetic acid. Completely soluble in 5 parts of alcohol. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, cinnamein, Cgll, (C-HjOj, about 60 per cent. ; 2, cinnamic acid, CigHgOj ; 3, a resin (32 per cent.),yielding benzoic acid, HC^HsO., on dry distillation; 4, styrol, CgHg ; 5, stilbene, G^JS-i. ; 6, a volatile oil, benzylie benzoate, C-H^ (C.H,) O, ; 7, benzylie alcohol, C^H.O. BALSAM OF TOLU 511 Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sli. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); D., Hlx.-xxx. (.6-2.). Balsamum Tolutanum. Balsam of Tolu. (U. S. & B. P.) A balsam obtained from Toliiifera Balsamum Linne (iiat. ord. Legumiijosae). Synonym. — Baume de Toln, baume de Catbagene, Fr. ; Tolubal.sam, G. Habitat. — New Grenada and Venezuela. Properties. — A yellowish-brown, semi-fluid, or nearly solid mass, becoming more brittle when exposed to the cold ; transparent in thin layers ; having an agreeable odor, recall- ing that of vanilla, but distinct from it, and a mild aromatic taste. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform and solutions of fixed alkalies ; almost insoluble in water. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, tolene, CioHje, 1 per cent.; 2, a volatile oil, benzylicbenzoate, C-H- (C-H;)0„ ; 3, benzoic acid, HC^HsOo ; 4, cinnamic acid, Cs,H,0,, ; 5, benzylic cinna- mate, CgH. (C-H-)Oo ; 6, resins. Dose. — Same as balsam of Peru. PREPARATION. Syrupus Tolutanns. Syrup of Tolu. (U. S. & B. P.) Balsam of Tolu, 10 ; precipitated calcium phosphate, 50 ; sugar, 850; alcohol, 50 ; water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.—T) , 3 i -iv. (4.-15.). ACTION AND USES OF BALSAMS OF PERU AND TOLU. Externally, the balsams are stimulant, antiseptic and parasiticide. Balsam of Peru is a useful remedy in alcoholic solution (1-8) for chronic eczema of dogs. It may also be serviceable in ointment (1-8) for sore teats in cows, or as an application to kill lice and the parasites of (sarcoptic) mange and ritigworm. It is, undiluted, a most excellent stimulant and antiseptic dressing upon wounds and ulcers. Occasion- ally renal inflammation follows its very extensive external use. Internally, the balsams are stomachic and carminative, and are eliminated by the skin, mucous membranes and 512 VEGETABLE DRUGS urinary organs, stimulating tliese parts. They are therefore occasionally prescribed in chronic bronchitis, pyelitis and cystitis. The syrup of tolu is an exceedingly mild prepara- tion, but forms an agreeable vehicle for cough mixtures in canine practice. The balsams may be administered in emulsion rubbed up with either glycerin, mucilage, or white of egg and water. Benzoinum. Benzoin. (U. S. & B. P.) Syiiovyni. — Resina benzoe, asa dulcis, gum benjamin, E.; benzoin, Fr.; benzoe, G. A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin Dryander (nat. ord. Styracese). Habitat. — Siam, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Properties. — In lumps consisting of agglutinated, yellow- ish-brown tears, which are internally milk-white ; or in the form of a reddish-brown mass, more or less mottled from whitish tears imbedded in it. It is almost v/holly soluble in 5 parts of moderately warm alcohol, and in solutions of the fixed alkalies. When heated it gives ojff fumes of benzoic acid. It has an agreeable, balsamic odor, and a slight aroma- tic taste. Ocnisiituents. — 1, benzoic acid, 12 to 20 per cent. ; 2, cin- namic acid, sometimes ; 3, several resins ; 4, a volatile oil. PREPARATIONS. Adeps Benzoinatus. Benzoinated Lard. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by melting lard, 1000, with benzoin, 20 ; and straining. (U. S. P.) Tinctura Benzoini. Tincture of Benzoin. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration of benzoin, 200, in alcohol ; filtration, and addition of alcohol to make 1000. Dose..—n. & C, =1. (:50.) ; D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). Tinctura Benzoini Composita. Compound Tincture of Benzoin. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Friar's balsam. Benzoin, 100; purified aloes, 20; storax, 80; balsam of Tolu, 40; alcohol to make 1000. Made by digestion and filtration. (U. S. P.) BENZOIC ACID 513 AciDUM Benzoicum. Benzoic Acid. HC.HsO.,. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acide beiizoique, fleurs de benjoiu, Fr. ; benzoesaure, benzoeblunieii, G. Derivation. — Obtained from benzoin by sublimation. Properties. — White, or yellowish-white, lustrous scales or friable needles ; odorless, or having a slight characteristic odor resembling that of benzoin, and of a warm, acid taste. Somewhat volatile at a moderately warm temperature, and rendered darker by exposure to light. Soluble, when pure, in about 500 parts of water, and in 2 parts of alcohol. Also soluble in 3 paris of ether, 7 parts of chloroform, and readily soluble in carbon disulphide, benzol, fixed and volatile oils, but sparingly soluble in benzin. Incompatihles. — Alkalies, ammonium carbonate. Dose.—R. k C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). Ammonii Benzoas. Ammonium Benzoate, NH,C.H-,Oo (U. S. & B. P.) Made by the action of benzoic acid and ammonia water. In white crystals. Soluble in 5 j^arts of water; in 28 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. SoDii Benzoas. Sodium Benzoate. Na C^H.O. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by the action of a hot solution of sodium carbon- ate on benzoic acid. Occurs in a white powder. Soluble in 1.8 ]iarts of water ; in 45 parts of alcohol. Dose. — Same as benzoic acid. LiTHii Benzoas. (U. S. P.) Dose. — Same as for sodium benzoate. action of benzoin, benzoic acid and benzoates. These substances may be represented by benzoic acid. Action External. — Benzoic acid is an irritant ajiplied externally, also when its vapor is inhaled. It is an eflfiicient 514 YEGETABLE DRUGS antiseptic; a solution (1-1000) will inhibit the growth of many forms of bacteria. Action Internal. — Mediciual doses of benzoic acid exert only an antiseptic action in tln^ alimentary canal. Large doses occasion increased bronchial and cutaneous secretion, wit;Ji accelerated pulse. Enormous doses cause gastro-intes- tinal irritation, slowing of the pulse and respiration, con- vulsions, general paralysis and asphyxia. Benzoic acid is absorbed into the blood, acts as an antipyretic in fever, and is converted (probably in the kidneys) into hippuric acid and eliminated in the urine as such. It thus renders an alkaline urine acid, and stimulates and exercises an anti- septic influence upon the urinary mucous membrane. The change into hippuric acid is due to combination with a nitrogenous body — glycocoll — but the source of glycocoll is uncertain. Benzoic acid HC^HjO^ + glycocoll CjHjNO., = hippuric acid C9H3NO3 + water H„0. Benzoic acid is somewhat diuretic, but does not alter the composition of the urine in any constant manner, althongh metabolism is said to be increased. It is elimin- ated by the bronchial mucous membrane, augmenting secre- tion, and acting as an antiseptic in the bronchial tubes. When the vapor of any of the substances under consideration is inhaled in proper dilution, a similar expectorant action is attained. Benzoic acid is likewise excreted by the skin and salivary glands, exciting their functional activity. Uses External. — The compound tincture of benzoin is a valuable stimulant and antiseptic application for wounds, sores and ulcers. It is often applied to the part on gauze or lint, followed by bandaging. Uses Interned. — Benzoic acid is sometimes- given in powder, pill, or ball, as an intestinal antiseptic, and as a remedy for rheumatism. It is inferior to salicylic acid in the latter disorder. The benzoates are said to be equally efficient as antiseptics and have been highly recommended in diarrhoea and dysentery. WHITE MUSTAED 515 Benzoin, in the form of the tincture, and the benzoates, are serviceable in laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis, to promote secretion and antisepsis. An inhalation of the tincture ( 3 ii.-Oi. hot water) is also very serviceable in these diseases for the same purposes. The benzoates are of value in pyelitis and cystitis, particularly in carnivora with a normal acid urine, to acidify and disinfect the decomposing urine and stimulate the tract. SiNAPis Alba. White Mustard. Synonym. — Sinapis albee semina, B.P. ; semen erucae, yellow mustard seed, E. ; moutarde blanche, Fr. ; weisser senf, G. The seed of Brassica alba (Linne) Hooker filius et Thompson (nat. ord. Cruciferae). Habitat. — Southern Europe and Asia ; cultivated in temperate climates. Description. — About 2 Mm. in diameter ; almost globular, with a circular hilum ; testa yellowish, finely pitted, hard ; embryo oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other ; free from starch ; inodorous ; taste pungent and acrid. Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, sinalbin (CjoH^NoS.Oig), and a ferment, myrosin, 10-15 per cent. The latter converts the former, in the presence of water, into the active principle of the drug, acrinyl sulphocyanide (C^H-ONCS), a very acrid, volatile body, siuapiue sulphate (CisHojNOsHjSOJ, and glu- cose ; 2, a bland, fixed oil, 25 per cent.; 3, gum, 20 per cent. Dose.—IL., 3 ss. (15.) ; C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh, & Sw., 3i.-ii. (4-8.) ; D., gr.x.-xv. (.6-1.). Sinapis Nigra. Black Mustard. Synonym. — Sinapis nigrae semina, B.P.; semen sinapis, P.G.; moutarde noire (Grise), Fr.; schwarzer senf, G. The seed of Brassica nigra (Linne) Koch (nat. ord. Cruciferae). 516 VEGETABLE DRUGS Hahitat. — Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in temperate climates. Description. — About 1 Mm. in diameter, almost globular, with a circular hilum; testa blackish-brown or grayish- brown, finely pitted, hard ; etnbr}^© oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other ; free from starch ; inodorous when dry, but when triturated with water, of a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor ; taste pungent and acrid. Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, sinigrin (or potassium myronate), and a ferment, myrosin. In the presence of water the latter converts the former into the acrid, volatile, official oil of mustard (allyl sulphocyanide, C3H5CNS), acid potas- sium sulphate, and glucose; 2, a fixed, bland oil, similar to that in white mustard ; 3, gum. Dose. — Same as white mustard. Commercial form of mustard is a mixture of black and white mustard, and constitutes Sinapis (B. P.) PREPARATION. Oleum Sinapis Volatile. Volatile Oil of Mustard. Si/nonyni. — Oleum sinapis, B.P.; allyl sulphocyanide (C3H5CNS), oleum sinapis 8ethereum,E.; essence de moularde, Fr.; setliprisches senfol, G. Derivation. — A volatile oil obtained from black mustard by maceration with water and subsequent distillation. Properties. — A colorless or pale yellow, limpid and strongly refractive liquid, having a very pungent and acrid oJor and taste. Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, or carbon (lisulphide, the solutions being neutral to litmus paper. Spec. gr. 1.018 to 1.029. Preparation. — Linimentum Sinapis (B. P.); volatile oil of mus- tard , camphor and castor oil. Action External. — Mustard quickly dilates the vessels of the skin and causes hj^persemia. If its application is frequently repeated, there is so much vascular irritation that transudation of serum occurs under the epidermis, and blisters or even pustules are formed. Mustard induces a MUSTARD 517 sensation of burning in man, but is not so irritating as oil of turpentine to horses, and the primary irritation is followed by partial anaesthesia. It is one of the most useful counter- irritants, and by this action contracts vessels in the under- lying parts, relieves pain and congestion. In rapidly stimulating the skin, mustard reflexly excites the nervous system, respiratory functions and heart. Mus- tard is therefore a rubefacient, vesicant, and counter-irritant externally. Action Internal. — Mustard stimulates gastric vascularity, secretion and motion, and promotes the appetite in small doses. Large doses occasion vomiting in animals capable of the act. Intestinal peristalsis and secretion are probably likewise augmented by mustard. It is thus a stomachic, carminative and emetic internally, but is rarely administered save as an emetic because of its pungency and the difficulty attending its exhibition. Mustard is absorbed to some extent, but we are ignorant concerning its ultimate fate or remote action. It is said to be a diuretic. Uses External. — Mustard is an extremely valuable counter-irritant for relieving pain or congestion in almost any internal part. It is more commonly employed in the acute respiratory disorders of the domestic animals, as in laryngitis, bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, pleurisy, pneumonia, to stop incessant cough, and after exposure to severe cold ; and the flour of mustard is used in a very thin paste made with warm water and applied with friction to the skin. Boiling water should not be mixed with mustard, nor vinegar, nor alcohol, as they interfere with its action. The volatile oil of mustard is a cleanly and convenient substitute for the crude drug. A small quantity, diluted with olive oil, or cottonseed oil (1-15), may be rubbed into either side of the chest in bronchitis, pleurisy, and other chest disorders, as a counter-irritant. After the application of mustard, the part may be bandaged, or hot blankets may be placed over the body and the treatment reinforced by the use of mustard on the limbs and bandaging. If mustard is employed continuously 518 VEGETABLE DRUGS to keep lip constant counter-irritation, the drug should be washed oflf in 20 or 30 minutes, and the process repeated once in 2 hours. It is unwise to induce much vesication over an extensive surface with mustard, as the result is painful and resolution is slow. Mustard is also serviceable in pain- ful abdominal diseases, as colic, tympanites, enteritis and peritonitis, but oil of turpentine appears here to be more efficient. A sinapism (mustard application) over the loins is iiseful in acute nephritis, and will not lead to irritation of the kidne5^s from absorption which may ensue after cautharidal blistering. Cantharides has, however, a more active, j)er- manent and revulsant effect in most local inflammatory con- ditions, and is more potent in acute laryngitis. The action, of mustard is rapid and fleeting, unless applied continually in considerable strength. For this reason it is indicated to impress the nervous system instantaneously, in opium, alcohol and other narcotic poisoning ; in respiratory failure, in collapse and extreme depression in the course of acute diseases (pneumonia and parturient apoplexy), applied all over the body, or over the cai'diac region in syncope. Mustard is of utility in muscular or articular rheumatism, and is employed on swollen glands (strangles), inflamed joints and tendons ; but is usually less efficacious than a good cantharidal blister in these three latter condi- tions. ZZves Internal. — Mustard is an efficient emetic for dogs, in tablespoonful doses, given in a cup of tepid water. It is usually at hand, and not only empties the stomach in poison- ing, but reflexly stimulates the heart and respiration. If administered for its carminative or stomachic effect, mustard must be given in pill or ball. Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus. (IT. S. P.) Synonym. — Feuilles d'eucalyptus, Fr. ; eucalyptus- blatter, G. OIL OF EUCALYPTUS 519 The leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere (nat. ord. Myrtaceae), collected from the older parts of the tree. Description. — Petiolate, lanceolately scythe-shaped ; from 15 to 30 cm. long ; rounded below, tapering above ; entire, leathery, grayish-green, glandular, feather-veined between the midrib and marginal veins ; odor strongly camphorace- ous ; taste pungently aromatic and somewhat cooling, bitter and astringent. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil (see below); 2, a crystalliz- able resin; 3, a crystallizable, fatty acid ; 4, cerylic alcohol. Dose.—R. & d, 3 ii.-iii. (60.-90.); D., 3 ss.-ii (2.-8.). PREPARATIONS. Fluidextractuvi Eucalypti. Fluidextract of Eucalyptus. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose. — Same as for eucalyptus. Dnguenium Eucalypti. (B. P.) Oleum Eucalypti. Oil of Eucalyptus. (U. S. & B. P.) A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyp- tus globulus Labillardiere, Eucalyptus oleosa F. V. Mueller, and some other species of Eucalyptus (nat, ord. Myrtacese). Properties. — A colorless or faintlj^-yellowish liquid, haviug a characteristic, aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous odor, aud a pungent, spicy, and cooling taste. Spec. gr. 0.915 to 0.925. Soluble in all proportions in alcohol, carbon disulphide, or glacial acetic acid. Condituents. — 1, a volatile oil, eucalyptol or cineol (CjoHigO), 70 per cent .* 2, eucalyptene (CjoHis) ; 3, cymene (CjoH,,). Incompatihles. — Alkalies, mineral acids, and metallic salts. Dose.—R., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., IHii.-x. (.12-.6). Eucalyptol. Eucalyptol. C,,B.,,0. (U. S. P.) A neutral body obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyp- 520 VEGETABLE DRUGS tus globulus Labillardiere, and of some other species of eucalyptus (uat. ord. Myrtacese). Derivation. — Crude eucalyptol distills over from eucalyp- tus leaves at a temperature varying from 338° to 352° F., and is purified by redistillation from potassium hydrate or calcium chloride. Properties. — A colorless liquid, having a characteristic, aromatic and distinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy and cooling taste. Spec. gr. 0.930. Soluble in all proportions, in alcohol. Dose. — Same as oil of eucalyptus. ACTION OF EUCALYPTUS, OIL OF EUCALYPTUS AND EUCALYPTOL. External. — The oil is a powerful antiseptic and disinfect- ant, and is even said to be three times more efficient in this respect than carbolic acid. It is but slightly irritating to the skin, unless its vapors are confined by bandaging, when it may cause vesicles and pustules. Some local anaesthesia follows primary skin irritation. Internal. — Digestive Tract. — Oil of eucalyptus excites gastric and salivary secretion, and acts, both locally and during elimination, as a stimulant to the mucous membrane of the Talimentary canal. Large doses occasion diarrhoea, and the fsecal discharges are impregnated with the odor of the oil. It is a stomachic, carminative, antiseptic and anodyne in the digestive tract. Circulation. — Oil of eucalyptus arrests the amoeboid movements of the white blood corpuscles, and diapedesis, in inflammatory areas ; inhibits the growth of the plasmodia malarise ; is an antipyretic and anti[)eriodic, and generally comports itself like quinine ; but is nevertheless distinctly inferior to it. Small doses reflexly stimulate the heart and cause an increase in blood pressure; while toxic doses depress the heart's action and lower vascular tension. Respiration. — Small doses accelerate the respiratory movements. Large doses make the respiration slower and weaker, and death ensues through respiratory failure. EUCALIPTOL 521 Nervous System. — Poisonous quantities depress the brain, medulla and spinal cord. Reflex activity is lost. Animals stagger, suffer great loss of muscular power and sensation in their limbs, and fall ; the breathing is slow and irregular, the pulse weak, and there are occasional convul- sions. The breathing stops before the cardiac pulsations. Elimination. — Oil of eucalyptus is excreted by the skin, kidneys, and mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes and bowels, and therefore stimulates and disinfects these parts during its elimination. Hence the drug is a diarphoretic, diuretic, and genito-urinary stimulant, stimulating expector- ant, and carminative. Administration. — The oil, or eucalyptol, are administered in emulsion with gum ; dissolved in alcohol ; or in capsules. USES OF EUCALYPTUS, OIL OF EUCALYPTUS AND EUCALYPTOL. External. — Eucalyptol is probably more generally useful than either eucalyptus or the oil. It is employed as an antiseptic with vaseline (1-8), on sores, wounds, and ulcers, and in lubricating instruments for use in the cavities of the body. It partially disguises the odor of iodoform, and is frequently combined with the latter in ointment. Eucalyptol is serviceable as a stimulating, antiseptic and deodorant inhalation in catarrhal diseases of the respiratory tract with putrid discharges, and in pulmonary gangrene. The ordinary doses (by the mouth) are placed in hot water for this purpose. Eucalyptol, with sweet oil (1-5), forms an efl&cient stimulating and anodyne liniment. Internal. — In chronic bronchitis, eucalyptol is often valuable in stimulating and disinfecting the bronchial mucous membrane during its elimination. It is also efficacious in chronic pyelitis and cystitis, for the same reason. The oil has been given with asserted success in various bacterial diseases, as septicaemia, canine distemper, influenza, etc., for its antiseptic action. In human medicine, eucalyptus and its derivatives are mainly of worth as substitutes for quinine in malaria, when the latter drug is inadmissible. Eucalyptol 522 VEGETABLE DRUGS may be given as a stomachic and carminative in digestive disorders with foul-smelliug faecal evacuations. Arnica Flores. Arnica Flowers. Synonym. — Fleurs d'arnique, Fr.; wohlverleihbliithen, arnikabliithen, G. The flower heads of Arnica montana Linne (nat. ord. Compositae). Habitat. — Mountainous regions of Europe and Northern Asia. Description. — Heads about 3 Cm. broad ; depressed- roundish, consisting of a scaly invohicre in two rows, and a small, nearly flat, hairy receptacle, bearing about sixteen yellow, strap-shaped, ten-nerved, ray-florets, and numerous yellow, five-toothed, tubular disk-florets having slender, spindle-shaped achenes crowned by a hairy pappus. Odor feeble, aromatic; taste bitter and acrid. . Constituents. — 1, an ethereal oil ; 2, an amorphous, yell ov/, acrid, bitter principle, arnicin ; 3, resins; 4, tannic acid; 5, caprylic and capronic acids. Dose.—R & C, I ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; D., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3). PREPARATION. Tinctura Arnicce. Tincture of Arnica. (U. S. P.) Made by percolation of arnica flowers, 200, with diluted alcohol to make 1000. Dose.— H. & C, I i. (30.) ; D., tti„xv.-x1. (1.-2.6). Arnica Radix. Arnica Root. Synonym.^Arnicse rhizoma, B.P. ; racine d'arnique, Fr.; arnikawurzel, G. The rhizome and roots of Arnica montana Linne (nat. ord. Compositae). Description. — Rhizome about 5 Cm. long, and 3 or 4 Mm. thick; externally brown, rough from leaf scars; internally whitish, with a rather thick bark containing a circle of resin ARNICA 523 cells, surrounding the short, yellowish wood wedges, and large, spongy pith. The roots numerous, thin, fragile ; grayish-brown, with a thick bark containing a circle of resin cells. Odor somewhat aromatic ; taste pungently aromatic and bitter. Constituents. — Identical with those of flowers. Dose. — Same as flowers. ' PREPARATION. Tinctura Arnicce. (B. P.) Dose.— H., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60) ;D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). Action and Uses. — Externally, arnica, especially the tinc- ture of the flowers, increases the vascularity of the integu- ment, and may cause various grades of superficial inflamma- tion on sensitive skins if not properly diluted. Internally, the drug stimulates the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and is stomachic and carminative. Arnica is eliminated by the kidneys and mucous membranes and stimulates these parts during its excretion. Arnica slows and stimulates the heart and increases vascular tension in medicinal doses, while large doses augment the frequency of the pulse. This action follows, first, stimulation, and later, depression of the inhibitory apparatus. Toxic quantities occasion gastro- intestinal irritation and nervous symptoms, as giddiness, stupor, delirium, insensibility, and convulsions ; with rapid, feeble pulse and sometimes syncope. The only rational use for arnica is in stimulating the skin in sprains and bruises. The tincture of the flowers is generally diluted with water (1-12) for this purpose. It is doubtful if it is more serviceable than alcohol in these con- ditions. There is no sufficient evidence to show that arnica possesses any therapeutic value when given iiiteruaiiy, although it has been used and is recommended for dysentery, chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, nervous disorders, etc. 524 VEGETABLE DRUGS Myrrha. Myrrh. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Myrrhe, F. A gum-resin obtained from Commiphora Myrrha (Nees) Eugler (nat. ord. Burseracese). Habitat. — Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia, along the borders of the Red Sea. Description. — In roundish or irregular tears or masses ; dusty, brownish-yellow or reddish-brown ; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery ; translucent on the edges, somewhat marked with whitish veins ; odor balsamic ; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. When triturated with water, myrrh yields a brownish-yellow emulsion ; it is soluble in alcohol. Constituents. — 1, an active resinous principle, myrrhin (C,«H3,Oio), 30 to 40 per cent. ; 2, myrrhol (CjoHi^OJ, a volatile oil, 2 8 per cent. ; 3, arabin, a gum, 50 to 60 per cent. ; 4, a bitter substance. Dose.—R. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.) ; D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). PREPARATIONS. Tinctura Myrrhce. Tincture of Myrrh. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by maceration of myrrh, 200, with alcohol, and filtration to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H. & C, I i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 iii.-vi. (12 -24.) ; D., 3 ss-i. (2.-4.). Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhce. Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation of myrrh, 100; purified aloes, 100; liquorice root; with alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.— H. & C, 5 ii.-iv. (60.-120.) ; Sh. & Sw., § ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; D., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.). Pilulce Aloes et Myrrhce. (U. S. & B. P.) Dose.— D., 2 pills. Action and Uses. — Myrrh, externally, is a mild stimulant CAPSICUM 525 and antiseptic by virtue of its resin and volatile oil. It is a stomachic and carminative internally, exciting the appetite and increasing the secretion, motion and blood supply of the stomach and bowels. Myrrh is eliminated by the mucous membranes of the bronchial and genito-urinary tracts, and stimulates and disinfects these parts during its excretion. The drug is occasionally prescribed as a stimulating expec- torant in chronic bronchitis ; as a stimulant and antiseptic in chronic cystitis ; also as a uterine stimulant and emmenagogue in ammenorrhoea, and in chronic leucorrhoea. Myrrh is thought to prove beneficial in anaemia, when combined with iron. It assists the action of purgatives, and myrrh may be exhibited as a laxative in the form of the tincture of aloes and myrrh. The tincture forms a service- able mouth-wash in aqueous emulsion (1-16), and is some- times employed as a stimulant and antiseptic on wounds, sores and ulcers, diluted with 4 to 8 parts of water. Myrrh is administered in tincture, ball or pill. Class 2. — Used Mainly for their Stomachic and Carminative Action Upon the Digestive Tract. Capsicum. Capsicum. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Capsici fructus, B. P. ; cayenne pepper, African or pod pepper, E. ; capsiqua, piment des jardins, piment rouge, poivre de cayenne, Fr. ; spanischer pfeffer, G. Called commonly " red pepper," when dried and powdered. The fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum Blume (nat. ord. Solanacese). Habitat. — Ti'opical America; cultivated also in other tropical countries. JJescription. — Oblong-conical, from 10 to 20 Mm. long ; supported by a flattish, cup- shaped, five-toothed calyx with a red, shining, membranous and translucent pericarp enclosing two cells and containing flat, reniform, yellowish seeds, attached to a thick, central placenta. It has a peculiar odor, and an intensely hot taste. 526 VEGETABLE DRUGS Constituents. — 1, capsaicin (CgHi.NO,), a crystallizable, acrid body ; 2, capsicin, a volatile alkaloid ; 3, a fixed oil ; 4, fatty matter ; 5, resin. Dose. — B.., gr.xx.-3i. (1-3-4.); C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.i.-viii. (.06-. 5). PREPARATIONS. Fluidexti'actum Capsici. Fluidextract of Capsicum. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. — 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose.—H., mxx.Si. (1.3-4.); C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8,); D., mi.-viii. (.06-.5). Tinctura Capsici. Tincture of Capsicum. (U. S. &B. P.) Made by percolation of capsicum, 100, with alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.—B.., 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); C, § ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., ttIv.- 3 i. (.3-4.). Oleoresina Capsici. Oleoresin of Capsicum. (U. S. P.) Made by percolation with acetone, distillation, and evaporation of the residue. Dose.—B.., TTix.-xxx. (.6-2.); C, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., ttli-I. (.015-.06). Unguentum Capsici. (B. P.) Administration. — Capsicum and the oleoresin are given in ball or pill. The fluid extract should be freely diluted with water. Action and Uses. — Capsicum generally resembles the volatile oils in its action. Externally, it is rubefacient and counter-irritant, producing about the same degree of irrita- tion as mustard, but causing considembly more pain, while its fumes are unbearable. Capsicum is used mainly as a stomachic and a carminative in augmenting the appetite, gastric vascularity, secretion and motion, and intestinal peristalsis. Cap.sicum is employed on the skin in local paralysis— as of the lip — in horses, with mustard in paste ; or as the fluid extract painted on plaster splints to prevent dogs from gnawing them off. Internally, capsicum is of greater value than black or white pepper, and is indicated in atonic indigestion and flatulent colic in horses (see ammonium carbonate, p. 141). GINGER 527 It may be combined advantageously with bitters, as nux vomica. Capsicum is a favorite stimulant and tonic remedy -to the digestion — with bird fanciers. It is also said to increase the laying of eggs when given to hens. Zingiber. Ginger. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Ingwer, G.; gingember, Fr. The rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (nat. ord. Scitamineae). Habitat. — East and West Indies and India ; cultivated in tropical climates. Description. — About 5 to 10 Cm. long, 10 to 15 Mm. broad, and 4 to 8 Mm. thick ; flattish on one side ; lobed or <3lavately branched ; deprived of the corky layer ; pale, buff- colored, striate ; breaking with a mealy, rather fibrous frac- ture, showing numerous small, scattered resin cells and fibro-vascular bundles, the latter enclosed by a nucleus sheath ; agreeably aromatic and of a pungent and warm tsiste. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil ; 2, a resin ; 3, gingerol, said to supply pungent taste, while the oil gives flavor. Dose.—ll., 3ii.-3i. (8.-30.); C, gi.-iv. (30.-120.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.) ; D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1.). PREPARATION. Fluidextr actum Zingiheris. Fluidextract of Ginger. (XT. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evapora- tion, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose. — Same as that of ginger. Oleoresiiia Zingiheris. (U. S. P) Dose. — H., gr.xxs.- 3 i.ss. (3.-6.); D., gr.i.-v. (.06-.3). Action and Uses. — Ginger is chiefly administered in powder as a stomachic and carminative in atonic indigestion of horses and ruminants. It is frequently combined with sodium bicarbonate and bitters. Ginger also aids the action of purgatives and prevents griping. The powder or fluid extract should be added to magnesium sulphate when it is given in full purgative doses to cattle or sheep. (See magne- sium and sodium sulphate, pp. 136 and 163). 528 VEGETABLE DKUGS Mentha Piperita. Peppermint. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Folia (herba) menthge piperitae, P.G.;,menthe poivree, Fr.; pfeffermiuze, G. The leaves and tops of Mentha piperita Smith (nat. ord. Labiatse). Hnbifat. — Indigenous in North America,Europe and Asia. Description. — Leaves about 5 Cm. long, petiolate, ovate- lauceolate, acute, sharply serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; the few hairs containing crystals of menthol in one or more thin cells ; branches quadrangular, often purplish ; flowers in terminal, conical spikes, with a tubular, five-toothed, often purplish calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and four short stamens ; odor aromatic ; taste pungent and cooling. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil : 2, menthol ; 3, menthene (CioHig). Oleum Menthje Piperita. Oil of Peppermint. (U.S. &B.P.) Synonym. — Essence de menthe poivree, Fr.; pfeffer^ minzol, G. A volatile oil distilled from peppermint. Properties. — A colorless, or yellowish, or greenish-yellow liquid, becoming darker and thicker by age and exposure to the air ; having the characteristic strong odor of peppermint, and a strongly aromatic, pungent taste, followed by a sensa- tion of cold when air is drawn into the mouth. Spec. gr. 0.9 to 0.920. It forms a clear solution with an equal volume of alcohol, but becomes turbid when somewhat further diluted. Constituents. — 1, menthol ; 2, menthene, a liquid terpene obtained by distillation. Dose.—B.. & C, nixv.-xxx. (1.-2.) ; D., Tlli-v. (.06-.3). PREPARATIONS. Spiritiis MenthcR Piper itce. Spirit of Peppermint. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Essence de menthe poivree, Fr.; Englisch pfeffermin- zessenz, G.; spiritus menthaj piperitae anglicus, P.G. MENTHOL 520 Oil of peppermint, 100 ; peppermint, 10 : alcohol to make 1000. Made by maceration and filtration. (U. S. P.) Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ii.iv. (8.-15.) ; D. nixv.-xxx. (1.-2.). Aqua Menthce Piperitce. Peppermint Water. (U. S. &B. P.) Oil of peppermint, 2 ; purified talc, 15 ; water to make 1000. Made by trituration and filtration. (U. S. P.) Dose. — Used as vehicle in canine practice. Menthol. Mentho]. C,,B.,,OIl. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Mint or peppermint-camphor. A stearopten (having the character of a secondary alcohol) obtained from the official oil of peppermint (from Mentha piperita Smith), or from Japanese or Chinese oil of peppermint (from Mentha avensis Linne, var. piperascens Holmes, and Mentha Canadensis Linne, var. glabrata Holmes ; nat. ord. Labiatse). Derivation. — Made from the oil of peppermint by frac- tional distillation ; freezing of the higher boiling point pro- duct, and crystallization. Pr'operties. — Colorless, acicular or prismatic crystals, having a strong and pure odor of peppermint, and a warm, aromatic taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn in the mouth. Slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide or glacial acetic acid. When it is triturated with about an equal weight of camphor, thymol, or chloral hydrate, the mixture becomes liquid. Menthol may be dissolved by heat in oleic acid, fats or liquid vaseline. I)ose.—B.., gr.vii,-xv. (.5-].); D., gr.ss.-ii. (.03-.12). ACTION AND USES OF PEPPERMINT AND MENTHOL. Peppermint and oil of peppermint owe their medicinal virtues chiefly to the menthol they contain. They resemble the other volatile oils in most respects, but are more anaes- thetic 'and antiseptic than some. Menthol is used mostly externally, and is extremely valuable in relieving itching and neuralgic pain. It may be employed with alcohol or 530 VEGETABLE DRUGS chloroform in solution ( 3 ss. to 3 i.), in urticaria or pruritus. An ointment is also serviceable, or a solution by lieat in oleic acid (1 to 24). For burns, the following will be found beneficial : Sweet oil and lime water, each one ounce ; menthol, one drachm. The cooling sensation produced by menthol is due to a specific effect upon the nerves of temper- ature. The anaesthetic and antiseptic action of menthol has been taken advantage of in the treatment of boils and super- ficial abscesses. A 10 to 50 per cent, solution in ether is said to abort these lesions when painted frequently on the inflamed parts. A menthol and camphor solution, obtained by dissolving fifteen grains of each in an ounce of liquid petrolatum, is one of the best preparations to use in an atomizer or dropper for acute or chronic nasal catarrh of dogs. Internally, the essence of peppermint or oil are of worth in cases of mild colic and flatulence on account of their anaesthetic, carminative and antiseptic action. Menthol may be given to dogs to relieve vomiting. Peppermint water assuages thirst in fever, and this preparation is also used as a pleasant vehicle in the- administration of disagreeable drugs to dogs. The oil is prescribed in pill or ball to pre- vent the griping of cathartics. Administration. — The essence is the preparation in most common use and is given in water. The oil is dissolved in spirit, or exhibited to dogs on sugar. Menthol may be administered in alcohol and syrup, equal parts ; or in pill or capsule to dogs. Mentha viridis (spearmint) is oflicial together with oleum menthse viridis (oil of spearmint), spiritus menthse viridis (spirit of spearmint), and aqua menthae viridis. The actions, uses and doses are the same as those of peppermint and its preparations, but the latter are more popular and pleasant. Anisum. Anise. Synonym. — Anisi fructus, B.P.; anis, Fr.; anis, G. ILLICIUM 531 The fruit of Pimpinella Anisum Linne (nat. ord. Umbel- lifer?e) . Habitat. — Southeastern Europe, Egypt, Western Asia; also cultivated. Description. — About 4 or 5 Mm. long, ovate, compressed at the sides ; grayish, finely hairy, and consisting of two mericarps, each with a flat face and five light brownish, fili- form ridges, and about fifteen thin oil tubes, which can be seen in a transverse section by the microscope. It has an agreeable, aromatic odor, and a sweet, spicy taste. It may be distinguished from conium fruit by the odor and taste, while the latter has usually single mericarps which are smooth, grooved upon the face, and have crenate ridges with wrinkles between them, and no oil tubes. Constitiients. — Oil of anise. Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iii. (8.-12.) ; D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). Illicium. lUicium. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Anisi stellati fructus, B.P.; star anise. The fruit of illicium verum Hooker filius (nat. ord. Magnoliaceae). Habitat. — North An am. Description. — The fruit is pedunculate and consists of eight stellately arranged carpels, which are boat-shaped, about 10 Mm. long, rather woody, wrinkled, straight-beaked, brown, dehiscent on the upper suture, internally reddish- brown, glossy, and containing a single, flattish, oval, glossy, brownish-yellow seed ; odor anise-like, taste of the carpels sweet and aromatic, and of the seeds oily. Similar to the poisonous fruit of Illicium anisatum Linne (Illicium religi- osum Siebold), the capsules of which are more woody, shrivelled, and have a thiu, mostly curved beak ; a faint, clove-like odor, and an unpleasant taste. Constituents. — Oil of anise. Dose. — Same as that for anise. 532 VEGETABLE DEUGS OleUxM Anist. Oil of Anise. (U. S. & B. P.) A volatile oil distilled from anise. Properties. — A colorless or pale yellow, thin and strongly refractive liquid, having the characteristic odor of anise, and a sweetish, mildly aromatic taste. Spec. gr. about 0.980 to 0.990. Soluble iu an equal volume of alcohol. Dose.—R., ITLxx.-xxx. (1.3-2.); D., 1T[i.-v. (.06-.3). PREPARATIONS. Aqua Anisi. Anise Water. (U. S. & B. P.) Oil of anise, 2 ; purified talc, 15 ; water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Used as vehicle. Spiritus Anisi. Spirit of Anise. (U. S. & B. P.) Oil of anise, 100 ; deodorized alcohol, 900. (U. S. P.) Dose.— D., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.). ACTIONS AND USES OF ANISE AND ILLICIUM. Oil of anise resembles in action the other volatile oils. It is employed with olive oil or alcohol (1-10) to kill fleas or lice on dogs, rubbed over the skin ; and one drop of the pure oil may be placed on the feathers of fowl to cause destruc- tion of lice. The oil is sometimes prescribed to disguise the taste or odor of drugs (see potassa sulphurata), and is ordered iu cough mixtures for its expectorant properties. Anise fruit is given to horses and ruminants on their food — frequently with sodium bicarbonate and ginger — to relieve mild forms of indigestion and flatulence through its stomachic and carminative action. Cardamomum. Cardamom. Synonym. — C.ardamomi semina, B.P.; fructus vel semen cardamomi minoris, P.G. ; cardamomes, Fr. ; cardamomen, kleine kardamomen, G. The fruit of Elettaris repens (Sonnerat) Baillon (nat. ord. Scitaminese). Habitat. — Malabar. COKIANDER 533 Description. — Fruit ovoid or oblong, from 10 to 15 Mm. long ; of a pale buff color, with a thin, tasteless pericarp. Seeds 4 Mm. long, reddish-brown, and have an agreeable odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. The seeds are active ; the pericarp has no medicinal virtue. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil, which is a terpene (CmHjJ; 2, a fixed oil. Dose. — Same as that of anise. A tinctura and tinctura cardamomi compositse are official. They serve as coloring (red) and flavoring agents, and may be employed as vehicles in doses of one to two drachms, in canine practice. The dose of the fluid extract is the same as that of the drug. CoRiANDRUM. Coriander. Synonym. — Coriandri fructus, B.P. ; coriander fruit, E. ; coriandre, Fr.; koriander, G.; fructus coriandri, P.G. The fruit of Coriandrum sativum Linne (nat. ord. Umbelliferse). Habitat. — Southern Europe or Central Asia. Description. — Globular, about 4 Mm. in diameter, brownish-3^ellow ; odor and taste agreeably aromatic. Constituents. — 1, the volatile oil, oleum coriandri, a color- less, or slightly yellow liquid, having the characteristic odor of coriander, and a warm, spicy taste. Dose of coriander and its oil, same as for anise and its oil. FoENicuLUM, Fennel. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Foeniculi fructus, B.P. ; semen foeniculi, fennel fruit or seeds, E. ; semences de fenouil, Fr.; fenchel- samen, G. The fruit of Foeuiculum capillaceum Gilbert (nat. ord. Umbelliferse). Habitat. — Southern Europe and Levant. 534 VEGETABLE DRUGS Description. — Oblong, nearly cylindrical, from 4 to 8 Mm. long ; brownish or greenish-brown ; odor and taste aromatic, anise-like. Constituents. — A volatile oil of almost similar action and composition to oil of anise, oleum foeniculi. A colorless, or pale yellowish liquid, having the characteristic aromatic odor of fennel, and a sweetish, mild and spicy taste. Soluble in alcohol. Dose of fennel and its oil, same as that for anise and its oil. FcENUGREEK. (Non-official.) The seeds of Trigonella Foenum Grtecum, cultivated in France and Germany. They are oblong, cylindrical, some- what compressed, obliquely truncated at each end ; 1 to 2 lines long; of a brownish-yellow color, and have a strong, peculiar odor, and oily, bitterish taste. Foenugreek contains both a volatile and fixed oil. Dose. — Same as for anise. ACTIONS AND USES OF CARDAMOM, CORIANDER, FENNEL AND FENUGREEK. These drugs resemble anise in actions, uses, and doses. They enter into the composition of many popular tonic or "condition" powders and drinks, and, by their stomachic and carminative properties, aid digestion. Ginger is perhaps in more frequent demand than other agents of this class, by the profession. Class 3. — Used Mainly for Their Antispasmodic Action in Stimulating the Nervous System. Valeriana. Valerian. Synonym. — Valerianae rhizoma, B.P. ; valeriane, Fr. ; baldrianwurzel, G. The rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis Linne (nat. ord, Valerianese). AMMONIUM VALERATE 535 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia. Naturalized in New England. Dcscrijytion. — Eliizome from 2 to 4 Cm. long, and 1 to 2 Cm. thick ; upright, subglobular, or obconical ; truncate at both ends ; brown or yellowish-brown, internally whitish or pule brownish, with a narrow circle of white wood under the thin bark. Roots numerous, slender, brittle, brown, with a thick bark, and slender, ligneous cord. Odor peculiar, becoming stronger and unpleasant on keeping ; taste cam- phoraceous and somewhat bitter. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil ; 2, valerianic acid (CsH^Oj), a colorless, oily acid, with burning taste and odor of valerian. Soluble in alcohol and ether, and in 30 parts of water. Valerianic acid is also made artificially by a complicated pro- cess from the distillation of chromic acid and amylic alcohol. 3, tannic acid ; 4, resin ; 5, malic, formic and acetic acids. Dose.—B.. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; D., gr.x.- 3 i. (6.-4.). PREPARATIONS. Fluidextr actum Valeriance. Fluidextract of Valerian. CU. S. P.) Made b.y maceration and percolation with water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose.—B..&C., I i.-ii. (30.-60 ); D., ttlx.- 3 i (.6-4.). A tinctura valeriange (1-5) and a tinctura Valerianae ammoniata (1-5), prepared with aromatic spirit of ammonia, are also official. The dose of either is 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.), for dogs. Tinctura Valeriance Ammoniata. (B. P.) Dose.—B., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.) Ammonii Valeras. Ammonium Valerate. NH.C.H.Oj (U.S. P.) Synonym. — Ammonium valerianate. Made by the action of ammonia gas upon valerianic acid, and crystallization. Properties. — Minute, colorless, cubical crystals, or a white granular powder ; without odor when colorless, but emitting a slight odor of iodine when colored, and having a sharp, saline taste. Very hygroscopic. Soluble in 1 part of water and in 9 parts of alcohol. Dose.—D., gr.ii.-v. (.12-.3). 536 VEGETABLE DRUGS Ferri Valeras. Ferric Valerate. (Non-official.}» Made bj precipitating a solution of ferric sulphate with a solution of sodium valerianate, and washing and drying the precipitate. Properties. — A dark, brick-red, amorphous powder of somewhat varying chemical composition ; having the odor of valerianic acid and a mildly styptic taste ; permanent in dry air. Insoluble in cold water, but readily soluble in alcohol. Dose.—D., gr.i-iii. (.06-.18). Zixci Valeras. Zinc Valerate. Zii(C,H,0,), + 2 H,0. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Zinc valerianate. Made by crystallization from a mixture of hot solutions of zinc sulphate and sodium valerianate. Properties. — White, pearly scales, having the odor of valerianic acid, and a sweetish, astringent raid metallic taste. On exposure to the air it slowly loses valerianic acid. Soluble in 100 parts of water, and in 40 parts of alcohol. Incompatibility. — Incompatible with acids, metallic salts and soluble carbonates ; also vegetable astringents. Dose.—B., gr.i.-iii. (.06-. 18). Administration. — Valerian should be given in the form of the fluid extract to horses, and this preparation or the tinctures may be exhibited to dogs in dilution. Valerianic acid is not used in medicine except to make valerianates. Of the salts, the zinc valerianate is the most popular, and is administered in pills in canine practice. ACTION and uses OF VALERIAN AND VALERATES. The physiological action of valerianic acid and the valerates is an unknown quantity, but clinical evidence supports their value. The volatile oil in valerian has much the same properties as other volatile oils in stimulating secretion, motion, vascularity and apj^etite, in relation to the digestive organs ; and, in its elimination, the oil excites the ASAFETIDA 537 mucous membranes of the bronchial tubes and geni to-urinary tract. The oil also stimulates the circulation reflexly. Toxic doses of the oil paralyze the brain and cord and depress the circulation ; while lethal quantities of ammonium valerate are said to first excite the spinal motor tract and cause con- vulsions, and to finally occasion spinal depression and paralysis. Valerian and the valerates are called antispas- modics in stimulating and strengthening an enfeebled nervous system and thus combating disorders which are created by an increased susceptibility to impulses originat- ing within the brain, or outside of the body. Valerian is both recommended and used in the treatment of polyuria and diabetes insipidus of the horse ; in chorea of dogs resulting from distemper, and occasionally in hysteria, epilepsy, convalescence from acute diseases, and nervous restlessness. Although the drug is of secondary importance, it finds a much larger field of usefulness in human medicine. Zinc valerate is more commonly employed in canine practice for chorea. Ferric valerate is supposed to com- bine the tonic and antispasmodic action of the two constitu- ents in one preparation. The oil of valerian is a useful remedy (in emulsion) as a carminative in flatulence. It may be given to horses in doses of 3 ss.-i.; and to dogs in quan- tities of 1TLii.-v. AsAFCETiDA. Asafetida. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Asafetida, B. P.; Gummi-resina asafoetida, ase fetide, asafcetida, Fr.; stinkasant, teufelsdreck, G. A gum-resin obtained from the root of Ferula foetida (Bunge) E-egel (nat. ord. Umbelliferse). Habitat, — Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan. Properties. — In roundish tears, from 2 to 6 Mm. or more in diameter; externally pale yellowish-brown, internally milk-white ; brittle when cold, and breaking with a flat, conchoidal, and waxy fracture ; or the tears are super^cially united into irregular masses without any intervening dark- 538 VEGETABLE DKUGS colored substance. It lias a pecjiliar odor, and a bitter, acrid, nauseous taste. When triturated it readily yields a milk-white emulsion. Constituents. — 1, a volatile oil (3-9 per cent.), containing as its most important ingredient oil of garlic, which gives asafoetida its disagreeable odor ; 2, gum, about 25 per cent. ; 3, resin, 50 to GO per cent., containing fernlaic acid (Cn,Hi(,Oj). Dose.—R. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.) ; Sh. uaixed with glycerin or molasses. It is often taught that aloes is contraindicated in haemor- rhoids, but this teaching does not obtain unless the piles are inflamed. In piles, associated with an atonic condition, aloes may be beneficial by improving the tone of the bowels. Aloes may be useful in jaundice due to constipation, but in general it is inferior to salines, calomel and podophyllin in the treatment of this disordei-. According to Bruntou, the presence of bile in the intestines is essential for the chola- gogue action of aloes. Therefore the absence of bile in the bowels would forbid the use of- aloes as a purgative. Laxative doses of aloes are valuable in amenorrhoea, about the time that " heat " should occur, in combination with iron. Oleum Lot. Linseed Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Oil of flaxseed, E.; huile de lin, Fr.; leinol, leinsamenol, G. A fixed oil expressed from linseed without the use of heat. Properties. — A yellowish or yelloM-, oily liquid, having a slight, peculiar odor and bland taste. When exposed to the air it gradually thickens and acquires a strong odor and taste ; and if spread in a thin layer on a glass plate and allowed to stand in a warm place, it is gradually converted into a hard, transparent, resin-like mass (absence of non-drying oils). Spec. gr. 0.930 to 0.940 at 59° F. Soluble in about 10 parts of absolute alcohol, and in all proportions in ether, chloroform, benzin, carbon disulphide, or oil of turpentine. Constituents. — 1, linolein ; 2, myristin ; 3, palmitin ; 4, albumin, which gives the oil its drying qualities. Dose.—R., Oss.-i. (250.-500.). Mild laxative, on bran mash. C, Oi.-ii. (500.-1000.) ; Sh. & Sw., 3 vi.-xii. (180.-360.); D. & C, 3 ss.-ii. (15.-60.). 570 VEGETABLE DRUGS Action and Uses. — Linseed oil exerts a laxative, or mild purgative effect by its mechanical action in lubricating the bowels and their contents. It is suitable for horses when a derivative or depleting action is not desirable, as in f?ecal impaction or overloaded bowels in weak animals, and in those suffering from inflammak)ry diseases of the respiratory tract or digestive organs ; diarrhoea, dysentery, and in preg- nancy. Aloes, on the other hand, would be contraindicated in these conditions. Carron oil (linseed oil and lime water, equal parts), is particularly appropriate as a remedy for " heaves " in horses ( 3 ii.-iv.), and is one of the best cathar- tics for foals, lambs and calves ( 3 ii.-iv.). The laxative and antacid properties of this preparation tend to combat intes- tinal fermentation which is so common in young animals with digestive disorders and diarrhoea. The same qualities of carron oil prevent flatulence and interference with the already impeded breathing in " heaves " of horses. Linseed oil is frequently given to ruminants, although Epsom salts is generally the best purge for them. It is indicated for these animals when a milder operation than that obtained by a full dose of salts is required, and for its demulcent action in irritable states of the digestive organs. Linseed oil, combined with salts, is useful in impaction of the rumen and omasum in cattle. By combining lin- seed oil with croton oil we procure a potent purge for cattle. Castor oil or sweet oil are usually preferable to linseed oil in the treatment of dogs. Soap suds enemata are made more effective by the addition of 1 or 2 pints of linseed oil (for horses), and 1 or 2 ounces (for dogs). The oil may be given in its pure state, but more uncom- monly is prescribed with gruel, glycerin, mucilage, or molasses. One ounce each of linseed oil and molasses may be given to the larger animals ; or one drachm of either to the smaller animals, as an expectorant in bronchitis. The mixture is often a most serviceable one and probably acts by improving the nutrition of the bronchial mucous membrane. Linseed oil and sweet oil resemble cod liver oil in this respect, and while both are probably inferior to the latter, as expectorants, they are more palatable and cheaper. CASTOR OIL 671 Oleum Riginl Castor Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Oleum palmse christi, huile de ricin, Fr.; ricinusol, G. A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Ricinus communis Linne (nat. ord. Euphorbiaceae). Habitat. — India. Cultivated in many countries. Properties. — A pale, yellowish and almost odorless, transparent, viscid fluid, having a bland, afterwards slightly acrid, and generally ojffensive taste. Spec, gr, 0.950-0.970 at 59° r. Soluble in equal volumes of alcohol, and in all pro- portions in absolute alcohol, or in glacial acetic acid ; also soluble in three times its volume of a mixture of 19 volumes of alcohol and 1 volume of water (absence of more than about 5 per cent, of most other fixed oils). Constituents. — 1, ricinolein, or ricinoleic acid glyceride, C3H5 (Ci8H3^03)3 ; 2, an acrid principle; 3, palmitin, stearin and myristin. J9o.se.— H. & C, Oi. (500.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.); D. & Cats, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) ; poultry, 3 i. (4.). Castor Oil Seeds.— These are not official. The name Eiicinus is applied to the plant because of the resemblance of the seed to a riciuus, or tick. The seeds are of a shiny, gray color, marked with brownish spots and streaks. They are about the size of small beans (17 Mm. X 8 Mm.), ovoid, flattened, and white inside. They contain 50 per ceut. of oil, and an acrid, poisonous substance. Three seeds have caused death in man, and they are ten times more purgative than the oil. Action and Uses. — Castor oil probably contains some unknown purgative principle which exists in larger amount in the seeds. It is often taught that ricinoleic acid, derived from the decomposition of ricinolein in the bowels, produces purgation. This is apparently not the case. Castor oil is mild, but has a more decided purgative action than linseed oil and often occasions griping. It acts in 4 or 5 hours and will purge when absorbed from the skin or rectum. Castor 572 VEGETABLE DRUGS oil is a galactagogue and is said to stimulate tlie secretion of milk when the castor leaves are applied to the mammary- glands. Castor oil is specially applicable in canine practice, to unload the bowels, and in irritated conditions of the digestive tract. It is useful in constipation only as an occasional remedy, since it is followed by greater tendency in this direction ; also in overloaded bowels, indigestion, diarrhoea, and pregnancy ; after the ingestion of foreign or putrid matters; and to assist the action of anthelmintics. Castor oil is inferior to linseed oil for horses, as a simple laxative, because it is more prone to cause colicky pains, and because it is more expensive. Castor oil is thought to be notably useful in irritation and inflammation of the intestines in these animals, however, as in diarrhoea, dysentery, and enteritis ; and can be combined with anodynes and anti- spasmodics to prevent griping. Two or three ounces of castor oil are suitable for calves or foals with gastro-intestinal disorders. One or two teaspoonfuls are suitable for poultry. Administration. — Castor oil is given to dogs with syrupus rhamni cathartic! in the proportion of 1 ounce of the former to 1 drachm of the latter ; or with glycerin (equal parts) and a few drops of oil of wintergreen. It is administered to puppies ( 3 i.-ii.) with an equal volume of sweet oil. Castor oil may be exhibited to horses with oil of peppermint (TTLxx.); or in digestive irritation, in warm cooked flour gruel with laudanum ( 3 ss.) and fluid extract belladonna ( 3 i.) ; to foals and calves with mucilage or gruel and 5 drops of oil of peppermint. Rhamnds Purshiana. (U. S. P.) Cascara Sagrada. (B. P.) Synonym. — California buckthorn, sacred bark, chittem bark. The bark of Ehamnus Purshiana de CandoUe (nat. ord. Rhamnacese). Habitat. — United States from northern Idaho west to Pacific Ocean. FEANGULA 573 Description. — In quills or curved pieces about 3 to 10 Cm. long aud about 2 Mm. thick ; outer surface brownish- gray and whitish ; the young bark having numerous rather broad, pale-colored warts ; inner surface yellowish to light brownish, becoming dark brown by age ; smooth or finely ' striate ; fracture short, yellowish ; in the inner layer of thick bark somewhat fibrous ; inodorous ; taste bitter. Constituents. — 1, three resins ; 2, a neutral body ; 3, a volatile oil ; 4, malic and tannic acids. Dose. — D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). PREPARATIONS. Fluidextr actum Ehanini Purshiance. Fluidextract of Rhamnus Purshiana Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and evapoi'atioD, so tliat 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. (U. S. P.) Dose.—D., TTlv.-xxx. (.3-2.). Flaidextractum Rliamni Purshiance Aromaticiim. (U. S. P.) Dose. — TTlv.-xxx. Extractuvi Cascara' Sagrade Liquidum. (B. P.) Dose. — D., TTLv.-xxx. (.3-2.). Extractum Cascarce Sugradce. (B. P.) Dose. — D., gr.ii.-viii. (.12-.5). Syriipus Cascarce Sagrade Aromaticus. (B. P.) Dose.—D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Feangula. Frangula. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Rhamni frangulfe cortex, B.P.; buckthorn, alder buckthorn, black alder, E.; bourdaine, bourgene, Fr.; faulbaumrinde, G.; cortex frangulse, P.G. The bark of Rhamnus Frangula Linne (nat. ord. Rham- nese), collected at least one year before being used. Habitat. — Europe and northern Asia. Description. — Quilled, about 1 Mm. thick ; outer surface grayish-brown, or blackish-brown, with numerous small, whitish, transversely-elongated lenticles ; inner surface smooth, pale brownish-yellow ; fracture in the outer layer short, of a purplish tint ; in the inner layer fibrous and pale yellow ; when masticated, coloring the saliva yellow ; nearly inodorous ; taste sweetish and bitter. 574 VEGETABLE DKUGS Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, frangulin {^20^20^10) y converted in time into (2) emodin (C15II10O5), a glucoside, to which the drug owes its purgative action. Frangulin yields emodin, a constituent of rhubarb as well, and rham- nose (CgHisOs), by hydrolysis. Dose.—D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). PREPARATIONS. Fluidextractum Frangulce. Fluid extract of Frangula. Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporation, so that Ice. of the preparation = 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose.— D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). Rhamnus Pueshiai-ta. (U. S. p.) Synonym. — Oascara Sagrada, B. P. Actions and Uses. — The buckthorns are laxatives in the doses employed in medicine. The fresh bark of R. frangula produces violent gastroenteritis (frangulin), and the same effect is produced by the bark of cascara sagrada, so that both should be kept a year before using. Frangula is rarely employed, but Cascara sagrada is probably the best purgative for chronic constipation in dogs. The dose does not require to be increased on repetition. On the contrary, the tone of the bowels is improved by the drug. It has a very bitter taste and is apt to cause griping so that cascara is commonly given with aromatics. Fluidextractum Phamni Purshiana^ Aromaticum (II. S.) D. TIXxv-xxx; or Syrupus Cascarse Sagradse Aromaticus (B. P.),'D. 5 ss.-ii,, are the best preparations. A solid and fluid extract are also official (U. S. «Si B. P.). The aromatic syrup of cascara sagrada may be prescribed to advantage with an ounce or two of castor oil, as an occasional purgative for dogs. A syrup of purging buckthorn (Rhamnus Catharticus) is also occasionally given dogs and cats with castor oil. D. ^ i-ii : Cats, o ss-i. RHUBARB 575 Kheum. Rhubarb. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Rhei radix, B.P.; rliubarbe, Fr.; rbubar- ber, G. The root of Rheum officinale Baillon (nat. ortl. Poly- gonace?e). Descripiion. — In cylindrical, conical or flattish segments, deprived of the dark brown, corky layer, smoothish or some- what wrinkled ; externally covered with a bright yellowish- brown powder, marked with white, elongated meshes, con- taining a white, rather spongy tissue and a number of short, reddish-brown or brownish-yellow striae ; compact, hard ; fracture uneven ; internally white, with numerous red, irregularly-curved and interrupted medullary rays, which are radially parallel only near the cambium line ; odor some- what peculiar, aromatic ; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. When chewed, rhubarb feels gritty between the teeth, and imparts a yellow color to the saliva. Constituents. — 1, a glucoside, chrysarobin {Q._.^^^0^^, which yields 2-3 per cent, of chrysophanic acid (CisHi^OJ, also called rhein or chrysophan ; 2, rheotannic acid (C^eHogOJ, which gives astringeucy to rhubarb ; 3, calcium oxalate (35 per cent.), causing grittiness ; 4, resinous bodies : phaeoretin, emodin, aporetin and erythroretin. Chrysophanic acid and the resins are somewhat purgative, but the exact purgative principle has yet to be discovered. Dose.— Stomachic— R. k C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh., 3 i- (4); D. k Cats, gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). Mild Purgative — Foals and Calves, 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8). Fowl, gr.-v.-vii. in pill. PREPARATIONS. Fluidextmctnm Rhei. Fluidextract of Rhubarb. (U.S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gni. of the crude drug. Dose. — Same as that of rhubarb. 676 VEGETABLE DRUGS Piilvis Rhei Compositus. Compound Powder of Rhubarb. (U. S. &B. P.) Synonym. — Gregory's powder. Rhubarb, 25 ; magnesia, 65 ; ginger, 10. Dose. — Foals and Calves, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.). Extractum Rhei. Extract of Rhubarb. (U. S. & B. P.) Dose.— D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). There are many other official preparations, but they possess no value in veterinary medicine. Action InteriKtl. — Alimentary Canal. — Rhubarb is a bitter, and therefore in small doses improves digestion in all animals by increasing the flow of salivary and gastric juices, and by stimulating the appetite, vascularity, and movements of the stomach. It is called a stomachic and bitter tonic. Larger doses cause mild purgation in the case of dogs and cats, but horses and cattle are but slightly affected in this way. The activity of rhubarb is partly due to the solvent action of bile. It is commonly described as an agent which stimulates peristaltic action, but it is not certainly known how purging is brought about. Secondary constipation is more apt to follow the use of rhubarb than other drugs, because of rheotannic acid. This substance may be absorbed and eliminated into the bowels after the occurrence of purgation. Rhubarb, by virtue of chrysophanic acid, stains the faeces, urine, milk and sweat yellow in its excretion. Uses. — Rhubarb is an efficient laxative remedy for the treatment of indigestion in young animals associated with diarrhoea. In this condition it sweeps oiit the source of irrita- tion and then exerts an astringent effect. The drug often acts most favorably with an antacid in the disorders noted. Gregory's powder is useful in the care of foals, calves and lambs with diarrhoea. The fluid extract may be given to dogs, bat rhubarb is not so generally useful a purgative for these animals as castor oil, calomel, or cascara sagrada. Rhubarb has been recommended when a laxative is desirable, in cases of haemorrhoids, to improve local tone, and also as a purgative in diarrhoea of young animals due to worms. CHRYSAROBm 577 One or two drops of the tincture of rliubarb in the drinking water form a serviceable laxative for small birds. Chrysarobinum. Chrysarobin. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Goa powder, araroba pawder. A neutral principle, in its commercial, more or less impure form, extracted from Goa Powder, a substance found deposited in the wood of Andira Araroba Aguiar (nat. ord, Leguminosse). Habitat. — Brazil. Properties. — A pale orange-yellow, microcrystalline powder, odorless and tasteless ; turning brownish-yellow on exposure to the air. Very slightly soluble in cold water or alcohol. Soluble in solutions of alkalies. Constituents. — Chiefly chrysarobin (C,,,H..,0,„) — also called rhein and chrysophan, — an orange-yellow, crystalline glucoside, somewhat soluble in alcohol and ether ; freely soluble in chloroform and benzol. It is oxidized into chry- sophanic acid (CioHi„OJ, and glucose. PREPARATION. Unguentum Chrysarobini. Chrysarobin Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) Clirysarobiu, 6 ; benzoinated lard, 95. (U. S.) Action and Uses. — Chrysarobin is a powerful irritant to the skin and destroys parasites. It stains the skin and other materials dark brown. This may be removed, unless fixed by an alkali, with a weak solution of chlorinated lime or caustic soda. Chrj^sarobin is also a strong irritant in the gastro-intestinal tract, causing vomiting and purging in carnivora. It is eliminated by the kidneys, coloring the urine yellow. Chrysarobin is used as a parasiticide in the treatment of ringworm, and as a stimulant to the skin in chronic cutaneous disorders, as eczema (with much itching and scaling), and in alopecia areata. The official 5 per cent, ointment should be diluted 2 or 3 times for delicate skins. 578 VEGETABLE DRUGS It ^liDul I be applied over a large area with care, but is one of llie most efficient remedies in obstinate diseases of the skin. Senna. Senna. Synonym. — Senna Alexandrina, senna Indica, B.P.; senna leaves, folia sennae, E.; feuilles de sene, Fr.; sennesbliitter, G. The leaflets of Cassia acutifolia Delile (Alexandria Senna), and of Cassia augustifolia Vahl (India Senna); (nat. ord. LegumiiJOsa3). Description. — Alexandria Senna. — It consists of leaflets about 25 Mm. long and 10 Mm. broad, lanceolate or lance- oval, subcoriaceous, brittle, rather pointed, unequally oblique at the base, entire, grayish-green, somewhat pubescent, of a peculiar odor and a nauseous, bitter taste. Impurities. — Argel leaves (Solenostemma Argel Hayue, nat. ord. Asclepiadse), are frequently present. They are thicker, one-veined, wrinkled, glaucous, and even at the base. India Senna. — It consists of leaflets 3 to 5 Cm. long, and 10 to 15 Mm. broad; lanceolate, acute, unequally oblique at the base; entire, thin, yellowish-green, nearly smooth ; odor peculiar, somewhat tea-like ; taste mucilaginous, bitter and nauseous. It should be free from stalks, discolored leaves and other admixtures. Habitat. — Alexandria Senna — Upjier Egypt, Nubia, and Central Africa. Indian Senna, or Tinnivelly /Sewwrt—Eastern Africa to India. Constituents. — 1, the purgative properties are chiefly due to magnesium and calcium cathartates ; salts of cathartic acid (CiBoHggN.SO^o), a black, amorphous glucoside ; 2, two glucosides, senuacrol and sennapicrin, insoluble in water ; 3, chrysophanic acid ; 4, cathartomannit {C^Ji^^O^^, an unfer- njentable sugar. Dose.—B.. k C, 3iv.-v. (120.-150.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); D. k C, 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); fowl, gr. xv.-xx. in pills. SENNA 579 PEEPAKATIONS. Fluidextr actum Senna'. Fluidextract of Senna. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. Dose. — Same as senna. Pulvis Glycyrrhiza Compositus. Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym,. — Compound liquorice powder. Senna, 180 ; glycyrrhiza, 236 ; washed sulphur, 80 ; oil of fennel, 4; sugar, 500. Dose.— D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Syrupiis Sennce. (U. S. & B. P.) Dose.— D., 3i.-iv. (4.-15.). Action Infernal. — Senna stimulates and increases the vascularity of the intestinal mucous membrane, and causes increased peristalsis of the large intestines, particularly of the colon. It produces copious pale-yellow and watery evacuations. The drug has a nauseous taste and purging is accompanied by some griping and flatulence. Senna acts more satisfactorily when combined with other purgative agents. It is absorbed and will occasion catharsis in suck- lings after administration to their mothers, and after intra- venous injection. The urine may be colored red or yellow by its elimination. It is extremely doubtful if senna exerts any influence on biliary secretion. Uses. — Senna is but rarely employed in veterinary medi- cine. It may be used where a simple, vigorous cathartic is indicated in constipation, or in cases of slight faecal accumu- lation. The drug acts more efl'ectively when given in conjunc- tion with salts. The fluid extract, or an infusion made by pouring boiling water over the leaves and allowing them to macerate until the water becomes cold, are added to solu- tions of magnesium sulphate. This combination is more suitable for cattle or sheep. The syrup or compound liquorice powder may be given to dogs as simple purgatives in occasional or habitual constipation. 580 VEGETABLE DKUGS Class 2. — Drastic Purgatives. Oleum Tiglil Croton Oil. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Olenm crotonis, B.P.; huile de croton, huile de graines de tilly, Fr.; crotonol, G. A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tiglium Linne (nat. ord. Enphorbiacese). Habitat. — India, Indian Archipelago, and Philippine Islands. Also cultivated. Properties. — A pale yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat viscid, and somewhat fluorescent liquid, haviug a slight fatty odor, and a mild, oily, afterwards burning and acrid taste (great caution is necessary in tasting). Spec. gr. 0.940 to 0.960 at 59° F. When fresh it is soluble in about 60 parts of alcohol, the solubility increasing by age. It is freely soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, and in fixed and volatile oils. Constituents. — 1, crotonol (CisH^^Oj), a non-purgative body causiug irritation of the skin ; 2, tiglinic acid (CjIIgOa), and many volatile acids existing as glycerides and account- ing for the odor of croton oil ; 3, free and combined fatty acids. The purgative principle is undiscovered. Z>os('.— H.,1TLxv.-xxx. (1.-2.); C, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); Sh. & Sw., mv.-x. (.3-.6); D., Tllss.-iii. (.03-.18). Croton seeds resemble castor seeds in size, but are not mottled or shiny. They are 13 Mm. long by 8 Mm. wide ; oval in shape*; white within, and possessing a mild, mucila- ginous taste at first, but soon becoming hot and sharp. They contain from 50 to 60 per cent, of (iroton oil. Action External. — Croton oil is a most powerful irritant, causing pain, redness and swelling of the skin, soon followed by vesicles and pustules. Permanent destruction of the hair follicles succeeds with loss of hair and cicatrices. When applied to the skin, injected into the blood or under the skin, it is eliminated to some extent by the bowels, producing CROTON OIL 581 purging; and sometimes by the kidneys, creating diuresis, irritation of tliese organs and strangury. Action Internal. — Croton oil is also an intense internal irritant. It increases the vascularity of the stomach and bowels and in large doses creates gastro-enteritis. Medicinal doses notably augment the intestinal secretions — but not that of bile — and to a degree peristalsis. The drug may act in half an hour, but usually within a few hours, and pur- gation is attended with colicky pain and griping. The movements are very fluid and sometimes contain blood. Croton oil is therefore a drastic hydragogue cathartic. The purgative action is probably due in part to direct irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane ; in part to absorption and elimination of the oil by the bowels. Toxicology. — Ten drops of croton oil will kill a dog unless vomiting occurs. Thirty drops prove fatal to a horse, intravenously. The treatment of poisoning in- cludes the use of emetics or stomach tube, demulcents and opium. Administration. — Croton oil maybe placed on the tongue of an unconscious animal, in a small quantity of linseed oil, olive oil, or lard. The oil can also be given in enema with a pint of linseed oil. It may be exhibited to dogs in pill, castor oil, or rubbed up with a little butter and smeared on the back of the tongue. Croton oil (in a pint of linseed oil) is valuable in assisting the action of salts in obstinate constipation of cattle. It may be administered to horses (TTLx.), when a powerful derivative and purgative action is indicated, as in acute inflammation of the brain and cord, with calomel and aloes in ball. Uses External. — Croton oil is ordinarily superseded by milder counter-irritants, as turpentine, mustard, or stimulat- ing liniments ; but it may be employed so as to secure any degree of irritation according to its strength. It is occasion- ally used for horses in acute diseases of the brain, applied around the poll and on the back of the neck ; 1 part (20-301T[), with 30 parts each of oil of turpentine and lin- 582 VEGETABLE DRUGS seed oil ; in acute disorders of the cliest (10-151TL on either side) and abdomen (^OHI), similarly diluted. Absorption, purging and revulsani action may be secured by tlie external application of croton oil. Croton oil is more often employed in cattle (1-6 or 10, with cod liver oil) for its counter-irritant effect when rubbed into the skin, as in laryngitis, glandular enlargement, and rheumatic joints. It is less likely to cause severe inflammation and blemishing than in horses. For swine, croton oil is diluted with 2 volumes of linseed or cod liver oil. Uses Internal. — Croton oil is more suitable as a drastic cathartic for cattle, than for horses. It is prescribed in obstinate constipation (not of organic origin) when other remedies fail. Also in unconscious conditions where its sm«,ll bulk will allow of its exhibition. Again, for its deriva- tive and rapid effect in cerebral congestion, parturient apoplexy, etc. Croton oil may be given to dogs and pigs in. similar conditions. The oil is too irritant for horses to justify its use save in exceptional cases. SCAMMONIUM. Scarnmony. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Scammonee, Fr.; scammonium, G. A resinous exudation from the living root of Convolvu- lus Scammonia Linne (nat. ord. Convolvulacese). Habitat. — Syria. Descriptioyi. — In irregular, angular pieces or circular cakes, greenish-gray or blackish ; internally porous, and breaking with an angular fracture ; of a resinous lustre ; odor ]3eculiar, somewhat cheese-like; taste slightly acrid; powder gray or greenish-gray. When triturated with water, scammony yields a greenish emulsion ; ether dissolves at least 75 per cent, of it. Constituents. — 1, a resin (80-95 per cent.); 2, gum ; 3, starch. Dose. — D., 3 i--ii- (4.-8.); Cats, 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.). JALAP 583 PREPARATION. Resina Seammonii. Resin of Scammony. (U. S. P.) Scammonice Besina, (B. P.) Derivation. — Made bj^ solution in boiling alcohol, and precipitation with water. Properties. — Yellowish- brown or brownish-yellow masses or frag- ments, breaking with a glossj', resinous fracture ; translucent at the edges ; or a yellowish-white or grayish-white powder, having a faint, pecviliar odor, and a slight, peculiar taste. Soluble in alcohol, ether, andi oil of turpentine. Constifiients. — Mainly scammonin (C8BH156O42), identical with jalapin . Do.se. — One-half that of scammony. Jalapa. Jalap. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Tuber jalapse, P.G.; jalap, radix jalapse, Fr.; jalape, jalapenkuolleii, G. The tuberous root of Ipomoea Jalapa Nuttall (nat. ord. ConvolvulacBffi). ITabitat. —^iexico. Description. — Napiform, pyriform or oblong, varying in size ; the large roots incised, more or less wrinkled ; dark brown, with lighter-colored spots, and short transverse ridges; hard, compact, internally pale grayish-brown, with numerous concentric circles composed of small resin-cells; fracture resinous, not fibrous; odor slight, but peculiar, smoky and sweetish ; taste sweetish and acrid. Contains 12 per cent, of resin of jalap obtained by solution of jalap in alcohol and precipitation with water. Constituents. — 1, a hard resin, chiefly the glucoside jala- purgin ; 2, a soft resin. Dose.—D., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); Cats, 3 ss,-i. (2.-4); Sw., 3 ii.-iv. (8.-15.) PREPARATIONS. Piilvis Jalapae Covipositus. (U. S. & B. P.) Jalap, 35; potassium bitartrate, 65. Dose — D., gr.xv.-lx. Resina Jalupce. Resin of Jalap. (U. S. & B. P. ) Derivation.— MdiAe by maceration and percolation with alcohol, partial distillation ; precipitation with water ; washing and drying. Properties. — Yellowish-brown or brown masses or fragments, breaking with a resinous, glossy fracture, translucent at the edges, or 684 VEGETABLE DRUGS a Ycllowish-gray or yellowish-brown powder, having a slight, peculiar odor, and a somewhat acrid taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in carbon disulphide, benzol, and fixed and volatile oils. Not more than 10 per cent, of it is soluble in ether. Constituents. — 1, jalapurgin (Cc^HiooOsa), the most active principle; insoluble in ether ; 3, convolvulin or jalapin, identical with scammonin; 3, starch or gum. Dose. — One-quarter that of jalap. ACTION OF SCAMMONY AND JALAP. Scammony and jalap are powerful liydragogue cathartics in their action on swine, dogs and cats. Horses and cattle are but slightly affected by them in ordinary doses. Their resins are dissolved by the bile in the duodenum, and a pur- gative substance is formed which chiefly stimulates the intestinal glands and causes a copious outpouring of secretion. Both drugs excite peristaltic action and increase the vascularity of the intestinal mucous membrane, particularly scammony, so that griping may occur. They produce gastro- intestinal irritation, with vomiting and purging, in animals capable of the act, after large doses. While jalap and scammony are active purgatives, they are not always certain, and are therefore more frequently employed in combination with other cathartics. They are indirectly cholagogue — like calomel — in sweeping out bile from the small intestines and preventing its reabsorption, and are said to be anthel- mintics as well. The active principles of both drugs are absorbed, as death has taken place in an infant after exhibi- tion of scammony to its nurse, and purging has followed the rubbing of jalap into the shaven skin of dogs. Uses. — Jalap is in more common use than scammony because it is somewhat more of a hydragogue and less prone to cause griping. It is particularly indicated in dropsy or ascites of dogs, made into pills with from 3 to 5 grains of calomel. Jalap may also be given to expel round or thread worms; in torpidity of the liver; and in obstinate constipa- tion in dogs. The latter is treated more satisfactorily by GAMBOGE 585 massage, rectal enemata, manual evacuation and repeated doses of sweet oil. Cambogia. Gamboge. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Gutti, P.G.; gummi, resina guttse s. gutti, gutta gamba, cambodia, gutte, gomme-gutti, Fr.; gummi- gutt, gutti, G. A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hanburii Hooker filius (nat. ord. Guttiferse). Habitat. — Siam, Anam, and Camboja. Properties. — In cylindrical pieces, sometimes hollow in the centre, 2 to 5 Cm. in diameter, longitudinally striate on the surface ; fracture flattish, conchoidal, of a waxy lustre, orange-red ; in powder bright-yellow ; inodorous ; taste very acrid ; the powder sternutatory. Gamboge is partially soluble in alcohol and ether. When triturated with water it yields a yellow emulsion, and forms with solution of potas- sium or sodium hydrate an orange-red solution from which, on the addition of hydrochloric acid, a yellow resin is precipitated. Constituents. — 1, gambogic acid, a bright yellow or orange-red resin, to the extent of about 75 per cent, of the crude drug ; it is not so active as the crude drug ; 2, a soluble gum. Dose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-i.ss. (30.-45.) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4.); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). Action and Uses. — Gamboge is a drastic, hydragogue purgative, and slightlj'- diuretic. Its action is uncertain and often violent, with production of griping pains. Large doses cause vomiting in carnivora and omnivora, and gastro -enter- itis in all animals. Gamboge is dissolved by the bile and alkaline intestinal juices and some of it is absorbed, since it colors the urine yellow in its elimination and occasions diuresis. Attempts to create catharsis by injection of gamboge into the blood, have proved futile. Gamboge should never be prescribed 586 VEGETABLE DRUGS alone and is rarely used in veterinary medicine. It Las been recommended in obstinate constipation, indigestion, impaction of the tliird stomach, and cerebral diseases of cattle, combined with salts. The smaller of the foregoing doses are to be employed, as the amount of the active principle is variable. The gum forms an emulsion when the drug is triturated with water. CoLOCYNTHis. Colocynth. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Colocynthidis pulpa, B.P. ; coloquintida, bitter apple, E ; coloquinte, Fr.; koloquinten, G. The fruit of CitruUus Colocynthis Schrader (nat. ord. Cucurbitacepe), deprived of its rind. Habitat. — A vine growing in North and South Africa, South and West Asia, and Japan, etc. Description. — From 5 to 10 Cm. in diameter ; globular, white or yellowish-white ; light, spongy, readily breaking into three wedge-shaped pieces, each containing, near the rounded surface, many flat, ovate, brown seeds ; inodorous ; taste intensely bitter. The pulp only should be used ; the seeds separated and rejected. Consiituents.- — 1, the chief purgative principle is colocyn- thin (CjeH^jOoj), 1-2 per cent. An amorphous or crystal- line bitter glucoside. Soluble in water and alcohol. There is also (2) an insoluble, resinous body called colocynthitin, or citrullin. Dose. — Colocynthin — H., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.); D., gr.^-i. (.015-.06). Colocynth— D., gr.ii.-iii. (.12-.18). Elaterinum. Elaterin. C,oH,,0,. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Cucumis asininus, cucumis agrestis, wild or squirting cucumber, E.; concombre sauvage (purgatif d'ane), Fr.; springgurke essels-kiirbis, spritzgurke, G. A neutral principle obtained from elaterium, a substance ACTION AND USES OP COLOCYNTH AND ELATERIN 587 deposited by tlie juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium (Linne) A. Richard (iiat. ord. Cucurbitacege). Habitat. — Elaterium grows in North Africa, West Asia and Southern Europe. It is also cultivated. Derivation. — Elaterium is exhausted with chloroform. Ether is added and elaterin is precipitated and is purified by redissolviug in chloroform and crystallizing. Properties. — Minute, white, hexagonal scales, or prisma- tic crystals, without odor, and having a slight, acrid, bitter taste. Soluble in 4'250 parts of water, and in 337 parts of alcohol ; also soluble in 543 parts of ether, or in 2.4 parts of chloroform. Permanent in the air. Dose.—D., gr.^V-TJ (.003-.005). ACTIONS AND USES OF COLOCYNTH AND ELATERIN. The action of colocynth and elaterin is similar in man, but the latter is more powerful. Both greatly increase secretions and, slightly, the flow of bile ; while they stimu- late peristalsis in some degree. Large doses cause painful griping, gastro-intestinal inflammation, excessive watery purging, and collapse. Elaterin frequently fails to purge horses and dogs, although death may follow large doses. Colocynth acts more certainly in the lower animals and is recommended by P. Cagny in dropsy and cerebral disease. Neither drug, however, is of any importance in veterinary medicine. Colocynth is contained in the compound cathartic pill given to dogs in doses of from one to three pills. Podophyllum. Podophyllum. Synonym. — Podophylli rhizoma, B.P.; May apple, man- drake root, E., podophylle, Fr.; fussblatwurzel, G. The rhizome and roots of Podophyllum pellatum Linne (nat. ord. Berberidese). Habitat —^orih America. 588 VEGETABLE DRUGS Description. — Of horizontal growth, consisting of joints about 5 Mm. thick, but somewhat enlarged at the end, which has a circular scar on the upper side, a tuft of about 10, nearly simple, fragile roots on the lower side, and is sometimes branched laterally; smooth or somewhat wrinkled, orange-brown, internally white and mealy, with a circle of small wood bundles; pith large; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid. Constituents. — 1, a resin, podophyllin (4-5 per cent.); 2, a coloring matter, podophyllinic acid. PREPARATION. Resina Podophylli. Resin of Podophyllum. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Podophyllin. Derivation. — Made by maceration and percolation of podophyllum with alcohol; partial evaporation, and precipitation of the resin with diluted hydrochloric acid; washing with water; drying. Properties. — An amorphous powder, varying in color from grayish- white to pale greenish-yellow or yellowish-green ; having a slight, peculiar odor, and a peculiar, faintly bitter taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in alcohol and in solutions of potassium and sodium hydrate. Constituents. — Chiefly podophyllotoxin (C23H24O9 + 2 H2O), stated to be a mixture of a purgative principle, picropodophyllin, and an inert body, podophyllinic acid, associated with a coloring matter, podo- phylloquercitin, and other resins. Dose.—H.. & C, 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). PilulcB Podophylli, Belladonnce et Capsici. Pills of Podophyllin, Belladonna and Capsicum. (U. S. P.) Dose.—B., 1 pill. Action. — Podophyllin is a powerful though slow acting cathartic. Large doses cause purging and vomiting in animals, and lethal quantities occasion gastro-enteritis, colic, super-purgation, with bloody faecal evacuations, convulsions and death. It acts in the same way whether it is applied externally, injected into the blood, or given internally. Podophyllin must therefore exert its effect after absorption, and about ten hours are required to produce purgation. The action is ex- erted mainly on the duodenum, which is intensely in- flamed and even ulcerated in poisoning. Podophyllin ISrUTGALL 589 owes its activity partly to the presence of bile, which seems to be a solvent for it. It is probable that the intestinal secre- tions are somewhat augmented. The faecal movements, after medicinal doses of podophyllin, are liquid, often stained with bile, and may be accompanied by some nausea and griping. Since podophyllin is an uncertain purgative, affecting differ- ent patients unequally, it should be combined with other agents when a purgative action is desired ; preferably calo- mel and aloes. The time required for the action of these d'rugs is nearly the same as that necessary for podophyllin. Podophyllin has heretofore been regarded as essentially a cholagogue, but there is no sufficient evidence to warrant this assumption. Administration. — Podophyllin should be given to dogs in pills; to horses in ball with calomel and aloes, if purga- tion is desired ; or dissolved in liquor potassae and diluted with water. Uses. — Podophyllin, clinically, appears to be particu- larly useful in chronic constipation associated with jaundice and hepatic disorders. The result of its action is said to be more favorable when the fsecal discharges are dark colored, whereas calomel is more successful if the evacuations are of a light hue. SECTIOI^r XII.— TANNIC ACID AND DRUGS CONTAINING IT. Galla. Nutgall. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Galls, E. ; galla?, P. G. ; noix de galle, galle de chene, Fr. ; gallafel, G. An excresence on Quercus lusitanica Lamarck (nat. ord. Cupulif erse) , caused by the punctures and deposited ova of 590 VEGETABLE DKUGS Cynips Gallae tinctoriBe Olivier (class Insecta ; order Hymen- optera). Hahltat. — Levant. Description. — Subj^lobular, 1 or 2 Cm. in diameter, more or less tuberculated above, otherwise smooth, heavy, hard ; often with a circular hole near the middle communicating with the central cavity ; blackish olive-green or blackish- gray ; fracture granular, grayish ; in the centre a cavity con- taining either the partly developed insect, or pulverulent remains left by it ; nearly inodorous ; taste strongly astrin- gent. Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgall should be rejected. Constituents. — 1, (gallo) tannic acid, 60 per cent.; 2, gallic acid, 2-3 per cent; 3, sugar ; 4, resin. PREPARATIONSo Unguentum Gallce. Nutgall Ointment. (U. S. & B. P.) Nutgall. 20; benzoinated lard, 80. (U. S. P.) Unguentum Oallce Cum Opio. (B. P.) AciDUM Tannicum. Tannic Acid. TLC^JigOg. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acidum gallo-tanuicum, tanninum, tannin, digallic acid, E.; acid tannique, tannin, Fr.; gerbsaure, tannin, G. An organic acid obtained from nutgall. Derivation. — Powdered nutgall is exposed to damp air for 48 hours. It is then treated with water and ether. The water dissolves tannic acid ; the ether removes gallic acid, coloring matters and impurities. The mixture is filtered and allowed to stand, when the lower aqueous layer yields tannic acid on evaporation. Properties. — A light yellowish, amorphous powder, usually in the form of glistening scales or spongy masses ; odorless, or having a faint, characteristic odor, and a strongly astringent taste ; gradually turning darker wl^en exposed to air and light. Soluble in about 1 part of water, and in 0.6 TANNIC ACID 591 part of alcohol ; also in 1 part of glycerin, with the interven- tion of moderate heat ; freely soluble in diluted alcohol ; sparingly in absolute alcohol ; almost insoluble in absolute «ther, chloroform, benzol or benzin. Incompatibles. — Alkaloids, alkalies, mineral acids, silver, ferric, lead and antimony salts, gelatin and emulsions. Dose.—R. & C, 3ss.-§ss. (2.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.i-xv. (.06-1.). PREPARATIONS. Collodium Stypticum. Styptic Collodion. (U. S. P.) Tannic acid, 30; alcohol, 5; ether, 25; collodion, to 100. Made by solution. Unguentuvi Acidi Tannici. Ointment of Tannic Acid. (U. S. P.) Tannic acid, 20; benzoinated lard, 80. Glyceritum Acidi Tannici. Glycerite of Tannic Acid. (U. S. &B. P.) Tannic acid, 20; glycerin, 80. (U. S. P.) Administration. — Tannic acid is given in solution in aromatic waters, alcohol, syrup, wine, glycerin, and water; also it is exhibited in powder. The drug is used externally in powder, ointment, glycerite, and lotion. Suppositories containing tannic acid are sometimes introduced into the rectum. Action External. — Tannic acid coagulates albumin, gela- tin, and fibrin. It has little effect upon the unbroken skin, but when applied to a raw surface or mucous membrane, it coagulates and dries secretion, and so fills up the niouths of glands, making the tissues harder, denser, and drier. Tannic acid causes a species of "tanning" compatible with life, by occasioning coagulation of the interstitial fluid in the tissues, abstraction of moisture, and contraction of the cells of the part — through the formation of protein tannate. It is the most important astringent principle contained in vegetable drugs. Tannic acid is, moreover, a local styptic or liEeraostatic in arresting hemorrhage by contraction of the smooth muscles of the vessel walls, by coagulation of the blood, and constriction of the tissues surrounding the blood 592 VEGETABLE DKUGS vessels. Tannic acid causes arrest of leucocyte movements, and diapedesis of the same, at the point of its application. Tannic acid, although a slight local irritant to raw surfaces, exerts a depressing action upon the sensory nerve endings, and is essentially a sedative in inflammatory conditions by causing ischsemia. There are several kinds of tannic acid, possessing slightly different chemical and physiological prop- erties. The official tannic acid — gallotannic acid — is con- tained in nutgall and oak bark, while another variety — catechutannic acid — is found in kino, catechu, etc. Action Internal. — Tannic acid dries the mouth by clos- ure of glandular (mucous) ducts with coagulated secretion, and by constriction of the surrounding parts. It lessens the flow of mucus and of the digestive juices in the stomach and intestines by the same process. The drug therefore inter- feres with digestion for this reason, and also because it pre- cipitates pepsin ; so that tannic acid should not be given after eating. Moreover, the astringent action is arrested in the stomach by combination with albuminous and gelatinous material. Large doses irritate the alimentary canal and may create vomiting and diarrhu?a. Tannic acid is converted into gallic acid in the bowels. Traces appear ■ in the blood and urine as sodium tannate which has no astringent action. Of the tannic acid swallowed not more than 1 per cent, is excreted in the feces and urine as tannic or gallic acid. All the rest is oxidized in the body, Gallic acid docs not coagu- late albumin or gelatin and has a very feeble astringent action — like that of any weak acid — so that tannic acid should always be used for a local effect. The remote astrin- gent influence of tannic acid (in the form of gallic acid) is slight, but gallic acid is preferable when a remote astringent action on the tissues of the body is desirable, sinCe it is less irritating to the mucous membrane of the digestive organs. Catechu and kino are often chosen in place of tannic acid in the treatment of diarrhoea, because they are less soluble ( than tannic acid) and the contained catechutannic acid comes in contact with the intestinal mucous membrane for a longer time. The salts of tannic acid (tannates) are not astringent. Uses External. — Tannic acid is a valuable astringent in a great variety of local inflammatory lesions. In the form of GALLIC ACID 593 the gljcerite, tannic acid maj be applied advantageously to the skin in moist eczema, and as a remedy for frost bites. It is a useful application for sore and cracked teats. The mouth is painted with the glycerite for the cure of ulcerative or apthous stomatitis. The same preparation is injected into the ear in otorrhoca of dogs, and into the vagina to arrest vaginitis and leucorrha?a. Pure tannic acid is an excellent agent when dusted upon raw surfaces, ulcers, and sores ; and to stop bleeding in slight wounds. An aqueous solution is useful in leucorrhoea (2-5 per cent.), in eczema (5-10 per cent.), as a high enema in dysentery (1 per cent.), and to kill ascarides (1-2 per cent.) in the rectum. A one per cent, aqueous solution is sometimes utilized as an inhalation in subacute laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. Powdered opium and nutgall ointment (1-14), or glycerite of tannin, are serviceable in haemorrhoids and rectal fissures, ulcers, or prolapse of the rectum. Uses Internal. — Tannic acid is exhibited in powder or solution to arrest bleeding in the stomach. It is a good astringent in diarrhoea* and hannostatic in intestinal ha;mor- rhage, given in ball or pill, and often with opium. Tannic acid is an antidote to alkaloids, metallic salts, and tartar emetic, forming comparatively insoluble tannates, which should be removed if possible by evacuation of the stomach. AciDUM Gallicum. Gallic Acid. IIC7TI5O5 + HgO. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Acide gallique, Pr. ; gallussaiire, G. An organic acid, usually prepared from tannic acid. Derivation. — Made by the exposure of paste of nutgall and water to the air for a month, when tannic acid under- goes hydration (tannic acid) HCiJI^O;, + II2O = 2110^ H5O5 (gallic acid). The liquid is then expressed from the paste and the residue is boiled with distilled water and fil- tered, when hot, through animal charcoal. Gallic acid crys- tallizes out from the filtrate. * Tannalbin is a tasteless, non-irritant powder of tannic acid com- bined with albumin and only soluble in tlie pancreatic juice in the bowel. It is more suitable for small animals in diarrhoea than is tannic acid. Dose — Cats and Dogs, gr.x.-xx. on tlic food three times dailv. 594: VEGETABLE DRUGS * Properties. — White, or pale fawn-colored, silky, inter- laced needles or triclinic prisms ; odorless ; having an astringent or slightly acidulous taste ; permanent in the air. Soluble in 100 parts of water, and in 5 parts of alcohol ; in 40 parts of ether, and in 12 parts of glycerin. Very slightly soluble in chloroform, benzol, or benzin. Incompatihles. — Metallic salts and spirit of nitrous ether. Dose. — H. & C, 3 i'-- 3 ss. (8.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4); D., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3). Action and Uses. — Since taunic acid is absorbed as gallic acid, and since the latter drug is less irritating, it follows that gallic acid is preferable when it is proposed to exert an astringent effect through the circulation. Gallic acid is a feeble local astringent, and therefore tannic acid is always a better agent for topical use. The remote astringent action of gallic acid is improbable, but successful results are alleged to have followed its administration in the treatment of haemorrhage from the lungs, uterus and kidneys, and in polyuria, albuminuria, bronchorrhoea, leucorrhoea, and excessive sweating. Ergot has been generally considered superior to gallic acid for the purpose of producing general constriction of the smaller vessels, and arrest of internal haemorrhage. Pyrogallol. Pyrogallol. G^B., {0B.\. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Pyrogallic acid. Deyivation. — A triatomic phenol obtained chiefly by the dry distillation of gallic acid, HC,H,0, = C.H, (0H)3 -f CO^. Properties. — Light, white, shining laminae, or fine needles; odorless, and having a bitter taste ; acquiring a gray or darker tint on exposure to the air and light. Soluble in 1.7 parts of water, and in 1 part of alcohol ; also soluble in 1.2 parts of ether. Action and Uses. — Pyrogallol is an excellent agent for the treatmeut of chronic psoriasis and for ringworm. An WHITE OAK 595 ointment containing an amount of pyrogallol, varying from gr.x.- 3 i- to the ounce of lard, is commonly employed. Toxic symptoms may follow its extensive application. QuERCUS Alba. White Oak. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Quercus cortex, B.P.; cortex quercus, ecorce de chene, Fr.; eichenrinde, G. The bark of Quercus alba Linne (nat. ord. Cupuliferae). Habitat. — North America, iu woods. Descrijjtion. — In nearly flat pieces, deprived of the corky layer, about 5 Mm. thick ; pale brown ; inner surface with short, sharp longitudinal ridges ; tough ; of a coarse, fibrous fracture ; a faint, tan-like odor, and a strongly astringent taste. As met with in the shops, it is usually in irregularly coarse, fibrous powder, which does not tinge the saliva yellow. Constitvjents. — 1, quercitannic acid, 6 to 11 per cent ; 2, a bitter principle, quercin ; 3, resin ; 4, a sugar, quercite. Dose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.x.-xxx. (.6-2.). Prepa7-atio7i. — Fluidextractum Quercus (U. S. P.) — H. §ss. (15.). D., 1TL15 (1.). Action and Uses. — White oak bark is identical in action with tannic acid, but the latter is preferable for internal use. Oak bark is a cheap substitute for tannic acid applied externally in poultices, infusions, and decoctions, as an astringent. It is administered internally in infusion, or decoction (1-8), in diarrhoea and dysentery. The infusion may be given in gruel and combined with ginger, opium and alcohol iu the treatment of " scouring " in foals and calves. Catechu. Catechu. (B. P.) Synonym. — Catechu nigrum, terra japonica, cutch, E.; cachou, Fr.; katechu, pegucatechu, G. 596 VEGETABLE DRUGS An extract prepared from the wood of Acacia Catechu (Linne filius) Willdenow (nat. ord. Leguminosse). Habitat. — India and Africa. Properties. — In irregular masses, containing fragments of leaves, dark brown, brittle, somewhat porous and glossy when freshly broken. It is nearly inodorous, and has a strongly sweetish and astringent taste. Constituents. — 1, catechutannic acid (35-40 per cent.) is the active principle ; it is converted into the isomeric inac- tive catechuic acid, or catechin (CjiHs^Og + 5 H.O), by the saliva and by boiling, a red color being developed. There is also (2) catechu-red. Incompatibles. — Metallic salts, alkalies, and gelatin. ■ Bose.—R., 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 5 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). PBEPARATIONS. Tinctura Catechu. (B. P.) Dose.— H. & C, §i.-ii. (30.-60.); Foals, Calves and Sheep, |ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., 3ss.-ii. (3.-8.). Pulvis Catechu Covipositus. Kino, Rliatany and Catechu. (B. P.) Dose. — Same as catechu. Tinctura Ganibir Composita. Compoiuid Tincture of Gambir. (U. S. P.) Now replaces the compound tincture of catechu and possesses the same action and is given in the same doses as the tincture. Administration. — The compound tincture, or an infusion (made by pouring boiling water over catechu, digesting for an hour, and straining), and the powder, are employed inter- nally. The powder is given in flour gruel. The powder, or an infusion of any strength may be applied externally. Catechu is represented in the B.P. by catechu pallidum, an extract of the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria Gambler, Eastern Archipelago. It occurs in brown cubes, about an inch square, and possesses a bitter, astringent taste. It is KINO 597 employed in the same doses and for the same purposes as catechu. Action and Uses. — The action of catechu is exactly like that of tannic acid. The latter is preferable for external use on account of its greater solubility and astringency. Catechu acts more slowly and persistently in the digestive tract, by virtue of its tardy solubility, and is a useful remed}^ in diarrhoea, particularly in that of a watery or serous nature. It is frequently ])rescribed in this disorder with other synergistic agents, as opium, ginger and chalk. Finlay Dun recommends the following combination : Catechu, pre- pared chalk, and ginger, each three ounces ; powdered opium, six drachms. Divide into eight balls, for horses; into six doses suspended in starch gruel for cattle ; and into eight or ten doses (given in gruel) for calves or sheep. The com- pound tincture of catechu with laudanum is an equally suitable combination for all animals with diarrhoea, given in drench. If there is much mucus in the faecal discharges, showing a catarrhal state of the intestinal mucous membrane, it is advisable to order oil, salts, or calomel before locking up the bowels with an astringent. Catechu has been given internally in dysentery, and to stop uterine and other haemorrhages. Kino. Kino. (U. S. & B. P.) The inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium Pox- burgh (uat. ord. Leguminosse). Habitat. — East Indies. Kino, indigenous in the West Indies, is occasionally ituported here. Properties. — Small, angular, dark brownish-red, shining pieces ; brittle, in thin layers, ruby-red and transparent ; inodorous, very astringent and sweetish, tinging the saliva deep red. Soluble in alcohol ; nearly insoluble in ether, and only slightly soluble in cold water. Constituents. — The most important is (1) kinotannic acid (CigHjgOg, 75 per cent.), resembling catechu-tannic acid, but 598 YEGETABLE DRUGS not identical witli it. There are also : 2, kinoin, a crystal- line, neutral substance ; 3, pyrocatechin, C,H^ (OH). ; 4, gum ; 5, pectin ; 6, kino-red, formed by oxidation from kino- tannic acid. Incompatihles. — Mineral acids, metallic salts, strong solutions of alkaloids, alkalies, and gelatin. Dose.-B.., I ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, I i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). PREPARATIONS. Tinctura Kino. Tinctvire of Kino. (U. S. & B. P.) Prepared by maceration and filtration of kino, 150, with glycerin, 150 ; water and alcohol to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose. — H. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Foals, Calves and Sheep, 3SS,-i. (15.-30.); D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Pulvis Kino Compositus. Compound Powder of Kino. (B. P.) (Pulv. cinnamon, 4 grs. ; kino, 15 grs.; opium, 1 gr.) Dose. — Dog, 1 powder; Foals and Calves, 4 powders. Administration. — Kino may be given in ball, powder, infusion (1-32), or tincture. Action and Uses. — The physiological actions and thera- peutics of kino are nearly similar to those of catechu. The gum and pectin contained in kino renders its effect milder and more soothing to mucous membranes. Aqueous solu- tions gelatinize on standing, on account of tbe gum in them. The drug is prescribed chiefly in serous diarrhoea, and also is occasionally exhibited in dysentery and internal haemor- rhages. Krameria. Krameria. Synonym. ^- Kramerise radix, B.P. ; radix rhatanhise, rhatany root, E. ; radix ratanhfe, P.G. ; ratanhia, Fr.; ratanhawuvzel, G. The root of Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon, and of Krameria Ixina Linne (nat. ord. Polygalese). Hahitat. — Peru and Bolivia. Description. — From 1 to 3 Cm. thick, knotty and several KRAMEKIA 599 headed above, branched below, the branches long ; bark smooth or in thinner pieces ; scaly, deep-rust brown ; 1 to 2 Mm. thick ; very astringent ; inodorous ; wood pale brown- ish-red, tough, with fine medullary rays nearly tasteless. The root of Krameria Ixina is less knotty and more slender, and has a dark purplish brown bark about 3 Mm. thick. Constituents. — The chief principle is (1) kramero-tannic acid, C„H,,0,i, about 20 per cent. There are also : 2, rha- tanin ; 3, rhatanic-red {G„^„X),^, the coloring matter. Incompatibles. — Metallic salts, alkalies, gelatin, and lime water. Dose.— 'El., I ss.-i. (15.-30.); C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4-8.); D., gr.v.-xxx. (.3-2.). PREPARATIONS. Fhiidextrdctmti Krameria'. Fluidextract of Krameria. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation of krameria with glycerin and diluted alcohol, and evaporation, so that 1 Co. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. Dose. — Same as krameria. Extractimi Kramerice. Extract of Krameria. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by filtration, and evaporation of a cold, aqueous infusion to dryness. Dose.— H. & C, 3 ii.-iii. (8.-13.); Sh. &Sw., gr.xxx.-xl. (2.-2.6); D., gr.v.-x. (.3-.6). Tinctura Kramerice. Tincture of Krameria. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation of krameria, 300; with diluted alcohol to 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose—R. & C, 3 i.-ii. (30.-60.) Foals, Calves and Sheep, § ss.-i. (15.-30.); D., 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Action and Uses. — Krameria and its preparations nearly resemble catechu and kino in all respects as astringents. The fluid extract is a serviceable preparation in watery diarihoea, and in arresting haemorrhage from the stomach and bowels. An infusion (1-20, B.P.) is an efficient remedy for leucorrhoea when injected into the vagina. The powdered extract is blown into the nostrils, or applied to the rectum to stop bleeding in these parts. 600 VEGETABLE DRUGS H>^¥ATOXYLON. Ilaematoxyloii. Synonym. — Hnematoxyli lignum, B.P ; logwood, E. ; lignum campecliianum, P.G.; lignum coeruleum — bois tie campeche, bois d'inde, bois de sang, Fr. ; blauliolz, campe- cheholz, G. The heart wood of Hfematoxylon Campechianum Linue (nat. ord. Leguminosse). Habitat. — Central America ; naturalized in the West Indies. Description. — Heavy, hard, externally pnrplish-black, internally brownish-red, and marked with irregular, concen- tric circles, splitting irregularly; odor faint, agreeable ; taste sweetish, astringent; when chewed it colors the saliva dark pink. Logwood is generally met with in the form of small chips or coarse powder of a dark brownish-red color ; often with a greenish lustre. Constituents. — The most important is (1) tannic acid. There are also : 2, hgematoxylin, CigHi^Og (12 per cent.), a coloring matter, but in nearly colorless crystals when pure. It turns red on exposure to light, and solutions are used to stain pathological specimens ; 3, hsemateiu, Ci^Hj^Oe, formed from hsematoxylin by oxidation, and possessing a green, metallic lustre. liicompatibles. — Lime water, and tartar emetic, with metallic salts, forms a blue compound. PREPARATION. Extractum HceviatoxyK. Extract of HsBmatoxylon, (U. S. &B. P.) Made by boiling in water, straining, and evaporating to dryness. Dose.— H. & C, 3ss.-iv. (2.-15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 sS.-i. (3.-4.); D., gr.v.-xv. (.3-1). A non-official fluid extract is often found in commerce. Dose. — Three times that of extract. Action and Uses. — Hsematoxylon is a mild astringent, coloring the fseces and urine red during its elimination. The extract is given in diarrhoea of young animals, and may be combined for this purpose with aromatic sulphuric acid, HAMAMELIS 601 ginger, chalk and opium. It is also employed internally in dysentery, atonic indigestion, and in leucorrhoea. The decoction (1-16, B.P.) may be exhibited in Oss.-i. doses to the larger animals ; in 3 i.-ii. doses to smaller patients. Hamamelidis Folia. Hamamelis Leaves. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Witch-hazel. The leaves of Hamamelis virginiana Linne (nat. ord. Hamamelidaceae), collected in autumn. Description. — Short, petiolate, about 10 Cm. long, obovate or oval, slightly heart-shaped and oblique at the base, sinuate-toothed, thickish, nearly smooth; inodorous; taste astringent and bitter. Constituents. — The most important principle is (1) tannic acid, 8 per cent ; there are also : (2) a bitter substance, and (3) a resin. PREPARATIONS. Fluidextractvm Hamamelidis Foliorum. Fluidextract of Hamamelis Leaves. (U. S. P.) Exlractum Hamamelidis Liquidum. (B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, glycerin and water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. (U.S. P.) Dose.—B.. &C., 3 i.-ii (30.-60.); D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Aqua Hamamelidis. (U. S. P.) Takes place of the proprietary extracts and consists of the bark macerated in water and distilled, alcohol being added to the distillate. Dose — Double that of fluidextract. Ungnentum Hamamelidis. (B. P.) Action and f/ses.-— Hamamelis is apparently physiologi- cally inert, as shown by experiments on healthy animals. It nevertheless possesses considerable medicinal virtue as an astringent and styptic. AVitch-hazel is a valuable agent applied externally, to stop venous oozing in wounds, and to reduce swelling and pain of bruises and sores. The fluid extract may be diluted with 8, or less, parts of water, for these purposes ; or the B.P. ointment (1-10) maybe employed. Hamamelis is useful in diarrhoea and mucous dischai'ges. It arrests haemorrhage from the uterus, kidneys, lungs and digestive tract ; sometimes in a surprising manner. The fluid extract is a successful haemostatic in bleeding from the ()02 VEGETABLE DRUGS bladder or rectum (piles) when injected (1-8) into these parts. It lessens soreness and swelling of blind piles — with an equal part of glycerin and a little starch — and the same preparation is beneficial in eczema, pruritus, and cutaneous irritations. The clear, colorless proprietary extracts — now the aqua (U.S P.) takes their place — are often more eflScient externally and internally (in the same doses) than the oflGicial extract. SECTION XIII.— VEGETABLE DEMULCENTS. Oleum Oliv^. Olive Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Sweet oil, E. ; oleum olivarum, P.G. ; huile d'olive, Fr.; oilvenol, G. A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea Euro- poea Linne (nat. ord. Oleacese). Habitat. — Southern Europe and Asia. Properties. — A pale yellow, or light greenish-yellow, oily liquid, having a slight peculiar odor, and a nutty olea- ginous taste, Avith a faintly 9,crid after-taste. Spec. gr. 0.915- 0.918. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in ether, chloroform, or carbon disulphide. Very frequently adulterated with cotton seed, or other seed oils, which prob- ably are of equal medicinal value, however. Constituents. — 1, olein, C3H5 (Ci8ll330„)3, 72 per cent., a fluid oil, a combination of oleic acid (HCij,H330.) and glyceryl ; 2, palmitin, C3H5 (CjcH3i02)3, about 28 per cent., a combina- tion of palmitic acid (HCjeHjOo) and glyceryl ; and (3) cholesteriu {G.J1^J0). Z>ose.— Laxative— H. & C, Oi.-ii. (500.-1000.); D., 3 ii.-iv. (60.-120.). Oleum Gossypii Seminis. Cotton Seed Oil. (U. S. P.) A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Gossypium her- baceum Linne and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae), and subsequently purified. SOAP 603 Eahifaf.—R United States and other semi-tropical countries ; cultivated. Properties. — A pale yellow, oily liquid, without odor, and having a bland, nut-like taste. Spec. gr. 0.920-0.950. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in ether, chloroform, or carbon disulphide. Constitiients. — 1, olein ; 2, palmitin ; 3, coloring matter. Dose. — Same as that of olive oil. Action and Uses. — Olive oil is in common use as an emollient in burns and skin irritation. It assists in the per- formance of massage for sprains and bruises. Cotton seed oil has superseded it in liniments, as a matter of economy. Administered internally, sweet oil (with an equal part of castor oil) is a useful laxative for dogs. Linseed oil is more frequently given to the larger animals. An enema of ^ pint, or more, of olivt oil is serviceable in softening hard fsecal masses in dogs, and should be followed by the use of warm soap suds. Sweet oil is a food, but is rarely used as such. Like other bland oils, it improves the nutrition of the bronchial mucous membrane in subacute or chronic bronchitis, and is of considerable benefit in these disorders, but inferior to cod liver oil or linseed oil. Olive oil is an efficient demulcent in inflamed conditions of the alimentary tract, and in poisoning by irritants. Large quantities form soap-like masses, — with the alkaline intestinal juices, — which have been mistaken for gall stones. Cotton seed oil is of equal therapeutic value with sweet oil. Sapo. Soap. Synonym. — Sapo duras, B.P.; hard soap, white castile soap, E.; savon, Fr.; seife, G. Derivation. — Soap is made by boiling olive oil with a solution of caustic soda, C3H3(CisH330.,)3 (olein) 4- 3 NaOH = 3 NaCisH330„ (sodium oleate or soap) + C3H5(OH)3 (glycerin). Properties. — A white, or whitish solid, hard, yet easily cut when fresh ; having a faint, peculiar odor free from 604 VEGETABLE DRUGS rancidity; a disagreeable alkaline taste, and an alkaline reaction. Soluble in water and in alcohol ; more readily with the aid of heat. PREPARATIONS. Linimentum Saponis. Soap Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Opodeldoc. Lin. sapo. cami)h. Soap, CO; camphor, 45; oil of rosemary, 10; alcohol, 725; water to make 1000. Made by solution, agitation and filtration. (U. S. P.) Emplastmm Saponis. Soap Plaster. (U. S. & B. P.) Soap, 100; lead plaster, 900; made by solution in water and evapor- ation. Sapo Mollis. Soft Soap. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Potassium oleate, sapo viridis, green soap. A soap prepared from potassa and a fixed oil. Derivation. — Heat linseed oil, 400, to 140° F. Dissolve potassa, 90, in water, 450 ; add alcohol, 40 ; and stir the mixture into the oil at the same temperature until it is soluble in boiling water without the separation of oily drops. Properties. — A soft, unctuous mass, of a yellowish-brown or brownish-yellow color. Soluble in about 5 parts of hot water ; also in 2 parts of alcohol without leaving more than 3 per cent, of insoluble residue. PREPARATION. Linimentum Saponis Mollis. Liniment of Soft Soap. (U. S. P.) Synonym. ^-Imctura. saponis viridis. Soft soap, 650; oil of lavender flowers, 20; alcohol, 300; water to make 1000. Made by solution and filtration. Castile soap is the best example of a pure soap. Mot- tled castile soap contains iron as the coloring matter. The household " soft soap " is not sapo mollis, but is made of all kinds of rancid fats and is generally unfit for medicinal use. Yellow laundry soap owes its color to resin. Super-fatted soaps are of neutral reaction and unirritating. They are used as a basis for medicinal soaps containing tar, carbolic acid, etc. SOAP 605 Action and Uses. — Most soaps are alkaline. Soap is a detergent or cleansing agent. The lather mechanically removes dirt, while the alkalinity assists in the I'emoval of. grease, dead epidermis, and sebaceous matter from the skin. The caustic alkali contained in soap relieves itching and is stimulating to the skin ; so much so, that cheap soaps* are harmful in normal conditions of the integument. Liniment of soft soap is frequently employed in chronic eczema and psoriasis, to remove scales and crusts ; to stimu- late the parts ; and to quiet itching. It should be rubbed smartly into the skin, washed off, and followed by the appli- cation of a suitable ointment. Gauze saturated with soap suds (soap suds poultice) is an excellent agency to cause the exfoliation of the epidermis in patches of old scaly eczema and psoriasis, when applied for several hours. Soft soap, oil of cade, and alcohol, equal parts, are recommended as a useful preparation for the treatment of chronic eczema and pruritus. The application of soap and water is a necessary preliminary to the employment of a vesicating ointment, or parasiticide, since it cleanses the skin, and, by removing epidermis, exposes the burrows of acari in mange and scab. Soap liniment is a favorite remedy for sprains and bruises. If a more stimulating action is desirable, it is advisable to combine oil of turpentine or water of ammonia with it. If an anodyne effect is indicated, tincture of aconite or opium are added. Chafing of the skin produced by harness, should be treated by washing the skin with soap and water, and then by dusting with zinc oxide and starch, equal parts. Sapo mollis, together with an equal amount of flour of mustard, forms a most satisfactory cleansing and disinfectant mixture for the hands of the operating surgeon when emjDloyed in the same manner as ordinary soap. Soap may also be used as a lubricating agent for the hands or instru- ments in making examinations. Soap is a useful excipient for balls, pills, and plasters, and it is a constituent of lini- ments. 606 TEGETABLE DRUGS Soap is employed botli as a qualitative and quantitive test for hard water. This contains salts of the alkaline earth metals, as sulphates and carbonates of magnesium and calcium. Soap is decomposed by these salts, and insoluble soaps, i.e., calcium and magnesium stearate, are precipitated. The free alkali of the soap is then converted into insoluble sulphates and carbonates. These reactions produce a milky precipitate when a solution of soap is added to hard water. Internally soap is an antacid and somewhat irritating, and may occasion vomiting and stimulation of intestinal peristalsis. These actions are taken advantage of in emergen- cies, when it may be given to dogs as an emetic, or to all animals in poisoning by acids. A piece of soap, when shaped by the hands into a conical form, dipped an instant into water, and introduced into the rectum, is one of the best agents for moving the bowels in the case of puppies and all young animals. Enemata of soap suds are in every day use. A mixture of sapo mollis, molasses, and water, in vary- ing proportions, is a more efficient preparation. Oil of turpentine may be added in flatulence. Glycerinum. Glycerin. C3H, (OH),. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Glycerine, E. ; glycerine, Er. ; glycerin, oelsiiss, G.; glycerinum, P. G. Derivation. — A liquid obtained by the decomposition of vegetable or animal fats or fixed oils, and containing not less than 95 per cent, of absolute glycerin. It occurs as a bye- product in the manufacture of soap, but is made chiefly from palm oil by the action of superheated steam at a tempera- ture of about 600° F. Properties. — A clear, colorless liquid, of a thick, syrupy consistency, oily to the touch, odorless, very sweet and slightly warm to the taste. Spec. gr. not less than 1.250. Soluble in all proportions in water or alcohol ; also soluble in a mixture of 3 parts of alcohol and 1 part of ether, but GLYCERIN 607 insoluble in etlier, cliloroform, carlion disulpliidp, benzin, benzol, and fixed and volatile oils. Reaction neutral. Glyc- erin is a solvent for alkaloids, digestive ferments, fixed alkalies, bromine, iodine, tannin, extracts, salicin, borax, boric acid, carbolic acid, etc. Dose.—B.. &C., z'l. (30.); D., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4). PREPARATIONS. Olyceritum Amyli. Glycerite of Starch. (IT. S. & B. P.) Starch, 10; water, 10; glycerin, 80. Made by solution with heat. There are also official glycsrites of phenol, of tannic acid (1-4), of boroglycerin (31 per cent.), of hydrastis, and of phosphates of iron, quinine and strychnine. Suppositoria Glycerini. Suppositories of Glycerin. (U. S. P. ) Glycerin, 30 gm. ; monohydrated sodium carbonate, 0.5 gm.; stearic acid, 2.0 gm. Made by solution with heat and moulded into ten sup- positories containing 3 gm. each. Action External. — Glycerin is hydroscopic, emollient, sometimes parasiticidal, and antiseptic. It does not evaporate or become rancid. The chief medicinal value of glyceria depends upon its affinity for water, so that (in solution) it keeps moist the surface to which it is applied. Pure glycerin is, however, slightly irritant to the skin and may cause some inflammation of raw surfaces and mucous mem- branes on account of withdrawal of water from the tissues. It should therefore be diluted with water for most thera- peutic purposes. Action /^iferwa?.— Glycerin is absorbed and oxidized in the body, and possesses some value as a carbohydrous food. It may give rise to a substance in the urine which reduces cupric oxide and renders the sugar test positive. It is somewhat antiseptic in the digestive tract, and appears to inhibit the formation of glycogen in the liver in some cases of glycosuria. Large doses are irritant and slightly purgative. Enormous quantities cause poisoning in ani- mals, with the production of hemoglobinuria, muscular weakness, dryness of the mucous membranes, collapse, tremor, convulsions, coma and death. G08 TEGETABLE DRUGS Vscs External. — These are manifold. It is largely- employed in lotions, ointments, and as a vehicle for the substances of which it is a solvent. Glycerite of starch is a successful remedy for rough, dry skin, and scaly eczema. Glycerite of carbolic acid is an appropriate application for fetid sores and ulcers, and, diluted with an equal part of glycerin, will destroy the acari of mange and scab. It should be used with caution to prevent poisoning. Glycerite of boroglycerin is an excellent preparation for the treatment of apthous stomatitis and thrush. In dryness of the meatus, and in canker of the ear (otorrhoea) in dogs, a mixture of tincture of iodine, 1 part, and glycerin, 4 parts, is recom- mended. Scratches and cracked heels of horses, fissured and excoriated surfaces, and erythema, are successfully treated with the following prescription ; Tine. Opii ^ i. Liq. Plumbi Subacetat 1\y. Glycerini 3 ii. Aquae ad. § viii. M. S. Apply externally. Uses Internal. — Glycerin is employed as an exeipient for balls and pills, and as a vehicle for nauseous and irritating drugs. It is not a valuable remedy for internal use, but is sometimes given with the food to prevent intestinal fermen- tation and relieve flatulence. It may prove curative in cases of glycosuria ; and in trichinosis when given by the mouth, and in high rectal injections after active purgation. Glycerin is a useful addition to cough mixtures in moistening and soothing the throat, and in not interfering with digestion. When injected into the rectum in quantities of 3 iv.-vi. for horses, or 3 ss.-i for dogs, it often causes prompt evacuation of the lower bowel. The suppositories may be employed in canine practice. GLYCYERHIZA 609 Glycyrrhiza. Glycyrrhiza. Synonyyn. — Glycyrrhizfie radix, B.P.; liquorice or licorice root, E.; rej^lisse, bois cle reglisse, boix donx, raciiie douce, Fr.; spanisches siissholz, spanische siissholz-wurzel, G. The root of Glycyrrhiza glabra Liune and of the variety glandulifera (Waldstein et Kittaibel) Regel et Herder (nat. ord. Legumiuosse). Hahitat. — S. Europe and W. Asia ; cultivated. Description. — In long, cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 Mm. thick ; longitudinally wrinkled, externally grayish- brown, warty ; internally tawny-yellow ; pliable, tough ; fracture coarsely fibrous ; bark rather thick ; wood porous but dense, in narrow wedges ; medullary rays linear ; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. The drug derived from the variety glandulifera (so-called Russian liquorice) consists usually of roots or root-branches 1 to 4 Cm. thick, 15 to 30 Cm. long, frequently deprived of the corky layer, the wood rather soft, and usually more or less cleft. Constituents. — 1, a yellow, sweet, amorphous glucoside, glycyrrhizin (C„,H.„0.,), about 6 per cent.; 2, glycyramin ; 3, asparagin, about 3 per cent.; 4, an acrid resin ; 5, starch; 6, glucose. PREPARATIONS. F Inidextractum Olycyrrhiza:. Fluidextract of Glycyrrliiza. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with water of ammonia, alcohol and water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of the crude drug. Dose of the root or fluidextract is unimportant. E.rtracfnm Glycyrvhizce Liquiduni. (B. P.) Dose unimportant. Piihns Qlycyrrhizm Compositus. (U. S. P.) (See p. 579.) Action and Uses. — Liquorice is demulcent and slightly laxative. The powdered root is employed as an excipient in making electuaries, since it is soothing to the throat. It is also used as an excipient in the preparation of balls, and more or less successfully conceals, in the form of the fluid GIO VEGETABLE DRUGS extract, the taste of aloes, cascara sagrada, ammonium chlo- ride, turpentine, hyoscyamus and quinine sulphate. LiNUM. Linseed. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Flaxseed, E.; semence de liu, Fr.; leinsa- men, flachssameu, G.; semen lini, P.G. The seed of Linum usitatissimum Liune (nat. ord, Lineae). Hdhitat. — Most temperate climates. Description. — About- 4 or 5 Mm. long, oblong-ovate, flatteiK d, obliquely pointed at one end; brown, glossy, covered with a transparent, mucilaginous epithelium, whicli swells considerably in water ; the embrj^o whitish or pale greenish, with two large oily, planoconvex cotyledons and a thin perisperm; inodorous; taste mucilaginous, oily and bitter. Oonstituents. — 1, linseed oil, 30 to 35 per cent, in the nucleus ; 2, gum, 15 per cent, in the epidermis ; 3, proteids, 25 per cent.; 4, a trace of auiygdalin. Action and Uses. — Linseed is a food. Oil cake or linseed cake from which the oil has been expressed, is exceedingly rich in protein (25-30 per cent.), and is also richer in fat (IQ per cent.) than most foods. Cottonseed meal, whicli contains considerably more protein and fat, is more frequently em- jDloyed in the United States. Gruel made from crushed linseed meal cake, or linseed meal, is useful as a restorative in all anin:als recovering from acute and debilitating dis- eases. The cake (1 lb.), or a pint of cottonseed meal per diem, is a good addition to the ordinary fodder for horses suffering from malnutrition, with rough staring coats and dry skin, and for those affected with " broken wind." Gruel of linseed meal or cake is also serviceable for calves or lambs when reared on skimmed milk or other poor food. Linseed tea, made by steeping 1 part of whole linseed in 20 parts, by weight, of boiling water, for 1-4 hours, followed by straining, is a valuable demulcent preparation in pharyngitis, ACACIA 611 bronchitis, gastro-enteritis, and is possibly useful in acute cystitis and nephritis. It may be given in any amount which an animal will take A'oluntarily. The mucilage con- tained in linseed tea cannot be carried through the blood and eliminated by the kidneys, so that it must act by virtue of the water contained in it and perhaps by some intrinsic diuretic property. The addition of a few drachms of gum arable to the quart of linseed tea will improve the demulcent action. Linseed, linseed meal or farina lini is the best substance to use in the preparation of poultices. It should be mixed with an equal quantity of bran, when the poultice is applied directly to the part. If the poultice is enclosed in a bag, the outside should be oiled to prevent its sticking to the skin. Linseed meal, mixed with an equal amount of molasses, forms a common excipient for ball masses. Linseed tea, made thicker than usual, is a good local application in irri- tation of the rectum, or vagina. Acacia. Acacia. Synonym. — Acacise gummi, B.P.; gum arable, E.; gomme arabique, Fr.; arabisches gummi, G. A gummy exudation from Acacia Senegal Willdenow (nat. ord. Leguminosse). Habitat. — N., E., and W. Africa. Properties. — In roundish tears of various sizes, or broken into angular fragments with a glass-like, sometimes irides- cent fi-acture ; opaque from numerous fissures, but trans- parent and nearly colorless in thin pieces ; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous ; insoluble in alcohol, but soluble in 2 parts of water, forming a thick, mucilaginous liquid. Constituents. — Arabin or arable acid (CioH.oOu), in com- bination with about 3 per cent, of magnesium, potassium and calcium. Incompatihles. — Alcohol, ferric salts, lead subacetate, borax, and sulphuric acid. 612 VEGETABLE DRUGS Preparations. — Mucilago acacise, U. S. ose.— D., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.). Pelletieriiice Tonnas. (U. S. P.) Dose. — D., gr.iv. (.24). Action and Uses. — Pomegranate is inferior to the fore- going drugs as an anthelmintic, since it is disagreeable and prone to produce vomiting. Pomegranate is an astringent, but, in large, doses, acts as an emetic and purgative and has occasioned weakness, colic, dizziness and convulsions. In sufficient amount pelletierine is said to paralyze motor nerves, like curare. Granatum is an anthelmintic, chiefly against tape-worm. The decoction (1-8, B.P.) may be em- SANTONICA 821 ployed (with ^ part syriip of gino;er) in three closes, at hour intervals, for dogs. The patient should be previously fasted for 24 hours, and castor oil is indicated if purging is not produced by pomegranate. Tannate of pelletierine is a yellowish, astringent- tastiug powder, soluble in 12.6 parts of alcohol and 235 parts of water. It is invariably used in human medicine in preference to the crude drug, and should be followed in 2 hours by a dose of castor oil. The use of pelletierine is undesirable in young animals. Class 2.— Used to Destroy Round-Worms. Santonica. Santonica. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Levant worm seed, semen cin?e, s. contra, s. sanctum, s. santonici, E.; barbotine, semencine, Fr.; wurm- samen, zitwersamen, G.; flores cinse, P.G. The unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia pauciflora "Weber (nat. ord. Co!npop.itfe). Habitat. — Northern middle Europe and Asia. Description. — From 2 to 4 Mm. long ; oblong-ovoid, obtuse, smooth, somewhat glossy, grayish-green, consisting of an involucre of about 12 to 18 closely imbricated, glandu- lar scales with a broad midrib, enclosing four or five rudi- mentary florets ; odor strong, peculiar, somewhat camphor- aceous ; taste aromatic and bitter. Constituents. — The active principle is (1) santonin. There is also (2) a volatile oil. Santoninum. Santonin. CisHigOs. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Santonine, Fr.; santonin, G. A neutral principle obtained from santonica. Derivation. — Made from a mixture of lime and santonica by exhausting with alcohol, evaporation of the latter, and by the addition of acetic acid to the residue. Santonin is obtained by treating an alcoholic solution of the residue with animal charcoal and crystallization. ^22 ' VEGETABLE DRUGS Properties. — Colorless, shining, flattened, prismatic crystals ; odorless and nearly tasteless when first put in the mouth, but afterwards developing a bitter taste; not altered by exposure to air, but turning yellow on exposure to light. Xearly insoluble in cold water; soluble in 40 parts of alcohol, in 140 parts of ether, in 4 parts of chloroform, and in solutions of caustic alkalies. PREPARATION. Trochisci Santonini. (U. S. & B. P.) U. S. P., gr.ss. ; B. P., gr. i. each. i>05e.— Puppies, gr.J-4 (.015-.03) ; D., gr.i.-iii. (.06- .18); H., 5^-iv. (1.-15.). Action and C/ses.— Santonin is preferable to santonica. Santonin is chiefly valuable as a parasiticide against round- v/orms ; viz. : A. lumbricoides of cattle and swine, A. mystax and marginata of cats and dogs, and A. megalocephala of horses. It has no influence on tape-worms, nor probably on oxyurides. Large doses cause poisoning, with the occurrence, in dogs, of nausea and vomiting, weakness, giddiness, muscular trembling, salivation, twitching of the head muscles, rolling of the eyes and grinding of the teeth. Then flexion and ex- tension, and rotation of the head from side to side, are fol- lowed by epileptiform convulsions. Between the convulsions momentary contractions of the muscles all over the body may be seen (Cushny). The convulsions are due to stimulation of the cortical and spinal motor centres. There are — slow pulse, dilated pupils, and rapid respiration, and death en- sues from asphyxia. While 5 to 6 grains induce symptoms of poisoning in dogs, |- to 1 drachm has often f ailedto produce a fatal result. Santonin is eliminated by the l^idneys, in- creasing their secretion, coloring an acid urine yellow, and an alkaline urine purplish-red, or bloody hue. Xanthopsy or yellow sight occurs in man, probably from a specific action on the retina. There is congestion of the heart, lungs and nerv- ous centres observed after death, but no gastro-enteritis. San- tonin is very slowly absorbed from the intestines and is oxi- dized in the tissues and eliminated as oxysantonins. The best treatment of poisoning consists in emptying the stomach STAPIIISAGKIA 623 and bowels by emetics and purgatives, and in the use of inlialations of antrstheties, and enemata of chloral, to relieve the convulsions. The administration of santonin should be followed or accompanied by that of a cathartic, as santonin is repugnant, rather than fatal, to worms. The drug may be given to fasting puppies as follows: ^ HydrarfT. Chlorid. Mkis. Santonini aa gr.v. Sacehari ad, 3 i. M. et div. in chart, no. x. Sig, One powder tid, (for round-worms). or: — Santonin! gr. vi. 01. Ricini 3 ii. M. Sig. Give one-third every third day (for round-worms). Santonin may be given in pill to dogs combined w'ith oleoresina filicis and areca nut. Santonin is not so com- monly or successfully used in the treatment of round-worms in horses, as turpentine and aloes, creolin, etc, A ball con- taining 3 ii. of santonin and 3 i. of calomel, or a combination of 3 iv. santonin and 1 pint of castor oil, are suitable pre- scriptions for the horse. Santonin is often remedial in incontinence of urine in young animals, when belladonna fails, and is frequently beneficial in the treatment of amaurosis. Class 3. — Used to Destroy Lice. Staphisagria. Staphisagria. Synonym. — Staphisagria?. semina, B.P. ; stavesacre, semina staphidis agritie s. pedicularis, E, ; staphisaigre, Fr. ; stephauskorner, lausekorncr, G. The seeds of Delphinium Staphisagria Linne (nat. ord. RanuneulacejTp) , Ilahttat. — Shore;; of Mediterranean ; cultivated. Description. — About 5 Mm. long, 3 or 4 Mm. broad, flattish-tetrahedral, one side convex, brown or brownish-gray, with reticulate ridges, containing a whitish, oily, albumen and a straight embryo ; nearly inodorous, taste bitter and acrid. Constituents. — 1, the important principle is delphinine (C22II35NO6), a white, poisonous, crystalline alkaloid resem- G24 ■ VEGETABLE DRUGS bling veratrine and aconite ; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether ; 2, delphisine (Cj,!!^^^,©^) ; 3, delphinoidine (CjaHgsNjO,) ; 4, staphisagrine (C22H22NO5) ; 5, a fixed oil. Action and Uses. — Powdered staphisagria is employed solely to kill lice (pediculi) in ointmeut (1-2) with benzoin- ated lard or vaseline. Creolin solutions (3-6 per cent.), tobacco infusions (5-10 per cent), and oil of anise with sweet oil (1-10 per cent.), are also used for the same purpose. The latter mixture is an elegant preparation for pet dogs. The tincture of larkspur (Delphinium consolida), another species of the same genus, is also a very efficient parasiticide against pediculi. It contains 1 part of lai'kspur seeds to 16 of alcohol. Class 4. — Used, to Destroy Pleas. Pyrethrum. Pyrethrum. (Non-official.) Synonym. — Persian, Caucasian or Dalmatian insect powder. The flowers of Pyrethrum roseum and carneum. Habiiai. — Caucasian Mountains ; cultivated in Califor- nia, U. S. Description. — A coarse, greenish-yellow, pungent powder. Pyrethrum is the best parasiticide for fleas (pulicidae). It is used more frequently to kill these parasites on cats and dogs. Pyrethrum is simply dusted over the whole body or is applied in the form of a tincture (1-4), diluted with IP parts of water. The application of Dalmatian insect powder to kittens and puppies, or to dogs and cats in enfeebled condition, may be attended with danger unless the powder is brushed off within 10 or 15 minutes after its use. Deaths have occurred in these animals following its free and careless employment. EKGOT 625 SECTIOi^ XV.— VEGETABLE DRUGS STIMULA- TING UNSTRIATED MUSCLE, PARTICU- LARLY THAT OF THE UTERUS. Ergota. Ergot. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Ergot of rye, spurred rye, E. ; ergot, ergot de seigle, ergot de ble, ble coruu, Fr.; mutterkorn, korn- raiitter, zapfenkorn, G. The sclerotinin of Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne (Class Fungi), replacing the grain of rje, Secale cereale Linne (nat. ord. Graminea^). Habitat. — Ergot is obtained mainly from Spain and Russia. Description. — Somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, usually curved, about 2 or 3 Cm. long and 3 Mm. thick ; three-furrowed, ohtuse at both ends, purplish-black, inter- nally whitish with some purplish striae, breaking with a short fracture; odor peculiar, heavy; taste oily and disagreeable. Constituents. — It is doubtful whether the principles so far discovered wholly represent the activity of ergot. The following are the more important constituents: 1. Sphace- linic acid which contains the chief active principle — sphacelo- toxin, a resinous body soluble in alcohol. Sphacelotoxin, however, often itself combines with other constituents of ergot to form new principles. Thus with a weak acid sub- stance it forms the principle Chrysotoxin. The more im- portant medicinal virtues of ergot reside in sphacelotoxin and its derivatives. These are two : The power to constrict blood vessels, and the power to institute marked contraction of the pregnant womb. In poisoning by sphacelotoxin gan- grene of the extremities occurs due to the prolonged con- striction of arterioles. Thus in cocks dry gangrene of the comb is seen and this is used as the physiological test by which the activity of ergot is commonly proven. Toxic doses of sphacelotoxin produce violent irritation of the diges- tive tract. 2. Cornutine, an alkaloidal substance soluble in alco- hol and probably embodj-ing in itself several distinct prin- ciples not yet separated. While cornutine stimulates the vagus, vasomotor and other medullary centres, primarily, yet this action is soon followed by depression and great fall 026 ' VEGETABLE DKUGS of blood pressure. 3. Ergotiuic acid. This counteracts the action of the other principles of ergot by depressing the heart, vasomotor centre and spinal cord — but only when injected into a vein and subcutaneously, not when ingested. By giving ergot by the mouth the opposing action of crgo- tinic acid is avoided. These then are the chief active princi- ples of ergot (so far as known) and the action of ergot is the resultant of their actions. The chemistry of ergot is not only extremely complex but its principles are unstable and easily transformed into others. 'No one principle represents ergot and the action of the pharmaceutical preparations may differ much in poisonous doses. Dose.~JI. & C, 5ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sb. & S., oi.-ii. (4.-8. );.D., oss.-i. (2.-4.) PREPARATIONS. Fluidewtractum Ergotce. Fluidextract of Ergot. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol and acetic acid, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gm. of ergot. Dose.—H. & C, Bss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-ii. (4.-8.); D., 3ss.-i. (2.-4.). Extractum Ergotce. Extract of Ergot. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Ergotin. Made by evaporation of the fluid extract to a pilular consistence. Dose.—B.. & C, gr.xx.-3i. (1.3-4.); D., gr.ii.-x. (.12-.6). (By mouth or subcutaneously. ) Extractum Ergota Liquidum. (B. P.) (5 i ergot = § 1. of preparation.) Dose.—U. & C, 3iv. (15.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i. (4.); D., Tllxv.-xxx. (I.-.2.) Tinctura Ergotce Ammoniata. (B. P.) (109 gr. to §i.) Dose— H. & C, Sss.-ii. (15.-60.); Sh. & Sw., 3 i.-iv. (4.-15.); D., 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.). Injectio Ergctini Hypodermica. (B. P. ) (33 per cent.) Dose.—B..,ll-\l ( 3.-6. ) ; D., TTliii.-x. (.2-.6). Ergot deteriorates rapidly with age. Both it and its preparations should be fresh ^nd the drug should be dis- carded when over a year old. Action Internal. — Digestive Organs. — Ergot stimu- lates directly the involuntary muscle of the stomach and in- testines (vomiting and purging), but this action is not 'ap- parent in medicinal doses. The blood vessels in the walls of the digestive tract are contracted directly by the drug, and also because of the constriction of the muscular walls themselves. EKGOT 627 Circulation. — Ergot is absorbed into the blood, but does not influence that fluid. The essential action consists in constriction of the arterioles and veins throughout the body, with rise of blood pressure. This is due to stimulation of the medullary vasomotor centre and walls of the arterioles (sphacelotoxin and chrysotoxin) and the spinal vasomotor centres (chrysotoxin). The pulse rate is also somewhat re- duced, owing, probably, to stimulation of the peripheral cardiac vagi. When ergot is thrown directly into a vein (ergotinic acid), vascular tension is much lowered. This phenomenon follows depression of the vasomotor centre and heart muscle and does not occur after ordinary therapeutic administration of ergot by the mouth or even under the skin. Toxic doses paralyze both the vasomotor centres and heart muscle (ergotinic acid and cornutine). Nervous System. — The nervous system is not affected by medicinal doses of ergot, nor by large single doses of the drug. Certain changes occur in poisoning, but these are not understood. Uterus. — Ergot causes contraction of the pregnant womb. It does not invariably induce abortion, but does always act on the parturient organ. Small doses increase the duration and force of the uterine contractions, but large medicinal doses produce a tonic, continuous spasm of the Avomb without the usual intermissions. Ergot possesses little influence on the normal unimpregnated uterus. The action on the womb is probably to be ascribed to stimulation of the uterine unstriated muscle (sphaceltoxin), and the spinal lumbar centres controlling this organ (chrysotoxin). Ergot is the oxytocic in most common use. The secretion of urine, sweat, saliva and milk is lessened by ergot, owing to general vascular contraction. Administration. — The fluid extract is generally given by the mouth. Some proprietary preparations are made for subcutaneous use. Bonjean's ergotin, or the official extract, are employed hypodermatically. IJ Extr. Ergotse gr.xl. Alcohol. Glycerini. Aq. dest aa 3 i- M. Sig. Give one-half subcutaneously to a horse ; 10 to 15 M. to dogs. 628 VEGETABLE DKUGS Injections sliould bps mntle deeply into the muscular tissue to avoid abscess. Ergot sliould be repeated frequently to arrest lisemorrliage. Toxicology. — Enormous single doses are required to poison animals or man. When as much as two drachms of ergot to the pound, live weight, are given to dogs, death is not constant. Three ounces, however, have proved fatal to small dogs. Acute poisoning is characterized by vomiting (in dogs), profuse salivation, dilation of the pupils, rapid breathing, and frequent pulse. The animal cries out, has convulsive twitchings, staggering gait, paraplegia, intense thirst, and coma, terminating in death. Horses, cattle, and sheep are unaffected by any ordinary quantity of the drug. Chronic poisoning or ergotism rarely occurs in animals owing to continuous ingestion of ergotized grains. It is characterized by gastro-intestinal indigestion, with nausea, vomiting, colic, diarrhoea or constipation, and abortion ensues in pregnant animals. In addition to gastro-intestinal irritation the symptoms naturally assume two forms : 1, the gangrenous form ; 2, the spasmodic form. In the first variety of ergotism there are coldness and anaesthesia of the extremities, including the feet, ears, and tail of quadru- peds ; the comb, tongue and beak of birds, — followed by the appearance of passive congestion, blebs, and dry gangrene in the vicinity of these parts. The hoofs and beaks often drop off. Death ensues from general exhaustion. In the spasmodic form are seen tonic contraction of the flexor tendons of the limbs and anaesthesia of the extremities ; muscular trembling and general tetanic spasm, with opistho- tonos, convulsions and delirium. Death also occurs from asthenia. Uses. — Two therapeutic indications for the use of ergot can be directly deduced from its physiological actions : 1, to cause ,uterine contraction ; 2, to produce general vascular contraction. 1. Ergot is occasionally of service in simple uterine inertia when there is no malposition of the foetus, or mechan- ical obstruction (pelvic deformity, rigid os uteri) to its ERGOT 629 passage. Yery small doses must be given for this purpose in order to intensify the force of the uterine contractions without inducing spasm of the uterus. The more common causes of dystocia are remedied most advantageously by manual interference. Ergot is of chiefest value in obstetric practice to prevent or arrest post-partum haemorrhage which sometimes occurs in cows and ewes. If administered before delivery of the placenta, ergot may give rise to tonic con- traction of the womb and retention of the afterbirth. Ergot is of benefit in some disorders of the unimpreg- nated and non-parturient uterus. Thus to aid the expulsion of cysts, and to contract the uterus and its blood vessels in hypertrophy, subinvolution, chronic metritis and fibroid tumors. In paralysis of the bladder, ergot is occasionally useful by creating contraction of the muscular coat of its walls. This condition is most satisfactorily treated by the injection of an ordinary dose of ergotin into the empty urinary bladder. 2. Ergot is commonly recommended for combating internal haemorrhage, when surgical mpa'^nres are impossible. Under this head may be included bleeding from the nose, mouth, stomach, intestines, lungs, uterus and kidneys. The drug should usually be given under the skin (ergotin) in these emergencies. It is, however, extremely doubtful whether the increase of blood pressure caused by ergot does not more than offset its beneficial action in contracting vessels when used to stop internal haemorrhage, and the best clinicians to-day condemn its use and resort to ice and opium in this condition. Ergot may be beneficial in causing constriction of the blood vessels in the early stages of some hyperaemias and inflammations, — notably pulmonary, cere- bral and spinal congestion, parturient apoplexy, cerebritis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, spinal meningitis and myelitis, in polyuria of horses, and in vasomotor palsy following surgi- cal shock. In most of these states (except the latter, where adrenalin, intramuscularly, and morphine and atropine, sub- cutaneously, are superior) ergot must be exhibited in verr large dosas three times daily. 630 VEGETABLE DRUGS For the same physiological reason that ergot is employed as a haemostatic, it has been prescribed with alleged ad- vantage in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, and bleeding piles. Ergotin is injected between the skin and vessel walls for the cure of aneurism and varicocele. This treatment is of doubtful utility. GossYPn Cortex. Cotton Eoot Bark. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Ecorce de racine de cottonnier, Fr.; baum- wollen-wurzelrinde, G. The bark of the root of Gossypium herbaceum Linne, and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae). Habitat. — Sub-tropical Africa and Asia; also cultivated in the United States. Description. — In thin, flexible bands or quilled pieces ; outer surface brownish-yellow, with slight, longitudinal ridges or meshes, small, black, circular dots, or short, trans- verse lines, and dull brownish-yellow patches, from the abrasion of the thin cork ; inner surface whitish, of a silky lustre, finely striate ; bast-fibres long, tough and separable into papery layers ; inodorous ; taste very slightly acrid and faintly astringent. Constituents. — 1, a fixed oil ; 2, a resin ; 3, tannic acid. PREPARATION. Extractum Gossypii Radicis Fluiduin. Fluid Extract of Cotton Root Bark. (Non-oflicial.) Made by maceration and percolation with glycerin and alcohol, and evaporation, so that 1 Cc. = 1 Gm. of the crude drug. Dose.— H. & C, 3 ss.-i. (15.-30.); Sh. & Sw., 3 ss.-i. (2.-4.). Action and Uses. — Cotton root bark resembles ergot in its actions and uses, but the drug has not been scientifically studied in full detail. It is an oxytoxic, abortifacient, and emmenagogue. Cotton root bark is employed during parturition in COLCHICUM 631 uterine inertia, to prevent post-partum liemorrhage, to induce abortion, and to arrest metrorrhagia. A decoction ( 3 iv. to qt. boiled down to Oi.) is said to be more active than the fluid extract. Dose. — H. & C, Oi. (500.); D., 3 i.-ii, (30.-60.). Ergot is generally to be preferred as a more thoroughly understood and reliable drug. SECTION XVI.— COLCHICUM. CoLCHici CoRMUS. Colchicum Corm. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Meadow saffron root, colchicum oorm, bul- bus seu tuber colchici, E.; bulbe de colchique, de safran batard, Fr.; zeitlosenknollen, G. The corm of colchicum autumnale Liune (nat. ord. Li4iace88). Hahitaf. — England and continental Europe. Description. — About 25 Mm. long, ovoiO, flattish and with a groove on one side ; externally brownish and wrinkled ; internally white and solid ; often in transverse slices, reniform in shape, and breaking with a short, mealy fracture ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, bitter and somewhat acrid. Co7istitnents. — 1, the alkaloid colchicine (Co^HosNOg), is the active principle ; it exists to the extent of 0.5 per cent.; is amorplious or crystalline, and soluble in water and alcohol ; 2, colchiceine (CojIIojNOe), occurs naturally and is produced artificially by the action of acids on colchicine ; slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol ; 3, sugar ; 4, starch ; 5, gum, Incompatibles. — Astringents, tincture of guaiacum and iodine. Dose.—B.. & C, 3 ss.-ii. (2.-8.) ; Sh., gr.x.-xx. (.6-1.3) ; Sw. & D., gr.ii.-viii. (.12-.5) in powder. 632 VEGETABLE DRUGS Dose.—ColcMcma, Colchicine (U.S.P.)— H. & C, gr.|4 (.01-.03); D., gr.-rfu-To (.0005-.0012), by mouth or sub- cutaueously. PREPARATIONS. VivMm Colchici Radicis. Wine of Colchicuni Root. (Non-official.) Made by percolation of colchicum root (400) with alcohol (150), and white wine to make 1000. Dn.sp. — Twice that of colchicum corm. Vinum Colchici. (B. P.) Dose. — Twice that of the root. Colchici Semen. Colchicum Seed. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Colchici semina, B.P.; semences de col- chique, Fr.; zeitlosensamen, G.; semen colchici, P.G. The seed of Colchicum autumnale Linne (nat. ord. Liliacese). Descriijtion. — Subglobular, about 2 Mm. thick, very slightly pointed at the hilum ; reddish-brown, finely pitted, internally whitish ; very hard and tough ; inodorous ; tasi«- bitter and somewhat acrid. Constituents. — 1, colchicine, 3 per cent.; 2, colchiceine ; 3, a fixed oil, 6-8 per cent.; 4, starch; 5, sugar ; 6, gum. Dose. — Same as corm, or a little larger. PREPARATIONS. F luidextractum Colchici Seminis. Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and evaporation, so that 1 cc. = 1 gni. of colchicum seeds. Dose.—E.. & C, 3ss.-ii. (2.-8.); Sh., itix.-xx. (.6-1.3); Sw. & D., Taii.-viii. (.12-.5). Vinum Colchici Seminis. Wine of Colchicuni Seed. (U. S. P.) Made by maceration of colchicuna seed, 100; alcoliol, MO ; and white wine to make 1000. Dose.— R.&C, 3iii.-3i. (12.-30.); D., tt^x.-xxx. (.6-2.). coLciiicuM 633 Tinctura Colchici Seminis. Tincture of Colchicum Seed. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by maceration and percolation of colchicum seed, 100; with alcohol and water to make 1000. (U. S. P.) Dose.—U. & C, 3iii.-3i. (12.-30.); D., TTlx.-xxx. (.6-2.). Action External. — Colchicum is an irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Action Internal. — Digestive Organs. — Colchicum and colchicine are identical in action without regard to their method of introduction into the system. Colchicum is es- sentially a gastro-intestinal irritant in large doses. This irritant action may explain all its effects on other organs. Full medicinal doses occasion anorexia, nausea, colicky pains, loud intestinal rumblings (borborygmi), and purging. Col- chiceine appears to closely resemble colchicine physiologi- cally. Neither the circulation, nervous system, respiration, nor temperature are affected by colchicum save in poisonous doses. Circulation. — Toxic doses reflexly influence the circula- tion, but colchicum does not appear to affect *it directly until late in poisoning, when the vagus endings become depressed and paralyzed and the pulse is weak and rapid. Nervous System. — Toxic quantities depress and paralyze the motor cells of the inferior cornua in the spinal cord, and also depress the sensory nerves. Death occurs from i:)aralysis of the respiratory centres. Kidneys and Elimination. — It is doubtful whether col- chicum exerts any decided or uniform action on the kidneys. Experiments relating to this matter are perplexingly con- flicting. Sometimes the urinary solids are increased — urea more than uric acid — and sometimes not. In poisoning, nephritis and hematuria occasionally result from the elimina- tion of colchicum. Toxicology. — Colchicum is a very poisonous drug. Acci- dental lethal poisoning occasionally occurs among herbivora from eating meadow saffron at pasture, or in hay. In such 634 Vegetable drugs cases it is naturally impossible to estimate the quantity of the plant ingested. Two and one-half drachms of the wine of the root, and one-half grain of the alkaloid, have proved fatal to man. Two drachms of the corm have killed a dog, and one-tenth of a grain of colchicine has destroyed a cat. The symptoms of poisoning comprise : anorexia, nausea, dulness, salivation, violent vomiting (in carnivora), purging, at first watery, then mucous and often bloody, and accom- panied by great tenesmus, tympanites, and colic. There are often such nervous symptoms as tremors, stupor, coma, and paralysis. The animal becomes very weak, the respiration is slow and feeble, the pulse rapid and imperceptible, the skin is cold and covered with a clammy sweat, and death occurs in collapse following severe gastro-enteritis. After the injection of large doses of colchicine, increasing the amount does not aggravate the symptoms. Post-Mortem Appearances. — The mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is swollen, congested, and eroded. Sometimes free blood is found within their lumen. There is also acute hypersemia of the kidneys. Treatment. — This consists in the use of the stomach pump, emetics, and cathartics, unless there has been free purging and vomiting. Tannic acid is the best chemical antidote, but is not wholly satisfactory. It should be used, however. Demulcents (oil and egg albumin) and opium relieve the local irritation, pain and purging. Stimulants, as atropine, strychnine, and alcohol, together with external heat, combat collapse. Administration. — The crude drug is not suitable for use. The wine of the root is the best preparation. Uses. — It is difficult to estimate the therapeutic value of colchicum. It is called an alterative by many authorities, for want of a better term to describe a drug whose physiolog- ical actions do not explain its medicinal virtues. Colchicum is the most successful single remedy for gout in human medicine, but does not possess so great a value in veterinary practice. It is sometimes used with considerable advantage STARCH 635 in the treatmpiit of subacute and chronic rheumatism, and in that form complicating influenza in horses. Potassium iodide is generally prescribed with colchicum in these disorders, and also in pericarditis and pleurisy of rheumatic origin. Colchicum is commonly believed to be a serviceable diuretic in various diseases (although this hypothesis is not physiologically substantiated). It is there- fore recommended in haetnaglobinsemia and swelling of the legs in horses ; in cerebral congestion ; ascites ; pleural and pericardial effusions, and dropsies, as an eliminative. Col- chicine, subcutaneously, is especially lauded in rheumatism. SECTION XVIL— VEGETABLE DKUGS ACTING MECHANICALLY. Amylum. Starch. C^Hi^O^. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Corn starch, E.; fecule (amidon) de froment, •de ble, Fr.; kraftmehl, weizenstiirke, G. The fecuia of the seed of Zea Mays Linne (uat. ord. Graminese). Habitat. — Tropical Asia and Africa, but cultivated in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate countries. Description. — In irregular, angular masses, which are easily reduced to a fine powder ; white, inodorous and taste- less ; insoluble in ether, alcohol or cold water. Under the microscope appearing as granules, nearly uniform in size, more or less angular in outline, with indistinct striae and with a distinct hilum near the centre. Constituents. — 1, starch-granulose ; 2, starch-cellulose. PREPARATION. Glyceritum Amyli. (U. S. P.) (See p. 581.) Olycerinnm Amyli. (B. P.) Action and Uses. — Starch is a mechanical protective externally, used as a dusting powder, alone or with zinc oxide (1-4), in chafing, erythema, and moist eczema. The 636 VEGETABLE DRUGS glycerite of starch is a serviceable deraulceDt. Boiled starcli paste, mixed with glue, is used to stiffen bandages by paint- ing the mixture on in layers with a brush. Boiled starch gruel (2 tablespoons of starch to a pint of water) is a suitable diet for diarrhoea, and is frequently injected into the rectum as a demulcent in diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a vehicle for enemata. Starch is an antidote to iodine. It is utilized in pharmacy as a vehicle to suspend insoluble powders or oils, and in mucilage (1-40, B.P.), as a basis for ointments. Zinc oxide, one part ; starch and vaseline, each 3 parts, form a very satisfactory preparation for acute eczema in dogs, which does not rub off so readily as zinc ointment. Oleum Theobromatis. Oil of Theobroma. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Butter of cacao, E.; beurre de cacao, Fr.; cacaobutter, G.; oleum (butyrum) cacao, P.G. A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Theobroma Cacao Linne (nat. ord. Sterculiacese). Properties. — A yellowish- white solid, having a faint, agreeable odor, and a bland, chocolate-like taste. Readily soluble in ether or chloroform. Constituents. — 1, olein ; 2, stearin ; 3, laurin ; 4, arachin • 5, glycerides of formic, butyric, and acetic acids. Uses. — Cacao butter melts at the temperature of the body, and is chiefly used as an excipient for suppositories and electuaries. It also has a demulcent action and may be employed on raw surfaces or in inflammation of . the throat and digestive tract. GossYPiUM PuRiFiGATUM. Purified Cotton. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Absorbent cotton, E.; bombyx, lana gossypii, — coton, Fr.; baumwolle, G. The hairs of the seed of Gossypium herbaceum Linne, and of other species of Gossypium (nat. ord. Malvaceae), PYROXYLIN 637 freed from adhering impurities and deprived of fatty matter. Habitat. — Tropical Asia and Africa ; cultivated in sub- tropical and tropical countries, mostly in the Southern United States. Description. — White, soft, fine filaments, appearing under the microscope as hollow, flattened and twisted bands, spirally striate and slightly thickened at the edges ; inodor- ous and tasteless ; insoluble in ordinary solvents, but soluble in copper ammonium sulphate solution. Uses. — Absorbent cotton is used as a cheap, convenient and cleanly substitute for ordinary sponges ; to make poult- ices by soaking it in antiseptic solutions (as creolin 1-2 per cent.) and placing it between layers of gauze ; and for surgi- cal dressings. Oakum, consisting of the fibres of old rope, is often employed as a cheap absorbent material, saturated with tar in packing horses feet. Tow, — the coarser unbleached fibres of flax ; and lint, — the scrapings of soft, loosely woven linen, — are also utilized as absorbent substances for surgical purposes. Pyroxylinum. Pyroxylin. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym.— Gim cotton, soluble gun cotton, colloxylin. Derivation.— Made by maceration of purified cotton, 100 ; in a mixture of nitric acid, 1400 ; and sulphuric acid, 2200; at a temperature of 32° C. (90° F.), until a sample is soluble in a mixture of 1 volume of alcohol and 3 volumes of ether ; washing with cold and boiling water, draining, and drying in small pellets. PREPARATIONS. Collodium. Collodion. (U. S. & B. P.) Pyroxylin, 40; ether, 750; alcohol, 250. Made by solution, agita- tion, and decantation of clear portion. Collodium Cantharidatum. Cantharidal Collodion. (U. S. P.) Synon ym.—B] istering collodion. Made by percolation of cantharides, 60 ; with chloroform, distilla- 638 YEGETABLE DKUGS tion of the chloi-oforni and evaporation of the residue until it weighs 15 (Gm.), and solution in flexible collodion, 85. Collodium Flexile. Flexible Collodion. (U. S. & B. P.) Mix collodion, 930; Canada turpentine, 50; and castor oil, 30. (U. S. P.) Collodium Stypticum. Styptic Collodion. (U. S. P.) Mix tannic acid, 20; alcohol, 5; ether, 25; add collodion to make 100. Action and Uses. — Collodion, when painted on dry skin, rapidly dries and leaves a thin, protective coating. It is a useful agent to seal and secure coaptation of small wounds and to keep them aseptic. Also to protect abraded surfaces, as fissures of teats. Flexible collodion is less apt to crack. Collodion contracts the superficial tissues and will often abort boils when applied directly over them. Collodion is employed as a vehicle for the application of many other agents, as corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, iodoform, etc. EuPHORBTUM, Euphorbium. (Non-official.) The dried juice of a cactus-like plant, Euphorbium resinifera, growing in Morocco and regions contiguous to the Atlas Mountains. Obtained by incising the stems and branches. Description. — In dull yellowish tears, of the size of peas; odorless ; taste acrid ; powder of a grayish color ; insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether and oil of turpentine. Constituents.— 1, an acrid resin {C.J1.,.X)^, 38 per cent., the active principle ; 2, euphorbon. Action and Uses. — Euphorbium is an intense irritant, both externally and internally. It is sometimes employed in veterinary medicine as a constituent of vesicating prepara- tions to enhance their effect, but if applied alone it is liable to cause, extensive irritation, sloughing, and destruction of tissue. Euphorbium may, however, be safely applied in tincture (1-16), or in ointment with cantharides, as a vesicant for horses. The following combination is recommended as a powerful blister for the latter animals. Euphorbium and cantharides, each two parts; corrosive sublimate, one part; ADRENALIN 639 vaseline, eight parts; cerate, twelve parts. T;liere is no danger of absorption and genito-urinary inflammation from the use of euphorbimn, as with cantharides. SECTION XVIIL— MEDICHS^AL AGENTS OF AXIMALORIGIK Glandul.i: Superenales SicciE. Dessicated Suprarenal Glands. (U. S. P.) The dried glands of the sheep or ox free from fat and powdered. Dose.—U., 5 i. (4.) ; D., gr.iv. (.25). Adrenalin. ( N^on-offieial. ) * This is an active principle of the suprarenal glands, and was discovered by Dr. Jokiehi Takaminc f and made public in 1901. It is a light, w^hite, microcrystalline substance, slightly soluble in cold water, more so in hot. It has a somewhat bitter taste and produces a benumbing of the tongue. Adrenalin is permanent in powder, but changes color and is oxidized in aqueous solution. It is said to be the active principle of the suprarenals, but non-toxic, which can not be said of the glands or their extracts (and not of adrenalin). Adrenalin is from 825 to 1,000 times more powerful than the glands in its physiological effect. Solu- tions may be boiled without impairing their therapeutic activity. Action. — The most important action is exerted upon the circulatory apparatus, which is comparable to that of digi- talis but much more rapid and transient, lasting not more than ten minutes Avhen given intravenously. The drug- acts very uncertainly when given by the mouth — except locally on the digestive tract — because of poor absorption. The force of the heart is increased * but the rate decreased (by *Epinephrin is but another form of adrenalin — identical with it physiologically but difl'ering slightly from it chemically. t Therapeutic Gazette. "April 1.5, 1001. X The secreting part of the adrenals is derived in enabryo from the sympathetic sj'stem. Its secretion (adrenalin) acts in the body to always and everywhere stimulate sympathetic nerve endings. By this 6iO AGEIs^TS OF ANIJMAl. ORIGIN excitation of the heart muscle and vagus centre) and blood pressure is more markedly heightened than by any other known drug, owing in part to central vasomotor stimulation but chiefly to excitation of the muscular coat of the vessels. The blood vessels are, however, not constricted uniformly over the entire body but principally those of the abdominal organs — controlled by the splanchnics — are contracted, while the pulmonary and cerebral vessels are unaffected by the systemic action of the drug. Respiration is also strength- ened, and both voluntary and involuntary muscles are stimu- lated by adrenalin. But, as in the case of the vessels, so the action on involuntary muscles is not uniform. Thus the muscles of the stomach, bowels and bladder are inhibited in their action and in poisoning lose all movement. On the other hand, the uterus, vagina, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and external genital organs are contracted. So are the radi- ating fibres of the pupil, which is dilated, and the eyeball protudes. Large doses of the adrenal gland cause poisoning with failure of the heart and respiration and paralysis of the vagi. In poisoning by large doses of the adrenal gland, there have been observed vomiting, restlessness, tremors, para- plegia, from action on the si3inal cord or muscles or both, dyspnea and death. Glycosuria has also been induced by the subcutaneous injection of the suprarenal extract, and stimulation of- the secretions of the salivary, esophageal, bronchial and lachrymal glands and of the bile. The pre- dominant and valuable effect of adrenalin and extracts of the adrenals consists in the complete blanching of mucous membranes and raw surfaces after the local application of these substances. Adrenalin is undoubtedly the most power- ful astringent and hemostatic known, owing to its stimula- tion of the involuntary muscles of the blood vessels. Subcutaneous injection of a 1 to 1000 solution causes blanching over an area about two inches in diameter within a minute, and lasts for six to twelve hours. Solutions con- taining adrenalin to the amount of 1 to 5000, 1 to 10,000, or even 1 to 20,000, will produce an ischemia after their hypo- action adrenalin contracts blootl vessels, dilates the pupil, stimulates tlie heart muscle, and relaxes the bowels. ADRENALIN C41 dermic use within a few minutes and lasting; for three to six hours. jS^either eechjmoses nor sloughing occur after the proper injection of the drug. Secondary hemorrhage does not ordinarily appear after the use of adrenalin, but it will prevent the secondary relaxation, congestion and pain some- times seen following the use of cocaine. Uses. — External. — Adrenalin chloride is commonly sold in a 1 to 1000 aqueous solution in the shops. It has proven of most value when combined with cocaine for subcutaneous use in operative work. One part of the 1-1000 solution may be added to nine parts of normal salt solution (oue heaping teaspoonful of sodium chloride to the quart of sterile water) , to which is added 1 per cent, of cocaine, or more if desired. A stronger solution of adrenalin chloride than this (1 to 10,000) is not usually desirable in operative work, because it is irritating, and in some instances when stronger solu- tions Avere used so much ischemia was produced that the blood vessels could not be found and ligated and secondary hemorrhage ensued. It is usually sulficient to add ll^x.-xx. adrenalin solution (1-1000) to §ss. of cocaine solution. The combination of cocaine with adrenalin is coming into general favor and marks a distinct progress in local anaesthesia. Four advantages are claimed for this com- bination; 1, that the operation is made comparatively blood- less; 2, that the cocaine is retained in the operative field a longer time, owing to the contracted state of the vessels, and does not escape into the general circulation ; this is a double advantage — in prolonging anaesthesia and in preventing sys- temic effect of cocaine; 3, that adrenalin is a circulatory stimulant and will offset the toxic action of cocaine; 4, that adrenalin counteracts the vascular relaxation seen sometimes after the use of cocaine.* Adrenalin has also proven of great service in arresting hemorrhages from wounds, mucous mendjranes and cavities of the body. A solution equivalent to a 1 to 5000 of ad- renalin in sterile salt solution may be applied for this purpose directly to the bleeding surface, or gauze saturated with it may be packed into wounds and cavities, as the nose, uterus * Some able surgeons fear secondary hemorrhage from the use of adrenalin. C42 AGENTS OF ANIMAL OEIGIN and vagina. Adrenalin cldoride is useful also in many in- flammatory diseases of the eye and nose in the same strength. Catarrhal conjunctivitis, keratitis, episcleritis and iritis yield to its influence, particularly when it is combined with other astringents on account of its transient action ; with atropine in iritis. Adrenalin chloride in a 1 to 5,000 solu- tion containing 2 percent, of boric acid forms a useful prep- aration for general application in inflammations of mucous membranes. Internal. — Adrenalin is employed internally to arrest bleeding from the stomach, intestines and uterus. Its local application in hemorrhage from the bladder, rectum, nose, vagina and uterus is, however, much more effective. The drug is said to have yielded good results in human practice in the treatment of diabetes insipidus and purpura hemor- rhagica. It is not of benefit for the arrest of internal hemorrhage other than in the digestive tract. This follows because it does not contract the vessels of the brain and lungs and because its effect in increasing general blood ten- sion is inimical to its local effects in constricting vessels. Reichert, as the result of his experiments on morphinized dogs, believes that adrenalin is a valuable and rapidly acting stimulant to the heart, vasomotor system and respiration in poisoning by opium and au'ccsthetics. The latest experimental and clinical studies show ad- renalin is of chief value for internal use in conditions of greatly reduced blood pressure, as iii poisoning by ether and chloroform inhalation, by chloral, and in surgical shock. Here it is now considered the most efhcient remedy. Bossi has artificially produced osteomalacia in sheep by removal of one adrenal gland. Treatment has likewise been successful in osteomalacia in the human, and in rickets in puppies by intermuscular injection of 1-1,000 adrenalin solution (m.v-xv t.i.d.). Adnvinistration. — Adrenalin is preferable to the so- called suprarenal extracts, the dried and powdered suprarenal capsules of sheep and oxen. When the drug is given by the mouth or rectum, its action on the system at large is slow and uncertain, owing to the tardiness of absorption, pre- sumably due to the vascular constriction it occasions and to CANTIIAKIDES 6-1-3 its rapid decomposition. Intravenous injection is most ef- fective in solutions of 1 to 10,000, or more dilute, in normal salt solution. Subcutaneous injection is somewhat uncertain owing to slow absorption, through vascular constriction. But the 1-1,000 solution (H., oi. ; D., T[[x.) may be injected deep into the muscle with certain effect and without irritation. A stronger solution than 1 to 10,000 may cause an abscess if the drug be given hypodermically. The doses of adrenalin chloride in 1 to 1000 solution are: Dogs, ntlO.-GO. (0.6-4.0) ; horses, 3 1-4 (1.-15.)* Adrenalin should be repeated once in two hours when given internally as an hemostatic. Canthaeis. Cantharides. (U. S. & B. P.) . Synonym. — Spanish flies, blister beetles, muscse hispan- icae, E. ; cantharides, Fr. ; spanische fliegen, canthariden, G. ; cantharides, P.G. Cantharis is the beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria De Geer (class Insecta ; order Coleoptera). Habitat. — Southern Europe, Germany and Russia ; living chiefly on Oleacea^ and Caprifoliacese. Description. — About 25 Mm. long and 6 Mm. broad; flattish cylindrical, with filiform antennae, black in the upper part, and with long wing-cases, and ample, membranous, transparent, brownish wings, elsewhere of a shining, cop- pery-green color. The powder is grayish-brown, and con- tains green shining particles. Odor strong and disagreeable ; taste slight, afterwards acrid. Constituents. — 1, the active principle is cantharidin, CjoHigO^ (2 per cent), in colorless scales, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, oils, acetic acid and acetic ether ; it is found chiefly in the generative organs, eggs, and blood of the beetles ; 2, a volatile oil ; 3, a bland, green oil ; 4, acetic and uric acids, extractives and salts ; cantharides deteriorates with age and should be kept un- powdered in tightly stoppered bottles. Dose.—H. & C., gr.v.-xx. (.3-1.3) ; Sh. & Sw., gr.iv.- viii. (.25-.5) ; D., gr.i.-ii. (.06-.12). *The high cost of adrenalin forbids its use for horses, save in ex- ceptional cases. 644 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN PREPARATIONS. Tinctura Cantharidis. Tincture of cantharides. (U. S. & B. P.) Made by percolav;ion of cantharides, 100 ; with alcohol to make 1000. (U. S. P.) nose.~n. & C, 3ii.-iv. (8.-15.); D., mii.-xv. (.12-1.). Ceratum Cantharidis. (U. S. P.) Cantharidis powdered, 320 ; petrolatum, wax, rosin and lard to make 1000. Unguentum Cantharidis, (B. P.) Action Eodernai — Cantharides, by virtue of cantharidin, is an intense irritant. When applied to the skin in ointment it produces no effect for several hours, but after that time causes dilatation of the cutaneous vessels, hyperseraia, and blisters, which appear in from 3 to 12 hours. The blisters soon break, discharge their serous contents, and then dry and crust the surface. If the action of cantharides is main- tained continuously; if the application is repeated, or covered with a bandage ; or if the skin was previously influmed, then inflammation of the deeper-seated parts ensues, followed by suppuration, sloughing, loss of tissue, destruction of hair follicles, and scars. The drug is thera- peutically a rubefacient and vesicant, and counter-irritant, in occasioning dilatation of the superficial vessels, and reflexly, contraction of those in the remote underlying parts. Cantharides acts more powerfully on the skin of horses and dogs, than on that of cattle and swine. If applied over an extensive surface, absorption and poisoning may occur. Action Internal. — Cantharides affects mainly the diges- tive and genito-urinary tracts. It is a violent gastro-intes- tinal irritant. Toxic doses cause vomiting, in animals capable of the act, at first bilious (and containing greenish specks of the wings and wing cases), then mucous, and finally bloody. There is purging in all, associated with great pain and straining, of a mucous, fibrinous, and often hsemorrhagic character. There are salivation, swelling and pain in the salivary glands. The gastro-enteritis is accompanied by general prostration, and feeble, rapid pulse. A few hours after the occurrence of the preceding S3'mptoms there is CANTHAEIDES 645 enongli ubsorption of canthavidin to induce lumbar pain, followed by frequent, scanty and painful micturition (stran- gury). The urine is albutninous and ofien bloody. Can- tharides is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, but also to some extent by the other excretory organs, including the skin. Sexual excitement may be present in poisoning. It is more common with small than large toxic doses. There are erections and great heat in the penis, and even inflam- mation and sloughing of the organ. Abortion is precipitated in the pregnant, and " heat " is hastened in the non- pregnant female. Stupor, coma, and collapse close the scene after lethal doses. Twenty grains of cantharides have killed a man ; forty, a dog ; and one drachm has destroyed a horse. The treatment includes the use of emetics or the stomach pump ; opium, to relieve pain and strangury ; albuminous, mucilaginous drinks ; and, in collapse, external heat, alco- holic stimulants, strychnine and atropine under the skin. Oils and fats dissolve cantharidin and must not be given in poisoning as demulcents. Po.sf-3Iortem Appearances. — Swelling, congestion, ecchy- moses, and erosion of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane are observed after death by cantharides. There are, more- over, lesions of acute nephritis and cystitis, with inflam- mation of the whole genito-urinary mucous membrane. Hyperaemia of the brain and spinal cord have also been reported. Uses External. — Cantharides is employed more frequently than any other counter-irritant, to cause blistering, in veter- inary practice. The reader is referred to the section on counter-irritants (p. 696) for an account of their actions. The action of cantharides is too tardy and irritating, and there is too much danger of absorption and poisoning to recommend it for the production of counter-irritation over an extensive area (chest and abdomen) in acute pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, bronchitis, colic, enteritis and peritonitis. Mustard, turpentine, and external heat are generally preferable in these disorders. 646 AGENTS OF ANIMAL OKIGIN A blister of cantliarides is serviceable in pericarditis and pleuritis with effasion, and, applied over the throat in severe, acute laryngitis, may obviate the necessity of tracheo- tomy. Again, blisters are useful on the poll in inflammation of the brain and its membranes ; and over the spine in myelitis and meningitis ; over the lumbar region in para- plegia. A cantharidal application is often efficacious in. muscular or joint rheumatism when placed over the affected area, or near by, in acute conditions. Furthermore, a cantliarides blister is of advantage in acute diseases of the ear, Vt'-hen rubbed in above and behind this organ ; and will relieve pain in the stomach, and vomiting when applied to the epigastrium. Cantharides is the remedy usually employed in the treatment of diseases of the bones, joints, bursse, ligaments, and tendons. In exostoses, as spavin and ringbone, the ointment is used most effectively after the actual cautery, to secure absorption and resolution, or anchylosis. Cantharidal ointment is often sufficient, together with complete rest, in the treatment of synovitis, and strains of tendons and liga- ments. A cantharides blister is, sometimes, beneficial in hastening the formation of abscess, (" strangles "); or to aid their resolution after paracentesis ; also to stimulate indolent ulcers or wounds ; and to assist absorption of traumatic indurations, when applied around these lesions. The actual cautery, followed by a cantharides blister, will cause swell- ing and close the opening in the abdominal parietes of small umbilical hernias of foals and calves. Likewise, blisters are valuable in closing and sealing punctured wounds into joints and synovial cavities.* Can- tharides is commonly employed in ointment (1 to 4-8) made by melting and mixing the excipients in a double boiler ; i.e., over a water bath, and stirring in thoroughly the powdered drug. The following is a good preparation : * The U. S. P. cerate may be used, as it is a powerful preparation. Its strength is 32 per cent, cantharides. CANTHAKIDES 647 Pulv. Cantharidis. Cerge flav aa § ii. Adipis 3 xiv. M. S. External use. More powerful ointmeuts are made with powdered euphor- bium and cantharides, each 2 parts; corrosive sublimate, 1 part ; vaseline. 8 parts ; cerate, 12 parts ; or, Tar and resin, each 4 parts ; yellow wax, 3 parts ; cotton- seed oil, 10 parts ; powdered euphorbium, 2 parts ; canthar- ides, 6 parts. The technique of blistering consists in cutting the hair and washing the part to be blistered, and rubbing the blister long and thoroughly into the skin. The animal should be controlled by tying up the head, or using a cradle, or side-bar attached to the halter and surcingle, to prevent horses from biting the blistered area. The tail should be tied up if the blister is applied within its reach. Dogs should be muzzled, but are apt to rub the sore spot. The serum discharged from the blister must be continually sponged off with soap suds and water, to prevent excoriation of the subadjacent skin, or the latter may be covered with a solution of resin in alcohol, by means of a brush. The blister is washed off in 36 or 48 hours after its application, and vaseline should thereafter be kept on the part. The use of cantharidal blisters is contraiudicated in weak or 3'oung animals ; ou the flexures of joints ; or deli- cate skin on the inner aspect of the upper part of the limbs ; on acutely inflamed areas ; and in renal disease. Uses Internal. — Cantharides is rarely administered internally. It is sometimes successful in stopping incon- tinence of urine, when due to relaxation of the neck of the bladder, and it may be used as a stimulant in chronic cystitis and pyelitis. Cantharides is recommended to increase sexual desire iu cows and mares, but it has usually to be given in toxic doses to produce an aphrodisiac action. The tincture should be employed when the drug is exhibited internally. 618 AGENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN Adeps. Lard. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Adeps prseparatus, B.P.; axungia, axungia porci s.porciua, prepared lard, hog's lard, E.; axonge, graisse de pore, Fr.; schweineschmalz, G.; adeps suillus, P.G. The prepared internal fat of the abdomen of Sus Scrofa Linne (class Mammalia ; order Pachydermata), purified by- washing with water, melting, and straining. Properties. — A soft, white, unctuous solid, having a faint odor free from rancidity, and a bland taste ; insoluble in water ; slightly soluble in alcohol ; readily soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, or beuzin. Spec. gr. about 0.932. PREPARATIONS. Ceratum. Cerate. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Cerat simple, Fr. ; einfaches cerat, wachssalbe, G. White wax, 300; white petrolatum, 200 ; benzoinated lard, 500. Unguentum. Ointment. (U. S. P.) Synonym. — Unguentum simplc^x, B.P.; simple ointment, E.; pommade simple, Fr. ; wachssalbe, C«. Lard, yoO ; white wax, 200. (U. S. P.) Ceratum Resiuxr. (Seep. 506.) Adeps Benzohiaias, (See p. 512'j Sevum Preparatum. Prepared Suet. (U. S. & B. P.) Synonym. — Sevum prseparatum, B.P.; mutton suet, E.; suif, Fr.; talg, hammeltalg, G.; sebum, P.G. The internal fat of the abdomen of Ovis aries Linne (class Mammalia ; order Ruminantia), purified by melting and straining. Properties. — A white, solid fat, nearly inodorous, and having a bland taste when fresh, but becoming rancid on prolonged exposure to the air. Insoluble in water or cold alcohol ; soluble in about 60 parts of ether, and slowly in 2 parts of benzin. Constituents. — 1, olein ; 2, stearin ; 3, palmitin ; 4, hircin. HYDROUS WOOL FAT 649 Adeps Lan.e Hydrosus. Hydrous Wool Fat (U. S. e to retain the injected air is said to be unnecessary, provided one compresses the teat for a few minutes after inflation. This needs further endorse- ment before general acceptance. LAVAGE 739 purity of the air may be attained by blowing the air tlirougL a wash bottle containing 2 per cent, carbolic acid solution. Light massage of the udder should follow the inflation. The results of the Kuusel treatment are wonderful. Kunsel reported a series of twenty-two cases of milk fever, without a death, following the use of his method. Similar results have been secured in this country. The rationale of the treatment has yet to be elucidated. Various hypotheses have been advanced, such as the effect of the oxygen on a hypothetical anaerobic bacillus in the udder ; the action of the oxygen on the blood and general metabolism in destroying toxic products in the economy ; the action of air-compression in the udder in overcoming congestion in this part, and thus preventing anemia of the central nervous system ; and a pos- sible stimulation of the secretory function of the mammary gland with elitninatiou of toxins. The fact that injection of milk into the mammary gland has produced a condition simu- lating milk fever appears to augur a local cause of the disease. Lavage. Lavage is a term applied to washing out the stomach with the stomach tube. This process, while an e very-day occurrence in human medicine, has been too long neglected in Veterinary practice. Fortunately, new interest has been awakened in this useful procedure by Phillips, of St. Louis, who has perfected a tube and demonstrated the prac- ticability of its use.* The passage of the tube is chiefly of value in acute indigestion of the horse, with gastric flatulence and disten- tion, where pain and danger of rupture of the organ are averted by permitting escape of gas. By further washing out the stomach in such conditions, and in gastritis and engorgement, toxic, fermenting ingesta are immediately removed and the evil results, as tympanites and loca' inflammation of the stomach and of the intestines, are pre- vented. In choking, as by oats, the passage of the tube may afford relief, while in poisoning the washing out of the stomach is the one essential treatment. Gastric indiges- *Amer. Vet. Review, May, 1904. 740 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES tion and flatulence are shown by colic, distention in tlie region of the stomach, difficulty in thoracic breathing and eructations of gas by the mouth, or attempts at retching and vomiting. To pass the tube, the horse may be backed into a stall. The operator stands to the animal's left and an assistant, holding up the horse's head and the distal end of the tube, to the patient's right. The tube is placed in warm water and the surface is dusted with powdered slippery elm or smeared with vase- line. The left nostril of the horse is also lubricated in the same way. The operator pushes the tube gently along the floor of the left nasal fossa with the left hand, while guiding its direction with the right hand. The first obstruction is likely to be met, when the tube has been entered about a foot, by its contact with the tur- binates. The point of the tube should then be held down- wards, by the pressure of the right forefinger pushed as far as possible into the nostril, while the outer part of the tube is lifted upward to force the point down into the pharynx. When the tube enters the pharynx attempts at swallowing are likely to occur and these are just what are needed to close the epiglottis over the larynx and to force the tube into the gullet. If swallowing is not evident it may be brought on by pushing the end of the tube gently backward and forward into the pharynx, and, when an attempt at deglutition occurs, the tube should be thrust forward. If the tube goes into the trachea instead of the oesophagus, it will meet with little resistance and expired aif may be felt coming from it, while coughing often results. If it is in the gullet, the tube will be held more firmly by its walls and only fetid gas may escape with stomach contents. It should by these means be definitely established then that the tube is in the gullet before introducing it farther. The tube should be made with white marks on the rubber to show when it may be expected to have reached the gullet and again the stomach. SERUM THERAPY 741 Dining tlie course of passing the tube it must be well lubricated. When the stomach is reached the gas may have already escaped and fluid contents maybe siphoned off by filling the tube with warm water from a funnel or syringe, holding the distal end tightly closed and lowering it to the ground so as to permit of the escape of stomach contents by siphonage. If the contents are largely solid, the stomach must be repeatedly filled with 2 to 4 quarts of warm water and allowed to escape again by lowering the outer end of the tube to the ground. If the flow stops, owing to choking of the tube, it may be started again by injection of water into the tube with a syringe or pump. The latter must not be used to suck out the contents of the stomach except so far, if necessary, as to start the siphonage. The st'bmach should thus be repeatedly washed until the water comes away clear. If water is injected with a syringe, care must be taken to avoid forcing air into the stomach. When passage of the tube becomes impossible through one nostril, the other one may be tried. Phillips reports failure to pass the tube in the horse in only 5 per cent, of trials. The tube is best made of red Para rubber and long enough to reach from the stomach to the ground when in place. Serum Therapy.* Antitoxic Serum. — The microscopic parasites which cause infectious diseases — of which the bacteria are the most common — do so chiefly through the production of cer- * In the use of serum therapy the strictest aseptic precautions are to be used. The animal is prepared by shaving off the hair from the part and the skin is washed with soap and water and then with alcoliol and water, 2 parts of the former and 1 part of the latter, or with 5 per cent, carbolic acid waiery solution, which is harder on the hands. The syringe and needle must be boiled for five minutes before using. When many animals are injected at one time, it may be sufficient to wijjc oflE the needle after each injection witii the alcohol solution. The puncture may be covered with collodion to ailvantage. Glass syringes, with asbestos packins; on plunger, are most suitable for boiling, the needle connected by rubber tubmg. 742 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES tain comi:)lex, poisonous, proteid bodies called toxins, whicK combine with the cells of the vital organism and destroy their vital functions. Indeed, all the classic symptoms of some of the infectious diseases may be caused by injection of the toxins of the bacteria which cause these diseases; such is the case with tetanus and diphtheria. Under favor- able circumstances, however, when the dose of toxins is not too large, the animal organism reacts against these toxins through the possession of antitoxic principles in the fluids of the body or by means of the secretion of antitoxins by the cells of the animal tissues. The antitoxins set free from the cells then combine with the toxins in the blood and so prevent the toxins from uniting with the cells of the body and thus destroying them. The subject is a very intricate one and is as yet in a some- what nebulous state and we here present but the briefest and crudest outline of the present and generally accepted hypothesis. To illustrate the method of artificially manufacturing antitoxins, we will take as an example the production of tetanus antitoxin. Tetanus Antitoxin. — Tetanus bacilli are grown in bouillon for two or three weeks in an incubator, when the culture is filtered free of bacilli and furnishes tetanus toxins. A horse is injected with one-half a cubic centimeter of toxin and an equal aipount of Lugol's solution to lessen its virulence. The injections are repeated in increasing quantities till the seventy-second day, when as much as 150 cc. are injected. The horse is very susceptible and reacts with local inflam- mation at the site of each injection and generally by the production of antitoxins in its blood. A few days after the last injection the horse's immunity is at its maximum — that is, its blood is highest in antitoxic strength. The horse's blood is then withdrawn under strictest aseptic precautions and the serum is decanted after a day or two. The serum is placed in aseptic bottles holding 10 cc, which are sealed. SEKUM THERAPY 743 They are put iu an incubator for several days to prove their sterility ; if the serum turns cloudy it is rejected. Most serums will keep a year if preserved with a slight amount of carbolic acid or if treated by repeated steriliza- tion below 100° C. Cloudiness in a serum indicates that it is unfit for use. The activity of a serum is estimated in two ways. First, the amount of antitoxic serum required to neutralize a given volume of toxin of known strength. Second, the strength is stated in units. Thus a test toxin is prepared, •j-i^ cc. of which constitutes the smallest fatal dose of a guinea pig. This amount of toxin is neutralized by yoW of a unit of antitoxin. Or, to put it another way, 1 unit of antitoxin will protect 1,000 guinea pigs against the small- est fatal dose of toxin. The dosage is, then, reckoned in units of antitoxin, which is the most accurate method. While this mode of standardization is applied to the use of diphtheria antitoxin, unfortunately it is not employed in the case of the other serums where the dose is given in cc. This is inadvisable, as different manufactures possess different antitoxic strengths. The toxin of tetanus is developed by the bacteria of this disease, which gain entrance through wounds of the tissues of the body. The bacilli of tetanus are not distrib- uted by the blood, but remain at the site of infection, and the toxins they produce are taken up by the peripheral nerve endings in the vicinity and carried along the axis cyl- inders of the motor nerves to the central nervous system. The same thing happens in rabies. When the toxins reach the spinal cord the symptoms of tetanus appear and finally death occurs, when the important centers of the medulla become intoxicated. Tetanus bacilli live in the soil, and wounds which are contaminated with dirt or foreign bodies, and those which do not have free access to air — as bruised or punctured wounds — are chiefly liable to the development of tetanus. It will thus be seen that tetanus does nut '744 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES "become apparent until some time after the involvement of the nervous system, and for this reason the use of tetanus antitoxin is not so actively preventive at this period, when the toxins have combined with proteid elements of the ner- vous system and are therefore unable to combine with and he neutralized by the antitoxin. Nevertheless, tetanus anti- toxin is of some value as a curative remedy in tetanus if used within thirty hours of the beginning of the attack. As a preventive agent when employed before infection, or immediately after it, tetanus antitoxin is almost certain. Nocard injected 2,727 horses with tetanus antitoxin in a cer- tain district, and while none of these developed tetanus, there were 259 cases in the same region in unprotected horses. The immunity produced by tetanus antitoxin is thought to last from fifteen to thirty days. So-called idio- pathic tetanus is in reality traumatic, resulting from small unseen wounds of the mucous membranes or integument. Tetanus antitoxin is then indicated for use in the horse when the case is seen early, or as a preventive when tetanus is prevalent,* or following wounds the character of which (see above) suggests the possibility of the development of the disease. The remedy may be employed without fear of doing any damage if properly administered. There are three ways of giving tetanus antitoxin ; as a preventive it may be given under the skin or intravenously, and, as a cure for the disease, it may be used in these ways or be injected within the brain. The latter method h^s been practiced consider- ably in human medicine and with somewhat uncertain re- sults as compared with the intravenous injection, although it is generally considered superior. Roux saved 35 out of 45 guinea pigs by intracerebral injection, whereas by sub- cutaneous injection of antitoxin he had but two recoveries in seventeen cases of tetanus. The injection is made with a blunt needle into the substance of the brain through a small hole in the skull made with a drill at a point midway between the outer angle of the orbit and the centre of a line * In such localities it is wise to immunize animals against tetanus with a dose of antitoxin before undertaking surgery (as castration) upon them. SERUM THERAPY 745 drawn over the top of tlie head from one auditory meatus to the other. In most cases in veterinary practice the subcutaneous, or, better, intravenous, administration will be found most practicable. The dose is 5 to 20 cc; the smaller dose as a prophylactic and when injected into the brain. 20 cc. is the usual curative dose for the horse, although the dose may vary according to the manufacturer. Tetanus bacilli and spores may live in the tissues for weeks, and thus it is safer to repeat the dose — when given for immunizing purposes — at the end of the first and third week to antagonize any later intoxication caused by a new crop of bacilli. Anti-wfectious Serum. — Antistreptococcus serum is in- cluded under this head because it appears to be especially antagonistic to streptococci themselves and to possess less antitoxic power. In the preparation of this serum (after Marmorek) streptococci are grown in human serum or serous exudate mixed with two parts of peptonized bouillon, and their virulence is greatly increased by repeatedly in- jecting them from rabbit to rabbit. This virulence becomes in this process so great that an amount of culture equivalent to one single streptococcus will certainly kill a rabbit. Small doses of a culture of living virulent streptococci from the rabbit are injected into the horse from time to time, this animal reacting vigorously to the injections. It is not until the horse has undergone this treatment for a year and has recovered from each injection that a serum is obtained of a sufficient strength to combat living streptococci and their toxins. The blood of the horse being withdrawn furnishes anti-streptococcic serum. It is now thought by many authorities that the serum to be most effective should be polyvalent — that is, should be active against the many varieties of streptococci by the cultivation of large numbers of streptococci to represent their different toxins. •Dried antitetanic serum has come into use and is of sc-vice as a dressing in wounds which may be suspected of infection with tetarius bacilli . With an equal part of chloretoue the dried serum is sold under the name ot Antitetanic Dusting Powder. The injection of the serum should be done, in addition to the use of dried serum on the wound . 746 GENERAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES Marmorek holds, however, that the streptococci causing erysipelas, cellulitis, abscess, sore throat, parturient in- fectious, scarlet fever, etc., are identical; that all produce the same toxins, and that all are antagonized by an anti- infectious or antitoxic serum made from any one or all of them. The therapeutic results of antistreptococcic serum are not* so certain as those following the use of some other serums — notably anti-diphtheritic serum in man — because so-called streptococcic infection is often a mixed infection, by which is meant that produced in part by other bacteria, and because serums produced by the cultivation and in- oculation of apparently the same varieties of streptococci seem to differ considerably in their protective value. As in the case of other serums, the therapeutic result is much more favorable when antistreptococcic serum is used as a prophylactic or in the early stages of the infection. The injection of antistreptococcic serum is practically devoid of danger. With the qualifications above noted, antistreptococcic serum has proven serviceable in the following morbid con- ditions : Medical and surgical septicemia, pyemia, parturient infections, purpura hemorrhagic influenza, traumatic infec- tions, peritosiitis, empyema, cellulitis, erysipelas, broncho and contagious pneumonia of horses, and cerebro-spinal meningitis. 10 c.c, used as a prophylactic dose, may prevent influenza in horses exposed to the disease ; and a full dose, during influenza, may avert purpura as a sequel. As some of the above diseases are often caused by infections other than streptococcus, the employment of antistreptococcic serum may be unavailing in them unless the etiology is known to be streptococcic invasion. Dosage.— In the larger animals from 20 to 50 cc. are injected at all ages at a single operation, and the dose should be repeated every twelve or twenty-four hours until the symptcms are abated. TOXINS 747 A fresli specimen of antistreptococcic serum is always desirable, as its power to destroy streptococci is soon lost. Toxins. Tuherculm. — Koch's tuberculin is prepared by growing tubercle bacilli in flasks, containing peptonized bouillon and glycerin, in an incubator at 37° C. for six weeks. The cultures are boiled and filtered through porcelain to remove the dead bacilli, and the toxic substance is concentrated to one-tenth of its bulk by boiling. The result is a solution of the toxins of the tubercle bacilli in glycerin, and to this is added a \ per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid for injection. Tuberculin is used in veterinary medicine solely as a diagnostic test for tuberculosis in animals, chiefly cattle. It may be used with almost entire certainty for this purpose, Koch claiming 99 per cent, of correct results from its injection. Injections in tuberculous animals cause a rise of temperature of from one to three or more degrees F. in about twelve hours from the time of injection. If there is any focus of tuberculosis, as in the joints or bones, open to inspection, there will be a notable reaction observed in this locality, with heat, redness and decrease of function of the part. Erlich explains the fever following the injection of tuberculin to be due to a reaction of a zone of cells about the tuberculous focus which have been made unusually susceptible by the toxins of the disease so that they become inflamed by the sudden extra amount of toxin injected. In a tuberculous guinea pig, which has been killed by the injection of an overdose of tuberculin, zones of hyperemia may be seen surrounding each of the grey nodules charac- teristic of the disease. The injection of an ordinary dose of tuberculin is practically harmless and does not even render the milk of a cow unfit for food. In an advanced stage of tuberculosis the animal may not react to tuberculin, and this may be explained by the fact that the tissues are perhaps habituated to the toxins. .748 GENERAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURER The Test. — It is best to take the temperature of the animal from 6 a.m. every two hours until the tuberculin is injected on the evening of the same day between 8 and 10 P.M. The test is unreliable in animals whose temperature reaches 103° F. during this period prior to the injection, and sometimes in those in advanced stages of the disease. The injection is made aseptically into the subcutaneous tissue in the side of the neck with a syringe and needle previously boiled. The animals should be kept in the stable during the time required for the test, and should not be allowed to drink large quantities of cold water to reduce their temperature while the test is being made. The temperature of the animal should be taken at 6 a.m. on the morning fol- lowing the injection and from . that time every two hours till 8 P.M. A rise of two degrees F. is necessary for a positive reaction ; that is, a rise of two degrees over the maximum temperature of the animal in the fourteen to sixteen hours before the injection. Those animals in which the tem- perature does not rise over 103° F. within fifteen or at most twenty hours after injection may be considered non- tuberculous; when the temperature is between 103° and 104° F. the test is doubtful, and the animals should be re- examined after a month ; when the temperature rises grad- ually to 104° F. or over within fifteen hours after the in- jection, the animals may be classed positively tuberculous, provided the temperature constitutes a rise of two degrees over the maximum temperature recorded prior to the in- jection. The average dose of tuberculin as prepared and diluted for immediate use by the U. S. Government is 2 cc. If tuberculin is to be kept for any period, it is better to procure the concentrated toxin and dilute it with a ^ per cent, car- bolic acid solution prior to injection. Tuberculin should be kept in a cool, dark place and should be rejected if it be- comes cloudy. plitlialmo-TubercuVm Diagnostic Test. — Simultan- eously both Calmette of Lille and Wolff-Eisner of Berlin announced this test in June, 1907. -It consists in drop23ing one drop of a 1 per cent, solution of tuberculin in the eye. TOXINS 749 In tuberculous subjects this is followed by hyperemia, lach- rimation, and redness of the eyelids, which begins in about 3 to 8 hours, reaches' the maximum in 8-1-i hours, and rema:ins 1 to 4 days. There is often edema of the lids and purulent discharge. The reaction is caused by an acquired resistance to the disease as shown by local leucocytosis and hyperemia. No harm results to the normal eye. The solution is made by precipitating crude tuberculin with alcohol, the precipitate is collected and dried and dis- solved in normal salt solution. It is possible that a 1 per cent, solution is too strong, as it is found that a 2 per cent, solution will cause a reaction in normal subjects, and a ^ per cent, solution is recommended in human medicine. The test appears to be very delicate and to follow closely the results obtained by the injection of tuberculin in the same subjects. Both recent lesions, and those entirely healed in healthy subjects, will give a positive reaction to the oph- thalmo-tuberculin test. It is best to perform the test early in the morning to observe the results. One should hold down the eyelid in making the instillation and gently massage the lids afterwards. If the ocular test proves negative on its first trial it may be repeated in the other eye after the lapse of three days. It should not be repeated much later than this, or one may get a reaction in the eye of any healthy animal owing to sensitization of the subject (anaphy- laxis). Tablets for dilution (and glass tubes containing single doses) of tuberculin for the eye reaction may now be bought of makers of biological products — together with pipette and directions for using. The skin reaction to tuberculin, rubbed into scarifica- tions of the epidermis, has also been used as a test for the presence of tuberculosis. Congestion, exudation, edema and thickening result in m,any subjects of tuberculosis. But it has been shown that the test is not reliable in children over 2 years, and also Arloing and Valee found it gave uncertain reactions in cattle, rabbits and guinea pigs. The ophthalmo-tuberculin test should be especially val- uable on account of the ease of its performance and in fever ^50 GENEEAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES cases. Reaction may not occur in miliary or advanced cases of tuberculosis where exhaustion of the reactive mechanism has set in. This applies as well to the fever test by injecting tuberculin. A vast amount of work must yet be done on the eye test before its value can be precisely and definitely stated. Mallein. — This toxin is prepared in a manner almost precisely similar to that prescribed under tuberculin. The sterilized cultures, from which the dead bodies of the Bacilli mallei have been filtered, and containing their toxins, are employed to test horses and mules for the existence of glanders and farcy. A rise of two degrees F. in an animal of normal temperature (not exceeding 101° F.) within fif- teen hours of injection, together with a tender swelling five to ten inches in diameter at the site of injection, which is at its height in forty-eight hours, constitute positive proof of glanders. If the fever occurs without the swelling, or the swelling without the fever, the animal should be re-tested in a week. In the normal animal a swelling ocx3urs at the site of injection, without rise of temperature, but the swell- ing is much smaller and has almost disappeared by the end of twenty-four hours, whereas in the glandered animal the swelling persists until the third or fourth day after the in- jection. The temperature prior to the injection should not be over 102° F., but if it is, the occurrence of a large, per- sistent swelling at the site of injection renders a diagnosis of glanders' probable. The performance of the tests is similar to that with the use of tuberculin, including the preparatory temperature-taking and that following the injection. The injection is made aseptically with a sterile syringe under the skin on the side of the neck, and a temperature of 104° F. occurring within fifteen hours after the injection, together with a large and slowly disappearing swelling, is certain evidence of glanders.* The usual dose for a diagnostic test of mallein in the horse is 1 cc, but the dose varies with different brands * At 8th Internat. Vet. Congress at Budapest, 1905, it was resolved that a typical reaction to mallein consisted in a rise of 2° C. (3.4° F. ) to a point above 40° C. ( 104° F. ) ; the curve showing 1 or 2 elevations the first day, and rise on the second and even on the third day after. That the characteristic swelling at the site of injection was a positive VACCINES 'J 51 \ of manufacture, the proper dose of each being stated on the bottle. If several injections of mallein are given to a glandered horse, the reaction may disappear, and in this ^vay glandered horses may be fraudulently prepared for sale as free from the disease. Recently claim has been made by a reputable veterin- arian that glanders may be cured by one or more injections of mallein, and he bases his opinion on the failure of such animals to react a second or third time to the mallein test. The fact above related, that glandered animals become ordi- narily insusceptible to the repeated test,, while still uncured and a source of infection, together with the danger of accept- ing such a statement until fully proved, should make one very cautious to act on such a belief in practice. Semner* has, however, found that horses may be pro- tected against infection with glanders by injections of mal- lein. Mallein is now given as a routine measure to all the horses and mules of the IT. S. Army — quarterly or oftener — as prophylaxis against glanders. The possibility of the cura- bility of glanders by mallein is wholly in accord with the effect of tuberculin in stimulating antibodies (opsonins) when it is given subcutaneously to tuberculosis patients. By so doing it often aids recovery (See p. 756.) Mouilleron examined (at one time) four glandered horses after death, following three or four negative tests with mallein, and found no evidence of the disease by micro- scop}-, cultures and inoculation. JSTocard has also shown the curability of glanders. The exact status of the matter is as yet undetermined, and until it is we may more safely refuse to accept the general curability of glanders by mal- lein. Specific Vaccines. Vaccination consists in introducing, within the animal body, bacteria (or their products) of a disease — with the intention of protecting the animal against the disease. The sign of glanders, even in the absence of the typical temperature. But tliat two tests should always be made with mallein, the second froa- ten to twenty dav:^ after the first. * Ceiitral 1. f. Bacter., Bd. xvii, Nos. 9 and 10. 752 GENERAL TllEKAPKUTIC MEASUKES theory consists in the fact that, by modifying the virnlcnce or action of the bacteria in some way, there are produced in the inoculated animal antitoxins. These not only prevent the occurrence of the inoculated disease, but even the develop- ment of the disease when introduced by natural channels. The activity of bacteria is lessened in various ways. Thus in preparing the vaccines against anthrax and blackleg the bacteria are exposed to heat. Then by inoculating the bacteria in a way, different from that in which they naturally gain entrance to the body, their activity may be diminished ; e.g., the bacillus of blackleg is introduced under the skin or intravenously, and the tail is sometimes chosen as a site, the blood supply being poor. The vaccines blackleg and anthrax do not prove curative if employed after the development of the disease, against which thev are preventives, and often they are ineffectual if used after the exposure of the animal to the infection of the disease. This is not the case in anti- rabic inoculation, however, as the treatment proves success- ful after the patient has been bitten and infected by a rabid animal. So in smallpox in the human, vaccination will modify and possibly prevent smallpox if done within four days after exposure to infection. The duration of the period of immunity conferred by vaccination differs in the case of the different vaccines. BlacMeg or Quorter Evil. — This disease is caused by B. Chauvoei and is distinct from anthrax. Calves should be vaccinated when six months old and again within a year. The best time is that before the usual occurrence of the disease, and no surgery, as branding, castration, marking, dehorning or spaying, should be done before, or within two weeks after, vaccination. Either one or two vaccines are used, the first being the weakest and prepared by heat- ing to 103° C, and the second being heated to 93° C. and used eight days later. Vaccination is done with a powder obtained by drying and triturating a piece of affected muscle. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Agri- cult. Dep't., Washington, D. C, supplies gratis to stock own- ers black leg vaccine and directions for using the same. One dose given subcutaneously is usually sufficient to protect the animal for life against black leg, if used after the animal is GENERAL VACCINE THERAPY ,i Oo 6 months old. In localities where the disease develops in 3^ounger animals the vaccine must be given at an earlier age and — in these cases — repeated the following 3'ear. Immunity begins in 10 to 12 days following vaccination. Anthrax. — Anthrax is the most fatal disease attacking horses, sheep, goats, mnles and cattle. It occurs in the United States, more often in Mississippi and Louisiana. Vaccination was done bv Pasteur in 1880 and was the first attempt made in establishing artificial immunity in practice. Great crowds gathered to see the result of his treatment. He subjected 24 sheep, 1 goat and 5 cattle to vaccination, and then 60 animals (including the vaccinated and imvac- cinated) were inoculated with anthrax. Forty-eight hours later the sight presented to the public beggars description. In the paddock were seen dead and dying all the unvac- cinated animals, while the vaccinated ones appeared in per- fect health. A' small number of animals — especially sheep and goats — die from the treatment. In countries where anthrax is endemic, vaccination has reduced the mortality from 10 to 4^ of 1 per cent. Statistics also show that less than 1 per cent, of vaccinated animals die of the disease. When unvaccinated herds are attacked usually 80 per cent. die. The vaccination should be practiced usually in summer or fall, as these are the favorite seasons for development in infected regions. The protection lasts from six to twelve months. Two vaccines are used. Number one, the weaker, is made by growing baccilli in a current of air at 109° F. for twenty-four days ; number two is prepared in the same manner during twelve days. The weak number one is in- jected and followed in ten days by number two. Sick animals may infect a pasture for ten years, but vaccination will practically permit of pasturing on the infected land. The method of inoculation requires minute directions, which may be obtained from manufacturers. General Vaccine Therapy. By Greneral Vaccine Therapy we refer to the use of so- called vaccines, or bacterins, for infections generally. These vaccines are suspensions of killed bacteria in sterile salt so- 754: GENEKAL THERAPEUTIC MEASURES lution. The vaccines may be used against any given infec- tion by injecting subcntaneonsly small doses of the killed bacteria of the same species as that causing the infection. Thus in the case of staphylococcus infection one must know by examination of pus from the infection what variety of staphylococcus is causing the trouble and use the killed germ of that same variety of staphylococcus in order to get the best results. This treatment is based on the fact that the in- jections of the dead bacilli and their toxins stimulate the formation of antibodies in the serum of the patient — more particularly opsonins — and probably bacteriolysins and ag- glutinins as well. These antibodies further act by enhancing phagocytosis or the power that the leucocytes have to enclose and destroy bacteria — apparently by some action on the bacteria. The antitoxins and antisera already contain antibodies, which are immediately imparted to the patient on their injection and so confer a temporary and passive immunity. The vaccines, on the contrary, act to stimulate the cells of the patient to produce antibodies and tend to confer an active and permanent immunity. Acute general infections com- monly counterindicate the use of vaccines, since in them there is already enough toxin in the blood (causing fever and other symptoms) to enable the patient to produce his own antibodies and so to recover. But some systemic in- fections have been successfully treated with vaccines, as puer- peral infection, pyemia and septicemia. Local infections are more amenable to vaccine therapy, but treatment should be begun early before a mixed infection occurs and before the part becomes surrounded by an impermeable barrier of ])yogenic membrane or bacteria. Thus staphylococcus infec- tion, causing boils, acne and local suppurations; pneumococ- cus infection, producing empyema, cystitis, etc ; colon bacil- lus infection, inducing cystitis and other local infections, have been apparently cured by injections of vaccines. Sir A. E. Wright, of London, who has introduced the vaccine treatment of infections to the medical profession, believes that the treatment should be guided by the opsonic index. This means practically the comparison of the power of leucocytes to invest bacteria in the serum of the patient, with GENERAL VACCINE THERAPY 755 the same action of leucocytes on the same bacteria in the serum of the normal person or animal. Thus 100 leucocj'tes may ingest 500 staphylococci in the presence of healthy serum. Employing the serum of an animal with furuncu- losis, 100 leucocytes may take up but 250 staphylococci. The opsonic index of the healthy individual is regarded as one and that of the example quoted would be 0.5. The determination of the opsonic index is an elaborate procedure and is not essential for vaccine treatment. In a general way, after the injection of vaccines, the power of phagocytosis is lessened, but, after a few days, it is in- creased. So that injections are commonly made every 3 days or so, or after any depressing symptoms — as malaise and fever caused by the injections — have passed. Fever is rare, however, if proper doses are used. In systemic infec- tions it may be necessary to inject daily, to secure the forma- tion of antibodies, and the patient may be too depressed to be stimulated by the vaccines at all. Both antisera and vaccines may be used at the same time, as antistreptococcic serum and streptococcus vaccine. Then comes the question of the source of vaccines. They may be prepared from bacterial cultures obtained from locally infected tissue, or discharges, or from the blood of the patient (autogenous). Or stock vaccines may be used which are now sold by makers of biological laboratory prod- ucts, that is, vaccines kept on hand ready-made, while the autogenous vaccine is probably preferable in securing just the strain of infecting bacteria, very good results have been gotten from stock staphylococcus and streptococcus vaccines in these infections. The average dosage has been determined for in each vac- cine in human medicine. For instance, that for staphylococ- cus is about 600 million cocci at l dose. ISTow in regard to the use of vaccines in veterinary practice. While the use of vaccines in human medicine is still new and their exact value still undetermined, yet a vast amount of work has been done and a multitude of re- coveries have been reported from their injection. In veterinary medicine there is great opportunity for experimental emf)loyment of vaccines. The following re- ^750 GENERAL THEKAPEUTIC MEASURES quirenients are, liowever, essential for their use. The var- iety of germ causing the infection it is desired to treat must be known. The dosage must be determined. It might be based on that in use in human medicine with regard tD the weight of the human and animal to be treated. A stock vaccine may be employed if facilities for the mak- ing of an autogenous vaccine are not at hand. For practical details as to the use of stock vaccines tlie reader is referred to literature supplied by their makers (H. K Mulford Co., Phila.) The subcutaneous injection of minute and gradually increasing doses of tuberculin (1/2000 to 10 mgm.) as treat- ment for tuberculosis in human medicine — now much in vogue — is an example of vaccine treatment to stimulate anti- bodies in the serum of the patient. Sometimes only the toxin of the tubercle bacillus is used (Koch's old tuberculin) and sometimes a suspension of killed tubercle bacilli. Strangles is caused by a specific streptococcus. The use of vaccines of killed streptococci will induce immunity to the disease. The disease may also be prevented, and even cured in its early stage, by immunizing serum obtained from horses receiving increasing doses of the specific cocci. The latter are sometimes protected against the immediate effects of the streptococci by immunizing serum. This method of combining the use of a protective serum and injections of active bacteria is now being employed against rabies, anthrax and rinderpest. The immunizing serum in rinderpest is obtained from animals recovering from the disease and the protective value of their serum is much augmented if these animals are injected with blood from animals affected Math a fatal form of rinderpest. In rabies the combined method of injecting active organ- isms and protective serum bids fair to supersede the Pasteur method of prolonged vaccination, as but one injection may suffice and the treatment may be given at a much later stage of incubation to protect from the disease. The immunizing serum for this method is obtained from sheep receiving in- irajugularly and subcutaneously increasing doses of an emul- sion of the brain of a dead, rabid rabbit. When an animal IS bitten by a rabid patient the bitten animal is given sub- GENERAL VACCINE THERAPY 757 cutaneouslj an injection consisting- of the protective serum, made as above, and an emulsion of brain from a rabid rab- bit. Reports have been most favorable and in epidemics of rabies immunization of all animals by this method may be required in the future. In anthrax also the combined, or simultaneous, method is said to be yielding- much better results than the double in- noculation with the weak and stronger vaccine of Pasteur. While these later methods are still in the experimental stage, and so perhaps inappropriate for inclusion in a book of this kind, yet advance is so rapid that their acceptance will probably antedate another edition of this work. AN EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. The numbers in this section refer to page numbers iti the text of the book where a detailed account of the remedy may be found. Abortion. (1) Accidental, all animals; ('2) Epizootic, in cows and ewes. 1. To prevent, give opium 3G8 ; rest, laxative diet. 2. Isolate, burn foetus and membranes ; disinfect premises, 725 ; empty utei'us. Antiseptic vaginal injections; lysol, 335 ; creolin, 334; carbolic acid, 329; corrosive sublimate, 216. Separate attendant and utensils; patients must not go to bull till vaginal discharge ceases ; bull apt to become infected and if has balanitis is unfitted for service of healthy animals. Abscess. To abort, paint Avitli tincture of iodine, 246 ; or inject 10 or more m. of 2 per cent carbolic acid solution ; poultices, 714; fly blister, 702; open with knife or actual cautery under ethj-l chloride spray, 350, and cocaine, 434. After opening, inject antiseptics, as hydrogen dioxide, 120, and iodoform with vaseline or glycerin, 252. To aid resolution, a blister of cantharides, 646, 702. Abscess, Cold. Open with actual cautery or knife ; inject antiseptics, as carbolic acid in glycerine, 329; Peruvian balsam, 511. Dress with powder, equal parts of tannic acid, boric acid, iodoform and charcoal. ACARiASis. See 3Iange. Acne. Prevent by avoiding rough harness and by constant cleansing with sulphur soap after removal of harness. Abort by applying pure carbolic acid. When acute, hot fomentations with borax, 3 ii-Oi ; dry sulphur, sulphur ointment, 258. Fowler's solution in chronic cases, 226. Actinomycosis. Chiefly in young cattle, affecting the jaw and tongue ; excise, curette, chisel. Apply tincture or compound solution of iodine to wound or iodoform. Large doses of potassium iodide internally, 249 ; good food and tonics. 759 760 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OF After-PaiNS. Remove membranes and clots ; opium, 368 ; morphine, 368. If fever and foul vaginal discharge are present, see Puerperal Fever, Aged Animals, destruction of. Bullet, 307 ; chloroform, 307 ; prussic acid, 346. Alopecia (Baldness). If general, due to debility, give good food, iron, 201 ; arsenic, 227; bitters, 554 ; and apply to skin tinct. cantharis, § i ; lin. sanonis, 3 viii. With scaling, use s\ilphur ointment, 255, and add later to it Peruvian balsam, 1-8 ; also groom very thoroughly. In alopecia areata, use ung. chrysarobini ; or equal parts, alcohol and tine, iodi ; or creoHn and alcohol (1-10-20) ; or balsam of Peru and alcohol (1-10.) Amaurosis. Treatment depends on cause. If owing to debility, loss of blood, trauma or quinine poisoning, give strychnine internally, 409 ; and apply fly blister, 645, about temples. In amaurosis due to cerebral disease (concussion, hydatids, parturient apoplexy), to renal dis- order, convulsions, lead poisoning, etc., treatment depends upon. the causative factor. Ammenorrhea. See Sterility. Anemia. Remove primary cause ; full diet, 690 ; fresh air and exercise ; comfortable housing ; sodium chloride, 139, and HCl, 262 ; iron, 201 ; arsenic, 226 ; quinine, 488 ; gentian, 554 ; strychnine, 410 ; cupric sulphate, 188. Cod liver oil, 657 ; myrrh, 525. Clip horses with thick coats. In pernicious form. Fowler's solution in increas- ing doses till the maximum dose is reached : H, | ii twice daily ; D, TTlxxx thrice daily. Aneurism. Radical cure by ligation of aneurism on either side of sac and excision of sac. When impossible, ligate proximal side. Employ Matas' operation, in which temporary ligation on either side of sac and obliteration of orifices and sac with layers of buried chromic gut sutures are done and continuity of vessel remains intact. Continuous pressure by hands or truss ; potassium iodide, 249 ; ergot injections into sac in early stages ; needling ; acupuncture ; introduction of foreign bodies into sac, as wire. Anorexia (Appetite, loss of) . Gentian, 554 ; cinchona, 488 ; quinine, 488; quassia, 556 ; cascar- illa, 557 ; calumba, 558 ; taraxacum, 560 ; hydrastis, 562; hydrastine, 562 ; hydrastin, 562 ; calamus, 564 ; capsicum, 526. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 7G1 Anthrax. Charbon. In Cattle, Horses and Sheep. Treatment is chiefly preventive ; bodies of dead burned or buried 7 feet deep, with hide intact, Flesh of the dead may communicate the disease, if eaten. Isolate or kill patients ; infected premises and discharges must be thoroughly disinfected, 725 ; avoid in- fected pastiu'es ; antlirax vaccine confers immunity, 752 ; medical treatment is generally unsuccessful and may lead to infection of attendants or other animals. Internally, calomel and salts, in cattle, and carbolic acid or creolin in enormous doses have aided recovery in some cases, 332, 335 ; injection of 5 percent, carbolic acid solution at many points in anthrax carbimcles has proven curative in human patients. Aphtha. See Stomatitis. Apoplexy, Cerebral, Raise head, ice bag to poll ; venesection, 4-8 quarts in horse, 730 ; veratrum, 467. Mustard paste to legs and bandage ; croton oil, 582 : dark, quiet quarters ; gruels and mashes, if swallowing is possible. Change in position important ; also use of the catheter and ene- mata. To aid resolution, potassium iodide, 249 ; strychnine, 409 ; massage and electricity. Apoplexy, Parturient. In Cows. Prevent by witiiholding grain last six weeks of pregnancy, except bran mashes ; also give Epsom salts occasionally. Kunsel's treat- ment, 737, successful in 90 per cent of cases. Enemata, 737 ; ice to poll ; bandage legs ; prop patient up on sternum and change position every few hours. Catheterize and use enemata ; strychnine, 737 • alcohol, if collapse. Avoid drenches if animal unconscious ; other- wise, give Epsom salts, 163. For resulting paralysis, use potassium iodide, 249 ; strychnine, 737 ; blister over lumbar region ; gruels and mashes during convalesence. Apoplexy, Pulmonary. See Pulmonary Congestion and Edema. Apoplexy, Splenic. See Anthrax. Appetite, Depraved. See Depraved Appetite. Appetite, Loss of. See Anorexia. Arthritis. 1. In horses, traumatic and septic ; 2, in new-born, due to um- bilical infection ; 3. may be variety of acute infection known as acute articular rheumatism ; in this form use salicylic acid or salicylates, 495 ; salol, 495 ; externally, methyl salicylate, 497 ; sodium bicarbonate, 135 ; iodine ointment, 246 ; later stages, salicy- lates and potassium iodide, 250 ; diet, milk for small, and gruels and mashes for large patients in acute stage. 3, Cleanliness of the navel and premises may prevent this form ; apply antiseptics and cover the navel. In traumatic arthritis, cold irrigations, 710; 762 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Arthritis {continued) or hot fomentations, 716 ; internally, calomel, 219 ; Priessnitz poul- tice, 708 ; rest, splints and slings ; later, blisters, 702 ; red mercuric iodide, 219 ; iodine, 246. An arthritis may occur as a complication of almost any acute infection. ASCARIDES. See Parasites. Ascites. See Dropsy. Asthma, Bronchial, in Dogs. In attack, chloroform, 295 ; amyl nitrite, 313 ; morphine, 368 ; fumes of stramonium leaves and saltpetre, equal parts, 129. Chloral, 818 ; bromides, 243 ; belladonna, 386 ; potassium iodide, 249 ; inhal- ations, 47 ; arsenic, 226 ; cod liver oil, 658 between attacks. AzOTURiA. See Hemoglobinemia. Balanitis. Cleanse with lysol, 335. If the lu-ethra discharges, give urethral injection, 1 percent, zinc sulphate and lead acetate mixed ; hydras- tis, 563. Horse or bull may have to be cast and glans cleansed with lysol (2 per cent.) and touched with stick silver nitrate. Rest, cathartic and sloppy food. Babreness, Sterility. Remove the immediate cause, if possible, after careful examin- ation of body and generative organs. In the female, injection of yeast (cow) has given favorable results ; one cake of fresh, com- pressed yeast dissolved in quart of tepid water, after standing 2 hours, is used as a vaginal injection once daily for a few days ; the vagina should first be cleansed with soap and water. Aphrodisiacs, 57 ; emmenagogues, 57, 58. Examine semen for spermatozoa. Exercise, reduce obesity (see Obesity). In debility, bitters, iron and good food. In female, change male ; may try intrauterine injection of semen ; dilatation of constricted os uteri. Bites. Of Snakes : Calmette's serum injected into muscle (10 c.c. human dose) very successful ; immediate cautery with hot ii-on, or free in- cision of the bite, and ligature above the injury on a limb must be done. Inject 15 grains of chlorinated lime in 2 ounces of sterile water about the bite in several places ; strychnine subcutaneously in enormous doses. Of Rabid Animals : — Cauterize with hot iron, nitric acid, or ex- cise the bite, even 24 hours after injury ; human patients should receive Pasteur's anti-rabic vaccine at a Pasteur institute. Of Insects : — Aromatic spirit of ammonia, 147 ; potassa. 123 ; or a 10 per cent solution of sodium bicarbonate should be applied to bite ; also wet dressing, clay, antiphlogistine. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 763 Black-Quarter. Black-Leg. Prevention seciu-ed by vaccine, 753 ; avoid infected pastures ; bury dead with hide intact, 7 feet below surface in quicklime ; dis- infect premises, 725 ; free incision of swellings (endangers spread of infection) and injection of hydrogen dioxide and other anti- septics in mild cases. Bladder, Irritable. Sloppy food, linseed tea. A cathartic ; rest ; hot enemata. Re- move smegma, calculi and other som-ces of irritation. Belladonna, 386 ; hyoscyamus, 390 ; potassium citrate, 127 ; potassium acetate. 127 ; spirit of nitrous ether, 313 ; camphor, 550 ; buchu, 541 ; salol, 495 ; urotropin, 341. Bladder. Paralysis of. Empty by sterile catheter or, in horse, pressure through rectum. Treatment directed to cause. Blepharospasm. Atropine, 384. Bleeding. See Hemorrhage, Bog Spavin. See Synovitis. Rest ; in-igation, 710 ; hot fomentations, 716 ; Priessnitz poultice, 708 ; high heel shoe or slings, in bad cases ; after acute stage passes, cantharidal blister, 646. Boils or Furuncles. Aborted by touching with tincture of iodine, 253 ; or pure car- bolic acid, 330 ; or painting with collodion, 659 ; or 20 per cent silver nitrate solution ; injection of 2 per cent carbolic solution. Puncture central opening with pure carbolic acid on toothpick and dress with ^ carbolized vaseline ; or creolin in Peruvian balsam (1-10) ; poultices inadvisable as they spread infection. Internal remedies of doubtful advantage ; calcium sulphide, H, gr. 20-30 ; D, gr. ^-i, thrice daily ; or sodium sulphite, 143 ; or compressed yeast cake, 1 daily to dogs in pills. In anemia, bitters, iron and arsenic. Paracentesis in severe cases ; dress with Peruvian balsam and creolin, as above, of iodoform, 252 ; and avoid chafing of parts. BoTS IN Horses. Give carbon disulphide in capsules ; 2 drams at hourly intervals for three doses, followed in 24 hours by a pint of linseed oil. Laxa- tive diet of green fodder. Destroy larvae in feces in spring, then give bitters, iron and arsenic for a fortnight. Broken Knees. Horses. For mere abrasion of skin, tie head up, to prevent the animal from lying down for 2 or 3 days, and apply white lotion on a compress continuously, 175. When the skin is cut, cleanse and shave hair, wash skin thoroughly with Harrington's solution, 216 ; in-igate the 764 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF •wound with ly sol (2 per cent.) or corrosive (1-1000) solution, and use sterile silk sutures, aseptic gauze and bandage. Apply splint to leg, and tie the head up. If the wound suppurates, remove stitches, apply wet dressing (2 per cent, lysol) , covered with oil silk or rubber, for few days, and then Peruvian balsam, aseptic dressing and bandage. If the sheath of extensor tendon is opened and tendon exposed, or joint opened, place the animal in slings (with splints on leg) and keep on the wound a compress of aseptic gauze wet with antiseptic solution, as above, until swelling and acute inflam- mation subside. Then irrigate with lysol solution daily and apply dry aseptic gauze and Peruvian balsam, 511 ; carbolic acid and glycerin (1-16) or other antiseptic and stimulant, dry gauze and bandage. See Open Joints. Treatment is unavailing if the tendon is n:\uch lacerated, the bones of the knee fractured or joint opened — except in the case of invasion of the carpo-metacarpal articula- tion alone. Beoken Wind, or Heaves in Horses. Avoid water before hard or fast work ; give water in moderation between meals ; give mashes of bran and oats with carron oil, 156, 570 ; also small amount of moistened hay. Arsenic for long periods 226 ; iron, 201 ; and nux vomica in anemia and anorexia, 408. If heart at fault, give tine, of digitalis and strophanthus, 2 drams each, thrice daily. If bronchitis is a cause, see treatment under that disease. If there is true asthma, give spirit of chloroform, | i; in I ii of whiskey, and remedies advised for astluna in dogs. Bronchitis, Acute and Chronic. In acute, to shorten attack give full dose of Dover's powder, 475 ; also apply hot blanket and rubber sheet and dry blanket to chest, frequently changed ; rub mustard paste on legs and bandage. Give bran mash, roots or grass and pint of linseed oil or enema ; furnish a well-ventilated box stall. If there is fever, aconite, 463 ; spirit of nitrous ether, 313 ; and potassium citrate, 127 ; mixed in a drench, thrice daily. Employ inhalations of sodium bicarbonate ( 3 ss to Oi) to increase secretion ; later, inhalations of oil of turpentine ( 3 ss to Oi) to lessen secretion. In dogs with dyspnea, give tablespoonful of syrup of ipecac to produce emesis ; also, to increase secretion, ipecac, 475 ; with syrup of squill, 458 ; or ammonium chloride or carbonate, 149 ; in chloroform water. With excessive secretion, prescribe internally oil of turpentine, 503 ; or terpin hydrate or terebin, 500 ; or belladonna, 385 ; with tincture of nux vomica, 490. If cough is constant and wearing, administer chloral hydrate, 318 ; or codeine, 366 ; or heroin, 357 ; or paregoric, 379. In the horse, instead of expectorants, use mustard, or stimulating liniments and Priessnitz poultice, 708, to chest and throat, and inhalations ; if cough is persistent, potassium iodide, 249. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS ^65 Chronic Form . Treat as regards diet, fresh air, external applications and inhal- ations as in acute form. In dry cough, inhalations of sodium bi- carbonate ; with much secretion, use turpentine by inhalation. To increase secretion, administer internally sodium iodide, ammonium chloride, 150 ; and carbonate, 149. To lessen secretion, oil of tur- pentine, 503 ; or creosote, 333. When there is heart weakness, digitalis, 451, or strychnine, 408. In young or debilitated, fat in some form, as cream, olive oil, 603 ; or cod liver oil, 658 ; housing must be dry, warm, and well- ventilated. . Other remedies include the following : — Nitrites, 313 ; strophanthus, 455 ; quinine, 489 ; arsenic, 226; linseed tea, 611 ; tar, 509 ; benzoin, 515 ; Eucalyptol, 521 ; resin, 506 ; balsam of Pei'u, 512 ; balsam of tolu, 512 ; myrrh. 525 ; asafetida, 538 ; ammoniacum, 540 ; buchu, 541 ; compound spirit of juniper, 542 ; camphor, 550 ; sulphur, 258 ; sulphurous anhy- dride, 259 ; alum, 169 ; tannic acid, 593 ; eserine, 419 ; cantharides, 645. Bronchitis, Verminous. See Horse. Bronchocele, Thyroid Enlargement in Dogs. Goitre. Paint tumor repeatedly with tincture of iodine ; give potassium iodide internally thrice daily, 249. Or inject into gland 10 or 15 drops of iodine tincture at intervals of three days for 10-20 in- jections, 246. Although there is some danger of hemorrhage or embolism. Insert hollow needle, before attaching syringe, to avoid entering a blood vessel. Surgery, jmrtial resection or eneucleation prove most successful, but goitre often disappears in puppies with drug treatment. Bruises. At the onset use : — Priessnitz poultice, 708 ; hot fomentations, 715 ; or antiphlogistine or refrigerants, 711 ; or astringents, as com- presses, wet with white lotion, 175, and bandaging. Or alcohol, 289 ; or arnica, 523, or hamamelis, 601, may be used. Anodynes, as laudanum, 174, are indicated. To aid resolution, massage with stimulating liniments, 701 ; with camphor liniment, 549 ; with soap liniment, 605 ; with ichthyol, 659 ; with olive oil, 603. Burns. In burns of 1st degree:— Carron oil, 156 ; or flour, starch, salera- tus, 135 ; dusted over burn. In burns of 2nd degree :— Soak sterile gauze in 1 per cent solution of picric acid, cover with absorbent cotton and bandage ; reapply in 3 days and 2nd dressing may remain a week ; also boric acid in 10 per cent ointment (vaseline) is harmless and efficient. In 3rd degree : — Wet dressings of saturated boric acid solution, covered with oil silk, or equal parts of Peruvian balsam and castor oil ; remove dead tissue and treat as ordinary wound. In shock, stimulate with alcohol, strychnine and opium. Other 766 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP agents of service include : — Orthoform, 253 ; aristol, 156 ; borogly- ceride, 275; carbolic acid, 331 ; iodoform, 252; salicylic acid, 494; chalk, 154 ; menthol, 530 ; oil of turpentine, 502 ; chlorinated lime, 240 ; chlorinated soda, 240. Bursitis (inflammation of the bursEe of the knee, elbow, hock, stifle, fetlock, cannon bone, withers and poll. In acute cases — Cold compresses and pressure by use of flannel bandages; cold irrigations, 710, or ice poultices. 706; compresses wet with white lotion, 175. In chronic conditions (Hygroma). — Aspiration and injection of iodine, 246, or carbolic acid, 329 ; also blisters, red mercuric iodide, 246 ; or cantharides, 645. See Capped Elboio, Hock, Knee. Calculi, Biliary. See Gall Stones. Calculi, Intestinal. See Colic. Removal by high enemata, by hand in rectum or abdominal sec- tion. Pain relieved by morphine, 367, and atropine, 385, under the skin. Obstruction by sand may be overcome by physic ball, 568. Calculi, Renal and Vesical. In Cattle and Sheep — (iive sodium bicarbonate on the food, 136, and allow an abundance of Avater ; sheep should be compelled to move frequently to cause them to urinate. Ammonium and sodium benzoate, 513, in the horse, or hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, 272. In Dogs, lithium salts, 152, may be placed in the drinking water, orlycetol (dose, gr, 15). These agents may prevent calculus forma- tion out no drug will dissolve calculi in the body. In Oxen — Work forward ui'ethral stone by massage or do ischial urethrotomy. In Sheep — Stroke the urethra to remove stone or sediment about meatus. Success is only secured by amputation of the appendix in many cases ; lithotomy, lithotrity, or urethrotomy are often re- quired. To relieve pain and spasm in urinary calculus, give hot enemata, 716, and morphine, 367, and atropine, 885, under the skin. Canker of Ear. See Otorrhea. Canker op Feet in Horses. Throw the animal and remove by actual cautery or knife all the diseased horn of the sole and frog down to the sensitive tissue. Tight bandage above fetlock to prevent hemorrhage after animal up. Dress foot with one of following ; — Salicylic acid ; stick silver nitrate ; formaldehj^de (10 per cent), 340 ; equal parts of alum, or tannic acid, and iodoform ; creolin or iodine ointment (5 per cent.); equal parts of zinc, copper and iron sulphates, vaseline to make paste, and enough creolin to equal 5 per cent. Then cover with tow, false sole of leather or iron, and shoe. Dress daily with one of above agents. When horn forms, dress with tar or calomel. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 767 Capped Elbow, Hock, Knee. Treatment as for bursitis (see Bursitis) in acute stage ; in bur- sitis (of perforatus) or capped hock, apply high-heeled shoe ; in capped elbow, prevent increase of trouble by use of heel or ring pad ; when large amount of induration has formed it must be excised. Catarrh. See Coryza, Rhinitis, Acute. Catarrh, Chronic. Symptomatic of chronic rhinitis, disease of accessory sinus and guttural pouches, glanders, carious teeth and new growth ; treat- ment mainly surgical — trephining, drainage and irrigation of maxillary sinus ; hyovertebrotomy in disease of the guttural pouches. Catarrhal Fever. See Malignant Catarrhal Fever of Cattle. Cerebral Anemia. Shown by fainting (syncope). See Syncope. Cerebral Hemorrhage. See Apoplexy, Cerebral. Cerebral Hyperemia. Raise head, ice bag to poll ; venesection, 4-8 quarts in horse, 730 ; veratrum, 467. Mustard paste to legs and bandage. Warm cover- ing ; croton oil, 582 ; dark, quiet quarters ; if swallowing possible, gruels and mashes. Cerebritis. See Encephalitis. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. Chiefly enzootic and epizootic in horses and sheep. See also En' cephalitis for general treatment. Quiet, dark, cool quarters ; slings for horses if animal can not stand. Physic ball with calomel for horse, 568 ; ice to head, 706 ; ergot, 385, 629 ; atropine, 385 ; strych- nine, 409 ; cantharides, 645 ; catheterize ; avoid moldy food and stagnant water ; secure food from other regions ; dry stable ; dis- infect quarters after occupancy, 725. Choking. In Cattle : give olive oil by the mouth and try to push foreign, body upward in gullet with one hand externally, while the other is in the mouth. This failing, pass pi'obang or do oesophagotomy. Severe tympanites demands massage of left flank or passage of stomach tube ; if this ineffective, puncture most prominent point in left flank between last rib and angle of the haunch. In Horses, if foreign body may not be removed by the hand in the pharynx, pass probang. Cholera. See Fowl Cholera and Hog Cholera. Chorea. Occurs in dogs often after distemper or from indigestion or irri- tation of worms. In distemper, an outdoor life in the country, and diet with much fat and proteids — as bread or oatmeal with cream, 768 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF strong lA'otiis, and meat once daily — are indicated ; iron is also ad- visable, 203, as Blaud's pills, each gr.v. thrice daily ; arsenic, as Fowler's solution, may be prescribed in ihcreasing doses until nixxx are given daily. If movements severe, give dogs chloral, 318, gr, v, and sodium bromide, 343, gr. xx-xxx, thrice daily (with hividanum, vi v, if necessary). For the horse, chloral, 318, and sodium bromidf, 243, each ? ss, with fluidextract belladonna, 3 i, twice dailj*. If due to worms or indigestion, treat these troubles ; if arthritis pre- cedes chorea, give sodium salicylate, 495. The Priessnitz poultice may afford relief, 708. Other remedies include: — Antipyretics, 323 hyoscyamus, 890 ; cannabis, 394 ; anaesthetics, 307 ; eserine, 419 gelsemium, 422; conium, 430; valerian, 537 ; zinc valerianate, 537 ciamphor, 550 ; strychnine, 409 ; quinine, 488 ; asafetida, 538. CoENUROsis. Sturdy. Gid. Turn Sick in Sheep. Prevention : Brains of sheep and cattle must never be fed to dogs ; twice annually sheep dogs must be starved and given areca nut, 617, with male fern, 616, followed by a cathartic, and feces burned. Repeat this in two days. Sheep's brains, when infested, must be burned or boiled ; young sheep must not be pastured in infested regions. Treatment by trephining cysts, when they can. be localized in the brain. Cold, Exposure to. ApiDlications of hot blankets and mustard paste, 700 ; alcohol, 291. Colic in the Horse. Place in box stall with plenty of bedding ; in mild spasmodic colic, walking exercise, but in no other cases ; morphine, 367, and atropine, 385, under the skin. In mild cases of spasmodic colic, ether and aromatic spirit of ammonia (each, § ii) with spirit of chloroform, 3 i, may be given ; or chloral, 3 i in one pint of lin- seed oil. Hot turpentine stupes, 715, useful in all kinds of colic. In flatulent colic, oil of tm-pentine, 3 ss ; carbolic acid, tti,x ; ether and spirit of chloroform (each ^i), may be prescribed together in a pint of linseed oil. A purge is indicated at the earliest moment— an aloes' ball, 568, or linseed oil, 570, and hot enemata, in spasmodic colic ; in flatvdent colic, give barium chloride, 159, 3 i, by mouth, or gr. xv intravenously, and enema ; also puncture with trocar between last rib and angle of ilium on right, or left side (when most distension here), if tympanites is increasing. In colic from overloading the stomach, use the stomach tube, 739 ; also barium chloride, 159. In colic due to obstruction : here we generally avoid purges altogether and use enemata with soap suds, or glycerin (Oss), and epsom salts (ibii). With im- paction of colon, alternate linseed oil and Glauber's salts and give strychnine, 409, with atropine, 385, on tongue thrice daily ; empty rectum by hand and use enemata as above ; if all fails, try DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 769 barium chloride, 161. Colic' due to enterolitlis and volvulus is only cured by surgery. Colic from invagination may be treated by elevation of hind quartei-s, enemata in enormous quantity and physic ball or barium chloride, 161 , or lapai'otomy. Colic from new growth or stricture of gut can be alleviated by manual removal of feces twice daily and by enemata. "Worm colic is cured by reme- dies found under Worms. Recurrent colic of influenza is treated with salicylates, 495, thrice daily and a physic ball (aloes 3 iv with gr. XX of calomel), and pain is relieved as in mild spasmodic colic. Coma. Apply ice to head, 706 ; use cold douche or alternate hot and cold douches, 709 ; mustard paste and bandaging to legs, 700 ; vene- section, 739 ; purgatives, aloes. 568 ; barium, 159 : croton oil, 582 ; stimulants, if collapsed — etlier, 294 ; or ammonia, 147 ; or strych- nine, 409. In diabetic coma, sodium bicarbonate, see Diabetes Mellitus. Congestion of Lungs. See Pidmonarij Congestion. Conjunctivitis. In mild form, drop in eye boric acid (2 per cent.) solution, or zinc sulphate, 185 (gr. i- 1 i) ; also alum, 168 ; or cupric sulphate, 187 ; or silver nitrate, 177, may be used. In muco-purulent and purulent forms, wash frequently in boric acid solution (2 per cent.) , and drop in the eye argyrol, 180, in 10 per cent, solution thric^e daily after boric acid irrigation ; in addition, shade both eyes and make constant applications of ice water in severe cases. In muco-purulent cases, silver nitrate (gr. ii- 3 i) may be painted on everted lid (instead of argyrol) once daily, in addition to frequent boric acid irrigations. Otlier remedies inckide : cocaine, 437 ; protargol, 179 ; mercuric oxides, 214 ; citrine ointment, 220 ; creolin, 334 ; lysol, 335 ; corrosive sublimate, 217; scarification, 731. Apply hydrai-gyri pxidum flavum in vaseline (gr. i- 3 i) at night to lids, to prevent them from adhering. Constipation. Diet, 688 ; exercise. Dogs : — Two or three compound cathartic pills, 210, or castor oil, 572. Injections of 3 ii sweet oil followed by warm water, combined with massage of belly and removal of feces by finger or blunt curette from rectum, in obstinate constipation. Until constipation relieved, give nothing but broth and lean cooked I meat with salt. In clironic constipation give some cooked liver and ciog biscuit, with mixed diet, and Sharp and Dohme's aromatic fluidextract cascara sagrada, 3 ss, once or more daily ; calomel occasionally, 218. Horses: — Aloes, 568; linseed oil, 570 ; calomel, 218; Epsom salts, 163 ; eserine, 418 ; barium chloride, 159 ; enemata, 30, 138. 770 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Cattle: — Epsom salts, 163 ; calomel, 218 ; linseed oil, 570 ; croton oil, TiSO ; gamboge, 585. Foals and Calves:— Carron oil, 570 : Gregory's powder, 576. Puppies: — Sujopositories, soap or glycerine, 607 ; small doses of castor oil ( 3 i-iv) or calomel (gr. i). Birds: — Fowl, calomel, gr. ion food; castor oil, 3 i ; cold enemata, tine, rhei, 576; rhubarb (gr. iii-vii), or senna, 579 (gr. xv-xx),inpill. Small birds, empty rectum with bulb-tipped probe and oil. Give artificial Carlsbad salts, 137, in drinking water (gr. iiss to 31). Other agents include the following : Buckthorn, 572 ; jalap, 584 ; colocynth, 587; elaterin, 587 ; podophyllin, 589; arecoline, 617.' ox gall, G"5; pilocarpine, 444 ; veratrine, 471 ; strychnine, 410; glyce- rin, 608; belladonna, 386, 410; hyoscyamus, 390^; sulphur, 258; myrrh, 525 ; asafetida, 538. CONVALESENCE. Diet, 690 ; fresh air, exercise ; hydrochloric acid, 262 ; pepsin, 653 ; bitters, 289 ; strychnine, 410 ; gentian, 554 ; quinine, 489 ; calumba, 558 ; quassia, 556 ; hydrastin, 562 ; iron, 201 ; cod liver oil, 658. Convulsions, Eclampsia, Epilepsy. Remove cause when possible by use of cathartics or emetics in indigestion and overloaded stomach ; by incising gums in teething ; by anthelmintics in worms. In attack, owner may immerse puppy in warm batli ; the veterinarian sliould give chloroform in- halation, 307, and afterwards administer fluidextract ipecac, t^SO, and enema. To prevent further attacks in dogs or horses, ad- minister chloral, 318, with sodium bromide, 243, thrice daily in water. When fits are recurrent, epilepsy is to be suspected. In this case, give sodium bromide, 243, thrice daily for co:i: iderable time; and tine, belladonnae, 373, or chloral, 318, if bromides in- effectual. Or acetanilid, 319, with monobromated camphor, 548, may be prescribed in capsules thrice daily for dogs. In puerperal eclampsia, 368, of bitches, inject morphine under the skin, or employ chloroform inhalation, and an enema of chloral in boiled starch solution. Corneal Opacities. When recent, apply yellow oxide of mercury ointment to upper lid once daily (gr. i-ii- 3 i) . 214, or calomel, 217. After a year, opacity becomes permanent ; do iridectomy under clear area in cornea. Corneal Ulcer. Yellow oxide of mercury, as for opacities ; calomel, as for opaci- ties ; or touch ulcer with silver nitrate solution (2-4 per cent.) by means of pointed camel's hair brusli ; atropine during treatment, 374. In suppurating keratitis, touch yellow infiltrated ar^a of ulcer with point of knitting needle heated cherry red, after using cocaine. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 771 Corns ix Foot of Horse. Remove shoe and cut away discolored area to remove pressure or exudation under sole ; flaxseed poultices if much lameness, 713 ; bar or wide-web slioe with rubber or leather. CoRYZA, IN Horses. Fresh air, outdoors in suitable weather ; moderate covering, legs bandaged and mustard paste rubbed on them in stable. Diet : — roots, bi-an mashes wnth few ounces of linseed oil. Fluidextract belladonna ( 3 ss every 3 hours, first day or two). Inhalations, co. tine, benzoin, 47. Other remedies are : — Spirit of nitrous ether, 312; aconite, 433; Dover's powder, 475: opium, o70; cocaine, 347; adrena- lin, 639 ; menthol, 530 ; quinine, 590 ; arsenic, 225 ; bismuth, 192. Cough, Well-ventilated quarters, warm clothing ; inhalations, 47 ; tur- pentine stupes, 715; mustard to throat and chest, 517,700 ; Priess- nitz poultice, 70. From catarrh in upper air-passages, see Coryza, Pliarnygitis, Laryngitis. Bronchial Cough. See Bronchitis. Dry Cough — Ammonium chloride and carbonate, 149-150 ; ipecac, 475; Dover's powder, 475 ; sodium bicarbonate, 47 ; or potassium cit- rate, 127. With excessive secretion — oil of turpentine, 503 ; terpin hydrate or terebin, 500 ; tar, 509 ; belladonna, 385 ; balsam of tola, 512 ; creosote, 333 — internally or by inhalation, 47. Constant, Harassing or Reflex Cough — Opium, 369 ; heroin, 357 : chloral, 318; chloroform, 298; phenacetine, 323; bromides, Sib; belladonna, 385 ; wild cherry, 348 ; prussic acid, 347 ; cannabis in- dica, 394 ; gelsemium, 422 ; camphor, 550. Verminous Cough. See Hoose. Cough, Chronic, op Horses. See Bronchitis, Chronic and Broken Wind. Cracks or Fissures. See Fissures. Cramps. Atropine, 386 ; belladonna, 386. Crib Biting. See Wind-Sucking. Croup, or Roup. Pseudo-Membranous Croup. "Diphtheria." True diphtheria is rarely seen in cats and dogs (Klebs-LQ?ffler bacillus). Croup common in fowl. Isolate sick and newly-bought fowl. In- fected premises disinfected and whitewashed, 725. Dead fowl burned, utensils disinfected. Paint affected parts in throat with mixture of Dobell's solution and hydrogen dioxide with feather. Internally, give twice daily to fowl, potassium chlorate, gr. v, and tine, of feme chloride, Tq,v, in a little glycerine and water. Diarrhea relieved by 10-15tti, of 2 per cent, tannin solution, for fowl. Open 772 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP distended sinus's under eye. Wash eyes with boric solution (3 per cent.) Croup in Calves, Lambs and Pigs. Isolate, disinfect premises. Tine, ferric chloride, 203, and potassium chlorate, 130, of each one- half dram thrice daily in glycerine and water. Cleanse nose with normal salt solution, 733, and throat with saturated boric acirJ solution with syringe and swab. Whiskey, 380 ; and milk and eggs ; green food and Carlsbad salts, 137. Curb. Fomentations, 715 ; cold irrigation, 706 ; Priessnitz poultices, 708 ; cantharidal blistering and actual cautery, 701. Rest and high- heeled shoe. Cow Pox. See Variola. Cystitis. Acute and Chronic. Diet: — Large animals, barley water and mashes ; small animals^ milk. Rest important. In acute form, ice water or hot enemata. Purge with salts or linseed oil, large patients ; with castor oil in dogs ; morphine and extract of belladonna in suppository to dogs (each gr. ^ to \). Large animals, spirit of nitrous ether, 313 ; laudanum, 369 (each § i) , may be given together every 4 hours. When acute symptoms pass, prescribe one of the following: sodium benzoate, 515, with boric acid, 375 ; or for dogs, urotropin- 341. If urine is acid, use alkalies ; sodium bicarbonate, 135 ; potassium citrate or acetate, 313. In clu'onic form, buchu, 541 ; but bladder irrigation then most valuable — silver nitrate (1-1,000), boric acid or borax(l-3 percent), creolin (1-200), 331. Other remedies are : — Hyoscyamus, 396 ; oil of juniper, 542 ; acacia, 606 ; cantharides, 647 ; lysol, 335 ; balsam of tolu and Peru, 512 ; salol, 495 ; turpentine, 504 ; eucalyptol, 531 ; thymol, 523 ; myrrh, 535. Debility. Nourishing diet— milk, eggs, linseed and cotton seed meal, 610. Small animals — bovinine, broths, beef juice, cream ; olive oil, cod liver oil, 657 ; alcohol, 390, and bitters in convalescence, as qviinine, 488 ; stryclinine, 409 ; gentian, 554 ; calumba, 558 ; iron, 301 ; and arsenic, 336, in anemia. To stimulate appetite and digestion, with bitters in large animals : ginger, 534 ; cardamon and coriander, 534 ; fennel and funugreek, 534. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 773 In the young and in nervous debilty : calcium phosphate, 158, and phosphorus, 236. Decubitus. Bed Sores. Change position often or use slings ; sufficient bedding and clean- liness. Alcohol with tannic acid (5 per cent.) to harden skin Aristol, 253 ; chlorinated lime, 240. Delirium. In acute inflammations and injuries of head, ice to poll, 706 , venesection. 629 ; purges, as for Cerebritis. With exhaustive die eases— alcohol, 291 : strychnine, 4J0. Sedatives, if severe, si^^ morijhine ; chloral, 318 ; bromides, 243 Depraved Appetite. Pica. Licking Habit, Cattle — Remove primary digestive disorder ; generous teediiig with plenty of salt ; outdoor existence. Apomorphine, gr. ii h> p'/" dermatically, once a week for 3 injections, 372. Calves and Lambs — Calves segregated ; lambs isolated when no;, sucking ; apomorphine (gr. i) subcutaneously. Foals — Keep in stable, give salt by mouth and apomorphine (gr. i-ii) subcutaneously once or twice weekly. Diabetes Insipidus. Horses. Commonly due to musty or moldy fodder, or symptomatic of other diseases. Change diet, or steam, boil or kiln-dry moldy food ; give physic ball ; place sodium bicarbonate in drinking water to relieve thirst, 4 1 daily, 136. Lugol's solution, 247, or potassium iodide, most successful remedies. Contract renal vessels witi. belladonna, 385; gallic acid, 594; ergot, 629. Tonics: iron, 201; nux vomica, 410 ; arsensic, 225. Restrict water to slight degree. Diabetes Mellitus. In dogs, restrict diet to cooked meat and fat and broths ; avoic liver. Sodium bicarbonate in enormous doses to prevent coma, Ibo , opium, 369 ; Fowler's solution, 226 ; urotropin, 341. Diaphragm, Spasm of. Hiccough. Thumps. Compound spirit of ether, 295 ; spirit of chloroform, 296. Give purge and use lavage, 739; morphine subcutaneously, 368, with atropine, 386; inhalation of amyl nitrite, 313, or chloroform, 307. Fomentations over diaphragm, traction on tongue. Enema, lauda- num (§iv), with sodium bromide (§1), in pint of boiled starcii solution. Dogs: — Emetic : Ipecac, 475. 774: EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF Diarrhea. Laxatives to remove source of irritation in all cases at the ousev. Horses: — Linseed oil, 570 ; castor oil, 572; or calomel, 218. Cattle: — Magnesium sulphate, 163 ; calomel, castor oil. Foals and calves : — Castor oil, § ss ; gray powder, 214 • or rhubarb, 576. Special diet and restriction of water, 688, 689, 636. Rest and warm covering. Opium, 367 ; most useful after purge, with one of the following astringents : bismuth, 192 ; chalk, 155 ; catechu, 597 ; kino, 598 ; tannicacid, 593 ; aluminum hydroxide. 169 ; lead acelate, 175 ; mineral acids, 272. Antiseptics, especially with flatulence and foul discharges ; carbolic acid, 332 ; cresote, 333 ; salol, 495 ; naphthalene, 337 ; boric acid, 275. In Fowl : — Dry, warm housing. Boiled rice and boiled milk, Ijaudanum, i^i-v. See also Enteritis and Dysentery. Arsenic, 225; in chronic cases. Diphtheria. Diphtheria, due to Klebs-Loeffler bacillus in man, is occasionally seen in cats and dogs. They should be killed to prevent spread of the disease to man. See Croup, Pseudo-Membranous. Dislocations. Luxations. Reduce by aid of anesthetics, 307. After reduction, fix joint by plaster of Paris splint for 10 days, and rest (in slings, if necessary). When splint not possible, apply fly blister to secure rest of joint, < 02. Distemper in Dogs and Cats. Give gr. ii. calomel night and morning at onset, till free cathaisis produced. For conjunctivitis, boric acid gr. x ; and zinc sulphate, gr. 1 ; in § i- water. If severe, 5 per cent, argyrol solution, 180. If oi^acity or ulcer of cornea, see Corneal Opacities and Ulcers for treatment. Cough : — Wet flannel bandage and oil silk about neck ; also syrup ipecac (ttiv-xv), in syrup squill (3i), with codeine (gr. yi-%),\i. necessary. Anorexia overcome by tine, nucis vomicae (Tri,v-xx), with equal amount of H CI in water after eating. Vomiting and diarrhea treated with bismuth subnitrate ^gr. x-xxx) with tannigen (gr. v-x) and laudanum (ni,v-x). In deliruim, use chloral (gr. v-xv) with bromides (gr. xx-xxx) , by mouth or rectum. With weakness and paralyses, syrup of the phosphates of iron, quinine and strychnine ( 5 ss-ii) ; strychnine, 409. In anemia, reduced iron in pills, 203. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 775 In eruption, use zinc oxide ointment. Diet :— Milk, scraped beef, bovinine, beef juice, strong broths, brandy with milk and white of egg. Boiled milk in diarrhea. Patients isolated, and when recovered the premises must be cleaned and disinfected, 725. Country air favors recovery. DouRiNE. See Maladie du Coit. Dropsy, Cardiac, Renal, Hepatic. Ascites. Increase function of heart, kidneys and liver by stimulants to these organs and use purges and diarphoretics. Digitalis, 219, and 452, with squill, 458, are often combined with spirit of nitrous ether, 313, and potassium citrate or acetate, 127. Restrict fluids ; give horse physic ball, 568; cattle: magnesium sulphate, 163, in concentrated solution ; dogs : comp. jalap powder ( 3 ss) in capsules three times daily, 583; potassium iolide to absorb exudate, 249. In Ascites, aspirate dogs just behind navel and bandage belly ; cattle : aspirate belly midway between naval and stifle, right side. Diet, 690. Other remedies are : Caffeine, 400 ; strophanthus, 455 ; oil of juniper, 541 ; pilocarpine, 444 ; calomel, 458 ; colocynth, 584 ; elaterin, 586 ; sugar of milk, 652. Withhold salt from the food when there is nephritis. See also Hydrothorax. Dysentery. Common in new-born, especially calves, in which it is usually fatal. Prevent by antiseptic treatment of aborting and parturient cows ;" by isolation of patients and disinfection of their discharges ; by segregation of cows about to calve. Treatment of little value in calves. In other animals, give purge, calomel, 218 ; or magnesium sulphate, 163 ; or castor oil, 572. Ipecac is a specific, 476, especi- ally Dover's powder. Irrigations of rectum with creolin, 334 ; or lysol, 335 ; or silver nitrate, 178. Internally, opium, 367 ; with astringents, as : lead acetate, 175 ; white oak, 595 ; catechu, 597 ; kino, 598 ; tannic acid, 593 ; hematoxylon, 600. Rest ; external warmth ; and diet, 668, 669. Antiseptics : naphtalin, 337 ; turpen- tine, 503. Arsenic, 225. Dyspepsia. See Indigestion. Dyspnea. See Laryngitis, Broken Wind, Croup, Asthma. Pulmonary and Heart Diseases :— Nitroglycerin, 313 ; nitrites, 312 ; chloroform inhalation, 295 ; or morphme, 368 ; in asthma or angina pectoris. In chest diseases, coimter-irritation externally, 700. Tracheo- tomy in mechanical obstruction. Treat causal disease. 776 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF Eclampsia. See Couimlsions. Ecthyma in Horses. Dogs and Sheep. Deep-seated pustules leading to formation of dark crusts, com- municated by contact with other animals, or by brushes, harness, or objects touching the lesions. Isolate patients and secure cleanli- ness and proper hygienic surroundings. Give tonics, bitters and good feeding. Remove crusts with Foap and water. Apply to lesions, salve containing salicylic acid (gr. xv- § i) in zinc ointment : or, when animal can not lick it off, hydrargyrum ammouiatum (gr, v-§i) in zinc ointment. Ulcerations are treated with Peru balsam covered with zinc ointment. Eczema. In Dogs — Avoid water except to remove crusts after soaking in sweet oil for 24 hours ; in chronic cases, shampoo skin witli green soap and water ; clip hair ; employ muzzle or bandaging to prevent biting and scratching and avoid external preparatons which will poison if swallowed. In acute eczema, carron oil, 570 ; or calamine lotion. 186. In moist stage, zinc oxide ointment, 185 ; after the application of black wash, 217. In weeping patches, sil- ver nitrate solution (2-6 per cent.) after cleansing with hydrogen dioxide. If suppuration, astringent dusting powders: bismuth, 191; starch, 609 ; dermatol, 19C glycerite of tannin. 593, With much itching, zinc ointment with creolin (5 per cent.). In Chronic Eczema with scaly, thickened skin, tar ointment, 508 : oil of cade, 510, in oliv^e oil (1-8), or with zinc ointment (1-8). Relieve consti- pation by cascara sagrada, 572 ; give liver occasionally and dog biscuit. Avoid fleas, dirt, friction. In acute cases, bread, soup or milk and avoid oatmeal ; starving in over-fed animals, and 3-3 co. cathartic pills, 210. FoAvler's solution in chronic form, 221, In the Horse — In the scaly form (wrongly styled psoriasis), thorough grooming and destruction of parasites. Remove scales by soaking in olive oil and washing. Apply oil of cade, liquid tar, 508, or creolin in alcohol (1-10). Pustular form on mane and tail, avoid constant wetting and common soap ; clip hair ; and apply hydrogen dioxide and 5 per cent, silver nitrate solution and dust with tannic acid and iodoform (1-3), or use tar ointment, 508. In eczema of heels (grease), in acute stage apply zinc ointment, or white lotion, 175 : or pink ointment, 185. In later stages, with moisture and scabs, cleanse and apply balsam of Peru. 511, wool dressing and bandage, or tannic acid and iodoform (1-3). Exuber- ant granulations treated with lunar caustic or actual cautery. In Cattle — Treatment similar to eczema in horse. Witl'i total loss of hair use liquid tar in alcohol (1-10). Other remedies include :— DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 777 Icthj^ol, 660 ; sulphurated ]iotash, 261 ; sulpliur, 261 ; yellow wash, 217; iodine, 246 ; boric acid, 275; clialk, 154; lead acetate, 174; zinc sulphate, 185 ; white precipitate ointment. 220 ; citrine oint- ment, 220; carbolic acid, 331 ; salicylic acid, 494; oleate of mer- cury, 214 ; blue ointment, 214 ; thymol, 552 ; chrysarobin, 577 ; hamamelis, 602 ; glycerite of starch, 608 ; jnlocarpine, 444 ; phos- phorus, 235 ; cod liver oil, 658. Emphysema, Subcutaneous. Air generally becomes absorbed without treatment. If external wound, try to prevent sepsis. If ab-:orption delayed, strap with adhesive plaster, or make pressure by bandage. Incision and punc- ture undesirable as aid to sepsis. Emphysema, Pulmonary. Chief lesion in '"Broken Wind." See Broken Wind. Empyema Thoracis. Incision into intercostal space, or better, excision of a portion of a rib for drainage, and great care in asepsis, under no (or partial) anesthesia, to facilitate expansion of luug through coughing. All adhesions to lui:g must be broken ; bleeding is stopped by hot, nor- mal salt solution from pitcher : drainage tube, self-retaining, of spool shape. Collargol, 181. Irrigation of the chest not usually advisable unless discharge very fetid. In localized abscess, aspira- tion is sufficient sometimes. Encephalitis. Cerebritis. Meningo Cerebritis. Quiet, dark, cool quarters. Box stall with slings for horses, if animal unable to stand. At onset, horse, aloes ball, 568, with calomel, 218. Cattle — Glauber's salts, 168, with croton oil, 518. With high fever and bounding pulse, venesection, 629, and aconite, 463, or veratrum, 467. In excitement and mania, morphii.e, 367; chloral, 318 ; bromides. 243. Collargol, 180. Lumbar puncture behind 5th lumbar vertebra, to relieve pressure and for bacterial examination of cerebro-spinal fluid. In convalesence, overcome paralysis by ergot, 629, given with potassium iodide, 219. Endocarditis. Acute — Prevent in acute rheumatism by giving sodium bicarbon- cate, 136, and blistering over heart, 646 ; collargol, 181. If pulse strong, give aconite, 463, and fasten ice-bag over heart in acute stage. Morphine, under skin, 367, to quiet dyspnea. Digitalis, 452, in irregular pulse, with nux vomica, 490. Aconite only at onset ; later, whiskey, 280, quinine, 489, and strychnine, 408. Nourishing, concentrated diet. Chronic Form. See Heart Disease. 778 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF Enteritis. In Horse — No solid food allowed, warm water in moderation. At onset only : castor oil, laudanum and belladonna, 572 ; or calomel, 218, with powdered opium in ball, 369. To quiet peristalsis : opium, 369, or morphine, 367, every few hours. With liigh fever and strong pulse : venesection, 629 ; aconite, 464 ; or veratrnm, 467. Turpentine stupes, 715. Stimulants : alcohol, 290, and strychnine, 409, in case of threatened collapse. In convalescence : cooked gruels, followed by scalded oats and a little green food. ' In Dogs — Avoid food or drink in vomiting. Calomel, followed by opium and bismuth subnitrate, 193. In convalesence : meat juice, broths, lime water and milk. In Cattle — Glauber's salts, 163, at onset. Externally, turpentine stupes, 715. Laudanum, 367, with chalk, 155, to stop diarrhea. With bloody diaiThea : laudanum with tannic acid, 593 ; also ergotin. 630. under the skin. Strychnine and alcohol. Diet : boiled milk, raw eggs, flour gruel with sodium bicarbonate, cooked roots. In Calves — In those not suckling, replace milk by whey, made by adding rennet to warm milk and straining. Also by broths, rice or barley water or thin flour gruel. When milk is again given, it should be scalded and diluted with an equal part of water. Give at onset castor oil ( I i). Sucklings fed every three hours, so as not to gorge. Cows giving milk containing over 4i percent, fat may be unfit mothers. After castor oil, give bismuth subnitrate (gr. xxx.) three times daily. Brandy for debility, and pai'egoric ( 3 ii.) if much pain and diarrhea. Entropium. If only inturned eyelashes, they may be pulled out at intervals. The application of a finely pointed stick of caustic potash in a line parallel and near to ciliary border of under lid on the skin — once or more — may cause lid to regain its normal shape. Otherwise remove elliptical piece of skin from eyelid and suture. At same time spilt margin of lid lengthwise, leaving all eyelashes on outer flap, and lengthen palpebral fissure at outer canthus by cutting with scissors. Epilepsy. See Convulsions. Epistaxis. Nose Bleed. Inject adrenalin, 639, with syringe (1-5,000). Pack nostril with gauze soaked in ^■ame. Vinegar and water (1-2), Insufflation of powdered alum, 168, or tannic acid, 593. Internally, ergot, 629 : hamamelis. 601 ; or turpentine. 503. In purpura: calcium chloride, 159 ; gelatin, 159. Raise head and place ice-bag on forehead. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 779 Erysipelas. In Horses, enzootic. In Sheep, attacks head. Swine, as Mai Rouge or Swine Erysij5elas. See Hog Cholera. Generous diet with alcohol, 391, milk and eggs. Isolate patient and after recovery disinfect premises, 725. Well-ventilated quar- ters. Antiseptic treatment of any wound present. Injections of carbolic acid, 330. Cold compresses of saturated boric acid solu- tion. Heavy coat of collodion about lesion to limit spread, first shaving hair. If pus forms, it must be liberated by incisions; other- wise avoid the use of knife. Quinine, 489, and tine, ferric chloride, 195. Erythema. In Horses, "Mud Fever," or "Scratches." Leave hair long on pasterns; do not wash legs after driving but wait until dry and brush off dirt. Pink ointment, 185; white lotion, 175; calamine lotion, 185, 563; zinc oxide and starch, 185; lead ace- tate, 174; boric acid, 275; camphor, 549; vaseline, 350; hamamelis, 602; tar, 508. When erythema results in a dermatitis, as in Cracked Heels of horses, stimulate with stick silver nitrate, or Peruvian balsam, and use astringents, as pink ointment, 185, and white lotion, 175. In general erythema, give purge and light diet. Exostoses. In early stages treat as for Periostitis, which see. For later out- growth of bone, iodine, 246, or cantharides, 646, 702. Red mercuric iodide, 219; point firing; rest. Fainting. See Syncope. False Quarter. Blister coronet; cantharis, 646. Treat wound in coronary band which causes defect in wall of hoof. Apply bar shoe. Cut dead horn away. Keep dirt out of fissure by filling it with gutta percha and ammoniacum. Farcy. See Glanders. Favus, in Cats, Dogs, Horses, Cattle, Fowl. Remove crusts by soaking in sweet oil and washing in green soap and water. Sulphur ointment, 256, or 5-10 per cent, ointments of the following: Naphthol, resorcin, thymol, tar, or creolin and salicylic acid. Sulphur and salicylic acid least toxic. Paint with tine, of iodine and goose grease (1-8). 780 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Fever. Cold air and moderate covering, and bandaging of limbs (horses). Cold applications, 706-712. Cold drinks, 706; cold enemata, 71U Spirit of nitrous ether, 313, with aconite, 463, and potassium citrate, 125, especially in catarrhal conditions. With intestinal autointoxi- cation, calomel, 218; magnesium suphate, 163; castor oil, 572. In hyperpyrexia, phenacetin, acetanilid, antipyrin, 323. Diet, 691. In most infections, as influenza, septicemia, pneumonia, and in con- tinued low fevers: quinine, 489; alcohol, 290; strychnine, 410. In convalesence, see Convalesence. Fissure. Of Anus — Expose with speculum and touch with pure phenol on a small swab. Iodoform in carbolized vaseline (1-8), applied daily after enema. Keep bowels loose with salts or oil. Orthoform, 353; belladonna, 383-386. Of Teats — Udder and teats thoroughly washed with soap and water and saturated boric acid solution. Milk removed with boiled milking tube. Touch fissure with solid silver nitrate, 178, and coat with CO. tine, of benzoin, 512, frequently, and keep covered with boric acid in vaseline (10 per cent.). Also Peru balsam, 593; or tannin, 593. Fistula. Inject daily with hydrogen dioxide (8 oz.) containing 2 m. of formalin, if free opening. To secure healing, inject daily — after above — carbolic acid in glycerine, 329; or tine, of iodine, 246; or 3 per cent, silver nitrate solution. Curette and open up sinus's. If milder measures fail, use arsenic, 224, or corrosive sublimate, 216. If fistula refuses to heal, suspect foreign body in wound. Flatulence. See Tympanites, Colic, Indigestion. Fleas. Pulex irritans var. Canis et Felis. In Dog and Cat — Frequent grooming and 2 per cent, creolin or lysol baths, followed by clean water and drying. Clean bedding of sawdust or shavings, frequently changed. Application of pyre- thrum, 624, to dampen hair, but not in puppies and kittens. Car- bolic soap. Oil of anise, 532. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Epizootic Eczema. In Cattle, Sheep, Swine and Goats. — Diet: Gruels, mashes, green fodder, pulped roots. Wash mouth often with saturated boric acid. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 781 hydrogen dioxide, or potasium chlorate solution on swab. Drinking water constantly at animal's command. Clean, dry bedding. Feet washed with 2 per cent, lysol or creolin. Compresses wet with white lotion, 175, containing phenol, 1 per cent., constantly kept about coronets of cattle. Tar also applied to feet. Isolate patients. Milk of patients unfit for food; boil 20 minutes before feeding it to animals. Two weeks after recovery, cleansing and disinfection of premises, 725. During enzootic, innoculation of saliva of patient in- to well animal will cause a milder form of disease. Fly-Blow in Sheep. Dress wounds with tar, and 2 per cent, solutions of lysol or creolin. Foot-Rot in Sheep. Segregate newly bought animals for three weeks. Isolate patients and treat by driving (thrice weekly) through foot baths of creolin 3 per cent, or ferrous sulphate, 4 per cent., or milk of lime. Fur- nish clean litter and dry quarters. If severe, treat feet locally by removing dead horn, applying carbolic acid in glycerin (1-10), 330, or iodine or creolin ointment (5 per cent.). Cauterize fung- ous growths with pure phenol and protect parts with tar. In the form originating in bruises of sole, and purely traumatic, treat- ment consists in putting sheep on soft, dry pastures, cutting away dead horn and applying tar. Founder. See Laminitis. Foreign Bodies in Alimentary Tract. Dogs — When swallowing of foreign body is known to occur, give bread and porridge as diet. Cathartic 36 hours after ingestion, pro\iding it is a blunt body. Remove from within anus if symptoms of straining and lodgement there. Abdominal section, if body not passed. In ruminants the treatment is purely surgical. Foul in the Foot op Cattle. Canker. Avoid wet, dirty stables and litter. Remove all loose horn an3 ex- pose sensitive diseased parts for treatment. Apply carbolic add in glycerin (1-10), 330, 2 per cent, creolin or lysol, and protect with oil of cade or tar on tow and bandaging. Stimulate by applica- tions of nitric acid, and dress with powdered alum and iodoform, or iodoform and tannin, equal parts. 782 EPITOME or MODERN TREATMENT OF Fowl Cholera. Treat with acid, hydrochlor. dil. (m. v.), and ferrous sulphate (gr. v), or tannic acid (gr. v), in ounce of peppermint water; dose: 5SS. hourly for fowl; 1 teaspoonful for pigeons (Friedberger). Few drops of carbolic acid solution (5 per cent.) under skin. Pre- vent by isolation of well in new quarters. Burn dead and dis- charges. Before reoccupation of premises, hen yard must have sur- face soil removed and replaced by new earth. Thorough cleaning, disinfection and whitewashing of hen house, 735. Fractures. Examine and set under anesthetic, 307. I^arge animals, slings. Plaster of Paris or starch bandages, 636, or splints. In non-union, rub ends of bone together; or puncture ends of bones with drill; or suture with silver wire or chromic cat-gut. Compound fractures treated antiseptically through window in plaster of Paris splint. Fracture of jaw, rectal feeding, 695. [Frost Bite. Rub part with snow or cold water to gradually restore warmth — temperature of premises low for first twenty-four hours. In mild cases, rub on turpentine liniment, 503. With vesiculation and des- truction of tissue, treat as advised in burns of second and third degree. Ichthyol, 659; glycerite of tannin, 593. Gall Stones. Also see Colic. To increase flow of bile: sodium bicarbonate, 136; sodium salicy- late, 496; oil of turpentine, 503. Olive oil. Exercise. iGrALLs, Wind. See Tenosynovitis. Gangrene. Apply antiseptics to wound, as compress wet with corrosive sub- limate (1-3,000) while waiting for line of demarcation to form. Remove dead tissue by knife or actual cautery. Or apply bromine with glass rod, or phenol and glycerine (1-8), to slough. In moist gangrene, apply following paste: phenol (3ss.), powd. charcoal (5ii.), glycerine (3iv.). Tonics: tine, of ferric chloride, 195, and quinine, 410. Gapes (In Poultry). See Parasites. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 783 and water (2 qts.) in teaspoonful doses for week (Moussu) once daily. By inhalation — Calves, 5ii each of oil of turpentine and ether poured in each nostril of upturned head for one or more treatments (Read). Inhalation equal parts tar, sulphur and turpentine from kettle for 25 minutes for three treat- ments. Intratracheal Injections — Calves, oil of turpentine (5ii)> plienoT (m.xx), with chloroform (3ss) for one injection. Generous feeding. Iron and bitters. Slaughter of severe cases. Hydatids in Cattle and Sheep. See Coenurosis. 788 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP Hydrocele (Dropsy) of Scrotum. Distinguish from hernia by failure to reduce and translucency. Insert hj^odermic needle, and then completely empty with aspira- tor or fine trocar. Screw on hypodermic syringe to needle and in- ject pure phenol (m. x-xxx small animals; 3ii or more in large animals). In failure to cure, open scrotum, swab tunica vaginalis with pure phenol, and drain. Hydrocephalus (Dropsy of Lateral Ventricles). Sleepy Staggers. In Horses; rare in Cattle, Dogs and Swine. Impossible to effect a cure. General care as to excess in exercise, with laxative, restric- ted, nutritious diet. Quiet and cool quarters. Potassium iodide, 248. Tap lateral ventricle. Hydrophobia. See Rabies. Hydrothorax. Purge with concentrated solution of salts, 163, in large animals; in dogs, give co. jalap powder (3ss) in capsule. Internally, digitalis, 219 and 452, oil of juniper, 541, and sweet spirit of nitre, 313, thrice daily to horse. For dogs, calomel, 458, and digitalis. Also give strychnine as heart stimulant. Externally, applications of mustard paste. Pilocarpine, 444 (Friedberger) subcutaneously. In severe dyspnea and in large ef- fusions, aspirate pleural cavity. Impaction of Colon in Horse. See Colic from Impaction. Impaction of Omasum, Dry Murrain, Fardel Bound, Stomach or Grass Staggers. In Cattle; more rarely in Sheep and Goats, Epsom and common salt, with croton oil, 582 (C, m. xx). In non-febrile cases, two or three pails of linseed tea daily. Eserine (gr. i) with pilocarpine (gr. iii), in urgent cases, 444, given luider the skin. Enemata — Fluidextract of nux vomica, 410, thrice daily. With head symptoms, ice to poll. After free purgation, give sloppy food with plenty of salt and continue nux vomica thrice daily. Impaction of Rumen in Sheep and Cattle. To relieve tympany, puncture with trocar in most prominent point in left flank. Follow with daily doses of Glauber's salts, 163, and linseed oil, 570, and fluidextract of nux vomica, 410, thrice DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 789 daily, and light diet of hay and mashes. Or give subcutaneously eserine (gr. i), 419, and pilocarpine (gr. ii), 444, in urgent cases. In less urgent cases give the salts, nux vomica and mashes as above. In acute and chronic cases, gastrotomy is indicated when medical treatment is unsuccessful, except in febrile cases and old cows; not more than two-thirds of stomach-contents should be removed (Moussu) . Incontinence of Urine. See Urinary Retention and Inconti- nence. Impotence^ Inability to Copulate. 1. Loss of sexual desire and power (functional). — Regulate exer- cise and work, by decreasing or increasing, if either excessive. Avoid excessive or early copulation. Whimbin hydrochlorate. H. & C, gm.i. (gr.xv.) thrice d^iilj'. Give tine, cantharis and fluid extract nux vomica, 647, 410, well diluted, thrice daily. 2. Organic impotence — Growths, disease and malformations or paralysis rarely yield to drugs. 3. Premature ejaculation in male — Prevent masturbation and excessive copulation. Cold enemata and improvement in hygiene by outdoor life. Indigestion, Acute, in the Horse. Includes Acute Gastro-intestinal Catarrh. Use stomach tube with eructations, retching, pain and distension of stomach, 739. With flatulence, aloes ball, 568, with calomel, (3ss). With violent pain, see Colic. Lysol (3iv) in ball of use in flatulence. Follow later with powdered sodium bicarb., 135, ginger, 537, and nux vomica, 410, thrice daily. After an acute attack give HCl, 272, and fluidextract of nux vomica to stimulate gastric functions. When diarrhea is chief feature, give calomel (3ss) in a quart of linseed oil, 570; then prescribe opium and tan- nic acid (each 3ii) twice daily in ball. If dysentery with straining and mucus, enema of 1 per cent, tannic acid. Diet — Fasting first 24 hours; then gruels, green food, chopped hay. In diarrhea, see 688. Indigestion, Acute, in Cattle. Acute Gastritis, Rumenitis, Recticulitis, Omasitis, Abomasitis. Apply fly blister over affected stomach, 702. In abomasitis, vene- section (2-4 qts.) in severe cases. Eserine, 419, with pilocarpine, 444, under the skin. Daily doses of Glauber's salts, 163. Nux vomica in convalesence, 410. Diet — Gruels, milk, bran mashes and little hay. 790 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP Indigestio>i, Chronic. Chronic Gastro-Enteritis (Horse). Diet, 688. Attend to condition of teeth. Powder (sodium bicarb, 135, ginger, 527, and nux vomica, 410) thrice daily on feed. HCl, 273, in some cases. Carlsbad salts {^i) on feed for constipation, 137. Also daily, soap-suds enema. With diarrhea, copper sul- phate, 188, or lysol (^ss) daily with putrid feces. Indigestion, Chronic, in Cattle. Chronic Tympanites. Without diarrhea or constipation, give fluidextract nux vomica, 410, with Carlsbad salts (3 tablespoonfuls) on feed thrice daily, 137. In constipation with mucus, add to Carlsbad salts sodium bicarb., 135. With diarrhea, give HCI (5i-iii) in drinking water twice daily, and nux vomica and salt on feed. When blood in feces, give fluid diet (milk and gruels) and sodium bicarb., 135, on food. Indigestion in Calves. Milk Indigestion. Abomasal Indi- gestion. To stop vomiting and diarrhea, use only clean feeding utensils and clean warm milk in hand-fed patients. In sucklings, see that mother's milk not over rich and feed at short intervals. Skim milk from creameries must be scalded. In hand-fed, give scalded milk and pure water (half and half) mixture, warmed, till digestion good. At onset, castor oil (^ii). Scald utensils after feeding. Do not give meal at too early age. See also Enteritis in Calves. Indigestion, Acute, in Swine. Acute Gastritis. Calomel and tartar emetic (each gr. v) or calomel (gr. v) and ipecac (gr. xxx) in pill with meat. To check severe diarrhea, chalk (5ii) or bismuth subnitrate (3ss) on food thrice daily. Avoid im- proper food, sour swill, hotel washings, etc. Give boiled milk and gruels. Clean utensils, trough and pen. Indigestion, Acute. Acute Gastroenteritis in Dogs. Restrict water and starve patient. Encourage vomiting by fluid- extract ipecac (5i). If emesis prolonged, bismuth subnitrate, 192, and cerium oxalate in capsules, 170. Also potassium bromide (5i)> with chloral (gr. xx-xxx) in enema in boiled starch solution. Diarrhea is checked by castor oil (^i-ii), followed by bismuth (gr. xx), and salol (gr. v) with food thrice daily; or pills of lead acetate (gr. i), and camphor and powd. opium (each gr. ss), three times a day. Enemata (1 per cent, tannin) if much straining. Diet — Milk and lime water; raw scraped beef. In diarrhea, boiled milk and rice. In convalescene, tine, nux vomica, 410, thrice daily. DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 791 Induration. Apply Priessnitz poultice, 708. Rub into parts frequently, equal parts, ichthyol, ung. hydrargyri and ung. belladonna, or employ a fly blister, 646. Inflammation. Acute — General treatment with aconite, 463, veratrum, 467, or, in robust patients and with very urgent symptoms, venesection, 728. Cool, airy, box stall, moderate body covering and bandage for limbs, in case of horses. Internally, laxatives, 570. Calomel is an intes- tinal disinfectant as well, '215. Externally, counter-irritation, 701, in some form. When trouble localized, hot poultices, 712, or ice, 706. To relieve pain and quiet animal, opium, 369; bromides, 243; chloral, 318. Stimulate renal secretion: spirit of nitrous ether, 313; potassium citrate, or nitrate, 129. Diet, 691. Stimulants to sup- port the heart, strychnine, 408. In convalesence, bitters, 489, 408; and alcohol, 289, HCl, 272. In Chronic inflammation, supportive treatment. Internally, io- dides to aid resolution. 249. Externally, in local troubles, counter- irritants, 701. Influenza in Horses. Cool, airy box stall. Moderate covering of body and bandaging of limbs. Move bowels by enemata or mild laxatives, 570. Diet — Bran mashes, boiled oats, milk, beef tea, eggs, green food. Strych- nine solution, 408, dropped on tongue thrice daily and turpentine liniment rubbed daily onto limbs and belly to prevent edema. Steaming with co. tine, benzoin, 47, and application of turpentine liniment, 499, and bandage to JJiroat, to relieve catarrh of upper air passages. With laryngitis, apply fly blister to larynx, 646. With weali, feeble pulse, give strychnine as above and alcohol, as gin, 281, and digitalis, 451 ; or strophanthus, 455, or camphor, 550, or cafl^eine, 399, or cofl^ee, 399. Antipyretics rarely desirable, except in hj^per- pyrexia, then a few doses of phenacetin (3ii) at 3 hours interval. Spirit of nitrous ether, 313, aconite, 463, and solution of ammonium acetate, 151, may be given. Alcohol as food and nerve sedative, 289. With icterus, give 1 pint of linseed oil and sodium bicarbonate, 135, on food. When conjunctivitis, keratitis arid iritis complicate, see these disorders. Polyvalent Antistreptococcic serum as a prophy lactic (10 c. c.) and curative agent (dose, 30 c. c.) has yielded gooa results and is said to prevent purpura. Suspects showing rise of temperature and all cases of influenza should be isolated. Com- munication of influenza by utensils and attendants should be avoid- 792 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF ed. Disinfect premises when cases no longer exist. For special complications, as Pneumonia, Purpura, see titles of these dis- orders. Intertrigo. See Erythema. Intestinal Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage, Enterorrhagia. Intestinal Indigestion and Catarrh. See Indigestion and Enteritis. Intussusception or Invagination. See Colic. Iritis. Darkened quarters. Brisk purge. Hot fomentations to eye for one-half hour thrice daily. Two or three leeches on temples, after shaving hair. 1 per cent, atropine solution, 384, four to six times daily in large animals; m. i three times daily in smaller animals; dropped in the eye. Internally, sodium salicylates, 496, and potas- sium iodide, 249, in acute rheumatism. Enucleation of an injured and useless eye when it threatens sympathetic iritis in the other. Iridectomy for sequels of iritis, as occluded pupil or posterior synechiae. Jaundice. Gastro-Duodenitis. Cholangitis. In Dogs and Horses. Priesnitz poultices over liver, 708. In dogs, calomel at outset, 318, and bismuth subnitrates, 192, and sodium bicarb., 135, thrice daily in capsules. Diet, 689; skim milk and lime water, lean meat, broths and bread. Massage over gall bladder and cold enemata, 30. In the horse, artificial Carlsbad salts, 137, on feed thrice daily. Diet — Green fodder, pulped roots, boiled potatoes, steamed and cracked oats. An abundance of water. Keratitis. Abscess and Ulcer of Cornea. Brisk Purges. Quinine in good doses, 489. Extr. opii (gr. x), boric acid (gr. Iv) in water C^iy), on gauze and oil silk, bandaged over eye. Atropine (gr. i-iv to ^i) dropped in eye thrice daily (stronger solution with much photophobia and lachrimation) with application to lids of yellow oxide of mercury ointment (gr. iv-^ss). Or holocain hydrochlorate (gr. ii-5i) in place of atropine. In spreading ulcer, apply very carefully pure phenol to cocainized eye DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 793 on a toothiiick. Then flush eye with normal salt solution (31 i-Oi). Fine galvano-cautery may be used instead. In abscess of cornea and pus in anterior chamber, rarely advisable to incise. Laminitis, Hor.sEs and Cattle. Horses — Remove shoes, thin horn on soles and place in well- bedded box stall. Let animal stand several hours at a time in hot water (frequently changed) and apply poultice in intervals. Or use cold water foot baths and ice poultices with bran. Diet, 688. Give aconite, 463, or bleed from jugular, 731, or toe in severe cases. Employ enemata and linseed oil, 570, and encourage animal to lie down, or cast or sling in very acute cases. After subsidence of acute inflammation, apply thick, wide, rocker, bar shoes; exercise in soft, wet ground and apply blister, 703, to cpronet. Neurectomy for prolonged lameness. In Cattle, same general treatment. Full dose of salts and mus- tard to chest at the beginning. jLaryngitis, Acute. Chiefly in Horses and Dogs. Locally, cold wet compress, 709, applied to throat and covered with oiled silk; or thick coat of antiphlogistine ; or ice bag, 706; or turpentine and sweet oil (equal parts) ; or, in severe cases, mustard paste, 517, or fly blister, 645. Steam inhalations with 2 per cent, carbolic acid solution. Internally, tine, aconite, 463, with spirit of nitrous ether, 463, every few hours for fever. Laryngeal cough and spasm relieved by morphine or Dover's powder (horse, 495) and by codeine (dogs, 356). iLaryngitis, Chronic. Chiefly in Horses and Dogs. Locally to throat, wet compresses, antiphlogistine or stimulating turpentine liniment, as above. ' Dogs — Application to larynx of 3 per cent, silver nitrate solution on human applicator, or inhalations of benzoin, 515, and ipecac, 47. Also insufflation of larynx with bismuth and orthoform equal parts with powder-blower. In the horse, injections into the larynx, through the crico-tracheai ligament, with a hollow needle (1-2 per cent, solutions of alum or lead acetate) are most eff'ective. Also give ammonium chloride, 150, and Carlsbad salts, 137, on the feed thrice daily. Laryngitis, Membranous. Chiefly in Cattle. 794 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP Bleed from jugular (4-6 qts.), or give tartar emetic (3ii-iii) in strong animals at onset. To throat, hot poultices frequently- changed, or sinapisms, 517. Potassium iodide, 349, thrice daily. Salts on feed. Diet — Mashes, green food and milk. Tracheotomy in threatened suffocation. In dogs and cats, give dram doses of syrup of ipecac, 475, in threatened asphyxia. Edema of the glottis occurs as result of acute laryngitis and proves rapidly fatal unless tracheotomy is done. Leucorrhea. See Vaginitis, Septic Metritis, Metritis, Puerperal Fever. Leukemia. Rare in Horses, Cattle, Swine, Dogs and Cats. Generally fatal. Fowler's solution of arsenic, 226, pushed to fullest extent — H. and C, from ^ss to ^ii; D., from m.v to m.xxx, twice daily. Otherwise the treatment is as for Anemia, Pernicious. 'Lice, Pediculosis, Phthiriasis. P. equi (horse), P. eurj'sternus and tenuirostris (cattle), P. suis (swine), P. piliferus (dog). In large animals, apply pure kerosene night and morning for two days, then wash off with soap and water. Hair washed with vinegar for a few days to remove nits or eggs. In dogs, use tine, staphisag- ria, 624, or oil of anise in sweet oil (1-10), 532; also creolin, 334, in 5 per cent, solution; and corrosive sublimate in 1 per cent, solu- tion, applied in spots and carefully dried, may be used. Blue ointment often applied in cattle, 214, but not if there is derma- titis. When the animal is greatly infested and the hair is long, the hair may be clipped, but this is usually not necessary. In sheep, use dip as for scab. Keep hens out of stable to prevent hen lice' from infesting horses. Isolate infested animal till cured and disin- fect -its former quarters. Employ general cleanliness and generous feeding. Lichen. See Eczema. Licking Habit. See Depraved Appetite. LiTHiAsis; See Calculi. Liver Rot in Sheep. (Occasionally in Cattle.) Due to Distoma hepaticum. Treatment wholly preventive. Give concentrated, dry food with plenty of salt. Avoid overstocking DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 795 pastures or give up pastures, if seriously infested. Sprinkle lime and salt or copperas (250 to 400 lbs. to the acre) on pastures from May to August. Drain pastures to destroy snails, the intermediary host of the Distomata. Diseased animals should be slaughtered and their livers burned. Keep sound sheep away from infested pastures. Disinfect manure of infested animals with quick lime. LoupiNG III in Sheep. Due to bacteria conveyed by ticks living in tall grass and damp spots. No cure; treatment wholly preventive. Isolate and kill diseased sheep. Dip the rest of flock as for Scab. Wet pastures avoided or drained. Long grass and rushes must be avoided. Luxations. See Dislocations. Lymphangitis. Cellulitis. Inflammatory Edema. Idiopathic in Horse in hind legs. Apply from the beginning hot compresses of 3 per cent, lysol or creolin solution, covered with waterproof protective and bandage, to whole limb; change fre- quently. Give aloes, 5iv, calomel, 5i, in ball, and light diet — mashes, green food and hay. Enforce absolute rest. Tine, of aconite, 46S, and spirit of nitrous ether, 313, may be used for fever every two hours, but local treatment most useful. Alcohol and milk in de- bilitated subjects. When acute symptoms subside, use dry ban- daging, friction with oil of turpentine and sweet oil (equal parts), and gentle exercise to reduce swelling of limb. Internally, potas- sium iodide, 249, may be given to hasten resolution, together with laxatives to remove water from the system, as artificial Carlsbad salts on the food, 137, Lymphatics, Inflamed, See Glandular Enlargements. Maggots From Flyblow. Ajjply kerosene, or turpentine and oil. Other antiseptics. Maladie du Coit. Dourine in Stallions and Mares Caused BY Trypanosoma Equiperdum. Vesicular Exanthema. Antiseptic irrigations of penis and vagina. Stallion, 2 per cent, lysol or creolin, or 1-2,000 solution of corrosive. In mares, injec- tions of 2 per cent, lysol. Also apply local application of 5 per cent, argyrol solution after cleansing as above. Great swelling is reduced by constant hot fomentation (saturated boric acid solution), or by incisions. After acute conditions subside, may inject sheath and vagina with 1 per cent, lead acetate or zinc sulphate solution. 796 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP and use black wash, 217, externally. Treat ulcerations with 10 per cent, silver nitrate solution. In the beginning, sloppy food, mashes, green food and milk may be given. Iron and arsenic, 301, 236, are indicated. The treatment must be persisted in for months; three years should elapse before a stallion is safe for service. Vesicular Exanthema may be treated locally, as advised for Dourine, but often disappears spontaneously. Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Cattle. Prophylaxis: clean, dry, well ventilated stables and removal of infected soil under barns. Isolate sick and disinfect discharges. Give creolin (3ii) twice daily in a pint of milk. Irrigate nose with 3 per cent, lysol solution; eyes with saturated boric acid solution. Soft diet with milk and gruels. Enemata or laxatives. Mallenders and Sallenders in the Horse. Squamous Ec- zema. See Eczema. Attacks flexures of hock and knee. Soak over night in sweet oil. Wash next morning with green soap and warm water, to re- move scales. Apply oil of cade, liquid tar, or creolin, in alcohol (1-10). Carlsbad salts on the food, 137. Regular exercise. Arsenic and iron, 236. Malnutrition. See Dehility. Mammitis. Mastitis. Garget. At onset, milk every hour and give frequent massage of udder with full dose of Glauber's salts and common salts, 163. Restrict food and water. Attend to abrasions of teats. (See Teats, Fis- sured, etc.) Also, to abort, either use constant hot fomentations, 715, or ice bag, and support udder by bandage and wide band about body. The surgeon should cleanse udder thoroughly and irrigate each quarter of the udder with 3 per cent, borax solution through sterile milking tube, in parenchymatous form. After gentle manip- ulation, draw ofi^ fluid in 15 minutes. If suppuration threatens, apply mercury binodide ointment (10 per cent.). With interstitial form and surrounding edema, puncture swelling in points by actual cautery, avoiding the veins. Then apply boric acid ointment (10 per cent.). For suppuration of udder, incise and drain, and, if severe, amputate in part or altogether. In chronic suppuration, the pus poisons the milk; remove teats with scissors for drainage; fat- ten and kill. Separate milkers in mammitis to avoid infection of sound cows. To prevent mammitis, cleanliness of animal and prem- ises; use of proper stalls, so that teats are not stepped upon; im- mediate treatment of abrasions of the teats. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 797 Mange, Acariasis. Scabies. Itch. Scab. In the Horse — Sarcoptes scabei, beginning on head, neck and shoulders. Also Dermatodectes communis infesting inner thighs, root of mane and tail, sheath; and Symbiotes equi, seen on feet and pasterns. Clip hair, apply cottonseed oil with 5 per cent, creolin over night. Remove scabs with green soap and water next morning. Rub in one of the following remedies with brush and, when rubbed off by animal, reapply daily for a week. Then wash off and after a few days, repeat the treatment two or three times. Use liquid tar and sulphur, each 5i; soft soap and alcohol, each ^ii; or creolin and soft soap each 51; alcohol 5viii (Frohner). Also balsam of Peru and sulphur ointment, (1-7), 3 per cent, lysol or creolin solutions. Ointments in localized mange. In dermodectic and symbiotic mange, milder remedies — Peruvian balsam, carbolic soap, or creolin and glycerin (1-10). In Dogs — Follicular mange, caused by Dermodex foliculorum, var. canis, attacks head, neck and limbs, invading hair follicles and sebaceous glands; very difficult of cure. Sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes squamiferus, attacks head, chest, bellj^, elbows, root of tail and claws, and spreads to whole body. Readily cured. Isolate to prevent spread to man or dogs. Apply muzzle and clip hair over lesions. In sarcoptic mange, Peru balsam and sulphur oint- ment (Si-ji)' or 1 part each, liquid tar and soft soap, and 8 parts of alcohol. For follicular mange, weeks or months are required and result is doubtful. Give bath of potassa sulphurata (1-2 of 1 per cent.) for 15 minutes; follow by friction with pure Peru balsam. Creolin in 2 per cent, bath, followed by friction with equal parts creolin and alcohol, once or twice daily. Squeeze pus from all pustules. Masturration. Onanism. Dogs and Rams; Bulls and Stallions. Regular exercise or work, and light diet. Punishment; moderate amount of copulation. Castration, if habit incurable. Megrims. See Vertigo, Blind Staggers. Melanosis. Melanotic Sarcoma. Seen chiefly in grey horses. Remove by knife; recurrence rather the rule. Meningitis. See Encephalitis and Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. 798 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Metritis, Acute and Chronic. See also Puerperal Fever or Septic Metritis. Examine uterus with speculum. Treatment purely local and takes time and money. Animal may recover spontaneouslj'^ at pasture. Otherwise, irrigate with 2 per cent, lysol sohition daily. Apply Churchill's tine, iodine to lacerations of cervix and eroded os; or light application of actual cautery. Also dilate cervix and curette uterus, followed by loose packing with iodoform gauze for a few days. Afterwards daily lysol irrigations. Muscular Rheumatism. Warm covering. Give a purge: H., physic ball, 568; C, Glauber's salts, 163; D., two compound cathartic pills, 210. Rest of affected parts. Give sodium salicylate, 495, and potassium iodide, 249, in combination, to dogs in capsules, large animals in solution, thrice daily. Or the iodide may be reserved for subacute and chronic cases. Externally, rub into affected part methyl salicylate, 497, or chloroform liniment, 296. Heat is also very efficacious; hot wet blankets covered with rubber sheet and dry blanket, or apply dry blanket and iron over it with hot flat iron. Puncture of affected muscles with sterile needles, or injection of sterile water, sometimes effective. Shoulder lameness — Inject veratrine into muscle (H., gr. 3-4 to 1 1-2 in alcohol, m.xxx), followed by walking exercise. Chronic cases — Tonic treatment; cod liver oil, 658; massage with liniment, moderate exercise and attention to hygiene. Hyalgia, Myositis. See Muscular Rheumatism. Nasal Catarrh or Rhinitis, Chronic. Gleet (In the Horse). Use cleansing, antiseptic, astringent solutions by atomizer, or fountain syringe and rubber tube in nostrils, by trephining cham- bers above, or by stomach tube introduced through posterior nasal openings. Cleansing and antiseptic solution, sodium bicarbonate and biborate (of each, 5iiss to Oi). Astringents, cupric sulphate or alum (1-2 per cent) ; tannic acid or zinc sulphate (1-2 per cent, solution). Solutions changed each two weeks. Outdoor life, feed- ing off ground; good food; bitters and iron. Isolation, unless glanders can be surely excluded. Gleet very often secondary and due to glanders, catarrh of guttural pouches, tumors, parasites, Abscess, etc. Employ a rhinoscope and inject mallein or use agglu- tination test. Discharge from one nostril is not usually simple gleet. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 799 Navicular Disease (in Horse). In acute cases remove shoes and use foot hath of hot or cold water, for hours at a time, with flaxseed poultice each night. Give green food, mashes and hay. Prescribe a phj^sic ball. When heat and tenderness in foot subsides, apply fly blister about coronet after clipping hair, 645. Shoe with rubber pad (shoe thick at heels and thin at toe), after a few weeks of rest. If lameness persists, plantar neurectomy may be done in animals with good feet and limbs. Nephritis, Acute. (In Horses, Cattle and Dogs.) Prophylaxis — In acute infections, avoid draughts, and use warm covering for patients; enforce rest, secure activity of bowels and skin and give abstemious diet. In acute nephritis, withhold all food and drink for the first few days. Diet — D., milk; large animals, mashes, green food and milk, after starving period. Give aloes ball (horse), 568, Glauber's salts, 136, to cattle; co. jalap powder to dogs (3i) at onset. Hot blankets over whole body and mustard paste over loins. Pilocarpine, 444, under skin in a single dose, with strych- nine, 403. With marked hematuria, fluid extract ergot thrice daily, 629. In later stages, as a diuretic, tine, digitalis, 453, with potassium citrate, 137. In convalesence, tine, ferric chloride, 301. Uremia is com- bated by cathartics and venesection, 739; and convulsions by chloral hydrate, 318, chloroform inhalation, 307, and morphine under the skin. Nephritis, Chronic. (All Animals.) Tine, chloride of iron, 195, and sweet spirit of nitre, 313, thrice daily. In dropsy, see Dropsy. Withhold common salt from the food. Protect animal from exposure to cold. In dogs, cHiefly milk diet. In Uremia, treat as recommended for Acute Nephritis. Nephritis, Suppurative. Pyelo-Nephritis. Pyelitis. Seen in all animals; often in Cows and Mares following septic parturient states. In Cattle it is often best to fatten and slaughter. Secure drinking of large amounts of water by placing an abund- ance of salt upon food. In early stage, spirit of nitrous ether, 313, and potassium acetate, 135, thrice daily. When urine alkaline, jive sodium benzoate, 515, to large animals; to small animals, give urotropin, 341, or salol, 495, and boric acid, 375, as urinary anti- septics. In chronic conditions in dogs, give sandalwood oil in cap- sules (m.x). In large animals in chronic pyelitis, give fluidextract buchu, 541. Accompanying anemia is treated with strychnine, 408, and tine, of ferric chloride, 195, on the tongue. Isolation of pa- tients is desirable to prevent infection of parturient animals. 800 EPITOME OF MODEKN TREATMENT OF Nervous Palpitation of the Heart. Seen in Horses and Dogs from over-exertion, indigestion, "ner- vousness." In severe cases, morphine, 368, under the skin. Also spirit of chloroform, 296, in less urgent cases. Or chloral, 318, and potassium bromide, 243, may be given. In asthenia and over-ex- ertion, especially with irregular pulse, prescribe tine, digitalis, 451, with tine, aconite, 464, thrice daily. In anemia, give ferrous sul- phate and nux vomica to horses. Indigestion, as a cause, demands a physic and restriction of food. Nettlerash. Surfeit. Hives. See Urticaria. Neuralgia. Neuritis. Give laxatives, especially castor oil, 572. In debility and anemia, give strychnine in increasing doses, 410; also iron, 201, arsenic, 226, and phosphorus, 236, in combination (in pill or otherwise). Locally, freeze nerve with ethyl chloride spray, or apply Priessnitz poultice, 708, or menthol, 529, or blister over root of, or along course of, nerve, or nerve-stretching or cutting. Potassium iodide in rheu- matic cases, 249. To simply relieve pain, morphine injected locally under the skin, 336, antipyrin, 323; internally. Aconitine locally, 463; gelsemium, 422, internally. In wound or injury, apply anti- septic poultice. In asthenia, see Debility/. Obesity. Diet the chief remedy, 691-694; salt in, 141. In dogs, tablets of dessicated thyroid gland, (gr.v each) thrice daily. Restlessness and palpitation show overdosage; otherwise increase above dose. Potas- sium iodide, after meals thrice daily. Dailj^ laxative and exercise. Oesophagus. (Dilation and Obstruction.) In dilatation, feed frequently with small amounts of concentrated and soft food. Resect oesophageal pouch. In obstruction — If foreign body, give soft food. In dogs, pass a bristle probang or coin catcher; in horses, use stomach tube and stilet and inject water. Or expose gullet and ligate (temporarily) gullet about stomach tube, above obstruction, and forcibly inject water. Oesophagotomy. Apomorphine subcutaneously in dogs, 370, but dangeous. Inflammation of oesophagus due to irritants — Give linseed gruel with 1 per cent, boric acid, cold milk. Externally, Priessnitz poul- tice, 708. Later, rub externally with equal parts oil of turpentine and sweet oil. Oestrus Equi. See Bots. DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 801 Oestrus Larvae ix Accessory Sinus's of Sheep. False Gid or Sturdy. Gadfly Vertigo. Treatment is unsatisfactoiy. Tar on nose of sheep to prevent en- trance of gadflies. Impossible to insufflate or inject agents to ex- pel larvae. Early slaughter often most satisfactory. Trephine either side of medium line between eyes and remove with forceps and irrigation (3 per cent, lysol), or by injection of a little ben- zine and water (Moussu). Opacity of Cornea. See Corneal Opacities. Open Joint. In recent M'ound, shave adjacent parts, wash them carefully with soap and water and 70 per cent, alcohol. Douch wound with force for 15 to 30 minutes, using corrosive sublimate (1-2,000), or lysol (3 per cent.), or other antiseptic solution. Then suture and close wound with iodoform collodium (1-10), sterile gauze and bandage, if latter possible. If suturing impossible, apply fly blisters about joint. If bandaging is not feasible, apply constant cold antiseptic irrigation to the joint for next few days. Remove shoes from horses and place in slings. Prescribe purge. Whenever possible, place over bandage a firm plaster of paris, wood or tin splint. Open Joint, Infected. Open so as to irrigate and drain thoroughly. Bandage and dress with sterile gauze daily, after thorougn irrigation with antiseptic fluid, as above. Fixation by splint, if possible. Repeated blisters in large animals may aid. Recovery occurs with stiff^ness, or anchy- losis, in most cases. Treatment in large animals of open, infected joints having much motion is not usually profitable. Laxative diet — H. and C, mashes, gruels, roots and green food. Dogs, gruels and milk, during acute stage. Ophthalmia. (Periodic in Horses.) Confine in dark quarters. Foment eye with hot boric acid( 2 per cent.) solution for one-half hour at time, tlirice daily. Drop 1 per cent, solution of atropine sulphate in eye four to six times daily. In- ternally, give physic ball, and sweet spirit of nitre and potassium citrate thrice daily, ^and sloppy or green food. Ophthalmia, Simple. See Conjunctivitis. 802 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Orchitis or Epididymo-Orchitis. Seen in males owing to infections, trainna and tuberculosis. Support and compress testicle by thick pad and bandage. In acute stage, apply ice-bag to testicle, or hot flaxseed poultices, or lead and opium lotion, 1T4, or antiphlogistine in a thick coating. Give smart purge and restrict diet to soft food. After acute symp- toms subside, touch scrotum lightly in 10 or 1:3 points with Paque- lin cautery every few days and cover with compress of cotton and bandage. Also, to aid resolution, ointments of guaiacol (10 per cent.), or ichthyol (20 per cent.), or mercury, 207, may be rubbed in daily. Aspiration of fluid in tunica vaginalis advisable if done aseptically. In hematoma resulting in abscess, incise tunica vagin- alis and stitch it to edge of skin incision; wipe out with pure phenol and drain sac. Tuberculous form associated with tuber- culosis of kidneys, bladder and prostate (examine per rectum) ; if only testicle affected, castrate. Osteomalacia. In enzootic cases treatment is unavailing. Treatment must be imdertaken early. Food from other localities best. Beef meal, peas, beans, oats, bran, linseed or cotton seed meal, green clover or alfalfa are among the best foods. Change water and pasture. Apply phos- phatic fertilizers on pastures or meadows. Mix equally bone meal and precipitated lime phosphate, give C. 5!; Sh. and Sw., 5i-ii- fo this add equal parts ferrous sulphate and nux vomica; and give cattle, of the latter mixture, 3ii; Sh. and Sw. gr.xx on feed twice daily (Moussu). Adrenalin, 639. Ostitis. See Spavin, Ring Bone. Sometimes tuberculous. In acute stage, rest of part and cold ap- plication, as cold swab or continuous irrigation, or ice bag. Physic, soft and restricted diet. In subacute and chronic stages, firing, blistering and rest. Otorrhea (In Dogs). Canker of the Ear. Otitis Externa. In the acute stage, with much pain, give frequent and long-con- tinued injections of hot solution of saturated boric acid, or 3 per cent, carbolic, or 1-8,000 corrosive sublimate. Use fountain syringe and avoid any forcible injection, allowing water to flow in slowly. Carbolic solution most anesthetic. Dry out canal after syringing and blow in dry pure boric acid. -It is well to keep loose absorbent cotton plug in ear during treatment. If there is much swelling of the canal, scarify it. In the acute stage, give two to three co. cath- artic pills. Diet of milk, broths and bread. When the acute stage DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 803 subsides, use astringent injections, as 2 to 4 per cent, solutions of lead acetate, zinc or copper sulphate, or silver nitrate. To avoid pain of injection one may blow in a little powdered cocaine first. Diachylon ointment is also useful in chronic form, and boric acid in alcohol (1-20). The occurrence of granulations in the canal calls for use of stick silver r.itrate after cocainization. Over-Reach, Wound of Coronet From, (In Horse). Treat wound with continuous wet compress of 2 per cent, lysol, 335, for a few days, then with Peru balsam, .511, and bandage. To avoid: protect coronet with pad, and rasp off toes of hind feet, setting shoes back and rounding off toes of hind shoes, Oxyurides. See Parasites. Palpitation. See Nervous Palpitation of Heart. Paralysis. 1. Hemiplegia, one-sided paralysis. Rare, due to apoplexy, cere- bral thrombosis or embolism, tumor, abscess, parasites, etc. Attend to bladder and rectum, change position of patient and supply good bedding. Later use electricity, and administer potassium iodide, 249, and strychnine, 409. Treatment generally inadvisable, as recovery is protracted and partial. 2. Paraplegia or paralysis of the posterior extremities. Treat- ment depends upon the cause. Thus spinal inflammation (menin- gitis), fracture, hemorrhage, tumor, may induce it. In Dogs, obstinate constipation, worms, indigestion, abnormal dentition, nephritis, cystitis, lumbago and heart disease (disturbed spinal circulation or thrombosis of the femoral arteries), occasion paraplegia. Make a thorough physical examination to eliminate heart disease, lumbago, nephritis and cystitis. In teething, lance the gums if inflamed. Usually, thorough evacuation of the bowels by castor oil and enema or manual removal of feces, and light diet of broth, will lead to a cure, when constipation is a cause. If there is vomiting, give 2-3 co. cathartic pills or calomel, 218, cerium and bismuth by the mouth, 170, 192, and use enemata and manual re- moval of feces. In the Horse, paraplegia occurs sometimes transiently during colic, and in mares in heat. There is also an infectious enzootic form. Paraplegia in the horse is often mistaken for hemoglobi- nuria. Treat causative disease. 804 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF In Cattle, paraplegia is seen in impaction of the rumen and par- turient apoplexy. (See Indigestion and Apoplexy, Parturient.) In general, evacuate the rectum and bladder and apply hot fomenta- tions and sinapisms, 518, to loins, and later give strychnine, 409, and blister, 646, loins (unless there is a nephritis), and potassium iodide, 249. 3. Local Paralysis due to a neuritis, from blows, pressure, in- juries, cold, or central lesion. Commonest form of paralysis in the horse. Paralysis of the facial, trigeminus, radial, crural, tibial, obturator, etc., not infrequent, and recovery commonly occurs. Treatment — Remove sources of pressure or irritation, as halter in facial paralysis. Use preferably galvanic current from the onset of paralysis over the nerve root and paralyzed area, or faradic cur- rent, if it causes contraction of muscles and is not too painful. Al- so apply sinapisms, 518, or capsicum, 526, or light applications of thermocautery over the course of the affected nerve. In chronic stage, employ massage with a liniment, hot and cold douches, alter- nately; electricity, as above, and strychnine, 409, under the sKin in large doses. Parasites, Intestinal. Order, Cestoda. Family, Taeniae or Tape Worms. Of the Dog — Genus Taenia; species: T. cucumerina, T. margin- ata, serrata, coenurus, echinococcus and serialis. Sheep — T. expansa, alba, and fimbriata in West. U. S. Cattle— T. expansa, alba, and denticulata. Horses — T. perfoliata, plicata and mamillana. Poultry — T. infundibuliformis and 19 other species. Treatment — Withhold all food for 24 hours, give anthelmintic, purge following it, and repeat dose wthin a few days if ineflPec- tive. Isolate the infected, burn feces and taeniae, avoid infected pastures, or disinfect same, and prevent animals from eating raw entrails of other animals. Special Treatment. — Dogs — Oleoresin of male fern, 616, or areca nut in capsules, 617, and follow by compound cathartic pills. Ene- mata to remove the worm. If the head of the worm is not re- moved, repeat the treatment in three days. Also oil of turpentine, 503, pelletierine, 620, pomegranate, 620, kousso, 619, naphthol, 336, and ether, 295, are used as taeniacides. Sheep — Give areca nut (3i-ii) on food to lambs and repeat in three days if not effective. For T. fimbriata, give sheep thymol, 552 (3ss-iiss) suspended in milk and repeat on succeeding days if ineffective. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 805 Cattle — Tartar emetic (3iss-nSs), or arsenouS acid (^gf, XV), once 4aily foi' two or three days and follow with 1 lb. of Glauber's salts. Horses — Treat same as for round worms. Poultry — Areca nut in pills with butter (gr. xxx) and repeat in three days. Class — Nemathelminthes, Kound Worms. Order — Xematoda. Family — Ascaridae. Genus — Ascaris. In the Horse and Ass — A. megalocephala. Give tartar emetic (3ii-iv), 232, in a phj^sic ball of aloes, 568. Oil of turpentine (jiv), 503, with oleoresin of aspidium (ji)* 616, in pint of linseed oil; or, santonin (5iv) in oil, 623; or calomeIi(5i)> 218, with santonin in ball. Follow this treatment with course of iron, 201, and nux vomica, 410, on feed thrice daily for weeks. t)og — A. marginata; Cat — A. mystax. Santonin in castor oil, 623, or in pill with calomel; or areca nut, 617, in capsules or fluid- extract. Poultry — Hens, areca nut (gr. 45) ; pigeons (gr. xv) ; in pills with butter every third day. Other remedies include: Arsenic, 226; creolin, 335; naphthol, 336; ether, 295; copper sulphate, 188; tannic acid, 593; kamala, 618; tobacco, 426. Genus — Oxyuris, Whip, Thread or Pin Worm. Horse — O. curvula, mastigodes, vivlpara. Eneraata of strong solutions of common salt, 141; of quassia, 556; or of lime water after flushing bowel with soap and water. Also give internal treat- ment as for round worms (see above). Tobacco, 426, ether, 295, and kamala, 618, are also remedies. Dog — O. vermicularis. Treat as for thread Morms in the horse. Family — S. Strongylidae. Genus — Strongylus. Horse — S. armatus and tetracanthus. Oil of turpentine, as recommended for round worms, or thymol, 552 (H. 5ii; Foals, 5i), in ball coated with keratin, for five mornings, followed at end of treatment by aloes ball, 568. Dog — S. (or Uncinaria) trigonocephalus. Hookworm disease, Uncinariasis. Thj'mol, 553, given hourly for three doses (gr. v-xx), preceded by 24 hours of starvation and followed by 3 compound cathartic pills. Or oleoresin of aspidium (51-4-i), after 24 hours, fast, and repeated in one hour and followed in 12 hours by dose of castor oil, 572. Strongylidae in Cattle, Sheep, Lambs and Goats. Several differ- ent species. Isolate sick, destroy feces and litter by fire; isolate sick and disinfect infested pastures, as below, for preventive meas- ures. Internally, oil of turpentine, 504 (51^') » to cattle. To sheep; thymol (lambs), 5ss; Sheep, (3i-iiss). 806 EPITOME OP MOHEK'N TREATMENT OF Strongylosis in Sheep — Several species occur in abomasum, and, with tape worm, in bowels and feces. Prophylaxis: isolate sick, disinfect pastures with copperas (80 lbs. to acre in 10 per cent, solution) ; generous diet with plenty of salt. Give internally, on bran, areca nut (gr. 100), with arsenous acid, 226 (gr. ii), once daily for five or six doses. S. micrurus and filaria. See Verminous Bronchitis, Hoose or Husk. Gapes in Poultry and Birds, due to Strongulus (or Syngamus) trachealis. Oil of turpentine on feather, 504, in trachea; or trach- eotomy. Inject a few drops of turpentine or ether into trachea. Inject a 5 per cent, solution of sodium salicylate intratracheally. Clean thoroughly and disinfect premises and utensils, and isolate the sick. Parotitis. Secondary to various infections; idiopathic; traumatic; and acti- nomycosic. In acute inflammations, treat as recommended under Glandular Enlargements. In chronic, idiopathic, massage with tur- pentine liniment and give pilocarpine internally, 440. Parturient Apoplexy. See Apoplexy. Parturient Fever. See Puerperal Fever. Patella, Dislocation of. (In Horses and Cattle; Foals and Calves.) Reduce by pulling the leg forward and upward toward the elbow of the same side, with side line about neck and attached to fetlock of dislocated limb, while the operator pushes the patella into posi- tion. To prevent recurrence, the limb is kept in a less degree of this position for several hours and a smart fly blister, 646, is at once applied to the patella region. Prevent the animal from lying down hy tying up head. In the horse, apply shoe with high and projecting toe f"r three weeks to avoid recurrence. Pericarditis, Acute. In Horses and Dogs, from acute infections and trauma. In Cattle and Goats, from swallowing sharp bodies which penetrate the pericardium. The treatment of the latter form is unsuccessful. At the onset, bind an ice bag over the heart and give morphine and atropine, 369 and 386, under the skin to quiet the heart. For same purpose, with fever, also prescribe aconite every two hours, 464, till DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 807 frequencj^ of pulse is clccreased. As the pulse begins to weaken with progress of the disease, administer strychnine, 409, with whiskey and aromatic spirits of ammonia, 147. Digitalis does not act well in fever. With large effusion and much dyspnea and cyanosis, punc- ture pericardial sac. Incision over anterior border of 5th or 6th rib, four inches above lowest point on the breast, and wall punc- tured with trocar and canula. Apply fly blister over the cardiac area, 646, and give potassium iodide internally to aid absorption of exudate, 249. Absolute rest and digestible, laxative diet. Peritonitis, Acute and Chronic. Acute form— In all animals; generally secondary to some local inflammation, injury or lesion in the belly or pelvis. Parturient sepsis i& a frequent cause. Treatment must be chiefly directed to primary cause. In dogs, the treatment should be laparotomy, to re- move the cause, and drain, if need be. Medically, use opium heroic- ally to quiet pain and peristalsis and enable nature to wall off in- fection with protective barrier of lymph, 369. Withhold all food by mouth for week or more. Move bowels by enemata and give normal saline, 741, and food per rectum, 695. Apply externally hot turpentine stupes, frequently renewed, 503, 701. Tympanites re- lieved by turpentine or asafetida, 538, per rectum. Chronic form — Treatment depends on cause, as inflammation of abdominal and pelvic viscera, tuberculosis, new growths. Ascites is often present (see Dropsy). Repeated blistering in small areas, and the use of tine, ferric chloride, 195, with oil of juniper, 541, and sweet spirit of nitre, 313 — in combination — are of service in ascites. If unsuccessful, potassium iodide, 249, may be tried. In dry peritonitis, with formation of adhesions, medical treatment is un- availing. » Pharyngitis, Acute. Occurs in Horses, Dogs, Pigs; less often in Cattle and Cats; rare in Sheep and Birds, except iiseudo-membranous form. In enzootic type, isolate patient. Good ventilation and housing; liquid or soft diet. Gruels, cooked roots, mashes, milk and green food for larger animals. Milk, gruels and soups for smaller patients. Drenches are dangerous in leading to foreign body pneumonia. Tincture of aconite hourly, 463, is useful till fever is reduced. In large animals, an electuary of Kermes mineral and potassium chlorate (each 3ii in dose) is beneficial. Externally, applications of ice, hot poultices, stimulating limiments and blisters are of advantage. A wet com- press covered with oil silk and bandage; or equal parts of cam- phor liniment and oil of turpentine rubbed in and applied on cloth. 808 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF wet wltli same, eire useful in less urgent cases. Antiphlogistine spread on hot and thick, after shaving skin, and renewed each 12 hours, is also beneficial. When abscess of glands threatens, fre- quent hot poulticing or application of a fly blister are in order. Relieve constipation by carl-on oil or artificial Carlsbad salts, 156, 137, in doses of a few ounces on the food, and by enemata. In- halations of 3 per cent, carbolic acid are efiicacious, with cleansing and greasing of nostrils with vaseline. Abscess about the pharynx calls for incision of skin and exploration with director or fingers. Severe dyspnea demands immediate tracheotomy. In dogs, silver nitrate solution (10 per cent.) may be painted on throat, or m.v of tine, ferri chloride maj^ be given in one-half dram of glycerine everj^ 2 hours for effect on throat. In swine, apply a good fly blister from ear to ear and give veratrum or ipecac (of either, gr. xxx) on food to cause emesis and avert suffocation. pHRENiTis. See Encephalitis. Phtheiriasis. See Lice. Pica. See Depraved Appetite. Piles. Hemorrhoids (In Dogs). Keep bowels loose with equal parts of sulphur, 257, and com- pound licorice powder, 579 (5ss-i in capsules), or with two parts of sulphur and one of potassium bitartrate (3ss in capsules). Apply externally fluidextract of hamamelis, 601, and inject some into the rectum. With much itching and pain: acidi gallici, gr.x; orthoformi, gr.x; extr. opii, gr.iv; extr. belladonnae, gr.iv; unguent, ad. 5iv; ap- ply externally. If aggravated and persistent, give an anesthetic; stretch sphincter ani until it is paralyzed; clamp base of piles and burn off pile down to clamp with dull red thermocautery. Lock bowels for three days with opium. Then give injection of sweet oil and castor oil, or two or three compound cathartic pills. Pleuritis and Empyema. Pleurisy. Venesection with much pain and dyspnea, 729. Fever and pain are relieved by phenacetin, 323. Also by tbe application of mustard paste and hot blankets with rubber covering to the chest. Instead of phenacetin, we may give — to relieve pain and dj^spnea — laudanum, 5ii, in a pint of linseed oil to the horse; or morphine subcutaneously, 370. With effusion, administer calomel, 219, and also a combination of fluidextract of digitalis (5i)j oil of juniper (3i)j and potassium acetate C^i) in water thrice daily to horses; DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 809 to dogs, powd. squills and digitalis (aa gr. i), in pill with calomel, (gr. ss), three times daily. Use wet compress about chest contin- Tiously, 708, and applications of mustard occasionally. Give dry- diet with water reduced to minimum. With large or persistent effu- sion, piuicture the chest. In the horse, in the 8th and 9th intercostal spaces at the anterior margin of the rib and near the lower border of the lung, shave hair and use strict asepsis, 726. After punc., ture, or in the later stages, employ potassium iodide, 249; and give tine. ferHc chloride, 195, with gentian or nux vomica on the feed, 554, 410. Also give to larger animals nourishing diet with milk, eggs, and whiskey; to dogs — milk, bovinine and meat juice. In Empyema or Purulent Pleurisy, the chest wall must be incised and often a portion of two or more ribs resected; all adhesions to pleurae broken under partial anesthesia; and wound closed, save for drainage. Irrigation of the chest is not desirable except in case of fetid discharge. Pneumonia, Croupous, and Broncho-Pneumonia. At the onset in rare cases with great dyspnea and full, bounding pulse, venesection, 729. Tincture of aconite, 463, in repeated doses every two hours, is more often useful in the beginning, to reduce the frequency of the pulse, except in influenza and asthenic condi- tions. An abundance of fresh cold air to stimulate the respiratory centers is of great import. In the horse, bandage the legs after rubbing mustard paste on them. For large animals, the diet should include haj', grain, roots, mashes, and, if animals do not eat well, eggs and milk; for dogs — milk, bovinine, broths, meat juice and a little meat. In the stage of hepatization, high fever (104.5 deg. F.) phenacetin (5iii) with caffeine (5i) may be given in a single dose. Usually, however, cold enemata, cold air, and cold compresses on the chest, changed frequently, will be safer and more eflBcient. Weak- ness of the pulse calls for digitalis, 451, strychnine, 408, camphor, 550, ammonium carbonate, 149, singly, in alternation or combination, and repeated every few hours. The action of the kidneys is fav- ored by spirit of nitrous ether, 313. Keep the bowels active by enemata or with oil by the mouth. With the approach of crisis, stimulants are especially indicated, but should not be used until weakening of the pulse demands them. With overloading of the right heart and jugular pulse, employ venesection, 729. During resolution administer expectorants, as ammonium chloride and carbonate in combination, 149, 150, particularly in broncho-pneu- monia, and in this disease nutritious feeding is urgently demanded. In delayed resolution, give potassium iodide twice daily, 249. In convalesence, a])])etite and digestion are stimidated bj' whisl-cey with tine, of gentian and nux vomica, 554, 409. 810 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF Poisoning. For Antidotes, see special drugs. Use of stomach tube most ef- fective, 739. Emetics in dogs, cats and swine — mustard, 518; zinc sulphate, 186; apomorphine, 373. Stimulants, as strychnine, 408, camphor, 550. Poll Evil. See Abscess and Fistula. Polyuria. See Diabetes Insipidus. Post-Partum Hemorrhage. See Hemorrhage. Post-Partum Paralysis. See Apoplexy, Parturient. Prolapse of Rectum (In Cattle and Swine). If slight, of mucous membrane alone, apply ice cold water, and astringents — as fluidextract of ha'mamelis — and replace bowel, after washing and greasing it, and raising the hind quarters, or, if impos- sible to reduce, apply actual cautery to prolapse in lines radiating from its circumference to the center, and burn through the spliincter in two places to aid its contraction after return of bowel. Intro- duce morphine suppository, 356, or give it subcutaneously to pre- vent straining. If all coats of bowel are prolapsed, as happens in large prolapses, return bowel if possible, and then apply cautery in lines parallel to long axis of the bowel — just within the anus — to cause contraction there and prevent prolapse. Then apply pad over anus, and give opium. In severe (old or gangrenous) prolapse of great size, one must empty lower bowel by enema, push back any loop of small intestine in the prolapsed portion and amputate the prolapsed portion, performing an end to end anastomosis between the two ends of the bowels. To prevent escape of the upper seg- ment of bowel back into the bellj^ the two layers of bowel should be fixed by two or three silk sutures placed just outside the anus, before amputating. Prolapse of Uterus or Vagina. After cleansing and replacing parts, prevent recurrence of pro- lapse by the use of opium, as above; elevation of hind quarters; and by truss; West's vulval clamp; or closure of the vulva by wire sutures of the quilled type. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 811 Prostatitis (Occasional in All Entire Males). Occurs from extension from urethritis and cystitis, and from frequent copulation or masturbation. Rarely diagnosed. The symp- toms suggest cystitis with frequent, intermittent and painful mic- turition; and also rectal trouble with rubbing of the anus against objects. Examination shows enlarged and painful swelling about the neck of the bladder. Treatment — Frequent hot rectal injec- tions through double tube to allow of return flow; smart cathartic and diet of gruels, mashes or milk; entire rest. Internally, give a mixture of spirit of nitrous ether, 313, potassium acetate, 313, and tine, of belladonna in full dose, 387, thrice daily. Administer mor- phine in suppository, 356, or subcutaneously with much pain and straining. If swelling of prostate blocks urethra, pass a catheter. Abscess opened, not through rectum, but via perineum by careful dissection with catheter in bladder and finger in rectum as guides. Pruritis. Itching. Attacks Horses and Dogs and other animals independent of any skin eruption. First endeavor to remove or treat the cause. He- patic or digestive trouble, constipation, piles, fissure and worms cause pruritus ani; pregnancy leads to pruritus vulvae, diabetes, exposure to cold and heat, nervous debility. In general itching — - baths — sodium bicarb, (lb. 1-3 to 30 galls. )> or sponging with vine- gar. Local itching: Acid, carbol., 5i; liq- pota-ss., 5i; ol. lini, ^i. M. Sig. Use externally. Where there is danger of poisoning from licking or absorption, use liq. picis alkalinus (1-32)', or hydrogen dioxide pure. All antiseptics appear to be antipruritics. In pru- ritis of anus or vulva, apply hot fomentations, dry by sopping gently with soft cloth, and dust on powdered starch. Also, satur- ated boric acid solution, 331, or silver nitrate, 178, in spirit of nit- rous ether (3 per cent.), are efficient in these troubles. In debility, give iron, arsenic, and nux vomica. Other agents relieving itching are: Carbolic acid, 331; hamamelis, 603; chloral, 318; alcohol, 289; prussic acid, 347; corrosive sublimate, 216; tobacco, 426; cocaine, 437; salicylic acid, 494; potassium bicarbonate, 123; tar, 508; oil of tar, 508; oil of cade, 510; menthol, 529; lime water, 157; alum, 168; yellow wash, 217; black wash, 217; thymol, 552. Psoas Muscle Strain in Horses and Dogs. Complete rest and the application of hot blankets about the loins and body with waterproof covering and dry blanket outside, fre- quently renewed. Give morphine suppository to dogs, 356; lauda- iv in boiled starch solution; to horses, per rectum. Use num. slings in case of strain of both muscles in horses. 812 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF Psoriasis. See Eczema, Scaly or Squamous. True psoriasis is unknown in vet3rinary practice. Ptyalism. Salivation. To combat the symptoms, give belladonna or atropine, 385, or alum, 168. Puerperal Fever, Parturient Fever, Parturient Septicemia, Septic Metritis. Infection following labor is treated by removing local sources, as retained membranes; by repairing lacerations; and by wiping out the uterus with pure carbolic acid followed by pure alcohol; by ir- rigating the vagina and uterus twice daily with 3 per cent, lysol solution, after washing the external genitals with the same and lowering the hind quarters. Abrasions should be dusted with dry boric acid. Keep the bowels loose with salts in cows; castor oil in bitches; linseed oil in mares. Give ergot thrice daily to contract the womb, 629. Administer large doses of alcohol (5vi large pa- tients), with nourishing diet of grains, milk, eggs and (for small patients) beef juice and bovinine. Strychnine in full doses is also indicated, 408. Enemata of normal saline solution (sodium chloride, 5i-Oi), in large amounts, so as to be retained, are of much value. Raise the receptacle holding the enema but a short distance above the patient so as to allow it to flow slowly. Prophylaxis: Isolation of animals about to calve or threatened with abortion. Treat as contagious disease. Avoidance of same utensils, sponges, attendants, food and water for sick and well. Disinfection of premises, 725. Quarantine of patient till all discharge stops. Pulmonary Congestion and Edema. With severe dyspnea, venesection is the most effective measure, 729. Externally, apply turpentine stupes, 715, or mustard paste, 517, and hot blankets to chest, frequently renewed. Also give a powerful hydragogue cathartic. In passive congestion due to heart disease or weakness, give digitalis, 451, strychnine, 408, and other heart stimulants. Pumiced Foot in Horses. Sequel to laminitis. Apply blister to coronet, 646, and wide bar shoe, leather and oakum packing with tar. DISEASES OP THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 813 PUNCTURED Foot in Horses. Remove shoes and pare away horn till the bottom of the punc- ure is exposed. If this treatment has not been applied at time of puncture and inflammation and pus has formed, expose suppurat- ing area and then employ bran and flaxseed poultice mixed with 3 per cent, lysol or creolin solution for few days. Later, dress with Peru balsam and aseptic gauze, pad of oakum and bandage. PuRPUR.\ Hemorrhagica in the Horse. Employ remedies increasing the coagulability of the blood — cal- cium chloride and gelatine by the mouth or rectum, 159. Also tur- pentine, 504, thrice daily, to avert hemorrhages. If turpentine im- successful, try adrenalin chloride solution (very expensive) 3iv in Oi water. When purpura follows infections, one may use coUargol, 1-180, intravenously or per rectum. Many favorable reports of it have been made. Also, with streptococcus infection, antistrepto- coccic serum has given good results (10-50 c. c), and the dose of this or of collargol may be repeated in 13 hours if improvement is slow. Good hygiene and food are of chief importance. Supply an airy, light, dry, warm bax stall; a ration of oats, bran, roots, green fodder; and milk and eggs, if there is anorexia. Onlj^ mild laxatives, as linseed oil, are indicated. During convalesence, a powder of arsenous acid (gr. iii), ferrous sulphate (5i). ^^^th nux vomica (5i), may be given thrice daily on the food. Swelling about the nostrils may be reduced by constant bathing in cold water. Sores and ulcers demand treatment (see Decubitus). Tracheotomy is de- manded for severe dyspnea. No harness of any sort should be per- mitted. Skin swellings are best overcome by the remedies prevent- ing hemorrhage and increasing the coagulability of the blood. In- cisions and local applications are generally harmful or unavailing. Pyemia. See Septicemia. Quarter Evil. See Black Quarter. QuiTTOR. (In the Horse.) Fistula of the coronet. Remove shoes. A bar shoe may be needed if the foot is broken down. If there is pus in the sole, make counter-opening here. Open up sinus to the bottom with knife or actual cauterj^. The latter is best in destroying pyogenic mem- brane of the fistule. Remove necrotic tissue. Irrigate wound with 1-1,000 corrosive sublimate and apply aseptic gauze and jute, wet 814 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF with corrosive solution, and bandage. Keep this wet antiseptic poultice on for several days, or a week, till acu':e inflammation subsides. Inject fiistule occasionally with carbolic acid in glycerine (1-16). Apply dry aseptic dressing after the wet antiseptic poul- ticing. Repair of the horn hastened by fly blister to coronet, 646. Rabies in Animals. Hydrophobia in Man. (See Bites, p. 762.) When persons or animals are bitten by a dog, supposedly rabid, a diagnosis is imperative. An animal suspected of rabies should be kept caged for inspection. Death occurs invariably within 4 to 10 days in rabies. If there is anj^ doubt about the diagnosis, micro- scopical examination of the brain — for Negri's bodies in Ammon's horn (Hippocampus Major) and changes in the plexiform ganglion of the vagus — by a trained pathologist will determine the diagnosis. Otherwise, inject an emulsion of one grain of medulla (of the sus- pected animal) in sterile water under the dura mater of the brain of a rabbit, when the disease will appear in 12 to 21 days, if rabies. All persons bitten by rabid dogs should at once be sent to a Pasteur Institute for Pasteur treatment. Treatment is successful in pre- venting hydrophobia in 99 per cent, of persons having recent rabid infection. If clinical history and autopsy are suggestive of rabies, it is unwise for bitten persons to await results of innoculation experi- ments before undertaking Pasteur treatment. Prophylaxis: When a case of rabies develops all dogs within a radius qf twenty miles should be muzzled for three months. Animals bitten by rabid dogs should at once be killed. Bheumatism, Acute Articular. (In Cattle, Dogs, Horses, Pigs and Goats.) See also Arthritis, Infectious. Give sodium salicylate, 495, with an equal amount of sodium bi- carbonate, 136, in solution. If the salicylates cause vomiting in dogs, administer salol, 495, and phenacetin, 323, in capsules thrice daily. To the afi'ected joints, apply cloths wet in pure methyl salicylate, 497; or cloths soaked in a hot, saturated solution of bak- ing soda, 135, and covered with waterproof and bandage. In the later, or subacute stages, prescribe equal parts of sodium salicylate and iodide, 249, three times daily. Iodine ointment, 246, rubbed on the joints, or firing and blistering, are most effective in chronically enlarged and stiff joints. Rest, and liquid diet are indicated at the onset. In the later period, cod liver oil, 658, quinine, 489, iron, 201, arsenic, 226, and strychnine, 410, with generous feeding, are required. For complications, as pleuritis, endocarditis, see these titles. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 815 Rheumatism^ Muscular. See Muscular Rheumatism. Rickets. Rachitis. In the case of sucklings improve the mother's food in nitrogen, fat and salts. Give the mother cottonseed or linseed meal, or beef- meal, with rich ration of grain. Or the suckling may be weaned and receive — if herbivorous — oatmeal gruel of milk and a table- spoonful of linseed meal daily; cod liver oil, 65S; raw eggs and beef meal. Carnivora may be given milk, strong broths, gruels with milk, juice squeezed from rare beef, bovinine, cod liver oil. With anemia, sjrup of ferrous iodide (foals and calves, m.xv; puppies, m.ii-5v). Phosphorus and phosphates are bone foods. Prescribe jihosphorated oil (foals and calvesj 5i; puppies, m.ss to m. 1). General care and hygiene are of chief importance. These include grooming, cleanliness, warm, dry quarters, and fresh, country air. Pigs must be removed from dark, unhealthy styes. Ringbone in the Horse. Either a periarthritis or osteoarthritis of the os corona, and in the first involving the external, and in the second case, the articular surfaces of the bone. When in fore limb, apply a thin-heeled bar- shoe; when in hind limb, a high-heeled shoe, to favor the natural shifting of weight attempted by the patient. When the animal is in the stable, place a wet swab about the pastern, only work on soft ground, if possible. In acute cases, with lameness and heat in the pai't, apply cold swabs and enforce rest; follow by firing and blistering to secure anchylosis, if lameness persists. If this is unsuccessful, perform neurectomy. Ringworm. (Tricophytosis. Tinea or Herpes Tonsurans.) Attacks Cattle, Dogs, Horses, Pigs, Sheep, Goats, Cats and Poul- try. The disease is transmitted from animal to man and from indi- vidual to individual of same species; rarely from one species to an- other among animals. Isolate patients, and disinfect premises, harness, clothing, . bed- ding, cleaning utensils and objects in contact with the patient. Burn hair and crusts from the skin. The disease may be spread over the body by grooming. First soak crusts in oil and remove them with green soap and water.- Paint diseased area daily with tincture of iodine, or rub in ointment (1-8) of iodine crystals and goose grease once daily, 246. Moussu recommends on cattle with localized spots, equal parts of chloral, phenol and tincture of io- dine. When generalized, wash the body with green or tar soap and 816 EPITOME OF MODEEN TREATMENT OF apply boric acid (5ii in alcohol (5x) and ether (jiiss). Salicylic acid in alcohol (1-10) may also be used over large areas without fear of poisoning from absorption or licking of the drug. Many other drugs are curative, as 10 per cent, ointment of either creolin, lysol, or tar. In small areas, ung. hydrargyri ammoniati, 230, It is best to clip the hair about diseased patches and pulL out that on the patches, if feasible. EOARING. In Horses; rarely in Cattle and Dogs. Due to left-sided paralysis of the larynx, from toxemia of acute infections; also to thickening of the mucous membrane, obstructions, stenoses, and new growths in the upper air passages. Paralysis of the larynx is only relieved by arytenectomy. Following acute in- flammation of the throat, apply a fly blister over the larynx, 646, or better, red mercuric iodide, 310. Give internally potassium iodide, 249, thrice daily for some time. The local injection of strychnine, 408, into the region of the larynx once daily is said to delay the on- set of paralysis. Arsenic internally may aid the action of the iodide in promoting resolution of thickened mucous membrane, 236. Rot in Sheep, Distomiasis. See Liver Rot. Roup. See Laryngitis, Diphtheria, Croup. Saddle Galls. Avoid friction and imdue pressure of badly fitting harness, and heavy cloth or felt linings. Use only harness linings of liglit leather. Treat at first with wet dressing of two parts of saturated boric acid solution and one part alcohol on aseptic gauze, covered with oil silk blanket and surcingle. Treat inflamed sebaceous folicles as advised for Acne (see Acne). Islands of necrotic tissue, or sit fasts, must be removed by the knife. To the remaining wound apply balsam of Peru, 511, and aseptic dressings, or an astringent, stimulant and antiseptic powder. Sand Crack. Quarter-Crack. Prophylaxis: — Avoid weakening the foot by paring away sole and frog, and thus putting all the horses's weight on wall of foot. Oc- curs in inner quarter of fore foot; in toe of hind foot. Remove the shoes, and pare thin the edges of the fissure. Apply flaxseed and bran poultice mixed with 2 per cent, creolin, and rest, to re- lieve the inflammation. After the inflammation has passed, treat DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 817 the crack hy either removing a V-shaped piece of horn; bj'^ paring away the upper portion of crack to sensitive laminae and coronary band above, and clamjiing the crack below; or by grooving the wall above at right angles with the crack. All these measures tend to immobilize the edges of the crack and allow of formation of new horn. To stimulate growth of horn, also blister the coronet. Apply bar shoe, with thin heels and side clasps in fissure of toe; a three- quartered bar shoe in quarter-crack. Employ covering of wood tar on hoof continuously. Sarcoma. Use knife freely and try Coley's mixture of toxins of erysipelas and B. prodigiosus. At times very successful in human practice. Scab in Sheep. Due to Dermodectes communis, var. ovis. Lambs and yearlings most susceptible. Segregate and dip newly-boug-ht sheep. Isolate sick and disinfect premises and contaminated objects. Shear sick and remove crusts with soft soap solution (1-50), aided bj' brush. Treatment is done with baths or dips. They are given only four hours after feeding and at body heat. Repeat dip in ten days and keep animal in bath two minutes. Dip head under once, in sulphur dip; keep mouth, nose and eyes out in poisonous (tobacco, arsenical) dips. For shorn sheep, use U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry Dip, which is cheap, safe and efficient. Flowers of sulphur, 24 lbs.; unslaked lime, 8 lbs.; water, 100 galls. "Mix lime in box with water to make paste; sift on sulphur; stir all well together. Boil with 25 galls, of water for two hours or longer, till solution of chocolate-liver color and sulphur mostly disappears from surface. Settle mixture in a barrel with bunghole four inches from bottom; allow four hours for settling. Draw off only clear liquid into dipping vat and add water to make 100 galls. For animals in full fleece, use manufactured tobacco, 1 lb.; flowers of sulphur, 1 lb.; water, 5 galls. Soak to- bacco 24 hours or more, on night before dipping, boil tobacco solu- tion for a minute and allow tobacco to remain in it over night. Mix sulphur to paste with water in a pail. Strain liquid from tobacco by pressure, and add liquid to sulphur paste and enough water to make 5 gallons. After dipping, turn sheep into clean yard. Dip healthy sheep first; then scabby ones, when a flock is attacked. There are many excellent commercial dips on the market; follow specific directions with each. Other agents include: creolin, 2 gal- Ions; arsenic, 1.5 lbs.; iron sulphate, 10 lbs.; water, 100 gallons, etc. Good pasturing and generous feeding aid retiistance against scab. 818 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OP Scabies. See Mange. Scratches. See Erythema. Seedy Toe in Horses. Sequel to laminitis. Remove all diseased horn and apply Peru balsam to the exposed tissues. If there is lameness, use bran and flaxseed poultice mixed with 3 per cent, lysol solution. Otherwise, blister the coronet. Ap- ply a bar-shoe with sole pressure and keep the cavity dressed with the balsam. Frequent changing of the shoe and trimming of the foot is required to restore and keep it in normal shape. Septicemia. Pyemia. Sapremia. In blood poisoning, with germs or their products, the treatment is chiefly surgical: the use of antiseptic poultices or other anti- septic applications to wounds; the removal of septic and dead tissue by the knife; the drainage of purulent foci, etc. Nourishing diet — reinforced by milk and eggs, beef juice, bovinine, etc. Oil of tur- pentine may be used as a stimulant and antiseptic (H., 5i) in emul- sion with milk and eggs. Calomel is useful as an antiseptic cathar- tic, 318. Saline infusions are often most valuable, 732. Collargol has also given very good results, 180. Antistreptococcic serum is remedial in streptoccus infection, 745. The tine, of ferric chloride is indicated during and succeeding an attack, 195. Sexual Excitement. Nymphomania. Satyriasis. In female (nymphomania), sexual excitement depends upon var- ious inflammatory diseases, as vaginitis, metritis and other disor- ders of the vagina, womb, ovary. Retained testis is a common cause in males. Over feeding, lack of exercise, and constant companion- ship with females favor sexual excitement in the male. Treatment consists in removing the cause, as surgery in organic lesions yield- ing to the knife. Secure only proper amount of coition and avoid proximity of male to opposite sex. Give hard work, low diet, and full doses of potassium bromide, 243. If trouble due to spinal or cerebral lesions, little can be done. As a last resource, castration of either sex or slaughter. Shoe Ball. See Capped Elbow, DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 819 Shoulder Lameness (In the Horse). Sprain of the spinati and, to a less extent of the teres muscles, with swelling, followed by atrophy of these parts. In the acute stage, apply constant, hot fomentations to the shoulder muscles, and secure absolute rest. When local tenderness and swelling abate, ap- ply cantharides blister to muscle, and later exercise at pasture may lead to recovery. Local intramuscular injections of veratrine, 471, may be of service in atrophy of the muscles. Occasional blistering is of most service. Avoid ploughing to prevent return of trouble. Sick, Destruction of. Chloroform, 307; prussic acid, 346. Side Bone in the Horse. Ossification on thh Lateral Car- tilages. Rest and cold swab about foot with heat and lameness. In other cases, firing and blistering are indicated, and the application of a bar-shoe. The eflfects of concussion may be somewhat averted by making a groove below the cartilage in the wall of the foot with a knife or firing iron. Sitfast. See Saddle Galls. Sleepy Staggers. See Encephalitis. Snake Bite. See Bites. Sore Throat. See Pharyngitis. Sores, See W^ounds. Sore Shins. See Periostitis and Ostitis. Spasm of the Diaphragm (In the Horse). Thumps. Give spirit of chloroform or compound spirit of ether, 295. If persistent, try morphine under the skin, 368; also inhalations of amyl nitrate, 313. Apply hot applications over the diaphragm; pull out the tongue. If breathing becomes difficult, use venesection, 729, to avert pulmonary apoplexy. Spasms. See Convulsions, Eclampsia, Epilepsy, Chorea, Tetanus, Colic, Asthma, Thumps, Etc. Spavin, Bog. See Bog Spavin. 820 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Spavin, Bone (In the Horse). In acute cases, rest and the application of a compress kept con- stantly wet with cold water. This rnaj^ be followed b_y firing and blistering — to secure anchylosis — in young animals. The use of a high-heeled shoe may benefit many cases. Other operations which may relieve the lameness are cunean tenotomy and anterior tibial neurectomy. Splint. Apply cold compresses, when the animal is in the stable, and later the ointment of red mercuric iodide, every other day till blis- tering occurs, 219. When this is not curative, fire in points and blister with cantharides, followed by rest. In very acute cases, in- cise the periosteum at the onset. Speedy Cut (In the Horse). Apply antiseptic gauze, wet with 2 per cent, lysol and covered with rubber or oil silk, and bandage, to injurj'^ on knee. Otherwise treat as for Wovnds. Employ a boot to save knee from being struck. To prevent, pare away inner side of striking foot and use accurately fitting three-quarter shoes. Shoe once in three weeks. Avoid too rapid work. Spinal Inflammation. Spinal Pachy- and Lepto-Meningitis. Myelitis. Traumatism, tuberculosis, septicemia, pyemia, distemper, stran- gles and growths are etiological factors. Treatment depends on etiology to some extent. In acute spinal meningitis, treat as for cerebro-spinal meningitis, except cold should be applied to spine rather than to the head. In the later stages, blistei-s applied over the lumbar region — or over centers corresponding to the peripheral lesions — are indicated. Potassium iodide may be useful in aiding resolution, 249. Tonics, as strychnine and iron, are valuable. When there is marked paraplegia, keep horses in slings and empty bowels and bladder regularly. Employ faradism and massage of para- lyzed muscles. Recovery is uncertain and treatment is often eco- nomically inadvisable. Sprains or Strains of Muscles, Tendons or Ligaments. Usually involve actual rupture of the fibres of these structures. At the onset, secure rest and immobilization of the part as far as possible. Take off weight by slings; apply high-heeled shoe in strain of flexor tendons of feet in horses. Apply frequently repeated hot fomentations, 715, or cold irrigations, 710, and Priessnitz poulti"'^ DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 821 at night, 708, with bandaging to prevent exudation and swelling of the part. After the acute symptoms abate, alternate hot and cold applications of water — to stimulate circulation — and begin soon with massage and movement of the part and gradually increasing exercise. Keep the part bandaged if possible when not applying treatment. Various liniments may be used to aid massage, as chloroform, 298, or turpentine liniment, 502. Firing and blistering, or simply blistering, and turning out animal to pasture, may secure recovery. Subsequent cicatrization with contraction of tendons and ligaments can not be prevented except in part by early movement of the injured limb. Sterility (Sexual). See Barrenness. Stomach Staggers. See Indigestion. Stomatitis. In simple stomatitis, use mel boracis (B. P.) on a swab in the mouth. The food should be liquid or soft. Give potassium chlorate internall)^, 130. With ulceration, swab out mouth with 1 per cent, lysol solution several times daily and touch the ulcers with 10 per cent, silver nitrate solution, or with tine, of iodine. To the large animals, give a few drams of Glauber's salts and saleratus on the food thrice daily. To sheep, sodium chloride and salicylate in their drinking water (in the proportion of 15 gr. each to the pint). Hy- drogen dioxide is perhaps the most effective antiseptic mouth-wash, 120, but more expensive than boric acid. Stomatitis is very preva- lent in the young. Fresh air, cleanly premises and exercise must be given. Nourishing food is a requisite to recovery. Isolate the sick and avoid common use of utensils for eating or drinking. Stoma- titis is a complication of infected umbilicus in calves; gangrenous tissue must be cut away and the navel packed with iodoform and boric acid. Strains. See Sprains. Strangles in Horses. Isolate the sick in roomy, airy box-stall and disinfect the vacated premises. Diet — Gruels, mashes, steamed oats, grass, roots; and milk, eggs and alcohol, if there is anorexia. Apply, and frequently renew, hot flaxseed poultices to the inflamed submaxillary gland, and open when "ripe." Syringe abscess cavity with hydrogen di- oxide and dress with Peru balsam. Remove induration by a fly blister to the surrounding area, 646. Treat complications as they arise. Tracheotomy is required for obstruction about the larynx. 822 EPITOME OF MODEBN TREATMENT OP Stringiialt in Horses. Several forms. 1. In some cases it is purely a functional nervous disease like chorea; treatment on this basis includes the use of bromides, 243, improvement in general hj^giene, and rest. 2. A form dependent on retraction of peroneo-phalangeus, which may be cured by peroneal tenotomy and aponeurotomy. 3. A form produced by tarsal deformative arthritis, or spavin. Treat as recommended for Spavin. 4. Patellar form. Sometimes cured by section of the tibio-patellar ligament. Sturdy. See Coenurus Cerebralis. Sunstroke. Isolation. Heat Stroke. 1. Apdlectic form, with coma and very high rectal temperature. Turn hose of cold water on the head and body and make vigorous friction of the body with ice. With injected mucosa and labored breathing, venesection, 729. With failing pulse, inject under the skin of the horse camphor (gr.xv), with ether (5ss), and sweet oil (3ii)- Also strychnine. 2. In the form with weak pulse and prostration (without hyper- pyrexia), give stimulants as above, and externally hot pack. Prophylaxis: Head coverings; give cold water frequently and apply it to head; moderate work; avoid work in heat of day. Surgical Shock. Give morphine under the skin, 370, and apply heat externally, 713, with mustard, 700. Inject normal salt solution into the rectum, into a vein, or under the skin, 735. Of less value are strychnine, 408, and tincture of digitalis, 451, given hypodermatically. Surfeit. See Urticaria. Swine Fever. See Hog Cholera. Syncope. Heart Failure. Fainting. See Cerebral Anemia. Keep the head low and inject under the skin pure ether, 294, or aqua ammonia, 147. Give subcutaneously strychnine, 409, with tincture of digitalis, 451, every few hours. Also the injection of camphor, 550, is useful. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 823 Synovitis. Rest and fixation of joint most important. Slings or the use of splints secure rest and fixation. The application of an ice and saw- dust poultice, or ice bag bandaged on to the joint or constant cold ir- rigation, 710; or, sometimes more useful, are frequent, hot fomen- tations, 715. Compression of the joint by rubber or flannel band- age is serviceable after the more acute symptoms abate. In sub- acute stage, firing and blistering are to be recommended. When effusion and most of the thickening about the joint disappear, al- low gentle exercise, which may be gradually increased. See also Open Joint, and Arthritis. Tapeworms. See Parasites, Intestinal. Teats, Fissured, Cracked. Wash udder thoroughly with soap and water and saturated boric acid solution. Withdraw milk through sterile milking tube. Coat fissures with co. tine, benzoin, 513, or with solid lunar caustic, 178. Keep teats anointed with 10 per cent, boric acid vaseline. Teats, Obstructed. If obstruction not overcome by passage of bougie and manipula- tion of the udder it may be necessary to cut the teat with teat bistoury to relieve a stricture. Growths within the teat are re- moved by scissors or ligature. Tendons, Rupture of. Splints and treatment as for fracture. If open wound, suture the tendon and sheath. Subcutaneous rupture unites more surely with aseptic suturing in human practice, but there is great danger of sepsis in veterinary practice. Tenosynovitis. General treatment as for synovitis. Rest, fixation, applications of heat and cold, counterirritants, and finally exercise. Tetanus. Common to all animals; especially to Horses, Cattle and Sheep. Therapeutic treatment is generally unsuccessful, but prophy- laxis (before symptoms arise) is usually very effective in preventing tetanus when antitoxin is injected, 1A:2. In wounds of the feet, in regions where tetanus is prevalent; also in the new-born, in cows just calved and for all animals after surgical operations in regions 824 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OF infected by tetanus, the antitoxin preventive treatment should be employed. Immunity thus conferred lasts about a month and is without danger. Repeat these injections of antitoxin at the end of tlie first and third week, to prevent the intoxication caused by belated crops of tetanus bacilli. Locallj^, any wound likely to con- t-ain tetanus germs must be opened freely to the bottom and pure phenol applied. Cover the navels of calves with iodoform. Bacelli's carbolic acid treatment internally is the most successful for fully developed tetanus, 330. Inject into muscles of the neck of horse 5i of pure phenol in 5 per cent, watery solution every two hours, for first 36 hours, and less often thereafter. To relieve spasm of jaw and elsewhere, give morphine (gr. vii-x), 368, subcutaneously, with chloral (3ii-iii) in boiled starch solution by rectum, 318. Chlo- roform by inhalation may give temporary freedom from spasm. The use of slings, a quiet, darkened box-stall, and gentle manage- ment are desirable. The diet shoukl be of a sloppy character — milk, gruels, r id perhaps some green fodder, with water within reach at all times. Empty the bowels manually or by enema; the bladder by catheter or pressure within the rectum. Thorough dis- infection of the premises after a case of tetanus is imperative. Texas Fever. See Hemoslo'binuria in Cattle, Thick Wind in Horses. Treat as for Broken Wind. Thorough-Pin of the Hock and Knee. Tenosynovitis of the perforatus tendon just at the summit of the OS calcis. Usually chronic, as hydrops of the tendon sheath. In acute cases, apply a high-heeled shoe and secure rest, and apply w^et compresses and flannel bandage about the lower limb and hock. In chronic cases, apply spring truss, or operate by aseptic excision or curetting of wall of the sac and free drainage, to se- cure obliteration of the sac and adhesion of the tendon to the tendon sheath. There is considerable danger of sepsis, however, in the operation. Aseptic aspiration of the sac and injection of tincture of iodine or of carbolic acid (m.v-x) may produce the same result with less danger of infection. Unless the animal is valuable, operation is inadvisable. Firing and blisters have little curative value. Hydrops or hygroma of the common tendon sheath of the perforatus and perforans at the back of the carpus. This is treated exactly as recommended for hydrops or dropsy of the perforatus tendon (thorough-pin) at the hock. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 825 Thrombosis. Of the Cerebral Arteries. See Apoplexy. Of the Anterior Mesenteric Artery. See Colic. Of Femoral an'd Axillary Arteries. Shown by intermittent lameness and complete paresis, with loss of pulse, in affected limb. Treatment by rest for many weeks and potassium iodide, 349, thrice daily. The clot in femoral artery may be felt per rectum, and massage over it has been recommended, but is liable to cause sudden death by embolus. Swelling of the limb may be combated by bandaging. Thrush (In the Mouth). See Stomatitis. Thrush in Frog of Horse. Keep the feet out of manure and urine by constant cleanliness of stable or by movable leather sole and calks, to prevent moisture from reaching the foot. Remove from wet yard or pasture. Dust calomel and iodoform (equal parts) on the frog and work the powder into cleft of the frog, by means of a probe, and pack with tow on top of it. Application of wood tar and tow and leather soles may be placed over this. If seen in fore feet, without ap- parent cause, or if there is swelling of the limbs and evidence of poor circulation, give a purge, tonics, and regular exercise. Ticks. Ixodae. Ticks are the means of transmitting Texas fever to cattle (Boo- philus annulatus), and the allied disorders — Australian tick fever and ixodic anemia of cattle — by innoculating the organisms of these diseases through their bites. In sheep, louping ill is likewise com- municated by ticks (Ixodes ricinus or reduvius), which innoculate a special organism by means of their bites. The Ixodes americanus — common in dogs, cattle and man — is the most frequent in the U. S. I. reduvius attacks dogs and cattle, as well as sheep. Ticks should not be torn away from the skin, as their bodies will be severed from their heads and the latter be left in the skin. Unless buried deep in the skin, the application of butter, kerosene, oil of turpentine or benzine will cause the ticks to loose their hold. The whole tick may be removed by cutting them out with scissors, skin and all. Ked or Keb refers to Melophagus o\inus, which is not a tick, but a wingless fly attacking sheep and usually confused with ixodidae. This insect may be removed by baths, as for Scab in Sheep, and their inroads prevented by applications of kerosene. Baths or dips are also prophylactic in louping ill. 826 EPITOME OP ]\rODERN TREATMENT OP Tinea Tonsurans. See Ringtvorm. Toothache. In the Horse — Extraction by forceps, or by trephining and punching out the offending molar. In the Dog — Counter-irritation of gum by tincture of iodine; filling the tooth with dental amalgam after proper removal of carious matter; lancing the gum for alveolar abscess; or extraction. Tracheitis, or Tracheo-Bronchitis. See Bronchitis. Tread. ■ Bruise of coronet by opposite foot or by foot of another horse. Apply wet compress (3 per cent, creolin) and treat as for TVounds. Trichinosis. The Trichina spiralis attacks all animals, but more often swine. Treatment is wholly preventive in destroying rats and mice, where pigs are kept, and in not feeding flesh to swine. Trichinous meat should be burned. Tuberculosis. In order of frequency affects Cattle, Birds, Swine, Cats, Goats, Horses, Sheep and Dogs. Most animals are infected bj^ the bovine type of B. tuberculosis. Dogs and cats are susceptible to the human type of bacillus. In- fections occur through the digestive and respiratory tracts, and extend by the lymphatics — sometimes by the blood stream (leuco- cytes) or by continuity — and bacteria often penetrate a part without producing lesions at the point of entry. Tuberculosis is acquired by the bacilli in the nasal discharge and feces of patients, infecting the water, fodder and dust of a barn. Crowding, poor ventilation and poor nutrition favor the disease. Tuberculosis is not inherited, but the tendency to it is; the young are most susceptibje ; some six months' habitation in infected surroundings may be required for the disease to be acquired by the previously healthy. Treatment — This is rarely advisable in animals, since it is so often unsuccessful and because the existence of the disease threat- ens the life of other animals, and man through diseased meat, milk, , and — in the case of cats and dogs — through their sputum. An outdoor life, day and night, together with highly nutritious diet, may lead to recovery and is the most hopeful and successful form of treatment for animals, as for man. Prophylaxis is secured by DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 827 an outdoor life, or one in clean, well-ventilated and uncrowded stables. The sick should be isolated and killed. The offspring of tuberculous parents are undesirable, but, if raised, should be isolated in clean quarters away from all tuberculous anmials, and be fed on milk from healthy cows, or, if necessarj', the boiled milk from the tuberculous mother. The infected barn should be washed and cleaned and sprayed with formalin, or 1-500 corrosive sublimate solution, on the walls, floors, and feed boxes; the floors should be covered with quicklime; and the premises then disinfected with formalin or sulphur vapor. The tuberculin test must be applied to all newly-bought animals, before they are included in the herd, and the whole herd should be tuberculin-tested once a year. Milk from tuberculous cows is unfit for food and is a means of trans- mitting the disease to man, especially to infants. Von Behring's Bovovaccine — of dry, living, tubercle bacilli of the human type — appears to confer immunity, for a more or less indefinite period (two weeks — three months), in cattle. It is indicated for injection into young animals, as a preventive agent, when tuberculosis is prevalent in a herd. Its value is still a matter for the future to determine. iTympanites, Acute (In Cattle and Sheep). Gaseous distension of the rumen is common in sudden changes of diet from dry fodder to clover or lush grass. Perform active mas- sage of the left flank. Pass a stomach tube. To stimulate peristalis, throw a stream of cold water against the left flank, and give com- pound spirit of ether, 293, internally. With increasing distension, plunge a knife, or, better, a trocar and canula, into the most prominent part of the left flank, midway between the angle of the hip and last rib. Compress the tissues about the canula, to prevent gas and food from entering the tissues. The canula may be left in place 34 to 48 hours and the animal should receive but little food — hay and bran mash. If the rumen is impacted, see Indigestion. Udder, Inflammation of. See Mastitis. .Ulcers. Wounds with general tendency to break down (necrosis) and suppurate rather than to heal. These include ulcers at point of ear (dogs) and point of tail (cattle and dogs). Ulcers in hind legs of horses, associated with swelling and gen- eral debility. Gangrenous ulcers, carbimcle of coronet or foot rot in horses — from injury, special infection and frost bite about the coronary region. Indolent ulcer about the coronet of old horses. 828 EPITOME OP MODERN TREATMENT OF Corneal ulcers and stomatitis ulcers in dogs and other animals. Ulcers due to carcinoma of the skin (horses and dogs); to tuber- culosis, actinomycosis and glanders in horses. Decubitus, or ulcei-s due to pressure in lying down. Ulcers due to treads on coronet and to pressure of collar and saddle on the neck and withers. Treatment — In general, the treatment consists in destroying and removing the unhealthy necrotic tissue and substituting in its place a healthy wound. For this purpose we use the actual cautery, curette, scissors, knife or caustics, as in the case of gangrenous ulcers. For less urgent cases we may apply the stick lunar caustic, tine, iodine, phenol, or strong solutions of mercuric bichloride, formalin (10 per cent.), or zinc chloride. If there is much sur- rounding inflammation and tissue to be gotten rid of by sloughing, we should apply aseptic gauze soaked in 2 per cent, lysol and cov- ered with waterproof and bandage till sloughing has proceeded and inflammation subdued. Then we may dress with Peru balsam, or stimulating and antiseptic powder, as calomel and iodoform. For ulcers due to specific diseases see names of those diseases. Removal of cause of irritation is essential, as of foreign body or dead tissue. Rest of the part is also requisite, as bandaging or ear-cap in case of ulcer of the ear in dogs. Urethritis in Dogs. Associated with Balanitis very often. At first give cathartic and light diet of milk and bread, and en- force rest. Foment frequently with hot saturated boric acid solu- tion and inject hot 3 per cent, solution of the same into the urethra. Internally, give tine, hyoscyamus (m.x-xx) and sweet spirit of nitre (m.xxx) with potassium citrate (gr.xv) in solution thrice daily. After subsidence of more acute symptoms, inject 1 per cent, solu- tion of zinc sulphate and lead acetate in combination or use 5 per cent, argyrol solution, 180; or silver nitrate solution (1-16,000 to 1-4,000). Use boiled, soft-rubber catheter, if there is urethral ob- struction. Obstruction from swelling of urethra, or urethral stone, may require perineal section. XJrinary Retention and Incontinence. If retention is due to spasm of the sphincter, as in colic, then the application of hot fomentations to the loins, morphine and atropine under the skin, or warm baths in small animals, will re- lieve. Pressure on the bladder through the rectum, or the use of the catheter, are most rapidly effective in horses. If retention of urine is due to stone in the ischial region or S curve of the urethra DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 829 in oxen, then massage it out; do urethrotomy; or slaughter before the bladder ruptures and absorption of urine spoils the meat. In sheep with urethral stone, massage the urethra and excise the spiral filament at the end of the penis; or slaughter. In retention from phimosis, paraphimosis, and stone in the bladder, circumcision, incision of the sheath, and cystotomy are respectively indicated. Stone in the bladder in sheep and cattle may be prevented by giving sodium bicarbonate with the food and allowing water at the ani- mal's constant disposal; and this generally is necessary in fatten- ing. Retention of urine from paralysis of the detrusor muscles, in nervous disease, may be overcome by the use of strychnine and remedies combating the primarj"^ disorder. Urinary Incontinence may be caused by paralysis of the sphincter muscle of the bladder from prolonged retention of urine; or from obstruction by stones and new growths in the bladder. In paretic conditions, the administration of strychnine, alternate injections into the bladder of cold and hot water, and treatment indicated for general debility are in order. Urticaria, Nettlerash, Surfeit, Hives. In Horses, Cattle, Pigs and Dogs. Due to external irritation by nettles; bites of insects, fleas and lice; chemicals, and sudden cooling of the skin. Also to irritants within the body — as products of indigestion and toxines from in- fections, pregnancy, rheumatism, and hemoglobinemia; and to speci- fic foods and medicines. Treatment — Give a purge — H., aloes; C, Epsom salts and calo- mel; swine, calomel; dogs, the same, or two to three compound cathartic pills. Externally, bathe with saleratus and water (5i-0ii), or vinegar, pure or diluted. Sanitas (1 to 2) and terebene (1 to 8) in water, are also beneficial. Uterine Inertia and Subinvolution. Give fluidextract of ergot in full dose thrice daily for two or three weeks, 639, and it may well be combined with an equal dose of fluidextract of hydrastis, 560, and a moderate dose of quinine sul- phate, 480. In subinvolution or hypertrophy of the womb follow- ing labor, the use of hot vaginal injections also aids the action of ergot in restoring a normal condition. Vaginitis and Vulvo-Vaginitis. Due to infection of injured parts after labor; to the action of strong injections or foreign bodies; and a third form to infection from the bull. Croupous vaginitis is sometimes seen as a variety 830 EPITOME OP MODEEN TREATMENT OF of puerperal infection. In the acute stage, with swelling of the vulva and inflammation and discharge from the vagina, anoint the vulva with carbolized vaseline and inject sodium bicarbonate solu- tion (3SS-Oi) through a sterile, perforated, soft-rubber tube. If there are lacerations in the vagina, it should be irrigated with 1 per cent, lysol solution and the vagina filled with dry boric acid and packed with sterile gauze. Renew the dressings frequently. After the subsidence of the acute stage, inject zinc or copper sulphate solution (of either, 5i-0i) twice daily. An occasional swabbing of the vagina with freshly made 5 per cent, argyrol is also beneficial. Examine the vagina with a speculum, as a vaginal discharge may arise from the uterus. Varicose Veins. Permanent dilatations of veins. Very rare in the domestic animals. Treatment — Support by ban- dage. Radical cure can only be obtained by excision of the vein or double ligation, at either end of dilatation. Variola. Pox of Sheep, Cattle, Swine, Dogs, Birds and Monkeys. Caused by a protozoon Cytoryctes variolae, found in the skin of man (smallpox), sheep and cattle. Sheep pox is the most com- mon and important disease — Variola Ovina. It is not readily com- municable to man but occasionally to dogs, swine and goats. Variola in sheep is highly infectious and very fatal (90 per cent.). In sheep pox, slaughter of the sick and exposed animals and thorough disinfection of the infected premises are essential. Infection may last for six months in the infected premises, and for six weeks about sheep after their recovery from variola. The sheep — on re- covery — should therefore be dijjped in 2 per cent, creolin or lysol solution. Ovination, or innoculation of sheep with the virus of sheep pox, has been done with greatlj^ varying mortality (from 3 to 20 per cent.). Innoculation from an already innoculated sheep, by means of the virus taken from a pustule at the tenth day, and introduced into the tail of a healthy sheep, will produce immunity without eruption. No innoculations must be made until variola breaks out in a flock, or the disease may be spread by the process. Medical treatment includes cleanliness of surroundings and bedding; warm shelter;, fresh air; soft and nourishing food. The nostrils and eyes should be cleaned with saturated boric acid solution; and chalk may be put in the drinking water, if dian-hea is present. Cow Pox and Horse Pox appear to arise from contact: of healthy animals with variolous or vaccinated persons. Cow Pox therefore DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 831 usually occurs in cows; occasionally in hulls, oxen and young stock. Cow Pox is very rare and valuable in providing a source of vaccine lymph. The use of a milking tube; frequent hot fomentations; and measures ad\ased for mastitis are indicated, when the udder is in- flamed. In Horse Pox, clip the hair and cleanse and bathe the parts with 2 per cent, lysol solution, and apply wet compresses of the same. In later stages, the use of carbolized vaseline is to be recommended. Verminous Bronchitis. See Bronchitis, Vehtigo. Megrims. Blind Staggers in the Horse. Occasionally seen in Dogs, Pigs, Cattle and Sheep. Cover the eyes with a blanket; remove harness about the neck; and! walk the animal about. Also throw cold water forcibly over the head. Cerebral congestion from pressure on the neck, or from short over-draw check, from overheating, and from chronic lung or heart disease, may cause it. Cerebral anemia or general anemia may induce the disorder. A strong glare of light affecting the eyes, foreign bodies in the ears, and perhaps indigestion, may induce megrims. Often it is an inexplicable neurosis. If cause can be discovered, it should be remedied, if possible. Animals may often be ridden without danger of an attack (which would appear if they were driven). Certain blinders favor the disorder. Reg- ular and hard exercise is often beneficial. Following a seizure, give an aloes ball. Villitis. Coronitis (In Horses). I"nflammation of the coronet with heat, bulging and tenderness of the coronet; and brittle, striated appearance of hoof. If severe, separation of the hoof may occur. Remove shoes and enforce rest, with bran and flaxseed poultice to the forefeet. With the subsi- dence of acute symptoms, apply fly blister to the coronet. May work with bar shoes, or the animal may be sent to pasture if re- covery is not rapid, but wet pastures or standing in water and snow are often responsible for the disease. Volvulus or Twist of the Bowel. See Colic. May reduce by rectal manipulation. If this is unsuccessful, one may do a laparotomy. 832 EPITOME OF MODERN TREATMENT OP Warbles. Hypodermosis (In Cattle). Prophylaxis — Prevent gadflies from lighting on cattle by the use of covers, and by spraying 3 per cent, creolin solution on the skin; also by thorough brushing to remove the eggs laid on the skin. In- jection of kerosene into the openings of the swellings on the skin» by means of a machinist's oil can (when done at the earliest mo- ment) leads to killing the larvae and subsidence of the swellings. Otherwise there is nothing to do but gently express the larvae when they are ready to escape. Incision of the swellings is undesirable. Warts. Verrucae. Papillomata. In young animals on the belly, prepuce, mammae, lips, eyelids, ears, mouth and vagina (bitches) ; and about the fetlocks (grapes) in horses. They should be removed by excision with scissors, or the knife. Torsion and ligature are also employed. Strong acetic or nitric acid may be applied to small growths, but are not so certain as scissors and should never be used about the mouth or eyes. Warty growths of the lids are apt to become malignant and should be removed with a free elliptical incision; also warts on the penis should be freely removed with scissors and their base cauterized with strong nitric acid. The actual cautery may be employed, as in grapes. Weed. See Lymphangitis. * Whistling. See Roaring. Wind Galls. This condition is a tenosynovitis and hygroma of the sheath of the perforatus behind the metacarpus. See Tenosynovitis. Wind-Sucking. Crib-Biting in Horses. Cover stable fixtures with metal and give so much work that vicious habits wiU not be acquired. The use of a muzzle or spiked strap about the larynx may sometimes prevent wind-sucking. Avoid any articles which can be bitten; feed off the ground, or remove manger after feeding. Cut hay and grain with an ounce of carron oil are indicated in tympany. Isolation of wind suckers is advis- able, to avoid acquisition of the trick by other animals. Withers, Fistulous. See Fistula. Worms. See Parasites, Intestinal. diseases of the domestic animals 833 Wounds. Simple Ojjerative "Wouncls — The hair should be shaven from the surrounding area. The skin should be washed with green soap and water, with 50 per cent, alcohol and finallj' with pure ether or, better, Harrington's solution, 216. The operator's hands should be cleansed likewise and covered with rubber gloves. Tne wound should be handled as little as may be. All hemorrhage must be arrested. If the wound is deep, it should be closed by layers of buried catgut sutures, the skin by silk-worm gut sutures (inter- rupted). Drainage should be avoided unless the conditions are very unfavorable. Cover the wound with dry aseptic gauze and band- age. Secure rest by splints if possible. Leave dressings in place for a week or t\\o, unless they become soiled and displaced. Accidental "W'junds — if the wound is fresh, arrest hemorrhage by hot (or even bulling) water; ice water; actual cautery, in very vascular or dtcij seated parts, using a dull-red heat; rubber tourni- quet; acupressure; pressure by fingers or hemostatic forceps; tor- sion; or chemicals — as adrenalin solution. Long and continuous cleansing of the wound with corrosive solution (1-5,000), Ij'sol or creolin (2 per cent.), and svvabblng the v.ound with pure hydrogen dioxide, are essential to remove macroscopic and microscopic for- eign matter and germs. The skin surrounding the wound should first be treated as for operative wounds (see above). Divided struc- tures, as tendons, nerves and muscles, should be sutured with sterile catgut (as St. John Leavens). If the surroundings are favorable and the wound can be bandaged, it should be closed as an opera- tive wound without drainage. If the wound is deep, and the con- ditions unfavorable, drainage by a sterile rubber tube placed into the deeper parts of the wound, and the rest of the wound sutured — should be the rule. It is alwaj's easy to reopen a wound and re- move sutures, if infection occurs, but to secure a first intention is impossible when the wound has become generally infected. The first dressing should always be retained as long as possible to avert infection. Old and contused wounds should be treated by the application of aseptic gauze soaked in 2 per cent, creolin, covered with oil silk and bandage and renewed each day, until the septic condition has been somewhat overcome. Unhealthy granulations are treated by applications of lunar caustic and stimulant, antiseptic remedies, as Peru balsam or carbolic acid in glycerin (1-10 — 16). A bandage should always be employed when possible. Otherwise, healing mat be had under a scab by the application of 'annin, silver nitrate stick, or 10 per cent, formalin; or the wound may be kept cov- ered with an ointment of 10 per cent, boric acid in vaseline. Some* times, if one trims off all septic tissue and disinfects the wound 83-± DISEASES OF THE DOaiESTIC ANIMALS with tincture of iodine, or pure carbolic acid, followed by alcohol and free irrigation with 2 per cent, lysol solution, it may be pos- sible to secure first intention by suture of an old wound. In vet- erinary practice, asepsis is difficult to obtain, as the application and retention of b.mdages, the attainment of rest of a part by position and splint, ami a pure abnosphere and premises, are often unat- tainable. But when possible, p.uticulariy in canine practice, the methods of human surgery should be closely followed. If a fresh wound is much soiled, it m^y be treated with pure phenol and alcohol, or tincture of iodine, as above, or packed with iodoform gauze. Perforating Wounds of the Abdomen — The surrounding region sboujJ be prepared by shaving and disinfection of the skin, as des- cribed for operative wounds. If there is protrusion of the viscera, it should be protected meanwhile by a covering of sterile gauze wrung out in hot water. If omentum prolapse, it should be ligated ano excised. If there is a protrusion of bowel, it must be cleansed by the most painstaking and prolonged irrigation with warm (ITO deg. F.) sterile normal salt solution (1 teaspoonful of sodium chloride to the pint of boiled water), and then returned into the bel)y. The abdominal wall should be closed in layers with buried sterile, chromic catgut (as St. John Leavens) ; the skin may be approximated by interrupted silkworm gut sutures, while sutures of silkworm gut should be placed through all layers — except the peritoneum — at several points, to reinforce the catgut and prevent hernia. The wound may be sealed with iodoform and collodion (1 to 8) and covered with dry aseptic gauze held in place by ad- hesive plaster and bandage. Punctured Wounds — Hemorrhage may be arrested by pressure of an aseptic tampon of gauze, after the external wound has been shaved and thoroughly disinfected with soap and water and Har- rington's solution (216). If signs of local inflammation and in- fection occur, then one must incise the wound down to its lowest point and drain. Gunshot Wounds — The chief indication is to disinfect thoroughly the wound of entrance and cover with an antiseptic dressing (asep- tic gauze soaked in 3 per cent, lysol solution) and bandage, and enforce rest so fkr as j^ossible. Do not probe or try to remove the bullet unless it is subcutaneous. If local and general infection ensue, then incision becomes necessary to afford drainage, but not for the purpose of discovering the missile. Joint Wounds — Here careful cleansing of the^ surrounding area, with immediate sealing of the woimd v.ith iodoform and collodion (1-8), actual cautery, or suture, and the application of splints, anti- septic dressing, and bandaging, arc indicated. DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS 835 See also Ulcers, Open Joints, Bites and Rabies. For detailed description as to antiseptics and aseptics, see pp. 718 to 738. The following agents are used in the treatment of wounds, and their indications may be found on the corresponding page numbers: Hydrogen dioxide, 120; lime and charcoal, 157; alum, 168; silver nitrate, 177; potassium permanganate, 305; mer- curic oxides, 214; corrosive sublimate, 216; resin, 506; naphtalin, 336; chloral, 318; chlorinated soda, 240; chlorinated lime, 240; iodo- form, 251; iodol, 257; aristol, 253; acetanilid, 238; bismuth, 253; salol, 253, 494; boric acid, 253, 275; sulphurous acid, 260; nitric acid, 272; charcoal, 277; carbolic acid, 328; creosote, 333; creolin, 333; lysol, 335; formalin, 338; glutol, 341; vaseline, 350; salicylic acid, 494; tar, 509; balsam of Peru, 511; benzoin, 514; myrrh, 525; eucalyptol, 521; zinc sulphate, 185; conium, 430; laudanum, 367; oil of turpentine, 502; camphor, 549; thymol, 552; hydrastis, 563; tincture of aloes and myrrh, 568; collodion, 637; glycerite of tan- nin, 593; cantharides, 645, 646; antiseptic poultices, 714. GENERAL INDEX^ Abbreviations Ablution Absorbent cotton Absorption of drugs Absorption through skin. . . . Aca'cia Accelerating apparatus, drugs acting on Ace'ta Acetan'ilid Acetanili'dum Ace'tic acid diluted glacial Acetphenet'idin Acetphenetidi'num Acid, ace'tic diluted , glacial arse'nous solution of benzo'ic 510 borac'ic bo'ric carbol'ic crude cit'ric syrup of gal'lic hydriod'ic syrup of hydrocyan'ic, diluted . . . hydrochlo'ric diluted lac'tic muriat'ic ni'tric diluted nitroliydrochlo'ric diluted nitromuriat'ic PAGE , 86 706 636 3 10 , 611 34 78 319 319 266 266 266 319 319 266 , 266 266 220 221 , 513 273 273 324 324 267 , 268 593 248 248 342 262 262 268 262 264 264 264 265 264 PAGE Acid, phosphor'ic 265 diluted 265 salicyl'ic 490 sulphu'ric 263 diluted 263 aromatic 263 sulphu'rous or sul'- phurous 259 tann'ic 590 tartar'ic 267 Acids 18 Ac'idum acet'icum 266 dilu'tum 266 glacia'le 266 arseno'sum 220 benzo'icum 513 bo'ricum 273 carbol'icum 324 cru'dum 324 liquefact'um 324 chrysophan'icum 575 cit'ricum 267 gaU'icum 593 hydrochlo'ricum 262 dilu'tum 265 hydrocyan'icum dilu'tum 342 lac'ticum 268 mecon'icum 352 ni'tricum 264 dilu'tum 264 nitrohydrochlo'ricum . . 264 dilu'tum 265 phosphor'icum 265 phosphor'icum dilu'tum 265 salicyl'icum 490 sulphur'icum 263 dilu'tum 263 aromat'icum 263 sulpluirosum 259 tan'nicum 590 tartar icum 267 * The accented syllable is indicated by the sign '. 837 838 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Ac'onine 459 Ac'onite 458 Aconiti'na 459 ni'tras 459 Acon'itine 459 nitrate 459 Aconi'tum 458 Ac'orin 563 Ac'rinyl sulphocy'anide 515 Action of drugs — cumulative 4, 449 influenced by — time given 13 habit 14 disease 14 idiosyncrasy 14 mode of 2 on animals compared with man 11 on horses compared with other animals 12 on pigs and dogs 13 on ruminants 12 Action of heat contrasted with cold 717 Actual cautery 701 Ad'eps 648 benzoina'tus 512 la'nse 649 Ad'juvant 89 Administration of drugs.. 6, 13 Adre'nalin chlo'ride 639 ^ther 292 ^thylis chloridum 350 African pepper 525 Al'cohol 278 absolute 280 absolu'tum 280 amyl'ic 280 amyl'icum 280 diluted 279 dilu'tum 279 ethyl 280 ethyl'icum 280 phe'nyl 324 Ale 283 Alkaline earths 153 metals 121 Alkaloi'dea 70 Alkaloids 70 Al'lyl sulphocy'anide 516 Al'oe or al'oe 564 barbaden'sis 564 . capen'sis 565 PAGE Al'oe, socotri'na 564 Al'oin 565 Alterative 59 Althse'a 613 Al'um 166 amonio ferric 64 burnt 167 exsicca'ted 167 potas'sium 166 Alu'men 166 exsicca'tum 167 us'tum 167 Alu'mina hydra'ted 167 Alu'mini hy'dras 167 sul'phas 166 Alu'minum 166 hydrate 167 hydroxide 167 sulphate 167 and potassium sulphate. 166 American hellebore 464 Ammo'nia, aromatic spirit of 148 liniment 144 spirit of 145 aromatic 148 water 144 Ammo'niac 539 mixture of 539 plaster with mercury. . . 539 Ammoni'acum 539 Ammoniated mercury 210 Ammoniated mercury oint- ment 211 Ammo'nii ben'zoas 513 carbo'nas 147 chlo'ridum 149 val'eras 535 Ammonio ferric alum 64 Ammo'nium 144 acetate, solution of 150 benzoate 513 car'bonate 147 chlo'ride 149 ich'thyol sul'phonate . . . 659 Amyg'dalin 610 Am'ylis ni'tris 308 Am'yl ni'trite 308 Amyl'ic al'cohol 280 Am'ylum 635 Ansesthe'sia 299 dangers of 301 practical 305 primary 30^ uses of 307 GENERAL INDEX 839 PAGE Anaesthe sia, general 40 local 43 Analge'sics 319 Anaphrodis'iacs 57 Anatomy influencing the action of drugs 11 Anhydrot'ics 66 An'ise 530 oil 532 spirit of 532 water 532 Ani'si fru'ctus 531 stella'ti fru'ctus 531 Ani'sum 530 An'odyne, Hoffman's 293 Anodynes 39 local 43 Antac'ids ., 17 Anthrax vac'cine 752 Anthelmin'tics 67 Antidote, arsenic 196 Anti-emetics 23 Antifeb'rin 319 Antigalact'agogues 59 Antimo'nii et potas'sii tar'- tras 228 ox'idum 228 sul'phidum 227 purifica'tum 227 Antimo'nium sulphura'tum. 227 Antimony and potassium tartrate 228 Antimony, tartrated 228 wine of 229 Antiparsit'ics 68 Antiphlogistine 713 Antipyret'ics 60, 319 Antipyri'na 320 Antisep'sis, surgical 726 Antiseptics . .19, 67, 718, 723 Antisial'agogues 15 Antispasmod'ics 534 Antistreptococ'cic serum . . . 745 Antitox'in tet'anus 742 Aphrodis'iacs 57 Apomorphin'se hydrochlo'- ridum 370 Apomor'phine hydrochlo'ride 370 Apore'tin 575 Aq'ua 117 ammo'niae 144 for'tior 144 ani'si 532 cam'phorae 547 PAGE Aqua, chloroform'! . . 296 destilla'ta 117 hydroge'nii diox'idum 19 men'thae piperi'tae 529 men'thae vir'idis 530 Aq'uae 77 Ar'abin 524, 611 Ar'abic acid 611 Ar'achin 636 Araro'ba powder 577 Are'ca 616 nut 616 Arec'oline 616 hydrobro'mate 617 Argen'ti cyan'idum ....176, 347 io'didum 176 ni'tras 175 ni'tras dilutus 176 ni'tras fu'sus 176 ox'idum 176 Argen'tum 175 Ar'gyrol 180 Ar'istol 252 Aristo'lum 252 Ar'nica 522 flowers 522 root 522 Ar'nicae ra'dix 522 flo'res 522 Ar'nicin 522 Aromatic bitters 16 oils 71, 497 . spirit of ammonia 148 Aromatics 16 Ar'seni triox'idum 220 Ar'senic 220 administration of 226 antidote .* 196, 224 Fowler's solution of . . . . 221 triox'ide 220 white 220 Ar'senous or arse'nous acid. 220 solution of 221 Ar'senum or arse'num 220 Artiflcial feeding 694 Asafet'ida 537 Asafcet'ida 537 Asepsis, means of procuring. 720 surgical 726 Aspi'din 615 Aspi'dinin 615 Aspi'dium 615 Astringents 63 Atropi'na 374 840 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Atropi'nae sulphas 375 At'ropine 374 At'ropine sul'phate 375 Bacelli's treatment 330 Baking soda 134 Balsam of Peru 510 of tolu 511 of flr 505 Bal'sama 72 Bal'samum Peruvia'num . . . 510 Toluta'num 511 Balls 80 Barba'does al'oes 564 Barbal'oin 565 Ba'rii chlo'ridum 160 Ba'rium 160 Ba'rium chlo'ride 160 Baros'mln 540 Basll'icon ointment 506 Basis 89 Baths, cold 709 hot 717 sheet 707 Beer 283 Belladon'na 372 Belladon'nse fo'lia 372 ra'dix 373 Benzo'ic acid . .510, 511, 512, 513 Ben'zoinated lard 512 Benzoi'num 512 Benzyl'ic ben'zoate 511 cin'namate 511 Ber'berine 558, 560 Be'ta napthol 335 Be'tal nut or be'tel nut 616 Bhang 391 Bichlo'ride of mer'cury 208 Bile, drugs acting on 26 Bis'muth 189 salic'ylate or sal'icylate. 190 subcarb'onate 189 subgal'late 190 subni'trate 190 subsalic'ylate 190 Bismu'thi subcarbo'nas .... 189 subgal'las 190 subni'tras 190 subsalic'ylas 190 Bismu'thum 189 Bitters 16 Black mustard 515 wash 217 Black-leg vac'cine 752 Bleaching powder 237 PAGE Bleeding 728 local 731 Blister beetles 643 Blistering collo'dion 637 Blood, drugs acting on 32 vessels, drugs acting on. 36 Blue mass 206 pill 206 stone 186 ointment 207 vitriol 186 Bodily heat, drugs in- fluencing 60 Bo'li 80 Bo'luses 80 Bone black 276 Borac'ic acid 273 Bo'rax 278 Bo'ric acid 273 Boroglyc'eride, solution of. . 273 Boroglyc'erin, gly'cerite of.. 273 Brain, drugs acting on 38 Brandy 281 Braye'ra 619 Bro'mides 240 Bro'mine 240 Bro'mum 240 Bronchial tubes, drugs in- fluencing the 49 Bronchial spasm 50 Bru'cine 400 Buc'co 540 Bu'chu 540 Buckthorn 572, 573, 574 Burgundy pitch 504 plaster 505 Burnt alum 167 Butter of caca'o 636 Caca'o butter 636 Cade, oil of 508 Caffei'na 395 citra'ta : 395 Caffeine, cit'rated 396 Cal'abar bean 410 Calab'arine 411 Cal'amine 185, 563 Cal'amus 563 Cal'cii carbo'nas praecipita'- tus 154 hy'dras 156 phos'phas prsecipita'tus . 157 sulphas exsicca'tus 160 Cal'cined mague'sia 164 GENERAL INDEX 841 PAGE Carcium 153 bro'mide 241 carbonate, precip'itated 154 chlo'ride 159 hy'drate, solution of... 155 lactophos'phate, syrup of 158 phos'phate, precip'itated 157 Calisa'ya bark 476 Cal'omel 209 Calum'ba 557 Calum'bic acid 558 Calum'bin 558 Calx 155 chlorina'ta 237 Cambo'gia 585 Cam'phor 547 Cam'phora 547 Cam'phorated oil 548 Cam'phor gum 547 laurel 547 raonobro'mated 548 Can'nabis In'dian 391 in'dica 391 Canthar'ides 643 Canthar'idin 643 Can'tharis 643 Cape al'oes 565 Capron'ic acid 522 Capryl'ic acid 522 Cap'saicin 526 Cap'sici fructus 525 Cap'sicin 526 Cap'sicum 525 Car'bo 276 anima'lis 276 purifica'tus 276 lig'ni 276 Carbol'ic ac'id 324 Car'bon 276 disul'phide 278 Carbo'nei bisul'phidum .... 278 disul'phidum 278 Car'damon 532 Cardamo'mum 532 Carlsbad salts 137 Carmin'atives 19 Car'ron oil 156 Cascar'a or cas'cara sagra'da 572 Cascaril'la 556 Cascaril'lin 557 Cas'tile soap 603 Cas'tor oil 571 seeds 57 Cataplas'ma kaoli'ni 713 PAGE Cat'aplasms 713 Cat'echin 596 Cat'echu 595 red 596 tannic acid 596 Catechu'ic acid 596 Cathar'tic acid 578 pills, compound 20& Cathar'tics 24 Cathartoman'nit 578 Caucas'ian insect powder... 624 Caus'tic, lunar 176 mitigated 176 potash 122 soda 132 Caus'tics 63, 703 Cay'enne pepper 525 Cephaeline 472 Ce'ra al'ba 650 Ce'ra Fla'va 649 Cera'ta 79, 648 Ce'rates 79, 648 Cera'tum 648 canthar'ides 644 cam'phorae 548 resi'nag 506 Cer'ebral depress'ants 39 Ce'rii ox'alas 170 Ce'rium 170 ox'alate 170 Ceta'ceum 650 Ce'tin 651 Cetyl'ic al'cohol 651 Chalk, drop 153 mixture 153 powder, compound .... 153 prepared 153 Champagne 283 Charcoal, animal 276 purified 276 wood 276 Charges 79 Char'tse 79 Cherry, wild 348 Chinoi'dine 482 Chit'tem bark 572 Chlo'ral hydrate 314 Chloral'um hydra'tum 314 Chlo'ride of ethyl 350 Chlo'ride of lime 159 Chlo'rinated lime 237 solution of 238 Chlo'rine 237 water 237 842 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Chlo'roform 295 lin'iment 296 spirit 296 water 296 Chlorofor'mum 295 purifica'tum 295 Chlo'rum 237 Cho'lagogues 26 Choles'terin 602 Chrysaro'bin 577 Chrysarobi'num 577 Chrys'ophan 575, 577 Chrysophan'ic acid. 575, 577, 578 Chrysotoxin 625 Chur'rus 391 Cider 283 Cincho'na 476 red 479 rubra 479 Clncho'nse cortex 476 Cinchonidi'na 483 Cinchonidi'nse sul'phas 483 Cincho'nidine 477, 483 sulphate 483 Cinchoni'ninse sul'phas .... 483 Ciu'chonine 477 sulphate 483 Cin'chotiism 486 Cinchotan'nic acid 478 Cin'eol 519 Cinnam'ein 510 Cinnam'ic acid 510, 511 Circulation, drugs acting on 32 Cit'rated caffeine 396 Cit'ric acid 267 Cit'rine ointment 210 Cit'rullin 586 Classification 113 Clys'ters 9. 30 Co'ca 431 Cocai'nse hydrochlo'ridum . . 431 Co'caine or coca'ine 431 Codei'na 356 Cod liver oil 656 Coffee 396, 397 Colchic'eine 632 Col'chicine 632 Corchicum 631 corna 631 seed 632 Cold as a remedy 704 baths 709 drinks 710 ene'mata 711 PAGE Collar'gol 180 Col'lidine 423 Colloi'dal silver 180 Collo'dia 79, 637 Collo'dion 637 blistering 637 cantharidal 637 flexible 638 styptic 638 Collodions 79, 591, 637 Colloxin 637 Collyr'ia 86 Col'ocynth 586 Colocyn'thin 586 Colocyn'this 586 Colocyn'thitin 586 Col'ophony 506 Colum'bo 557 Common salt 139 Compound cathartic pills... 209 liquorice powder 579 powder of catechu 596 powder of kino 598 solution of iodine 244 of chlorine 237 syrup of squill 229 Confect'iones 79 Confect'ions 79 Conhydrine 4:i / Co'nine ,. . 427 Coni'ninae hydrobro'mas .'. . 427 Coni'um 427 Convallamar'in 456 Convala'ria 455 Conval'larin 456 Convol'vulin 584 Copper 186 ac'etate 188 sul'phate 186 Cop'peras 193 Corian'der 533 Corian'dri fru'ctus 533 Corian'drum 533 Cor'nutine 625 Corros'ive mercur'ic chlo'- ride 208 Cos'moline 348 Cotton 636 absorbent 636 purified 636 root bark 630 seed oil 602 soluble gun 637 Counter-irritants ...62, 696, 715 GENERAL INDEX 843 PAGE Cox's hive syrup 457 Cream of tar'tar 131 Cre'de's ointment 118 Cre'olin 333 Creoli'num 333 Cre'osote 323 Creoso'tum 333 Cre'ta praepara'ta 153 Croton oil 580 seeds 580 Cro'tonol 580 Crude carbol'ic acid... 324 Cryp'topin 352 Cu'ca 431 Cumulative action 4 Cu'pri ace'tas 188 sul'phas 186 Cu'pric sul'pliate 186 Cu'prum 186 Cus'so 619 Cutch 595 Cy'mene 519 Dalmatian insect powder... 624 Deadly nightshade 372 Decoc'ta 76 Decoc'tions 76 Definitions 1 of drugs 2 Del'phinine 623 Delphinoi'dine 624 Delphin'isine 624 Demul'cents 64, 602 Deo'dorants 67, 718, 724 Deo'dorized o'pium 354 Deo'dorizers 67 Der'matol 190 Diach'ylon plaster 171 Diarphoret'ics 65 Digestion 75 Digestive organs, drugs act- ing on 15 Diges'tives 19 Digita'lein 445 Digita'lin 445, 446 Digita'lis 445 fo'lia 445 Digito'nin 445 Digito'phyllin 445 Digitox'in 445 Diosphe'nol 540 Disease, affecting the action of drugs 14 Disinfectants 67, 718, 719 Disinfec'tion, practical .... 725 PAGE? Displacement or percolation. 73 Dissolu'tion, law of, 11, 39, 286, 299, 362 Distil'led oils 71, 497 water 117 Diuret'ics 52 Domestic measures 92 Dosage 10 Dose table 661 Double muriate of quinine and , urea 482 Douch'es 709 Dover's powder 353 Dras'tics 24 Draught 81 Drench 81 Dried al'um 167 cal'cium sul'phate 160 fer'rous sul'phate 193 so'dium car'bonate .... 133 Drop chalk 153 Drugs acting on the — bodily heat 60 blood 32 vessels 36 brain 38 circulation 32 digestive organs 15 ears 46 eye 44 heart , 34 metabolism 59 nerves 43 special sense 44 nervous system 38 respiratory organs 46 sexual organs 56 skin 62 spinal cord 42 urinary organs 52 Drugs, absorption of 3 classification of 113 cumulative action of. .n . 4 definition of 2 destroying parasites ... 67 doses of 661 elimination of 4 excretion of 5 general action of 2 influencing the composi- tion of urine 55 reaction of urine... 54 influencing secretion of sweat 65 local action of 2 844 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Drugs, mode of action of 2 mode of administration... . 6 primary action of 2 secondary action of . , . . 2 selective action of 2 Dry heat 716 Ears, drugs acting on 46 Ecbol'lcs 58 Elat'erin 586 Elaterl'num 586 Electua'ria 82 Elec'tuarles 82 Elimination 4 Elix'irs 77 Ellx'ir proprieta'tis paracel'- sl 566, 568 Elutria'tion 73 Emetics 20 Em'etine 472 Emmen'agogues 57 Em'odin 574, 575 Emol'llents 64 Empirical therapeu'tics ... 1 Emplas'tra 79 Emplas'trum 79 adh^sivum . 506 ammonl'acl cum hy- drarg'yro 539 pi'cls 505 resi'nae 506 sapo'nls 604 Emul'sa 77 Emul'slons 77 En'emas 9, 30 Ene'mata 9, 30 Enterociysls 733, 736 Epispas'tlcs 697, 701 Epsom salt 163 Er'got 625 Er'got of rye 625 Ergo'ta 625 Ergot'ic acid 625 Er'gotin 626 Ergotinic acid 625 Ergoti'num 626 Err'hlnes 46 Erythor'etin 575 Erythrox'ylon 431 Escharotics 63, 703 Eseridlne 411 Es'erine 411 sallc'ylate 411 sul'phate 412 Es'sences 71 Essentiae 71 PAGE Essential oils 71, 497 E'ther 292 nl'trous spirit of 308 spirit of 292 compound 293 sulphu'rlc 292 Ethe'real oils 71, 497 Etli'yl al'cohol 280 chlo'rlde 350 ni'trite 308 oxide 292 Eu'cain hydrochlo'rate .... 438 Eucalyp'tene 519 Eucalyp'tol 519 Eucalyp'tus 518 Euphor'blum 638 Euphor'bon 638 Evaporating solutions 711 Excipients 75 Excre'tlon 5 Expect'orants 49 depressing 49 stimulating 49 Extrac'ta " 78 Ex'tracts 78 Extrac'tum belladon'nse fo- llo'rum 373 can'nabls in'dicae 392 casca'rae sagra'dae liq'ul- dum 573 cincho'nse 478 dlgltaiis 446 ergo'tae 626 liq'uidum 626 fiiicls liq'uidum 615 gentia'nae 553 glycyrrhl'zae liq'uidum. 609 hsematox'yll 600 hamamel'ldls liq'uidum- 601 hyoscy'aml 388 jaboran'di 440 krame'riae 599 nu'cls vom'icae 400 o'pii 353 o'pil liq'uidum 354 quas'siae 555 rhe'i 576 tarax'ici 559 Eye, drugs acting on 44 lotions 87 Fats 71 Feeding, artificial 694 rectal 694 Fel bo'vis 655 purlfica'tum 655 GE>fKRAL INDEX 845 PAGE Fel tau'ri , 655 Feu'nel 533 Fern, male 615 Fer'ri carbo'nas sacchara'tus 194 chlo'ridum 194 et ammo'nii cit'ras .... 197 et potas'sii tar'tras .... 196 et quini'nae cit'ras 197 solu'bilis 198 hydrox'idum cum mag- ne'sia 196, 224 sul'phas 193 exsicca'tus 193 granula'tus 194 val'eras 536 Fer'ric chlo'ride 195 solution of 195 tincture of 195 Fer'ric hy'drate with magne'- sia 196 subsul'phate, solution of 196 val'erate 536 Fer'rous car'bonate, mass of 194 sacchara'ted 194 Fer'rous i'odide, syrup of. . . 194 sul'phate 193 dried 193 exsicca'ted 193 granula'ted 193 Fer'rum 192 reduc'tum 192 Ferulaic acid 538 Fil'icin 615 Fi'lix mas 615 Filic'ic acid 615 Fixed oils .71, 79 Flax seed 610 oil of 569 Fleming's tincture 460 Flexible collo'dion 638 Flies, Spanish 643 Flowers of sulphur 255 Fluidextracta 78 Fluidextracts 78 Fluidextrac'tum aconi'ti '. . . 460 belladon'naB rad'icis .... 373 bu'chu 540 cal'ami . '. 563 calum'bse 558 can'nabis in'dicae 392 cap'sici 526 cincho'nse 478 coni'i 428 convalla'riae 456 PACE Fluidextrac'tum cus'so 619 digita'lis 446 ergo'tse 626 eucalyp'ti 519 frang'ulae 574 gelsem'ii 420 gentia'nae 553 glycyrrhi'zse 609 gossyp'ii rad'icis 630 grana'ti 620 hamamel'idis 601 hydras'tis 560 hyoscy'ami 388 ipecacuan'hae 472 krame'rise 599 nu'cis vom'icae 401 pilocar'pi 440 quas'sia 555 quer'cus 595 rham'ni purshian'ae .... 573 rhe'i 575 sabi'nae 543 scil'lae 457 sen'nse 579 tarax'ici 559 valeria'nse 535 vera'tri 465 zingib'eris 527 Foenic'uli fruc'tus 533 Fcenic'ulum 533 Fcen'ugreek 534 Fomen'ta 715 Fomenta'tions 715 Food and feeding 679 artificial 694 in anaemia 690 in black water 690 in chronic indigestion . . 688 in constipation 688 Food in convalescence 690 in debility 690 in diarrhoea 688, 689 in fever 691 in gastroenteritis ..688, 689" in haemorrhage from stomach and bowels.. 689 in jaundice 689 in laminitis 688 in obesity 691 Formal'dehyde 338 For'malin 338 For'mic acid 535, 651 Formic aldehyde 338 Fox glove 445 846 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Fowler's solution 221 Fran'gula 573 Fran'gulin 574 Friar's balsam 512 Fusel oil 280 Gad'uin 657 Galac'tagogue 58 Galls 589 Gal'la 589 Gal'lic a'cid 593 Gam'boge 585 Gambog'ic acid 585 Gas'tric antisep'tics 19 sed'atives 23 Gaulthe'ria 495 oil of 495 Gel'atin 159 •Gelsem'ium 420 Gelsem'ina 420, 421 Gelsemin'ic acid 420 Gelsem'inine 420 General action of drugs .... 2 therapeut'ics 1 therapeut'ic measures. . 679 Gen'tian 552 Gentia'na 552 Gentis'ic acid 553 Gentiopicrin 553 Germ'icides 67, 718 Gin 281 Gin'ger 527 Gin'gerol 527 Gla'cial ace'tic acid 266 Glan'dulse suprarena'les sic'- cae 639 Glau'ber's salts 136 Glo'noin 309 spirit of 309 Glonoi'num 309 Glucosi'dea 70 Glu'cosides 70 Glyc'erin 606 suppos'itories of 607 Glyceri'num 606 pepsi'ni 653 Glyceritum amyli 607 Gly'cyramin 609 Glycyrrhi'za 609 Glycyrrhi'zin 609 Go'a powder 577 Golden seal 560 sulphur 229 Gossyp'ii cortex 630 PAGB Gossyp'ium purifica'tum . . . 636 Goulard's extract 171 Grana'tum 620 Gran'ulated fer'rous sul'- phate 194 Gray powder 206 Gregory's powder 576 Green hel'lebore 464 Green soap *. . . 604 vit'riol 193 Guara'na 396 Guara'nine 395 Gum ar'abic 611 Gum-resi'nae 72 Gum-res'ins 72 Gum'mi 72 Gun cotton, soluble 637 Gun'jah 392 Gut'tae 91 Habit, influencing action of drugs 14 Hse'matein 600 Haematin'ics 33 Haematox'ylin 600 Haematox'ylon 600 Haemostatics 63 Hamame'lidis fo'lia 601 Hard soap 603 Harrington's solution ..216, 720 Hasch'isch 391 Hartshorn 144 Haus*tus 81 Heart, drugs acting on ..34, 445 Heat 712 bodily, drugs acting on. 60 Heavy magneigia 165 Hel'lebore, American 464 Hemides'mus 472 Hem'lock 427 Hemp, Indian 391 Hen'bane 387 Her'oin 357 Her'oin hydrochlo'ride .... 357 Hexamethylenam'ina 341 Hir'cin 648 Hive syrup 229 Hock 282 Hoffman's anodyne 293 Homolle's digita'lin 446 Honey 651 clarified 651 Honeys 80 Hot baths 717 GENERAL INDEX 847 PAGE Hot water bags 715 Hy'dragogues 25 Hydrarg'yri chlo'ridum cor- rosi'vum 208 chlo'ridum mi'te 209 io'didum ru'brum 209 o'leas 208 ox'idum fla'vum 207 ox'idum ru'brum 207 subchlo'ridum 209 Hydrarg'yrum 206 Hydrarg'yrum ammonia'tum 210 cum cre'ta 206 Hydras'tin 561 Hydras'tine 560 Hydrasti'nae hydrochlo'ridum 561 Hydras'tis 560 Hy'drated alu'mina 167 Hydrio'dic acid, syrup of . . 248 Hydrochlo'ric acid 262 solution of arsenic .... 221 Hydrocyan'ic acid, diluted.. 342 Hy'drogen diox'ide, solution of 119 perox'ide, solution of . . 119 Hy'drous wool fat 649 Hydro'xide, potas'sium 122 so'dium 132 Hyosci'nse hydrobro'mide . . 389 Hy'oscine S89 Hy'oscine hydrobro'mide . . 389 Hyoscy'amine 372, 388 hydrobro'mide 389 sul'phate 388 Hyoscy'ami fo'lia 387 Hyoscy'amus 387 Hypnot'ics 40 Hypodermat'ic injections . . 7 Hypodermoc'lysis 733, 735 Hypophos'phites 235 Ice bags 706 poultices 706 Ic'thyol (ik-the-ol) 659 Icthy'olum 659 Idiosyncrasy in action of drugs 14 Igasu'ric acid 400 Illic'ium 531 Incompatibility, chemical... 83 physical 85 physiological 85 Index for diseases and re- medial measures 759 PAGE In'dian can'nabis 391 Indian hemp 391 In'eine 453 Infu'sa 76 Infu'sions 76 saline 732 Infu'sum cal'ami 564 cascaril'lse 557 cincho'nas 479 ac'idum 479 digita'lis 446 Inhala'tions 7, 47, 716 Injec'tio apomorphi'nae hypo- der'mica 371 ergoti'ni hypoder'mica . 626 raorphi'ni hypoder'mica. 356 Injec'tions, intratra'cheal . . 8 intrave'nous 6, 733 rec'tal 9 subcuta'neous 7 Intes'tinal antisep'tics 20 Intratra'cheal injection 8 Intrave'nous injection 6, 733 In'ulin 559 Inunc'tions 10 I'odine 243 compound solution of . 244 ointment 244 tincture of 244 lo'doform 250, lodoform'um 250 I'odol 252 lodo'lum 252 lo'dum 243 Ip'ecac 471 Ipecacuan'hji 471 Ipecacuan'hic acid 472 Iron 192 and ammo'nium cit'rate 197 and potas'sium tar'trate 196 and qui'nine cit'rate . . 197 soluble 198 by hydrogen 193 metallic 192 Quevenne's 192 reduced 192 Irriga'tion 710 Ir'ritants 62 Isopellet'ierine 620 Jabora'ndi 439 Pernambuco 439 Rio Janiero 439 Jaboran'dine 440 848 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Jab'orine 439 Jal'ap 583 Jala'pa 583 Jal'apin 583 Jalapur'gin 583 Jas'mine, yellow 420 Jer'vine 464, 465, 468 Kama'la 618 Ker'mes mineral 227 Kin'ic acid 478 Ki'no 597 Ki'no red 598 Ki'noin 598 Kino'vic acid 478 Kino'vin 478 Kino-tan'nic acid 478, 597 Ko'la nut 396 Kombe poison , 453 Kom'bic acid 453 Koos'o 619 Ko'sin 619 Kous'sin 619 Koiis'so 619 Krame'ria 598 Kramero-tan'nic acid 599 Kunsel's treatment, milk fever 737 Labarraq'ue's solu'tion 238 Lac sul'phuris 256 Lac'tose 652 Lan'olin 649 Lard 648 ben'zoinated or ben'- zoated 648 Latin words and phrases . . 86 Laud'anum 353 Laiir'el cam'phor 547 Laur'in 636 Lava'ge 739 Law of dissolution, 11, 39, 286, 299, 362 Lax'atives 24 Lead 170 ac'etate 171 car'bonate 172 I'odide 172 ointment 173 ni'trate 172 ox'ide 170 plaster 171 poisoning 173 subac'etate, ce'rate of. . 172 PAGE Lead solution of 171 sugar of 171 white 172 water 171 Lev'ant or levant' wormseed 621 Leviga'tion 73 Light magne'sia 164 Lily of valley 455 Lime 155 chlorina'ted 237 chlo'ride of 159 lin'iment 156 phos'phate, precip'itated 157 solution of 155 syr'up of 156 water 155 Linimen'ta 79 Lin'iments 79 Linimen'tum ammo'niae .... 144 belladon'nse 374 cal'cis 156 cam'phorse 548 chloroform'! 296 sapo'nis 604 mol'lis 604 terebinthi'nse 499 Lin'seed 610 oil of 569 Lino'lein 569 Li'num 610 Liquid petrola'tum 348 Li'quor ac'idi arseno'si .... 221 ammo'niae 144 aceta'tis 150 Li'quor ammo'niae for'tis . . 144 arsenica'lis 221 arsen ici hydrochlo'ricus 221 cal'cis 155 chlo'rinats 238 chlo'ri compos'itus 237 cre'solis compos'itus . . . 335 fer'ri chlo'ridi 195 perchlo'ridi ., 195 subsulpha'tis 196 formaldehy'di 338 hydroge'nii diox'idi .... 119 i'odi compos'itus 244 morphi'nse aceta'tis .... 356 nydrochlo'ridi .... S56 plum'bi subaceta'tis . . . 171 potas'sii hydrox'idi . . . 122 arseni'tis 221 so'dii hydrox'idi 132 so'dse chlorina'tae 238 GENERAL INDEX 849 PAGE Liquor zin'ci clilo'ridi 182 Liquo'res 76 Liq'uorice root 609 powder, compound .... 255 Lith'age 170 Lith'ii ben'zoas 513 bro'midum 241 carbo'nas 151 cit'ras 152 sal'icylas 152, 491 Lith'ium 151 Liver, drugs acting on 26 of sul'phur 260 Lixivia'tion 74 Local action 2 an'odynes 43 anesthet'ics 43 blood letting 731 Logwood 600 Lo'tio fla'va 216 ni'gra 217 Lu'gol's solu'tion 244 Lunar caustic 176, 178 Ly'sol 335 Lyso'lum 335 Macera'tion 75 Magne'sia 164 cal'cined 164 heavy 165 light 164 milk of, Phillip's 165 pondero'sa 165 Magne'sii carbo'nas 164 ox'idum 164 pondero'sa 165 sul'phas 163 Magne'sium 163 car'bonate 164 sul'phate 163 Male fern 615 Ma'lic ac'id 535 Mal'lein 749 Man'ganese 203 Man'ganum 203 Marshmal'low 613 Mass, blue 206 Mass of fer'rous car'bonate. 194 Mas'sa fer'ri carbona'tis . . 194 hydrarg'yri 206 Mas'sas 79 Mate • 396 Mate'ria Me'dica 1 May apple 587 PAGE Meadow saffron 631 Measures, weights, tables of— 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 domestic 92 Mecon'ic ac'id 352 Mec'onin 352 Medicines, definition of ... . 1 Mel 651 depura'tum 651 Melli'ta 80 Men'struum 75 Men'tha piperi'ta 528 vir'idis 530 Men'thene 528 Men'thol 528, 529 Mercu'rial ointment 207 Mercu'ric ammo'nium chlo'- ride 210 Mercu'ric corro'sive chlo'- ride 208 i'odide, red 209 ni'trate, ointment of . . 210 ox'ide, red 207 ointment of . . . 207 yellow 207 ointment of . . . 208 Mer'curous chlo'ride, mild . . 209 Mer'cury 206 ammo'niated 210 ointment 211 bichlo'ride 208 . bini'odide 209 chlo'ride, corro'sive .... 208 mild 209 i'odide, red 209 mass of 206 subchlo'ride 209 with chalk 206 Metab'olism, drugs influenc- ing 59 Metacreosot'ic acid ....490, 492 Me'thyl co'niTne 427 pellet'i'erine 620 sal'icylas • 496 sal'icylate or salic'ylate 496 Metric system 92, 98 Milk, drugs Influencing se- cretion of 58 drugs eliminated In ... . 59 of asafet'ida 538 of sul'phur 256 peptoni'zed 694 sugar of 652 fever, Kunsel's treatment . 737 850 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Mindere'rus, spirit of 150 Mistu'ra ammo'niaci 539 cre'tae 153 Mistu'rae 77 Mixtures 77 Mit'igated caustic 176 Molas'ses 614 Monobro'mated cam'phor . . 548 Mon'sel's solu'tion 196 Morphi'na 351, 354 Morphi'nae ace'tas 355 hydrocho'ridum 355 sul'ptias 356 Mor'phine 351, 354 ac'etate 355 hydrochlo'ridum 355 sul'phate 356 Mor'rhuol 657 Motor nerves, drugs acting on 43 Moulded silver nitrate 176 Mu'cilage of aca'cia 612 Mucila'go aca'cise 612 tragacan'thae 612 Mus'carine 382 Muriat'ic acid 262 diluted 262 Mustard 515 black 515 white 515 Mutton suet 648 Mydriat'ics 45 Myot'ics 45 Myris'tin 569 My'rosin 515, 516 Myrrh 524 Myr'rha 524 Myr'rhin 524 Myr'rhol 524 Napth'talene 336 Naph'talin or naph'taline. . . 336 Naph'thalenum 336 Naph'tol 335 Nar'ceine 351 Narcot'ics 40 Nar'cotine 351 Natal'oin 566 Nativelle's digita'lin 445 Nerves, drugs acting on ... . 43 of special sense, drugs acting on 44 Nervous system, drugs act- ing on 38 PAGE Nic'otine 424 Nightshade, deadly 372 Ni'tric acid 264 diluted 264 Ni'trites 308 Ni'tre 127 Ni'tre, sweet spirit of 308 Nitroglyc'erin 309 spirit of 309 Nitrohydrochlo'ric acid .... 264 diluted 265 Ni'trous e'ther, spirit of . . . 308 Normal salt solution 733 Nutgall 589 ointment 590 Nux vom'ica 400 Oak, white 595 Oakum 637 Official preparations 76 Oil of an'ise 531, 532 bet'ula 496 boxberry 495 cade 508 car'ron 156 castor 571 checkerberry 495 cod liver 65& corian'der 533 cotton seed 602 croton 580 ethe'real 71 eucalyp'tus 519 fen'nel 534 flax-seed 569 fu'sel 280 gaulthe'ria 495 artificial 496 synthet'ic 496 jun'iper 541 lin'seed 569 mustard, volatile 516 olive 602 peppermint 528 phos'phorated 234 sav'ine 543 sweet 602 spearmint 530 tar 507 theobro'ma 636 tur'pentine 498 rec'tified 499 of wintergreen 495 artificial 496 GENERAL INDEX 851 PAGE Oil of wintergreen 495 synthet'ic 496 Oils 71, 79 distill'ed 71 essen'tial 71 etlie'real 71 fixed 71 vol'atile 71 O'lea 71, 79 Olea'ta 79 O'leate of mercury 208 veratrine 469 O'leates 79 O'lein 602, 603, 636, 648 Oleoresi'na fil'icis ma'ris . . 615 cap'sici 526 zingib'eris 527 Oleoresl'nse 71, 78 Oleores'ins 71, 78 O'leum ani'si 531, 532 bet'iilae 496 cadi'num 508 corian'dri 533 eucalyp'ti 519 foenic'uli 534 fcen'ugreek 534 gaulthe'riae 495 gossyp'ii sem'inis 602 junip'eri 541 li'nl 569 men'thse piperi'tae , 528 vir'idis 530 mor'rhuse 656 oli'vae 602 phosphora'tum 234 pi'cis liq'uidae 507 ric'ini 571 sabi'nae 543 sina'pis volat'ile 516 terebin'thinae 498 rectifica'tum 499 theobro'matis 636 tig'lii 580 Olive oil 602 Ophthalmo-tuberculin test . 748 O'pii pul'vis 352 O'pium 351 deuarcotiza'tum 354 deodora'tum 354 Opsonins 754 Opsonic index 754 Ordeal bean '. 410 Organs, sexual, drugs acting on 56 PAGE Orthocreoso'tic acid ....490, 492 Or'thoform 253 Orthoform'um 253 Ox gall 655 purified 655 Oxytocics (oks-e-tos'-iks).. . 58 Pack, cold 708 Pal'mitin 602, 603, 648 Pancre'atin 654 Pa'pain 656 Papa'verine 351 Papers 70 Pa'poid 656 Parasit'icides 68 Paregor'ic 353 Pellet'ierine 620 Pepper, cay'cnne or cayenne' 525 red 525 Peppermint 528 water 529 Pep'sin 652 sac'charated 653 sacchara'tum 653 Pep'tonized milk 694 Percola'tion 73 Perman'ganate of potas'sium 203 Persian insect powder 624 Peru'vian bal'sam 510 Petrola'tum 348 al'bum 349 liquid 348 liq'uidum 348 mol'le 348 soft 348 Petroleum ointment 348 Phseoret'in 575 Pharmaceu'tical processes . . 72 Pharmacodynam'ics 1 Pharmacog'nosy, definition of 1 Pliarmacol'ogy, definition or . . 1 Pharmacopoe'ia, definition of 75 preparations of the.... 76 Phar'macy, definition of.... 1 Plienac'etin 319 Phenaceti'num 319 Phe'nol 324 Phenyl is sal icy las 491 Phillip's milk of magne'sia. . 165 Physical incompatibility. 83, 85 Physiological incompatibil- ity 83, 85 852 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Phos'phide of zinc 236 Phos'phorated oil 234 Phosphor'ic acid 265 diluted 265 Phos'phorus 233 pills of 234 Physiology influencing the action of druss 11 Physoste'rin 411 Physostig'ma 410 Physostigmi'uae sal'icylas or salic'ylas 411 sul'phas 412 Physostig'mine 411 sal'icylate or salic'ylate. 411 sul'phate 412 Picropodophyl'lin 588 Pills 79 of asafet'ida 538 blue 206 cathartic, compound . . . 209 of phos'phorus 234 Pilocarpi'nge hydrochlo'ridum 440 ni'tras 441 Pilocar'pine 439 hydrochlo'ride 440 ni'trate 441 Pilocar'pidine 439 Pilocar'pus 439 Pil'ula hydrarg'yri 206 Pil'ulse 79 Pi'nene 500 Pink ointment 185 Pitch 507 Burgundy 504 plaster 505 Pix burgun'dica 504 liq'uida 507 ni'gra 507 Plasma, drugs acting on 32 Plaster of paris 160 Plasters 79 Plum'bi ace'tas 171 carbo'nas 172 io'didum 172 ni'tras 172 ox'idum 170 Plum'bum 170 Pneumogastric, drugs acting on 34 Podophyl'Iin 588 Podophyllin'ic acid 588 Podophyl'lum 587 Podophylloquer'citin 588 Podophyllotox'in 588 PAGE Pomegranate (pom'-gran-at) 620 Port wine 282 Posol'ogy 10 table of 661 Potash, caustic 122 Potas'sa 122 cum cal'ce 123 solu'tion of 122 sulphura'ta 260 with lime 123 Potas'sii ace'tas 125 bicarbo'nas 125 bitar'tras 131 bro'midum 240 carbo'nas 124 chlo'ras 129 cit'ras 125 cyan'idum 347 hydrox'idum 122 io'didum 247 ni'tras 127 perman'ganas 203 Potas'sium 121 ac'etate 125 al'um 166 ar'senite, solution of. . . 221 bicar'bonate 125 bitar'trate 131 bro'mide 240 car'bonate 124 chlo'rate 129 cit'rate 125 cy'anide 347 hy'drate 122 solution of 122 h^drox'ide 122 i'odide 247 ni'trate 127 perman'ganate 203 tar'trate, acid 131 Powder, compound cat'echu. 596 chalk 153 liq'uorice . ., 255, 579 Dover's 473 Gregory's 576 ip'ecac and o'pium 473 Powders 78 Poultices 713 Priessnitz 708 Practical disinfection 725 Precip'itate, red 207 white 210 Precipita'ted cal'cium car'- bonate 154 phos'phate 157 GENERAL INDEX 853 PAGE Preface iii Preparations, pharmacopoe'ial 76 Prepared chalk 153 Prescription, definition of . . . 88 writing 86 words and phrases used in . .' 86 Prescriptions for balls 103 drenches 106 elec'tuaries 110 lin'iments 112 mixtures 105 ointments Ill pills 101 powders 107 suppos'itories Ill Priessuitz poultice . . , , 708 Primary action 2 Protar'gol 179 Protopine 352 Protoveratrine 468 Pru'nus virginia'na 348 Prus'sic acid 342 Pseudoacon'itine 459 ac'onine 450 jer'vine 464 pellet'ierine 620 Pseudojervine 468 Psychotrine 472 Pul'vis cat'echu compos'itus. 596 cre'tfe aromat'icus 153 cum o'pii 153 compos'itus 153 glycyrrhi'zas compos'itus 255, 579 ipecacuan'hae et o'p'ii.353, 473 kino compos'itus 598 rhe'i compos'itus 576 Pul'veres 78 Pu'nicotan'nic acid 620 Pupils, drugs acting on 45 Pur'gatives 24 chol'agogue 26 dras'tic 24 hy'dragogue 25 lax'ative 24 sa'line 25 simple 24 uses of 28 Purified cotton 636 ox gall 655 Pus'tulants .' 62, 697 Pyre'thrum 624 Pyr'idine 423 PAGE Pyrocat'echin 598 Pyrogal'lic acid 594 Pyrogal'lol 594 Pyrox'ylin 637 Pyroxyli'num 637 Quarter evil vac'cine 752 Quas'sia 555 Quas'siin 555 Quer'cin 595 Quercitan'nic acid 595 Quer'cite 595 Quer'cus al'ba 595 Quevenne's digita'lin 446 Quicksilver 206 Quin'amine 477 Quin'ic acid 478 Quin'icine 477 Quinidi'nse sul'phas 482 Quin'idine 477 sulphate 482 Quini'na 477 Quini'nse bimuria'tis car'ba- mas 482 bisul'phas 480 hydrobro'mas 481 hydrochlo'ridum 481 sul'phas 479 val'eras 482 Qui'nine (or kwin-een) 477 bisul'phate 480 hydrobro'mate 481 hydrochlo'rate 481 hydrochlo'ride 481 sul'phate 479 val'erate 482 Quinoi'dine 477, 482 Quinoidi'num 482 Rational therapeu'tics 1 Rectal feeding 694 injections 9 Rectified oil of turpentine. . . 499 Rectification 75 Red corpuscles, drugs acting on 33 Red cincho'na 479 mercu'ric ox'ide 207 pepper 525 precipitate 207 ointment 207 wine . . . ; 283 Reduced iron 192 854 GENERAL IXDEX PAGE Refrig'erants 711 Remote action 2 Res'in ce'rate 506 plaster 506 Resi'na jala'pae 583 podophyl'li 588 scammo'nii 583 Resi'nse 71 Resins 71 Resor'cin 337 Resor'cinol 337 Resorci'nnra 337 Respiratory organs, drugs acting on 46, 471 mucous membrane, drugs acting on 46 purshia'na 572 Rham'nose 574 Rham'nus cathar'ticus .... 574 Rhatan'in 599 Rilatan'ilic red 599 Rhiat'any 598 Rlieotan'nic acid 575 Rhe'um 575 Rhe'in 575, 577 Rhigoline 350 Rliubarb 575 Ricino'lein 571 Ros'in 506 Rot'tlera 618 Rot'tlerin 618 Rubefa'cients 62, 700 Rubijer'vine 464, 468 Rum 281 Ru'tin 540 Sabi'na 543 Saccara'ted fer'rous car'bo- nate 194 pepsin 653 Sac'chari faex 614 Sac'charum 613 lac'tis 652 Sal ammo'niac 149 so'da 133 volatile 147 Sal'icin 491 Salici'num 491 Salicyl'ic acid 490 Sal'icylism 492 Salicyl'ous acid 492 Salicylu'ric aoid 492 Saline pur'gatives 25 infu'sions 732 PAGE Salivary glands, drugs act- ing on 15 Salol 491 Salt, common 139 Epsom 163 Glauber's 136 Salts of tar'tar 124 Saltpe'tre 127 Santon'ica 621 San'tonin 621 Santoni'num 621 Sa'po 603 mol'lis 604 vir'idis 604 Sa'vine 543 Scam'monin 583 Scammo'nium 582 Scam'mony 582 Scarifica'tion 731 Scheele's prussic acid 342 Schmiedeberg's digita'lin . . 446 Scil'Ia 456 Scil'lih 457 Scillipic'rin 457 Scillitox'in 457 Scopolamine 391 Secondary action 2 Secretion of milk, drugs in- fluencing 58 Sedatives, gastric 23 Selective action 2 Sen'na 578 Alexandria 578 Indian 578 Ticnivelly 578 Sen'nacro'l 578 Sennapic'rin 578 Sensory nerves, drugs acting on 431 Serum ther'apy 741 antistreptococ'cic 745 Se'vum 648 Sexual organs, drugs acting on 56 Sherry 283 Sheet bath 707 Sial'agogues 15 Silver 175 cy'anide 176, 347 i'odide 176 nitrate 175 diluted 176 , moulded 176 cx'ide 176 GENERAL INDEX 855 PAGE Silver soluble 180 Simple pur'gatives 24 Sinal'bin 515 Sin'ipin sul'phate 515 Sin'apis 515 al'ba 515 ni'gra 515 Sin'apism 518 Sin'igrin 516 Skin, drugs acting on 62 Soap 603 composition of 603 green : . 604 hard 603 liniment 604 plaster 604 soft 604 white castile 603 Socal'oin 565 Soc'atrine al'oes 564 So'da 132 baking 134 caustic 132 solution of 132 washing 133 So'dii ben'zoas 513 bicarbo'nas 134 bisul'phis 142 bo'ras 273 bro'midum 241 carbo'nas 133 exsicca'tus 133 chlo'ridum 139 hydrox'idum 132 hyposul'phis 143 io'didum 247 phos'phas 141 salic'ylas or sal'icylas. . 491 sul'phas 136 sul'phis 142 thiosul'phas 143 So'dium 132 ben'zoate 513 bicar'bonate 134 bisul'phite 142 bo'rate 273 bro'mide 241 car'bonate 133 dried 133 chlo'ride 139 hy'drate 132 hydroxide 132 solution of 132 hyposul'phite 143 PAGE So'dium iodide ,. . 247 phos'phate 141 salic'ylate or sal'icylate. 491 sul'phate 136 sul'phite 142 thiosul'phate 143 Soft petrola'tum 348 petroleum ointment . . . 348 soap 604 liniment 604 Soluble silver 180 Solution of ac'etate of am- mo'nium 150 ammo'nia 144 ar'senite of potas'sium. . 221 arse'nous or ar'senous acid 221 chlo'ride of iron 195 zinc 182 chlorina'ted lime 238 soda 238 hy'drogen diox'ide 119 mor'phine ac'etate 356 Solution of mor'phine hydro- chlo'ride 356 i'odine compound 244 lime 155 potash 123 soda 132 subac'etate of lead .... 171 diluted 172 subsul'phate of iron . . . 196 Solutions 74 Soporifics 40 Spanish flies 643 Spear'mint 530 oil of 530 spirit of 530 water of 530 Spermace'ti 650 Sphacelin'ic acid 625 Sphacelotoxin 625 Spinal cord, drugs acting on 423 Spirit of ammo'nia 145 aromat'ie 148 cam'phor 548 chlo'roform 296 an'ise 532 e'ther 292. compound 293 glyc'eryl ni'trate 309 glon'oin 309 ju'niper 543 856 GENERAL INDEZ PAGE Spirit of juniper compound 281, 542 ni'trous e'ther 308 peppermint 528 rectified 278 Spirits 77 Spir'itus 77 se'theris 292 compos'itus 293 nitro'si 308 ammo'nise 145 aromat'icus 148 ani'si 532 glyceryl'is nitra'tis .... 309 men'thse piperi'tae 528 vir'ldis 530 phos'phori 236 Spir'itus rectifica'tus 278 tenu'lor 278 vi'ni gal'lici 281 Squill . 456 compound syrup of 457 Stapriisag'ria 623 Staphisag'rine 624 Starch 635 Stavesacre (stavz-a-ker) ... 623 Stear'in 648 Stearop'ten 547 Sternu'atories 46 Stimulants, cerebral 38 hepatic 26 Stomach, drugs acting on.. 16 tube, uses of '739 Stomaeh'ics 16 Stout 283 Stovaine 439 Stron'tium bro'mide 241 salic'ylate or sal'icylate 491 Strophan'thidin 453 Strophan'thin 453, 454 Strophan'thus 453 Strychni'na = 401 sul'phas 402 Strych'nine 401 sul'phate 402 Stu'pes 715 Styp'tic collo'dion 501, 591 Styp'tics 63 Sty'rol 510 Subcutaneous injections ... 7 Sub'limate, corrosive 208 Sublimed sulphur 255 Suc'cus, hyoscy'ami 388 Sudcrifics 65 PAGE Suet 648 mutton 648 Sugar 613 , cane 613 of milk 652 of lead 171 Sul'phur . . . 255 flowers of 255 liver of 260 lo'tum 255 milk of 256 ointment 255 precip'itated 256 precipita'tum 256 sublima'tum 255 sublimed 255 washed 255 Sulphu'ric acid 263 aromat'ic 263 diluted 263 e'ther 292 Sul'phurated potas'sa 2.G0 Sulphu'rous or sul'phurous acid 25D Supposito'ria 79 glyceri'ni 60? iodofcr mi 250, 252 morphi'nse 356 Suppos'itories 79 Sup'purants 704 Surgical asepsis and anti- sepsis 726 Sweat, drugs influencing the secretion of 65 Sweet flag 563 oil* 602 spirit of ni'tre 308 Symbols and signs 90, 91 Synthet'ic oil of wintergreen 496 Syr'up, simple 614 Syru'pi 77 Syr'ups 77, 614 Syru'pus aca'cise 612 ac'idi hydriod'ici ..'.... 248 althse'se 613 cal'cii lactophospha'tis. 158 cal'cis 156 fer'ri io'didi 194 fus'cl 614 Ipecacuan'hse 473 pru'ni virginia'nae 348 rham'ni cathar'tici .... 574 scil'lfe 457 compos'itus ....229, 457 GENERAL INDEX 857 PAGE Syru'pus sen'nge 579 toluta'nus 511 Taba'cum 423 Tables of weights and meas- ures 90-98 Tallianine 545 Tan'nic acid 590 Tan'nin 590 Tar 507 Tarax'acin 559 Taraxace'rin 559 Tarax'acum 559 Tar'trated an'timony 228 Tar'tar emet'ic 228 salts of 124 cream of . ., 131 Tea 396, 399 Ter'ebene 500 Terebe'num 500 Terebin'thina 498 canaden'sis 505 Ter'penes 499 Ter'pin hy'drate 500 Terpi'ni hy'dras 500 Tetanocan'nabine 392 Tet'anus antitox'in 742 The'baine (the-ba-in) 351 The'ine (the-in) 395 Theobro'ma, oil of 636 Therapeu'tics 1 definition of 1 empirical 1 general 1 rational . . . 1 Theri'aca 614 Thi'ol 660 Thymol (ti'mol) 551 Tiglin'ic acid 580 Tinctu'ra aconi'ti 459 al'oes et myr'rhse ..524, 566 ar'nicse 523 asafoet'idse •. . 538 belladon'nae folio'rum.. 373 benzoi'ni 512 compos'ita 512 bu'chu 541 calum'bse 558 Tinctu'ra can'nabis lin'dicse. 392 canthar'idis 644 cap'sici 526 cardamo'mi 533 compos'ita • 533 cascaril'lse 557 PACK Tinctu'ra cat'echu 596 cinchona; 479 compos'ita 479 col'chici sem'inis 633 delphinii 624 digita'lis 446 er'gotae ammonia'tae . . . 626 fer'ri chlo'ridi 195 perchlo'ridi 195 gam'bir compos'ita .... 596 gelsem'ii 420 gentia'nae compos'ita . . 553 hydras'tis 561 hyoscy'ami 388 i'odi 244 ipecacuan'hse etopii353, 473 kl'no 598 krame'rise 599 .myr'rhse 524 nuc'is vom'icae 401 o'pii 353 camphora'tse 353 deodora'tae 354 quas'siae 555 scil'lae 457 strophan'thi 453 valeria'nse 535 ammonia'tae 535 Tinctu'rse 77 Tinc'tures 77 Tobac'co 423 Tolu 511 Ton'ics 60 Tow 637 Toxicol'ogy, defintion of . . . 1 Trag'acanth 612 Tragacan'tha 612 Transfu'sion 732 Tre'acle 614 Trituration 72 Trituratio'nes 78 Triturations 78 Trochis'ci santoni'ni 622 Tuber'culin 747 Tur'pentine 498 Canada 505 liniment 499 oil of 499 Unguen'ta 79 Unguen'tum 648 ac'idi bo'rici 273 carbol'ici 325 tan'nici 591 aconit'inae 460 858 GENERAL INDEX PAGE Unguen'tum belladon'nae ... 373 ceta'cei 651 chrysarobi'ni 577 Crede 181 eucalyp'ti 519 gal'lae 590 cum o'pio 590 hydrarg'yri 207 ammonia'ti 211 nitra'tis 210 ox'idi fla'vi 208 ru'bri 207 i'odi 244 iodofor'mi 250 petro'lei 348 pi'cis liq'uidae 507 potas'sii io'didi 247 sabi'nae 544 sul'phuris 255 zin'ci ox'idi 184 United States Pharmacopoe'- ia 75 Urinary tract, drugs acting on 52 sed'atives 56 antisep'tics 56 Urine, drugs altering the composition of 55 drugs increasing seci'e- tion of ^53 acidifying 55 drugs making alltaline. 55 malving aseptic .... 56 Urotro'pin 341 Uterus, drugs acting on.... 58 Uterine action, drugs re- straining 58 Vac'cines, anthrax, black leg or quarter evil 752 general therapy of ...... 753 specific 751 Vagus, drugs acting on . .34, 35 Vale'rian 534 Valeria'na 534 Valeria'nse rhizo'ma 534 Valerian'ic acid 535 Vas'eline 348 Vaso-motor centre, drugs acting on 36 Vegetable bitters 552 cathar'tics 564 drugs 351 Venesec'tion 728 PAGE Veratral'bine 468 Veratri'na 468 Verat'rine 464, 468 Veratroi'dine 464, 465 Verat'rum vir'ide 464 Verat'rum Al'bum 468 Ver'micides 67 Ver'raifuges 68 Ves'icants 62 Vessels, drugs acting on. . . . 36 Vien'na paste 123 Vi'na 77 Vinegars 78 Vi'num al'bum 282 antimo'nii 229 col'chici 632 rad'icis 632 sem'inis 632 ipecacuan'hae 473 o'pii 354 porten'se 282 ru'brum 282 xer'icum 283 Vit'riol, blue 186 green 193 Volatile oils 71, 497 oil of mustard 516 Warm baths 717 Wash, black 217 yellow 216 Washed sulphur 235 Washing soda 133 Water 117 Waters 77 Wax 649 yellow 649 white 650 Weights and measures 92-98 Wet pack 708 Whiskey 280 White ar'senic 220 castile soap 6(|3 corpuscles, drugs acting on 33 hel'lebore 468 lead 172 lotion 174 mustard 515 oak 595 White precip'itate 211 ointment 211 wax 650 wine 282 W99 GENERAL INDEX 859 PAGE Wild cherry 348 Wine, white 282 red 282 Wines 77 Wintergreen, oil of 495 artificial oil of 496 synthet'ic oil of 496 Witchhazel 601 Wool fat, hydrous 649 Wormseed 621 oil of 621 Yellow jas'mine 420 mercu'ric ox'ide 207 wash 216 Yellow wax 649 Zinc 182 PAGE Zinc acetate 184 car'bonate, precip'itated 183 ohlo'ride 182 ox'ide 184 ointment 184 phos'phide 236 sul'phate 183 val'erate 536 Zin'ci ace'tas 184 carbo'nas praecipata'tus. 183 chlo'ridum 182 ox'idum 184 phos'phidum 236 sul'phas 183 val'eras 536 Zin'cum 182 Zin'giber 527 Zy'mine 654 *>" •^.^i/ V • 1 • » ^0 % • • • V V • » • »* '*o •no' ^* ^v ^^0^ ^^0^ V % A-i> ^^ * «> « « Vf >b/