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CONCISE AND COMPREHENSIVE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LATIN TONGUE, 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 ILLUSTRATING MANY PECULIARITIES AND DIFFICULTIES, 
 MET WITH IN THE CLASSICS : 
 
 TO WHICH IS ANNEXED A 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 FOR THE EXERCISES, QUOTATIONS, AND MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 L372J 
 
 
 B. J. SCHIPPERj 
 
 TEACHER OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES. 
 
 * * * Noli "jurare in verba magistri; 
 
 * * * * * * • * si volet usus, 
 Quern penes arbitrium est, et jus, et norma loquendi. 
 
 Hon. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, BY MIFFLIN & PARRY, 
 
 No. 59, Locust Street. 
 
 1832. 
 
<K 
 
 
 Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by 
 B. J. Schipper, in the office of the Clerk of the Eastern District of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 /W 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 
 In presenting to the Literary Community this new 
 Introduction to the Latin Language, whilst innu- 
 merous works on the same subject are extant, I think it 
 proper to state a few of many reasons, that induced me 
 to compose it. 
 
 During a period of more than twenty years, which 
 I have spent in teaching, I was every day more and 
 more convinced, that by the system, which the Gram- 
 mars now in use obliged us teachers to pursue, the stu- 
 dy of the Latin Language was rendered unnecessarily 
 irksome and disgusting to youth. They were obliged 
 to spend three, six or more months in committing to 
 memory declensions and conjugations, rules and excep- 
 tions, &c. &c. without knowing for what purpose. 
 Many, anxious for Classical instruction, the very fountain 
 of Literature, became disheartened, and gave up the pur- 
 suit. Others, more resolute, or influenced by parental 
 authority, continued their course; but, frequent repeti- 
 tion, memory's principal aid, having been neglected, 
 when they thought they had reached the end of these 
 abstruse difficulties, they found they were obliged to 
 struggle again over the same rugged ground; or to en- 
 counter still greater obstacles in their endeavour to learn 
 a language without a knowledge of its elementary prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 To obviate these and other hindrances to the acquisi- 
 tion of a good fundamental knowledge of Grammar, 
 and to the subsequent solid structure of Literature, this 
 Grammar has been composed; how far the author has 
 succeeded, is to be decided by impartial judges and ex- 
 perienced teachers. 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 Knowing the reluctance with which tyros encounter 
 a formidable array of notes and exceptions, I have laid 
 before them in the first place, only the simple princi- 
 ples of the language, and their application to its analy- 
 sis, reserving peculiarities and exceptions for the Appen- 
 dix, which, when sufficiently advanced, they will read 
 with less reluctance, when they see that they are not 
 required to go back, but only to advance to a more 
 perfect knowledge of the language. 
 
 The Vocabulary will not only prove very convenient, 
 but it will also save the expense of a dictionary, during 
 the period in which beginners are most apt to abuse it. 
 
 With a view to preserve the established order of the 
 parts of speech, I have been obliged to make a digres- 
 sion after the declension of substantives, to page 101, 
 and again after the declension of pronouns, to page 28; 
 as it was impossible to give a sufficient praxis of the 
 pronouns, without the use of a verb. 
 
 The classical reader will see, that I have pursued a 
 path before untrodden, and no doubt will notice many 
 imperfections, for which his kind indulgence is soli- 
 cited. 
 
 Respectfully requesting those who may use this pub- 
 lication, to communicate to me the errors which they 
 may observe, as also the deficiency of words that ought 
 to appear in the Vocabulary, so that a future edition may 
 be rendered more perfect, 
 
 I remain 
 the Public's humble serv't. 
 
 B. J. SCHIPPER. 
 Philad. July 6 th. 1832. 
 
A PRACTICAL 
 
 L.ATIN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Grammar is the art of writing and speaking any lan- 
 guage with propriety, as the English, Latin, etc. 
 
 The Latin Grammar is the art of properly writing and 
 speaking the Latin tongue. 
 
 Grammar treats on Letters, Syllables, Words, and 
 Sentences, and is divided into four parts, viz. Orthogra- 
 phy, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 Treats on the letters, and teaches their true forms, 
 names, and powers. 
 
 There are twentv-five letters in the Latin language, viz. 
 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, 
 T, U, V, X, Y, Z. 
 
 Of these, six are called Vowels, viz. a, e, i, o, u, y, 
 which make perfect sounds of themselves. 
 
 The united sound of two vowels is called a Diphthong, 
 that of three a Triphthong. 
 
 The remaining nineteen are called Consonants, (i. e. 
 sounding with) which make no sound of themselves. 
 
 Of the consonants four are called Liquids, viz. L, M, 
 N, R. 
 
 A syllable is a complete single sound, as, O! ah! 
 strength. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 Etymology teaches the origin, signification, and varia- 
 tion of words. 
 
 • A word is one or more syllables joined together, and 
 used to signify something. 
 
 The words of the Latin language are divided into eight 
 I 
 
2 THE NOUN. 
 
 sorts, called parts of speech, viz, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, 
 Participle, which are declinable. Adverb, Preposition, 
 Conjunction, and Interjection, which are indeclinable, 
 A declinable part of speech is that upon which some 
 change can be made, particularly in the last syllable; 
 which proceeding is called declining, or conjugating 
 words; hence the terms Declension and Conjugation. 
 
 NOUN. 
 
 A noun is a declinable part of speech, expressing the 
 name or quality of a person or thing, as homo, a man; bo- 
 nus, good. 
 
 Nouns are divided into substantives and adjectives. 
 
 A noun substantive expresses the name of a person or 
 thing, as, Virgilius, Virgil; homo, a man ; Roma, Rome ; 
 urbs, a city. 
 
 A noun adjective expresses an accident, or equality of 
 a person or thing, as bonus, good; altus, high. 
 
 Substantives are divided into proper and appellatives. 
 
 A proper substantive expresses a particular thing of 
 a kind, as, Virgilius; Roma. 
 
 An appellative, or common substantive, is that which 
 is common to a whole kind of things, as, homo, a man; 
 urbs, a city. (See App. § 1.) 
 
 Nouns are declined by genders, numbers, and cases. 
 
 Gender, in a grammatical sense, is the qualification of 
 a noun substantive for the various terminations of a noun 
 adjective. 
 
 There are three genders; the masculine, the feminine, 
 and the neuter. 
 
 Some nouns are both of the masculine and feminine 
 gender, and are called common; as, hie conjux, the hus- 
 band; hsec conjux, the wife; hie dux, hsec dux, etc. (App. 
 §2.) 
 
 There are two numbers, the singular, and the plural. 
 
 There are six cases; the nominative, genitive, dative, 
 accusative, vocative, and ablative. 
 
 There are five declensions, which are distinguished 
 from one another by the ending of the genitive singular. 
 
DECLENSIONS. 
 
 GENERAL RULES. 
 
 1. The vocative is always like the nominative of the 
 same number; except the nouns in us of the second de- 
 clension, which have their vocative singular ending in e, 
 as, dominus, domine. 
 
 2. The dative and ablative plural are always alike. 
 
 3. Nouns of the neuter gender always have the nomi- 
 native, accusative, and vocative alike, and in the plural 
 these three cases end in a. 
 
 THE FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 The first declension is known by the genitive singular 
 ending in a?, a diphthong, as, fienna, a pen; gen. fiennse. 
 (App. § 3.) 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 penn-a, a pen, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 penn-ae, pens, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 penn-ae, of a pen, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 penn-arum, of pens, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 penn-ae, to, or for a 
 
 Dat. 
 
 penn-is, to or for 
 
 
 pen, 
 
 
 pens, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 penn-am, a pen, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 penn-as, pens, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 penn-a, O! pen, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 penn-ae, O pens, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 penn-a, with, from, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 penn-is, with, from, 
 
 
 in, or by a pen, 
 
 
 in, or by pens. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVES FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 Hora, herba, ala, gallina, alauda, placenta, fenestra, sa- 
 gitta, lacryma, sententia, aranea. 
 
 Observation. All nouns of the first declension are of 
 the feminine gender ; except those which signify a male, 
 which are of the masculine, as, fioeta, a poet; nauta, a 
 sailor, etc. 
 
 Some nouns of this declension form their dative and ablative plu- 
 ral sometimes in abus, in order to be distinguished from nouns of the 
 second declension; thus Jilia, has Jiliabus, anima, animabus, in con- 
 tradistinction ofjiliis and animis from filius and animus, etc. (App. 
 § 4.) 
 
DECLENSIONS 
 
 THE SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 The second declen 
 
 sion is known by the genitive sing. 
 
 ending in i, as, fiuer, 
 
 fiueri. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Norn, puer, 
 
 cult-er, 
 
 domin-us, 
 
 Gen. puer-i, 
 
 cult-ri, 
 
 domin-i, 
 
 Dat. puer-o, 
 
 cult-ro, 
 
 domin-o, 
 
 Ace. puer-um, 
 
 cult-rum, 
 
 domin-um, 
 
 Voc. puer, 
 
 cult-er, 
 
 domin-e, 
 
 Abl. puer-o, 
 
 cult-ro, 
 Plural. 
 
 domin-o, 
 
 Nom. puer-i, 
 
 cult-ri, 
 
 domin-i, 
 
 Gen. puer-orurr 
 
 i, cult-rorum, 
 
 domin-orum, 
 
 Dat. puer-is, 
 
 cult-ris, 
 
 domin-is, 
 
 Ace. puer-os, 
 
 cult-ros, 
 
 domin-os, 
 
 Voc. puer-i, 
 
 cult-ri, 
 
 domin-i, 
 
 Abl. puer-is, 
 
 cult-ris, 
 
 domin-is, 
 
 The nouns ending in um, are of the neuter gender, and 
 consequently follow the third general rule. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. templ-um, Nom. templ-a, 
 
 * Gen. templ-i, Gen. templ-orum, 
 
 Dat. templ-o, Dat. tempi-is, 
 
 Ace. templ-um, Ace. templ-a, 
 
 Voc. templ-um, Voc. templ-a, 
 
 Abl. templ-o, Abl. tempi-is, 
 
 NOUNS FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 Gener, adulter, socer, presbyter, ager, liber, magister, 
 minister, servus, murus, pileus, fluvius, tabellarius, po- 
 mum, lucrum, negotium, supercilium. 
 
 Obs. The nouns of the second declension, ending in 
 er y ir, ur, or ws, are of the masculine gender, except the 
 names of towns, countries, islands and plants, which are 
 g'enerally of the feminine gender. App. § 5. 
 
 Nouns ending in us form their vocative singular in e, as; dominus, 
 domine-, but proper names in ius, likewise filius and genius, form it 
 by rejecting us, as, Caius, Cat; Laelius, Lseli; filius, fili, etc. 
 
 Deus makes in the vocative sing. Deus; in the nominative and voc- 
 ative plur. Dii, and in dative and ablative plur. Diis rather than Dei, 
 and Deis, 
 
OP SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 The third declension is known by the genitive singular 
 ending in is, as ; miles, militis, a soldier. App. § 6. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom 
 
 , miles, 
 
 Nom. milit-es, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 milit-is, 
 
 Gen. milit-um, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 milit-i, 
 
 Dat. milit-ibus, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 milit-em, 
 
 Ace. milit-es, 
 
 • Voc. 
 
 miles, 
 
 Voc. milit-es. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 milit-e, 
 
 Abl. milit-ibus. 
 
 
 Corpus, 
 
 neut. the body." 
 
 Sing-. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom 
 
 . corpus, 
 
 Nom. corpor-a, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 corpor-is, 
 
 Gen. corpor-um, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 corpor-i, 
 
 Dat. corpor-ibus, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 corpus, 
 
 Aec. corpor-a, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 corpus, 
 
 Voc. corpor-a, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 corpor-e. 
 
 Abl. corpor-ibus. 
 
 
 Nouns 
 
 for Practice. 
 
 Satelles, 
 
 Frater, 
 
 Imago, Femur, 
 
 Obses, 
 
 Remex, 
 
 Mater, Certamen, 
 
 Neposj 
 
 Lex, 
 
 Cogitatio, Axioma, 
 
 Pes, 
 
 Radix, 
 
 Bellatrix, Cadaver, 
 
 Career, 
 
 Arbor, 
 
 Jus, Caput, 
 
 Index, 
 
 Dignitas, 
 
 Genus, Iter. 
 
 Obs. I. The letters, preceding is, in the gen. sing, are 
 preserved in all the cases, which are not the same as the 
 nom. singular. 
 
 Obs. II. Concerning the gender of the nouns of this 
 declension, I recommend to the student a frequent use of 
 the Dictionary. 
 
 1* 
 
DECLENSIONS 
 
 Rules concerning the Third Declension. 
 
 I. Masculines and ferainines have their accusative singular in em, 
 as; miles, milit-is, milit-em. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 1. The following have both em and im: 
 
 Aqualis, clavis, cutis, vestris, strigilis, febris, puppis, pestis, 
 Sementis, amnis, lentis, avis, securis, pelvis, turris, navis. 
 
 2. These nouns have im only: 
 
 Cannabis, sitis, vis, amussis, cucumis, buris, ravis, tussis. 
 
 3. Names of rivers in is, and most Greek nouns in is, have their ac- 
 cusative in in, as; Araris, Ararim; Persepolis, Persepolim; sometimes 
 in in, as; Charybdin, Datin. 
 
 II. The ablative singular ends in e, as; miles, milit-is, milit-e. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 1. The nouns, which have em and im in the accusative, have e and 
 * in the ablative, as; aqualis, ace. aqualem, or aqualim; abl. aquale, or 
 aquali. 
 
 2. Ignis, unguis, rus, and imber have both e and i in the ablative. 
 
 3. Nouns which have im only in the accusative, have i only in the 
 ablative, as, cannabis, cannabim, cannabi. 
 
 4. Neuters, ending in e, al, or ar, have i in the ablative, as, calcar, 
 abl. calcari. But ba.ccar,far, jubar, hepar, nectar, and sal have e. 
 
 III. Neuters have their nominative, accusative, and vocative plural 
 in a, as, corpus, corpor-is, corpora. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 The neuters, that have their ablative in i, make ia in the nom. 
 ace. and voc. plural, as, calcar, abl. calcari, nom. plur. calcaria. 
 
 IV. The genitive plural ends in um, as, miles, milit-is, milit-um. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 1. Nouns of one syllable in as, is, and the letter s, with a conso- 
 nant before it, have their genitive plural in ium, as mas, marium,- 
 lis, litium; pons, pontium. 
 
 2. Nouns in es, and is, not increasing in the genitive sing, make 
 ium, as, nubes, nubis, nubium; vallis, vallium. But canis, panis, 
 votes, and volucris have um. 
 
 3. Nouns which have i only, or e and i in the ablative singular, 
 make ium in the genitive plural, as imber, imbri, imbrium; calcar, 
 calcari, calcarium. 
 
 4. Caro, cor, cos, dos, mus, nix, nox, arx, linter, sal, and os (a bone) 
 have ium, as, nix, nivium. 
 
 5. Bos makes in the genitive plur. bourn, in the dat. and abl. bo- 
 bus, or bubus; sus makes rather subus than suibus. 
 
OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 The fourth declension is known by the genitive singu- 
 lar ending in us, or w, as ; fructus, gen. fructus, a fruit; 
 cornu, gen. cornu, a horn. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. fruct-us, 
 Gen. fruct-us, 
 Dat. fruct-ui, 
 Ace. fruct-um, 
 Voc. fruct-us, 
 Abl. fructu. 
 
 Sing, 
 
 Nom. cornu, 
 Gen. cornu, 
 Dat. cornu, 
 Ace. cornu, 
 Voc. cornu, 
 Abl. cornu, 
 
 Nom. fruct-us, 
 Gen. fruct-uum, 
 Dat. fruct-ibus, 
 Ace. fruct-us, 
 Voc. fruct-us, 
 Abl. fruct-ibus. 
 
 Plur. 
 Nom. cornua, 
 Gen. cornuum, 
 Dat. cornibus, 
 Ace. cornua, 
 Voc. cornua, 
 Abl. cornibus. 
 
 NOUNS FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 Coetus, ritus, currus, gradus, status, senatus, spiritus, 
 exercitus, genu, tonitru. 
 
 Obs. The nouns in us of the fourth declension are ge- 
 nerally of the masculine gender; and all the nouns in u 
 are of the neuter gender. App. § 7. 
 
 RULE. 
 
 The dative and ablative plural end in ibus, as, fructus, fructibus. 
 Exceptions. 
 
 1. Acus, arcus, artus, lacus, specus, tribus, and veru, make ubus, 
 as, acubus. 
 
 2. Portus, quaestus, and genu make both ibus and ubus. 
 
 Domus is thus declined. 
 
 Sing. 
 Nom. domus, 
 Gen. domus, or domi, 
 Dat. domui, or domo, 
 Ace. domum, 
 Voc. domus, 
 Abl. domo, 
 
 Plur. 
 Nom. domus, 
 
 Gen. domuum, or domorum, 
 Dat. domibus, 
 Ace. domus, or domos, 
 Voc. domus, 
 Abl. domibus. 
 
 Jesus makes in the ace. Jesum, in the other cases Jesu. 
 
8 DECLENSIONS 
 
 THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 The fifth declension is known by the genitive singular 
 ending in ei, and contains nouns only, ending in es, as, res, 
 rei, a thing. 
 
 JVouns for Practice. 
 Dies, spes, species, facies, 
 acies, superficies. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur 
 
 . 
 
 Nom. res, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 res, 
 
 Gen. rei, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rerum, 
 
 Dat. rei, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 rebus, 
 
 Ace. rem, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 res, 
 
 Voc. res, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 res, 
 
 Abl. re. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 rebus. 
 
 Obs. I. All nouns of the fifth declensiou are of the femi- 
 nine gender; except dies, which is masc. and fern, in the 
 singular, and masc. in the plural ; and meridies which is 
 masculine. 
 
 Obs. II. But few nouns of this declension are used in 
 the plural, and then only in the nom. ace. and vocative, 
 except res, sfies, and sjiecies. A pp. § 8. 
 
 ICJ* The student is requested to commit now to me- 
 mory the prepositions together with the rules attached 
 to them, and to attend to the exercise given thereon. 
 
 CONCORD OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 RULE I. 
 
 Substantives, signifying the same person, or thing, and 
 depending on the same word, agree in case, as ; 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Clselia virgo, 
 
 N. 
 
 Athense urbs, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Claeliae virginis, 
 
 G. 
 
 Athenarum urbis 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Clseliae virgini, 
 
 D. 
 
 Athenis urbi, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Clseliam virginem, 
 
 A. 
 
 Athenas urbem, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Clselia virgo, 
 
 V. 
 
 Athenae urbs, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Clselia virgine, 
 
 A. 
 
 Athenis urbe. 
 
 Obs, This concord is called Apposition; and the sub- 
 stantives should as far as practicable agree in gender, as; 
 usus, ofitimus magister; or, exercitatio, optima maqistra; 
 practice, the best master. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 On this side of Mount Tau- Cis Taurus mons. 
 
 rus. 
 Concerning King Alexan- De Alexander rex. 
 
 der. 
 
OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 Beyond the River Rhine. 
 With Ennius, the poet. 
 According to Plato, the 
 
 philosopher. 
 About the city of Rome. 
 At the town Cirta. 
 Against the city Gabii. 
 Along the River Nile. 
 With Marcus Antonius, a 
 
 triumvir. 
 By Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
 
 the consul. 
 Amongst the victorious Ro- 
 mans. 
 Towards the Lion, king 
 
 amongst the wild beasts. 
 To the Eagle, the queen 
 
 among the birds. 
 During the triumph over 
 
 the city of Syracuse. 
 Bv Publius Scipio Nasica, 
 
 the censor. 
 
 Ultra Rhenus flumen. 
 
 Cum Ennius poeta. 
 
 Secundum Plato philoso- 
 phus. 
 
 Circa Roma urbs. 
 
 Ad Cirta oppidum. 
 
 Contra urbs Gabii. 
 
 Secundum Nilus fluvius. 
 
 Cum Marcus Antonius tri- 
 umvir. 
 
 A Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
 consul. 
 
 Inter victor Romanus. 
 
 Erga leo, rex inter fera. 
 Ad aquila, regina inter ales. 
 
 Per triumphus de Syra- 
 
 cusae urbs. 
 A Publius Scipio Nasica, 
 
 censor. 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES, 
 
 rule n. 
 
 One substantive governs another signifying a different 
 person, or thing, in the genitive.* 
 
 Obs. The English word, corresponding with the Latin 
 noun, which is to be put in the genitive, has generally 
 the particle of prefixed, or an 's annexed, as ; 
 
 By the creator of the world. A creatore mundi. 
 Through men's wickedness. Per hominum nequitiam. 
 Without a desire for liberty. Sine libertatis desiderio. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Beyond the throw of a dart. 
 
 With a multitude of rob- 
 bers. 
 
 For the son's safety. 
 
 Beneath the feet of the 
 statue. 
 
 Extra jactus telum. 
 Cum multitudo latro. 
 
 Ob filius salus. 
 Infra pes statua. 
 
 * The substantive governing the genitive, is frequently under- 
 stood, particularly homo, and negotium. 
 
10 
 
 DECLENSIONS 
 
 Amongst the brother's 
 books. 
 
 According to the state of 
 the times. 
 
 Before the earthquake. 
 
 Before the calends of Au- 
 gust. 
 
 According to the laws of 
 nature. 
 
 Behind the enemy's camp. 
 
 Without a desire for his 
 country. 
 
 Amongst the gifts from 
 God. 
 
 With the confederates in 
 the war. 
 
 Besides the care for the 
 children. 
 
 Since the father's death. 
 
 With Aristobolus, King of 
 the Jews. 
 
 Against the tyranny of Lu- 
 cius Sylla. 
 
 On this side of Taurus, a 
 mountain in Asia. 
 
 About the walls of the city 
 Troy. 
 
 Without hope of relieving 
 the city. 
 
 In the power of Publius 
 Scipio Nasica, the son of 
 the uncle of Scipio Afri- 
 canus. 
 
 Beneath the sublimity of 
 the greatness of Alexan- 
 der, King of the Macedo- 
 nians. 
 
 In the ark of the covenant 
 of God with the Israel- 
 ites. 
 
 After the time of the libera- 
 tion of the Jews from the 
 slavery of iEgypt. 
 
 Inter frater liber. 
 
 Pro ratio tempus. 
 
 Ante motus terra. 
 Ante calendae Augustus. 
 
 Secundum lex natura. 
 
 Pone hostis castra. 
 Sine patria desiderium. 
 
 Inter munus Deus. 
 
 Cum bellum socius. 
 
 Prseter cura liberi. 
 
 A pater mors. 
 
 Cum Aristobolus, rex Ju- 
 
 daeus. 
 Adversus tyrannis Lucius 
 
 Sylla. 
 Citra Taurus, mons Asia. 
 
 Circa murus Troja urbs. 
 
 Sine spes liberatio urbs. 
 
 Penes Publius Scipio Na- 
 sica, filius patruus Scipio 
 Africanus. 
 
 Infra fastigium magnitudo 
 Alexander, rex Macedo. 
 
 In area fcedus Deus cum 
 Iraelita. 
 
 Post tempus liberatio Ju- 
 daeus a servitus -&gyp- 
 tus. 
 
OP ADJECTIVES. 
 
 11 
 
 By Egerius, the King's bro- Ab Egerius rex frater filius. 
 ther's son, 
 
 On account of Sylla's trans- Propter Sylla pecunia trans- 
 fer of moneys from the latio a dominus ad ami- 
 owners to his friends. cus. 
 
 OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 An adjective, as already observed, is a declinable part 
 of speech, expressing some quality of a person, or thing, 
 as ; doctus r learned ; tener, tender. 
 
 Adjectives have either one, or two, or three termina- 
 tions. 
 
 All adjectives having three terminations, have their 
 masculine gender in us, or in er,* the feminine in a, and 
 the neuter in um. 
 
 All adjectives, having three terminations, belong to the 
 first and second declension, and are declined like domi- 
 nus, or fiuer, fienna, and temfilum. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. doctus, docta, doctum, 
 Gen. docti, doctae, docti, 
 Dat. docto, doctae, docto, 
 Ace. doctum, doctam, doctum, 
 
 Voc. docte, docta, doctum, 
 
 Abl. docto, docta, docto, 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. tener, tenera, tenerum, 
 
 Gen. teneri, tenerae, teneri, 
 
 Dat. tenero, tenerae, tenero, 
 Ace. tenerum, teneran^tenerum, 
 
 Voc. tener, tenera, tenerum, 
 
 Abl. tenero, tenera, tenero, 
 
 P lur 
 
 Nom. docti, doctae, docta, 
 Gen. doct-orum,-arum,-orum, 
 Dat. doctis, doctis, doctis, 
 Ace. doctos, doctas, docta, 
 Voc. docti, doctae, docta, 
 Abl. doctis, doctis, doctis. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom. teneri, tenerae, tenera, 
 Gen. tenerorum,-arum,-orum, 
 Dat. teneris, teneris, teneris, 
 Ace. teneros, teneras, tenera, 
 Voc. teneri, tenerae, tenera, 
 Abl. teneris, teneris, teneris. 
 
 Most adjectives in er drop the e, as ; 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom. pigri, pigrae, 
 
 Gen. pigrorum,-arum, 
 
 Dat. pigris, pigris, 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. piger, pigra, pigrum, 
 
 Gen. pigri, pigrae, pigri, 
 
 Dat. pigro, pigrae, pigro, 
 
 Ace. pigrum, pigram, pigrum, Ace. pigros, pigras, 
 
 Voc. piger, pigra, pigrum, Voc. pigri, pigrae, 
 
 Abl. pigro, pigra, pigro. Abl. pigris, pigris, 
 
 * Except Satur, satura, saturum, the only noun in ur, of the se- 
 cond declension, from the obsolete saturus. 
 
 pigra, 
 -orum, 
 
 pigris, 
 pigra, 
 pigra, 
 pigris. 
 
12 
 
 DECLENSIONS OP 
 
 ADJECTIVES FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 Bonus, malus, magnus, parvus, perfidus, manifestus, 
 idoneus, lapideus, negotiosus, ignominiosus, asper, liber, 
 miser, prosper, cornifer, aeger, creber, niger, sacer, im- 
 piger. 
 
 Exceptions . 
 The following adjectives have the genitive singular in 
 ius, and the dative in i, in all the genders ; 
 
 Neut. 
 
 aliud; 
 
 alterum; 
 
 neutrum; 
 
 nullum; 
 
 solum; 
 
 totum; 
 
 ullum; 
 
 unum; 
 
 utrum; 
 
 utrumvis; 
 So also the other compounds of uter.' 
 All adjectives having two terminations, have the mas- 
 culine and feminine gender in is, and the neuter in c, as 
 gravis, gravis, grave, heavy, f 
 
 All adjectives, ending neither in us or er, nor in is, have 
 one and the same termination in all the genders, as, au- 
 dax, audax, audax, bold. J 
 
 All adjectives having one or two terminations, belong 
 to the third declension. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Alius, 
 
 alia, 
 
 Alter, 
 
 altera, 
 
 Neuter, 
 
 neutra, 
 
 Nullus, 
 
 nulla, 
 
 Solus, 
 
 sola, 
 
 Totus, 
 
 tota, 
 
 Ullus, 
 
 ulla, 
 
 Unus, 
 
 una, 
 
 Uter, 
 
 utra, 
 
 Utervis, 
 
 utravis, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 alius, 
 
 alii, 
 
 alterius, 
 
 alteri, 
 
 neutrius, 
 
 neutri, 
 
 nullius, 
 
 nulli, 
 
 solius, 
 
 soli, 
 
 totius, 
 
 toti, 
 
 ullius, 
 
 ulli, 
 
 unius, 
 
 uni, 
 
 utrius, 
 
 utri, 
 
 utriusvis, 
 
 utrivis. 
 
 unds of ul 
 
 ft* * 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 JVeut. 
 
 Nom. audax, 
 
 audax, 
 
 audax, 
 
 Gen. audacis, 
 
 audacis, 
 
 audacis, 
 
 Dat. audaci, 
 
 audaci, 
 
 audaci, 
 
 Ace. audacem, 
 
 audacem, 
 
 audax, 
 
 Voc. audax, 
 
 audax, 
 
 audax, 
 
 Abl. audace, veli, 
 
 audace, vel i, 
 
 audace, vel i 
 
 * JLlteruter has in the gen. alterius utrius, and alterutrius. 
 f Except the comparatives. 
 
 * Degener, pauper, puber, uber> vetus, and intercus, are probably 
 the only adjectives in er or us of one termination. 
 
ADJECTIVES. 
 
 rs 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. audaces, audaces, 
 
 Gen. audacium, audacium, 
 
 Dat. audacibus, audacibus, 
 
 Ace. audaces, audaces, 
 
 Voc. audaces, audaces, 
 
 Abl. audacibus, audacibus, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. gravis, gravis, 
 
 Gen. gravis, gravis, 
 
 Dat. gravi, gravi, 
 
 Ace. gravem, gravem, 
 
 Voc. gravis, gravis, 
 
 Abl. gravi, gravi, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. graves, graves, 
 
 Gen. gravium, gravium, 
 
 Dat. gravibus, gravibus, 
 
 Ace. graves, graves, 
 
 Voc. graves, graves, 
 
 Abl. gravibus, gravibus, 
 
 Adjectives for Practice. 
 
 Capax; felix; clemens; negligens; 
 
 fallax; simplex; demens; constans; 
 
 verax; duplex; vehemens; elegans. 
 
 Obs. 1. Eleven adjectives in is, have their nominative 
 and vocative singular, masculine, in er also, but are other- 
 wise declined like gravis; they are the following : 
 
 Acer, alacer, camfiester, celeber, celer, equester, fialuster, 
 fiedester, saluber, Sylvester, volucer. 
 
 Obs. 2. There are no adjectives belonging to the 
 fourth or fifth declension. 
 
 RULES. 
 
 1. Adjectives of the third declension have their ablative 
 singular in e and i, as audax, abl. audace, or audaci; but 
 
 2. If the nominative singular neuter, ends in e, the ab- 
 lative ends in i only, as: gravis, gravis, grave, abl. gravis 
 
 audacia, 
 
 audacium, 
 
 audacibus, 
 
 audacia, 
 
 audacia, 
 
 audacibus. 
 
 grave, 
 
 gravis, 
 
 gravi, 
 
 grave, 
 
 grave, 
 
 gravi. 
 
 gravia, 
 
 gravium, 
 
 gravibus, 
 
 gravia, 
 
 gravia, 
 
 gravibus. 
 
 acer, or, acris, aens, acre, 
 
 abl. 
 
 3. Adjectives of the third declension (except the com- 
 paratives,) have their genitive plural in ium, and the 
 
 2 
 
14 
 
 DECLENSIONS 
 
 nominative, accusative, and vocative plural neuter, in ia ; 
 as audacia, audacium; gravid, gravium. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 Cicur, compos, impos, consors, degener, deses, dives, hebes, hospes, 
 inops, juvenis, pauper, puber, reses, senex, sospes, superstes, supplex, 
 teres, uber, and vigil, have in the ablative singular e, and in the geni- 
 tive plural urn, as; vigil, abl. vigile, gen. plur. vigilum. 
 
 2. Compounds of ceps, fex, pes, corpor, and color, have e in the 
 ablative sing, and um in the genitive plural. 
 
 3. JVLernor has memori in the abl. and memorum in the gen. plur. 
 
 4. Locuples has e in the abl. ; turn in the gen. plur. 
 
 5. The above are rarely found in the neuter singular, and almost 
 never in the nom. ace. and voc. plur. neuter. 
 
 6. Par has in the abl. pari, nom. plur. neut. paria. 
 
 7. Vetus has vetera in the nom., veterum in the gen. plural. 
 
 8. Plus wants the masculine and feminine in the sing. ha.splure in 
 the abl. sing.; plures, plura, or pluria in the nom. plurium in the gen. 
 plural. 
 
 9. Adjectives in is, used as substantives, have frequently e in the 
 abl. sing, as affinis, triremis; affine, trireme. 
 
 OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 There are six kinds of Numeral Adjectives. 
 1. Cardinal. These are the roots of the others, and answer to the 
 question quot, how many ? 
 
 I 
 
 unus. 
 
 LX 
 
 sexaginta. 
 
 II 
 
 duo. 
 
 LXX 
 
 septuaginta. 
 
 III 
 
 tres. 
 
 LXXX 
 
 octoginta. 
 
 rv 
 
 quatuor. 
 
 XC 
 
 nonaginta. 
 
 V 
 
 quinque. 
 
 C 
 
 centum. 
 
 VI 
 
 sex. 
 
 CC 
 
 ducenti, se, a. 
 
 VII 
 
 septem. 
 
 CCC 
 
 trecenti, se, a. 
 
 VIII 
 
 octo. 
 
 CCCC 
 
 quadringenti. 
 
 IX 
 
 novem. 
 
 Ioor D 
 
 quingenti. 
 
 X 
 
 decern. 
 
 IoC 
 
 sexcenti. 
 
 XI 
 
 undecim. 
 
 IoCC 
 
 septingenti. 
 
 XII 
 
 duodecim. 
 
 IoCCC 
 
 octingenti. 
 
 XIII 
 
 tredecim. 
 
 IoCCCC nongenti. 
 
 XIV 
 
 quatuordecim. 
 
 do or M mille. 
 
 XV 
 
 quindecim. 
 
 cloclo 
 
 bis mille, or duo millia. 
 
 XVI 
 
 sexdecim. 
 
 loo 
 
 quinquies mille, or quin- 
 
 XVII 
 
 septendecim. 
 
 
 que millia. 
 
 XVIII 
 
 octodecim. 
 
 ccloo 
 
 decies mille, or decern 
 
 XIX 
 
 undeviginti. 
 
 
 millia. 
 
 XX 
 
 viginti. 
 
 Iooo 
 
 quinquagies mille, or 
 
 XXI 
 
 viginti unus. 
 
 
 quinquaginta millia. 
 
 XXX 
 
 triginta. 
 
 CCClOOD 
 
 centies mille, or centum 
 
 XL 
 
 quadraginta. 
 
 
 millia. 
 
 L 
 
 quinquaginta. 
 
 
 
OP ADJECTIVES. 15 
 
 2. Ordinal-, which answer to the question quotus, in what order? 
 
 The first, primus, a, um. 
 
 60th sexagesimus. 
 
 2d 
 
 secundus, a, um. 
 
 70, 
 
 septuagesimus. 
 
 3d 
 
 tertius, a, etc. 
 
 80, 
 
 octogesimus. 
 
 4th quartus. 
 
 90, 
 
 nonagesimus. 
 
 5, 
 
 quintus. 
 
 100, 
 
 centesimus. 
 
 6, 
 
 sextus. 
 
 101st centesimus primus. 
 
 7, 
 
 septimus. 
 
 200th ducentesimus. 
 
 8, 
 
 octavus. 
 
 300, 
 
 trecentesimus. 
 
 9, 
 
 nonus. 
 
 400, 
 
 quadringentesimus. 
 
 10, 
 
 decimus. 
 
 500, 
 
 quingentesimus. 
 
 11, 
 
 undecimus. 
 
 600, 
 
 sexcentesimus. 
 
 J 2 ' 
 
 duodecimus. 
 
 700, 
 
 septingentesimus. 
 
 13, 
 
 decimus tertius. 
 
 800, 
 
 octingentesimus. 
 
 14, 
 
 decimus quartus. 
 
 900, 
 
 nongentesimus. 
 
 18, 
 
 duodevicesimus. 
 
 1000, 
 
 millesimus. 
 
 19, 
 
 undevicesimus. 
 
 1001, 
 
 millesimus primus. 
 
 20, 
 
 ricesimus, or vigesimus. 
 
 2000, 
 
 bis millesimus. 
 
 21, 
 
 vicesimus primus. 
 
 5000, 
 
 quinquies millesimus. 
 
 30, 
 
 trigesimus. 
 
 10000, 
 
 decies millesimus. 
 
 40, 
 
 quadragesimus. 
 
 50000, 
 
 quinquagies millesimus 
 
 50, 
 
 quinquagesimus. 
 
 100000, 
 
 centies millesimus. 
 
 S. Distributive numbers answer to the question, to what number? 
 as, singuli, one by one 5 bini, two by two ; terni, three by three, etc. 
 
 4. Multiplicative numbers answer to the question, how many fold? 
 as, simplex, single; duplex, double; triplex, threefold. 
 
 5. Proportional numbers answer to the question, how many times 
 more? as, duplus, double; triplus, tripled. 
 
 6. Temporal numbers express time, and answer to the question, 
 how old? as, bimus, two years old; trimus, three years old; bimes- 
 tris, two months old. 
 
 DECLENSION OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Numerals are declined like other adjectives according 
 to their terminations. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 1. Unus is declined, as it was said page 12. 
 
 2. Duo, is thus declined : 
 
 Norn, duo, duae, duo, 
 
 Gen. duorum, duarum, duorum, 
 
 Dat. duobus, duabus, duobus, 
 
 Ace. duos,vel duo, duas, duo, 
 
 Voc. duo, duae, duo, 
 
 Abl. duobus, duabus, duobus, 
 
 — So also, ambo, ambse, ambo, both. 
 
 3. Tres, tres, trio, is declined like graves, graves, gra- 
 
16 DECLENSIONS 
 
 4. From quatuor to centum, the cardinal numbers are 
 indeclinable. 
 
 5. From ducenti to mille, they are declined like the 
 plural of doctus. 
 
 6. Mille, a thousand, is an adjective indeclinable; but 
 millia is a substantive, and governs the subjoined sub- 
 stantive in the genitive by Rule II, as, duo millia homi- 
 num, two thousand men. 
 
 Millia is thus declined : 
 
 Nominative, ace, and voc. millia, 
 Gen. millium, dat. and abl. millibus. 
 
 CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES. 
 RULE III. 
 
 An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, 
 number, and case. 
 
 Clarus dux, a noble general. 
 Clara vox, a clear voice. 
 Clarum sidus, a bright star. 
 Inter claros duces, among noble generals. 
 Contra claras voces, against the clear voices. 
 Infra clara sidera, beneath the bright stars. . 
 Obs. 1. The substantive, particularly homo, a person, 
 or negotium, a thing, is often omitted, as boni {homines) 
 the good (men); bonum (negotium), a good thing, or a 
 blessing; omnia (negotia), all things; utile (negotium), 
 a useful thing ; a dextera (manu), from the right (hand). 
 Obs. 2. The English is not always the same part of 
 speech as the Latin corresponding with it, as; Calendds 
 Sextiles, the Calends of August ; in summo monte, on the 
 top of the mountain ; fiorcus bimestris, a pig two months 
 old. 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 Past the first letters. Ultra primus litera. 
 
 For a weighty cause. Gravis de causa. 
 
 During three years. Per tres annus. 
 
 With great pleasure. Magnus cum voluptas. 
 
 By the foot troops. A pedester copiae. 
 
 For time perpetual. In tempus perpetuus. 
 
 Without any doubt. Sineullus dubitatio. 
 
 On account of the heavy Ob gravis onus, 
 burdens. 
 
OP ADJECTIVES. 
 
 17 
 
 the civil judg- Contra civilis judicium. 
 
 Against 
 ments. 
 
 Upon a green bough. 
 
 Among the royal daugh- 
 ters in law. 
 
 At the Greek calends (i. 
 e. never). 
 
 Through the whole camp. 
 
 Against the left wing of 
 the army. 
 
 At the right (hand). 
 
 From the left. 
 
 Amongst the wicked 
 (men). 
 
 By mortals. 
 
 With the greatest power 
 of government. 
 
 After three obstinate bat- 
 tles. 
 
 On account of the uncer- 
 tain will of the king. 
 
 With the rest of the sol- 
 diers. 
 
 Through the midst of the 
 army. 
 
 With the remaining le- 
 gions of the veterans. 
 
 By Marcius Coriolanus, 
 the enemy of the tribunitian 
 power. 
 
 Before the Calends of 
 August. 
 
 At the Nones of January. 
 
 After the Ides of May. 
 
 Without any loss of his 
 reputation. 
 
 Besides other heavenly 
 prodigies. 
 
 About the castles on the 
 hills. 
 
 Till late in the night. 
 
 From one to another. 4 
 
 On the highest part of 
 the way. 
 
 Super viridis frons. 
 Inter regius nurus. 
 
 Ad Calendar Graecus. 
 
 Per totus castra. 
 Contra sinister cornu ex- 
 ercitus. 
 
 Ad dexter (manus.) 
 
 A sinister. 
 
 Inter impius (homo). 
 
 A mortalis. 
 
 Cum summus (potestas) 
 imperium. 
 
 Post tres pertinax prae- 
 lium. 
 
 Ob incertus rex voluntas. 
 
 Cum reliquus miles. 
 Per medius acies. 
 
 Cum reliquus legio vete- 
 ranus. 
 
 A Marcius Coriolanus, 
 hostis tribunitius potestas. 
 
 Ante Calendae sextilis. 
 
 Ad Nonae Januarius. 
 
 Post Idus Maius. 
 
 Sine ullusexistimatio de- 
 trimentum. 
 
 Praeter alius ccelestis pro- 
 digium. 
 
 Circum montanus castel- 
 lum. 
 
 Ad multus nox. 
 
 Ab alius ad alius. 
 
 In summus via. 
 
 2* 
 
18 DECLENSIONS 
 
 For twenty silver pieces. Pro viginti argenteus 
 
 nummus. 
 
 On account of the singu- Ob singularis cura im- 
 
 lar -care of the immortal mortalis Deus. 
 Gods. 
 
 For the perpetual remem- In sempiternus memoria 
 
 brance of the deliverance of liberatio Israelita a tristis 
 
 the Israelites from the sad servitus iEgyptus. 
 slavery of Egypt. 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The comparison of adjectives is the expression of their 
 signification in different degrees, as: bold, bolder, boldest. 
 
 There are three degrees of comparison, the positive, 
 com/iarative, and superlative. 
 
 The positive gives the adjective in its simple form, as: 
 doctus, learned ; tener, tender ; audax, bold. 
 
 The comparative increases or diminishes the significa- 
 tion of the positive, as: doctior, mT)re learned ; minus au- 
 dax, less bold. 
 
 The superlative increases or diminishes the significa- 
 tion of the positive to the highest or lowest degree, as, 
 doctissimus, the most learned ; minimus, the least; minime 
 audax, the least audacious. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE DEGREES. 
 
 The comparative is formed from the first case of the 
 positive, ending in i, by adding to it the syllable or, for 
 the masculine and feminine, and us, for the neuter, as: 
 doctus, docti; doctior, doctior, doctius: fiiger, fiigri; fii- 
 gri-or, or, us: audax, audaci; audaci-or, or, us. 
 
 The superlative is also formed from the first case of 
 the positive in i, by adding ssimus, as, doctus, docti; doc- 
 tissimus, doctissima, doctissimum: audax, audaci; audacis- 
 sim-us, a, um. 
 
 But if the positive ends in er, the superlative is form- 
 ed by adding rimus to the nominative, as : tener, tenerri- 
 mus; fiiger, fiigerrimus. 
 
 Facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, humilis, and gracilis, 
 form the superlative by changing is into limus, as: faci- 
 lis, facillimus. — Fetus makes from the obsolete veter, ve- 
 ter rimus. 
 
OP ADJECTIVES. 19 
 
 IRREGULAR COMPARISONS. 
 
 I. Bonus, melior, optimus; good, better, best. 
 Malus, pejor, pessimus; bad, worse, worst. 
 Magnus, major, maximus; great, greater, greatest. 
 Parvus, minor, minimus; little, less, least. 
 Multus, plus, neut. plurimus; much, more, most. 
 Dives, ditior, ditissimus; rich, richer, richest. 
 Senex, senior, or natu major, natu maximus; old, etc. 
 Juvenis, junior, or natu minor, natu minimus; young, etc. 
 
 II. Inferus, inferior, infimus, or imus; "beneath. 
 Superus, superior, supremus, or summus; above. 
 Posterus, posterior, postremus, or postumus; late. 
 Exteri, exterior, extremus, or extimus; without. 
 
 III. Nequam, nequior, nequissimus; worthless. 
 Citra, citerior, citimus; on this side; hither. 
 Intra, interior, intimus; within, inner, inmost. 
 Ultra, ulterior, ultimus; beyond, farther, farthest. 
 Prope, proprior, proximus; near, nearer, nearest. 
 Pridem, prior, primus; lately, former, first. 
 
 IV. Compounds in dicus, Jicus, loquus, and volus, change us into en- 
 tior, and entissimus, as: 
 Maledicus, maledicentior, maledicentissimus; reviling. 
 Beneficus, beneficentior, beneficentissimus; kind. 
 Magniloquus, magniloquentior, magniloquentissimus; boasting. 
 Benevolus, benevolentior, benevolentissimus; well wishing. 
 V. Those adjectives only admit of comparison whose signification 
 may be increased or diminished; others want one or the other 
 degree, as: 
 
 Positive. Comparat. Superlative. 
 
 Ingens, great; ingentior, 
 
 Adolescens, young; adolescentior, 
 
 Inclytus, famous; inclytissimus. 
 
 Fidus, faithful; fidissimus. 
 
 Novus, new, novissimus. 
 
 Sacer, sacred; sacerrimus. 
 
 Mirus, wonderful; 
 
 ocior, swifter; ocissimus. 
 
 deterior, worse; deterrimus. 
 
 VII. Many adjectives, particularly those which end in us, pure, that 
 is, in us preceded by a vowel, form their comparisons by adding 
 magis, and maxime to the positive, as: idoneus, fit; magis ido- 
 neus, fitter; maxime idoneus, fittest; so also the diminutive com- 
 parisons, as: minus doctus, less learned; minime docius, least 
 learned. (§ 9.) 
 
20 
 
 DECLENSIONS 
 
 ADJECTIVES TO BE COMPARED. 
 
 Altus, densus, aptus, benignus, antiquus, aeger, pulcher, 
 integer, miser, prosper, celeber, dulcis, utilis, sapiens, 
 diligens, praestans, elegans, loquax, verax. 
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 The 
 
 comparatives 
 
 are thus declined : 
 Singular, 
 
 
 Norn 
 
 . doctior, 
 
 doctior, 
 
 doctius, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 doclioris, 
 
 doctioris, 
 
 doctioris, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 doctiori, 
 
 doctiori, 
 
 doctiori, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 doctiorem, 
 
 doctiorem, 
 
 doctius, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 doctior, 
 
 doctior, 
 
 doctius, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 doctiore, or 
 
 doctiori, etc. 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Norn 
 
 . doctiores, 
 
 doctiores, 
 
 doctiora, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 doctiorum, 
 
 doctiorum, 
 
 doctiorum, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 doctioribus, 
 
 doctioribus, 
 
 doctioribus, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 doctiores, 
 
 doctiores, 
 
 doctiora, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 doctiores, 
 
 doctiores, 
 
 doctiora, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 doctioribus, 
 
 doctioribus, 
 
 doctioribus. 
 
 The superlative, ending in us, has three terminations, 
 and is declined like doctus. 
 
 Exercise on the 
 
 Above the higher trees. 
 
 With greater pleasure. 
 
 Through thicker groves. 
 
 According to a better con- 
 science. 
 
 By the braver soldiers. 
 
 On account of better en- 
 gagements. 
 
 From a severer sickness. 
 
 Among the lesser stars. 
 
 With a more obedient ar- 
 my. 
 
 Against the richer lords. 
 
 Through Italy, a more fer- 
 tile country. 
 
 Comfiarative. 
 Supra altus arbor. 
 Magnus cum voluptas. 
 Per densus nemus. 
 Secundum bonus conscien- 
 
 tia. 
 A fortis miles. 
 Propter utilis negolium. 
 
 A morbus gravis. 
 Inter parvus sidus. 
 Cum parens exercitus. 
 
 Contra locuples dominus. 
 Per Italia, ferax regio. 
 
OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 21 
 
 Against the Carthaginians, 
 a more formidable enemy. 
 
 On account of a more last- 
 ing peace with the invin- 
 cible Romans. 
 
 By a conclusion from the 
 less (thing) to the great- 
 er. 
 
 Exercise on th 
 
 Among the kindest friends. 
 
 With the dearest parents. 
 
 Towards the most wretched 
 man. 
 
 Contrary to the wisest ad- 
 vice. 
 
 With the worst advisers. 
 
 Concerning the best man- 
 ners. 
 
 Through the Pylse, very nar- 
 row passes of Cilicia. 
 
 By the most ancient kings 
 of the Macedonians. 
 
 After the most miserable 
 death of Suffetius, the 
 leader of the Albans. 
 
 Against the most august 
 temple of Jupiter Opti- 
 mus. 
 
 About Darius, the mildest 
 king of the Persians. 
 
 Beyond the highest moun- 
 tains of the Helvetia. 
 
 Against the bravest legions 
 within the strongest town. 
 
 Concerning the best works 
 of the most celebrated 
 authors. 
 
 On account of the very sea- 
 sonable arrival of the 
 horse (men), the bravest 
 soldiers of the whole ar- 
 my. 
 
 Adversus Carthaginiensis, 
 
 hostis terribilis. 
 Ob diuturnus pax cum Ro- 
 
 manus invictus. 
 
 Per conclusio a parvus ad 
 magnus. 
 
 e Superlative. 
 Inter benignus amicus. 
 Cum carus parens. 
 Erga homo miser. 
 
 Contra prudens consilium. 
 
 Cum malus consultor. 
 De bonus mos. 
 
 Per Pylae, arctus Cilicia 
 
 faux. 
 Ab antiquus rex Macedo. 
 
 Post miser mors Suffetius, 
 dux Albanus. 
 
 Contra augustus sedes Jupi- 
 ter Optimus. 
 
 Circa Darius, mitis rex Per- 
 
 sa. 
 Ultra altus mons Helvetia. 
 
 Adversus legio fortis intra 
 
 oppidum tutus. 
 De bonus opus auctor cele- 
 
 ber. 
 
 Propter opportunus adven- 
 tus eques, miles audax 
 totus exercitus. 
 
22 DECLENSIONS. 
 
 From the most dangerous E periculosus dimicatio 
 
 contentions with Philo, cum Philo, acer Pom- 
 
 the most active defender peius defensor, 
 of Pompey. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 A pronoun is a declinable part of speech, used instead 
 of a noun. 
 
 There are nineteen simple pronouns, viz. ego, tu, sui y 
 ille, iste, ifise, hie, i«, qui, guis, meus, tuus, suus, noster, 
 vester, cujus, nostrasyvestras, cujas. § 10. 
 
 
 DECLENSION I 
 
 3F PRONOUNS. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 Norn. Ego, 
 
 I, myself, 
 
 Nom. nos, 
 
 we, ourselves, 
 
 Gen. mei, 
 
 of me, myself, 
 
 Gen. nostrum, or nostri, of us, 
 
 
 
 
 ourselves, 
 
 Dat. mihi, 
 
 to me, 
 
 Dat. nobis, 
 
 to us, ourselves, 
 
 Ace. me, 
 
 me, 
 
 Ace. nos, 
 
 us, ourselves, 
 
 Voc. , 
 
 
 Voc. -, 
 
 
 Abl. me, 
 
 with, from, by me. 
 
 Abl. nobis, 
 
 with, from us. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 Nom. tu, 
 
 thou, you, yourself, 
 
 Nom. vos, 
 
 ye, you, yourselves, 
 
 Gen. tui, 
 
 of thee, 
 
 Gen. vestrum, or vestri, of you, 
 
 Dat. tibi, 
 
 to thee, 
 
 Dat. vobis, 
 
 to you, yourselves, 
 
 Ace. te, 
 
 thee, 
 
 Ace. vos, 
 
 you, yourselves, 
 
 Voc. tu, 
 
 O, thou, 
 
 Voc. vos, 
 
 ye, you, 
 
 Abl. te, 
 
 with thee. 
 
 Abl. vobis, 
 
 with, from, by you. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 N. , 
 
 
 N. , 
 
 
 G. sui, of himself, herself, itself. 
 
 G. sui, 
 
 of themselves, 
 
 D. sibi, to himself, herself, etc. 
 
 D. sibi, 
 
 to themselves, 
 
 A. se, himself, herself, itself, 
 
 A. se, 
 
 themselves, 
 
 V. , 
 
 
 V. , 
 
 
 A. se, wi 
 
 th, from, by himself. 
 
 A. se, 
 
 with themselves. 
 
 Sing. 
 N. Ille, ilia, illud, he, she, it, that, 
 G. illius, illius, illius, of him, her, 
 D. illi, illi, illi, to, or for him, 
 A. ilium, illam, illud, him, 
 
 V. ille, ilia, illud, O that 
 
 A. illo, ilia, illo, with him. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. illi, illae, ilia, they, those, 
 
 G. illorum, illarum, illorum, of 
 
 D. illis, illis, illis, to or for 
 
 A. illos, illas, ilia, them, 
 
 V. illi, illje, ilia, O those, 
 
 A. illis, illis, illis, with them. 
 
 So also ist-e, a, ud, and ips-e, a, urn. 
 
OP PRONOUNS. 
 
 23 
 
 Sing. 
 N. Hie, haec, hoc, he, she it, this, 
 G. hujus, hujus, hujus, of him, 
 D. huic, huic, huic, to him, 
 
 A. hunc, hanc, hoc, him, her, 
 V. hie, haec, hoc, O this, 
 
 A. hoc, hac, hoc, with him. 
 
 Sing. 
 N. Is, ea, id, he, she, it, that, 
 G. ejus, ejus, ejus, of him, 
 
 D. ei, ei, ei, to, or for him, 
 
 A. eum, earn, id, him, her, it, 
 
 v.. — > 
 
 A. eo, ea, eo, with him, her. 
 
 Sing. 
 N. Qui, quae, quod, who, which, 
 G. cujus, cujus, cujus, of whom, 
 D. cui, cui, cui, to, or for whom, 
 A. quern, quam, quod, whom. 
 
 A. quo, qua, quo, with whom. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. hi, hae, haec, they, these, 
 G. horum, harum, horum, of, 
 
 D. his, his, his, to them, 
 
 A. hos, has, haec, them, 
 
 V. hi, hae, haec, O these, 
 
 A. his, his, his, with them,, 
 
 Plur. 
 N. ii, eae, ea, they, these, 
 
 G. eorum, earum, eorum, of, 
 D. eis, or iis, to them, 
 
 A. eos, eas, ea, them, 
 
 V - » 
 
 A. eis, or iis, with them. 
 
 Plur. 
 N. qui, quae, quae, who, which, 
 G. quorum, quarum, quorum, of, 
 D. quibus, or queis, to or for, 
 A. quos, quas, quae, whom, 
 
 V. , 
 
 A. quibus, or queis, with whom. 
 
 So also quis, quee, quid, or quod, 
 
 Meus, tuus, and suus, are declined like doctus: meus, 
 however, makes mi in the vocative sing. masc. 
 
 JVoster, and -venter, are declined like fiiger. 
 
 Nostras, vestras, and cujas, are declined like audax. 
 
 Of cujus, to whom belonging, we find the following 
 cases only : nom. sing, cujus, cuja, cujum, ace. sing, cu- 
 jum, cujam, cujum; abl. sing. fern, cuja; nom. plur. fern. 
 cuja. 
 
 COMPOUND PRONOUNS, 
 
 I. Of ego,tu, sui; these often have ipse connected with 
 them, as : 
 
 Ego ipse, I myself; gen. mei ipsius ; dat. mihi ipsi, etc. 
 
 They have also the inclitics met and tc added to them, 
 as: egomet, I myself; lute, or tumet, thou thyself; also 
 egometip.se, meimetifisius, mihimetifisi, etc. 
 
 II. Of iste and hie: 
 
 Nom. isthic, isthaec, isthoc, or isthuc, 
 Ace. isthunc, isthanc, isthoc, or isthuc. 
 Nom. and Ace. plur. neut. isthaec. 
 
24 DECLENSIONS 
 
 III. Of is and dem; Idem, the same. 
 
 Sing, Plur. 
 
 N. Idem, eadem, idem. 
 G. ejusdem, ejusdem, ejus- 
 
 dem. 
 D. eidem, eidem, eidem, 
 A. eundem, eandem, idem, 
 V. 
 
 N. iidem, eaedem, eadem, 
 G. eorundem,earundem,eo- 
 
 rundem, 
 D. eisdem, or iisdem, 
 A. eosdem, easdem, eadem, 
 V. 
 
 A, eodem, eadem, eodem. A. eisdem, or iisdem. 
 
 IV. Of quis with warn, fiiam, quam, que, quis, as: 
 Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, or quidnam; who. 
 Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, or quidpiam; any one. 
 Quisque, quaeque, quodque, or quidque; every one. 
 Quisquis, — quidquid, or quicquid; some one, 
 
 gen. cujuscujus; dat. cuicui; ace. quidquid, or quicquid; 
 abl. quoquo, quaqua, quoquo; plural, nom. and ace. neut. 
 quaequae; dat. and abl. quibusquibus. 
 
 The three first are declined like quis. 
 
 V. Of dam, cunque, libet, vis, as: 
 
 Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, or quiddam; some one, 
 gen. cujusdam; dat. cuidam, ace. quendam, quandam, 
 quoddam, or quiddam; abl. quodam, quadam, quodam; 
 plural nom. quidam, quaedam, quaedam; gen. quorundam, 
 quarundam, etc. 
 
 Quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque; whosoever. 
 
 Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, or quidlibet; any one. 
 
 Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quidvis; every one. 
 
 Quolusquisque, quotaquaeque, quotumquodque, or quo- 
 tumquidque; what one of many. 
 
 Unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquodque, or unum- 
 quidque, every one; gen. uniuscujusque, dat. unicuique, 
 ace. unumquemque, etc. 
 
 VI. Of ali, ec, si, ne, and num, with quis; these com- 
 pounds have their nominative sing. fern, and the nomina- 
 tive plural neuter, in a, as, 
 
 Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or aliquid, some one. 
 Ecquis, ecqua, ecquod, or ecquid, who. 
 Siquis, siqua, siquod, or siquid, if any one. 
 Nequis, nequa, nequod, or nequid, lest any one. 
 Numquis, numqua, numquod or numquid, whether any 
 one. 
 
PRONOUNS. 25 
 
 Obs. Siquis, nequis, and numquis, are often found sepa- 
 rated. 
 
 Some pronouns are called 
 
 I. Personals, pointing out a particular person, as; ego, 
 tu, sui, hie, ille, is, idem, iste, iftse, and qui. 
 
 II. Reciprocals, relating to the subject of the same sen- 
 tence, as; suus, sui. 
 
 III. Possessives, showing whose property something 
 is, as; mens, tuus, suus, noster, vester, cujus, nostras, ves- 
 tras, and cujas. 
 
 IV. Interrogatives, as; quis, quisnam, ecquis, cujus, 
 cujas. 
 
 V. Indefinites, as; quicunque, quidam, quivis, siquis, 
 etc. 
 
 ICPThe student is requested to proceed now to the 
 verbs. 
 
 Observations, » 
 
 I. The compound pronouns, the interrogatives, and 
 possessives, are always used as adjectives according to 
 Rule III. 
 
 II. The personal pronouns ego, tu, and sui, are substan- 
 tives, and assume the gender of the nouns, instead of 
 which they are used. 
 
 III. When hie, ille, is, iste, ifise,* and qui, are not used 
 instead of a noun going before, they are construed as ad- 
 jectives; but when they stand instead of a preceding noun, 
 they are called relative pronouns, and are construed as 
 substantives. 
 
 IV. The preceding noun, instead of which a relative is 
 used, is called the antecedent. 
 
 RULE IV. 
 A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
 der, number, and person. 
 
 RULE V. 
 
 If no nominative comes between the relative and the 
 verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb. 
 
 But if a nominative comes between the relative and the 
 
 * Hie, ille, is, iste, signifying this, or that, these or those, and ipse, 
 signifying self, or very, are adjectives. 
 
26 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 verb, the relative is governed either by a noun, or verb 
 following, or by a preposition going before. 
 Or more correctly thus: 
 
 The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender, num- 
 ber, and person; and it must be in that case, in which the 
 antecedent would be, if it were used instead of the rela- 
 tive, as; ■« 
 Against me, who am the Contra me, quae sum regi- 
 
 queen. na. 
 
 By the very soldiers, whose Ab ipsis militibus, quorum 
 
 leader he had been. dux fuerat. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Juxta deus sum in tuus 
 potestas. 
 
 Soror meus sum cum pa- 
 ter suus. 
 
 Next to God we are in 
 your power. 
 
 My sister will be with 
 her father. 
 
 I shall be with you for a 
 short time. 
 
 Whose cattle is this? It 
 is Melibaeus's (cattle). 
 
 Thou wast the seed of 
 this most doleful war. 
 
 The people will be the 
 heir of this royal wealth. 
 
 Against the forces, in 
 whose power his life had 
 been. 
 
 Out of the ditches, that 
 were between the two roads. 
 
 Along the winding shore, 
 which is opposite the isl- 
 and. 
 
 For these very causes the 
 armies of the Lacedaemoni- 
 ans were more obedient. 
 
 Your brother will be with 
 me, who have been the au- 
 thor of his calamity. 
 
 About all the towns, 
 
 Sum tucum* ad brevis 
 tempus. 
 
 Cujus pecus sum hie? 
 Sum Melibaeus (pecus). 
 
 Tu sum semen hie luctu- 
 osus bellum. 
 
 Populus sum haeres hie 
 regius opes. 
 
 Contra copiae, penes qui 
 vita suus sum. 
 
 Ex fovea, qui sum inter 
 duo via. 
 
 Secundum curvus litus, 
 qui sum contra insula. 
 
 Ob hie ipse causa exerci- 
 tus Lacedaemonius sum pa- 
 rens. 
 
 Frater tuus sum egocum, 
 qui sum auctor ipse calami- 
 tas. 
 
 Circa omnis oppidum, 
 
 * The pronouns ego, tu, and sui, have the preposition cum always 
 annexed; qui has it before or after, as; mecum, nobiscum, quocum, or 
 cum quo. 
 
PRONOUNS. 
 
 27 
 
 which were 
 two rivers. 
 
 What countryman are 
 you? — I am a Numidian. 
 
 There* is no mention of 
 that affair amongst the 
 more ancient writers. 
 
 Concerning the miseries, 
 of which men themselves 
 are the authors. 
 
 We ourselves have been 
 in that party, in which your 
 father was. 
 
 Before me, who am your 
 mother. 
 
 Besides the forces, that 
 were beyond the Rhone in 
 winter-quarters. 
 
 Independent of this con- 
 tention, which is betwixt us. 
 
 I have been the accuser 
 of a Praetor, whose Quaestor 
 I had been. 
 
 For us, who have been 
 the defenders of your life. 
 
 This (end) was the end of 
 the most eminent man, in 
 whom there were many no- 
 ble virtues. 
 
 On account of Cornelia, 
 Caesar's wife, whose father 
 had been Sylla's enemy. 
 
 Before the captive wo- 
 men, amongst whom was 
 Sisygambis, the mother of 
 
 between the qui sum inter duo flumen. 
 
 Cujas sum tu?— Sum Nu- 
 mida. 
 
 Nullus sum mentio is res 
 apud vetustus scriptor. 
 
 De miseria, qui 
 ipse sum auctor. 
 
 homo 
 
 Ego ipse sum in idem 
 pars, in qui pater tuus sum. 
 
 Coram ego, qui sum ma- 
 ter tuus. 
 
 Praeter copiae, qui sum 
 trans Rhodanus in hyberna. 
 
 Extra hie contentio, qui 
 sum inter ego. 
 
 Sum accusator Praetor, 
 qui Quaestor sum. 
 
 Pro ego, qui sum defen- 
 sor vita tuus. 
 
 Hie sum exitus praestans 
 vir, in qui sum multus no- 
 bilis virtus. 
 
 Ob Cornelia, Caesar uxor, 
 qui pater sum Sylla inimi-, 
 cus. 
 
 Coram captivus mulier, 
 inter qui sum Sisygambis 
 mater Darius Persa rex. 
 
 Darius, king of the Persians. 
 Against Cleopatra, queen 
 of Egypt, who was the 
 handsomest woman of her 
 age. 
 
 * There, when not pointing out a place, is an inclitic, and omitte 
 in the Latin; so also the pronoun it, when not referring to a pre- 
 ceding noun. 
 
 Adversus Cleopatra, re- 
 gina iEgyptus, qui sum 
 pulcher mulier suus setas. 
 
28 VERBS. 
 
 Without doubt this man Sine dubium hie vir sum 
 
 will be the most eminent nobilis inter nostras philos- 
 
 amongst our country's phi- ophus. 
 losophers. 
 
 That Mettus is the leader Mettus ille sum ductor 
 
 of this march, the same hie iter, idem Mettus ma- 
 
 Mettus (is) the contriver of chinator hie bellum, Mettus 
 
 this war, Mettus is the sum ruptor Albanus foedus. 
 breaker of the Albanleague. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 A Verb is a declinable part of speech expressing af- 
 firmation, as; sum, I am; amo, I love; doceor, I am 
 taught. 
 
 Verbs are either personal, or impersonal. 
 
 A personal verb is that, which admits of the personal 
 pronouns ego, I ; tu, thou ; ille, etc. 
 
 Personal verbs end either in o, or in or;* those which 
 end in o, and have a passive in or, are called active or 
 transitive verbs, as ; amo, I love ; amor, I am loved ; 
 doceo, I teach ; doceor, I am taught. 
 
 A verb, ending in o, and having no passive in or, is 
 called a neuter, or intransitive verb, as ; noceo, I hurt. 
 
 A verb ending in or, and having no active in o, is call- 
 ed a deponent verb, as ; sequor, I follow. §11. 
 
 A verb is declined or varied by Voices, Moods, Tenses, 
 Numbers, and Persons. 
 
 There are two voices; the Active and the Passive. 
 
 There are four Moods ; the Indicative, the Subjunc- 
 tive, or Potential, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. 
 
 The Indicative simply expresses an affirmation, or 
 asks a question, as ; he loved ; has he loved? 
 
 The Subjunctive or Potential connects with the 
 affirmation a condition, possibility, desire, or some other 
 circumstance, as ; had he loved ; he might have been 
 loved ; he would love. 
 
 The Imperative connects with the affirmation a re- 
 quest or command, as ; love ; let him love. 
 
 The Infinitive affirms infinitively, that is, without de- 
 fining any particular person, as ; to love ; to have been 
 loved. 
 
 • Except sum and its compounds, 
 
VERBS. 29 
 
 Tenses express the time, when an event is said to take 
 place. 
 
 Though time, properly speaking, is divided only into 
 three tenses, the present, past, and future ; yet the Latin 
 language admits of six tenses ; viz. 
 
 The present tense affirms an event, or action, as taking 
 place at the time, in which it is affirmed, as; amo y I love ; 
 sum, I am. 
 
 The imperfect represents the event, or action, as taking 
 place, but not finished at some period of time past, as ; 
 amabam, I was loving. 
 
 The perfect tense represents the event, or action, as 
 past, and completely finished, as; amavi, I loved; I have 
 loved. 
 
 The pluperfect tense represents the event or action as 
 past, and completely finished, before some other action or 
 point of time specified in the sentence, as; amaveram, I 
 had loved. 
 
 The first future tense represents an event or action 
 which is yet to take place, as; amabo, I shall love. . 
 
 The second future, or future past, represents an event 
 or action as completely finished at a point of time yet to 
 come, as; amavero, I shall have loved. 
 
 There are two numbers; the Singular, and the Plural. 
 
 Each number, except in the imperative, is divided in- 
 to three persons. 
 
 The variation of a verb through its several modes, 
 tenses, numbers and persons, is called Conjugation. 
 
 Conjugation of the Auxiliary verb SUM, lam. 
 
 Principal Parts. 
 
 Indie, pres. Inf. pres. Perf ind. Participle. 
 Sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Present. Present. 
 
 Sum, I am, Sim, I may or can be, 
 
 es, thou art, sis, thou mayst or canst be, 
 
 est, he, she, or it, is, sit, he, etc. may or can be, 
 
 3* 
 
30 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 sumus, we are 
 
 estis, ye or you are, 
 
 sunt, they are. 
 
 Imfierfect. 
 
 eram, I was, 
 
 eras, thou wast, 
 
 erat, he was, 
 
 eramus, we were, 
 
 eratis, ye were, 
 
 erant, they were. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fui, I have been, 
 
 fuisti, thou hast been, 
 
 fuit, he has been, 
 
 fuimus, we have been, 
 
 fuistis, ye have been, 
 
 fuerunt, they have been, 
 
 Plufierfect. 
 
 fueram, I had been, 
 
 fueras, thou hadst been, 
 fuerat, he had been, 
 
 fueramus, we had been, 
 fueratis, ye had been, 
 
 fuerant, they had been. 
 
 F irst future. 
 
 ero, I shall or will be, 
 
 eris, thou shalt or wilt be, 
 erit, he shall or will be, 
 erimus, we shall or will be, 
 eritis, ye shall or will be, 
 erunt, they shall or will be, 
 
 simus, we may or can be, 
 sitis, ye or you may or can be, 
 sint, they may or can be. 
 
 Imfierfect 
 
 n 
 
 thou f might, 
 ! could, 
 'should, or 
 
 essem, 
 
 esses, 
 
 esset, 
 
 essemus 
 
 essetis, 
 
 essent, 
 
 he 
 we 
 
 ye | would be. 
 theyj 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fuerim, 
 
 fueris, 
 
 fuerit, 
 
 •1 
 
 thou 
 he (may, or can 
 fuerimus, we [have been, 
 fueritis, ye | 
 fuerint, theyj 
 
 Plufierfect. 
 
 fuissem, I" 
 
 fuisses, thou 
 fuisset, he 
 
 fuissemus, we 
 fuissetis, 
 fuissent, 
 
 Future fiast* 
 
 fuero, I shall have been, 
 fueris, thou shalt have been, 
 fuerit, he shall have been, 
 fuerimus, we shall have been, 
 fueritis, ye shall have been, 
 fuerint, they shall have been, 
 
 might, 
 could, 
 >should, 
 or would, 
 
 theyj have been ' 
 
 * The future past belongs to both the Indicative and Subjunctive. 
 The first future of the subj. is compounded of the participle future, 
 and sim, as; quis dubitat, quinfuturus sim, who doubts that I shall be ? 
 the participle, being a verbal adjective, agrees with its substantive in 
 gender, number, and case. 
 
VERBS. 31 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Es, or esto, be thou, este, or estote, be ye, 
 
 esto, let him be, sunto, let them be, 
 
 Infinitive, 
 
 Pres. and imperf. esse, to be. 
 
 Perf. and pluperf. fuisse, to have been.. , 
 
 Future, futurus, -a, -urn, esse, or fuisse, to be, 
 
 or to have been about to be. 
 Participle fut. futur-us, -a, -um, about to be; or he, 
 she, it, that will or shall be. 
 
 So are also conjugated all the compounds of sum, as; 
 adsum, desum, prmsum, intersum, etc. except prosum, and 
 possum, which see among the irregular verbs. 
 
 Observation. 
 
 1. Every sentence, however simple, has a subject, and 
 
 a PREDICATE. 
 
 2. The subject is the person or thing, concerning 
 which something is affirmed, and it answers to the ques- 
 tion who? or what? with the verb, as; All things proceed 
 from God; here all things is the subject. 
 
 3. The predicate is the affirmation itself, or what is 
 said of the subject, as; All things proceed from God; pro- 
 ceed from God is the predicate. 
 
 4. The subject is often after the predicate, as; " The 
 wages of sin is death;" here death is the subject; is the 
 wages of sin , the predicate. 
 
 5. The subject may consist of a whole sentence, as; 
 "That he would act thus, was not to be expected" The 
 nearest approach to happiness, is to enjoy from heaven, 
 health, wisdom, and peace of mind." That he would act 
 thus, and, to enjoy from heaven, health, wisdom, and 
 peace of mind are the subjects. 
 
 6. The subject is sometimes separated from the predi- 
 cate, or it is itself divided by one or more sentences, as; "The 
 sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, and 
 the rest that we enjoy, admonish us of a superior Power." 
 Here, the sun, the food and the rest, arethe subject to ad- 
 monish us, etc. 
 
32 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 7. Every finite verb, that is, every verb in the indicative, 
 subjunctive, or imperative, requires the subject to be in the 
 nominative, and agrees with it in number and person. 
 
 8. Of all subjects, ego, I, is the only first person singu- 
 lar, and nos, we, the first person plural; tu, thou, or you, 
 is the second person sing., vos, ye or you, is the second 
 person plural; and all other subjects are of the third per- 
 son.* 
 
 RULE VI. 
 
 A verb agrees with its subject, or nominative in num- 
 ber and person. 
 
 I was, 
 
 Ye have been., 
 Let the servant be, 
 The servants would have 
 been, 
 
 (ego) eram, 
 (vos) fuistis, 
 servus esto, 
 servi fuissent. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 I am with friends. 
 Thou art in great danger. 
 
 He was in the army. 
 
 She was among the 
 maids. 
 
 We shall be around a 
 spring of cool water. 
 
 Ye would be under a sha- 
 dy oak. 
 
 They will be near the an- 
 cient temple of Ceres, 
 
 The quickest foot (men) 
 will be with the cavalry. 
 
 The mortal wound was 
 on the head along the ear. 
 
 All things are under the 
 control of a higher power. 
 
 (Ego) sum cum amicus. 
 
 (Tu) sum in magnus pe- 
 riculum. 
 
 (Ille) sum apud exerci- 
 tus. 
 
 (Ille) sum inter ancilla. 
 
 (Ego) sum circum fons 
 frigidus aqua. 
 
 (Tu) sum sub umbrosus 
 quercus. 
 
 (Ille) sum juxta antiquus 
 templum Ceres. 
 
 Velox pedes sum cum 
 equitatus. 
 
 Mortalis vulnus sum in 
 caput secundum auris. 
 
 Omnis(negotium)sum sub 
 imperium superior potestas. 
 
 * The pronouns, I, thou, he, she, it, we, ye, and they, are omitted 
 in the Latin, unless they are used with an emphasis. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 33 
 
 The dispute is before the 
 judge. 
 
 Carthage, a celebrated ci- 
 ty of Africa, is opposite 
 Italy. 
 
 The embassadors were 
 for a very weighty reason, 
 with the general of the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Licinius was at the army 
 with Lucius Lucullus, a 
 most renowned commander. 
 
 The two remaining le- 
 gions had been in the great- 
 er camp. 
 
 The liberty of the repub- 
 lic, would have been in the 
 hands of an ambitious tri- 
 bune of the soldiers. 
 
 Observations. 
 
 The verb Sum, has often a noun after it, agreeing with 
 the subject according to Rule No. I, or III; hence, 
 
 RULE VII. 
 
 The verb Sum, has the same case after it that it has 
 before it, belonging to the same person or thing. 
 
 "^ Usus est optimus magister, 
 
 Practice is the best master. W, .^ „.. OT . 
 
 \ Exercitatio est optima ma- 
 
 J gistra. 
 
 Great were the losses. Magna erant damna. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Lis sum sub judex. 
 
 Carthago, celeber urbs 
 Africa, sum contra Italia. 
 
 Legatus sum de gravis 
 causa, cum dux Romanus. 
 
 Licinius sum apud exer- 
 citus cum Lucius Lucullus, 
 clarus imperator. 
 
 Duo reliquus legio sum 
 in magnus castra. 
 
 Libertas respublica, sum 
 penes ambitiosus tribunus 
 miles. 
 
 You have been a rebel- 
 lious tribune of the people. 
 
 We are veterans of the 
 tenth legion. 
 
 Nothing is harder. 
 
 Pride is the source of all 
 evib. 
 
 Tu sum seditiosus plebs 
 tribunus. 
 
 Ego sum veteranus de 
 decimus legio. 
 
 Nihil sum dfficilis. 
 
 Superbia sum scaturigo 
 omnis malum. 
 
34 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 No enemy had been more 
 terrible. 
 
 The acts of Nero were 
 most cruel. 
 
 Great was the slaughter 
 of the horse (men) within 
 the fortifications. 
 
 The cause of Csecilius is 
 the most expedite. 
 
 Within the walls affairs 
 were more quiet. 
 
 No action of a consul has 
 been more violent. 
 
 After Croesus thou wilt 
 be the richest man. 
 
 The prices are various 
 according to the number of 
 merchants. 
 
 A loss by neglect is the 
 most disgraceful. 
 
 The arrogance of oratory 
 is the most troublesome. 
 
 The books of Xenophon 
 are very useful for many 
 things. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
 the orator, was a very fa- 
 mous philosopher. 
 
 Impudence is the greatest 
 leader to all things base. 
 
 Temperance is the enemy 
 of lusts, lusts are the attend- 
 ants of pleasure. 
 
 Romulus, the grandson of 
 Numitor, was the founder 
 of the city of Rome. 
 
 The glory of the father's 
 virtue is the son's best in- 
 heritance. 
 
 Nullus hostis sum terri- 
 bilis. 
 
 Facinus Nero sum atrox. 
 
 Magnus sum cladeseques 
 intra munimentum. 
 
 Causa Caecilius sum ex- 
 peditus. 
 
 Intra murus negotium 
 sum quietus. 
 
 Nullus actio consul sum 
 vehemens. 
 
 Secundum Croesus tu 
 sum dives. 
 
 Pretium sum varius e nu- 
 merus mercator. 
 
 Jactura per negligentia 
 sum turpis. 
 
 Arrogantia eloquentia 
 sum molestus. 
 
 Liber Xenophon sum uti- 
 lis ad multus res. 
 
 Marcus Tullus Cicero, 
 orator, sum celeber philo- 
 sophus. 
 
 Impudentia sum magnus 
 dux ad quisque turpis. 
 
 Temperentiasuminimica 
 libido, libido sum consecta- 
 trix voluptas. 
 
 Romulus, nepos Numi- 
 tor, sum conditor urbs Ro- 
 ma. 
 
 Gloria virtus pater sum 
 bonus hsereditas filius. 
 
 10° The student will please return now to page 25. 
 
VERBS. 35 
 
 CONJUGATION OF ACTIVE VERBS. 
 
 There are four conjugations of active verbs, which are 
 distinguished from one another by the formation of the 
 present infinitive. 
 
 A verb that belongs to the 
 
 First Conjugation, changes o, of the present indicative 
 into are with a long, as : am-o, am-are ; be-o, be-are. 
 
 Second Conjugation changes eo into ere with e long, as: 
 doc-eo, doc-ere. 
 
 Third Conjugation changes o, or io into ere with e 
 short, as: teg-o, teg-ere; cap-io, cap-ere. 
 
 Fourth Conjugation changes io into ire with i long, as, 
 aud-io, aud-Ire. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine. 
 
 amo, amare, amavi, amatum, to love. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 The Pres. Ind. is a principal part, as: 
 Sing. Amo, I love, or do love, 
 
 amas, thou lovest, or dost love, 
 amat, he loves, or doth love, 
 Plur. amamus, we love or do love, 
 amatis, ye love, or do love, 
 amant, they love, or do love. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 The Imperfect Ind. is formed from jthe Pres. Ind. by 
 changing o into abam in the first conjugation, as: am-o, 
 Sing, amabam, I loved, or was loving, 
 
 amabas, thou lovedst, or wast loving, 
 amabat, he loved, or was loving. 
 Plur. amabamus, we loved, or were loving, 
 amabatis, ye loved, or were loving, 
 amabant, they loved, or were loving. 
 
36 ACTIVE 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 The Perfect Ind. is a principal part, as : 
 Sing, amavi, I loved, or have loved, 
 
 amavisti,* thou loved st, or hast loved, 
 amavit, he loved, or has loved, 
 Plur. amavimus, we loved, or have loved, 
 amavistis, ye loved, or have loved, 
 amav-erunt, or ere, they loved, or have loved. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 The Pluperfect Ind. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by 
 changing i into eram in all the conjugations, as : amav-i, 
 Sing. amaveram,I had loved, 
 
 amaveras, thou hadst loved, 
 amaverat, he had loved, 
 Plur. amaveramus, we had loved,' 
 amaveratis, ye had loved, 
 amaverant, they had loved. 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 The first Future Ind. is formed from the Present Ind. 
 by changing o into abo in the first Conj. as: am-o, 
 Sing, amabo, I shall, or will love, 
 
 amabis, thou shalt, or wilt love, 
 amabit, he shall, or will love, 
 Plur. amabimus, we shall or will love, 
 amabitis, ye shall, or will love, 
 amabunt, they shall, or will love. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 The Pres. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Ind. by 
 changing o into em in the first conj. as : am-o, 
 
 Sing, amem, I may, or can love, also let me love, 
 ames, thou mayst, or canst love, 
 amet, he may, or can love. 
 Plur. amemus, we may, or can love, or let us love, 
 ametis, ye may, or can love, 
 ament, they may, or can love. 
 
 * V, vi, ve, are often dropped, as: amdsti for amavisti, amdrunt 
 for amaverunt. 
 
VERBS. 37 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 The Imp. Subj. is formed from the Pres. Infinitive by 
 adding the letter m in. all the conjugations, as: 
 amare, 
 
 Sing, amarem, I might, could, would, or should love, 
 
 amares, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst 
 love, 
 
 amaret, he might, could, would, or should love. 
 Plur. amaremus, we might, could, would, or should love, 
 
 amaretis, ye might, could, would, or should love; 
 
 amarent, they might, could, would, or should love. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 The Perf. Subj. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by chang- 
 ing i into erim in all the conjugations, as : amavi, 
 
 Sing, amaverim, I may, or can have loved, 
 
 amaveris, thou mayst, or canst have loved, 
 amaverit, he may, or can have loved, 
 
 Plur. amaverimus, we may, or can have loved, 
 amaveritis, ye may, or can have loved, 
 amaverint, they may, or can have loved. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 The Pluperf. Subj. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by 
 c ranging i into issem in all the conjugations, as: amav-i, 
 
 Sing, amavissem, I might, could, would or should have 
 
 loved, 
 amavisses, thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or 
 
 shouldst have loved, 
 amavisset, he might, could, would or should have 
 
 loved. 
 Plur. amavissemus, we might, could, would, or should 
 
 have loved, 
 amavissetis, ye might, could, would, or should 
 
 have loved, 
 amavissent, they might, could, would, or should 
 
 have loved. 
 
38 ACTIVE 
 
 future past, belonging to both the Ind. and Subj. 
 
 The Future past is formed from the Perf. Ind. by 
 changing i into ero, in all the conjugations, as; amav-i, 
 
 Sing, amavero, I shall have loved. 
 
 amaveris, thou shalt have loved. 
 
 amaverit, he shall have loved. 
 Plur. amaverimus, we shall have loved. 
 
 amaveritis, ye shall have loved. 
 
 amaverint, they shall have loved. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 The Imperative is formed from the Pres. Infinitive, by 
 casting off re in all the conjugations, as ; ama-re, 
 
 Sing, ama, or amato, love, love thou, or do thou love. 
 
 amato, let him love. 
 
 Plur. amate, or amatote, love, love ye, or do ye love. 
 
 amanto, let them love. 
 
 INFINITIVE MODE. 
 The Pres. Inf. is a principal part, as ; 
 
 amare, to love. 
 The Perf. Inf. is formed from the Perf. Ind. by chang- 
 ing i into isse in all the conj. as: amav-i, 
 amavisse, to have loved. 
 The Fut. Inf. is formed from the Part. Fut. by adding 
 esse, or fuisse, as, 
 
 amatur-us, a, um esse or fuisse, to be, or to have 
 been about to love. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 The Part. Present is formed from the Pres. Ind. by 
 changing o into ans in the first conj. as: am-o, 
 amans, loving, or he who loves. 
 The Part. Fut. is formed from the supine by changing 
 m into rusy in all the conj. as: amatum, 
 
 amatur-us, a, um, about to love, one who will love. 
 
VERBS. 39 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 The Gerund is formed from the participle pres. by 
 changing s into dum in all the conj. as: aman-s, 
 
 Nom. amandum, loving, or the necessity of loving. 
 
 Gen. amandi, of loving. 
 
 Dat. amando, to or for loving. 
 
 Ace. amandum, loving, or the necessity of loving. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Abl. amando, with, from, in, or by loving. 
 
 SUPINES. 
 
 The first Supine is a principal part, as : 
 
 amatum, to love. 
 The second Supine is formed from the first by reject- 
 ing 7?2, as : amatu-m, 
 
 amatu, to love, or to be loved. 
 
 Verbs to be conjugated,^ 
 
 Laudo, I praise. Concilio, I unite. 
 
 Probo, I prove. Veto, I forbid. 
 
 Sublevo, I lift. Seco, I cut. 
 
 Spolio, I deprive. Juvo, I help. 
 
 Beo, I bless. Domo, I conquer. 
 
 Calceo, I shoe. Do, I give. 
 
 OBSERVATION. 
 
 The formation of all the tenses, that are not directly 
 formed from the Pres. Ind. is the same in all the conjuga- 
 tions; hence the student should not attempt the second 
 conjugation, before he is completely master of the first j 
 and he will save labour and time. 
 
40 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 II. CONJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Pres. Ind. 
 Doceo, 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. ISufiine. 
 docere, docui, doctum, to teach. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Doceo, doces, docet, docemus, docetis, docent. 
 Imp. Docebam,docebas, doce-bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant. 
 Perf. Docui, docuisti, docu-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 
 Plup. Docueram, docue-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant. 
 Fut. Docebo, docebis, doce-bit, -bimus, -bitis,-bunt. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Doceam, doceas, doce-at, -amus, -atis, -ant. 
 Imp. Docerem, doceres, doce-ret, -remus, -reds, -rent. 
 Perf. Docuerim, docueris, docue-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
 Plup. Docu-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent. 
 Fut. Past. Docue-ro, -ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Doce, or doceto, 
 doceto, 
 
 docete, or docetote, 
 docento. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Pres. Docere. Perf. Docuisse. Fut. Docturus esse, 
 
 Particifiles. 
 Pres. Docens, 
 Fut. Docturus. 
 
 Gerunds. 
 N. Docendum, 
 G. docendi, 
 D. docendo, 
 A. docendum, 
 A. docendo. 
 
 or fuisse. 
 
 Supines. 
 
 1. Doctum, 
 
 2. Doctu. 
 
 Verbs to be conjugated. 
 
 Moneo, I warn. Jubeo, I order. Video, I see. 
 
 Przebeo, I afford. Moveo, I move. Augeo, I increase. 
 
 Terreo, I frighten. Spondeo, I promise. Deleo, I blot out. 
 
 Habeo, I have, Mordeo, I bite. Lugeo, I bewail. 
 
VERES. 
 
 41 
 
 III. CONJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 
 Tego, tegere, texi, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Sufiine. 
 tectum, to cover. 
 
 Pres. Tego, tegis, tegit, tegimus, tegitis, tegunt. 
 Imp. Tegebam, tegebas, tege-bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant. 
 Perf. Texi, texisti, tex-it, -imus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 
 Plup. Texeram, texeras, texerat, texe-ramus,-ratis,-rant. 
 Fut. Tegam, teges, teget, tegemus, tegetis, tegent. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Tegam, tegas, tegal, tegamus, tegatis, tegant. 
 Imp. Tegerem, tegeres, tege-ret, -remus, -retis, -rent. 
 Perf. Texerim, texeris, texe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
 Plup. Texissem, texisses, texis-set, -semus, -setis, -sent. 
 Fut. past. Texero, texeris, texe-rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Tege,* or tegito, tegite, or tegitote, 
 
 tegito, tegunto. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Tegere. Perf. Texisse. Fut. Tecturus esse orfuisse. 
 
 Participles. Gerunds. Sufiines. 
 
 Pres. Tegens, Nom. Tegendum, 1. Tectum, 
 
 Fut. Tecturus. Gen. tegendi, -2. Tectu. 
 
 Dat. tegendo, 
 
 Ace. tegendum, 
 
 Abl. tegendo. 
 
 Verbs to be conjugated. 
 
 Scindo, I cut. Uro, I burn. Extinguo, I quench. 
 
 Csedo, 1 beat. Jungo, I join. Capio, I take. 
 
 Tango, I touch. Quaero, I seek. Jacio, I throw. 
 
 Cingo, I gird. Arcesso, I send for. Inspicio, I inspect. 
 
 * Dico, duco, and facio, make die, or dicito; due, or ducito; fac, or 
 facito. 
 
 4* 
 
42 ACTIVE 
 
 IV. CONJUGATION. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine. 
 
 Audio, audlre, audivi, auditum, to hear. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Audio, audis, audit, audimus, audltis, audiunt. 
 Imp. Audie-bam, -bas, -bat, -bamus, -batis, -bant. 
 Perf. Audi-vi, -visti, -vit, -vimus, -vistis, -verunt or -vere. 
 Plup. Audiveram, audive-ras, -rat, -ramus, -ratis, -rant. 
 Fut. Audiam, audies, audi-et, -emus, -etis, -ent. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Audiam, audias, audi-at, -amus, -atis, -ant. 
 Imp. Audirem, audires, audi-ret, -remus, -retis, -rent. 
 Perf. Audiverim, audive-ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
 Plup. Audivis-sem, -ses, -set, -semus, -setis, -sent. 
 Fut. Past. Audive-ro, -ris, -rit, -rimus, -ritis, -rint. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Audi, or audito, audite, or auditote, 
 
 audito, audiunto. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Audire, Perf. Audivisse, Fut. Auditurus esse, or 
 
 fuisse. 
 
 Participles. Gerunds. Sufiines. 
 
 Pres. Audiens. N. Audiendum, 1. Auditum. 
 
 Fut. Auditurus, G. audiendi, 2. Auditu. 
 
 D. audiendo, 
 
 A. audiendum, 
 
 A. audiendo. 
 
VERBS. 43 
 
 VERBS TO BE CONJUGATED. 
 Finio, I finish. Vincio, I bind. Punio, I punish. 
 Custodio, I guard. Sepelio, I bury. Sancio, I ratify. 
 Nutrio, I nourish. Sepio, I surround. Fulcio, I prop. 
 Impedio, I hinder. Haurio, I draw. Invenio, I find. 
 
 Formation of all the Tenses in the four Conjugations. 
 
 The present ind., the pres. inf., the perf. ind., and the first su- 
 pine, which must be obtained from the Dictionary, or practice, are 
 called the Principal Parts, because all the other parts of the verb 
 are formed from them. 
 
 From the Present Indicative is formed 
 
 1. The Imperfect Ind. by changing- o into abam, in the first conj. 
 as: am-o, am-abam; in the second we change eo'mtoebam, as: doc-eo, 
 doc-ebam; in the third and fourth o into ebam, as: teg-o, teg-ebam; 
 audi-o, audi-ebam. 
 
 2. The First Future Ind. by changing o into abo in the first conj. 
 as: am-o, am-abo; in the second conj. we change eo into ebo, as: doc- 
 eo, doc-ebo; in the third and fourth o into am, as: teg-o, teg-am, 
 audi-o, audi-am. 
 
 3. The Present Subj. by changing o into em in the first conj. as: 
 am-o, am-em; in the second, third and fourth we change o into am, 
 as: doce-o, doce-am; teg-o, teg-am; audi-o, audi-am. 
 
 4. The Participle Pres. by changing o into ans in the first conj. as: 
 am-o, am-ans; in the second conj. we change eo into ens, as: doc-eo, 
 doc-ens; in the third and fourth o into ens, as: teg-o, tegens; audi-o, 
 audi-ens. 
 
 5. The Gerund by changing s of the participle pres. into dum, 
 as: aman-s, aman-dum; audi-ens, audien-dum. 
 
 From the Present Infinitive is formed 
 
 1. The Imperfect Snbj. by adding the letter m, in all the conjuga- 
 tions, as: amare, amarem; docere, docerem; esse, essem. 
 
 2. The Imperative by rejecting the syllable re, as: ama-re, ama; 
 doce-re, doce; tege-re, tege; audi-re, audi; the third pers. sing, and 
 plur. are formed by adding o to the same persons of the pres. ind. 
 as: amat, amato; audiunt, audiunto; est, esto; sunt, sunto. 
 
 From the Perfect Indicative are formed 
 
 1. The Pluperfect Ind. by changing i into eram, as; amav-i, amav- 
 eram; docu-i, docu-eram, etc. 
 
 2. The Perfect Subj. by changing/ into erim, as: as amav-i, amav- 
 erim; docu-i, docu-erim; tex-i, etc. 
 
 3. The Pluperfect Subj. by changing i into issem, as: amav-i, 
 amav-issem; docu i, docu-issero; tex-i, etc. 
 
 4. The Future Pust by changing i into ero, as: amav-i, amav-ero; 
 docu-i, docu-ero; tex-i, ect. 
 
 5. The Perfect Inf. by changing i into isse, as: amav-i, amav- 
 isse; docu-i, docu-isse; tex-i, etc. 
 
44 ACTIVE 
 
 From the First Supine is formed 
 
 1. The Second Supine by casting" off the letter m, as: amatu-m, 
 amatu; doctu-m, doctu. 
 
 2. The Participle Fut. by changing m into rus, as: amatu-m, 
 amatu-rus, -ra, -rum; doctu-m, etc. 
 
 3. The Future Inf. by adding esse or fuisse to the participle fut. 
 as: amaturus, amatura, amaturum, etc. esse or fuisse; or by the ac- 
 cusative, amatu-rum, ram, rum, ros, ras, ra esse or fuisse. 
 
 Observations,, 
 
 1. A Verb Active, as was said page 28, is a verb ending 
 in o, having a passive in or; but as to its import, we 
 may here add, that it has also an active signification. 
 
 2. A verb is said to have an active signification, or to 
 signify actively, when it affirms an action, or effect, pass- 
 ing from the subject upon an object. 
 
 3. The object of a verb, signifying actively, answers to 
 the question whom or what with the subject and the verb, 
 and is always put in the accusative. Hence 
 
 RULE VIII. 
 A verb signifying actively governs the accusative.* 
 
 Ama Deum. Love God. 
 
 Deus est spiritus, quern God is a spirit whom 
 
 nemo vidit. no man has seen. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 We love virtue; they Amo virtus; qusero laus; 
 sought praise; despise plea- contemno voluptas; colo 
 sure ; let us practise chari- caritas. 
 
 ty. 
 
 * It would perhaps be more proper to say that a verb, which go- 
 verns the objective or accusative case, signifies actively: for "they 
 live, they eat, they drink, they die," are verbs of the same kind and 
 neuter verbs; yet when joined with an accusative, they assume the 
 nature of active verbs, as: they live a happy life, they eat bread, they 
 drink water, they die a miserable death. Moreover, Cicero was no 
 doubt as active in his studies as any English scholar, yet as studeo 
 does not govern the accusative, we say it does not signify actively 
 and call it a neuter verb, whilst I study, governing the objective case, 
 is called an active verb. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 45 
 
 We fear God ; let others 
 honour the king. Discord 
 produces strife; riches had 
 caused envy. 
 
 The generals drew out 
 their forces into the plain of 
 Marathon. 
 
 Jugurtha had betaken 
 himself into the woody 
 places. 
 
 Alexander takes Darius's 
 wife, he puts him to flight, 
 he routes his whole army. 
 
 Would you kill the man 
 from whom you have re- 
 ceived the greatest favours? 
 
 They who shall carry on 
 this affair, will be the as- 
 sertors of our liberty. 
 
 The consuls had sold the 
 great booty on account of 
 the want of the treasury. 
 
 The earth is a dark body, 
 which receives its light from 
 the sun. 
 
 That friendship is the 
 most pleasing, which a si- 
 milarity of dispositions has 
 connected. 
 
 Of this number is that di- 
 vine man Scipio Africanus, 
 whom ourfathers have seen. 
 
 We saw many things in 
 Pompey's camp, which be- 
 trayed too great confidence 
 of victory. 
 
 Juba, king of Mauritania, 
 
 ^sends to the borders of his 
 
 kingdom four cohorts of 
 
 those troops which he had 
 
 brought out against Caesar. 
 
 These studies nourish 
 
 Timeo Deus ; alius hono- 
 ro rex. Discordia contraho 
 lis ; divitiae pario invidia. 
 
 Praefectus deduco copiae 
 suus in campus Marathon. 
 
 Jugurtha recipio sui in 
 locus saltuosus. 
 
 Alexander capio Darius 
 uxor, fugo ipse, fundo totus 
 is exercitus. 
 
 Occido homo, a qui acci- 
 pio magnus beneficium ? 
 
 Ille, qui gero hie res, sum 
 vindex libertas noster. 
 
 Consul vendo ingens prae- 
 da propter inopia aerarium. 
 
 Terra sum corpus opacus, 
 qui lumen suus asolaccipio. 
 
 Is amicitia sum jucun- 
 dus, qui similitudo mos con- 
 jugo. 
 
 Ex hie numerus sum ille 
 divinus homo Scipio Afri- 
 canus, qui pater noster vi- 
 deo. 
 
 Video multus in castra 
 Pompeius, qui designo ni- 
 mius victoria fiducia. 
 
 Juba, rex Mauritania, 
 mitto ad finis regnum suus 
 quatuor cohors de is copiae, 
 qui contra Caesar adduco. 
 
 Hie studium alo adoles- 
 
46 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 youth, they delight old age, 
 they adorn prosperity, they 
 offer a refuge in adversity. 
 
 May the name of a poet, 
 which no barbarous nation 
 violates, be sacred with you, 
 the most humane judges. 
 
 Petreius places in the 
 front the veteran cohorts, 
 which he had enrolled on 
 account of the tumult; be- 
 hind these he displays the 
 other forces. 
 
 The pleasures of the body 
 impede our judgment, they 
 confound our reason, they 
 dim the eyes, they have no 
 connection with virtue. 
 
 The wrath of the king 
 gave a sad example of re- 
 bellion ; along a great extent 
 of the coast he hung two 
 thousand of the conspira- 
 tors. 
 
 Masinissa, king of the 
 Numidians, had performed 
 the most brilliant deeds of 
 the military art, for which 
 he received all that country, 
 which he had taken from 
 the enemy. 
 
 Caius Fabricius carried 
 on with Rufinus, a noble- 
 
 centia, oblecto senectus, or- 
 no secundas res, praebeo 
 perfugium in adverse. 
 
 Sum nomen poeta, qui 
 nullus barbaries violo, sanc- 
 tus apud tu humanus ju- 
 dex. 
 
 Petreius loco in frons ve- 
 teranus cohors, qui conscri- 
 bo ob tumultus ; post is dis- 
 tribuo caeter copiae. 
 
 Voluptas corpus impedio 
 consilium, perverto ratio, 
 praestringo oculus, habeo 
 nullus cum virtus commer- 
 cium. 
 
 Ira rex praebeo tristis se- 
 ditio exemplum ; per ingens 
 litus spatium suspendo duo 
 mille conjuratus. 
 
 Masinissa, rex Numida, 
 facio clarus facinus milita- 
 ris scientia, ob qui accipio 
 omnis ille regio, qui capio 
 ab hostis. 
 
 Caius Fabricius cum Ru- 
 finus, vir nobilis, gero si- 
 multas ob mos dissimilitu- 
 do; hie sum avarus, ille 
 contemptor pecunia. 
 
 man, a private dissention in 
 consequenceof the disparity 
 of their dispositions; the 
 latter was avaricious, the 
 former adespiser of money. 
 
 Obs. Some active verbs, particularly verbs of naming, 
 or electing, often have by Rules I. and III. two accusa- 
 tives, as : 
 
 He proves himself brave. Praestat se fortem. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 47 
 
 The Albans elect Mettus 
 dictator. 
 
 Albani creant 
 dictatorem. 
 
 Mettum 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 The crier proclaimed Ci- 
 cero consul. 
 
 The senate has declared 
 Fabius dictator. 
 
 The dictator named Ser- 
 vilius master of the horse. 
 
 Our Ennius calls poets 
 sacred. 
 
 The wolf conducted her- 
 self as a mother towards the 
 infants. 
 
 Nature itself makes men 
 imitators. 
 
 The Julian family calls 
 lulus, jEneas's son, the au- 
 thor of their name. 
 
 The vestal virgin calls 
 Mars the father of the un- 
 certain offspring. 
 
 The king discharged all 
 the prisoners except the ge- 
 neral's two sons, whom he 
 retained as hostages. 
 
 Afterthis victory theking 
 occupied with the whole ar- 
 my the country which they 
 call Naura. 
 
 Thou art a fortunate 
 youth, who hast found Ho- 
 mer the proclaimer of thy 
 valour. 
 
 Julius Caesar called the 
 month Quintilis, from his 
 own name, July. 
 
 Q. Catulus, the chief of 
 
 Praeco renuntio Cicero* 
 consul. 
 
 Senatus Fabius dictator 
 dico. 
 
 Dictator declaro Servi- 
 lius magister eques. 
 
 Noster Ennius vocopoeta 
 sanctus. 
 
 Lupa gero sui* mater 
 erga infans. 
 
 Natura ipse fingo homo 
 imitator. 
 
 Julius gens nuncupo lulus, 
 tineas filius, auctor suus 
 nomen. 
 
 Vestalis virgo Mars in- 
 certus stirps pater nuncupo. 
 
 Rex dimitto omnis capti- 
 vus praeter duo filius dux, 
 qui retineo obses. 
 
 Post hie victoria rex oc- 
 cupo cum totus exercitus 
 regio, qui voco Naura. 
 
 Fortunatus sum adoles- 
 cens, qui invenio Homerus 
 praeco virtus tuus. 
 
 Julius Caesar Quintilis 
 mensis, ex suus nomen, Ju- 
 lius appello. 
 
 Q. Catulus, princeps hie 
 
 * Esse, or tanquam, which are often expressed, are here, and in 
 similar phrases, understood. 
 
48 PASSIVE 
 
 this order, called me the fa- ordo, ego pater patria no- 
 
 ther of his country. mino. 
 
 In the first Punic war In primus bellumPunicus 
 
 the Romans contrived iron Romanus instituo ferreus 
 
 hands, which they called manus, qui voco corvus. 
 grappling irons. 
 
 A shady elm, which vain Opacus ulmus, qui vanus 
 
 dreams hold as their seat, somnium teneosedes, pando 
 
 expands its aged branches annosus bracchium ante 
 
 before the very entrance. ipse vestibulum. 
 
 The Sicilians, who had Siculus, qui vocito vivus 
 called Dion, when alive, a Dion tyrannus, idem post 
 tyrant, vaunted the same mors praedico liberator pa- 
 man after his death as the tria. 
 deliverer of their country. 
 
 SECOND PART OF TRANSITIVE VERBS, 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 
 
 The perfect ind. and all the tenses, which in the active voice are 
 formed from the perfect, are in the passive voice compound tenses, 
 and are formed from the participle perfect and the auxiliary verb 
 sum; but the participle, being a verbal adjective, agrees with the 
 subject in gender, number, and case, by rule III. The other tenses 
 of the indicative and subjunctive are formed from their correspond- 
 ing tenses of the active by adding the letter r, if the active ends in 
 o, and by changing m into r, if the active ends in m, as: amo, amor; 
 amabam, amabar; docebo, docebor; tegam, tegar; audirem, audirer. 
 
 The imperative passive is always the same, as the pres. inf. active, 
 as: amare, to love; amare, or amator, be thou loved. 
 
 The present inf. passive is formed from the present inf. active by 
 changing e into i in the first, second, and fourth conjugations, as: 
 amare, amari; docere, doceri; audire, audiri; but in the third conj. 
 we change ere into i, as: tegere, tegi. 
 
 The future inf. is formed from the supine by adding iri, as: ama- 
 tum iri. 
 
 The participle perfect is formed from the Supine by changing m 
 into 5, as: amatum, amatus. 
 
 The participle future pass, is formed from the participle pres. act. 
 by changing s into dus, as: amans, amandus. 
 
VERBS. 49 
 
 I. CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 
 
 Amor, amari, amatus sum or fui. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Sing. Amor, I am loved. 
 
 1 thou art loved. 
 
 •is, ) 
 or amare, 5 
 amatur, he is loved. 
 Plur. amamur, we are loved. 
 
 amamini, ye, or you are loved, 
 amantur, they are loved. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Sing. Amabar, I was loved. 
 
 amabaris, ? thou wast loved . 
 or amabare, 3 
 amabatur, he was loved. 
 Plufi. amabamur, we were loved. 
 
 , amabamini, ye, or you were loved, 
 amabantur, they were loved. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 fsum, or fui, I have been loved. 
 Amatus, a, um^ es, or fuisti, thou hast been loved. 
 Lest, or fuit, he has been loved, 
 fsumus, or fuimus, we have been loved. 
 » _ . J estis, or fuistis, ye have been loved. 
 
 1 ' ' T um 'or u SS th£ y have been Ioved - 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 a - t feram, or fueram, I had been loved. 
 ma ' < eras, or fueras, thou hadst been loved. 
 a ' u ' Lerat, or fuerat, he had been loved. 
 . . feramus, or fueramus, we had been loved. 
 ma ' < eratis, or fueratis, ye had been loved. 
 ^ a ' Lerant, or fuerant, they had been loved. 
 
 5 
 
50 PASSIVE 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 Amabor, I shall, or will be loved. 
 
 o?a£&Ure, } ,hou shalt ' or wilt be loved ' 
 amabitur, he shall or will be loved, 
 amabimur, we shall, or will be loved, 
 amabimini, ye shall, or will be loved. 
 ' amabuntur, they shall, or will be loved. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 FRESENT. 
 
 Amer, I may, or can be loved, let me be loved, 
 ameris, or amere, thou mayst, or canst be loved, 
 ametur, he may, or can be loved, 
 amemur, we may, or can be loved, 
 amemini, ye may, or can be loved, 
 ameutur, they may, or can be loved. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Amarer, I might, could, would, or should be loved. " 
 amareris, ^ thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst 
 or amarere, 5 be loved. 
 
 amarecur, he might, could, would, or should be loved, 
 amaremur, we might, could, would, or should be loved, 
 amaremini, ye might, could, would, or should be loved, 
 amarentur, they might, could, would, or should be loved. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 'sim, or fuerim, I may, or can have been loved. 
 Amatus, . sis, or fueris, thou mayst, or canst have been 
 
 a, um, 
 
 Amati, 
 c£) a, 
 
 loved, 
 sit, or fuerit, he may, or can have been loved, 
 simus, or fuerimus, we may, or can have been 
 
 loved, 
 sitis, or fueritis, ye may, or can have been loved, 
 sint, or fuerint, they may, or can have been loved. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 51 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 A fessem, or fuissem, I 
 
 Amatus, , esses> orfuisses> lhou 
 
 a, um, j^esset, or fuisset, he 
 » . fessemus, or fuissemus, we 
 <i essetis, or fuissetis, ye 
 Lessent, or fuissent, they 
 
 might, could, 
 
 would, or 
 
 ' should have 
 
 been loved. 
 
 FUTURE PAST. 
 
 Amatus, 
 a, um 
 
 fero, or fuero, I shall have been loved. 
 ^ eris, or fueris, thou shalt have been loved. 
 
 > Lerit, or fuerit, he shall have been loved. 
 . . TerimuSj or fuerimus, we shall have been loved, 
 ma x ' ^ eritis, or fueritis, ye shall have been loved. 
 ' a > Lerunt, or fuerint, they shall have been loved. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Amare, or amator, be loved, be thou loved, 
 amator, let him be loved, 
 amamini, be loved, be ye loved, 
 amantur, let them be loved. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Amari, to be loved. 
 
 Perf. Amatus, a, um, etc. esse or fuisse, to have been loved. 
 
 Fut. Amatum iri, to be about to be loved. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Perf. Amatus, a, um, loved, he who has been loved. 
 Fut. Amandus, a, um, about to be loved, deserving to be 
 loved. 
 
52 PASSIVE 
 
 II. CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Free. Ind. I Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. 
 
 Doceor, doceri, doctus sum or fui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Doceor, doce-ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 
 Imp. Doceba-r, -ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur. 
 Perf. Doctus sum, or fui; doctus es, or fuisti, etc. 
 Plup. Doctus eram, or fueram ; doctus eras, or fueras, etc. 
 Fut. Doceb-or, -eris, or -ere, -itur, -imur, -imini, -untur. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Doce-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
 Imp. Docer-er, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
 Perf. Doctus sim, or fuerim ; doctus sis, or fueris, etc. 
 Plup. Doctus essem, or fuissem ; doctus esses, etc. 
 Fut. Doctus ero, or fuero ; doctus eris, or fueris, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Docere, or docetor, docemini, 
 
 docetor, docentur. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Doceri. Perf. Doctus esse, or fuisse. Fut. Doctum iri. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 Perf. Doctus, a, um. Fut. Docendus, a, um. 
 
 III. CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf Ind. 
 
 Tegor, tegi, tectus sum, or fui. 
 
VERBS. 53 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Teg-or, -eris, or -ere, -ltur, -ltnur, -imini, -untur. 
 Imp. Tegeb-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -araur, -amini, -antur. 
 Perf. Tectus sum, or fui ; tectus es, or fuisti, etc. 
 Plup. Tectus eram, or fueram ; tectus eras, or fueras, etc. 
 Fut. Teg-ar, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Teg-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
 Imp. Teger-er, -eris, or -ere, etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
 Perf. Tectus sim, or fuerim ; tectus sis, or fueris, etc. 
 Plup. Tectus essem, or fuissem ; tectus esses, etc. 
 Fut. Tectus ero, or fuero ; tectus eris, or fueris, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Tegere, cr tegitor, tegimini, 
 
 tegitoi*, teguntur. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Pres. Tegi. Perf. Tectus esse, or fuisse. Fut. Tectum iri. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 Perf. Tectus, a, um. Fut. Tegendus, a, urn, 
 
 IV. CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 
 
 Audior, audiri, auditus sum, or fui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Audior, audl-ris, or -re, -tur, -mur, -mini, -untur. 
 Imp. Audieb-ar, -aris, or -are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
 Perf. Auditus sum, or fui; auditus es, or fuisti, etc. , 
 Plup. Auditus eram, or fueram ; auditus eras, or fueras, 
 
 etc. 
 Fut. Audi-ar, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
 
54 PASSIVE 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Audi-ar,-aris, qr-are, -atur, -amur, -amini, -antur. 
 Imp. Audlr-er, -eris, or -ere, -etur, -emur, -emini, -entur. 
 Perf. Auditus sim, or fuerim ; auditus sis, or fueris, etc. 
 Plup. Auditus essem, or fuissem ; auditus esses, or 
 
 fuiesses, etc. 
 Fut. Auditus ero, or fuero ; auditus eris, or fueris, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Audire, or auditor, , audimini, 
 
 auditor, audiuntur. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Audire. 
 
 Perf. Auditus esse, or fuisse. 
 
 Fut. Auditum iri. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Perf. Auditus, a, urn. 
 Fut. Audiendus, a, um. 
 
 Observations. 
 
 Every sentence with an active verb may be so changed, 
 that its veiVbecomes passive. 
 
 When a sentence is" changed from the active into a 
 passive signification, the object, or accusative of the 
 active verb becomes the subject, or nominative of the 
 passive, and the nominative of the active is put in the 
 ablative with the preposition a, ab, or abs, when it is the 
 agent; but when it is the cause, manner, or instrument 
 rather than the agent, the preposition is suppressed, as : 
 
 God governs the world. Deus gubernat mundum. 
 
 The world is governed A Deo gubernatur mun- 
 
 by God. dus. 
 
 The providence of God Providentia Dei gubernat 
 
 governs the world. mundum. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 55 
 
 The world is governed 
 by the providence of God. 
 
 Mundus gubernatur pro- 
 videntia Dei. 
 
 RULE IX. 
 
 Passive verbs take after them an ablative of the agent, 
 or doer, with the preposition a, ab, or abs; but before 
 the cause, manner, or instrument the preposition is sup- 
 pressed. § 12. 
 
 The city was taken by 
 Annibal. 
 
 The city was taken by the 
 device of Annibal. 
 
 Urbs ab Annibale capta 
 est. 
 
 Urbs Annibalis consilio 
 capta est. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 I am accused by enemies. 
 
 Thou wilt be forced by 
 necessity. 
 
 He would have been 
 checked by his companions. 
 
 We were hindered by va- 
 rious difficulties. 
 
 Ye will be instructed by 
 the most skilful teachers. 
 
 They will be defended by 
 the nature of the place. 
 
 We all are drawn by the 
 desire of praise. 
 
 The globe of the earth 
 had been divided by the tri- 
 umviri into three shares. 
 
 Many serious diseases are 
 cured by abstinence. 
 
 Men are caught by plea- 
 sures, fishes by the hook. 
 
 Virtue is praised by all ; 
 pleasures are shunned by 
 few. 
 
 Accuso ab iniraicus. 
 Compello necessitas. 
 
 Inhibeo a socius. 
 
 Impedio varius difficul- 
 tas. 
 
 Erudio a peritus doctor. 
 
 Defendo natura locus. . 
 
 Omnis traho studium 
 laus. 
 
 Orbis terra" divido a tri- 
 umvir in tres pars. 
 
 Multus gravis morbus 
 euro abstinentia. 
 
 Homo capio voluptas, 
 piscis hamus. 
 
 Virtus laudo ab omnis ; 
 voluptas vito a pauci. 
 
56 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Men are roused to glori- 
 ous actions by the love of 
 praise. 
 
 Youth will be corrupted 
 by leisure. 
 
 Friends are retained by 
 complaisance. 
 
 The republic had been 
 harrassed during several 
 years by the tribunes of the 
 soldiers. 
 
 The greatest affairs are 
 transacted by the will of an 
 inexperienced multitude. 
 
 He, who loves God, is 
 loved by him. They, who 
 neglect their friends, will 
 be neglected by them. 
 
 Riches have been sought 
 by few for the necessary 
 wants of life. 
 
 The young manis accused 
 by the son of him, whom 
 he himself has summoned 
 to a trial. 
 
 Let us avoid wanton jest ; 
 men were formed by nature 
 for some greater pursuits. 
 
 Paris, Priam's son, by 
 whom Hellen, the wife of 
 Menelaus, had been carried 
 off, was killed by Pyrrhus. 
 
 The fame of the Roman 
 people is celebrated by 
 those, by whose talents 
 these victories are reported. 
 
 Carthage, a most noble 
 city of Africa, which Dido, 
 the Phoenician, had built, 
 was destroyed by the fam- 
 ous captain-general Scipio 
 Africanus. 
 
 Homo suscito ad prsecla- 
 rus facinus amor laus. 
 
 Inventus corrumpo oti- 
 um. 
 
 Amicus retineo obsequi- 
 um. 
 
 Respublica vexo per plus 
 annus a tribunus miles. 
 
 Res magnus ago arbitri- 
 um imperitus multitudo. 
 
 Qui amo Deus, amo ab 
 ipse. Qui negligo amicus, 
 •negligo ab ipse. 
 
 Divitise expeto a pauci 
 ad necessarius usus vita. 
 
 Adolescens accuse ab is 
 filius, qui ipse in judicium 
 voco. 
 
 Petulans vito jocus; ho- 
 mo genero a natura ad qui- 
 dam magnus studium. 
 
 Paris, Priamusfilius, a qui 
 Hellena, Menelaus uxor, ra- 
 pio, occido a Pyrrhus. 
 
 Fama populus romanus 
 celebro ab is, qui ingenium 
 hie victoria trado. 
 
 Carthago, nobilisurbs Af- 
 rica, qui Dido Phoenissa 
 condo, deleo a celeber dux 
 Scipio Africanus. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 57 
 
 Sine dubium domus ju- 
 risconsultus sum oraculum 
 totus civitas. Testis hicce 
 sum Q. Mucius janua, qui 
 in is infirmusvaletudo mag- 
 nus civis frequentia celebro. 
 
 Without doubt the house 
 of a lawyer is the oracle of 
 the whole city. Witness of 
 this is Q. Mucius's door, 
 which, in the weakest state 
 of his health, is frequented 
 by the greatest concourse 
 of citizens. 
 
 Observation. 
 The passives of such active verbs, as by rules I. and 
 III. have two accusatives, often have by the same rules 
 two nominatives, as : 
 
 Cicero was accounted 
 eloquent. 
 
 Volumnia was saluted 
 queen. 
 
 Cicero habebatur diser- 
 tus. 
 
 Volumnia salutata est re- 
 gina. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Caesar was declared by 
 the senate dictator for life. 
 
 Jupiter, the son of Sa- 
 turn, was reckoned a god 
 on account of his fatherly 
 affection towards his peo- 
 ple. 
 
 Among the Lacedaemo- 
 nians, those who conduct 
 the highest office, are called 
 old men. 
 
 After the death of King 
 Ochus, Codomannus is 
 made king by the people on 
 account of his former brave- 
 ry. 
 
 M. Cato of Utica collect- 
 ed as quaestor the money 
 of King Ptolemy, by whom 
 the Roman people had been 
 constituted heir. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
 the consul, by whom this 
 
 Caesar dictator perpetuus 
 a senatus decerno. 
 
 Supiter, filius Saturnus, 
 habeo Deus propter pater- 
 nus in populus charitas. 
 
 Apud Lacedaemonius is, 
 qui gero amplus magistra- 
 te, nomino senex. 
 
 Post mors rex Ochus Co- 
 domannus constituo rex a 
 populus propter pristinus 
 virtus. 
 
 M. Cato Uticensis quaes- 
 tor colligo pecunia rex Pto- 
 lemaeus, a qui populus Ro- 
 manus instituo haeres. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
 consul, a qui is conjuratio 
 
58 NEUTER 
 
 conspiracy had been sup- opprimo, appello a senatus 
 pressed, was called by the pater patria. 
 senate the father of his 
 country. 
 
 History is commended Bistoria testis tempus, 
 by the voice of the orator lux Veritas, vita memoria, 
 as the witness of times, magistra vita, nuntia vetus- 
 the light of truth, the life of tas vox orator commendo. 
 memory, the mistress of 
 life, the reporter of anti- 
 quity. 
 
 Obs. The student should now change all the exercises 
 given on the active verbs into the passive voice, and vice 
 versa those of the passive. 
 
 NEUTER VERBS. 
 
 A Neuter verb is a verb ending in o, like an active, 
 but not affirming an action, passing from the subject upon 
 an object, and consequently it does not govern an objec- 
 tive, or accusative case, as: noceo, I hurt, or do harm. 
 
 Hence neuter verbs, used in the passive voice, have no 
 nominative expressed, and are called impersonal verbs, 
 as: nocetur, harm is done. 
 
 Neuter verbs belong to all the conjugations, and are 
 conjugated in the same manner as active verbs, as: 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Noceo, I hurt, or do harm. 
 Imp. Nocebam, I was hurting, or doing harm. 
 Perf. Nocui, 1 have hurt, or done harm. 
 Plup. Nocueram, I had hurt, or done harm. 
 Fut. Nocebo, I shall hurt, or do harm. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Pres. Noceam, I may hurt, or do harm, etc. 
 
 Obs. 1. Some neuter verbs form the perfect, and the 
 tenses derived therefrom, like passives, from the partici- 
 ple perfect, and are consequently called nculro-fiassiva, 
 as: gaudeo, gavisus sum or fui, gavisus eram, etc.; audeo, 
 ausussum; soleo, solitus sum; fido, fisus sum; so also 
 the compounds, as: confido, confisus sum; diffido, etc. 
 
 Obs. 2. Some neuter verbs, generally called verbs of 
 
VERBS. 59 
 
 gesture, often have by Rules I. and III. the same case 
 after them that they have before them, as: 
 
 She walks as a queen. Incedit regina. 
 
 The master stays alone. Herus manet solus. 
 
 Obs. 3. Neuter verbs, like other parts of speech, often 
 have the dative of acquisition, that is, the dative of the 
 thing, or person, to whose advantage or disadvantage, 
 convenience or inconvenience, satisfaction or displeasure, 
 any thing may take place. — Hence 
 
 RULE X. 
 
 Verbs signifying advantage, or disadvantage, or ex- 
 pressing a relation to or against, take the dative after 
 them. 
 
 Under this rule fall particularly 
 
 1. Verbs signifying to firqfit or hurt, to trust, to favour, 
 or to helfi. 
 
 2. To command, to obey, serve, or resist. 
 
 3. To threaten, to be angry with. 
 
 4. The compounds of satis, bene, and ?nale* 
 
 5. The verb sum, with its compounds, (except possum). 
 
 6. Verbs compounded with these nine Prepositions, ad, 
 ante, con, in, inter, ob, firee, sub, and super, as: 
 
 I benefit myself. Mihi proficio. 
 
 Fortune favours the brave. Fortuna favet fortibus. 
 
 I was present at the bat- Aderam pugnae. 
 tie. 
 
 Every one has his own Suus cuique mos est. 
 way. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 I am warm, thou mayst Ego caleo, tu frigeo. 
 be cold. 
 
 He will be grieved, we Ille doleo, ego gaudeo. 
 shall be glad. 
 
 Be ye awake, let them Vigilo tu, sterto ille. 
 snore. 
 
 * The simple verbs of these compounds are active verbs; but as 
 the compounds do not govern an accusative, they may be considered 
 as neuter verbs. 
 
60 
 
 NEUTER 
 
 The magpies will chatter; 
 the filthy pigs may grunt. 
 
 The unlucky raven had 
 crowed; the ass, the carrier 
 of Silenus, would have bray- 
 ed. 
 
 The sword is blunt ; the 
 right (hand) is benumbed. 
 
 The meadows are green, 
 the trees were blooming, 
 the buds are swelling on the 
 verdant twig. 
 
 The head of the old man 
 was white ; the field is 
 parched ; the enraged sea 
 looks horrible ; our tears 
 will be dried up. 
 
 The fleecy sheep did bleat; 
 the lion, the lord of the fo- 
 rest, would roar; the stur- 
 dy oxen may low, the whole 
 grove will answer with low- 
 ing. 
 
 Dogs, the most faithful 
 attendants of their master, 
 will bark. 
 
 The cock, the vigilant 
 proclaimer of the morning, 
 had crowed from the top of 
 the tree. 
 
 The geese in the Roman 
 castle cackled at the ap- 
 proach of the Senones. 
 
 That black cloud will 
 rage, let us hasten to the 
 nearest shore. 
 
 The boys were playing in 
 the green meadow; the girls 
 were dancing under this 
 shady oak. 
 
 The,two queens had come 
 to a conference ; peace has 
 been concluded between 
 them. 
 
 Pica garrio ; immundus 
 sus grunnio. 
 
 Infaustus corvus crocito; 
 asinus vector Silenus rudo. 
 
 Ferrum hebeo ; dexter 
 torpeo. 
 
 Pratum vireo, arbor flo- 
 reo, gemma turgeo in lgetus 
 palmes. 
 
 Caput senexcaneo ; ager 
 areo ; iratus mare horreo ; 
 noster lacryma aresco. 
 
 Villosus ovis balo ; leo, 
 dominus sylva, rugio ; du- 
 rusbos mugio,omnis nemus 
 remugio. 
 
 Canis, fidus herus comes, 
 latro. 
 
 Gallus, vigil Aurora prae- 
 co, canto de summus arbor. 
 
 Anser in Romanus arx 
 crocito ad adventus Senones. 
 
 Ater ille nubes ssevio, fes- 
 tino ad proximus littus. 
 
 Puer colludo in viridis 
 pratum ; puella salto sub 
 hie umbrosus quercus. 
 
 Duo regina venio ad col- 
 loquium ; pax ordino inter 
 is. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 61 
 
 After the death of Codrus 
 the government of Athens 
 devolved on magistrates, 
 who were called Archons. 
 
 Post mors Codrus Athe- 
 nae administratio devenio ad 
 magistratus, qui Archon 
 appello. 
 
 Exercise of Observation II. 
 
 The fortifications of this 
 place remained unimpaired. 
 
 The traitors stood at the 
 stake, trembling for fear. 
 • Amongst the Romans the 
 legionary soldiers marched 
 on foot. 
 
 Our poet slept secure 
 from black vipers in the 
 forests of Apulia. 
 
 The rest of the fleet stood 
 abandoned by its defenders 
 in the middle of the river. 
 
 The Scythians, who had 
 come off victorious from 
 the severest battles, were 
 conquered by drunkenness. 
 
 Fame, a filthy goddess, 
 who during the day sits as 
 a watch on the top of the 
 highest roof, conceals her 
 head among the clouds. 
 
 Darius Hystapes, whose 
 horse had neighed first, was 
 saluted king by the gran- 
 dees of the Persians, who 
 had come to the palace be- 
 fore the rising of the sun. 
 
 Munitio hie locus maneo 
 integer. 
 
 Sto .proditor ad palus, 
 trepidus prae metus. 
 
 Apud Romanus legiona- 
 rius miles incedo pedes. 
 
 Vates noster dormio tu- 
 tus ab ater vipera in sylva 
 Apulia. 
 
 Reliquus classis sto vacu- 
 us a defensor in medius flu- 
 men. 
 
 Scythae, qui victor ex 
 acer praelium decedo, ebrie- 
 tas vinco. 
 
 Fama, foedus Dea, qui 
 per dies sedeo custos in cul- 
 men summus tectum, con- 
 do caput inter nubila. 
 
 Darius Hystaspes, qui 
 equus hinnio primus, saluto 
 rex a princeps Persa, qui 
 ante sol ortus ad regia ve- 
 nio. 
 
 Exercise on Observation III. 
 
 I sleep for my own good ; 
 
 thou labourest for thy own 
 
 benefit ; he will be angry at 
 
 me; take care of yourselves. 
 
 6 
 
 Dormio ego; Iaboro tu ; 
 succenseo ego ; caveo tu. 
 
62 
 
 NEUTER 
 
 Let us assist the misera- 
 ble ; you would have met 
 the designs of your enemy ; 
 I shall attend to your most 
 difficult affairs. 
 
 The youth that obeys his 
 parents, resists bad exam- 
 ples, plies his studies, will 
 outshine his fellow stu- 
 dents. 
 
 Cicero, the orator, had a 
 ready eloquence. 
 
 Some men have a weak- 
 ness of judgment, others 
 want prudence. 
 
 Kings have long hands. 
 
 Poverty wants many 
 things, avarice (wants) all 
 things. 
 
 Thebes was for many 
 years subject to a foreign 
 power. 
 
 They have, as shades, the 
 same care for horses, which 
 they had when living. 
 
 The houses of illustrious 
 men are open for illustrious 
 guests. 
 
 This most prudent ad- 
 vice displeased all except 
 the King. 
 
 Many good young men 
 favoured that villain. 
 
 In that conspiracy was 
 Q. Curius, who had an old 
 acquaintance with Fulvia, 
 a noble lady. 
 
 Subvenio miser ; occurro 
 concilium inimicus tuus ; 
 adsum tuus difficilis res. 
 
 Adolescens, qui obedio 
 parentes, resisto malus ex- 
 emplum, vaco studium, 
 praeluceo condiscipulus. 
 
 Cicero, orator, sum* 
 promptus eloquentia. 
 
 Quidam homo insum im- 
 becilitas judicium, alius de- 
 sum prudentia. 
 
 Rex sum longus magnus. 
 
 Inopia desum multus, 
 avaritia (desum) omnis. 
 
 Thebas per multus annus 
 pareo alienus imperium. 
 
 Idem cura equus qui ille 
 sum vivus, ipse umbra in- 
 sum. 
 
 Domus homo illustris 
 pateo illustris hospes. 
 
 Hie sapiens consilium 
 displiceo omnis prseter rex. 
 
 Multus bonus adolescens 
 studeo ille homo nequam. 
 
 In is conspiratio sum 
 Q. Curius, qui sum vetus 
 consuetudo cum Fulvia, no- 
 bilis mulier. 
 
 * When swot, or insum is used to express / have, and desum for 
 J have not, or I want; the nominative of the English verb is put in 
 the dative, and the English objective case becomes the subject to 
 the Latin verb, as: I have books, mihi sunt libri. They have not mo- 
 ney, illis deest pecuuia. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 63 
 
 Livius Salinator fled with 
 the soldiers, who had escap- 
 ed the slaughter, to theTa- 
 rentine cidatel. 
 
 I shall provide for the 
 safety of those, whom I 
 have led into this danger ; 
 do you provide for your- 
 selves. 
 
 The parricides raged 
 against the age, which the 
 most cruel enemy would 
 have spared. 
 
 Mazaeus, who command- 
 ed the passage, sat idle on 
 the hill, which he had oc- 
 cupied. 
 
 Clitus was killed by Alex- 
 ander, whose safety he had 
 consulted in the greatest 
 dangers. 
 
 There were two factions. 
 Egesaretus, a man of old 
 power, favoured Pompey's 
 affairs ; Petreius a youth of 
 the greatest nobility, assist- 
 ed Caesar. 
 
 The rusty boat ap- 
 proaches the bank ; the 
 shabby ferry-man Charon 
 chases off the souls, that sit 
 alongthelongbenches. Cha- 
 ron receives the great Mne- 
 as into his patched-up boat, 
 which groans under his 
 weight. The hero is safely 
 landed in the shapeless mire 
 beyond the river. 
 
 Livius Salinator confugio 
 cum miles, qui supersum 
 caedes, in Tarentinus arx. 
 
 Prospicio salus is, qui in 
 hie periculum deduco; tu 
 tu consulo. 
 
 Paricida saevio in setas, 
 qui atrox parco hostis. 
 
 Mazaeus, qui praesideo 
 iter, sedeo segnis in tumu- 
 lus, qui occupo. 
 
 Clitus occido ab Alexan- 
 der, qui salus ipse consulo 
 in magnus periculum. 
 
 Sum duo factio. Ege- 
 saretus, vetus homo po- 
 tentia, Pompeianus stu- 
 deo res; Petreus, adolescens 
 summus nobilitas, juvo Cae- 
 sar. 
 
 Ferrugineus cymba ap- 
 propinquo ripa ; sordidus 
 portitor Charon deturbo ani- 
 ma, qui sedeo per longus 
 jugum. Charon accipio in- 
 gens iE.neas in sutilis cym- 
 ba, qui gemo jsub pondus. 
 Vir incolumis expono in in- 
 formis limus trans fluvius. 
 
64 
 
 DEPONENT 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS.* 
 
 A deponent verb is a verb ending in or, like a passive, 
 but having either an active, or neuter signification,! as ; 
 sequor, I follow ; tumultuor, I am noisy. 
 
 05s. Deponent verbs, signifying actively, govern the. 
 accusative according to Rule VIII. 
 
 Deponent verbs belong to all the conjugations, and are 
 conjugated like passives; but they deviate with respect 
 to the fut. inf., participles, etc. as will appear from the 
 following example. 
 
 Sequor, I follow. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres, Inf. Per/, Ind. 
 
 Sequor, 
 
 sequi, 
 
 secutus sum, or fui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Sequor, 
 
 sequeris or 
 
 sequere, 
 
 sequitur, 
 
 sequimur, 
 
 sequimini, 
 
 sequuntur, 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I follow, or do follow. 
 
 thou followest, or dost follow. 
 
 he follows, or does follow. 
 we follow, or do follow, 
 ye follow, or do follow, 
 they follow, or do follow. 
 
 * Deponent verbs, verba deponentia, are thus called, because they 
 have laid aside their passive signification, and with it their active ter- 
 mination; hence there are some verbs, which are used both as pas- 
 sive, and deponent verbs, as: punior, I am punished, and I punish; 
 impertior, I present, and I am presented; for the same reason have 
 the participles of the perfect frequently, and the participles in dus 
 always a passive signification, as expertus having tried, and being 
 tried; emensus, having, or being measured. 
 
 f Nascor, I am born, has a passive signification. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 65 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I followed, or was following. 
 
 thou followedst, or wast following. 
 
 he followed, or was following. 
 we followed, or were following, 
 ye followed, or were following, 
 they followed, or were following. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Secutus sum, or fui, I followed, or have followed, 
 
 secutus es, or fuisti, thou followedst, or hast followed. 
 
 secutus est, or fuit, he followed, or has followed, 
 
 secuti sumus, or fuimus, we followed, or have followed, 
 etc. etc. 
 
 Sequebar, 
 
 sequebaris, or 
 
 sequebare, 
 
 sequebatur, 
 
 sequebamur, 
 
 sequebamini, 
 
 sequebantur, 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 Secutus eram, or fueram, 
 secutus eras, or fueras, 
 etc. 
 
 I had followed, 
 thou hadst followed, 
 etc. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Sequar, 
 
 sequeris, 01 
 
 sequere, 
 
 sequetur, 
 
 sequemur, 
 
 sequeraini, 
 
 sequentur, 
 
 I shall, or will follow. 
 
 thou shalt, or wilt follow. 
 
 he shall, or will follow. 
 
 we shall, or will follow. 
 
 ye shall, or will follow. 
 
 they shall, or will follow. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Sequar, 
 
 sequaris, or ^ 
 
 sequare, 5 
 
 sequatur, 
 
 sequamur, 
 
 sequamini, 
 
 sequantur, 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I may, or can follow. 
 
 thou mayst, or canst follow. 
 
 he may, or can follow. 
 
 we may or can, or let us follow. 
 
 ye may, or can follow. 
 
 they may, or can follow. 
 
 6* 
 
66 
 
 DEPONENT 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Sequerer, 
 
 sequereris, or 
 
 sequerere, 
 
 sequeretur, 
 
 sequeremur, 
 
 sequeremini, 
 
 sequerentur, 
 
 thou 
 
 he 
 
 we 
 
 ye 
 
 theyj 
 
 might, could, 
 >would, or 
 should follow. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Secutus sim, or fuerim, I may, or can have followed. 
 
 secutus sis, 
 etc. 
 
 thoumayst, or canst have followed, 
 etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 Secutus essem, or fuissem, I 
 
 secutus esses, or fuisses, 
 etc. 
 
 might, could, would, 
 or should have followed, 
 etc. 
 
 FUTURE PAST. 
 
 Secutus ero, or fuero, I shall have followed. 
 
 secutis eris, or fueris, 
 etc. 
 
 thou shalt have followed, 
 etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Sequere, or 
 
 sequitor, 
 
 sequitor, 
 
 sequimini, 
 
 sequuntor, 
 
 follow, or follow thou. 
 
 let him follow. 
 
 follow, or follow ye. 
 
 let them follow. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. and Imperf. sequi, to follow. 
 Perf. and Pluperf. secutus esse, or fuisse, to have fol- 
 lowed. 
 Future, secuturus esse, or fuisse, to be about to follow. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Pres. sequens, following. 
 
 Perfect, secutus, a, um, having followed. 
 
VERBS. 67 
 
 Fut. active ; secuturus,* a, um, about to follow, he that 
 
 will follow. 
 Fut. passive; sequendus,t a, um, he who deserves, or 
 
 ought to be followed. 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 Nom. sequendum, the necessity of following. 
 
 Gen. sequendi, of following. 
 
 Dat. sequendo, to, or for following. 
 
 Ace. sequendum, following. 
 
 Abl. sequendo, with, from, etc. following. 
 
 SUPINES. 
 
 1st. secutum, to follow. 
 2d. secutu, to be followed. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 I. CONJUGATION. 
 
 They deign ; we will assist j Dignor; auxilior ; as- 
 
 she would have despised. pernor. 
 
 Ye may endeavour; they Conor; causor ; meri- 
 
 would allege; he takes a nap. dior. 
 
 Let us rejoice; he might Laetor ; glorior ; insi- 
 
 glory; they will lay snares. dior. 
 
 II. CONJUGATION. 
 
 Pity thou ; ye would pro- Misereor ; tueor; polli- 
 
 tect ; they promise. ceor. 
 
 We have supposed ; he may Reor ; medeor ; fateor. 
 heal ; I shall confess. 
 
 She had feared ; he will Vereor ; liceor ; profi- 
 ted ; we would profess. teor. 
 
 * Nascor, morior and orier make nasciturus, moriturus and oritu- 
 rus', orior and its compounds are, in the present ind., particularly in 
 the third person sing., generally of the third conj., but in the pre- 
 sent inf. and the imperf. subj. generally of the fourth. 
 
 f The participle in dus belongs only to deponent verbs that have 
 an active signification; yet there are exceptions, potiendus or potiun- 
 das, fruendus, uUndus often occur; 
 
68 
 
 DEPONENT 
 
 Awaken ye ; they will be 
 angry ; she may have com- 
 plained. 
 
 Thou wouldst enjoy ; die 
 thou ; let us set out. 
 
 They will remember ; ye 
 were speaking ; use thou ; re- 
 turn ye. 
 
 III. CONJUGATION. 
 
 Expergiscor j irascor ; 
 queror. 
 
 Fruor ; morior ; profi- 
 ciscor. 
 
 Reminiscor ; loquor ; 
 utor : revertor. 
 
 IV. CONJUGATION. 
 
 Thou liest ; they may flat- 
 ter ; I had obtained by lot. 
 
 You would assent ; they en- 
 terprise; she has experienced. 
 They will take ; thou 
 wouldst impart ; he has be- 
 gun ; they had measured. 
 
 Mentior ; blandior ; sor- 
 tior. 
 
 Assentior ; molior ; ex- 
 perior. 
 
 Potior; impertior ; or- 
 dior ; metior. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 Industrious boys deserve 
 
 praise. 
 Deceitful 
 
 shall 
 
 servants 
 suffer punishment. 
 
 Gnawing cares attend the 
 money of the miser. 
 
 The joyful mother had em- 
 braced her son returning. 
 
 Honours are accompanied 
 by pride.* 
 
 The woman had been ac- 
 cused by her enemies. 
 
 He confesses himself a par- 
 ricide. 
 
 The centurions without 
 delay executed the com- 
 mands of the king. 
 
 Diligens puer mereor 
 laus. 
 
 Fallax servus patior 
 poena. 
 
 Mordax cura sequor pe- 
 cunia avarus. 
 
 Laetus mater amplexor 
 filius redux. 
 
 Superbia comitor ho- 
 nor. 
 
 Mulier criminor inimi- 
 cus. 
 
 Confiteor sui paricida. 
 
 Centurio sine mora, ex- 
 sequor imperium rex. 
 
 * When an English passive verb is to be rendered Latin by a de- 
 ponent verb, the English must be changed, so that the verb become 
 active, as; he is followed by his servants; ipsum sequuntur servi, i. e. 
 his servants follow him. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 69 
 
 Fortune has accompanied 
 your endeavours. 
 
 He finds fault with us, 
 who admire these effusions 
 of money. 
 
 Many cruel wars have 
 arisen from most trifling 
 causes. 
 
 L. Philip obtained with- 
 out any present, all the of- 
 fices which are reckoned the 
 greatest. 
 
 Cethegus, who complain- 
 ed of the inactivity of his 
 companions, would have at- 
 tacked Cicero himself. 
 
 No one, who has gained 
 the fame of fortitude by 
 snares, has obtained any 
 praise. 
 
 The first commendation 
 of a youth arises from his 
 modesty, the second from 
 his affection towards his 
 parents, the third from his 
 kindness towards his own. 
 
 The barbarians perceived 
 the greatness of Scipio's 
 mind, who despised the 
 royal name, which other 
 mortals admire. 
 
 Alexander had killed Cal- 
 listhenes, by whom he had 
 been recalled to life; this 
 cruelty was followed by too 
 late a repentance. 
 
 The three legions, which 
 had gone out of the camp 
 with the setting of the sun, 
 awaited in a hilly place the 
 arrival of the enemy. 
 
 Caesar revenged in the 
 battle on this side of the 
 
 Fort una comitor conatus 
 vester. 
 
 Reprehendo ego, qui ad* 
 miror hie effusio pecunia. 
 
 Multus atrox bellum ex- 
 orior de levis causa. 
 
 L. Philippus sine ullus 
 munus, adipiscor omnis offi- 
 cium, qui habeo amplus. 
 
 Cethegus, qui queror de 
 ignavia socius, Cicero ipse 
 aggredior. 
 
 Nemo, qui consequor for- 
 titudo gloria per insidiae, 
 adipiscor ullus laus. 
 
 Primus adolescens com- 
 mendatio proficiscor a mo- 
 destia, secundus a pietas in 
 parens, tertius a benevolen- 
 tia in suus. ' 
 
 Barbarus sentio magnitu- 
 do Scipio animus, qui as- 
 pernor regius nomen, qui 
 caster mortales admiror. 
 
 Alexander occido Callis- 
 thenes, a qui ad vita revoco; 
 qui crudelitas serus poeni- 
 tentia consequor. 
 
 Tres legio, qui egredior 
 e castra cum sol occasus, 
 opperior in tumulosus locus 
 adventus hostis. 
 
 Caesar ulciscor in praeli- 
 um citra flumen Araris, om- 
 
70 
 
 IRREGULAR 
 
 river Araris, all the injuries 
 which the Roman people 
 had received from the Hel- 
 vetii. 
 
 Alexander changes his 
 garments into a foreign 
 dress; he follows the man- 
 ners of the nations, which 
 he had despised before the 
 victory; he imitates the tri- 
 umph of Bacchus. 
 
 nis injuria, qui Romanus 
 populus accipio ab Helve- 
 tii. 
 
 Alexander muto vestis in 
 peregrinus habitus; sequor 
 mos gens, qui sperno ante 
 victoria; imitor triumphus 
 Liber. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 A verb, which is not conjugated according to any one 
 of the four conjugations, is called irregular. 
 
 The irregular verbs are, generally speaking, irregular 
 in the present ind. only, and the tenses formed from it. 
 
 Besides sum, and its compounds, already given page 
 29, the most common irregular verbs are: firosum, fios- 
 sum, volo, nolo, malo,fero,Jio, eo, veneo, queo, nequeo, and 
 edo. 
 
 I. Prosum, I do good. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Per/. Ind. Part. Fut. 
 
 Prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus. 
 
 This verb, compounded of firo and sum, is conjugated 
 like sum; but a d is inserted, wherever the verb sum be- 
 gins with a vowel, as; prosum, firodes, firodcst, firosumus, 
 firodestis, firosunt. 
 
 Imfierfect, proderam, proderas, proderat; etc. 
 II. Pcssum, compounded of fiotis and sum. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perf. Ind. 
 
 Possum, posse, potui. 
 
VERBS. 71 
 
 Pres. Possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt. 
 Imp. Poteram, poteras, poterat, poteramus, etc. 
 Perf. Potui, potuisti, is regular. 
 Pluperfect is regular. 
 
 Fut. Potero, poteris, poterit, poterimus, poteritis, pote- 
 runt. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Possim, possis, possit, possimus, possitis, possint. 
 
 The four remaining tenses are regular. The Impera- 
 tive is wanting. 
 
 Infinitive pres. Posse. Perf. is regular. The rest is 
 wanting. 
 
 III. Volo, I will, I am willing. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Ind. fires. Inf. fires. Perfect. 
 
 Volo, velle, volui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Pres. Volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt. 
 
 The four remaining tenses are regular, according to 
 the third conjugation. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Pres. Velim, velis, velit, velimus, velitis, velint. 
 The remaining tenses are regular. The Imperative is 
 wanting. 
 
 Infinitive pres. Velle. Perf. Voluisse. 
 Participle pres. Volens. The rest is wanting. 
 
 IV. Nolo, (compound of non and volo,) I will not, I 
 am not willing. 
 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 
 Ind. fires. 
 
 Inf. fires. 
 
 Perf Ind 
 
 Nolo, 
 
 nolle, 
 
 nolui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt. 
 The rest is regular according to the 3d conjugation. 
 
72 IRREGULAR 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Pres. Nolim, nolis, nolit, nolimus, nolitis, nolint. The 
 rest is regular. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Noli, or } be thou unwilling, Nolite, or > be ye unwilling, 
 nolito 3 or d° not ' nolitote, 5 or do not> 
 
 Inf. pres. Nolle. Perf. Noluisse. 
 Participle pres. Nolens. 
 The rest is wanting. 
 
 V. Malo, (compound of ?nagis i and voio) I will, or 
 wish rather, I am more willing. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Ind. Pres. Inf. Pres. Perf. Ind. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Pres. Malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt. 
 The rest is regular according to the third conj. 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Pres. Malim, malis, malit, malimus, malitis, malint. 
 The rest is regular. 
 
 imperative is wanting. 
 Inf. pres. Malle. Perf. Maluisse. 
 
 The rest is wanting. 
 
 VIII. Eo, I go, an irregular of the fourth conj. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Ind. Pres. Inf. Pres. Perf Ind. Sufiine. 
 
 Eo, ire, ivi, itum. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Pres. Eo, is, it, Imus, itis, eunt. 
 Imperf. Ibam, ibas, ibat, ibamus, ibatis, ibant. 
 Perfect. Ivi, ivisti, ivit, etc. 
 Pluperf. Iveram, iveras, etc. 
 Future. Ibo, ibis, ibit, ibimus, ibitis, ibunt. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Pres. Earn, eas, eat, eamus, eatis, eant. 
 The rest is regular. 
 
 ( 
 
VERBS. 73 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 I, or ito, go, go thou ; ite, or itote, go, go ye ; 
 ito, let him go. eunto, let them go. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Pres. Ire ; Perf. Ivisse ; Fut. Iturum, am, um, esse, or 
 
 fuisse. 
 Particifiles. Gerunds: Supines. 
 
 Pres. lens. gen. euntis. Nom. Eundum, I. Itum. 
 Fut. Iturus, a, um. Gen. eundi, II. Itu. 
 
 Dat. eundo, 
 Ace. eundum, 
 Abl. eundo. 
 In like manner are also conjugated the compounds of eo, as: 
 Abeo, I go away, exeo, I go out. 
 
 adeo, I go to. redeo, I return, 
 
 anteeo, I go before, depereo, I perish, 
 
 coeo, I unite with, transeo, I pass over, etc. 
 
 Of Veneoy I go off, or am sold, (compound of venum and eo, ) we 
 do not use the imperative, nor the participles, gerunds, or supines. 
 
 VII. Queo, I can. 
 
 VIII. Nequeo, I cannot. 
 
 These two verbs are conjugated like <?o, but they are 
 not used in the imperative, or the gerunds ; and the par- 
 ticiples occur but rarely. 
 
 IX. Fero, I carry, I bear, I suffer. 
 
 This verb is an irregular of the third conjugation. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Ind. Sufiine. 
 
 Fero, ferre, tuli, latum. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Pres. Fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt. 
 
 The rest of the indicative, and the whole subjunctive, 
 are regular. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Fer, or ferto, ferte, or fertote, 
 
 ferto, ferunto. 
 
 The rest is regular. 
 
 7 
 
74 IRREGULAR 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres Inf. Per/. Ind. 
 
 Feror, ferri, latus sum, or fui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Pres. Feror, ferris, or ferre, fertur, ferimur, ferimini, fe- 
 
 runtur. 
 The rest of the indie, and the whole subj. is regular. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Ferre, or fertor, ferimini, 
 
 fertor, feruntor. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 Pres. Ferri. The rest is regular. 
 
 In like manner are also conjugated all the compounds 
 of fero, as: 
 
 affero, aufero, confero, differo, offero, refero. 
 
 X. Fio, I am made, I become. 
 This verb is the passive of Facio.* 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 
 
 Fio, fieri, factus sum, or fui. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 Pres. Fio, fis, fit, fimus, fitis, fiunt. 
 Imperf. Fiebam, fiebas, fiebat, fiebamus, fiebatis, fiebant. 
 Perfect. Factus sum, or fui, factus es, or fuisti, etc. 
 Pluperf. Factus eram, or fueram, factus eras, etc. 
 Future. Fiam, fies, fiet, fiemus, fietis, fient. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Fiam, fias, fiat, fiamus, fiatis, fiant. 
 Imperf. Fierem, fieres, fieret, fieremus, fieretis, fierent. 
 Perfect. Factus sim, or fuerim, factus sis, or fueris, etc. 
 Pluperf. Factus essem, or fuissem, factus esses, etc. 
 Future past. Factus ero, or fuero, factus eris, etc. 
 
 *AU the compounds of facio, which retain the a, make the passive 
 in fio, as: madefacio, madefio,- calefacio, colefio; but those compounds, 
 which change a into i, have the passive regular, as: officio, afficior; 
 efficio, efficior. 
 
VERBS. 75 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 Fi, or fito, fite, or fitote, 
 
 fito, fiuuto. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Fieri. Perf. Factum esse, or fuisse. 
 Future. Factum iri. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Perf. Factus, a, urn, Fut. Faciendus, a, um. 
 
 XI. Edo, I eat. 
 
 This verb together with its compounds is regular ac- 
 cording to the third conj.; yet it takes also all the per- 
 sons of sum, that begin with es, as: 
 
 Ind. Pres. Edo, I eat; es, thou eatest ; est, he eats; — ? 
 
 estis, ye eat; — . 
 Subj. Imp. Essem, I might eat; esses, esset, essemus, 
 
 essetis, essent. 
 Imperat. Es, esto; este, estote. Inf. Esse, to eat. 
 
 So also the compounds: comedo, comes, comest, com- 
 estis, comessem, etc.; exedo, exes, exest, exestis, etc. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 Those verbs which want some of the modes, or tenses, 
 are called defective. They are 
 
 Memini, Forem, Salve, 
 
 Coepi, Afforem, Cedo, 
 
 Odi, Ausim, Quaeso, 
 
 Aio, Faxim, Ovat. 
 
 Inquam, Ave, 
 
 The three first are called preterit verbs. 
 
 I. Memini, I remember, or have remembered, is a re- 
 gular perfect ; it is used also for the present, and has all 
 the tenses formed from the perfect. 
 
76 
 
 DEFECTIVE 
 
 Memini, 
 
 Meministi, 
 
 Meminit, 
 
 Meminimus, 
 
 Meministis, 
 
 Meminerunt, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Present. 
 
 -] 
 I 
 
 I I have remembered. 
 
 j 
 
 il remember, or 
 
 n 
 
 Memineram, 
 memineras, 
 meminerat, etc. 
 
 Meminerim, 
 memineris, 
 meminerit, etc. 
 
 Meminissem, 
 merninisses, 
 meminisset, etc. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I remembered, or had remembered. 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I may remember, or may have remem- 
 bered. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 I might remember, or might have re- 
 membered. 
 
 FUTURE PAST. 
 
 Meminero, I shall remember, or shall have remembered. 
 
 memineris, 
 
 meminerit, etc. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 Memento, remember thou ; mementote, remember ye. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Meminisse, to remember, or to have remembered. 
 
VERBS. 77 
 
 II. Coen, I begin, or have begun, is also a regular 
 perfect; and is conjugated like memini, but has no imper- 
 ative ; it has however the 
 
 Participle fut. ccepturus, a, um, about to begin, 
 Part. Perf. passive, coeptus, a, um, begun. 
 Hence the compound tenses of the passive, as ; coeptus 
 sum, orfui; coeptus eram, coeptus sim, etc. 
 
 III. Odi, I hate, or have hated, is conjugated like the 
 preceding. 
 
 Participle fut. osurus, a, um, about to hate. 
 Part. Perf. active, osus, a, um, hating, or having 
 hated. 
 
 IV. Aio, I say. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Aio, ais, ait, , , aiunt. 
 
 Imp. Aiebam, aiebas, aiebat, aie-bamus, -batis, -bant. 
 Perf. ■- — , aistr. 
 
 | SUBJUNCTIVE/ 
 Pres. , aias, aiat, — * — , aiatis, aiant. 
 
 Imperat. ai, say thou. Part. Pres. aiens, saying. 
 
 V. Inquam, I say. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Inquam, inquis, inquit,inquimus, inquitis, inqui- 
 unt. 
 
 Imp. — , -linquiebat, , , inquiebant. 
 
 Perf. , inquisti, inquit. ' 
 
 Fut. , inquies, inquiet, , , inquient. 
 
 Imperative, Inque, or inquito, say, say thou. 
 Part. Pres. Inquiens, saying. 
 
 VI. Forem, for essem, I might, could, would, or should 
 
 be. 
 Subjunct. Imperf. Forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, 
 
 forent. 
 Inf. Fut. Fore. 
 
 7* 
 
78 DEFECTIVE 
 
 VII. Afforem, for adessem, I might be present. 
 Subjunct. Imperf. Afforem, affores, afforet, afforemus, 
 
 afforetis, afforent. 
 Inf. Fut. Affore. 
 
 VIII. AusiM, I may dare. 
 
 Subj. Pres. Ausim, ausis, ausit, , , ausint. 
 
 IX. Faxim, for fecerim, I may have done. 
 
 Subj. Perf. Faxim, faxis, faxit, , faxitis, faxint. 
 
 Fut. Faxo, faxis, faxit, , faxitis, faxint. 
 
 X. Ave, hail, be thou well, God save you. 
 Imperat. Ave, or aveto; avete, or avetote. 
 Infin. Avere. 
 
 XI. Salve, hail, be thou well, God save you. 
 Imperat. Salve, salveto; salvete, or salvetote. 
 Infinit. Salvere.* 
 
 XII. Cedo, tell, give thou; cediterf tell, or give ye. 
 
 XIII. Qu^so, pray, I pray, quaesumus, pray, we pray. 
 
 XIV. Ovat, he rejoices, tye triumphs in the lesser 
 
 triumph. 
 Subj. Ovet, ovaret. 
 
 Part. Pres. ovans. Part. Perf. Pass, ovatus. 
 Gerund, gen.ovandi. 
 
 Observe yet, that of dari, and fori, the first person sing, of the 
 pres. Ind. and Subj. viz. dor, der; for, fer, and probably the whole 
 pres. Subj. fer, feris, fetur, etc. are not in use. Of Scio we do not 
 use sci nor scite, but scito, and scitote. 
 
 Obs. I. Some of the defective and irregular verbs, as 
 ccefii, fiossum, volo, etc. are rarely found without another 
 verb in the same sentence. 
 
 To the defective verbs may be added defit, it is wanting", de/iet, de- 
 fieri. Infit, he begins, dpage, or rather apage te, be gone, from 
 the Greek ecjnsyg, abduc. 
 
 * Cic. ad Attic, salvebis a meo Cicerone. 
 
 f Cedite is often contracted into cette, as: cette manus vestras. 
 Enn. 
 
VERBS. 79 
 
 Obs, II. A simple sentence can have but one finite verb. 
 Hence 
 
 RULE XI. 
 
 One verb governs another in the infinitive.* 
 
 Caesar would not engage. Caesar nolebat dimi- 
 
 care. 
 
 They had not been able to Nequiverant deterrere 
 deter the enemy. hostem. 
 
 A bridge has been begun Pons coeptus est insti- 
 to be built. tui. 
 
 They endeavour to satisfy Conantur nobis satisfa- 
 us. cere. 
 
 Obs. III. After verbs of a sense, or an effect, such as 
 to hear, to see, to perceive, to think, to hope, to know, to 
 dream, to wonder, to rejoice, to inform, to be known, to 
 be evident, in fine after all verbs of giving, or receiving 
 information, the English language generally has the fol- 
 lowing verb resolved by that expressed or understood, 
 as : I believe that he is honest; or I believe, he is honest. 
 To render such phrases into Latin, we omit the conjunc- 
 tion that, put the following verb in the infinitive, and its 
 subject in the accusative. This is sometimes imitated 
 in the English as: I believe him to be honest, — Hence 
 
 RULE XII. 
 
 All verbs of information, also jubeo, fiatior, and some 
 others govern the following verb in the infinitive with its 
 subject in the accusative. f 
 
 The enemy thought that Hostis nos decipi posse 
 we could be deceived. credebat. 
 
 * A verb of local motion requires the following- verb to be ex- 
 pressed by the supine in um, as: he is gone to teach, ivit dodum. 
 
 ■j- 1. To this rule may be referred the verbs of wishing, permit- 
 ting, forcing, to be just or proper, as: volo, studeo, cupio, cogo, 
 sequum est, fas est, etc. The verbs of asking, as oro, flagito, rogo, 
 etc. have the conjunction generally expressed. 
 
 2. The tense of the verb in the infinitive depends on its rela- 
 tion with the preceding verb, namely, whether its affirmation with 
 regard to the preceding verb is present, past, or yet to come. 
 
 3. The accusative, se, eum, eos, etc. and esse, belonging to the 
 infinitive, are often omitted. 
 
80 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 I am glad my sister has re- 
 turned. 
 
 He expected that the towns- 
 men would bring assistance. 
 
 He ordered the palace to be 
 fired. 
 
 Gaudeo sororem meam 
 esse reversam. 
 
 Oppidanus auxilium la- 
 turos sperabat. 
 
 Regiam incendi jussit. 
 
 Exercise on Rule XI, 
 
 Think (thou) on death. 
 
 I remember to have read 
 this book. 
 
 You had begun to study 
 philosophy. 
 
 He cannot be angry at any 
 one. 
 
 They wished to go Britain. 
 
 We prefer to stay in Gaul. 
 
 Thou wishest to be rich ; as 
 a wise man, thou wouldst ra- 
 ther wish to be well. 
 
 Let us endeavour to be such 
 as we wish to be reckoned. 
 
 Without virtue true friend- 
 ship cannot exist. 
 
 Who would dare to renew 
 the battle with the few horse- 
 men that have followed us? 
 
 Alexander is said to have 
 subdued the most warlike na- 
 tions. 
 
 The senate had decreed to 
 send embassadors to the em- 
 peror. 
 
 The two kings are said to 
 have finished the affairs which 
 had been begun to be trans- 
 acted between them. 
 
 Comius was said to have 
 resolved to avoid the sight of 
 every Roman. 
 
 All the things that I have 
 
 Memini morior. 
 Memini lego hie liber. 
 
 Coepi studeo philoso- 
 phia. 
 
 Nequeo succenseo quis- 
 quam. 
 
 Volo proficiscor in Bri- 
 tannia. 
 
 Malo maneo in Gal- 
 lia. » 
 
 Tu volo sum dives ; sa- 
 piens valeo malo. 
 
 Conor sum is qui ha- 
 beo volo. 
 
 Sine virtus verus ami- 
 citia sum nequeo. 
 
 Quis audeo renovoprse- 
 lium cum pauci eques, 
 qui ego sequor. 
 
 Alexander dico subigo 
 bellicosus natio. 
 
 Senatus decerno mitto 
 legatus ad imperator. 
 
 Duo rex fero perficio 
 res, qui coepi ago inter is. 
 
 Comius dico statuo vi- 
 to conspectus quisquam 
 Romanus. 
 
 Omnis, qui dico, sum 
 
VERBS. 
 
 81 
 
 mentioned, are important ; do 
 (thou) not despise them. 
 
 The house of C. Caesar, a 
 most eminent man, was re- 
 ported to have been besieged 
 for many hours of the night. 
 
 These were the leaders of 
 Greece, except the kings, 
 whom I did not wish to med- 
 dle with. 
 
 There is no art, in which 
 all the things, that can be ac- 
 complished by that art, are 
 conveyed by the teacher. 
 
 Hast thou been able to de- 
 vastate this land, which has 
 begotten thee, which feeds thy 
 children, which supports thy 
 mother ? 
 
 Thefoundation of perpetual 
 commendation is justice, 
 without which nothing can 
 be praiseworthy. 
 
 Nobody can without elo- 
 quence attain the name of an 
 orator, all other arts can do 
 their part without it. 
 
 magnus ; nolo contemno 
 is. 
 
 Domus C. Caesar, cla- 
 rus vir, nuntio oppugno 
 per multus nox hora. 
 
 Hie sum Graecia dux, 
 praeter rex, qui attingo 
 nolo. 
 
 Nullus sum ars, in qui 
 omnis, qui possum effi- 
 cio ille ars, trado a doctor. 
 
 Possum populor hie 
 terra, qui tu gigno, qui 
 alo liberi tuus, qui sus- 
 tento mater tuus. 
 
 Fundamentum perpe- 
 tuus commendatio sum 
 justitia, sine qui nihil pos- 
 sum sum laudabilis. 
 
 Nemo sine eloquentia 
 nomen oratorobtineo pos- 
 sum, omnis caeter ars sine 
 is suum munus praesto 
 possum. 
 
 Exercise on Rule XII, 
 
 , Horatius confesses, that by 
 his hand his sister had been 
 slain. 
 
 Fabius expected, that the 
 fame of his name would sub- 
 due the iEqui. 
 
 Alexander suffered himself 
 to be called the son of Jupiter 
 Hammon. 
 
 He was betrayed by her, 
 whom he had reckoned to be 
 his most faithful friend. 
 
 Horatius fateor suus 
 manus soror interficio. 
 
 Fabius spero, fama no- 
 men suus paco iEqui. 
 
 Alexander patior sui 
 appello filius Jupiter 
 Hammon. 
 
 Prodo ab ille, qui cre- 
 do sum arnica fidelis. 
 
82 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 The soldiers declared, that 
 they would not bear arms 
 against a fellow citizen. 
 
 Scaevola said that the best 
 part of the speech had been 
 deferred to his day. 
 
 Dost thou think that in the 
 devastation of all things, thy 
 possessions will be sacred. 
 
 We see that the whole lives 
 of the brightest men have 
 been spent in this study. 
 
 Fortune herself, that mis- 
 tress of human affairs, con- 
 fesses, that all this glory is 
 your own. 
 
 Lucilius, a most learned 
 man, did not wish to debate 
 concerning these studies be- 
 fore the illiterate; he rather 
 wished his speech to be un- 
 derstood by the hearers. 
 
 L. Philip, a most eminent 
 man, used to boast, that he 
 without a present had obtain- 
 ed all things, which are reck- 
 oned the greatest. 
 
 Do (ye) not suffer the king- 
 dom of Numidia, which is 
 yours, to decline by crimes, 
 by the blood of our family. 
 
 The embassadors, who had 
 come to Caesar from Thessa- 
 ly, promised, that their cities 
 would comply with his com- 
 mands. 
 
 Scipio Nasica exclaimed: 
 may those who wish the re- 
 public to be safe, follow me. 
 yCaesar had been informed, 
 ina.t the disposition of all the 
 Iguvians, whom Thermus the 
 
 Miles nego sui fero ar- 
 ma contra civis. 
 
 Scaevola dico bonus 
 pars sermo in hie dies 
 differo. 
 
 Puto in vestatio omnis 
 res, tuus possessio sum 
 sacrosanctus. 
 
 Video, totus aetas in- 
 geniosus homo conteroin 
 hie studium. 
 
 Fortuna ipse, ille res 
 humanus domina, totus 
 hie gloria sum tuus fa- 
 teor. 
 
 Lucilius, homo doctus, 
 nolo disputo de hie stu- 
 dium apud rusticus; malo 
 oratio suus intelligo ab 
 auditor. 
 
 L. Philippus, vir cla- 
 rus, glorior soleo, sui sine 
 munus adipiscor omnis, 
 qui habeo magnus. 
 
 Nolo patior regnum 
 Numidia, qui sumvester, 
 per scelus, per sanguis 
 familia noster tabesco, 
 
 Legatus, qui ex Thes- 
 salia ad Caesar venio, poi- 
 liceor suus civitas imper- 
 atum facio. 
 
 Scipio Nasicaexclamo: 
 qui respublica salvus sum 
 volo, ego sequor. 
 
 Caesar facio certior vo* 
 luntas omnis Iguvini, 
 qui Thermus praetor prae- 
 
VERBS. 
 
 83 
 
 praetor governed, was the best 
 towards him. 
 
 Do (thou) not think, that 
 this is Pompey's army, which 
 conquered Gaul. I attended 
 all the battles. A very small 
 part of that army is remain- 
 ing, the greatest part has pe- 
 rished. 
 
 Thorius, who had led the 
 veteran legions to Corduba, 
 pretended, that he wished to 
 recover the provinces which 
 had revolted from Cn. Pom- 
 pey. 
 
 The nations of all the east 
 had built magnificent temples 
 in honour of Jason, which, 
 after many years, Parmenio, 
 a general of Alexander the 
 Great, ordered to be pulled 
 down. 
 
 The king, who had under- 
 stood that Mithridates was 
 approaching the town, sent 
 against him great forces, by 
 which he thought the enemies 
 could be kept back without a 
 doubt. 
 
 Alexander, who desired to 
 enter Tyre, a most fortified 
 city, said, that he wished to 
 offer a sacrifice to Hercules; 
 that the kings of the Macedo- 
 nians believed, that they drew 
 their race from that God. 
 TheTyrians replied that there 
 was a temple of Hercules 
 without the city. 
 
 The priest of Jupiter Ham- 
 mon denied, that the father of 
 Alexander could be injured by 
 the wickedness of any man; he 
 
 sum, sum bonus erga sui. 
 
 Nolo existimo, Pom- 
 peius hie sum exercitus, 
 qui Gallia devinco. Om- 
 uls intersum praelium. 
 Perexiguus pars ille ex- 
 ercitus supersum, mag- 
 nus pars depereo. 
 
 Thorius, qui adduco 
 vetus legio ad Corduba, 
 dictito, sui volo recupero 
 provincia, qui deficio a 
 Cn. Pompeius. 
 
 Natio totus orienssedi- 
 fico magnificus templum 
 in honor Jason, qui post 
 multus annus, Parmenio, 
 dux Alexander Magnus, 
 diruo jubeo. 
 
 Rex, qui cognosco Mi- 
 thridates oppidum appro- 
 pinquo, mitto adversus is 
 magnus copise, qui credo 
 hostis sine dubium pos- 
 sum retineo. 
 
 Alexander, qui cupio 
 intro Tyrus, urbs muni- 
 tus, dico sui volo sacrifico 
 Hercules;Macedo rex cre- 
 do, ipse duco genus ab 
 ille Deus. Tyrii respon- 
 deo, sum templum Her- 
 cules extra urbs. 
 
 Sacerdos Jupiter Ham- 
 mon nego, parens Alexan- 
 der possum violo scelus 
 ullus homo; adjicio omnis 
 
84 IMPERSONAL 
 
 added that all the murderers interfector Philippus luo 
 
 of Philip had suffered their supplicium; Alexanderip- 
 
 punishments; that Alexander se forem invictus. 
 himself would be invincible. 
 
 OF IMPERSONAL VERBS. 
 
 Impersonal verbs are such as are generally used in the 
 third person singular only. § 13. 
 
 Impersonal verbs rarely have a subject, or nominative 
 expressed, and then only the pronouns hoc, id, quod, quid; 
 or they have an infinitive, or a whole sentence for their 
 nominative, as; tonat, it thunders; id licet, this is allowed; 
 vivere secundum naturam licet, it is allowed to live accord- 
 ing to nature. 
 
 Impersonal verbs have either an active or a. passive ter- 
 mination. 
 
 Most of those which have an active termination, are 
 rarely used as personal verbs, as; tonat, it thunders; licet, 
 it is allowed; filuit, it rains; lucescit, it dawns. 
 
 Other verbs are thus sometimes used impersonally, as; 
 Jit, it happens; necesse est, it is necessary; delectat, it 
 pleases; etc. 
 
 Those, which have a passive termination, come 
 
 1. From neuter verbs, which, not governing an ac- 
 cusative in their active termination, cannot have a sub- 
 ject, or nominative in their passive termination. Thus 
 from faveo, I favour, or show a favour, we have favetur, 
 a favour is shown; from fiugno, I fight, fiugnatur, a battle 
 is fought, or some persons fight. 
 
 2. From active verbs, particularly those, which do not 
 admit of an accusative of the person, as; nuntiatur, it is an- 
 nounced, or the news is brought; traditur, it is delivered; 
 traditur famd, it is handed down by fame.* 
 
 Impersonal verbs are conjugated according to one or 
 the other of the regular conjugations; they have however 
 no imperative, instead of which we use the present sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 * These verbs are also used in the passive voice as personal verbs 
 with the nominative of the thing, as; minx graves nuntiabantur, Sal. 
 Liter* traduntur, Cic. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 85 
 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. 
 Licet, 
 
 Pres. Inf. Perf Ind. 
 licere, licuit. 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Licet, 
 Imperf. Licebat, 
 Perf. Licuit, 
 Pluperf. Licuerat, 
 Fut. Licebit, 
 
 it is lawful, it is allowed. 
 
 it was lawful, it was allowed. 
 
 it has been lawful. 
 
 it had been lawful. 
 
 it will be lawful. 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Pres. Liceat, 
 Imperf. Liceret, 
 Perf. Licuerit, 
 Pluperf. Licuisset, 
 Fut. past. Licuerit, 
 
 it may be lawful, let it be lawful. 
 
 it might be lawful. 
 
 it may have been lawful. 
 
 it might have been lawful. 
 
 it shall have been lawful, 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Licere, to be lawful. 
 
 Perf. Licuisse, to have been lawful. 
 
 With a fiassive termination. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PARTS. 
 
 Pres. Ind. 
 Favetur, 
 
 Perfect. 
 fautum est. 
 
 Pres. Inf. 
 
 faveri, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. Favetur, a favour is sho wn. 
 
 Imperf. Favebatur, a favour was shown. 
 
 Perf. Fautum est, or fuit, a favour has been shown. 
 
 Pluperf. Fautum erat, or fuerat, a favour had been shown. 
 Fut. Favebitur, a favour will be shown. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 Pres, Faveatur, a favour may be shown, let a favour 
 
 be shown. 
 Imperf. Faveretur, a favour might be shown. 
 
 Perf. Fautum sit, or fuerit, a favour may have been shown. 
 
 a favour might 
 have been shown. 
 
 Pluperf. Fautum esset, or fuisset, 
 Fut. past, Fautum erit or fuerit, 
 
 a favour shall have 
 been shown. 
 
86 
 
 IMPERSONAL 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. Faveri. Perf. Fautum esse, or fuisse. 
 
 Obs. I. Impersonal verbs with an active signification, 
 take the dative of acquisition, as; 
 
 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Licet mihi, £ 
 
 licet tibi, 
 licet illi, 
 licet nobis, 
 licet vobis, 
 licet illis, 
 
 
 
 It is allowed to me, or 
 
 I am allowed. 
 
 thou art allowed. 
 
 he is allowed, 
 
 we are allowed. 
 
 ye are allowed. 
 
 they are allowed. 
 
 Imp. 
 
 Licebat mihi, 
 licebat tibi, 
 
 
 
 I was allowed, 
 thou wast allowed, etc. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Licuit mihi, 
 
 
 
 I have been allowed, etc. 
 
 Plup. 
 
 Licuerat mihi, 
 
 
 
 I had been allowed, etc. 
 
 Fut. 
 
 Licebit mihi, 
 
 
 
 I shall be allowed, etc. 
 
 Subj. 
 
 Pres. Liceat mihi, 
 
 I may 
 
 be allowed, let me be al- 
 
 lowed, etc. 
 
 II. Active and neuter verbs, which take the dative of 
 acquisition, retain the same, when they are used with a 
 passive termination, whether as personal or as imperson- 
 al verbs, as: 
 A favour is shown to me, 
 
 or, I am favoured. 
 It is announced to me, or, 
 
 I am informed, 
 Hence: 
 
 Favetur mihi. 
 > Nuntiatur mihi. 
 
 Indie. Present. 
 
 Favetur mihi, 
 favetur tibi, 
 favetur illi, 
 favetur nobis, 
 favetur vobis, 
 favetur illis, 
 
 Favebatur mihi, 
 Favebatur tibi, etc. 
 
 j A favour is shown to me, to thee, 
 to him, to us, etc. 
 or 
 I am favoured, thou art favoured, 
 he is favoured, etc. 
 
 Imfierfect. 
 
 I was favoured. 
 
 Thou wast favoured, etc. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 87 
 
 Fautum est mihi, etc. 
 fautum est nobis, 
 etc. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 I have been favoured, etc. 
 we have been favoured, 
 etc. 
 
 In like manner: 
 
 Pres. Nuntiatur mihi. 
 
 nuntiatur tibi, etc. 
 
 nuntiatur nobis, etc. 
 Imp. Nnntiabatur mihi, 
 Perf. Nuntiatum est mihi, 
 etc. 
 
 C It is announced to me, 
 \ or, I am informed. 
 
 thou art informed, etc. 
 
 we are informed, etc. 
 
 I was informed. 
 
 I have been informed, 
 etc. etc. 
 
 RULE XIII. 
 Impersonal verbs take the dative of acquisition, as 
 I am succeeded. Succeditur mihi. 
 
 We are commanded. Imperatur nobis. 
 
 They please. Lubet illis. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 It lightened ; it would have 
 thundered ; it was hailing ; it 
 will freeze. 
 
 It may snow ; it will rain 
 for us all ; it grows evening ; 
 after a few hours it will dawn. 
 
 It pleases me to die with- 
 out disgrace. 
 
 It contributes to health to 
 live according to nature. 
 
 It pleases the gods, that 
 nothing be left of so great a 
 city. 
 
 The same thing would 
 have happened to you, which 
 happened to them. 
 
 You were allowed to pass 
 your life in exile with the 
 greatest infamy. 
 
 It benefits all good men, 
 that the republic be safe. 
 
 Fulgurat; intonat; gran- 
 dinat ; gelascit. 
 
 Ningit; pluit ego om- 
 nis; vesperascit; post pau- 
 ci hora dilucescit. 
 
 Lubet ego morior sine 
 dedecus. 
 
 Conducit salus vivo e 
 natura. 
 
 Placet Superi nihil ex 
 tantus urbs relinquo. 
 
 Idem contingit tu, qui 
 evenit ille. 
 
 Licet tu ago aetas in 
 exilium cum summns tur- 
 pitudo. 
 
 Expedit omnis bonus, 
 respublica sum salvus. 
 
88 
 
 IMPERSONAL 
 
 Other nations thought, that 
 the same thing was allowed 
 to them. 
 
 An agreement has been 
 made between the two great- 
 est generals of their age con- 
 cerning the conditions of 
 peace. 
 
 You, who were allowed to 
 be the most fortunate, pursue 
 a miserable prey. 
 
 It pleased the other gene- 
 rals, that Philotas, the way- 
 layer of the best king, be 
 overwhelmed with stones. 
 
 We will be pardoned ; ye 
 would be resisted ; he had 
 been commanded; let them be 
 indulged. 
 
 They served fame ; virtue is 
 opposed ; vice will be favour- 
 ed; no labour would be spared. 
 
 We are met by the learned. 
 
 There was a doubt concern- 
 ing his safety. 
 
 What is that, concerning 
 which the dispute is? 
 
 They go into an ancient 
 forest, the high dens of the 
 wild beasts. 
 
 One age is favoured, ano- 
 ther will be envied. 
 
 It was believed, that Romu- 
 lus had gone to the gods. 
 
 The contest will be concern- 
 ing themselves, concerning 
 their children, concerning 
 their country, concerning their 
 fortunes. 
 
 Silence will be kept concern- 
 ing the greatest injuries of 
 that robber. 
 
 Caeter natio idem licet 
 sui arbitror. 
 
 Convenit inter duo cla- 
 rus dux suus aetas de con- 
 ditio pax. 
 
 Tu, qui licet sum fortu- 
 natus, sector miser praeda. 
 
 Placet caeter dux, Philo- 
 tas insidiator bonus rex, 
 obruo^axum. 
 
 Ego ignoscitur; tu re- 
 sistitur ; ille mandatur ; 
 ille indulgetur. 
 
 Fama servitur ; virtus 
 
 obstatur ; vitium favetur ; 
 
 nullus labor parcitur. 
 
 Occurritur ego a doctus. 
 
 Dubitatur de ille salus. 
 
 Quis sum is, de qui 
 disputatur? 
 
 Itur in antiquus sylva, 
 altus stabulum fera. 
 
 Alius aetas favetur, alius 
 invidetur. 
 
 Creditur Romulus abeo 
 ad Deus. 
 
 Decertatur de sui, de 
 liberi suus, de patria, de 
 fortuna. 
 
 Siletur de magnus ille 
 latro injuria. 
 
VERBS. 
 
 89 
 
 Important are the causes, 
 in which we contend about the 
 civil law. 
 
 The consul had been in- 
 formed that very great forces 
 of Carthaginians had set out 
 from Africa. 
 
 This comeliness, which 
 shines in life, produces the 
 approbation of those, with 
 whom we live. 
 
 Concerning this whole kind 
 of expenses I have argued in 
 those books, which I have 
 written concerning the re- 
 public. 
 
 After Sylvius the sceptre 
 was swayed in Alba Longaby 
 thirteen kings during the 
 space of four hundred years. 
 
 Caesar Augustus professes 
 himself the avenger of Caesar, 
 the dictator ; a battle is fought 
 at Philippi, a town of Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 They, who wish no one to 
 be pardoned by you, oppose 
 your clemency. 
 
 During three hundred whole 
 years the government will be 
 under Hector's family. 
 
 Magnus sum causa in 
 qui certatur de civilis jus. 
 
 Nuntiatur consul mag- 
 nus Pceni copiae ex Africa 
 proficiscor. 
 
 Hie decorum, qui elu- 
 ceo in vita, moveo appro- 
 batio is, quicum vivitur. 
 
 De hie totus genus im- 
 pensa disputatur in is li- 
 ber, qui scribo de respub- 
 lica. 
 
 Post Sylvius regnatur 
 in Alba Longa a tredecim 
 rex per spatium quadrin- 
 genti annus. 
 
 Caesar Augustus profi- 
 teor sui ultor Caesar dic- 
 tator ; pugnatur apud 
 Philippi, urbs Thessalia. 
 
 Hie, qui nemo a tu ig- 
 noscitur volo, impedo de- 
 mentia tuus. 
 
 Per tercentum totus 
 annus regnatur sub Hec- 
 toreus gens. 
 
 OF PARTICIPLES. 
 
 A participle is an adjective, derived from a verb, and 
 implying time. § 14. 
 
 Obs. I. Participles have always the same government 
 as the verbs, of which they are parts. 
 
 Obs. II. The Participle in dus, or of the future passive, 
 imports necessity, or obligation rather than futurity, and 
 instead of the ablative of the agent with the preposition 
 a or abi it takes the dative, as : 
 
 8* 
 
90 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 He ought, or he is deserv- Audiendus est mihi. 
 ing, to be heard by me. 
 
 Obs. III. When two or more verbs are connected by 
 the relative who, which, or that, or by the conjunctions 
 and, as, when, whilst, after, or although ; these connecting 
 words may often be omitted, and the former verb or 
 verbs be elegantly expressed by participles, as : 
 
 The man who loves God, Homo, amans Deum, 
 
 is happy. est felix. 
 
 The happiness of the man, Felicitas hominis, aman- 
 
 that loves God^ is certain. tis Deum, certa est. 
 
 Catiline is run through, Catilina pugnans con- 
 
 whilst he is fighting. foditur. 
 
 The traitors after they had Proditores, virgis caesi, 
 
 been beaten with rods, were securi percussi sunt, 
 executed with the axe. 
 
 Obs. IV. In order to get a proper participle, we have 
 often to change the verb from the active into the passive, 
 and vice versa, as : 
 
 He tortured and killed him. Excruciatum (eum) ne- 
 
 cavit. 
 The enemies fled, and were Equites nostri hostes 
 pursued by our horse, who fugientes insecuti, mag- 
 slew a great number of them, num eorum numerum in- 
 
 terfecere. 
 
 Obs. V. After making the aforesaid changes, we often 
 get a substantive with a participle, independent of the 
 rest of the sentence, which is put in the ablative; hence 
 
 RULE XIV. 
 
 A substantive with a participle, independent of the 
 rest of the sentence, is put in the ablative, called abso- 
 lute* as : (§ 15.) 
 
 * This ablative generally expresses time, and is governed by the 
 preposition de, sub, cum, a, or ab, as: cum_Diis volentibus. Cato. 
 Positis repetistis ab armis. Lucan. 
 
PARTICIPLES. 
 
 91 
 
 After our general had rout- 
 ed the enemies, he returned 
 to the camp. Or, The enemies 
 being routed, our general re- 
 turned to the camp. 
 
 With the will of God (i. e. 
 God being willing) I shall 
 finish this work. 
 
 Noster dux, hostibus 
 fusis, rediit in castra. 
 
 Deo volente, hoc opus 
 perficiam. 
 
 Obs. Instead of participles we often use substantives, 
 or adjectives, which may also be explained by existente, 
 or existentibus understood, as : 
 
 What I have undertaken by 
 your advice, I shall accom- 
 plish with your assistance. 
 
 He did it without my know- 
 ledge. 
 
 Quod suasore (i. e. sua- 
 dente) te suscepi, adjutore 
 te exequar. 
 
 Me inscio (i. e. nesci- 
 ente) hoc fecit. 
 
 EXERCISE 
 obedient to 
 
 We all live 
 others. 
 
 Sink and overwhelm their 
 ships. 
 
 Plato died whilst he was 
 writing. 
 
 He chases and puts into 
 confusion the whole multi- 
 tude. 
 
 The body of Tiberius, 
 when dead, was thrown into 
 the river. 
 
 The path of death must be 
 trod by all. 
 
 They carry on wars that 
 must be spoken of by their 
 wives. 
 
 He took the city by a siege, 
 and destroyed it. 
 
 Chorcebus, ready to die, 
 throws himself into the midst 
 of the enemy. 
 
 Omnis vivo obediens 
 alius. 
 
 Submersus obruo pup- 
 pis. 
 
 Plato scribens morior. 
 
 Misceo agens omnis tur- 
 ba. 
 
 Corpus Tiberius mor- 
 tuus in flumen projicio. 
 
 Via lethum sum calcan- 
 dus omnis. 
 
 Gero prselium conjux 
 loquendus. 
 
 Deleo urbs obsidio cap- 
 tus. 
 
 Chorcebus injicio sui- 
 sui moriturus in medius 
 hostis. 
 
92 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 The turrets, being built in 
 the middle of the mount, were 
 beyond the throw of a dart. 
 
 The enemies proceeded, 
 and fell into the snares that 
 had been laid about the road. 
 
 Horrid famine shall force 
 you to consume the gnawed 
 trenchers. 
 
 Metellus, distrusting the 
 veteran army, enrolls soldiers. 
 
 What care has the boy for 
 his lost mother? 
 
 A traveller ought to avoid 
 a nocturnal arrival at the city. 
 
 The women, that had been 
 carried off, dared to place 
 themselves between the flying 
 darts. 
 
 May we be allowed to bring 
 up the fleet, shattered by the 
 winds. 
 
 We saw Ti. Gracchus, when 
 he disturbed the republic, for- 
 saken by his friends. 
 
 Antigonus delivered up 
 Eumenes, when dead, to be 
 buried by his relatives. 
 
 He entreats his father by 
 the smoking ruins of Troy 
 destroyed. 
 
 The dictator yielded to the 
 prayers of the brothers in- 
 treating him for the safety of 
 their brother. 
 
 I have a mind to finish the 
 solemnities, which I have be- 
 gun and prepared. 
 
 Conon, having returned to 
 
 Turris, in medius ager 
 erectus, extra telum jac- 
 tus sum. 
 
 Hostis progressus, in 
 insidiae circa iter locatus 
 delabor. 
 
 Dirus fames subigo tu 
 ambesus absumomensa. 
 
 Metellus, diffidens ve- 
 tus exercitus, conscribo 
 miles. 
 
 Ecquis cura amissus 
 parens sum puer ? 
 
 Viator nocturnus ad 
 urbs adventus vitandus 
 sum. 
 
 Raptus mulier audeo 
 sui inter volans telum in- 
 fero. 
 
 Licet ego subduco clas- 
 sis ventus quassatus. 
 
 Ti. Gracchus, respub- 
 lica vexans, ab amicus de- 
 relictus video. 
 
 Antigonus Eumenes 
 mortuus propinquus is 
 sepeliendus trado. 
 
 Obtestor genitor per 
 fumans Troja e versus 
 excidium. 
 
 Dictator cedo precis 
 frater obsecrans is pro 
 salus frater. 
 
 Ego sum animus per- 
 ficio sacra, qui inceptus 
 paro. 
 
 Conon, cum pars navis 
 
PARTICIPLES. 
 
 93 
 
 his country with a part of the 
 ships, caused the walls of 
 Athens to be rebuilt. 
 
 Aulus Posthumius, having 
 been made dictator, engaged 
 with the enemies at the lake 
 Regillus. 
 
 Will you rush in upon us, 
 when prostrate at the feet of 
 the conqueror, trusting to his 
 humanity, which you yourself 
 have experienced. 
 
 Orestes, being fired with 
 great love for his ravished 
 spouse, kills Pyrrhus at his 
 country's altars. 
 
 Fabius Quintus, who alone 
 had survived the family, 
 which was destroyed at the 
 Cremera, was made consul 
 with Ti. Aemilius. 
 
 As an enemy I wished to 
 kill an enemy ; after me there 
 is a long file of men seeking 
 the same glory. 
 
 Antipater sent to Alexan- 
 der, who had pursued the ene- 
 mies in their flight, messen- 
 gers to make him acquainted 
 with the movement of Greece. 
 
 The king, having attempted 
 to take this city, was repuls- 
 ed by the great courage of 
 those that defended it. 
 
 He learned from the spies, 
 that all the forces of the Bel- 
 gae had been drawn together 
 into one place and were ad- 
 vancing towards him. 
 
 Catiline was found among 
 the dead of the enemies, re- 
 taining that fierceness, which 
 he had had when living. 
 
 in'patria reversus, murus 
 Athenae reficiendus euro. 
 
 tator factus, cum hostis 
 apud Regillus lacus con- 
 fligo. 
 
 Irrumpo in ego pro- 
 stratus ad pes victor, fi- 
 dens is humanitas, qui tu 
 ipse experior ? 
 
 Orestes, inflammatus 
 magnus amor ereptus 
 conjux, obtrunco Pyrrhus 
 ad patrius ara. 
 
 Fabius Quintus, qui 
 unus extinctus ad Creme- 
 ra gens supersum, creo 
 consul cum Ti. Aemilius, 
 
 Hostis hostis occido 
 volo ; longus post ego or- 
 do sum petens idem de- 
 cus. 
 
 Antipater ad Alexan- 
 der, fugiens hostis inse- 
 cutus, mitto nuntius de 
 motus Graecia is certior 
 facturus. 
 
 Rex hie urbs expugno 
 adortus, magnus vis is 
 defendens repello. 
 
 Cognosco ab explora- 
 tor, omnis Belga copiae in 
 unus locus coactus ad sui 
 venio. 
 
 Catilina reperio inter 
 hostis cadaver, retinens 
 ferocia, quihabeo vivus. 
 
94 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Caius Lutatius, coming in- 
 to Sicily, is informed, that 
 the greatest fleet of the Car- 
 thaginians was coming from 
 Africa. 
 
 Scipio Africanus being or- 
 dered to plead his cause, he, 
 without any mention of the 
 charge, delivered a magnifi- 
 cent oration concerning the 
 affairs achieved by him. 
 
 The Tyrians, contrary to 
 the law of nations, killed the 
 heralds, and threw them into 
 the deep ; Alexander, being 
 irritated by their unworthy 
 death, resolves to besiege the 
 city. 
 
 Having gone out of the city 
 you have an ancient temple of 
 the deserted Venus, near 
 which there is an old cypress, 
 preserved for many years by 
 the religion of our fathers. 
 
 Cajus Lutatius, adve- 
 nietis in Sicilia,nuntiatur, 
 magnus Poeni classis ex 
 Africa venio. 
 
 Scipio Africanus jus- 
 sus causa dico, sine ullus 
 crimen mentio, magnifi- 
 cus oratio de res a sui ges- 
 tus habeo. 
 
 Tyrii caduceator, con- 
 tra jus gens occisus, prae- 
 cipito in altum ; Alexan- 
 der,commotusisindignus 
 nex, urbs obsideo statuo. 
 
 Sum tu ex urbs egres- 
 sus vetustus templum de- 
 sertus Venus, juxta qui 
 sum antiquus cupressus, 
 religio pater multus ser- 
 vatus per annus. 
 
 Exercise on the Abl. Absolute. 
 
 This law being set aside, the 
 acts of Caesar are annulled. 
 
 Perdiccas, having led his 
 army into the city, held a 
 council of the chief men. 
 
 A short interval having in- 
 tervened, the enemies ran from 
 all parts down to the trench. 
 
 My father, whom I wished 
 to take into the high moun- 
 tains, refused, since Troy was 
 destroyed, to prolong his life. 
 
 Letters are sent by Cicero 
 to Caesar, which, all the roads 
 being blocked up, were inter- 
 cepted by the enemy. 
 
 Octavius, having entered 
 
 Hie lex sublatus, acta 
 Caesar dissolve 
 
 Perdiccas, perductus in 
 urbs exercitus, consilium 
 princeps vir habeo. 
 
 Brevis spatium inter- 
 jectus, hostis ex omnis 
 pars ad vallum decurro. 
 
 Genitor, qui tollo in al- 
 tus mons opto, nego, ex- 
 cisus Troja,produco vita. 
 
 Literse ad Caesar a Ci- 
 cero mitto, qui, omnis via 
 obsessus, ab hostis inter- 
 cipio. 
 
 Octavius, initus cum 
 
PARTICIPLES. 
 
 95 
 
 into friendship with Antonius, 
 prosecuted Marcus Brutus the 
 slayer of Caesar. 
 
 The most beautiful Dido 
 proceeded to the temple, be- 
 ing accompanied by a great 
 baud of young men. 
 
 You being the accuser, no 
 mention will be made of this 
 crime; the most notorious in- 
 juries will be passed over in 
 silence. 
 
 The castle being taken, the 
 king is killed whilst resisting 
 with a few. 
 
 Having slain his kin, he 
 made his kingdom the prey 
 of his crime. 
 
 Ancus, having enrolled a 
 new army, set out, and took 
 Politorium, a city of the La- 
 tins. 
 
 His faults wearing away, 
 whilst his virtue is maturing, 
 permit so great a man to 
 become old in our city. 
 
 Annibal, having seen the 
 head of his brother, who had 
 been slain, is said to have ex- 
 claimed: I know the fate of 
 Carthage. 
 
 Sertorius, having left a 
 small detachment in Maurita- 
 nia, embraced a dark night, 
 and endeavoured to fly. 
 
 The enemies, after their ar- 
 my was routed, fled in disor- 
 der, and fell in with Quintius, 
 returning with the wounded 
 consul. 
 
 The bridge being finished, 
 five great states having been 
 joined to our friendship, grain 
 
 Antonius societas, Mar- 
 cus Brutus Caesar inter- 
 fector persequor. 
 
 Pulcher Dido incedo 
 ad templum, magnus ju- 
 venis stipans caterva. 
 
 Tu accusans, hie cri- 
 men mentio nullus facio ; 
 siletur de notus injuria. 
 
 Arx captus, rex cum 
 pauci repugnans occido. 
 
 Propinquus suus inter- 
 fectus, regnum is scelus 
 suus praeda facio. 
 
 Ancus, novusexercitus 
 conscriptus, profectus, 
 Politorium urbs Latini ca- 
 pio. 
 
 Senescens vitium, ma- 
 turescens virtus, sino tan- 
 tus vir senex in civitas 
 fio. 
 
 Annibal, visusfrateroc- 
 cisus caput, dico fero: 
 Agnosco fortuna Cartha- 
 go- 
 
 Sertorius, levis praesi- 
 dium relictus in Mauri- 
 tania, nactus obscurus 
 nox, fugio conor. 
 
 Hostis, disp.ipatus ag- 
 men, vagus fugiens, in 
 Quintius, cum saucius 
 consul revertens, incido. 
 
 Perfectus pons, magnus 
 quinque civitas ad amici- 
 tia adjunctus, expeditus 
 
96 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 having been provided, the re- 
 ports concerning the legions, 
 that were said to come with 
 Pompey through Mauritania, 
 havingdied away, many states, 
 more distant, go from Afra- 
 nius over to Caesar. 
 
 res frumentarius, extinct- 
 us rumor de legio,qui cum 
 Pompeius per Mauritania 
 venio dico, multus lon- 
 ginquus civitas ab Afra- 
 nius ad Caesar descisco. 
 
 Exercise on the last Observation. 
 
 His armour bearer alone be- 
 ing his attendant, he entered 
 the camp. 
 
 Caesar being the guardian 
 of the state, no power will 
 drive away our ease. 
 
 P. Lentulus, in my consul- 
 ship, surpassed all former 
 ediles. 
 
 Under the guidance of the 
 immortal gods, I conceived 
 this thought. 
 
 Arcadia being judge, Pan 
 shall say, that he has been 
 conquered. 
 
 May the forests be beaten, 
 thou being safe. 
 
 Libo proposing it, they de- 
 parted from arms. 
 
 Against your will, I will 
 not be safe. 
 
 Asdrubal, without the know- 
 ledge of his wife, threw him- 
 self at the knees of Scipio. 
 
 My father, I being a lad, set 
 out as commander for Spain. 
 
 Lucius Scipio, brother of 
 Africanus, was sent against 
 Antiochus, his brother being 
 his lieutenant. 
 
 Publius Valerius, by whose 
 assistance Junius Brutus had 
 banished the kings, was made 
 consul. 
 
 Solus armiger comes, 
 ingredior castra. 
 
 Caesar custos res, nul- 
 lus vis exigo otium. 
 
 P. Lentulus, ego con- 
 sul, vinco omnis superior 
 aedilis. 
 
 Deus immortalis dux, 
 suscipio hie mens. 
 
 Arcadia judex, Pan di- 
 co sui vinco. 
 
 Sylva plecto, tu sospes. 
 
 Libo auctor, ab arma 
 disceditur. 
 
 Invitus tu, salvus sum 
 nolo. 
 
 Asdrubal, inscius uxor, 
 ad genu Scipio procumbo. 
 
 Pater, ego puerulus, 
 imperator in Hispania 
 proficiscor. 
 
 Lucius Scipio, frater 
 Africanus, mitto contra 
 Antiochus, frater legatus. 
 
 Publius Valerius, qui 
 adjutor Junius Brutus 
 rex ejicio, creo consul. 
 
ADVERBS. 97 
 
 This festival day, at the re- Hie festus dies, rediens 
 
 turn of the year, shall remove annus, dimoveo cortex ad- 
 
 the cork fastened with pitch strictuspix consul Tullus. 
 in the consulship of Tullus. 
 
 What would he have done Quis ille vivus facio, 
 
 whilst living, who, when dead, qui mortuus, unus e suus 
 
 fired the senate-house, Sex. satelles Sex. Clodius dux, 
 
 Clodius, one of his champions, curia incendo ? 
 being the manager? 
 
 OF ADVERBS. 
 
 An Adverb is an indeclinable part of speech joined to a 
 verb, participle, noun, or another adverb, to express some 
 circumstance thereof, as: 
 
 He spoke well. Bene dixit. 
 
 Making various allusions. Alludens varie. 
 
 You are too much atrifler. Nimium nugator es. 
 
 The fittest. Maxime idoneus. 
 
 Less piously. Minus pie. 
 
 Adverbs are either primitive, as: sic, itoy or they are 
 derivative. 
 
 The derivative adverbs are formed 
 
 1. From verbs, as: statim, on the spot, from sto; con- 
 junctim, jointly, from conjungo. 
 
 2. From substantives, as: -viritim, from virj temfiorius, 
 from temfius; Pol, from Pollux; Edefiol, from deus and 
 Pollux. 
 
 3. From adjectives and participles, as: certe, turpiter, 
 ornate, abundanter, etc. 
 
 Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the second de- 
 clension by changing i of the genitive into e, as: doctus, 
 docti, docte ; teneri, tenere; pigri, pigre. Except bene 
 from bonus. (§ 16.) 
 
 From adjectives of the third declension by changing s 
 of the genitive into ter; as: felix, felicis, feliciter; celer, 
 celeris, celeriter; but adjectives in ns, as also solers, 
 change tis into ter, as: diligens, diligentis, diligenter ; so- 
 lers, solertis, solerter. 
 
 These adverbs generally have also a comparative and 
 superlative. 
 
 The comparative is the same as the neuter of the ad- 
 
 9 
 
98 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 jective in the comparative degree, as: docte, doctius ; ce- 
 leriter, celerius. 
 
 The adjective of the superlative belonging to the se- 
 cond declension, the adverb is formed by changing i into 
 e, as: as doctissimus, doctissime ; celerrimus, celerrime. 
 
 Obs. Adverbs are sometimes rendered Latin by a noun, 
 and vice versa, as: 
 
 Unexpectedly, de improviso. By stealth, furtim. 
 
 Purposely, ex industria. With the great- C accura- 
 
 est exactness. / tissime. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 All things were carried on 
 most successfully. 
 
 They have some apprehen- 
 sion from God. 
 
 Cato having become Cen- 
 sor, discharged that office 
 with severity. 
 
 You will do this at your 
 peril. 
 
 The public faith being 
 pledged, he spoke with more 
 confidence. 
 
 A life, passed in the great- 
 est integrity, commended the 
 Scipios. 
 
 The worst fellow suffers a 
 director with the greatest re- 
 luctance. 
 
 Here the crops succeed 
 better, there the grapes. 
 
 The battle was most valiant- 
 ly maintained on both sides. 
 
 Scipio, who never sought 
 the consulship, became twice 
 consul. 
 
 The most vigorous resist- 
 ance was made to the enemy 
 by our men. 
 
 Omnis gero prospere. 
 
 Divinitus ille sum qui- 
 dam ingenium. 
 
 Cato, Censor factus, se- 
 vere is potestas praesum. 
 
 Periculose hie facio. 
 
 Publicus fides datus, lo- 
 quor confidenter. 
 
 Vita integre actus, Sci- 
 pio commendo. 
 
 Malus aspere rector pa- 
 tior. 
 
 Hie seges, illic venio 
 feliciter uva. 
 
 Pugnatur utrinque for- 
 titer. 
 
 Scipio, qui nunquam 
 peto consulatus, bis con- 
 sul fio. 
 
 Acriter resistitur hos- 
 tis a noster miles. 
 
ADVERBS. 
 
 99 
 
 The farmers dig up bad 
 herbs by the root. 
 
 This kind of citizens will 
 always be most applauded. 
 
 A great number of darts 
 had been thrown at a distance 
 from the smaller vessels. 
 
 He has not acted in this af- 
 fair with sufficient consisten- 
 cy. 
 
 Having embraced one ano- 
 ther, they conversed in the 
 most friendly manner. 
 
 He must watch, who wishes 
 to do his duties in due time. 
 
 Lasting vigour cannot be in 
 that, which has too quickly 
 attained maturity. 
 
 Cleopatra did not woman- 
 like dread the sword. 
 
 When did you, with my 
 knowledge, wish for any thing 
 in vain? 
 
 Ariovistus most eagerly 
 sought, in the consulship of 
 Caesar, the friendship of the 
 Roman people. 
 
 A haughty answer was giv- 
 en by the Latins to the Roman 
 ambassadors, when complain- 
 ing of these injuries. 
 
 Sulpicius undertook in his 
 tribuneship to rob those, with 
 whom he had lived as a pri- 
 vate man most familiarly. 
 
 The few, who resisted, be- 
 ing killed, our men pursued 
 the remaining multitude with 
 more eagerness. 
 
 The enemies, raised by this 
 victory, unexpectedly fly to 
 
 Malus herba agricola 
 radicitus effodio. 
 
 Hie genus civis maxime 
 semper applauditur. 
 
 Ex parvus navis mag- 
 nus vis telum eminus mit- 
 to. 
 
 In hie res non satis 
 constanter facio. 
 
 Sui invicem amplexa- 
 tus, amice colloquor. 
 
 Vigilo debeo, qui volo 
 suus tempori conficio offi- 
 cium. 
 
 Non passum in is sum 
 succus diuturnus, qui ni- 
 mis celeriter maturitas 
 assequor. 
 
 Cleopatra non mulie- 
 briter expavesco ensis. 
 
 Quando, ego sciens, 
 quisquam frustra opto? 
 
 Ariovistus, Csesar con- 
 sul, cupide populus Ro- 
 manus amicitia peto. 
 
 Romanus legatus, que- 
 rens de hie injuria, su- 
 perbe respondetur a La- 
 tini. 
 
 Sulpicius in tribunatus 
 instituo spolio hic,quicum 
 privatus conjuncte vivo. 
 
 Pauci resistens inter- 
 fectus, noster reliquus 
 multitudo pertinaciter in- 
 sequor. 
 
 Hostis hie victoria sub- 
 latus, improviso ad Cicero 
 
100 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Cicero's winter quarters, be- 
 fore the news of Titurius's 
 death was brought to him. 
 
 He ordered the head of As- 
 trubal, which he had carefully 
 preserved and brought along, 
 to be thrown before the sen- 
 tries of the enemy. 
 
 The fortune of the city is 
 again changed, the command 
 being transferred from the 
 consuls to decemvirs, as it 
 had come before from the 
 kings to the consuls. 
 
 He came into Macedonia, 
 to the camp of Cn. Pompey, 
 to that very party, by which 
 he had been unjustly rejected. 
 
 Caesar did not wish these 
 things to be enlarged upon, in 
 the presence of many, where- 
 fore he quickly dismisses the 
 assembly; Liscus, whom he 
 had retained, now speaks with 
 less reserve. 
 
 Cataline lived with the pen- 
 sive seriously, with the jovial 
 merrily, with the old sedately, 
 with the young sociably, with 
 the bold audaciously, with the 
 lewd lecherously. 
 
 What has been done, es- 
 pecially in passion, with gen- 
 tleness, with mildness, with 
 justice, with moderation, with 
 discretion, we certainly ought 
 to admire. 
 
 At length Octavius, having 
 vanquished hisenemies, show- 
 ed himself mild ; he pardoned 
 many, by whom he had been 
 often grievously offended. 
 
 hyberna advolo, prius- 
 quam ad is fama de Titu- 
 rius mors perfero. 
 
 Caput Astrubal,quiser- 
 vatus cum cura affero, 
 projicio ante hostis statio 
 jubeo. 
 
 Iterum muto fortuna 
 civitas, imperium transla- 
 tus ab consul ad decemvir, 
 quemadmodum ante a rex 
 ad consul venio. 
 
 In Macedonia ad Cn. 
 Pompeius castra venio, in 
 is ipse causa, a qui rejicio 
 cum injuria. 
 
 Caesar multus praesens 
 is res jacto nolo ; quare 
 celeriter dimitto consili- 
 um ; Liscus, qui retineo, 
 nunc dico libere. 
 
 Catalina vivo cum tris- 
 tis severe, cum remissus 
 jucunde,cum senex gravi- 
 ter,cum juventus comiter, 
 cum facinorosus audac- 
 ter, cum libidinosus luxu- 
 riose. 
 
 Qui clementer, mansu- 
 ete, juste, moderate, sapi- 
 enter facio, in iracundia 
 praesertim, debeo certe 
 admiror. 
 
 Tandem Octavius, hos- 
 tis victus, clemens suiex- 
 hibeo; ignosco multus, a 
 qui saepe graviter laedo. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 101 
 
 Fortune, as it were, pur- 
 posely equalising the contest 
 between the bravest men, vic- 
 tory was for a long time 
 doubtful; at length the Spar- 
 tans, scarcely supporting their 
 arms, begin to withdraw, the 
 enemy pressing on. 
 
 Velut de industria inter 
 fortis vir certamen sequans 
 fortuna, victoria diu an- 
 ceps sum ; tandem Laco, 
 vix sustinens arma refero 
 pes caepi urgens hostis. 
 
 OF PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 A preposition is an indeclinable part of speech, set be- 
 fore another part of speech, to express spme relation. 
 
 Preparations are either separable, or inseparable . 
 
 A separable preposition is set. before a noun or pronoun, 
 and requires it to be put in a certain case. 
 
 The separable prepositions are divided into three sorts: 
 
 I. The following twenty-eight require the accusative. 
 
 Ad, to. 
 Apud, at. 
 Ante, before. 
 Adversus, "} 
 Adversum, ^against. 
 Contra, J 
 Circa, } about; 
 Circum,^ around. 
 
 r*. ' > on this side. 
 Citra, S 
 
 Erga, towards. 
 
 Extra, without. 
 
 Infra, beneath. 
 
 Inter, between. 
 
 Intra, within. 
 
 Juxta, near, nigh to. 
 
 Ob, for. 
 
 Propter, for, hard by, 
 
 Penes, in the fiower oj. 
 
 Per, through. 
 
 Pone, behind. 
 
 Post, after. 
 
 Praeter, except, against. 
 
 Secundum, according to. 
 
 Secus, along. 
 
 Supra, above. 
 
 Trans, on the farther side. 
 
 Ultra, beyond. 
 
 II. The following fourteen require the ablative. 
 
 A, 1 
 
 Ab, Wrom, by. 
 
 AbsJ 
 
 Absque, without. 
 
 Clam, without the knowledge of. 
 
 Coram, before, in the presence of. 
 
 Cum, with, in company of. 
 
 9* 
 
 De, of concerning. 
 
 l^} of out of. 
 
 Prae, before, for. 
 Pro, for. 
 Sine, without. 
 Tenus, to. 
 
102 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 III. These four have sometimes an accusative, some- 
 times an ablative: 
 
 In, in, into. 
 
 Sub, under, about. 
 
 Super, above. 
 Subter, beneath, 
 
 RULE XV. 
 
 The prepositions, ad, afiud, ante, etc. govern the accu- 
 sative, as ; 
 
 To the Lord. Ad dominum. 
 
 In my power. Penes me. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 To the stars. 
 To a nail. 
 To the tops. 
 At hand. 
 At the walls. 
 At noon. 
 
 Towards evening. 
 At the army. 
 At the states. 
 At the castle. 
 Before the judge. 
 Before the people. 
 Amongst friends. 
 Before the altars. 
 Before the windows. 
 Before a mirror. 
 Before the time. 
 Before noon. 
 Before the feet. 
 Towards men. 
 Towards a brother. 
 Towards the sun. 
 Against wealth. 
 Against the laws. 
 Against nature. 
 Against right. 
 Opposite to Italy. 
 On, this side of the Rhine. 
 
 Ad stell-a, ae, f. 
 Ad ungu-is, is, m. 
 Ad cacum-en, inis, n. 
 Ad man-us, us, f. 
 Ad mur-us, i, m. 
 Ad meridi-es, ei, m. 
 Ad vesper-a, as, f. 
 Apud exercit-us, us, m. 
 Apud civita-s, tis, f. 
 Apud castell-um, i, n. 
 Apud jud-ex, icis, m. 
 Apud popul-us, i, m. 
 Apud amic-us, i, m. 
 Ante ar-a, ae, f. 
 Ante fenestr-a, ae, f. 
 Ante specul-um, i, n. 
 Ante temp-us, oris, n. 
 Ante meridi-es, ei, m. 
 Ante pe-s, dis, m. 
 Adversus hom-o, inis, m. 
 Adversum frat-er, ris, m. 
 Adversus sol, is, m. 
 Adversus diviti-ae, arum, f. 
 Adversum le-x, gis, f. 
 Contra natur-a, ae, f. 
 Contra ju-s, ris, n. 
 Contra Itali-a, ae, f. 
 Citra Rhen-us, i, m. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 On this side of the Eu- 
 phrates. 
 
 Without controversy. 
 
 About the cottages. 
 
 About the general. 
 
 Around the towns. 
 
 Around the heads. 
 
 Towards God. 
 
 Towards parents. 
 
 Towards children. 
 
 Without the country. 
 
 Without guilt. 
 
 Beyond measure. 
 
 Out of order. 
 
 Beneath a man. 
 
 Under the age. 
 
 Under the milt. 
 
 Among philosophers. 
 
 Between the twins. 
 
 Amongst cups. 
 
 During supper. 
 
 Within the bounds. 
 
 Within the inclosures. 
 
 Within a year. 
 
 Within an hour. 
 
 Near the pyramids. 
 
 Near the senate-house. 
 
 Close by the way. 
 
 On account of the expenses. 
 
 For the ice. 
 
 For reasons. 
 
 Before the eyes. 
 
 For laziness. 
 
 On account of the sighs. 
 
 For fear. 
 
 Hard by Sicily. 
 
 In the power of the magis- 
 trates. 
 
 In the power of the accu- 
 sers. 
 
 In the power of custom. 
 
 Through the defiles. 
 
 Through the hands. 
 
 For years. 
 
 Citra Euphrat-es, is, m. 
 
 Citra controversi-a, ae, f. 
 Circa cas-a, ae, f. 
 Circa du-x, cis, m. 
 Circum oppid-um, i, n. 
 Circum cap-ut, itis, n. 
 Erga De-us, i, m. 
 Erga parent-es, um, m. 
 Erga liber-i, orum, m. 
 Extra regio, nis, f. 
 Extra.culp-a, ae, f. 
 Extra mod-us, i, m. 
 Extra ord-o, inis, m. 
 Infra hom-o, inis, m. 
 Infra aeta-s, tis, f. 
 Infra splen, is, m. 
 Inter philosoph-us, i, m. 
 Inter gemin-i, orum, m. 
 Inter pocul-um, i, n. 
 Inter ccen-a, ae, f. 
 Intra termin-us, i, m. 
 Intra claustr-um, i, n. 
 Intra ann-us, i, m. 
 Intra hor-a, ae, f. 
 Juxta pyrami-s, dis, f. 
 Juxta curi-a, ae, f. 
 Juxta vi-a, ae, f. 
 Ob sumpt-us, us, m. 
 Ob glaci-es, ei, f. 
 Ob caus-a, ae, f. 
 Ob ocul-us, i, m. 
 Propter segniti-es, ei, f. 
 Propter gemit-us, us, m. 
 Propter met-us, us, m. 
 Propter Sicili-a, ae, f. 
 Penes magistrat-us, us, m. 
 
 Penes accusator, is, m. 
 
 Penes us-us, us, m. 
 Per angusti-ae, arum, f. 
 Per man-us, us, f. 
 Per ann-us, i, m. 
 
104 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 By the faith. 
 By letter. 
 Behind the army. 
 Behind the cavalry. 
 After death. 
 After winter. 
 Behind the back. 
 Besides cruelty. 
 Beside the bank. 
 Against custom. 
 Against the opinion. 
 According to the deeds. 
 According to the will. 
 Next to the king.. 
 Along the rivers. 
 Along the way. 
 Along the lines. 
 Above the earth. 
 Above the general's tent. 
 Above the top. 
 On the farther side 
 
 Anio. 
 Beyond Taurus. 
 Beyond the lakes. 
 Beyond the rivers. 
 Beyond the villa. 
 Above the number. 
 
 Per fid-es, ei, f. 
 Per liter-ae, arum, f. 
 Pone aci-es, ei, f. 
 Pone equitat-us, us, m. 
 Post mor-s, tis, f. 
 Post hiem-s, is, f. 
 Post terg-um, i,n. 
 Praeter crudelita-s, tis, f. 
 Praeter rip-a, ae, f. 
 Praeter mo-s, ris, m. 
 Praeter opinio, nis, f. 
 Secundum fact-um, i, n. 
 Secundum arbitri-um, i, n 
 Secundum re-x, gis, m. 
 Secus fluvi-us, i, m. 
 Secus vi-a, ae, f. 
 Secus line-a, 32, f. 
 Supra terr-a, ae, f. 
 Supra praetori-um, i, n. 
 Supra ap-ex, icis, m. 
 of the Trans Anien, is, m. 
 
 Trans Taur-us, i, m. 
 Trans stagn-um, i, n. 
 Ultra flum-en, inis, n. 
 Ultra vill-a,ae, f. 
 Ultra numer-us, i, m. 
 
 RULE XVI. 
 
 The prepositions a, ab, abs, absque, etc. govern the ab- 
 lative, as :* 
 
 From, or by the father. A patre. 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 From dangers. 
 From behind. 
 Since the death. 
 From the cradle. 
 By the senate. 
 
 A pericul-um, i, n. 
 
 A terg-um, i, n. 
 
 A mor-s, tis, f. 
 
 Ab incunabul-a, orum, n. 
 
 A senat-us, us, m. 
 
 * A and e are generally used before a consonant, ab before a 
 vowel, and abs before t and q. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 105 
 
 By the oarsmen. 
 
 Without prudence. 
 
 Without the filth. 
 
 Without arguments. 
 
 Without the knowledge of 
 the wife. 
 
 Without the knowledge of 
 the friends. 
 
 Before the people. 
 
 Before the parents. 
 
 In the presence of the chil- 
 dren. 
 
 With fear. 
 
 With horsemen. 
 
 In company of his brother.. 
 
 Concerning the motions. 
 
 From a place. 
 
 About nothing. 
 
 Of gold. 
 
 According to the league. 
 
 Out of necessity. 
 
 According to order. 
 
 From the day. 
 
 Opposite. 
 
 For grief. 
 
 For joy. 
 
 For tears. 
 
 At hand. 
 
 For a consul. 
 
 For the sins. 
 
 Before the assembly. 
 
 According to custom. 
 
 According to ability. 
 
 Without doubt. 
 
 Without cork. 
 
 Without barbarism. 
 
 To the neck. 
 
 To the hilt. 
 
 To the ground. 
 
 To the eyes. 
 
 To the legs. 
 
 A rem-ex, igis, m. 
 Absque prudenti-a, se, f. 
 Absque illuvi-es, ei, f. 
 Absque argument-um, i, n. 
 Clam uxor, is, f. 
 
 Clam amic-us, i, m. 
 
 Coram popul-us, i, m. 
 Coram parent-es, um, m. 
 Coram liber-i, orum, m. 
 
 Cum met-us, us, m. g 
 
 Cum equ-es, itis, m. 
 
 Cum frat-er, ris, m. 
 
 De mot-us, us, m. 
 
 De loc-us, i, m. 
 
 De nihil-um, i, n. 
 
 Ex aur-um, i, n. 
 
 Ex foed-us, eris, n. 
 
 E necessita-s, tis, f. 
 
 Ex ord-o, inis, m. 
 
 Ex di-es, ei, m. 
 
 E regio, nis, f. 
 
 Prse mceror, is, m. 
 
 Prse gaudi-um, i, n. 
 
 Prse lachrym-a, se, f. 
 
 Prse man-us, us, f. . . t 
 
 Pro consul-is, m. 
 
 Pro peccat-um, i, n. 
 
 Pro concio, nis, f. 
 
 Pro consuetud-o, inis, f. 
 
 Pro faculta-s, tis, f. 
 
 Sine dubi-um, i, n. 
 
 Sine cort-ex, icis, m. 
 
 Sine barbari-es, ei, f. 
 
 Coll-um, i, n. terms.* 
 
 Capul-us, i, m. tenus. 
 
 Solum, i, n. tenus. 
 
 Ocul-us, i, m. tenus.* 
 
 Cru-s, ris, n. tenus. 
 
 * Tenus is generally put after its case, and governs a plural noun in 
 the genitive. 
 
106 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 RULE XVII. 
 
 The prepositions m, sub, super, and subter, govern 
 the accusative, when motion or tendency to an object is 
 signified; but when rest or motion in a place is signified 
 in and sub govern the ablative, sufier and subter the 
 accusative, or ablative.* § 17. 
 
 Exercise with an accusative. 
 
 Against the enemies. 
 To the height. 
 Towards the country. 
 Until death. 
 From hour to hour. (i. e, 
 
 into hours.) 
 After the manner. 
 For pay. 
 For punishment. 
 About day light. 
 Towards evening. 
 Under the yoke. 
 Under the tables. 
 Besides the disease. 
 Besides the honours. 
 At the wine. 
 Upon a viper. 
 Under the moon. 
 Under the walls. 
 
 In inimic-us i, m. 
 In altitud-o, inis, f. 
 In patri-a, ae, f. 
 In mor-s, tis, f. 
 In hor-a, ae, f. 
 
 In mod-us, i, m. 
 In stipendi-um, i, n. 
 In pcen-a, ae, f. 
 Sub lu-x, cis, f. 
 Sub vesper-a, ae, f. 
 Sub jug-um, i, n. 
 Sub mens-a, ae, f. 
 Super morb-us, i, m. 
 Super honor, is, m. 
 Super vin-um, i, n. 
 Super aspi-s, dis, f. 
 Subter lun-a, ae, f. 
 Subter mceni-a, um, n. 
 
 With an ablative. 
 
 In the power. 
 In the bosom. 
 On the surface. 
 On the tombs. 
 Among the Greeks. 
 During supper. 
 Under the condition. 
 
 In potesta-s, tis, f. 
 In sin-us, us, m. 
 In superfici-es, ei, f. 
 In tumul-us, i, m. 
 In Graec-us, i, m. 
 In ccen-a, ae, f. 
 Sub conditio, nis, f. 
 
 • In signifying in, on, or among, generally governs the ablative: 
 otherwise the accusative. — Sub signifying at or about a certain time, 
 governs the accusative; when it signifies nigh to a place, it general- 
 ly governs the ablative. — Super, signifying besides, in addition, go- 
 verns the accusative; signifying concerning, or on, it generally go- 
 verns the ablative.— Subter is found with an ablative with poets only. 
 
PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 107 
 
 Under the judge, 
 Under pretence. 
 Near the castles. 
 Nigh to the mountain. 
 At hand. 
 Upon a leaf. 
 Concerning the subject. 
 Under a tortoise. 
 Under the shore. 
 
 Sub jud-ex, icis, m. 
 Sub praetext-us, us, m. 
 Sub castell-um, i, n. 
 Sub mon-s, tis, m. 
 Sub man-us, us, f. 
 Super fron-s, dis, f. 
 Super r-es, ei, f. 
 Subter testud-o, inis, f, 
 Subter lit-us, oris, n. 
 
 Promiscuous Exercises, 
 
 Amongst the conquerors. 
 
 In the battle. 
 
 Through rage. 
 
 Without success. 
 
 For gain. 
 
 From the side. 
 
 In remembrance. 
 
 By snares. 
 
 With the tribunes. 
 
 To the purpose. 
 
 Among the constellations. 
 
 Without images. 
 
 Without a song. . 
 
 Without feats. 
 
 Without funeral solem- 
 nities. 
 
 Without lamentations. 
 
 Without eulogies. 
 
 Without a funeral. 
 
 From head to foot. 
 
 From the Romans to the 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 On account of services to 
 the republic. 
 
 Against the (dignity of the) 
 republic to the good of 
 the republic. 
 
 |C7*The reader is requested to return to page 8, from 
 whence he digressed. 
 
 Inter victor, is, m. 
 In aci-es, ei, f. 
 Per rabi-es, ei, f. 
 Sine success-us, us, m. 
 Ob quaest-us, us, m. 
 A lat-us, eris, n. 
 Ad memori-a, ae, f. 
 Per insidi-ae, arum, f. 
 Cum tribun-us, i, m. 
 E r-es, ei, f. 
 Inter sid-us, eris, n. 
 Sine imag-o, inis, f. 
 Sine cant-us, us, m. 
 Sine lud-us, i, m. 
 Sine exsequi-ae, arum, f. 
 
 Sine lament-um, i, n. 
 
 Sine laudatio, nis, f. 
 
 Sine fun-us, eris, n. 
 
 A caput ad calx. 
 
 A Romanus ad Carthagi- 
 
 niensis. 
 Ob meritum in respublica. 
 
 Contra respublica e respub- 
 lica. 
 
108 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Obs. Prepositions in composition generally retain their original sig- 
 nification, as; adeo,I go to; alloquor, I speak to; circumveho, I carry 
 around; yet 
 
 In, in composition, often expresses negation, as; illegitimus, irri- 
 tus; sometimes it increases the original signification, as; infractus, 
 incanus. 
 
 Be, signifies sometimes down, as; delabor, descendo; sometimes 
 without, as: demens,- sometimes to cease, as; detono, desum,- some- 
 times much, as; demiror. 
 
 Ex, signifies sometimes privation, as; exsanguis. 
 
 Ob often signifies against or towards, as; obnuntio, qffero. 
 
 Per and prse, often signify much or very, as ; pervelle, prsedives. 
 - Sub signifies sometimes upon, as; in equum suty'ectus; sometimes 
 little, as; subrideo. 
 
 The inseparable prepositions are found in compounds only. They 
 
 are am, or amb, around; com, or con, together; dis or di, asunder; 
 re, again, back; se, aside, as; 
 
 Ambio, I go about. DifFero, I carry about. 
 
 Combibo, I drink with. Relego, I read again. 
 
 Contraho, I draw together. Revertor, I return. 
 
 Cohabito, I dwell with. Redamo, I love in turn. 
 
 Disjicio, I scatter. Sepono, I lay aside. 
 
 Dijudico, I decide. Socors, without heart. 
 
 OF CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 A Conjunction is an indeclinable part of speech, used 
 to connect words, or sentences. § 18. 
 
 Conjunctions are either cofiulative or disjunctive. 
 
 RULE XVIII. 
 
 The conjunctions et, ac, atque, que, nee, neque, aut, vel, 
 ve, and some others, connect like cases and moods,* as; 
 (§ 19-) 
 
 Honour thy father and mo- Honora palrem et matrem. 
 
 ther. 
 He neither reads,nor writes. Nee legit nee scribit. 
 
 * 1. This rule does not take place, when the word coupled has 
 not the same relation as the word to which it is coupled; this rela- 
 tion is easily ascertained by filling up the ellipsis, as; honour thy fa- 
 ther and mother, is the same as honour thy father, and honour thy 
 mother; by the cruel anger of Juno, and her insaturable breast; i. e. 
 and by her insaturable breast. 
 
 2. Que, ve, and ne, are also called inclitics, and are always annexed 
 to other words, as; honora patrem matremque. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 109 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 They are ruled by the nod 
 and humour of a little wo- 
 man. 
 
 All the spies had reported 
 one and the same thing. 
 
 Friendship contains the 
 most and greatest advan- 
 tages. 
 
 In a great state there are 
 many and various disposi- 
 tions. 
 
 I do not wish to be the ac- 
 tor of another's character, but 
 the improver of my own. 
 
 Neither had ever the furious 
 wolves nor the lions this cus- 
 tom. 
 
 That age is not only not en- 
 vied, but even favoured. 
 
 Great is the admiration of 
 a man speaking copiously and 
 with wisdom. 
 
 The counsel of Cn. Pompey, 
 the most just and wisest man, 
 revives and strengthens me. 
 
 Between the Punic and Ro- 
 man camp there was a hillock, 
 which Marcellus wished to 
 take. 
 
 They fought on both sides 
 with the greatest courage and 
 valour. 
 
 ,The morals had been cor- 
 rupted and depraved by the 
 admiration of riches. 
 
 Pomponius Atticus pro- 
 nounced poems both in Greek 
 and Latin. 
 
 By the cruel anger of Juno 
 and her insaturable breast I 
 
 Guberno nutus atque 
 arbitrium muliercula. 
 
 Omnis explorator unus 
 atque idem res renuntio. 
 
 Amicitia contineo mul- 
 tus et magnus commodi- 
 tas. 
 
 In magnus civitas mul- 
 tus et varius ingenium 
 sum. 
 
 Nolo sum actor alienus 
 persona, sed auctormeus. 
 
 Neque hicmos unquam 
 sum ferus lupus nee leo. 
 
 Non modo non invide- 
 tur ille setas, verum etiam 
 favetur. 
 
 Magnus sum admiratio 
 copiose sapienterque di- 
 cens. 
 
 Consilium Cn. Pom- 
 peius, Justus et sapiens 
 vir, ego recreo et reficio. 
 
 Tumulus sum inter Pu- 
 nicus et Romanus castra, 
 qui Marcellus occupo cu- 
 pio. 
 
 Pugnatur utrinque for- 
 titer atque acriter. 
 
 Mos corrumpo depra- 
 voque admiratio divitiae. 
 
 Pomponius Atticus pro- 
 nuntio poemaet Graeceet 
 Latine. 
 
 Gravis ira Juno et in- 
 exorabilis pectus cogo 
 
 10 
 
110 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 am forced to descend to all 
 prayers. 
 
 The foundation of perpetual 
 commendation and fame is 
 justice, without which nothing 
 can be praiseworthy. 
 
 They, who think themselves 
 rich, honoured, and blessed, 
 do not even wish to be obli- 
 gated by kindness. 
 
 Some men use to dispute 
 most strenuously amongst any 
 persons concerning things 
 either the most difficult, or 
 not necessary. 
 
 For neither can abase death 
 happen to a brave man, nor a 
 premature death to a consular 
 man, nor a miserable death to 
 a wise man. 
 
 Neither shall cruel poison, 
 nor the hostile sword, nor 
 pain of the sides, or the cough, 
 nor the crippling gout carry 
 off this boy. 
 
 He, that can both see and 
 explain a cause in the acutest 
 and quickest manner, uses to 
 be justly reckoned the most 
 prudent and wisest. 
 
 Some bestow much study, 
 and much application on mat- 
 ters obscure and difficult, and 
 the same not being necessary. 
 
 Of this crime also, you be- 
 ing the accuser, no mention 
 will be made; silence will be 
 
 descendo ad omnis pre- 
 cis. 
 
 Fundamentum perpe- 
 tuus commendatio et fa- 
 ma sum justitia, sine qui 
 nihil possum sum lauda- 
 bilis. 
 
 Qui sui locuples, ho- 
 noratus et beatus puto, is 
 ne obligo quidem benefi- 
 cium volo. 
 
 Quidam soleointer qui- 
 cunque homo de res aut 
 difficilis, aut non necessa- 
 rius argute disputo. 
 
 Nequeenim turpismors 
 fortis vir possum accido, 
 nequeimmaturusconsula- 
 ris, nee miser sapiens. 
 
 Neque dirus venenum, 
 nee hosticus ensis, nee la- 
 tus dolor, aut tussis, nee 
 tardus podagra auferohic 
 puer. 
 
 Is, qui acute et celeri- 
 ter possum et* video et 
 explico ratio, prudens et 
 sapiens rite habeo soleo. 
 
 Quidam magnus stu- 
 dium, multusque opera 
 confero in res obscurus 
 atque difficilis, idemque 
 non necessarius. 
 
 Hie quoque crimen, tu 
 accusans, mentio nullus 
 facio ; siletur de magnus 
 
 * Et signifying both, does not couple? so also nee, and neque, when 
 signifying neither. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 observed concerning his great- 
 est and most notorious thefts 
 and injuries. 
 
 In death the spirit of the 
 good man flies with the great- 
 est ease, as it were from the 
 custody and the chains of the 
 body; who had then an easier 
 course to the gods than Scipio? 
 
 The queen having address- 
 ed the people from the upper 
 part of the house, says, that 
 the king had indeed received 
 a serious but not a mortal 
 wound. 
 
 Let those, who preside over 
 the republic, keep Plato's pre- 
 cepts. They who consult the 
 advantage of a part of the ci- 
 tizens, and neglect a part, 
 bring into the state sedition, 
 the most pernicious thing. 
 
 Crassus thus addressed his 
 fellow citizens: Rescue us 
 from these miseries, rescue us 
 from the jaws of those (men), 
 whose cruelty cannot be satia- 
 ted: do not suffer us to serve 
 any one, but you in a body, 
 whom we both can and ought 
 to serve. 
 
 M. Caecilius, your most gal- 
 lantbrother,and amostaccom- 
 plished youth, is not only not 
 present, and prosecutes with 
 you your injuries, but he is 
 with Verres, and lives with 
 him on the most intimate and 
 friendly terms. 
 
 Obs. Other parts of speech, and particularly adverbs 
 of likeness, often connect words, or sentences, as: 
 
 Who should be ignorant of Quis genus iEneadum, 
 
 et notus ille furtum et in- 
 juria. 
 
 Bonus vir animus in 
 mors facile evolo tanquam 
 e custodia vinculumque 
 corpus; quis igitur cur- 
 sus ad Deus facilis sum, 
 quam Scipio? 
 
 Regina populus ex su- 
 perior pars aedes allocu- 
 tus, aio rex gravis qui- 
 dem sed non mortalis vul- 
 nus accipio. 
 
 Ille, qui praesum res- 
 publica, teneo Plato prae- 
 ceptum. Qui consulo pars 
 civis, et pars negligo, in- 
 duco in civitas seditio, res 
 perniciosus. 
 
 Crassus ita alloquor ci- 
 vis: Eripio ego ex hie 
 miseria, eripio ego ex 
 faux is, qui crudelitas non 
 possum expleo: nolo sino 
 ego quisquam servio, nisi 
 tu universus, qui et pos- 
 sum et debeo (servio.) 
 
 M. Caecilius frater tuus 
 lectus, atque ornatus ado- 
 lescens, non modo non ad- 
 sum, ncque tucum perse- 
 quor tuus injuria, sed sum 
 cum Verres, et cum ille 
 familiariter atque amice 
 vivo. 
 
112 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 the Trojan race, or the city quis Trojae nesciat ur- 
 
 Troy? bem? 
 
 Honour, like the rainbow, Honos, ut iris, fugit se- 
 
 flies the pursuer. quentem. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Avoid idleness as a plague. 
 
 The soldier was not want- 
 ing to the commander, nor 
 the commander to the soldier. 
 
 The people obey the senate, 
 as the body the mind. 
 
 Alexander ordered Hephses- 
 tion after his death to be wor- 
 shipped as a god. 
 
 Lycurgus, a famous law- 
 giver, abolished the use of 
 gold and silver, as the cause 
 of all wickedness. 
 
 True glory forms roots, and 
 is also propagated, but all fic- 
 titious things soon die, like 
 little flowers. 
 
 In so great and so corrupt- 
 ed a city Catiline could easily 
 have about himself bands of 
 all villainous and wicked men 
 as body-guards. 
 
 That Jupiter resisted these 
 abandoned citizens; he pre- 
 served the capitol, these tem- 
 ples,, this city, and you all. 
 
 Milo is allowed to exclaim 
 with impunity: I have killed 
 him, who banished the citi- 
 zen, whom the senate, whom 
 the people, whom all nations 
 reckoned the preserver of the 
 city and the life of the citi- 
 zens. 
 
 Fugio desidia, ceu pes- 
 tis. 
 
 Non miles dux,non dux 
 miles desum. 
 
 Plebs obedio senatus, 
 sicut corpus animus. 
 
 Alexander jubeo He- 
 phaestion colo ut Deus 
 post mors. 
 
 Lycurgus, inclytus le- 
 gislator, tollo usus aurum 
 argentumque velut mate- 
 ria omnis scelus. 
 
 Verus gloria radix ago, 
 atque etiam propago, fic- 
 tus omnis celeriter, tan- 
 quam flosculus, decido* 
 
 In tantus tamque cor- 
 ruptus civitas, Catilina 
 omnis flagitiosus atque 
 facinorosus circum sui, 
 tanquam stipator, caterva 
 facile habeo possum. 
 
 Ille Jupiter resisto hie 
 perditus civis ; ille capi- 
 tolium, ille hie templum, 
 ille hie urbs, ille tu om- 
 nis conservo. 
 
 Impune Milo clamo li- 
 cet: Occido, is, qui ex- 
 termino civis, qui senatus, 
 qui populus, qui omnis 
 gens urbs ac vita civis 
 conservator judico. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 113 
 
 Honest and active accusers 
 are no less concerned about 
 their praise, honour, and re- 
 putation, than they, who are 
 accused, are about their life 
 and fortunes. 
 
 You have been rescued from 
 the most cruel, and most mi- 
 serable destruction, and res- 
 cued without slaughter, with- 
 out blood, without an army, 
 without a contest: in peace 
 you have conquered, I being 
 the only leader and command- 
 er clothed in the toga. 
 
 As often as you shall think 
 on us, whom you wished to 
 be together with you safe in 
 the republic, so often will you 
 think on your greatest kind- 
 nesses, so often on your in- 
 credible generosity, so often 
 on your singular wisdom. 
 
 Honestus diligensque 
 accusator non minus de 
 laus, de honor, de fama 
 suus, quam ille, qui ac- 
 cuso, de caput ac fortuna 
 sua pertimesco. 
 
 Eripio ex crudelis ac 
 miser interitus, etereptus 
 sine ccedes, sine sanguis, 
 sine exercitus, sine dimi- 
 catio: togatus ego unus 
 togatus dux et imperator 
 vinco. 
 
 Quoties cogito de ego, 
 qui in respublica tucum 
 simul salvus sum volo, to- 
 ties de magnus tuus bene- 
 ficium, toties de incredi- 
 bilis liberalitas, toties de 
 singularis sapientia tuus 
 cogito. 
 
 RULE XIX. 
 
 The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, Miriam, dummodo, 
 donee, and quin, likewise before an imperfect, or pluper- 
 fect, the conjunctions cum, quum, si, and nisi, are gene- 
 rally followed by the subjunctive mood, as ; (§ 20.) 
 
 Although he had been three Cum ter fuisset consul, 
 times consul, yet he died in 
 such poverty, that the senate 
 buried him at the expense of 
 the public. 
 
 Re himself hindered me 
 from doing it. 
 
 I do not object to your fol- 
 lowing me. 
 
 in tanta tamen decessit 
 paupertate, ut senatus 
 eum publice sepeliret. 
 
 Ipse me impedivit, quo 
 minus facerem. 
 
 Non recuso,quin mese- 
 quamini. 
 
 Obs. I. The infinitive after verbs of asking, wishing, 
 hindering and impelling is in the Latin, often resolved by 
 the conjunctions ut,quo, ne, etc., which, if preceded by a 
 
 10* 
 
114 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 verb in the present, or future tense, have the following 
 verb in the present^ but if preceded by a preterit tense, 
 they are generally followed by the imperfect, as ; 
 
 I ask, or I shall ask you to Rogo, vel rogabo (te), 
 
 come. ut venias. 
 
 I was asking, have asked, Rogabam, rogavi, vel 
 
 or had asked you to come. rogaveram(te),ut venires. 
 
 06s. II. By the future past we can express occurrences 
 only, that shall take place prior to others, as ; 
 
 When I shall have done my Cum opus perfecero, 
 task, I shall receive my pay. mercedem recipiam. 
 
 To express, therefore, in the future subjunctive an oc- 
 currence, not thus referring to another futurity, we use 
 the participle future with the present subjunctive of sum, 
 as ; 
 
 I do not doubt, but he will Non dubito, quin ven- 
 come. turus sit. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 ! that Clitus had not fore- Utinam Clitus non co- 
 ed me to get into a passion go ego sui irascor. 
 against him. 
 
 Such a number was throw- Tantus multitudo jacio 
 
 ing stones and darts, that no- lapis ac telum, ut nemo in 
 
 body could stand on the wall, murus consisto possum. 
 
 1 omitted nothing to draw Nihil praetermitto, quin 
 Pompey from his union with Pompeius a Caesar con- 
 Caesar, junctio avoco. 
 
 Antigonus, when he fought Antigonus, quum ad- 
 
 against Seleucus and Lysima- versus Seleucus Lysima- 
 
 chus, was slain in the battle. chusque dimico, in praeli- 
 
 um occido. 
 
 I fear, that what I shall say, Vereor, ut* hie, qui di- 
 
 cannot be understood by my co, perinde intelligo ab 
 
 hearers just so, as I myself auditor possum, ac ego 
 
 think. ipse sentio. 
 
 * The verbs vereor, timeo, and metuo, signify to expect with some 
 doubt or fear of the contrary ; hence after these verbs ne is translated 
 affirmatively, ut, and ne non, negatively. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 115 
 
 They feared, lest they 
 should be conquered not by 
 the bravery of the enemies, 
 but by their own fatigue. 
 
 There is no doubt, but men 
 most benefit, and injure men. 
 
 The Belgae were fearing, 
 lest, all Gaul being subdued, 
 our army would be led to 
 them. 
 
 Although you may think, 
 that fear is nimble, yet hope 
 is quicker. 
 
 The Senate decreed, that 
 the Quaestors should (by con- 
 tract) cause the statues to be 
 demolished. 
 
 As soon as age shall have 
 strengthened your limbs and 
 mind, you shall swim without 
 cork. 
 
 I shall provide that the 
 number of the enemies may 
 not surround you. 
 
 Such an orator I shall ad- 
 vise to restrain himself, or to 
 betake himself to another 
 study. 
 
 Not one of the enemies was 
 allowed to depart from the 
 road, but he was taken up by 
 the cavalry. 
 
 That circumstance did not 
 deter me from sending a letter 
 to you. 
 
 I shall come to a conference, 
 provided there be a wall be- 
 twixt you and me. 
 
 As often as I came to you, 
 I remained standing, until you 
 beckoned to me to sit down. 
 
 Timeo, ne non virtus 
 hostis, sed lassitudo suus 
 vinco. 
 
 Non dubium sum, quin 
 homo plurimum homo et 
 prosum et obsum. 
 
 Belgae vereor, ne omnis 
 pacatus Gallia, ad is ex- 
 ercitus noster adduce 
 
 Licet strenuus metus 
 puto sum, velox tamen 
 spes sum. 
 
 Senatus decerno, ut 
 statua quaestor demolien- 
 dus loco. 
 
 Simul ac duro aetas 
 membrum animusque tu- 
 us, no sine cortex. 
 
 Ne mullitudo hostis tu 
 circumvenio queo, ego 
 provideo. 
 
 Talis orator, ut sui con- 
 tineo, aut ad alius studi- 
 um transfero, admoneo. 
 
 Nemo hostis ex iter ex- 
 cedo licet, quin ab equi- 
 tatus excipio. 
 
 Non is res ego deterreo, 
 quominus literae ad tu 
 mitto. 
 
 Venio ad colloquium, 
 dummodo murus sum in- 
 ter tu et ego. 
 
 Quotiescunquead tu ve- 
 nio, donee, ut consideo, 
 annuo, resto. 
 
116 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Although the strength be 
 wanting, yet the inclination is 
 praiseworthy. 
 
 The first duty of justice is, 
 that we do not injure any one, 
 unless forced by injury. 
 
 I would listen to this, if you 
 lived for yourself alone, or if 
 you were even born for your- 
 self alone. 
 
 ! that Pompey had not 
 joined friendship with Csesar, 
 or had never dissolved it. 
 
 You are so far from having 
 finished the greatest works, 
 that you have not yet laid the 
 foundations. 
 
 Great will be your fame, if 
 you shall subdue the Romans. 
 
 1 do not doubt, but I shall 
 prove my defence. 
 
 When the winds had carri- 
 ed me from Sicily to Leuco- 
 petra, I crossed from that 
 place over to Greece. 
 
 Nothing, that is done with- 
 out reason, can be lasting, 
 though fortune may some- 
 times seem to be favourable. 
 
 No one ought to doubt, but 
 that he would raise many from 
 the dead ; since he saves of 
 the same army those, whom 
 he can (save.) 
 
 O 1 that you had deliberated 
 with us at the beginning of 
 this affair, we would have ad- 
 vised you to pardon Philotas. 
 
 Ut desum vires, tamen 
 sum laudandus voluntas. 
 
 Justitia primus mu- 
 nus sum, ut nequis* no- 
 ceo,nisi lacessitus injuria. 
 
 Is audio, si tu solus vi- 
 vo, aut si tu etiam solus 
 nascor. 
 
 Utinam Pompeius cum 
 Caesar societas non con- 
 jungo, aut nunquam di- 
 rimo. 
 
 Tantum absum aperfec- 
 tio magnus opus, ut funda- 
 mentum nondum jacio. 
 
 Egregius tuus fama 
 sum, si Romanus oppri- 
 mo. 
 
 Non dubito, quin pro- 
 bo sum defensio meus. 
 
 Cum ego ex Sicilia ad 
 Leucopetra ventus defero, 
 ab is locus transmitto in 
 Grsecia. 
 
 Nihil possum sum diu- 
 turnus, qui sine ratio 
 ago, licet felicitas quan- 
 doque adspiro videor. 
 
 Nemo debeo dubito, 
 quin multus, si possum, 
 excito de inferi , quoniam 
 ex idem acies conservo, 
 qui possum (conservo.) 
 
 Utinam in principium 
 hie res egocum delibero, 
 suadeo, ut Philotas ignos- 
 co. 
 
 * Jili after si and ne is omitted, as; aliquis, some one, siquis, if 
 some one; aliquando, ever, nequando, that not, or lest at any time. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 117 
 
 Parmenio informs Alexan- 
 der, that, unless early aid were 
 sent, the flight of his men 
 could not be arrested. 
 
 The memory of posterity 
 causes, that we are present 
 when absent, and live though 
 dead. 
 
 We ought to be such, that 
 no oblivion shall ever obscure 
 our praises. 
 
 If they had followed me, 
 we would have some repub- 
 lic, if not the best. 
 
 Some men disregard all 
 things, right and honest, pro- 
 vided they obtain power. 
 
 We ought to be concerned 
 for all our fellow citizens ; 
 but so, that this conduct may 
 either benefit, or certainly not 
 injure the community. 
 
 If, whilst a part of the ar- 
 my stood yet in the field of 
 battle, he had continued to 
 press those, who fled ; he 
 would have been conquered 
 by his own fault. 
 
 Labienus has been ordered 
 by Caesar not to join battle, 
 unless his troops had been 
 seen near the enemy's camp. 
 
 Pompey declares, that Cae- 
 sar's men cannot be persuad- 
 ed to defend, or follow him. 
 
 Expressions, which come 
 to my ears, are repeatedly 
 made by those, who fear, that 
 I have not a guard sufficient- 
 ly strong. 
 
 Parmenio Alexander 
 certior facio, nisi mature 
 subvenitur, non possum 
 sisto fuga miles. 
 
 Memoria posteritas ef- 
 ficio, ut absens adsum, et 
 mortuus vivo. 
 
 Talis sum debeo, ut 
 noster laus nullus oblivio 
 unquam obscuro sum. 
 
 Si ago obtemperatur, si 
 non optimus, aliquis res- 
 publica habeo. 
 
 Quidam omnis rectus 
 et honestus negligo, dum- 
 modo potentia consequor. 
 
 Singuli civis consulo 
 debeo ; sed ita, ut is res 
 aut prosum, aut certe ne 
 obsum respublica. 
 
 Si, pars exercitus ad- 
 hue in acies stans, insto 
 fugiens persevero ; suus 
 culpa vinco. 
 
 Praecipitur Labienus a 
 Caesar, ne praelium com- 
 mitto, nisi ipse copiae 
 prope (ad) hostis castra 
 video. 
 
 Pompeius affirmo,miles 
 Caesar non possum per- 
 suadetur, ut is defendo, 
 aut sequor. 
 
 Vox, qui venio ad meus 
 auris, jacto ab is, qui ve- 
 reor, ut habeo praesidium 
 satis firmus. 
 
118 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 I do not object to your im- 
 itating me, whether I shall 
 have been an example of bra- 
 very, or of cowardice. 
 
 He says, (that) I feign 
 flight: would to God I could 
 see him, by whose wicked 
 deed I have been cast into 
 these miseries, feigning these 
 same things ! 
 
 He said, that the Aedui 
 would not refuse to be for 
 ever under the controul and 
 power of the Sequani. 
 
 O ! that you had such a 
 number of valiant and honest 
 men, that this consultation of 
 your's would be the most dif- 
 ficult. 
 
 Nobody ought to doubt, 
 but that the Romans, if they 
 shall vanquish the Helvetii, 
 will reduce the Aedui toge- 
 ther with the rest of Gaul un- 
 der their power. 
 
 Therefore, if I had not 
 given life, Rome would not 
 be besieged ; if I had not a 
 son, I would have died as a 
 free woman in a free country. 
 
 The foundations of justice 
 are, first, that no one be injur- 
 ed ; secondly, that the public 
 good be promoted. 
 
 The townsmen suffered 
 Pompey to advance, until he 
 approached to the very gates 
 and the wall ; then having 
 suddenly made a sally, they 
 routed the Pompeians and 
 drove them in every direction 
 to the sea and their ships. 
 
 Non recuso, quo minus 
 imitor ego, sive fortitudo 
 exemplum, sive ignavia 
 sum. 
 
 Ego fuga simulo dico : 
 utinam ille, qui impius 
 facinus in hie miseria 
 projicio, idem hie simu- 
 lans video. 
 
 iEdui dico non recuso, 
 quo minus sub Sequani 
 ditio atque imperium 
 sum. 
 
 Utinam vir fortis atque 
 innocens copia tantus ha- 
 beo, ut hie deliberatio 
 vester difficilis sum. 
 
 Nemo dubito debeo, 
 quin Romanus, si Helve- 
 tii supero, una cum reli- 
 quus Gallia iEdui in suus 
 poteslas redigo. 
 
 Ergo nisi pario, Roma 
 non oppugno ; nisi filius 
 habeo, liber in liber pa- 
 triamorior. 
 
 Fundamentum justitia 
 sum, primum, ut nequis 
 nocetur ; deinde, ut com- 
 munis utilitas servitur. 
 
 Oppidanus Pompeius 
 patior accedo, donee ad 
 ipse porta ac murus ap- 
 propinquo ; turn subito 
 eruptio factus, prostratus 
 Pompeianus in mare pas- 
 sim navisque compello. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 119 
 
 I came into Asia, not that 
 I might utterly overthrow 
 nations, nor that I might 
 make the half of the earth a 
 desert ; but that they, who, 
 having been insolently treat- 
 ed, had revolted, might be 
 free. 
 
 Take care, I pray, lest your 
 divine virtue shall have 
 greater admiration, than glo- 
 ry ; if indeed glory is the il- 
 lustrious and well spread 
 fame of many and great merits 
 either towards one's own, or 
 towards one's country, or to- 
 wards the whole human race. 
 
 If you, as Verres's enemy, 
 shall deny that act, which he, 
 to whom this affair is most 
 prejudicial, dares not deny ; 
 take care, lest you may seem 
 to vent your enmities with too 
 much friendship. 
 
 This kind of speaking 
 moves and forces the minds 
 of the judges either to hate 
 or to love, to grudge or to 
 wish the accused to be safe, 
 to fear or to hope, to desire 
 or to disdain, to rejoice or to 
 mourn, to pity or to wish to 
 punish. 
 
 This orator has a ready and 
 fluent eloquence, whether he 
 speaks of the nature of hea- 
 ven, or that of the earth; whe- 
 ther of the divine or human 
 power; whether from a lower, 
 a level, or a higher place; 
 whether to impel men, or to 
 teach them; whether to deter, 
 to incite, or to turn them; 
 
 Venio in Asiam,non ut 
 funditus everto gens, nee 
 ut dimidius pars terra so- 
 litudo facio ; sed ut ille, 
 qui superbe habitus re- 
 bello, liber sum. 
 
 Video, quseso, ne tuus 
 divinus virtus habeomag- 
 nus admiratio, quam glo- 
 ria; siquidem gloria sum 
 illustris ac pervagatus fa- 
 ma multus et magnus vel 
 in suus, vel in patria, vel 
 in omnis genus homo me- 
 ritum. 
 
 Si tu, Verres inimicus, 
 nego ille factum/qui ipse, 
 qui hie res maxime obsto, 
 nego non audeo ; video, 
 ne nimium familiariter 
 inimicitia exerceo videor. 
 
 Hie ratio oratio mens 
 judex permoveo, impello- 
 que, ut aut odi, aut dili- 
 go, aut invideo aut reus 
 salvus (sum) volo, aut 
 metuo aut spero, aut cu- 
 pio aut abhorreo, aut lae- 
 tor aut rncereo, aut mise- 
 reor, aut punio volo. 
 
 Hie orator sum promp- 
 tus ac profluens eloquen- 
 tia, sive de coelum natura 
 loquor, sive de (natura) 
 terra; sive de divinus vis, 
 sive de humanus; sive ex 
 inferior locus, sive ex 
 sequus, sive ex superior; 
 sive ut impello homo, si- 
 ve ut doceo; sive ut deter- 
 
120 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 whether to incense, or to ap- 
 pease them; whether to few 
 persons, or to many; whether 
 amongst strangers, or with 
 his own, or by himself. 
 
 reo, sive ut concito, sive 
 ut reflecto; sive ut incen- 
 do, sive ut lenio; sive ad 
 pauci, sive ad multus; si- 
 ve inter alienus, sive cum 
 suus, sive suicum. 
 
 Obs. Interrogatives, not used interrogatively, and pre- 
 ceded by a verb of information, or sense, generally gov- 
 ern the subjunctive mood, as; 
 
 Tell what you want, whence Die, quod velis, unde 
 you come, when you will re- venias, quando rediturus 
 turn. sis. 
 
 EXERCISE. 
 
 Consider who you are, and 
 not whence you are sprung. 
 
 I know not, whether we 
 shall see those things, which 
 we aim at. 
 
 Do you see, how according 
 to Homer, Nestor very often 
 speaks of his virtues ? 
 
 I know how unpleasant this 
 undertaking will be in the be- 
 ginning. 
 
 You all understand in what 
 state our affairs are. 
 
 I do not know whether Mi- 
 lo ought not rather to be as- 
 sisted by you. 
 
 Do I say firmness ? I know 
 not whether I should not ra- 
 ther say patience. 
 
 I wish to know, whether I 
 have come to an enemy or to 
 
 Quis sum, non unde na- 
 tus sum, reputo. 
 
 Nescio, an video sum 
 is, qui peto. 
 
 Videone, ut apud Ho- 
 merus ssepe Nestor de 
 virtus suus prsedico ? 
 
 Ego scio, quam asper 
 hie res inprincipium sum 
 sum. 
 
 In quis locus res nos- 
 ter sum, omnis intelligo. 
 
 Haud scio,* an Milo 
 sum tu adjuvandus ma- 
 gis. 
 
 Constantia dico ? Nes- 
 cio, an melius patientia 
 possum dico. 
 
 Scio volo, ad hostis, an 
 ad filius venio: captiva, 
 
 * In this, and the like phrases, haud scio, or nescio, is a modest 
 affirmation, the negative not is therefore omitted in the Latin; and 
 when the following sentence is affirmative, it will be negative in the 
 Latin, as; omnium ineptiarum, haud scio, an nulla sit major quam, 
 etc.; of all absurdities, I know not whether any is greater than, etc. 
 Cic. de Or. 
 
CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 121 
 
 a son: whether I am in your 
 camp a captive, or your mo- 
 ther ? 
 
 Do you see what a guard 
 sits at the entrance ? what 
 face keeps the thresholds ? 
 
 There was such cunning in 
 Jugurtha, that they did not 
 know, whether he was more 
 dangerous when absent, or 
 present; when keeping up 
 peace, or war. 
 
 Know ye Trojans, both 
 what strength I had in my 
 youthful body, and from what 
 death you remand and pre- 
 serve Dares. 
 
 The subject itself, seems to 
 exhort us to discuss the insti- 
 tutions of our forefathers, how 
 they kept the republic, and 
 how great they left it; and 
 how it was by degrees im- 
 paired, and became, from the 
 most beautiful, the worst, and 
 most vicious. 
 
 Serve then those judges al- 
 so, who after many ages shall 
 judge concerning you, and 
 indeed I know not, whether 
 not more impartially than 
 we; for they will judge with- 
 out love, without desire, and 
 again without hatred, with- 
 out envy. 
 
 In the mean time Metellus 
 endeavoured to find out 
 through the deserters, and 
 other fit persons, where Ju- 
 gurtha was, or what he was 
 doing; whether he was with 
 few, or whether he had an 
 army, and how he conducted 
 himself after his defeat. l 
 
 materne in castra tuus 
 sum. 
 
 CernO, custodia qualis 
 in vestibulum sedeo ? fa- 
 cies quis limen servo? 
 
 Tantus in Jugurtha do- 
 lus sum, ut nescio, absens 
 an prsesens, pax an bel- 
 lum gerens, perniciosus 
 sum. 
 
 Cognosco Teucri, et 
 ego quis sum juvenilis in 
 corpus vires, et quis servo 
 revocatus a mors Dares. 
 
 Res ipse ego hortor vi- 
 deor dissero institutum 
 majores, quomodo res- 
 publica habeo, quantus- 
 que relinquo, et ut paula- 
 tim imminutus, ex pul- 
 cher, malus ac flagitiosus 
 fio. 
 
 Servio igitur is etiam 
 judex, qui post multus 
 saeculum de lu judico, et 
 quidem haud scio an in- 
 corrupte quam ego; nam 
 et sine amor, et sine cu- 
 piditas, et rursus sine 
 odium, et sine invidia ju- 
 dico. 
 
 Interim Metellus conor 
 exploro per transfuga, et 
 alius opportunus, ubi Ju- 
 gurtha sum, aut quis agi- 
 to, cum paucine sum, an 
 exercitus habeo, uti sui 
 victus habeo. 
 
122 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 OF INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 An Interjection is a word, and sometimes only a 
 sound uttered between the parts of a sentence, to express 
 the passion or feeling of the speaker. 
 
 The different passions are expressed by different words; 
 thus we express 
 Joy by euax 1 io 1 ho 1 
 
 Wonder, O i vah I hui 1 hem 1 hm 1 fiafix 1 
 Grief, ah ! hei / heu I eheu ! hoi ! ohe ! 
 
 Praise, euge ! eia ! 
 
 Aversion, vah ! ehem ' firoh ! 
 Imprecation, Ttf/ 
 Laughter, ha ! he ! 
 Calling, 1 heus 1 
 
 Other parts of speech are sometimes used as interjec- 
 tions, as; malum 1 the mischief ! horrendum 1 horrid i 
 quaeao, pray; sodes, if you dare, if you please; etc. 
 
SYNTAX. 123 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 Syntax, the third part of Grammar, teaches the pro- 
 per arrangement of the words in a sentence, according to 
 the relation which they have to one another. 
 
 A Sentence is a collection of words forming a com- 
 plete sense. 
 
 A collection of words not making a complete sense is 
 called a Phrase. 
 
 Syntax consists of two parts, Concord and Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Concord is the agreement of one word with another in 
 gender, or number, etc. 
 
 Government is the influence, under which words must 
 be put in a particular case or mood, etc. 
 
 GENERAL RULES. 
 
 I. Every sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. 
 
 II. Every adjective, and consequently every adjective 
 pronoun, and participle agrees with a substantive, express- 
 ed or understood, in gender, number, and case. 
 
 III. Every finite verb has a subject or nominative, 
 which answers to the question who or what with the verb. 
 
 IV. Every finite verb agrees with its subject, expressed 
 or understood, in number and person. 
 
 V. Every genitive is governed by a substantive, ex- 
 pressed or understood. 
 
 VI. Every dative, or giving case, expresses a thing or 
 person, to or for whom, to whose advantage or disadvan- 
 tage, satisfaction or dissatisfaction, convenience or incon- 
 venience something does exist, or is done. 
 
 VII. Every accusative is either governed by a verb, or a 
 preposition, expressed or understood ; or it is the subject 
 to an infinitive. 
 
 VIII. The vocative, or calling case, is absolute, and ex- 
 presses the person, or thing, that is addressed, as: 
 
124 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 By my assistance, Q. Fa- 
 bius, you retook Tarentum. 
 
 These, my son, are a most 
 affectionate father's pre- 
 cepts. 
 
 Ye, eternal fires! ~ye al- 
 tars, and horrid swords I 
 I call to witness. 
 
 Mea opera, Quinte Fabi, 
 Tarentum recepisti. 
 
 Hsec, mi fili, amantissimi 
 patris sunt praecepta. 
 
 Vos, aeterni ignes! vos 
 arae, ensesque nefandi! tes- 
 tor. 
 
 IX. Every ablative is governed by a preposition, ex- 
 pressed or understood. 
 
 X'. Every phrase or sentence, likewise every part of 
 speech, when taken in an abstract sense, that is, without 
 regard to its signification, as also the names* of the let- 
 ters, are considered as substantives of the singular num- 
 ber and neuter gender, as: 
 
 To die for one's country is 
 sweet and glorious. 
 
 To desire the same things, 
 
 est 
 
 Dulce et decorum 
 pro patria mod. 
 
 Eadem cupere, eadem 
 to hate the same things, to odisse, eadem metuere, 
 
 fear the same things, brought 
 all these into one (body). 
 
 Every onehas hisown wish. 
 
 Homines is trisyllabical. 
 
 A final is long. 
 
 coegit hos omnes in unum. 
 
 Velle suum cuiqueest. 
 Homines est trisylla- 
 bum. 
 
 A finale est longum. 
 
 OF CONCORD, OR AGREEMENT. 
 
 There are in grammar four Concords: 
 
 I. The Concord of an adjective with its substantive. 
 
 II. The Concord of a verb with its subject or nomina- 
 tive. 
 
 III. The Concord of a relative with its antecedent. 
 
 IV. The Concord of a substantive with a substantive. 
 
 ' * The names of letters are sometimes used in the feminine gender, 
 litera being understood, as: a est vocalis (litera). 
 
SYNTAX. 125 
 
 RULE I. 
 
 An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, 
 number, and case, as: (§ 21, 22.) 
 
 A true friend is tried in a Amicus certus in rein- 
 doubtful affair. certa cernitur. 
 
 Old age is itself a sickness. Senectus ipsa est mor- 
 bus. 
 
 A word uttered cannot re- Nescit vox missa re- 
 turn, verti. 
 
 RULE II. 
 
 A verb agrees with its subject or nominative in num- 
 ber and person, as: (§ 22.) 
 
 I read, thou teachest. (Ego) lego, (tu) doces. 
 
 The swift horse conquers. Celer equus vincit. 
 
 The slow horses are over- Tardi equi vincuntur. 
 come. 
 
 To err is human. Errare humanum est. 
 
 RULE III. 
 
 A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gen- 
 der, number, and person. (§ 22.) 
 
 Obs. 1. If no nominative comes between the relative and 
 the verb, the relative is the nominative to the verb. 
 
 Obs. 2. If a nominative comes between the relative and 
 the verb, the relative is governed either by a verb or noun 
 following, or a preposition going before, as: 
 
 God, who governs the world, Deus, qui gubernat 
 
 and by whom all things were mundum, et a quo omnia 
 
 created, is a spirit, whom no creabantur, est spiritus, 
 
 man has seen, or can see. quern nemo vidit, aut vi- 
 
 dere potest. 
 
 11* 
 
126 SYNTAX. 
 
 RULE IV. 
 
 Two or more substantives, connected together by a 
 copulative conjunction, (el, ac, atque, etc.) have a verb, 
 adjective, and relative plural, as: (§ 28.) 
 
 The night, love and wine Nox et amorvinumque 
 
 advise nothing moderate. nihil moderabile suadent. 
 
 Cyrus and Alexander, who Cyrus et Alexander, qui 
 
 subdued Asia, are renowned domuerunt Asiam, sunt 
 
 among all nations. inclytiapudomnesgentes. 
 
 Obs. 1. If the substantives, thus connected, are the sub- 
 ject, or nominative to a verb, and of different persons, the 
 plural verb will agree with the first person rather than 
 the second, and with the second rather than the third, as: 
 ($ 29.) 
 
 If you and Tullia are. well, Si tu et Tullia valetis, 
 I and our sweetest Cicero are ego et suavissimus Cice- 
 well. ro volemus. 
 
 Obs. 2. If the substantives are of different genders, and 
 signify persons, the adjective, or relative plural will take 
 the more worthy gender; that is, the masculine rather 
 than the feminine or neuter, as: 
 
 Juventas and Terminus did Juventas Terminusque 
 
 not suffer themselves to be moveri se non passi sunt, 
 moved. 
 
 The man and the woman, Vir et fcemina, quos vi- 
 
 whom we saw yesterday, are dimus heri, hodie sunt 
 
 dead to-day. mortui. 
 
 Obs. 3. If all, or any of the substantives, signify things 
 inanimate, the adjective or relative plural is generally put 
 in the neuter gender, as: 
 
 The ships and prisoners, Naves et captivos, quae 
 
 that had been taken at Chios, ad Chium capta erant. 
 
 The night and the booty of Nox atque praeda cas- 
 
 the camp retarded the ene- trorum hostes remorata 
 
 mies. sunt. 
 
 Obs. 4. When two or more substantives are connected 
 by a disjunctive conjunction (aut, vel, nee, neque), or by 
 
SYNTAX. 127 
 
 et, et; turn, turn; segue, ac; non tantum, sed etiam, their 
 verb and adjective agree with the nearest substantive, as : 
 
 He who supposes, that there Qui nullam vim esse 
 
 is no divine power, or in- ducit, numenve divinum. 
 fluence. 
 
 Both I and my Cicero beg- Et ego et meus Cicero 
 
 ged. flagitabat. 
 
 The same often happens, when the substantives are 
 coupled together by a copulative conjunction,* as: 
 
 His features and his words Haerent infixi pectore 
 
 remain fixed in her breast. vultus verbaque. 
 
 I see, conscript fathers, that Video, P. C. in me ora- 
 
 the countenances and eyes of nium vestrum ora atque 
 
 you all are turned on me. oculos esse conversos. 
 
 Why are Lysias and Hype- Cur Lysias et Hyperi- 
 
 rides loved? des amatur? 
 
 Orgetorix's daughter and Orgetorigis filia atque 
 
 one of his sons were taken. unus e filiis captus est. 
 
 RULE V. 
 
 Substantives signifying the same person or thing, and 
 depending on the same word, agree in case, as ; (§ 30.) 
 
 With a victorious army. Cum victore exercitu. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero, the Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
 
 orator, was a very great phi- orator, erat maximus 
 
 losopher. philosophus. 
 
 OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The government is three-fold : 
 
 I. That of nouns. 
 
 II. The Government of verbs. 
 
 III. The Government of words indeclinable. 
 
 * If the verb or adjective cannot be used with the substantives taken 
 separately, we must use the plural, as: Grammatice quondam et mu- 
 sice juncta fuere, Quint. 
 
128 SYNTAX. 
 
 RULE VI. 
 
 When two substantives, depending on one another and 
 signifying different things, come together, one of them 
 governs the other in the genitive, as : (§ 36.) 
 
 A boy of the best talents. Puer optimse indolis. 
 An exile of ten years. Exilium decern anno- 
 
 rum. 
 The hatred against the Odium potentise nobi- 
 power of the nobles. lium. 
 
 Obs. I. When the latter substantive expresses the 
 quality, form, or age of the former, it is often put in the 
 ablative, and in this case it generally has an adjective or 
 pronoun agreeing with it, as ;* 
 
 A woman of a noble form Mulier egregia forma 
 
 and of full age. atque aetate integra. 
 
 A youth of the greatest vir- Adolescens summa vir- 
 tue and gentleness. tute et humanitate. 
 
 Obs. II. Substantives signifying love or hatred, desire 
 or fear, remembrance or care, and the like, may have a 
 genitive both under an active and passive idea, as ; 
 
 The general's desire for a Ducis cupiditas trium- 
 triumph. phi. 
 
 Man's hope of safety. Hominis spes salutis. 
 
 But if the sense is not evident from the context, we 
 must use a preposition instead of the passive genitive, as ; 
 
 God's love of men. Amor Dei erga homines. 
 
 The genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri and vestri, (from ego 
 and tu) always have a passive signification, as ; (§ 32.) 
 
 The hatred against me. Odium mei. 
 
 The desire for thee. Desiderium tui. 
 
 You have power over me. Habes potestatem mei. 
 
 Obs. III. Adjectives of the neuter gender without a 
 substantive, as also adverbs of time, place, and quantity, 
 assume sometimes the nature of substantives, and go- 
 vern a genitive, as :,f (§ 33.) 
 
 * This ablative is governed by the preposition e, ex 7 cum, or in, un- 
 derstood. 
 f The adjectives and adverbs, belonging to this observation, are 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 129 
 
 Much, or a great sum of 
 money. 
 
 What kind of a man are 
 you? 
 
 Enough of loquacity, little 
 wisdom. 
 
 Every where in the world. 
 
 The day before that day. 
 
 Multum pecuniae. 
 Quid tu hominis es? 
 
 Satis loquentiae, parum 
 sapientiae. 
 
 Ubique terrarum. 
 Pridie ejus diei. 
 
 Thus a neuter adjective may govern another in the 
 genitive, as ; 
 
 If any thing good, bad, or Siquid boni, mali, aut 
 unfortunate happens. adversi accidit. 
 
 However we cannot say siquid tristis, horribilis, or talis, 
 but, siquid triste, horribile or tale accidit. 
 
 Obs. IV. The substantive, governing the genitive, is 
 often suppressed, particularly homo, negotium, officium, 
 causa, and others evident from the context, as ; 
 
 Cato made his first cam- 
 paign as a youth of seventeen 
 years. 
 
 Deiphobe, the daughter 
 of Glaucus; or, Glaucus's 
 (daughter) Deiphobe. 
 
 The wisest of men. 
 
 They fluttered about with 
 torches at Castor's (temple). 
 
 Caesar Augustus dwelt in a 
 house, that had belonged to 
 Calvus the orator. 
 
 They were wholly advocates 
 of men, and not of measures. 
 
 Cato primum stipendi- 
 um fecit (homo) anno- 
 rum decern septemque. 
 
 Deiphobe (filia) Glauci. 
 
 Sapientissimus (vir, e 
 numero, vel e genere) ho- 
 minum. 
 
 Cum facibus ad Cas- 
 toris (aedem) volitarunt. 
 
 Caesar Augustus habi- 
 tabat in domo, quae fue- 
 rat Calvioratoris(domus). 
 
 Hominum non causa- 
 rum toti erant. 
 
 multum, plus, plurimum, aliquantum, tantum, quantum, minus, mi- 
 nimum, hoc, id, quid with its compounds, interea, inde, postea, 
 tunc, ubi and quo, with their compounds, eo, hue, huccine, unde, us- 
 quam, nusquam, longe, ibidem,, abuude, affatim, largiter, nimis, quoaa\ 
 satis, parum, minime, pridie and postridie,- the two last have some- 
 times an accusative governed by ad, ante, or post, understood. 
 
130 SYNTAX. - 
 
 He had collected ships of Naves onerarias, qua- 
 burden, none of which was rum minor nulla erat 
 less than of two thousand (quam navis)duum milli- 
 rundlets' burden. um amphorarum. 
 
 It is the duty of a youth to Est (officium) adoles- 
 respect his elders. centis majores natureve- 
 
 reri. 
 
 To shear the sheep, not to Tondere pecus, non de- 
 flay them, is the business of a glubere est (negotium) 
 good shepherd. boni pastoris. 
 
 Hence ; 
 
 It is my business to direct, Est meum (negotium) 
 and it your duty to obey. regere, et vestrum (offici- 
 
 um) est parere. 
 
 This book belongs to me ; Hie liber est meus (li- 
 this pen belongs to you. ber) ; haec penna est tua 
 
 (-penna). 
 
 Obs. V. Names of towns of the first, or second declen- 
 sion, and singular number, answering to the question 
 where, or in what place, are put in the genitive, governed 
 by in urbe, or loco understood, as ; 
 
 He lived at Rome. Vixit Romse. 
 
 He died at London. Mortuus est Londini. 
 
 In like manner are domus and humus, and often bellum 
 and militia put in the genitive, as ; * 
 
 He is not at home. Non est domi. 
 
 We were together in the Una militiae domique 
 field and at home. fuimus. 
 
 RULE VII. 
 
 Partitives, comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives 
 and numerals govern a genitive plural, as : 
 
 None of the wild beasts. Nulla belluarum. 
 
 The elder of the two bro- Major fratrum. 
 thers. 
 
 * Domus admits also of the possessive pronouns, meus, tuus, etc. , 
 and sometimes of a genitive, as ; Quid tibi negotii est domi meae? 
 Plaut. Clodius deprehensus est domi C«esaris, Cie. 
 
SYNTAX. 131 
 
 The moon, the lowest of Luna, planetarum infi- 
 the planets. mus. 
 
 Who of us ? Quis nostrum? 
 
 One of the muses. Una musarum.* 
 
 Observations. 
 
 Obs. l. A partitive denotes a part of several persons, 
 or things. 
 
 Obs. 2. A partitive agrees in gender with the genitive, 
 which it governs. § 37. 
 
 Obs. 3. A partitive, governing a genitive singular of 
 a collective noun, agrees in gender with the individuals 
 implied by that noun, as : 
 
 Plato the most learned of Plato doctissimus toti- 
 all Greece. us Grseciae, i. e. doctissi- 
 
 mus omnium Graecorum. 
 
 Obs. 4. Instead of the genitive, the partitive may have 
 an ablative with the preposition de, e, or ex, or the accu- 
 sative with inter or ante, as : 
 
 A few of ours fall. Paucidenostriscadunt. 
 
 The elder of the two sons. Ex duobus filiis major. 
 An herb amongst, or of a Herba inter paucas uti- 
 few, the most useful. lissima. 
 
 The handsomest of all. Ante alios pulcherri- 
 
 mus omnes. 
 
 Obs. 5. The comparative is used, when but two per- 
 sons, or things are spoken of, as : 
 
 Of the hands the right is Manuum agilior est 
 the most active. dextra. 
 
 Obs. 6. To the partitives may be reckoned adverbs of 
 the superlative, as : 
 
 He stood most beautifully In senatu pulcherrime 
 
 of all in the senate. omnium stetit. 
 
 The Helvetii are the most PlurimumtotiusGallise 
 
 powerful of all Gaul. possunt Helvetii.* 
 
 * This genitive is governed by a substantive, understood, or im- 
 plied by the partitive, as: quis nostrum is the same as quis homo nos- 
 trum hominum\ plurimum (inter gentes) totius Gallia possunt Hel- 
 vetii. 
 
1 32 SYNTAX. 
 
 RULE VIII. 
 
 Verbal adjectives and those that siguify an affection of 
 the mind govern the genitive, as : 
 
 A lover of wine. Amans vini. 
 Able to bear labour. Patiens raboris. 
 Time destroying all things. Tempus edax rerum. 
 A rival in my studies. iEmulus studiorum. 
 Unacquainted with the Ruclis Grsecarum lite- 
 Greek language. rarum. 
 Accused of another's fault. Aliens culpse reus.* 
 
 Obs. To this rule chiefly belong 
 
 1. The verbal adjectives, that is, adjectives derived 
 from verbs, yet not referring to time, but implying a habit, 
 or a natural disposition : 
 
 2. Adjectives of desire, or disdain. 
 
 3. Of knowledge or ignorance. 
 
 4. Of guilt or innocence. 
 
 RULE IX. 
 
 Adjectives of plenty, want, or privation, govern a ge- 
 nitive, or ablative, as : 
 
 Full of wine. Plenusvini. 
 
 A life fall of pleasures. Vita plena voluptati- 
 
 bus. 
 Rich in cattle. Dives pecoris. 
 
 Mantua, rich in grandsires. Mantua, dives avis. 
 Fertile in grain. Ferax Cereris. 
 
 An age fertile in useful arts. Saeculum ferax bonis 
 
 artibus. 
 
 Obs. These commonly take the genitive, benignus, 
 exors, imfios, imfiotens, irritus, liberalis, munificus, fircdlar- 
 gus. 
 
 * Some Grammarians suppose this genitive to be governed by 
 in re, negotio, or causa understood; but it is more probable, that it 
 depends on the substantive implied by the adjective; for, amans vini 
 is the same as amator vini; aemulus studiorum the same as simulator 
 studiorum. Hence even adjectives, which generally have a dative, 
 sometimes govern the genitive, as; similis tui y the like of you; so 
 also nati natorum, the sons of sons. 
 
SYNTAX. 133 
 
 These generally take the ablative, beatua, differ tus, fru- 
 gifer, mutilus, tentus, distentus, tumidus, turgidus.* 
 
 RULE X. 
 
 Misereor, miseresco, satago, interest, and refert take the 
 genitive, as : 
 
 Take pity on your sister. Miserere sororis. 
 
 Pity the Arcadian King. Arcadii miserescite re- 
 gis. 
 
 He is busy with his own af- Satagit rerum suarum. 
 fairs. 
 
 It concerns the father. Interest patris. 
 
 It concerns them. Refert illorum. 
 
 Obs. The pronouns mea, tua, sua, nostra, and vestra 
 used with interest and refert, are excepted, as : 
 
 It concerns me. Interest mea. 
 
 It is your interest. Refert tua.f 
 
 Obs. 2. Becordor, memini, reminiscor, and obliviscor, 
 govern the genitive, or accusative, as; 
 
 I remember this favour. Recordor hujus meriti4 
 
 Let us remember the indus- Recordemurdiligentiam ma- 
 try of our forefathers. jorum. 
 
 * The genitive is to be accounted for in the same manner as in 
 the preceding Rule, and the ablative by a preposition understood; 
 hence, Cicero says: inops amicorum, inops verbis, inops ab amicis. 
 Nudus arboris Othrys erat. Ovid. Urbs nuda prsesidio. Cicero. Res- 
 publico, nuda a magistratibus. Ibid. 
 
 •j- 1. The genitive of misereor and miseresco is governed by raise- 
 ria implied. Satago being a compound of satis and ago, the geni- 
 tive is governed by satis. The elliptical construction of interest and 
 refert may be thus supplied: interest patris, i. e. est inter negotia 
 patris. Interest mea, i. e. est inter mea negotia. Refert illorum, 
 i. e. fert cum re illorum. Refert tua, i. e. fert cum re tua; for re 
 being long, it must be considered to be the ablative of res. 
 
 2. Interest and refert take the adverbs maxime, minime, multum, 
 quantum, and the like; but they take also the genitives tanti, quanti, 
 magni, parvi, pluris to express how much it concerns. 
 
 t This genitive is probably governed by memoria implied; for Ci- 
 cero says : Pueritise memoriam recordari uliimam. 
 
 12 
 
134 SYNTAX. 
 
 RULE XI. 
 
 Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, admonishing, 
 and valuing, also the impersonal verbs, fKsnitet, fiudec, 
 taedef, fiiget, and miseret, take the genitive and accusative, 
 as; (§ 42, 43.) 
 
 He accused me of theft. Accusavit me furti. 
 
 I condemn myself of sloth- Meipsum inertiae con- 
 fulness, demno. 
 
 The judge acquitted him of Judex absolvit eum in- 
 the injuries. juriarum. 
 
 He admonished the one of Admonebataliumeges- 
 his poverty, the other of his tatis, alium cupiditatis 
 desires. suae. 
 
 I value you much. jEstimo te magni. 
 
 You little regard me. Parvi me pendis. 
 
 I am ashamed of my bro- Fratris me pudet. 
 ther. 
 
 Nobody pities me. Neminem mei mise- 
 
 ret * 
 
 Obs. 1. To this rule also must be referred the genitives 
 tanti, quanti, filuris, and minoris, when relating to the 
 cost, or price of a thing; likewise when used with esse, to 
 be worth, as; 
 
 I sell my grain for no more Vendo meum frumen- 
 than others; perhaps even for turn non pluris quam cse- 
 less. teri,fortasse etiam mino- 
 
 ris. 
 
 * 1. This genitive depends on a substantive understood, such as 
 crimine, nomine, miseria, negotium, causa, or the like; hence 
 
 Jlbsens invidiam crimine accusaretur. Nep. 
 
 Nomine sceleris conjurationisque damnati. Cic. 
 
 Misevatio eos infantis tenebat. Just. 
 
 The genitives tanli, quanti, etc. agree with pretii understood; we 
 find it expressed in Terent. Hec. V. 3. 1. Nee esse meam herus ope- 
 ram deputat parvi pretii. 
 
 2. The verbs of accusing, condemning, and admonishing, take also 
 the ablative with the preposition de, as; absolvi de praevaricatione. 
 Cic. Condemnari de alea. Ibid. 
 
 De moribus civitatis tempus nos admonuit. Sail. 
 
 The verbs of admonishing take sometimes two accusatives, but 
 rarely any other accusative of the thing than id, quid, quod, hoc, as; 
 id ipsum, quod me admones. Cic. 
 
SYNTAX. 135 
 
 An eye-witness is worth Pluris est oculatus tes- 
 more than ten, depending on tis, quam decern auriti. 
 their ears. 
 
 Obs. 2. The verbs of filling, as; imfileo, comfileo, exfileo; 
 likewise the verbs of want, as; egeo, indigeo^ and fiQtior, 
 take often the genitive, though more generally the abla- 
 tive, as; 
 
 They fill themselves with Implentur veteris Bac- 
 
 old wine. chi. 
 
 They need not so much art, Non tarn artis indigent, 
 
 as industry. quam laboris. 
 
 If a foreigner should make Si alienigena summi 
 
 himself master of the supreme imperii potiretur. 
 power. 
 
 Obs. 3. As (see page 54,) the nominative and accusative 
 only are affected by changing an active verb into a pas- 
 sive, it follows that the active verbs, which besides the 
 accusative, admit also of another case, must retain the 
 latter in the passive, as; 
 
 Gold is valued more. Aurum sestimatur pluris. 
 
 The leaders were con- Duces capitis damnati 
 demned to die. sunt. 
 
 RULE XII. 
 
 All nouns, verbs, and adverbs, expressing advantage 
 or disadvantage, convenience or inconvenience, pleasure or 
 displeasure, similarity or dissimilarity; also the interjec- 
 tions hei I and vx J take the dative of acquisition,* as; 
 
 (§44,45.) 
 
 * This dative often presents itself to the beginner as a great diffi- 
 culty, which, however, may generally be easily overcome by trans- 
 lating it by the possessive case, as; 
 
 Utrisque ad animum occurrit. Caes. 
 
 It occured to the mind of both. 
 
 Huic cervixque comzeque trahuntur per terram. Virg. 
 
 His neck and hair are dragged along the ground. 
 
 Neve tibi ad solem vergant vineta cadentem. Ibid. 
 
 Nor let your vineyards incline towards the setting sun. 
 
 Quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ? Ibid. 
 
 Whither has your care for us retired ? 
 
 At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem irrigat. Ibid. 
 
 But Venus diffuses a placid sleep through the limbs of Jlscanius. 
 
 Districtus ensis cui super impia cervice pendet. Hor. 
 
136 SYNTAX. 
 
 O noble protection of dis- Insigne moestis praesi- 
 
 tressed defendants. dium reis. 
 
 He set out for Spain as Profectus est in His- 
 
 lieutenant to his brother. paniam legatus fratri. 
 
 Accompanying him, do not Illi comes exterior ne 
 
 refuse to walk on the outside, ire recuses. 
 
 Be thou kind to all, fawn- Cunctis esto benignus, 
 ing to none, familiar with few, nemini blandus, paucis fa- 
 just to all. miliaris, omnibus sequus. 
 
 Death is terrible to the Mors est terribilis ma- 
 wicked, lis. 
 
 It is better for us to be si- Praestat nobis tacere. 
 lent. 
 
 Harm is done to me. Nocetur mihi. 
 
 The death of Cyrus was Mors Cyri nuntiabatur 
 
 announced to him. ei. 
 
 He threatened him with Minabatur illi mortem, 
 death. 
 
 He applies remedies to the Medetur reipublicss af- 
 
 diseased state. flictae. 
 
 He, over whose impious head a sword hangs drawn. 
 
 Hinc animus crevit obsessis. Curt. 
 
 Hence the courage of the besieged increased. 
 
 Hsec libera Hermolai vox regi feroci animum movit. Ibid. 
 
 This unreserved language moved the passion of the cruel king. 
 
 Ad haec mala hoc malum mihi accedit etiam. Ter. 
 
 This evil also comes to these evils of mine. 
 
 When the dative has a participle agreeing with it, we may trans- 
 late it by the nominative absolute, as? 
 
 Ciceroni cervicem prsebenti caput abscissum est a Popilio. 
 
 Cicero offering his neck, his head was cut off by Popilius. 
 
 Talia jactanti procella velum ferit. Virg. 
 
 He saying these things, the storm strikes his sail. 
 
 Sometimes however it almost impossible to reach this dative by 
 the English language, as; quo tantum mihi (i. e. to my disadvantage, 
 or vexation,) dexter abis ? Virg. — Tongillum mihi eduxit; that is, he 
 has done me the favour of taking out Tongillus. Cic. — An ille mihi 
 liber, cui mulier imperat. Ibid. — At iibi repente paucis post diebus 
 venit ad me Caninius mane. Ibid. — Ad ilia mihi pro se quisque acri- 
 ter intendat animum. Liv. 
 
 We often meet with this dative in the Greek language also, as; 
 A7re<PgccTTe pot rev £ av. Lucian. 'Ovra^ eya <rot, sty*), a /mreg, 
 rxye ^tKUtcc 7rccvTec7rocriv ci^ee, ctitgtfiaq. Xen. 'XwegetyofietTo, fw 
 01 o iretirTCos otToB-etvot. Ibid. 
 
 This dative is likewise very frequent in the German language, and 
 always implies a certain authority, or affection. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 137 
 
 Trust, but see whom you 
 trust. 
 
 He was not only concerned 
 in the affair, but even man- 
 aged it. 
 
 Do you not know that kings 
 have long hands ? 
 
 He became again consul; 
 for his own glory in due time, 
 for the good of the republic al- 
 most too late. 
 
 If you wish to subject to 
 yourself all, subject yourself 
 to reason. 
 
 He stations his whole army 
 about the town. 
 
 Virgil is compared to Ho- 
 mer. 
 
 They keep the cattle nearer 
 to the stables. 
 
 He entrenches his camp as 
 near as possible to the ene- 
 mies' camp. 
 
 The whole senate came to 
 meet the consul. 
 
 Woe to you ! Ah ! I wretch! 
 
 Fide, sed cui (fidas) 
 vide. 
 
 Non modo rei interfuit, 
 sed etiam praefuit. 
 
 An nescis, longas regi- 
 bus esse manus ? 
 
 Factus est iterum con- 
 sul; sibi (in) suo tempore, 
 reipublicae pene sero. 
 
 Si vis tibi omnia subji- 
 cere, subjice te rationi. 
 
 Exercitum omnem cir- 
 cumdat hostium castris. 
 
 Virgilius comparatur 
 Homero. 
 
 Tenent armenta pro- 
 pius stabulis. 
 
 Quam proxime potest 
 hostium castris castra 
 communit. 
 
 Omnis senatus consuli 
 obviam venit. 
 
 Vae vobis ! Hei mihi 
 misero ! 
 
 To this rule belong particularly 
 
 1. All adjectives signifying firq/it or disfirq/ie, love or 
 hatred^ Jltness or unfitness, equality or inequality; all ad- 
 jectives of fiersfiicuity or nearness, and the verbals in bilis 
 and dus* 
 
 * 1. Many adjectives, belonging 1 to this rule, take often by Rule 
 VIII. the genitive instead of t\e dative, as : aemulus, sequalis, affinis, 
 communis, similis, par, proprius, etc. 
 
 2. Adjectives expressing an affection, such as love or hatred for or 
 against a person, take frequendy the accusative with the preposition 
 in or erga, as: benevolus, benignus, liberalis, seevus, crudelis, ini- 
 quus, etc. 
 
 3. Adjectives of usefulness and fitness take often the accusative 
 with ad, as: utilis, inutilis, idoneus, ineptus, commodus, aphis, etc. 
 
 12* 
 
138 SYNTAX. 
 
 2. All verbs, whether neuter, active, or deponent, sig- 
 nifying to favour ', or to hurt, to command, obey, serve, or 
 resist, to trust, to be angry with, the verbs of comparing 
 and declaring, of giving and taking away,* 
 
 3. The verb smtw, taken for habeo, together with its 
 compounds, also the compounds of satis, bene, and wa/f. 
 
 4. Most verbs compounded with these ten prepositions: 
 ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob,firae f sub, and sufier. 
 
 RULE! XIII. 
 
 The verb sum, taken for affero (I bring), also forem, 
 do, duco, habeo, mitto, relinquo, venio,verto, etc. take often 
 two datives, as: 
 
 The sea brings ruin on the Exitio est avidis mare 
 
 greedy mariners. nautis. 
 
 Pausanias came to the as- Pausanias venit Atticis 
 
 sistance of the Athenians. auxilio. 
 
 What you charge to others Quod aliis vitio vertis, 
 
 as a vice, do not reckon that id tibi laudi ne duxeris. 
 a glory to yourself. 
 
 Modesty is reckoned acorn- Modestia laudi ducitur 
 
 mendation to young men. adolescentibus. 
 
 * 1. Verbs, compounded with a preposition, take often the case 
 of the preposition, as: inire consilium, to enter into a design; ejicere 
 urbe, to cast out of the city. See prepositions in composition, etc. 
 Rule XX. 
 
 2. Verbs of local motion, or expressing a tendency towards an ob- 
 ject, likewise the verbs of exhorting, inviting, and exciting to a 
 thing, instead of the dative take the accusative with the preposition 
 ad or in, as: amnes in cequora currant, the rivers run into the sea. Se- 
 duni ad summas Alpes pertinent, the Seduni extend to the tops of the 
 Alps. Provocabant nos ad pugnam, they challenged us for battle. 
 
 3. Comparo, confero, compono, instead of the dative take often the 
 ablative with cum, as: conferte hanc pacem cum illo bello, compare 
 this peace with that war. 
 
 4. The verbs of taking away, instead of the dative, have frequently 
 the ablative with a, db, de, e, or ex, as: eripite nos ex his miseriis; 
 rescue us from these miseries. 
 
 5. Juvo, adjuvo, adjuto, Icedo, and jubeo, though apparently belong- 
 ing to this rule, always govern the accusative, and the last generally 
 with an infinitive. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 139 
 
 Obs. To this rule may be referred the following and 
 like idioms: 
 
 I have this at heart. 
 This is of use to me. 
 Scipio, who had the sur- 
 name Africanus. 
 
 Hoc mihi cordi est. 
 Hoc mihi usui est. 
 Scipio, cui Africano 
 fuit cognomen.* 
 
 RULE XIV. 
 
 A verb signifying actively governs the accusative, as: 
 (§ 52-3-4-5.) 
 
 They love God. 
 
 He reveres his parents. 
 
 An artless appearance be- 
 comes men. 
 
 The Sicilians had Cicero 
 for their patron. 
 
 They accuse him of treache- 
 ry. 
 
 I always valued you very 
 much. 
 
 I am sorry for this deed. 
 
 I forgive you the things 
 past. 
 
 He left with the landlord his 
 cloak for a pledge. 
 
 He freed me from the quar- 
 tan ague. 
 
 Amant Deum. 
 
 Reveretur parentes. 
 
 Forma viros neglecta 
 decet. 
 
 Siculi Ciceronem habe- 
 bant patronum. 
 
 Insimulant eum prodi- 
 tionis. 
 
 Plurimi te semper feci. 
 
 Poenitet me hujus fac- 
 ti.t 
 
 Ignosco tibi praeterita. 
 
 Reliquit hospiti pal- 
 lium pignori. 
 
 Liberavit me a quarta- 
 na (febri). 
 
 * 1. Instead of this phrase of naming", we may also say: cui Afri- 
 canus fuit cognomen, and cui Africani fuit cognomen. 
 
 2. Some grammarians refer to this rule the idiom Dicto audientem 
 esse alicui; but from the passage of Nep. Ages. 4, Dicto audiensfuit 
 jussis magistraiuum, where dicto in the abl. signifies, as soon as said, 
 it would appear, that it is the ablative. 
 
 f The verbs poenitet, pudet, miseret, etc., which are generally called 
 impersonals, have an active signfication, though they are not used 
 in the passive voice; they stand for poena tenet, pudor, miseria, or mi- 
 teratio tenet, etc. as it may appear from the passage already quoted: 
 miseratio eos infantis tenebat. Just. 
 
140 SYNTAX. 
 
 To this rule may be referred the neuter verbs which 
 take an accusative of their own, or like signification, as: 
 ($ 52.) 
 
 To live a blessed life. Vivere vitam beatam. 
 
 They enjoy a true joy. Gaudent gaudium ve- 
 
 rum. 
 
 They fought many bloody Multa cruenta pugna- 
 battles. verunt praelia.* 
 
 Obs. For the accusative of the subject before the infini- 
 tive see page 79. 
 
 RULE XV. 
 
 Verbs of asking and teaching, as also celo, I conceal, 
 admit of two* accusatives, as : 
 
 I never asked riches of the NunquamdivitiasDeos 
 
 Gods. rogavi. 
 
 We all beg peace of you. Pacem te poscimus 
 
 omnes. 
 
 Dionysius taught Epamin- Dionysiusmusicam do- 
 
 ondas music. cuit Epaminondam. 
 
 Minerva taught him all her Minerva eum omnes 
 
 arts. artes edocuit. 
 
 He conceals from all his Iter constitutum omnes 
 
 intended march. celat. 
 
 Junius Silanus was first Junius Silanus primus 
 
 asked his opinion. sententiam rogatus est. 
 
 Being taught a better Doctus iter melius, 
 course. 
 
 Obs. 1. The verbs of asking take frequently the abla- 
 tive of the person with the preposition a, or ab; and the 
 verbs of teaching, the abl. of the thing with the preposi- 
 tion de , as : 
 
 * He demanded Catiline of Catilinam a me repos- 
 
 rae. cebat. 
 
 He apprizes the senate of Edocet senatum de iti- 
 
 the enemy's march. nere hostium. 
 
 * The accusative of the thing seems to be governed by the pre- 
 position ob or ad understood; hence Cic. Ad hanc legem non docti 
 sedfacti. Ter. Omnes socrus mihi videntur doctae ad malitiam. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 141 
 
 Obs. 2. InstruOy instituo, imbuo^informo, and frequent- 
 ly erudio take the accusative of the person and the abla- 
 tive of the art or sience, generally without a preposition, 
 
 He instructs the youth in 
 the fine arts. 
 
 Polybius taught Scipio the 
 Greek language. 
 
 They instruct the orator in 
 the civil law. 
 
 Instruit juvenes artibus 
 ingenuis. 
 
 Polybius erudivit Scipi- 
 onem Graecis Uteris. 
 
 Erudiunt oratorem in 
 civili jure. 
 
 RULE XVI. 
 
 The dimension of length, breadth, and height ; the dis- 
 tance of one place from another: the time expressing how 
 long; likewise the names of towns, as also domus and rus, 
 when answering to the question whither or whereto, are 
 put in the accusative,* as : (§ 56.) 
 
 He carried along two Duas fossas quindecim 
 ditches fifteen feet broad. pedes latas perduxit. 
 
 Trees, five feet thick, sup- 
 ported the dam. 
 
 When he had proceeded a 
 three days' journey. 
 
 From this I am not allowed 
 to depart a finger's breadth. 
 
 Ennius lived seventy years. 
 
 The gate of black Pluto 
 lies open day and night. 
 
 He set out for Rome. 
 
 The embassadors had re- 
 turned to Athens. 
 
 I shall go to the country. 
 
 The Gauls had gone home. 
 
 Arbores quinque pedes 
 crassse sustinebant mo- 
 lem. 
 
 Quum tridui viam pro- 
 cessisset. 
 
 Ab hoc mihi non licet 
 transversum digitum dis- 
 cedere. 
 
 Ennius annos septua- 
 ginta vixit. 
 
 Noctes atque dies patet 
 atri janua Ditis. 
 
 Romam profectus est. 
 
 Legati redierant Athe- 
 nas. 
 
 Ego rus ibo. 
 
 Galli domos abierant. 
 
 * These accusatives are governed by the preposition ad, per, or in 
 understood, as: Longa folia habet fere ad tres digitos, Plin. Quern 
 per annos decern aluimus. Cicero. 
 
142 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 Fossa sex cubitis alta. 
 
 Millibus passuum sex a 
 Csesaris castris consedit. 
 
 Panoetius vixit triginta 
 annis, posteaquam, etc. 
 
 Obs. 1. The measure, distance, and time are some 
 times put in the ablative, as : 
 
 A ditch six cubits high. 
 
 He encamped six thousand 
 paces from Caesar's camp. 
 
 Panoetius lived thirty years, 
 after, etc. 
 
 Obs. 2. The names of countries, provinces and islands 
 have generally the preposition expressed, yet we find it 
 often suppressed, as : 
 
 They sent Pausanias with Pausaniam cum classe 
 
 the fleet to Cyprus and the Cyprum atque Helles- 
 
 Hellespont. pontum miserunt. 
 
 Who came to Italy, and the Qui Italiam, Lavinaque 
 
 Lavinian shores. venit litora. 
 
 RULE XVII. 
 
 The prepositions, ad, apud, ante, etc. govern the accu- 
 sative (see page 102.) as : (§ 58.) 
 
 What is that to you ? Quid illud ad te ? 
 
 In time of war the laws are Inter arma silent leges, 
 mute. 
 
 RULE XVIII. 
 
 The prepositions in, sub, sufier and subter govern the 
 accusative, when motion, or tendency towards an object 
 is signified ; but if rest, or motion in a place is signified, 
 in and sub govern the ablative, sufier and subter the accu- 
 sative, or ablative, (see page 106), as : 
 
 Medius built the city Me- Medius condiditurbem 
 dea in (i. e. to the) honour of Medeam in honorem ma- 
 his mother. 
 
 He plunged himself into 
 the cold water. 
 
 The fishes swim in the 
 water. 
 
 During night her care re- 
 turns, sat. 
 
 tris. 
 
 Projecit se in prsefrigi- 
 dam aquam. 
 
 Pisces natant in aquis. 
 
 Sub noctem cura recur- 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 Hi 
 
 The dispute is yet before 
 the judge. 
 
 Besides disease famine also 
 afflicted the army. 
 
 The doves perch on the 
 tree. 
 
 To have forced a hidden 
 passage under the sea. 
 
 They are ready to meet all 
 chances under the target- 
 fence. 
 
 Adhuc sub judice lis 
 est. 
 
 Super morbum etiam 
 fames affecit exercitum. 
 
 Columbae super arbore 
 sidunt. 
 
 • Occultas egisse vias 
 subter mare. 
 
 Omnesferrelibetsubter 
 testudine casus. 
 
 RULE XIX. 
 
 The prepositions, a, ab, abs, absque, etc. govern the 
 ablative (see page 104), as : 
 
 The next after the king. 
 
 Every one according to his 
 ability. 
 
 He deserved well of the 
 city. 
 
 A rege proximus. 
 
 Pro sua quisque facul- 
 tate. 
 
 De civitate bene meri- 
 tus est. 
 
 RULE XX. 
 
 Prepositions often govern the same case in composi- 
 tion, which they govern without it, as : 
 
 Gentes, quae illud mare 
 adjacent. 
 
 A rgutos interstrepit an- 
 ser alores. 
 
 Excessit vita. 
 
 Inierunt consilium. 
 
 Omnes provincias obiit. 
 
 Cum aggredior ancipi- 
 tem causam. 
 
 Abscessit irrito incep- 
 to. 
 
 Hellespontum copias 
 trajecit. 
 
 The nations which adjoin 
 that sea. 
 
 The goose makes a noise 
 among the warbling swans. 
 
 He departed this life. 
 
 They entered into a design. 
 
 He visited all the provinces. 
 
 When I undertake a doubt- 
 ful cause. 
 
 He desisted from his vain 
 attempt. 
 
 He brought his troops over 
 the Hellespont. 
 
144 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 Obs. 1. Neuter verbs, compounded with a preposition 
 governing the accusative, assume often the nature of ac- 
 tive verbs, and are used in the passive voice* as personal 
 verbs, as ; (§ 59.) 
 
 The praetors could not be 
 approached. 
 
 A design has been entered 
 into. 
 
 Death must be undergone. 
 
 The plain is encompassed 
 by water. 
 
 Euphranor was surrounded 
 by the Alexandrians. 
 
 Things of this kind seem to 
 be drowned by the noise of the 
 soldiers. 
 
 Obs. 2. The preposition is 
 case, as; 
 
 Hannibal went to the king. 
 
 It had slipped from my 
 memory. 
 
 He endeavoured to convey 
 the soldiers across the river. 
 
 Could I have entered more 
 into the main point of that 
 cause? 
 
 Since my oration now seems 
 to have emerged from the 
 shoals, and to be carried past 
 the rocks. 
 
 Praetores adiri non po- 
 terant. 
 
 Consilium initum est. 
 
 Mors subeunda est. 
 Campus obitur aqua. 
 
 Euphranor circumven- 
 tus ab Alexandrinis est. 
 
 Ejusmodi res obstrepi 
 clamore militum videntur. 
 
 often repeated before its 
 
 Hannibal adiit ad re- 
 gem. 
 
 Mihi excesserat e me- 
 moria. 
 
 Milites trans flumentra- 
 jicere conabatur. 
 
 Num potui magis in ar- 
 cemillius causae invadere? 
 
 Quoniam emersisse jam 
 e vadis, et scopulos prae- 
 tervecta videtur oratio 
 mea. 
 
 RULE XXI. 
 
 Ofius and usus; also the adjectives dignus, indignus, 
 contentus, firaeditusy cafitus,fretus; and the adjectives sig- 
 nifying descent, as, natus, satus, ortus, and the like, re- 
 quire the ablative,! as ; (§ 6 1.) 
 
 * " Si volet usus'," for we could not say: gentes, a quibus Mud 
 mare adjacetur. Others are never used as neuter verbs ; as ; invenio, 
 oppugno, etc. 
 
 f This ablative is governed by a preposition understood; such as 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 145 
 
 We have need of your au- 
 thority and counsel. 
 
 Now there will be need of 
 strength and brisk hands. 
 
 The affair seemed worthy of 
 excuse and comfort. 
 
 Not a word was heard un- 
 worthy of the majesty of the 
 people, or of their victories. 
 
 Trusting to your gentleness 
 we shall give you an advice. 
 
 Catiline was descended of a 
 noble family. 
 
 Sprung from the same eg^. 
 
 Content with little. 
 
 Auctoritate tua nobis 
 opus est et consilio. 
 
 Nunc viribus usus, 
 nunc manibus rapidis. 
 
 Res visa est digna ex- 
 cusatione et solatio. 
 
 Nulla vox populi ma- 
 jestate, aut victoriis in- 
 digna audiebatur. 
 
 Freti tua humanitate 
 tibi consilium dabimus. 
 
 Catilina nobili genere 
 natus erat. 
 
 Ovo prognatus eodem. 
 
 Contentus parvo. 
 
 RULE XXII. 
 
 The comparative governs the ablative, which may be 
 resolved by quam* as; (§ 62, 63.) 
 
 Vilius argentum est 
 auro, virtutibus aurum. 
 
 Silver is of less value than 
 gold, and gold of less value 
 than virtue. 
 
 They say, that they bear a 
 burden heavier than iElna. 
 
 An honourable death is bet- 
 ter than a base life. 
 
 Othou ! dearer to thy sister 
 than life. 
 
 Onus jEtna. gravius se 
 sustinere dicunt. 
 
 Honesta mors turpi vi- 
 ta potior est. 
 
 O luce magis dilecta 
 sorori. 
 
 Obs. I. The comparatives take often these ablatives : 
 cfiinione, sfie, die to, aequo, justo, solito, as ; 
 
 Quicker than imagined. 
 Sooner than said. 
 More sad than usual. 
 
 Opinione celerius. 
 Dicto citius. 
 Tristior solito. 
 
 a, de, ex, or in: De his communis vita contenta est, Cic. Belgas esse 
 ortos a Germanis, Cxs. Nati Carthagine, sed oriundi ab Syracusis. Liv. 
 * This abl. is governed by prae, in comparison of, as; prse cseteris 
 fortior exsurgit, Apul. — The noun, or pronoun in the ablative, when 
 resolved by quam, generally admits of the simple signification of 
 the comparative, as ; onus JEtna gravius se sustinere dicunt, i. e. 
 onus gravius, quam JEtna est gravis. Hence "he gives to nobody 
 more freely than to his brother," must be made by: neminidat liben- 
 iius, quam fratri, and not: nemini dat libentius fratre. 
 
 13 
 
146 SYNTAX. 
 
 These ablatives are sometimes suppressed, as j 
 
 You seem to me more sad Videris mihi tristior 
 
 than usually. (solito). 
 
 My lenity seemed more re- Mea lenitas visa est 
 
 miss than it is just. (justo) solutior. 
 
 Obs. II. The comparatives take also the ablative of 
 the measure, by which one thing exceeds or falls short 
 of another, as ; 
 
 He is by one half taller Major est me dimidio. 
 than I. 
 
 Ireland is by one half less Hibernia dimidio mi- 
 
 than Britain. nor, quam Britannia. 
 
 The turrets are ten feet Turres denis pedibus 
 
 higher than the wall. quammurus,altioressunt. 
 
 The measure of excess is often expressed by these ab- 
 latives : tanto, quanto, aliquanto, multo, fiaulo, to, hoc, 
 quo, as; 
 
 The more ignorant anyone Quo quis indoctiorj eo 
 
 is, the more impudent is he. est impudentior. 
 
 By as much as we are su- Quanto superiores su- 
 perior to others, by so much mus, tanto nos geramus 
 the more humbly should we submissius. 
 conduct ourselves. 
 
 RULE XXIII. 
 
 The cause, manner, and instrument; the means, the 
 price of any thing, and the time answering to the ques- 
 tion When; likewise the names of towns of the third de- 
 clension, or plural number, answering to the question 
 Where, or in what place, and the names of towns of what- 
 ever declension or number, answering to the question 
 Whence, or from what place, are put in the ablative,* as ; 
 
 * The cause answers to the question whyt and is governed by a, 
 de, ex, or prse, as; debet et aradiis sideris esseniger, Ovid. Necloqui 
 prse moerore potuit, Cic. 
 
 The cause is often put in the accusative with the preposition ob, 
 or propter, as; aut obavaritiam, autmisera ambitione laborat, Hor. 
 
 The manner answers to the question how? and is governed by cum, 
 de, or ex, as; magno cum metu dicere incipio, Cic. Sometimes by 
 per, as; spoliaper otium legebant, Liv. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 147 
 
 By concord small states in- 
 crease, by discord great ones 
 waste away. 
 
 Good men hate to sin for 
 love of virtue. 
 
 Pity me, said he in a low 
 voice. 
 
 It is not easy to bear ad- 
 vantages with a moderate 
 mind. 
 
 Drive out nature with a 
 fork, yet still she will return. 
 
 Galatea strikes me with an 
 apple, a sportive girl. 
 
 He retained his friends by 
 complaisance, his estate by 
 economy. 
 
 He buys on Grecian faith 
 (i. e. for cash). 
 
 He sold his country for 
 gold. 
 
 Concordia parvae res 
 crescunt, discordia mag- 
 nae dilabuntur. 
 
 Oderunt peccare boni 
 virtutis amore. 
 
 Miserere mei, suppres- 
 sa voce ait. 
 
 Non facile est sequa 
 commoda mente pati. 
 
 Naturam expellas furca, 
 tamen usque recurret. 
 
 Malo me Galatea petit, 
 lasciva puella. 
 
 Amicos observantia, 
 rem parsimonia retinuit. 
 
 Mercatur Graeca fide. 
 
 Vendidit hie auro pa- 
 triam. 
 
 The instrument answers to the question wherewith} and is govern- 
 ed by cum, which is but seldom expressed, as; sulcum cum terra 
 complere, Col. 
 
 The means answer to the question whereby? and are governed by 
 the preposition cum, as; petere cum precibus, Liv. 
 
 The price is governed by pro, as; vendante, quod pro minore emp- 
 tum, Lucil. — With respect to the genitives tanti, quanti, etc., see 
 Rule XI. Obs. I. 
 
 The time when is governed by in, de, or sub, as; in hoc tempore, 
 Cic. De tertia vigiUa, Cxs. — Sub luce, Ovid. — The time when is 
 sometimes put in the accusative with ad, and often with sub, as; ad 
 diem diet am, Cic. — Sub noctem, Virg. 
 
 The names of towns, answering to where} are governed by in un- 
 derstood, as; in Philippis Thessalus quidam nuntiavit, Suet. The 
 ablative, upon the question whence, is governed by a, ab, or ex, as; 
 Libo discessit a Brundusio, Cxs. Ab Mhtnis Bceotiam irem, Cic. Ex 
 vita discedo non tanquam ex domo, ibid. 
 
 The ablative upon the question qua, by or through what place, 
 has been omitted, as we cannot find examples; but we have: quum 
 iter per Thebas faceret, Nep. Per Megaram incursiones factse, Liv. 
 
 The materials, of which any thing is made, are generally in 
 the abl. with the preposition ex, or de expressed; yet sometimes 
 the preposition is suppressed, as; regia sedificata erat cedro, Curt. 
 Capitolium saxo quadrato substructum, Liv. 
 
148 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 What is not wanted is dear 
 at a penny. 
 
 To try all by words sooner 
 than by arms, becomes a wise 
 man. 
 
 It is allowed to become emi- 
 nent both by peace, and by 
 war. 
 
 You will hear it in three 
 days. 
 
 In the first three years he 
 subdued all Spain. 
 
 Alexander was taken off by 
 a disease at Babylon. 
 
 Antipater died at Athens. 
 
 Quod non opus est, asse 
 carum est. 
 
 Omnia prius experiri 
 verbis, quam armis sapi- 
 entem decet. 
 
 Vel pace vel bello cla- 
 rum fieri licet. 
 
 Triduo audietis. 
 
 Proximo triennio om- 
 nem Hispaniam subegit. 
 Alexander Babylone 
 morbo consumptus est. 
 
 Antipater Athenis mor- 
 tuus est. 
 
 Brundusio profecti su- 
 mus. 
 
 Aratus, profectus Ar- 
 gis, Sicyonem venit. 
 
 We set out from Brundusi- 
 um. 
 
 Aratus, having set out from 
 Argos, came to Sicyon. 
 
 Obs, The word firetio, is often suppressed, as: 
 
 Hunger costs a small price, Parvo (pretio) constat 
 loathing a great price. fames, magno fastidium. 
 
 Obs. 2. To this rule must also be referred the ablative 
 absolute, (see page 90), which generally implies time, 
 answering to the question when, as: expulsis regibus, duo 
 consules creati sunt; i. e. sub expulsis regibus, or, cum 
 expulsi essent reges, duo, etc.* 
 
 Obs. 3. Domus, rus, and humus, as already observed, 
 are construed like names of towns; hence, 
 
 Manlius ordered his son Ti- Manlius Titum filium 
 tus to live in the country. ruri habitare jussit. 
 
 Having set out from home, Profectus domo, Athe- 
 ne returns to Athens. 
 
 My father has not yet re- 
 turned from the country. 
 
 A way must be tried, by 
 which I also may raise myself 
 from the ground. 
 
 * Cxsar says: We sub ipsa profectione mitites hostium irrumpe 
 rent, which is the same with, Ne ipsis prqficiscentibus, milites^ etc 
 Thus, Eo adveniente, is the same with, sub ejus adventu. 
 
 nas revertitur. 
 
 Pater rure nondum re- 
 diit. 
 
 Tentanda via est, qua 
 me quoque possim tol- 
 lere humo. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 149 
 
 RULE XXIV. 
 
 The verbs of filling, loading, binding, investing, and 
 depriving ; the verbs implying plenty or want ; also utor, 
 abu-tor^/mor, fungor, fiolior, vescor, nascor, dignor, and 
 others take the ablative,* as: (§ 167.) 
 
 He filled the city with 
 mourning and slaughter. 
 
 I shall disengage myself 
 from this suspicion. 
 
 This victory freed the slate 
 from debt. 
 
 Avarice deprives mortals of 
 their children, country, and 
 parents. 
 
 They did not abide by the 
 decisions of the former cen- 
 sors. 
 
 Antiochia abounded with 
 most learned men, and the 
 most liberal studies. 
 
 To be free from fault is a 
 great comfort. 
 
 Each being deficient in it- 
 self, the one needs the assist- 
 ance of the other. 
 
 The river is full of fishes. 
 
 The Britons live on milk 
 and flesh, and are clothed in 
 skins. 
 
 The state is distressed by 
 two opposite vices, avarice 
 and luxury. 
 
 He presents Mazscus the 
 
 Luctu atque csede ur- 
 bem complebat. 
 
 Me hac suspicione ex- 
 pediam. 
 
 Haec victoria civitatem 
 sere alieno liberavit. 
 
 Avaritia mortales li- 
 beris, patria atque pa- 
 rentibus spoliat. 
 
 Superiorum censorum 
 judiciis non steterunt. 
 
 Antiochia eruditissimis 
 hominibus, liberalissimis- 
 que studiis afRuebat. 
 
 Vacare culpa magnum 
 est solatium. 
 
 Utrumque per se indi- 
 gens, alterius auxilio 
 eget. 
 
 Amnis scatet piscibus. 
 
 Britanni lacte et carne 
 vivunt, pellibusque sunt 
 vestiti. 
 
 Diversis duobus vitiis, 
 avaritia et luxuria, civi- 
 tas laborat. 
 
 Mazseum transfugam 
 
 * This ablative is governed by a preposition understood, such 
 as, a, de, ex, in, or cum, as: vacare a metu. Liv. Liberare aliquem a 
 quartana. Cic. Expedire se ex laqueis. ibid. Stare in fide. ibid. 
 Laborare ex sere alieno. Cses. Dolere ex rerum commutatione. ibid. 
 Quod sua victorid gloriarentur. Caes. Gloriari de divitii** Cic. In 
 aliis. Liv. 
 
150 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 turncoat with the satrapship 
 of Babylonia. 
 
 If I shall not be allowed to 
 enjoy a good republic, I shall 
 be without a bad one. 
 
 How far at length wilt thou, 
 O Catiline, abuse our patience? 
 
 The republic has gone 
 through with this miserable 
 and fatal war. 
 
 Atticus had enjoyed such a 
 happy state of health, that he 
 had not been in need of medi- 
 cine for thirty years. 
 
 There would certainly be 
 no exportation of those com- 
 modities, with which we 
 abound, orimporlation of such 
 as we need, if some men did 
 not discharge such offices. 
 
 Obs. To this rule may also be referred the adjectives of 
 plenty, or want,* as: 
 
 Free from all fear. 
 An orphan. 
 Poor in words. 
 Rich in money, put on in- 
 terest. 
 
 Deprived of the light. 
 Laden with booty. 
 
 satrapia Babyloniae do- 
 nat. 
 
 Si mihi republica bona 
 frui non licuerit, carebo 
 mala. 
 
 Quousque tandem abu- 
 tere, Catilina, patientia. 
 nostra ? 
 
 Perfuncta respublica 
 est hoc misero fatalique 
 bello. 
 
 Atticus tanta prosperi- 
 tate usus erat valetudinis, 
 ut annis triginta medici- 
 na non indiguisset. 
 
 Earum rerum, quibus 
 abundamus, exportatio, 
 et earum, quibus egemus, 
 invectio certe nulla esset, 
 nisi his muneribus, ho- 
 mines fungerentur. 
 
 Liber omni metu. 
 Orbus parentibus. 
 Inops verbis. 
 Dives positis in fenore 
 nummis. 
 
 Lumine cassus. 
 Onustus prseda. 
 
 These adjectives may also take the genitive. Seep. 132. 
 RULE XXV. 
 
 The subjunctive or potential mood expresses the affirm- 
 ation with a doubt, or the condition of liberty, power, or 
 desire, as: 
 
 Some one may object. Objiciat aliquis. 
 
 Let us write. Scribamus. 
 
 * This ablative is governed by a preposition, understood which is 
 sometimes expressed, as: Dives ab armento. Val. Civitas ab aquis 
 sterilis. Apulej. Extorvis a sob patrio. Liv. Vacuus a periculo. 
 Cicero. 
 
SYNTAX. 151 
 
 Obs. 1 . The conjunctions ut, quo, licet, ne, utinam, etc. 
 are generally followed by the subjunctive mood, as: 
 
 O! that I had not done it. Utinam non fecerim. 
 
 You are silent, as if you did Taces, quasi nescias. 
 not know it. 
 
 Obs. 2. After the verbs of sense, the interrogates, not 
 used interrogatively, require the subjunctive, as: 
 
 Tell me, who you are, Die mihi, quis sis, unde 
 whence you came, what you veneris, quid velis, quan- 
 want, when you will depart. do abiturus sis. 
 
 Obs. 3. The relative pronoun qui, quse, quod, as also 
 some adverbs and conjunctions, take often the subjunc- 
 tive, when they are preceded by the subjunctive, or the 
 infinitive with the accusative of the subject, as: 
 
 Ariovistus replied, the law Ariovistus respondit, 
 
 of war was, that they, who jus esse belli, ut, qui vi- 
 
 had conquered, governed cissent,iisj quos vicissent, 
 
 those, whom they had con- quemadmodum vellent, 
 
 quered, as they pleased ; that imperarent; se capere sti- 
 
 he took the tribute, which the pendium, quod victores 
 
 conquerors used to impose on victis imponere consue- 
 
 the conquered. yerint. 
 
 You asked of Scaevola, that, A Scaevola petiisti, ut, 
 
 whilst you were absent, he dum abesses, provinciae 
 
 would govern the province. praeesset. 
 
 Obs. 4. The relative qui, quse, quod, after esse, refieriri, 
 inveniri, and the like, generally takes the subjunctive 
 mood, as: 
 
 There are some, who say. Sunt, qui dicant. 
 
 Two Roman knights were Reperti sunt duo equi- 
 
 found, who freed you of that tes Romani, qui te ista 
 
 care. cura liberarent. 
 
 Obs. 5. Qui, quae, quod, takes the subjunctive, when it 
 stands for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ea, id; or for cum ego, cum 
 tu, etc. as: 
 
 If you shall elect a man de« Si dignum, qui secun- 
 
 serving to be counted the next dus a Romulo numeretur, 
 
 after Romulus, the fathers creaveritis, patres auc- 
 
 will approve it. tores fient. 
 
152 SYNTAX. 
 
 Why do you praise me, Quid me laud as, quern 
 when you do not even know ne noris quidem? 
 me! 
 
 RULE XXVI. 
 
 The infinitive is either the subject to another verb, or 
 it is governed by a preceding verb, as: (§ 68, 69, 70.) 
 
 To errr is human. Errare humanum est. 
 
 I wish rather myenemies to Malo mihi invidere in- 
 
 envy me, than myself my ene- imicos, quam me inimi- 
 
 mies. cis. 
 
 RULE XXVII. 
 
 Gerunds and supines have the same government as the 
 verbs, of which they are parts. (§ 72.) 
 
 Obs. 1. The gerunds are construed like substantives, 
 and according to the same rules. 
 
 Obs. 2. The gerund in dum, when it is the subject to 
 the verb sum, implies obligation, and takes the dative of 
 the person, that has that obligation, as : (§ 71.) 
 
 You ought to study. Vobis studendum est. 
 
 We know that we must die. Scimus nobis morien- 
 
 dum esse. 
 
 We ought to use our time. Tempore nobis uten- 
 
 dum est. 
 
 He is desirous to learn both Cupidus est discendi 
 
 languages, the Latin and the utramque linguam, Lati- 
 
 Greek. nam et Graecam. 
 
 The boy is fit for bearing Puer est par ferendo 
 
 the burden. onus. 
 
 This is useful for healing Hocutile est ad meden- 
 
 wounds. dum vulneribus. 
 
 By sparing your enemies, Parcendoinimicis sum- 
 
 you have gained the greatest mam gloriam adeptus es. 
 glory. 
 
 Obs. 3. The gerunds of verbs governing the accusa- 
 tive, may be elegantly changed into the participles in 
 dus, by putting the accusative in the case, in which the 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 153 
 
 gerund should be, and making the participle agree with 
 it, as : 
 
 We must keep watch. 
 
 He is desirous to learn both 
 languages, the Latin and the 
 Greek. 
 
 No other region is more 
 fit to produce grass. 
 
 They are apt to believe the 
 worse. 
 
 Let us use care in choosing 
 friends. 
 
 Vigiliae nobis agitandae 
 sunt. 
 
 Cupidus est discendae 
 utriusque linguae, Latinae 
 et" Graecae. 
 
 Gignendae herbae non 
 alia est aptior regio. 
 
 Ad deteriora credenda 
 proni sunt. 
 
 Adhibeamus curam in 
 deligendis amicis. 
 
 But if the action is passed, we must use the participle 
 perfect, as : 
 
 He has been accused of 
 having embezzled the public 
 money. 
 
 He became dearer to the 
 commons after restoring 
 union among the citizens. 
 
 The general increases his 
 glory by displaying all the 
 booty in the Campus Martius. 
 
 But if you place any hope 
 in taking up arms. 
 
 Obs. 4. The supine in um is put after a verb of motion, 
 and always expresses the intent of its affirmation. 
 
 The supine in u is put after an adjective, and has a 
 passive signification, as : 
 
 They come to see, and to 
 be seen. 
 
 Accusatus est inter- 
 versae publicae pecuniae. 
 
 Post restitutam civium 
 concordiam plebi carior 
 factus est. 
 
 Dux auget gloriam, ex- 
 posita omni in campo 
 Martio praeda. 
 
 Sin aliquam sumptis 
 spem ponis in armis. 
 
 I was hired to cook, and 
 not to be beaten. 
 Horrible to be said. 
 A thing easy to be done. 
 
 Spectatum veniunt; 
 veniunt, spectentur ut 
 ipsae. 
 
 Coctum, non vapula- 
 tum conductus fui. 
 
 Horribile dictu. 
 
 Res factu facilis. 
 
154 SYNTAX. 
 
 Obs. 5. Various idioms may be used instead of the su- 
 pine in wm, as: "they had come to exfilore the country" 
 may be thus rendered Latin : 
 
 Venerant exploratum regionem ; 
 Venerant, ut explorarent regionem ; 
 Venerant, qui explorarent regionem; 
 Venerant exploraturi regionem ; 
 Venerant explorandae regionis gratia, or causa ; 
 Venerant regionem explorandi gratia ; 
 Venerant ad regionem explorandam ; 
 Venerant ad explorandum regionem; 
 Venerant explorare regionem. 
 
 The former expressions are the most frequent, and the 
 infinitive is used only by poets. 
 
PEOSODT. 155 
 
 PROSODY. 
 
 Prosody is that part of Grammar, which treats of the 
 quantity and accent of syllables, and the measure of 
 verse. 
 
 The quantity of a syllable is the time taken in pro- 
 nouncing it. 
 
 Syllables are either long, or short, or common. 
 
 A long" syllable requires double the time of a short syl- 
 lable, and is marked thus ~, as : mater. 
 
 A short syllable is marked thus y , as : pater. 
 
 A common syllable is that, which is used in poetry 
 sometimes long and sometimes short, as : tenebrae. 
 
 In prose, common syllables are generally pronounced 
 short. 
 
 In polysyllables the last syllable but one is called the 
 penultima, or fienult, and the last but two is called the 
 antefienultima, or antepenult. 
 
 The quantity of syllables is ascertained either by rules, 
 or by authority, that is, by the usage of reputable poets. 
 
 RULES for the Quantity of syllables. 
 
 I. A vowel before a vowel is short, as : induo, traho.* 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 1. The vowel i in Jio is long, when no r follows, as : 
 
 Omnia jam jiunt, fieri quae posse negabam. 
 
 2. The genitives in ius have i common ; but alius has 
 i long, it being contracted of aliius, and alterius has i al- 
 ways short. 
 
 3. The e in the termination iei of the gen. and dat. of 
 the fifth declension is long, as : diei. 
 
 4. The vocatives Cai, Pompei and the like have the 
 penult long, so also Ohe and Io. 
 
 5. In many Greek words the vowel before a vowel is 
 long, as : aer, JEneas, Clio, Darius. 
 
 * The h is only an aspirate, and not reckoned a letter in poetry. 
 
156 PROSODY. 
 
 II. A vowel before two or more consonants, or before 
 x, z, or j, is long, as : mons, gaza, rejice. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 A vowel originally short is common before a mute and 
 liquid, as : ftatris, voliicris. 
 
 The mutes are b, c, d, g, k, ft, q, t. 
 The liquids are /, m, n, r. 
 
 III. All diphthongs and contracted syllables are long, 
 as : Melibdee, delude. 
 
 Exc. The preposition firse has in composition se short, 
 when followed by a vowel, as : prseeunte. 
 
 IV. Derivatives retain the quantity of their primitives, 
 as, legam from lego ; legeram from legi* 
 
 V. Compounds follow the quantity of their simples, as; 
 fterlego,fierlegi. 
 
 VI. a, e, de, di, and se, in compounds are long, as dT- 
 ri/iio, deduco. 
 
 Exo. Di in dirimo and disertus is short. 
 re in compounds is short, as; refero; in refert, it con- 
 cerns, it is long. 
 
 Pro, in Greek compounds is short, as; propheta. 
 Pro, in Latin compounds is long, as; proveho. 
 
 * This rule is subject to many exceptions; for we have from rego, 
 rex, regis, regula,- from mdcer, macero; we have fides, fidelis, fide- 
 liter, perfidus, perfidia, and fido, fidus, fiducia,- dicax, from dlco; 
 diicis, gen. of dux, from duco; pdciscor from pax, pads,- lucerna from 
 luceo; mblestus from moles, etc. etc. 
 
 The same may be said of the compounds without a preposition; 
 thus we have pronu bus from nubo; semisopitus from sopitus; hodie 
 from hoc die, etc. etc. Yet we may observe, that 
 
 1. ,#and at the end of the first part of the compound are long, 
 as: trado, alioquin; but a in eddem, when not in the ablative, the o in 
 quandoquidem, and omitto, and the Greek omicron are short, as: Ar- 
 gonauta. 
 
 2. E, I, and Y are short, as: nefas, omnipotens, Polydorus; except 
 when the parts of the compound can be taken separately, as: ne-quis, 
 ne-qua, ne-quod, ludi-magister ,> or when the first part can be declin- 
 ed, as: quidam, quilibet; likewise nequam, nequitia, nequctquam, vide- 
 licet, verieficus, semodius, idem (the nom. sing, masc.) ibidem, ubique, 
 scilicet, ilicett bimus, trimus, quadrimus, Trinacria, and all the com- 
 pounds of dies, as: biduum, triduum, mendies, quotidie, etc. have e 
 or i long. 
 
PROSODY. 157 
 
 Exc. Pro is short in profundus, profugus, pronepos, 
 proneptis, profestus, profanus, protervus, prcjiciscor, pro- 
 fari, profiteor, profecto, procella, and propago (the race). 
 
 2. Pro is common in these five verbs: propino, propul- 
 so, procuro, propello, propago, and in Proserpina. 
 
 VII. Perfects and Supines of two syllables, have the 
 first long, as; vidi, visum. 
 
 Exc. Dedi, steti, scidi, bibi, tuli,Jidi, citum, litum, situm, 
 quitum, itum, datum, ratum, and rutum, have the first 
 short. 
 
 VIII. Perfects which double the first syllable, have 
 both first syllables short, as; tegiti, cecini. 
 
 Exc. pepedi, and cecidi, from caedo. 
 
 IX. All perfects in ivi, or isi, and the supines, exceed- 
 ing two syllables, ending in atum, etum, utum, and those 
 from ivi, or isi, in itum, or isum, have the penult long, as; 
 amatum, repletum, petivi, petitum, quaesivi, qusesttum, di- 
 visi, divisum. 
 
 X. The participle in urus, has always the penult long, 
 as; amaturus. 
 
 INCREASE OF NOUNS. 
 
 A noun is said to increase, when it has in any case 
 more syllables than in the nominative. The last syllable 
 is never called the increase. 
 
 XI. The increase a and o, of nouns of the third declen- 
 sion, is long, as; pietas, pietatis; leo, leonis. 
 
 Exc. 1. Cdesar, Hannibal, Hamilcar, Pallas, Areas, 
 anas, lampas, bacchar, lar,jubar, hepar, sal, Arabs, trabs, 
 fax, mas, vas, (gen. vadis,) and par, with its compounds, 
 as; compar, increase short. 
 
 2. Neuters in a increase by a short, as; thema, thema- 
 tis. 
 
 3. All neuter genitives in oris, have the penult short, as; 
 nemus, nemoris; but the comparatives, and os, gen. oris, 
 increase long. 
 
 4. Greek nouns increasing by omicron, have o short, as; 
 Hector, Hectoris. 
 
 5. Memor, arbor, lepus, (a hare), bos, compos, impoa, 
 the nouns ending in obs, or ops, the compounds of pus, 
 increase by o short, as; inops, inopis; tripus, tripodis. 
 
 But Cerco/is, cyclops, and hydrops, increase long. 
 14 
 
158 PROSODY. 
 
 6. Proper and gentile nouns, ending in ax, or ox, and 
 firaeeox, increase short, as; Syphax, Syphacis; Allobrox, 
 Allobrogis. 
 
 XII. The increase e, i, u, y, of nouns is short, as; tene- 
 ri, tenerrimus, hominis. 
 
 Exo. 1. Lex, rex, vervex, Iber, ver, halec, haeres, quies, 
 mansues, filebs, sefis, and locufiles, increase by e long, as; 
 lex, legis; ver, veris. 
 
 2. The Greek nouns in er, or es, all genitives in dnis, 
 except, hymen, hymenis; aer, aeris; aether, aetheris; and 
 foreign names in /, increase by e, long, as; crater, crateris; 
 ren, rents; Daniel, Danielis. 
 
 3. Lis, glis, Dis, Quiris, Crenis, JVesis, Samnis, Salamis, 
 vibex, felix, radix, coturnix, fiernix, fierdix, bombyx, 
 gryfis, delfihin, and Phorcyn, increase long, as; felix, fe- 
 licis; gryfis, grg/ihis. 
 
 4. All nouns in us, forming their genitive in uris, udis, 
 or utis, as also fur, lux, Pollux, and (frux) frugis, in* 
 crease by u long, as; tellus, telluris; fialus, fialudis; -vir- 
 tus, -virtutis: except fiecus, intercus, and Ligus, which 
 increase short. 
 
 XIII. The increase of the plural in arum, erum, orum, 
 abus, and ebus, has the penult long; ibus, and ubus, have 
 it short, as; rebus, montibus. But bub us for bobus, con- 
 tracted from bovibus, has u long. 
 
 INCREASE OF VERBS. 
 
 A verb is said to increase, when it receives more syl- 
 lables than it has in the second person singular pres. 
 ind. active. 
 
 XIV. The increase a, e, and o, of verbs is long; i, and u, 
 are short, as; amamus, legebam, legimus, fiossumus. 
 
 Exc. 1. The first increase of a in the verb do, and its 
 compounds is short, as; dabamus, circumdabamus. 
 
 2. E before re, in the present infinitive of the third 
 conjugation is short, as; tegere. 
 
 3. E in eris and ere, the present ind. passive of the 
 third conjugation, is short, as; tegeris ov tegere. 
 
 4. E before ram, rim, and ro, is short, as; amaveram, 
 amaverim, amarveris, etc. 
 
 5. E in beris and bete, of the future is short, as; amabe- 
 ris, docebere. 
 
PROSODY. 159 
 
 6. /, the first increase of the fourth conjugation is long, 
 as; audimus, audivimus, ibimus. 
 
 7. Velim, nolim, malim, and sim, with its compounds, 
 increase by i long, as; velimus, fiossimus. 
 
 8. Steterunt, dederunt, and tulerunt, have e common; 
 rimus, and rids, of the future past, have z common, as; 
 amaverimus. 
 
 The quantity cf final syllables. 
 
 XV. All monosyllables ending in a vowel are long, as; 
 O, si,, do. 
 
 Except the inclitics que, ve, and ne, and the syllabic 
 adjections, te, ce, and fite, as; mene, suafite. 
 
 XVI. A final is long, as; ama, antea. 
 
 Exc. ]. A in all cases of nouns is short, as; temftora, 
 Stella; but the ablative, and the Greek vocatives end in 
 a long, as; de Stella; O ! JEnea. 
 
 2. The adverbs fiostea, fiuta, ita y eia, and quia, end in 
 a short. 
 
 3. Contra, ultra, and the cardinal numbers ending in 
 ginta, have a common. 
 
 XVII. E final is short, as; tege, nemfie. 
 
 Exc. 1. E final, in the first and fifth declension is long, 
 as; Penelofie, die. 
 
 2. The second person sing, of the imperative active of 
 the second conjugation, ends in e long, as; doce; but cave, 
 vide, vale, and resfionde, end sometimes in e short. 
 
 3. Adverbs from adjectives of the second declension, 
 except bene, male, sufierne, and inferne, end in e long, as; 
 longe, eegre. 
 
 4. Ohe,fer me, fere, fame, also Cete, and Temfie, end in 
 e long. 
 
 XVIII. /final is long, as domirii, uti. 
 
 Exc. 1. Mihi, tibi, sibi, cui, ubi, ibi, quasi, and nisi, end 
 mostly short; but necubi, sicubi, and sicuti, end always in 
 i short. 
 
 2. All Greek vocatives, and many datives end in i 
 short, as; Alexi, Palladi. 
 
 XIX. O final is common, as quando, nolo. 
 
 Exc. Datives and ablatives end in o long, as; domino. 
 
160 PROSODY. 
 
 2. Adverbs, from adjectives, end in o long, as: primo, 
 certdi paulo. To these must be added, adeo, ideo, eo, citro, 
 intro, ultro, idcirco, and ergo, for causa. 
 
 3. JSgo, homo, cedb, (for die,) scio, nescio, illico, cito, imb, 
 duo, ambb,modo, quomodo, dummodb, postmodb, end in-o 
 short. 
 
 4. Greek nouns in o, from Omega, end in o long, as: 
 Androgeb, Clio. 
 
 XX. U final is long, as: manic, cornu. 
 
 XXI. Y final is short, as: Tiphy. 
 
 XXII. Final syllables ending by B, D, L, M, R, and 
 
 T, are short, as: ab, quid, consul. 
 
 Except sol, sal, far, lar, ndr,par, with its compounds, 
 Iber, ver, a'e'r, aether, crater, character, Jur, cur, and the 
 Hebrew names in /, b, and d, as: Daniel, Job, David, end 
 long. 
 
 XXIII. Words ending in C, N, AS, ES, and OS, end 
 long, as: sic, sin, JEneds, Anchises, custos. 
 
 Exc. 1. Aec, donee, and fdc, end short; hie (the pro- 
 noun) has i common. 
 
 2. Nouns forming their genitive in inis, as: pecten, 
 pectinh, also tamen, attamen, forsdn, forsitdn, in, an, vi- 
 den', nostin', etc.; likewise the Greek nouns Pelion, Pylon, 
 Ilibn, Maidn, Ityn, Thetin, Alexin, etc. end in n short. 
 
 3. Latin and Greek nouns forming their genitive in 
 adis, or ados, the accusative of Greek nouns of the third 
 declension, and anas, end in as short, as: Areas, herods. 
 
 4. Penes, and es (from sum} with its compounds, and 
 the nouns in es, increasing short in the genitive, as, 
 miles, militis, end short; but abies, aries, Ceres, paries, aud 
 pes, with its compounds, as: cornipes, end long. 
 
 5. Greek nouns of the neuter gender, and the Greek 
 nominatives and vocatives of the plural end short, as: 
 hippo manes, Phryges. 
 
 6. Os. (gen. ossis), exos, compos, imjibs; the Greek 
 nouns in os with an omicron, as Tyros, Chaos; and Greek 
 genitives in os end short, as: Arcddos, Palladbs. 
 
 XXIV. Is, ys T and us final are short, as: apis, Itys, 
 littus. 
 
PROSODY. 161 
 
 Exc. 1. The dative and ablative plural end in is long, 
 as: fiennis, nobis. To these add /oris, gratis, ingratis, bis, 
 glis, lis, vis, (whether noun or verb,) velis, sis, and their 
 compounds, as: quamvis, nolis, adsis, etc. which end 
 long. 
 
 2. The second person sing, of the present ind. fourth 
 conjugation ends in is long, as: audis. 
 
 3. Greek nouns in is, forming their genitive in inis,itis, 
 or entis, and some in ys, end long, as: Salamis, Samnis, 
 Simois, Phorcys, Erinnys, (for Erinnyes). 
 
 4. The genitive sing, and the nominative, accusative, 
 and vocative plural of the fourth declension end long. 
 
 5. Nouns in us increasing by u long, or by bdis, and 
 Greek genitives in us end in wslong, as: filiis, filurisj fia- 
 lus, fialudis;* trifius, trifibdis; Clio, Clius, 
 
 Obs. 1. A final short syllable ending with a consonant, 
 becomes long by position, if the next word begins with a 
 consonant, as: 
 
 Inter se adversis luctantur cornibus hsedi. Virg. 
 
 Obs. 2. A fiaal short vowel is not affected by the double 
 consonant, or by the two consonants, with which the next 
 word begins, as: 
 
 In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. Ovid. 
 
 Jam medio apparet fluctu nemorosa Zacynthus. Virg. 
 
 Talis fama canit tumidum super sequora Xerxem. Luc. 
 
 OF VERSE. 
 
 A Verse is a certain number of feet arranged accord- 
 ing to rule. 
 
 A Foot is a certain number of syllables in regular 
 order. 
 
 The simple feet, used in poetry, consist of two or three 
 syllables. 
 
 A single syllable, taken by itself, is called a caesura, 
 and is generally long, as: 
 
 Candida|nec ni|graJcornua]fronte ge|ras. Ovid. 
 
 The feet of two syllables are: 
 
 * Horace uses palua with us short: Regis opus; sterilisve diu paliis, 
 aptaque remis. De arte, 85. 
 
 14* 
 
162 PROSODY. 
 
 The Spondee, consisting of two long syllables, as: 6m- 
 nes. 
 
 The Pyrrhichian, of two short syllables, as: bonus. 
 
 The Trochee, or Choreus, of one long, and one short, 
 as: arma. 
 
 The Iambus, of one short, and one long, as: nefas. 
 
 The feet of three syllables are: 
 
 The Dactyle, consisting of one long, and two short 
 syllables, as: tegmine. 
 
 The Tribrachys, of three short syllables, as: teniie. 
 
 The Anap^estus, of two short, and one long, as: tumi- 
 dos. 
 
 The Molossus, of three long, jEneas. 
 
 The Bacchius, of one short, and two long, as: cadebant. 
 
 The Antibaochius, of two long, and one short, as: 
 vlclsse. 
 
 The Amphimacer, of one long, one short, one long, as: 
 optimos. 
 
 The Amphibrachys, of one short, one long, one short, 
 as: poema. 
 
 The feet consisting of four syllables are compounded 
 of the preceding feet, as: 
 
 The Choriambus, of a Trochee and an Iambus, as: no- 
 bilitas. 
 
 The Diiambus, of two Iambi, as: severitas. 
 
 The Dispondeus, of two Spondees, as: oratores. 
 
 The Proceleusmaticus, of two Pyrrichian, as: strigi- 
 libus. 
 
 The Diohoreus, of two Trochees, as: comprobavit. 
 
 The Antispastus, of an Iambus and a Trochee, as: 
 abiindavit. 
 
 The Ionicus major, of a Spondee and a Pyrrhichian, 
 as: enormiter. 
 
 The Ionicus minor, of a Pyrrhichian and a Spondee, 
 as: gene ro si. 
 
 The principal kinds of verse are : 
 
 The Hexameter, consisting of six feet, of which the 
 four first are either spondees, or dactyls, the fifth is a 
 dactyl, and the sixth either a spondee or a trochee, as: 
 
 Illi inj ter se j se mag | na vi | bracchia | tollunt. 
 Sed fugit | intere | a,fugit | Irrepa | rabile | tempus. 
 Donee e | rls fe | llx, mul j tos niime } rabis a | mlcos. 
 
PROSODY. 163 
 
 The fifth foot is sometimes a spondee with a dactyl pre- 
 ceding, which kind of verse is called a Sfiondaic, as: 
 Cara Deum sobbles, magnum Jovis incrementum. 
 The hexameter is also called the heroic verse, it being 
 generally used for grave subjects. 
 
 The Heroic Tetrameter consists of the four last feet 
 of a hexameter, as: 
 
 Ibimus | o ! soci [ I com'i j tesque. 
 The Pentameter consists of five feet; the two first are 
 either dactyls or spondees, the third a spondee, and the 
 two last are anapaests, as: 
 
 A cane J non mag | no sse | pe tene j tiir aper. 
 It may also be scanned thus: 
 A cane | non mag { no | sxpe te j netur a J per. 
 
 The Iambic verse generally has an iambus or a spon- 
 dee in the odd feet, that is, in the first, third, etc., in the 
 other feet iambics. 
 
 The more iambics there are in the verse, the purer it 
 is said to be. 
 
 The Iambic dimeter, or quaternarius, consists of 
 eight syllables; the trimeter,* or senarius has twelve, as : 
 
 Ibis | Libur | nis In | ter al | ta na | vium. j£ trimeter. 
 Ami | ce pro | pugna | ciila. A dimeter. 
 
 The Choriambic verse consists of five feet, a spondee, 
 three choriambics, and a pyrrhichian, as : 
 
 Nullam, | Vare sacra | vite priiis | sevens ar | bbrem. 
 
 The Asclepiadean verse consists of four feet, a spon- 
 dee, two choriambics, and a pyrrhichian, as ; 
 
 Mace | nas atavis | edite re | gibiis; or thus: 
 Mxce | nas ata | vis J edite | regibiis. 
 
 The Glyconian, or Choriambic trimeter, consists of 
 three feet, a spondee, a choriambic, and a pyrrhichian, 
 or an iambus, as : 
 
 NavTs | quae tibi ere J ditum. 
 
 * The ancients, in imitation of the Greeks, used to count two feet 
 one, and called a verse of four feet dimeter \ of six feet, trimeter, etc. 
 
164 PROSODY. 
 
 The Aristophanic verse consists of a choriambus, and 
 a bacchius, as: 
 
 Lydia die | per omnes. 
 
 The Adonic verse consists of a dactyl and a spondee, 
 or a trochee, as : 
 
 Turgida vela. 
 
 The Sapphic verse consists of five feet, a trochee, a 
 spondee, a dactyl and two trochees, as : 
 
 Rebus [ angus | tls ani ) mosiis | atqiie. 
 
 The Archilochian verse consists of four feet, the first 
 and third are spondees, or iambi; the second and fourth 
 are iambi, and then a caesura, as : 
 
 Sylvae | labo j rantes | gelu j que. 
 
 The Archilochian Dactylic Dimeter consists of two 
 dactyls, and a caesura, as : 
 
 Pulvis et j umbra sii J mus. 
 
 The Archilochian Dactylic Heptameter verse con- 
 sists of seven feet, the four first may be dactyls, or spon- 
 dees, the three last are trochees, as : 
 
 Solvitur | acris hy J ems gra | ta vice | veris | et Fa | voni. 
 
 The Archilochian Iambic consists of five feet with a 
 caesura; the first foot is an iambus, or a spondee, the 
 second is an iambus with a caesura, the third, fourth, and 
 fifth are trochees, as : 
 
 Trahunt | que sic j cas j machi | nae ca ( rlnas. 
 
 This kind of verse may also be called an iambic Archi- 
 lochian trimeter catalectic, and be scanned thus : 
 
 Trahunt | que sic J cas ma | chinse | carl | nas. 
 
 The Greater Alcaic verse consists of four feet, and 
 a caesura, the first is a spondee, or an iambus, the second 
 an iambus, then a caesura, the third and fourth are dac- 
 tyls, as : 
 
 Vides | ut al | ta j stet mve j candidum. 
 
PROSODY. 165 
 
 The Lesser Alcaic, or pindaric verse, consists of 
 four feet, the first and second are dactyls, the third and 
 fourth are trochees, as : 
 
 Flumina J constite | rlnt a | cuto. N 
 
 The Choriambic Alcaic consists of five feet, the first 
 a trochee, the second a spondee, the third and fourth 
 choriambi, the fifth a bacchius, as : 
 
 Te De | os 6 | ro Sibarin | cur properas | amandS. 
 
 The Pherecratian verse consists of three feet, a spon- 
 dee, a dactyl, and a spondee or trochee, as : 
 
 Vis for | mosa vi | derl. 
 
 The Ionic verse consists either of three, or four feet, 
 all ionici minores, as : 
 
 Miserarum est | neque amori J dare ludum. 
 
 Neque, etc. Hor. Od. III. 12. 
 
 06s. When in the last foot of a verse no syllable is 
 wanting, or superfluous, the verse is called acatalectic. 
 
 When a syllable is wanting, the verse is called cata- 
 lectic. 
 
 When a whole foot is wanting at the end, it is called 
 
 BRACHYCATALECTIC 
 
 When one, or two syllables are superfluous, the verse 
 is called hypercatalectic. 
 
 COMBINATION OF VERSES. 
 
 Verses are combined with one another in various ways; 
 but particularly 
 
 1. The Hexameter with a pentameter, which forms 
 a distich, as : 
 
 In caput alta suum labentur ab acquore retro 
 Flumina: conversis solque recurret equis. 
 
 Terra feret Stellas: coelum findetur aratro: 
 Unda dabit flammas: et dabit ignis aquas. 
 
 Ovid. Trist. I. 7. 
 
 2. Hexameter with the heroic tetrameter, forming 
 the heroic verse, as : 
 
 Laudabunt alii claram, etc. Hor. Od. I. 7\ 
 
166 PROSODY. 
 
 3. Hexameter with an iambic dimeter, as : 
 
 Nox erat, et ccelo fulgebat lima sereno 
 
 Inter minora sidera; 
 Cum tu, etc. Hor. Epod. XV. 
 
 4. Hexameter with an iambic trimeter, as : 
 
 Altera jam teritur, etc. Hor. Epod. XVI. 
 
 5. Three sapphic with an adonic, as: 
 
 Jam satis terris, etc. Hor. Od. I, 2. 
 
 6. A Glyconian with an asclepiadean, as : 
 
 Sic te diva potens, etc. Hor. Od. I, 3. 
 
 7. An iambic trimeter with a dimeter, as : 
 
 Ibis Liburnis inter, etc. Hor. Epod. I. 
 
 8. An ARCHILOCHIAN HEPTAMETER with ail IAMBIC, as : 
 
 Solvitur acris hyems, etc. Hor. Od. I, 4. 
 
 9 V TWO ASCLEPIADEI with a PHERECRATIAN and a GLYCO- 
 NIAN, as : 
 
 O navis, referent, etc. Hor. Od. I, 14. 
 
 10. Three asclepiadei with a glyconian, as : 
 
 Scriberis Vario, etc. Hor. Od. I, 6. 
 
 11. Two greater alchaics with a archilochian, and 
 a Pindaric, as : 
 
 Vides, ut alta stet, etc. Hor. Od. I, 9. 
 
 Horace frequently uses this combination, whence it is 
 sometimes called Carmen Horatianum. 
 
 12. The hipponactian verse is a combination of two 
 lines : the first contains three trochees and a caesura, or, 
 the first is a trochaic dimeter catalectic; the second line 
 is an archilochian iambic, as : 
 
 Non ebur neque, etc, Hor. Od. II, 18. 
 
 Verses thus combined are called a stanza, or a stro- 
 phe. 
 
 A poem, consisting of but one kind of verse, is called 
 monocolos, or monocolon, as Virgil's iEneid. 
 
 A poem, consisting of two kinds of verse, is called di- 
 colon, as Ovid's Elegies, or the hipponactian verse. 
 
PROSODY. 167 
 
 A poem, consisting of three kinds of verse, is called 
 tricolon, as: Vides ut alta, etc. Hor. Od. I, 9. 
 
 When the same kind of verse returns after the second 
 line, it is called dicolon distrophox, as : Sic te Diva, 
 etc. Hor. Od. II, 3, or Ovid's Elegies. 
 
 When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and the 
 first kind returns after the third line, it is called dicolon 
 tristrophox, as : Miserarum est, etc. Hor. Od. Ill, 12. 
 
 When a poem consists of two kinds of verse, and the* 
 first kind returns after the fourth line, it is called dicolon 
 tetrastrophox, as : Scriberis Vario, etc. Hor. Od. 1, 6. 
 
 When a poem consists of three kinds of verse, and the 
 first kind returns after the third line, it is called tricolon 
 tristrophon, as : Horrida tempestas, etc. Hor. Efiod. 
 XII. * 
 
 When a poem consists of three kinds of verse, and 
 the first kind returns after the fourth line, it is called 
 tricolon tetrastrophon, as : Vides, ut alta stet, etc. 
 Hor. Od. I, 9. 
 
 FIGURES IN POETRY. 
 The principal figures in poetry are the following: 
 
 1. The Cdesura, from csedo, is the syllable, that remains, 
 after a foot is finished. 
 
 The caesura is as it were, a resting place of the voice, 
 and the more frequently it occurs, the more melodious is 
 the verse, as : 
 
 Una sa | lus vie ) tis nul | lam spe | rare sa | lutem. 
 
 Without a caesura a verse, especially a hexameter, is 
 inferior to good prose, as ; 
 
 Nuper | quidara | doctus | coepit | scribere | versus. 
 
 Such is the effect of the caesura, that short syllables 
 are often rendered long by it, as ; 
 
 Pectoribus, inhians spirantia consulit exta. Vxrg. 
 
 Emicat Eurialus, et munere victor Amici. Ibid. 
 
 Grajus homo infectos linquens profugus Hymenxos. Ibid. 
 
 The hexameter generally begins the third foot, or the 
 second and fourth with the caesura. 
 
 
1 66 PROSODY. 
 
 2. Synal^pha cuts off the final vowel or diphthong, 
 when the following word begins with a vowel or A, as ; 
 
 Conticuere omnes, Intentlque ora tenebant. 
 
 Synalaepha sometimes cuts off the last syllable of a 
 verse, when the next line begins with a vowel, as ; 
 
 ignari hominumque lbcorumque 
 
 Erramus, Virg. 
 
 The interjections ah, heu, hei, o, vah^ vae, and firoh, are 
 not affected by synalaepha, as; 
 
 O pater, o hbminum Divumque seterna potestas. Virg. 
 
 A period sometimes prevents the synalaepha, as ; 
 
 Posthabita coliilsse Samo. Hie Illiiis armS. Virg. 
 Et vera inc^ssu patuit Dea. Hie ubi matrem. Ibid. 
 
 3. Ecthlipsis destroys the final syllable ending in m, 
 when the next word begins with a vowel or h, as ; 
 
 Nullum ultra verbum, aut operam insumebat inanem. Hor. 
 Prxcipue cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis. Virg. 
 Jamque iter emensi, turres, ac tecta Latinorum 
 Ardua cernebant. Virg. 
 
 4. Syn^eresis, or Crasis contracts two syllables into 
 one, as; 
 
 Oscula libavit natse: dehinc taliafatur. Virg. 
 Atria: dependent lychni laquearibus aureis. Ibid. 
 JEdificant; sectaque intexunt abjete costas. Ibid. 
 
 5. Diuresis, or Dialysis, forms two syllables out of 
 one, as ; 
 
 JEthereum sensum atque aurai (for aurse) simplicis ignem. Virg. 
 Debuerant fusos evoluisse (for evolvisse) Deos. Ovid. 
 
 6. Systole makes a long syllable short, as ; 
 
 Obstupui, steteruntque comae, et vox faucibus hsesit. Virg. 
 Turpeputas abici (for abjici), quod sim miserandus amicis. Ovid. 
 
 7. Diastole, or Ectasis makes a short syllable long, as ; 
 
 Omnia vincitamd'r, et nos cedamus amori. Virg. 
 Atque hie Prlamiden laniatum corpore toto. Ibid. 
 Sub Jove mundus erat; subilt argentea proles. Ovid. 
 
 8. Epenthesis adds a letter in the word, as ; 
 
 Troas relliquius Danaum atque immitis Achillei. Virg. 
 
 Alituum (for alitum) pecudumque genus sopor altus habebat. Ibid. 
 
PROSODY. 169 
 
 9. Syncope* takes a letter 01 syllable from the middle 
 of a word, as; 
 
 Cumque gubernaclo llquidas projecit in aquas. Virg. 
 Deseris;heu tantis nequidquam erepte periclis. Ibid. 
 Cum genere extinxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. Ibid. 
 
 10. Apocope takes a syllable from the end of a word, 
 as; 
 
 Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite culmen. Virg. 
 Parthenope, studiis florentem ignobilis oti. Ibid. 
 
 11. Paragoge adds a syllable, as; 
 
 Et Venulus dicto parens ita farier infit. Virg. 
 Spargier agno. Hor. 
 
 12. Tmesis divides a compound, as; 
 
 Talis hyperboreo septem subjecta trioni. Virg. 
 Hac Trojana tenus fuerit fortuna secuta. Ibid. 
 
 * A perusal of the following examples of Syncope may be of use to 
 the student. 
 
 Virum for virorum. Virg. Mn. I. 87. 
 
 Currum for curruum. Id. VI. 653. 
 
 Ccelicolum for coelicolarum. Id. 11.21. 
 
 Dis for diis. Id. II. 428. 
 
 Aspris for asperis. Id. II. 379. 
 
 Lenibant for leniebant. Id. IV. 528; VI. 468. 
 
 Polibantforpoliebant. Id. VIII. 436. 
 
 Dixti for dixisti. Ter. Eun. I. 2, 87. 
 
 Sensti for sensisti. Id. And. V. 3, 11. 
 
 Justi for jussisti. Id. Eun. V. 1, 15. 
 This figure also occurs often in prose, as; talentum, for talento- 
 rum. Cic. Duum millium amphorum, for duorum mi Ilium amphora- 
 rum. — Ibid. 
 
 15 
 
170 APPENDIX. 
 
 AN APPENDIX 
 
 Which should be carefully read by the student, before 
 he enters into the Classics. 
 
 § 1. Nouns, signifying an association of individuals, 
 are called collective nouns, as ; fioftulus, the people ; 
 senatus, the senate ; pars, a part. 
 
 Some nouns are also called 
 
 1. Gentilta, denoting one's native country, or city, as ; 
 Macedo, Siculus, Tros, Phi lade l/ihiensis. 
 
 2. Patronymica, derived from the name of one's pa- 
 rents, or ancestors, as ; Priamides, a son of Priam; Perseis, 
 a daughter of Perseus ; JEacides, a descendant of iEacus. 
 
 3. Diminutiva, expressing a diminution of the signifi- 
 cation of their primitives, as ; libellus, homulus, homun- 
 culus, homuncio. 
 
 4. Verbalia, derived from verbs, as ; amor, the love, 
 from amo; safiientia from safiio. 
 
 5. Heterogenea, which change their gender in the 
 plural, as ; tartarus, masc; plur. tartara, neut ; carbasus,f; 
 plur. carbasa, n ; celum, neut; plur. ccsli, m ; delirium, n ; 
 pi. delicise, f ; locus, in ; pi. loci, m. and loca, n ; frenum, 
 n ; pi. freni, m. and frena, n ; balneum, n ; pi. balnese, f. 
 and balnea, n. 
 
 6. Heteroclita, which change in the plural the de- 
 clension, as ; vas, vasis ; pi. vas-a, orum; juger-um, i ; pi. 
 juger-a, urn. 
 
 7. Indeclinabilia, which are used in all the cases 
 without a variation, as ; nequam,fiondo. 
 
 8. Monoptota, or monoptots, which are used in one 
 case only, as; nauci, noctu, injussu. 
 
 9. Diptots, being used in two cases only, as ; spontis, 
 sfionte ;jugeris,jugere. 
 
APPENDIX. 171 
 
 10. Triptots, having three cases, as; grates', nom. ace. 
 and voc; dica, nom. sing.; dicam, ace. sing.; dicas, ace. pi. 
 
 1 1. Tetraptots, as ; daflis, gen. dafii, dat. daflem, ace. 
 dafle, abl.; oflis, ofli, ofiem, ofle. 
 
 12. Pentaptots, as ; vic-es,ibus, es, es, ibus ; or-a, ibus, 
 a, a, ibus. 
 
 13. Some nouns are not used in the plural, as -,justitia, 
 aurum\ others want the singular, as ; divitise, tenebrae. 
 
 14. Some nouns are redundant, as; arbor ; and arbos; 
 tigr-is, is, and idis. 
 
 § 2. Some nouns are also called Efiiccsna, which in the 
 same gender, apply both to males and females, as: corvus, 
 flasser, bestia, vilifies. 
 
 § 3. To the first declension belong Greek nouns ending 
 in as and es of the masc. and in e of the fern, gender. 
 They are thus declined: 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. Boreas. Psaltes. Epitome. 
 
 G. Boreae. Psaltae. Epitomes. 
 
 D. Boreae. Psaltae. Epitomae, & e. 
 
 A. Boream, & an. Psalten. Epitomen. 
 
 V. Borea. Psalte, & a. Epitome. 
 
 A.Borea. Psalte. Epitome. 
 
 In the plural like flenna. 
 
 § 4. Familia after flater, mater, Jilius, and Jilia, forms 
 sometimes its genitive in as, as: flater familias. 
 
 Instead of as poets sometimes use ai, as: aulai, Virg. 
 Mn. III. 354; flictai, ibid. IX. 26, for aulx and flic tse, 
 
 § 5. The nouns in us of the second declension are of 
 the masc. gender. 
 
 Exc. 1. Names of towns are feminine, as: Corinthus. 
 But Philiflfli, Gabii, and Delflhi, are masc. 
 
 2. Names of countries, as: JEgyfitus. But Pontus, 
 Hellespont us, and Bosflhorus preserve the gender of the 
 adjoining seas, and are masculine. 
 
 3. The names of islands are feminine, as: Cyflrus. 
 
 4. Names of plants, as: byssus, halus, flaflyrus. But 
 dumus, cytisus, and rhamnus, are masculine; lotus and 
 rubus are both masc. and fern. 
 
 5. All compounds of o^»$, as: methodus, synodus. 
 
172 APPENDIX. 
 
 6. Abyssus, alvus,antidotus, arctus,crystallus,dialectus, 
 diametrus, diphthongus, domus, eremus, humus, sapphirus, 
 and vannus, are feminine. 
 
 7. Atomus, balanus, camelus, colus, grossus, and pha- 
 selus, are both masc. and fem. 
 
 8. Pelagus and -virus are of the neuter; vulgus is masc. 
 and neuter; locus and jocus are masc. in the singular, 
 masc. and neut. in the plural. 
 
 9. For sibilus, tartarus, carbasus, frsenum, balneum, 
 efiulum and cesium, see the Vocabulary. 
 
 To the second declension belong Greek nouns, ending 
 in os of the masc. or fem. and in on of the neut. gender; 
 they are thus declined: 
 
 Nom 
 
 . Delos, 
 
 Androgeos, 
 
 Ilion, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Deli, 
 
 Androge-i, v. o, 
 
 Ilii, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Delo, 
 
 Androgeo, 
 
 Ilio, 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Del-on, v. um, 
 
 Androge-on, v. o, 
 
 Ilion, 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Dele, 
 
 Androgeos, 
 
 Ilion, 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Delo. 
 
 Androgeo. 
 
 Ilio, 
 
 Greek Nouns of the Third Declension. 
 
 I. Some Greek nouns, particularly proper names, pa- 
 tronymics, and gentiles, have besides the Latin also the 
 Greek termination dos in the genitive. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Nom. Daphnis, 
 
 Ace 
 
 . Daphn-im, v. in, 
 
 Gen. Daphnid-is, v. os, 
 
 Voc 
 
 . Daphni, 
 
 Dat. Daphnidi, 
 
 Abl 
 
 . Daphnide. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom. Troas, 
 
 
 Troades, 
 
 Gen. Troad-is, v. os, 
 
 
 Troadum, 
 
 Dat. Troadi, 
 
 
 Troadibus, 
 
 Ace. Troad-em, v. a, 
 
 
 Troad-es, v. as, 
 
 Voc. Troas, 
 
 
 Troades, 
 
 Abl. Troade. 
 
 
 Troadibus. 
 
APPENDIX. 173 
 
 II. Greek nouns in is and ys y which have their genitive 
 in ios, or yos } are thus declined: 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. Haeresis, Nom. Haeres-es, v. is, 
 Gen. Haeres-is, v. ios,v.eos, Gen. Haeres-ium,v.ion,v.edn, 
 
 Dat. Haeresi, Dat. Haeresibus, 
 
 Ace. Haeres-im, v. in, Ace. Haeres-es, v. eas, v. is, 
 
 Voc. Haeresi, Voc. Haeres-es, v. is, 
 
 Abl. Haeresi. Abl. Haeresibus. 
 
 III. Proper names in eus are thus declined: 
 
 Greek form, Latin form. 
 
 Nom. Orpheus, Nom. Orpheus, 
 
 Gen. Orpheos, Gen. Orphei, 
 
 Dat. Orphei, Dat. Orpheo, 
 
 Ace. Orphea, Ace. Orpheum, 
 
 Voc. Orpheu, Voc. Orphee, 
 
 Abl. Orpheo. 
 
 Some Greek nouns in es form sometimes their gen. 
 after the second declension, as: Achillei, Orontei, Ulyssei, 
 from Achilles^ Orontes, Ulysses. 
 
 IV. Greek nouns in o are regularly declined as Latin 
 nouns; but when declined in the Greek form, they admit 
 of a change in the gen. sing, only, as: Nom. Dido, gen. 
 Didus, dat., ace, voc, and abl. Dido. 
 
 V. Many Greek nouns have, besides the Latin termina- 
 tions, a in the ace. sing, and as in the ace. plur. as: Arabs, 
 Arabis ; ace. sing. Arabem, and Araba ; ace. plur. 
 Arabes and Arabas; crater, craterem and cratera, cra- 
 teres and crateras. 
 
 Pan has in the gen. always Panos y and in the ace. sing. 
 Pana. 
 
 Chremes makes in the ace. Chrem-em, etem y and eta; 
 Dares makes Dar-en, etem, and eta. 
 
 § 7. The nouns in us of the fourth declension are of 
 the masc. gender. 
 
 Exc. 1. All denominations of females are feminine, as: 
 anus, socrus, etc. 
 
 2. The names of trees, as: Jicus, quercus. 
 
 3. Acus y domu8, Idus, manus, tribus, fiorticus, and 
 quinquatrus, 
 
 15* 
 
174 APPENDIX. 
 
 4. Penus and sfiecus are common. 
 
 Observe, that the dative sing, of the fourth declension 
 ends sometimes in u instead of ui, as: curru, for currui. 
 
 § 8. Observe, that in the fifth declension the final i, and 
 the e of the penult of the gen. and dat. singular are some- 
 times dropped, as: die for diet; fiernicii for fierniciei. 
 
 § 9. The following comparisons are rare, and used only 
 in jest: Patruissime, O! best of uncles. Plaut. Ifisissimus, 
 ibid. Versus Plautinissimi. Gell. So also Catonior, JVe- 
 ronior, etc. 
 
 § 10. The pronoun ipse agrees rather with the nomina- 
 tive than an oblique case, as: mortem sibi ipse consci- 
 vit Cato. 
 
 Qui is used in the abl. sing, for all genders, as: qui- 
 cum, for quocum, and quacum. 
 
 The neuters hoc, id, illud, quid, nihil, multa, etc. must 
 not be considered as a criterion of the case, governed by 
 the word, on which they seem to depend; for they are 
 often either governed by a preposition understood, or 
 used adverbially, as: 
 
 Quid (i. e. ad quid) non mortalia pectora cogis? Virg. 
 
 Nihil (i. e. non) mea carmina curas. Ibid. 
 
 Posse vellem idem (i. e. de eadem re) gloriari. Cic. 
 
 Multa (i. e. valde) Decs venerati. Ibid. 
 
 Illud (i. e. ob illud) mihi lsetandum video. Ibid. 
 
 Id (i. e. ei rei) studuisti. Terent. 
 
 Qui si nihil aliud studet. Cic. 
 
 Quidquam utitur. Ibid. etc. etc. 
 
 §11. There are also verbs, called incentives, frequenta- 
 tives, and desideratives. 
 
 The inceptives end in sco; they signify a beginning, 
 and belong to the third conjugation, as: calesco, from ca- 
 leo, I begin to grow warm ; hebesco, from hebes, I grow 
 dull. 
 
 The frequentative verbs are derived from supines of 
 other verbs; they express a repetition of the signification 
 of their primitives, and belong to the first conjugation, as: 
 curso or cursito, I run often, from cursum. 
 
 The desideratives express a desire; they end in urio, 
 with a short u; they are derived from supines of other 
 verbs, and belong to the fourth conjugation, as: esurio, I 
 desire to eat, from esum. Scaturio, ligurio, etc. cannot be 
 considered desideratives. 
 
APPENDIX. 175 
 
 § 12. Some neuter verbs with a passive signification 
 take the abl. of the agent with the preposition a, or ab, as: 
 
 Salvebis a meo Cicerone. Cic. Anima calescit ab eo spiritu. Ibid. 
 A reo fustibas vapulasset. Quint. Venire (a veneo) ab hoste. Ibid. 
 Occidit a forti Achille. Ovid. 
 
 § 13. There are, strictly speaking, no impersonal verbs; 
 but, as some verbs according to their nature cannot be 
 used in the first or second person, or as they do not ad- 
 mit of the personal pronouns ego, tu y etc. we call them 
 impersonal, though they are as personal as legor, I am 
 read, or navigor, I am sailed over. Hence 
 
 Lacrymae decuere pudicam. Ovid. 
 
 Nee dominam dedecuere minae. Ibid. 
 
 Admovique preces, quarum me dedecet usus. Ibid. 
 
 Experiri, quam se aliena deceant. Cic. 
 
 Quae adsolent, quseque opportent, Ter. 
 
 Hacc facta ab illo opportebant. Ibid. 
 
 Me quidem hxc conditio non poenitet. Plant. 
 
 Atheniensesutiprimi defecerunt, ita primi poenitere coeperunt. Ju»t, 
 
 iEtolos, si poenitere possint. Liv. 
 
 Omnia licuerunt. Sail. 
 
 Non te haec pudent? Ter. 
 
 Cogebant hostes, ut misererent. Enn. 
 
 Nonae lucescunt. Ovid. 
 
 Ningunt rosarum floribu3. Lucr. 
 
 Bellaria pluebant. Slat. 
 
 Jove fulgurante. Cic. 
 
 Coelo vesperascente. Nep. 
 
 Die vesperascente. Tac. 
 
 Pluit takes also the accusative, as: panem pluit, Liv. 
 Tantum glandis pluit, Virg.\ where it may also be the 
 nominative. 
 
 The impersonal verbs with a passive termination, have 
 their subject implied; thus fiugnatur, is the same as 
 fiugna, or, firselium fiugnatur. 
 
 § 14. The participle present active seems sometimes to 
 have a passive signification, se being suppressed, as; 
 
 Tardaque Eleusinae matris volventia plaustra. Virg. 
 Quod iter Xerxes anno vertente confecerat. Nep. 
 
 Some neuter verbs have a participle perfect, 
 I. With a neuter signification, as ; 
 
1 76 APPENDIX. 
 
 Adulta virgo suspiret. Hor. 
 Obsolete jam erant spolia de Persis. Curt. 
 Exemplaannalium vetustate exoleta. Liv. 
 Macedones inveteratae virtutis admonebantur. Curt. 
 Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino. Virg. 
 Largaque provenit cessatis messis in arvis. Ovid. 
 Vestigia presso haud tenuit titubata solo. Virg. 
 Cum omnia mea causa velles successa. Cic. 
 In cinere deflagrati imperii. Ibid. 
 
 II. With a passive signification,* as ; 
 
 Cum Romanis pacem conventam frustra fuisse. Sail. 
 
 Relegens errata retrorsum litora. Virg. 
 
 Bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes. Ibid. 
 
 Quae abs te breviter de arte decursa sunt. Cic. 
 
 Evigilata consilia. Ibid. 
 
 Et pugnata sacro bella sub Ilio. Hor. 
 
 Some of these have also the participle in dus, as; 
 
 In conveniendis magistratibus. Cic. 
 Nox multis evigilanda modis. Tib. 
 
 Here may be added erubescendus, tremendua y dolendus, 
 horrendusj fiigendus, fiudendus, fi<znitendu8. 
 
 The participle perf. of deponent verbs has often besides 
 the active also a passive signification, as; 
 
 Nee Deus hunc mensa, Dea nee dignata cubili est. Virg. 
 
 Conjugio Anchisa Veneris dignate superbo. Ibid. 
 
 Jugurtha prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit. Sail. 
 
 Ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate. Virg. 
 
 Bellaque matribus detestata. Hor. 
 
 Graecum interpretatum nomen tenemus. Cic. 
 
 Cum essent cum hoste pactae induciae. Ibid. 
 
 Ulius execratae columnae. Ibid. 
 
 So also dimensuS) emensus, mentitus^ ementitus, lamen- 
 taius y metatus, moratus, /irofessus, etc. 
 
 Some verbal adjectives in bundus^ are construed as 
 participles of the present, and have the same government 
 as their verbs, as ; 
 
 Vitabundus classem hostium. Sail. 
 Meditabundus bellum. Just. 
 Venerabundus regem. Curt. 
 Populabundus agros. Gell. 
 Gratulabundus patriae. Just. 
 Errabunda bovis vestigia. Virg. 
 
 * See Appendix, § 52. 
 
APPENDIX. 177 
 
 § 15. Participles and adjectives are sometimes put in 
 the ablative absolute without a noun, or pronoun,* as; 
 
 Turn demum palam facto, et comploratione in regia orta. Liv. 
 Primaque libato, summo terms attigit ore. Virg. 
 Absolvitur, comperto, fictain eum crimina. Tac. 
 Desperato, regionem posse retineri. Curt. 
 Cognito, quod insidiae sibi pararentur. Just. 
 Audito Q. Marcium Regem in Ciliciam tendere. Sail. 
 Excepto, quod non simul esses, caeteralaetus. Hor. 
 Haud cuiquam dubio, opprimi posse. Liv. 
 
 The ablative absolute is not always independent of the 
 rest of the sentence, as ; 
 
 Lacrimas quoque ssepe notavi, me lacrimante, tuas. Ovid. 
 Me duce ad hunc votifinem, me milite veni. Ibid. 
 Eum, me judice, errorem dissolvam tibi. Gell. 
 Nobis vigilantibus erimus liberi brevi tempore. Cic. 
 
 § 16. From some adjectives of the second declension 
 there are also adverbs in o, which, however, when ending 
 in o long, might more properly be called ablatives of 
 the neuter gender, as ; certo, certainly, or with certain- 
 ty; tuto, safely, or in safety; crebro, frequently ; merito, 
 deservedly; meritissimo, most deservedly, etc. 
 
 Others end in um, as; fiarum from fiarvus, multum 
 from multus. 
 
 Others end in e, and in tcr, as ; dure, or duriter ; hu- 
 mane, or humaniter ; crebre, or crebriter. 
 
 Of some adjectives of the third declension the neuter 
 is sometimes used adverbially, as; facile, or faciliter; 
 difficile, or difficiliter-, lene, or leniter; celebre, or cele- 
 briter. 
 
 Irregular, and defective comparisons. 
 
 Po8. Comfi. Sufi. 
 
 Cito, citius, citissime. 
 
 Diu, diutius, diutissime. 
 
 Magnum, magis, maxime. 
 
 Multum, plus, plurimum. [mum. 
 
 Parum, minus, minime, or mini- 
 
 Prope, propius, proxime. 
 
 * This ablative either agrees with negotio, as; (negotio) palam 
 facto; or the substantive is implied, as; (libamine) libato; or the sub- 
 stantive must be accounted for by General Rule X. to the syntax. 
 
178 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Pos. 
 Ssepe, 
 Merito, 
 Nove, 
 Nuper, 
 
 Satis, 
 Secus, 
 
 Com ft. 
 saepius, 
 
 ocius, or ocyus, 
 
 satius, 
 
 secius. 
 
 Sufi. 
 saepissime. 
 meritissimo. 
 novissime. 
 nuperrime. ! 
 ocyssime. 
 
 § 17. The preposition in takes sometimes the accusa- 
 tive instead of the ablative, as ; in humeros efferre, Cic. 
 In amicitiam esse. Ibid. 
 k Prepositions are often put after their case, as ; 
 
 Dies, quam ad dares. Terent. 
 
 Profligatis iis, quos adversum ierat. Sail. 
 
 Diem certam Chabrix prxstituerunt, quam ante domum nisi re- 
 
 disset. Nep. 
 Sunt certi denique fines, quos ultra citraque nequit consistere 
 
 rectum. Hor. 
 Leges, quas contra praeter te nemo unquam est facere conatus. Cic. 
 Si volet usus, quern penes arbitrium est. Hor. 
 Index in ara consedit: hanc juxta locum fecerunt sub terra. Nep* 
 Te propter Libicae gentes odere (me). Virg. 
 Transtra per et remos. Ibid. 
 
 Sed nunc, est omnia quando 
 
 Iste animus supra. Virg. 
 
 Dum populatio lucem intra sisteretur. Tac. 
 
 Praeteritum temnens extremos inter eundem. Virg. 
 
 Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta. Ibid. 
 
 Ipso Gemanico coram id ausus. Tac. 
 
 Hostibus e siqui. Ovid. 
 
 Fundus, quo de agitur. Cic. 
 
 Vitiis nemo sine nascitur. Hor. 
 
 Some prepositions, particularly ad, ob* firofiter* a, ab f 
 cum, de,e % ex, etc. are often suppressed, which accounts 
 formany accusatives, and ablatives. 
 
 The noun governed by the preposition is sometimes 
 suppressed, as ; 
 
 Quemadmodum a Vestze (xde) adtabulam ducta esses. Cic. 
 Qui cum facibus ad Castoris (aedem) volitarunt. Ibid. 
 Ventum erat ad Vestae (sedem). Hor. 
 Age jam cum fratre an sine (scil. eo). Cie. 
 Redeo ad (ea) quae mandas, Ibid. 
 
APPENDIX. 179 
 
 Some of the prepositions are also used adverbially, as ; 
 
 Ad mille quingenti ad consules confugerant. Liv. 
 
 Occisis ad hominum millibus quatuor. Caes. 
 
 Paucis mensibus ante. Ibid. 
 
 Aliquot ante annis. Cic. 
 
 Utrumque contra accidit. Ibid. 
 
 Propter est spelunca. Ibid. 
 
 Filii propter cubantes. Ibid. 
 
 Cavendae sunt familiaritates praeter hominum perpaucorum. Ibid. 
 
 Qui omnia haec, quae supra et subter, unum esse dixerunt. Ibid. 
 
 Satis superque habere dicit. Ibid. 
 
 Paucis post diebus. Cxs. 
 
 Liceret ab armis discedere praeter rerum capitalium condemnatis. 
 
 Sail. 
 Reliquit eum nullo praeter auguralis sacerdotii honore impertitum. 
 
 Suet. 
 Vereor coram in os laudare. Terent. 
 
 § 18. Some words according to their import, are either 
 adverbs or conjunctions, as; quare, cum, veto, donee, ne- 
 que, etc. 
 
 These conjunctions stand first in the sentence; et, ac, 
 atque, nee, neque, aut, vel, sive, at, ast, sed, verum, nam, 
 quandoquidem, quare, quocirca, si, sin, etc. 
 
 These stand after one or more words: autem, vero, 
 quoque, quidem, enim, etc. 
 
 § 19. The conjunctions et, ac 9 atque, etc. sometimes 
 couple different jjarts of speech, or different cases, as; 
 
 Recte ac jure factum esse. Cic. 
 
 Quid agas ? nisi ut te redimas captum, quam queas minimo; si ne- 
 queas, paululo, at quanti queas. Terent. 
 
 Aut ob avaritiam, aut misera ambitione laborat. Hor. 
 
 Jactata quum in senatu res, turn ad populum est. Liv. 
 
 Sexcentis et pluris empta. Juv. 
 
 Ubi videt neque per vim, neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem. 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Speculatores omnia visendi, et Scipio ad ea comparanda, quae in 
 rem erant, tempus habuit. Liv. 
 
 Lentulum nostrum, eximia spe, summaeque virtutis adolescentem. 
 
 Cic. 
 
 Mulier colore vivido atque inexhausti vigoris. Bott. 
 
 Sometimes we find two conjunctions, one of which 
 seems redundant, as; 
 
 At vero. Cic. Sed enim. Virg. Sed autem. Ibid. Neque enim, 
 (i. e. non enim.) 
 
 § 20. The conjunctions ut and ne, are often suppressed 
 
180 APPENDIX. 
 
 after hortor, rogo, oro, volo, jubeo, mando, licet, oportet, 
 necesse est, fac, sine, cave, etc. as; 
 
 Huic mandat, Rhemos adeat. Cxs. 
 
 Praecipit, omnes petant. Ibid. 
 
 Te rogo atque oro, te colligas. Cic. 
 
 Audacia ostendatur necesse est. Ibid. 
 
 Cave credas, cave te fratrnm misereat. Ibid. 
 
 Jube, mihi respondeat. Terent. 
 
 Ducas volo hodie uxorem. Ibid. 
 
 Sine, sciam. Liv. 
 
 Proinde sciatis licet, me intraturum urbem* Curt. 
 
 Fac, cogites, in quanta calamitate sis. Sail. 
 
 Sinite instaurata revisam proelia. Virg. 
 
 §21. Adjectives in the neuter gender, agreeing with 
 negotium understood, are often used as substantives, as; 
 
 Triste lupus stabulis. Virg- 
 
 Varium et mutabile semper foemina. Ibid. 
 
 Notum (i. e. notitia) furens quid foemina possit. Ibid. 
 
 Mors omnium rernm extremum. Cic. 
 
 Commune animantium omnium est conjunctionis appetitus. Ibid. 
 
 Ea arte aequasset superiores reges, ni degeneratum (i. e. degenera- 
 tio facta) in aliis huic quoque decori offecisset. Liv. 
 
 Tentatum a T. Sextio, ut rogationem ferret, discussum est, (i. e. 
 tentatio facta discussa est). Ibid. 
 
 Pronuntiaium repente (i. e. pronuntiatio repentina) nequis prae- 
 ter armatos violaretur, reliquam omnem multitudinem exuit armis. 
 Ibid. 
 
 Vigilias ipse circuire non diffidentia ftduri (scil. negotii negotio- 
 rum, i. e. perfectum iri negotia), quae imperavisset. Sail. 
 
 Nihil praeter auditum (i. e. famam) habeo. Cic. 
 
 Hence the adverbial expressions ex imfiroviso, ex com- 
 fiosito, consulto, etc. 
 
 The adjective sometimes agrees with a substantive, 
 which is governed by, or does govern its substantive, as; 
 
 Accusantes violati (for violatum) hospitii fcedus. Liv. 
 
 Ad initia majora (for majorum) rerum ducentibus fatis. ^bid. 
 
 Saevae memorem (i. e. saevam memoris) Junonis ob iram. Virg. 
 
 Hie confixum ferrea texit telorum seges. Ibid. 
 
 Templumque vetustum desertae (i. e. desertum) Veneris. Ibid. 
 
 § 22. The adjective, verb, and relative pronoun, often 
 agree with a noun implied by the word with which they 
 should agree, as; 
 
 Utraque pars avidi erant. Liv. 
 Multitudo conven erant. Caes. 
 Familia, quorum progeniem. Sail. 
 
APPENDIX* 1S1 
 
 Pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti (sunt). Ibid. 
 
 Duo millia (i. e. bis mille homines) relicti. Liv. 
 
 Armati duo millia missi. Ibid. 
 
 Inde pars per agros dilapsi, pars urbes petunt finitimas, suam quis- 
 que spem, sua consilia, communibus deploratis, exsequentes. Ibid. 
 
 Capita conjurationis virgis csesi ac securi percussi (sunt). Ibid, 
 
 Delicix vero tuae, noster JEsopus, ejus modi fuit. Cic. 
 
 Ex ipso equestris ordinis flore ac senatu duo millia electi, qui mori 
 juberentur. Flor. 
 
 Namque antea pleraque nobilitas invidia sestuabat, et quasi pollui 
 consulatum credebant. Sail. 
 
 Nee supplex turba timebant judicis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice 
 tuti. Ovid. 
 
 § 23. In like manner do the genitives unius, solius, ifiso- 
 rum, etc. also the pronoun qui, often agree with the 
 noun implied in the possessive pronouns mens, tuus, etc. 
 asj 
 
 Mea unius opera. Tua ipsius culpa. 
 
 Vestras omnium voluntati parui. Cic. 
 
 Ex unius tua vitam pendere omnium intelligit. Ibid. 
 
 Aves fetus suos libero cxlo suaeque (i. e, fetuumque) ipsorum fi- 
 ducix permittunt. Quint. * 
 
 Nunt tua defuuclae molliter ossa cubent. Ovid. 
 
 Cum mea nemo scripta legat, vulgo recitare timentis. Hor. 
 
 Noster duorum eventus ostendet, utra gensbello sit melior. Liv. 
 
 Nee mea verba legis, qui sum submotus ad Istrum. Ovid. 
 
 Omnes laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio 
 prseditum, Ter. 
 
 Quid plura de tua insolentia commemorem, quern Minerva omnes 
 artes edocuit. Sail. 
 
 Nostrum (i. e. meum) consilium laudandum est, qui meos cives 
 servis armatis objici noluerim. Cic. 
 
 § 24. The'verbs of naming, and particularly the verb 
 sum, as also the relative qui sometimes agree with the 
 predicate, or the noun put in apposition, as : 
 
 Omnia pontus erat. Ovid. 
 
 Vestet, quas geritis, sordida lana/wtV. Ibid. 
 
 Prsecipuum auxilium erat (i. e. erant illi), qui subibant aquam. 
 
 Curt. 
 Possedere hca quae proximo Cartbaginem Numidia appellatur. 
 
 Sail. 
 Non omnis error stultitia dicenda est. Cic. 
 
 Omne9 Belgas, quam tertiam esse Gallia: partem dixeramus. Caes. 
 Gladiatores, quam sibi ille maximam manum fore putavit, potcs- 
 tate nostra continebuntur. Cic. 
 
 Turn convcnticula hominum, qaas postea civitates nominal* sunt, 
 turn domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus. Cic. 
 
 16 
 
182 APPENDIX. 
 
 Quod ministerium fuerat, ars haberi coepta est. Liv. 
 
 Loca fori appellati (sunt). Ibid. 
 
 Gens universa Veneti appellati. Ibid. 
 
 Mittendo in vicos Cenomanorum Brixiamque, quod caput gentis 
 erat. Ibid. 
 
 Amantium irse amoris integratio est. Ter. 
 
 Paupertas mihi onus visum est et miserum et grave. Ibid. 
 
 Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum adpellatur. Sail. 
 
 Animal hoc acutum, quern vocamus hominem. Cic. 
 
 Hominem, quod principium reliquarum rerum esse voluit, genera- 
 vit et ornavit Deus. Ibid. 
 
 § 25. The pronouns Aicr, Hie, is, quis, etc. generally 
 agree with their predicate, as: 
 
 JSaque ipsa fuit causa belli. Liv. 
 
 Hicfons, hoc principium est movendi. Cic. 
 
 Nunc vero, quae tua est ista vita? Cic. 
 
 Lentulus magistratu se abdicavit; ut qua religio C. Mario — non fue- 
 rat, quo minus C. Glaucium praetorem occideret, ea nos reUgione, in 
 privato Lentulo puniendo, liberaremur. Ibid. 
 
 Qui nisi exeunt, scitote hoc futurum seminarium Catilinarium. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Hoc opus, hie labor est. Virg. 
 
 Hie labor extremus, longarum hcec meta viarum. Ibid. 
 
 Eas divitias, earn bonam famam puiabant. Sail. 
 
 Quae enim pertinacia est quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia videri 
 potest. Cic. 
 
 § 26. The relative pronouns are strictly speaking ad- 
 jectives, agreeing with their substantives understood ; 
 hence 
 
 I. We often find the antecedent expressed with the pro- 
 noun, as : 
 
 Diem dicunt, qua die conveniant. Caes. 
 
 Erant omnino duo itinera, quibus itineribus exire possent. Ibid. 
 Ultra eum locum, quo in loco Germani consederant. Ibid. 
 Erant haec ex eo genere, quod ego maxime genus reperire cupie- 
 bam. Cic. 
 
 II. The antecedent is often omitted, and the pronoun 
 is attended by its substantives, as : 
 
 Quae prima arbos vellitur, huic (arbori) guttse liquuntur. Virg. 
 Urbem quam statuo, vestra est. Ibid. 
 Sub qua nunc recubas arbore, virga fuit. Ovid. 
 Hinc tibi, quae semper vicino ab limite sepes Hyblaei?, etc. i. e. 
 hinc tibi sepes vicino ab limite, quae semper Hyblaeis, etc. Virg. 
 Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae monstra ferunt. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
APPENDIX. 183 
 
 Quis non malarum, quas amor curas habet, haec inter obliviscitur. 
 
 Hor. 
 
 Reperiebat etiam Caesar, quod proelium equestre'adversum paucis 
 ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae a Dumnorige atque ejus 
 equitibus factum esse. Cses. 
 
 Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur. Ibid. 
 
 Ut quam exspectationem tui hlc concitasti, hanc sustinere possis. 
 
 Cic 
 
 Ad quas igitur res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabi- 
 mus. Ibid. 
 
 Quotus enim istud quisque fecisset, ut a quibus partibus cum cru- 
 delitate esset ejectus, ad eas ipsas rediret. Ibid. 
 
 In quern primum egressi sunt locum, Troja vocatur. Liv. 
 
 III. The antecedent seems sometimes to be attracted 
 by the relative, as : 
 
 Urbem, quam statuo, vestra est. Virg. 
 
 Eunuchum, quem dedisti nobis, quantas dedit turbas? Terent. 
 Naucratem, quem convenire volui, in navi non erat. Plaut. 
 Sedistum, quem quaeris, ego sum. Ibid* 
 
 IV. The pronoun sometimes differs from its antecedent 
 in gender, or number, as : 
 
 Si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, quae (scil. tempora) 
 multa sunt. Cic. 
 
 Nullis in aliis nisi de republica sermonibus versatus sum: quae (scil. 
 negotia for qui sermones) nee possunt scribi nee scribenda sunt. Ibid. 
 
 In otio et abundantia earum rerum, quae (scil. negotia) prima mor- 
 tales ducunt. Sail. 
 
 Testarum suffragiis, quod (scil. negotium) illi ostracismum vocant. 
 
 Nep. 
 
 Thus we often find qua and ed agreeing with fiarte, or 
 via understood, as : 
 
 Lapideo muro urbem, qua (ex parte) nondum munierat, cingere 
 parat. Liv. 
 
 Romani, ad omnes aditus stationibus firmatis, qua signa ferri vide- 
 bant, ea robore virorum opposito, scandere hostem sinunt. Ibid. 
 
 In templum ipse, nescio qua (via) adscendit. Cic. 
 
 Sub ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus erat. 5a//. 
 
 Locum hostibus introeundi dedit; eaque Numidae cuncti irrupere. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Reliquum spatium, qua flumen intermittit, mons continet. Cses. 
 
 Ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta ruunt. Virg. 
 
 V. The relative often takes the adjective belonging to 
 its antecedent or substantive, as : 
 
 Vulnera, quae plurima accepit. Virg. 
 Moenia, quae magna statues. Ibid. 
 
184 APPENDIX. 
 
 Defessi -Eneadae, quae proxima litora cursu contendunt petere. 
 
 Ibid. 
 Praeceptis Heleni, quae maxima dederat. Ibid, 
 Vasa ea, quae pulcherrima viderat. Cic 
 De caeteris operibus, quae sua penes ilium essent. Ibid. 
 
 § 27. Singular, though frequent, particularly with Ci- 
 cero, are these expressions: qui meus est amor, quae tua 
 est humanitas, etc.; these idioms may be explained by 
 supplying the antecedent pro amore, pro humanitate, or 
 secundum amorem, etc., as: 
 
 Quodsi mini permisisses, qui meus amor in te est, confecissem, etc. 
 i. e. quodsi mihi permisisses, pro amore, or secundum amorem, qui 
 meus amor in te est, confecissem. Cic, 
 
 Cognitum per te ipsum, (secundum naturam) quae tua natura est, 
 dignum tua amicitia judicabis. Ibid. 
 
 Quodsiquis etiatn inferis sensus est, qui illiusin te amor fuit, pie- 
 tasque in omnes suos, hoc certe ilia te facere non vult; i. e. quod si 
 quis etiam inferis sensus est pro illius (scil. filiae tuae) in te amore, 
 proque pietate in omnes suos, etc. Cic. 
 
 Quaecunque de tua dignitate ab imperatore erunt impetranda, qua 
 est humanitate Caesar, facillimum erit ab eo tibi ipsi impetrare. Ibid. 
 
 So also, egregie scipsisti, quae tua est doctrina. Prse- 
 clare dixit, quod illius est ingenium,i. e. pro suo ingenio. 
 
 Qui, quae, quod, often has is, ea, id, superfluously be- 
 fore it, as: 
 
 Et, id quod difficilius putatur, sapientius tulit secundam quam ad- 
 versam fortunam. Nep. 
 
 Si nos, id quod maxime debet, nostra patria delectat. Cic. 
 Pontifex proponebat tabulam; — ii qui annales maximi nominantur. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 § 28. The preposition cum has sometimes the import 
 of a copulative conjunction, as: 
 
 Dux cum principibus capiuntur. Liv. 
 
 Demosthenes cum caeteris in exilium erant expulsi. Nep. 
 
 Dux hostium C. Herennius cum urbe Valentia etexercitu deleti. 
 
 Sail. 
 Juba cum Labieno capti in potestatem Cxsaris venerunt. Hirt. 
 Vacca et capella et patiens ovis injuria^ sqcii fuere cum hone in 
 saltibus. Fhscdr. 
 
 Singular appears the following: 
 
 Ego populusque Romanus populis pi 
 lico facioque. Liv. 
 
 But ego (the herald) and fiofiulw are put iu apposition. 
 
 Ego populusque Romanus populis priscorum Latinorum bellum 
 indico facioque. Liv. 
 
APPENDIX. 185 
 
 § 29. Substantives singular, connected by a disjunctive 
 conjunction, sometimes take a plural adjective or verb, as: 
 
 Fabricius Aristidesve justi nominantur. Cic. 
 Haec si neque ego neque tu fecimus. Terent. 
 
 § 30. Proper names of towns are sometimes put in the 
 genitive by Rule VI. instead of agreeing with the appel- 
 lative, as: 
 
 Urbs Patavii. Virg. Urbs Buthroti. Ibid. In Oppido Anti- 
 ochiae. Cic. So also, amnis Eridani. Virg. 
 
 §31. There seems sometimes to be a redundant appo- 
 sition, as: 
 
 Porcum saxo silice percussit. Liv. CEnotrii coluere viri. Virg. 
 Gallt homines. Cic. So also, turbo ventus. 
 
 Singular are the following appositions: 
 
 Pictores et poetae (for pictorum et poetarum) suum quisque opus 
 a vulgo considerari vult. Cic. 
 
 Onerarix (for onerariarum navium) pars maxima ad JEgimurum, — 
 aliae adversus urbem ipsam delatse sunt. Liv. 
 
 Galli transalpine tria millia hominum in Italiam transgressi. Ibid. 
 
 Galli in forum perveniunt, inde dilapsi ad prxdam, pars in proxl- 
 ma ruunt, pars ultima petunt. Ibid. 
 
 Dux filiae harum, altera occisa, altera capta est. Caes. 
 
 § 32. The possessive pronouns are sometimes used in- 
 stead of the personal, or in a passive sense, as: 
 
 Vos in mea (i. e. mei, vel in me) injuria despecti estis. Sail. 
 
 Neque cuiquam mortalium injuria suae (i. e. in se) parvac viden- 
 tur. Ibid. 
 
 Neque negligentia tua (i. e. tui) neque id odio fecit tuo(i. e. adver- 
 sus te.) Terent. 
 
 Lacrymis opplet os totum sibi, ut facile scires, desiderio id fieri 
 tuo (i. e. tui.) Ibid. 
 
 Hence we say: mea cau&d, for my sake; tua gratia, etc. 
 Singular are the following genitives: 
 
 Vulnere tardus Ulyssis (i. e. accepto ab Ulysse.) Virg. 
 Defectores patris sui (i. e. a patre suo.) Tac. 
 Expositis copiis omnique apparatu urbium oppugnandarum (i. e. 
 ad urbes oppugnandas.) Ibid. 
 
 § 33. To the neuter adjectives, governing a genitive, 
 may be added the following: 
 
 Angusta viarum, opaca locorum, telluris operta. Virg. Abdita 
 rerum, vana rerum, acuta belli, amara curarum. Hor. Antiqua 
 
 16* 
 
186 APPENDIX, 
 
 foederum, extrema periculorum, incerta fortunse. Liv. Inania famae, 
 cuncta camporum, cuncta curarum, occulta saltuum, inania famae, 
 amoena Asiae. Tac. Profunda camporum, ardua montium, praerupta 
 collium. Just. Diversa gentium terrarumque. Flor. Pleraque re- 
 rum humanarum. Sail. 
 
 The adverb quoad, as much as, often has the gen. 
 ejus, as: 
 
 Quoad ejus facere poteris. Cic. Quoad ejus sine bello posset. Liv. 
 
 § 34. When genitives, of which the one governs the 
 other, are transposed, they often cause trouble to a no- 
 vice in the language, as: 
 
 Fratris hie films erat regis; i. e. hie erat filius fratris regis. Liv. 
 
 Cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentiae nobilitatis supra dixi- 
 mus. Sail. 
 
 More difficult are the following: 
 
 Juvabit tamen rerum gestarum memoriae principis terrarum populi 
 pro virili parte et me ipsum consuluisse, here the order is: consul - 
 uisse memoriae rerum gestarum populi principis terrarum. Liv. 
 
 Quinqueremis Romana — duas triremes (Carthaginienses) suppres- 
 sit, unius praelata impetu lateris alterius remos detersit; the order is: 
 (quinqueremis) praelata impetu detersit remos alterius lateris unius 
 (sell, triremis.) 
 
 § 35. The genitive terrse is sometimes used for humi t 
 as: 
 
 Sternituf et toto projectus corpore terrae. Virg. Procumbere 
 terrae. Ovid. 
 
 § 36. Verbal substantives sometimes take the case of 
 the verbs, from which they are derived, instead of the 
 genitive, as: 
 
 Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus institutisque populorum. 
 
 Cic. 
 
 Quid tibi hue receptio ad te est meum virum (i. e. mei viri) ? Plant. 
 
 Quid tibi hanc curatio est rem? Ibid. 
 
 Domura reditionis spe sublata. Cses. 
 
 § 37. The superlative often agrees in gender with the 
 subject instead of the genitive, as: 
 
 Indus, qui est omnium fluminum maximus. Cic. 
 Est genus hominum, qui esse primos se omnium rerum volunt. 
 
 Terent. 
 
 § 08. The superlative is sometimes used in speaking of 
 two, as: 
 
 Stirpis (scil. duorum fratrum) maximus. Liv. 
 
APPENDIX. 187 
 
 § 39. The partitive is sometimes omitted, as: 
 
 Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium (scil. unus). Hor. 
 Cedo signum, si harum Baccharura es (scil. una). Plant. 
 
 § 40. Omnes and cuncti sometimes govern the geni- 
 tive, as: 
 
 Attalus Macedonum fere omnibus persuasit. Liv. 
 Cunctos hominum. Ovid. 
 
 The adjectives, dignus, indignus, contentus, which ge- 
 nerally govern theablative,takesometimes the genitive, as: 
 
 Suscipe cogitationem dignissimam tuae virtutis. Cic. 
 "Descendam magnorum haud unquam indignus avorum. Pirg. 
 Nee jamlibertatis contentos. Liv. 
 
 § 41. In the following and like phrases, the genitive 
 seems to be governed by negotium understood, which with 
 esse may be translated by to conduce. 
 
 Qui utrisque utilia ferrent, quaeque aequandae libertatfs essent. Liv. 
 
 Quara concordiam dissolvendae maxime tribunitiae potestatis rentur 
 esse. Ibid. 
 
 Regium imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augen- 
 dae reipublicae fuerat. Sail. 
 
 Quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi cognovit. Ibid. 
 
 § 42. To the genitives of the value may also be referred 
 sequi and boni, as : 
 
 Non acqui bonique facimus. Liv. 
 
 Quae quanquam misisse pudet, quia parva videntur, 
 
 Tu tamen haec, quaeso, consule missa boni. Ovid. 
 
 § 43. Many verbs, that otherwise take the accusative or 
 the ablative with or without a preposition, are sometimes 
 used with the genitive, either in imitation of the Greek, 
 or some substantive is understood such as negotium, or a 
 substantive is implied in the verb, as : 
 
 Justitisene (causa) prius mirer belline laborum. Virg. 
 Ne tui quidem testimonii veritus. Cic. 
 
 Et qua pauper aquse Danaus agrestium regnavit (i. e. fuit rex) 
 populorum. Hor. 
 
 Tempus desistere (de negotio) pugnae. Virg. 
 
 Desine mollium tandem querelarum. Hor. 
 
 Abstineto, dixit, irarum calidxque rixae. Ibid. 
 
 Purgantes civitatem (de crimine) omnis facti dictique hostilis. Liv. 
 
 Et morbi miror purgatum te illius. Hor. 
 
 Neque illi 
 Sepositi ciceris, nee longae invidit avenae. Ibid. 
 
188 APPENDIX. 
 
 Pelopis parens 
 Dulci laborum decipitur sono. Ibid. 
 Nee veterum memini lsetorve maloruin. Virg. 
 Pendet animi. Cie. 
 Audio te animi angi. Ibid. 
 Hx res vitse me saturant. Plant. 
 Discrucior animi. Ibid. 
 Me omnium laborum levas. Ibid, 
 Fallebar sermonis. Ibid. 
 Fastidit mei. Ibid. 
 Adipisceretur dominationis. Tac. 
 
 § 44. The verb, on which the dative depends, is some- 
 times implied in the substantive, as : 
 
 Ne qua exprobratio (facta) cuiquam veteris fortune discordiam 
 sererett Liv. 
 
 Justitia est obtemperatio scriptis legibus institutisque populorum. 
 Cic. 
 
 § 45. The dative sometimes seems to depend on afitus 
 or idoneus understood, as: 
 
 Ad me detulerunt sumptus decerni legatis nimis magnos, cum sol- 
 vendo (aptse) civitatesnon essent. Cic. 
 
 Ut divites conferrent, qui oneri ferendo essent. Liv. 
 Quae restinguendo igni forent. Ibid. 
 Radix ejus est vescendo. Plin. 
 Respublica est gratise referenda. Liv. 
 
 § 46. The pronoun Idem like avroq in the Greek, takes 
 sometimes the dative, as : 
 
 Invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti. Hor. 
 Homerus eadem aliis sopitus quiete est. Lucr. 
 Eadem facit turpi. Ibid. 
 Nonne tibi faciendum idem sit nihil dicenti? Cic. 
 
 § 47. The dative is often used for the accusative and 
 the preposition ad, or afiud, as : 
 
 It clamor coelo (i. e. ad coelum.) Virg. 
 Sedibus hunc ante refer suis. Ibid. 
 Durate et vosmet rebus sersate secundis. Ibid. 
 Belloque animos accendit agrestes. Ibid. 
 Me Albani ducem bello gerendo creavere. Liv. 
 Decemviros legibus scribendis creavimus. Ibid. 
 Quod te mihi (i. e. apud me) de Sempronio purgas. Cic. 
 Velle Pompeium se Cxsari purgatum. Cass. 
 Uti me purgarem tibi. Plant. 
 
 Varroni (i. e. apud Varronem) memineris excusare tarditatem lite- 
 rarum mearum. Cic. 
 
APPENDIX. 189 
 
 Ut te mihi excusaret. Cic. 
 
 Mihi quidem Scipio vivit, vivetque semper. Cic. 
 
 § 48. The dative, in imitation of the Greek, is some- 
 times used for the ablative with the preposition a, ab, 
 cum, or in, as : 
 
 Non cernitur ulli (i. e. ab ullo). Virg. 
 
 Nulla tuarum audita mihi, neque visa sororum. Ibid. 
 
 Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Ibid. 
 
 Barbarus hie ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli. Ovid. 
 
 Nunquam enim prsestantibus in republica gubernanda viris lauda- 
 ta est in una sententia perpetua permansio. Cic. 
 
 Honesta enim bonis viris, non occulta, quxruntur. Ibid. 
 
 Ab hs ips"is, quibus tenetur respublica. Ibid. 
 
 Komanis quoque ab eodem prodigio novendiale sacrum publice 
 susceptum est. Liv. 
 
 Ssepe antea paucis strenuis adversum multitudinem bene pugna- 
 tum esse. Sail. 
 
 Scrub eris Vario. Hor. 
 
 Illi, scripta quibus comoedia prisca viris est, hoc stabant. Ibid. 
 
 Solus tibi (i. e. tecum) certet Amyntas. Virg. 
 
 Placidoque pugnabis amori? Ibid. 
 
 Africum decertantem Aquilonibus. Ibid. 
 
 Stat conferrc manum iEne». Ibid. 
 
 Luctantem Icariis fluctibus Africum. Hor. 
 
 Tristia robustis luctantur funera plaustris. Ibid. 
 
 Sed non ut placidis coeant immitia. Ibid. 
 
 Lateri (i. e. in Latere) capulo tenus abdidit ensem. Virg. 
 
 Qui ita se Uteris abdiderunt. Cic. 
 
 § 49. Jubeo and dejicio instead of the accusative some- 
 times take the dative, as : 
 
 Militibus suis jussit. Cass. 
 
 Hse mihi literac jubent reverti. Cic. 
 
 Quum tela nostris deficerent. Cass. 
 
 § 50. Besides the verb sum, other verbs take two da- 
 tives in phrases of naming, as : 
 
 Cui Egerio inditum nomen. Liv. 
 Artificibus nomen histrionibus inditum. Ibid. 
 Illi tardo cognomen pingui damus. Hor. 
 
 § 51. The participles exosua and fieroaua govern the 
 accusative, as : 
 
 Jupiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos. Virg. 
 Juvenem exosum bella. Ibid. 
 Lucemque perosi projecere animas. Ibid. 
 
 Plebs consulum nomen haud secus quam regnum perosa erat. 
 
 Liv. 
 
190 APPENDIX. 
 
 Fertxsus takes the accusative, or genitive, as : 
 
 Pertsesus vitam. Just. 
 Lentitudinis eorum pertacsa. Tac. 
 
 § 52. Additional examples of verbs governing an accu- 
 sative of their own, or like signification. 
 
 Quo tutiorem vitam sese meo prsesidio victuros esse arbitrarentur. 
 
 Cic. 
 Magna voce juravi verissimum atque pulcherrimum jusjurandum. 
 
 Ibid. 
 Ut suum gaudium gauderemus. Ibid. 
 Hoc bellum a consulibus pugnatum (esse) quidam auctores sunt. 
 
 Liv. 
 Claram pugnare pugnam. Ibid. 
 Vitam duram, quam vixi, mitto. Terent. 
 Hunc scio mea solide gavisurum esse gaudia. Ibid. 
 Quia consimilem luserat jam olim ille ludum. Ibid. 
 Proelium male pugnatum. Sull. 
 Fortuna ludum insolentem ludere pertinax. Hor. 
 Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem. Virg. 
 
 § 53. Neuter verbs used as active verbs. 
 
 Ideo bene olent, quia nihil olent. Cic. 
 Orationes redolentes antiquitatem. Ibid. 
 Vina fere dulces oluerunt mane Camenae. Hor. 
 Pastillos Rufillus olet, Gorgonius hircum. Ibid. 
 Quis post vina gravem militiam aut pauperiem crepat? Ibid. 
 Qui Curios'simulant, et Bacchanalia vivunt (i. e. vivendo agunt.) 
 
 Juven. 
 
 So also : 
 
 Nunc Satyrum, nunc agrestem Cyclopa movetur (i. e. motu agit.) 
 
 Hor. 
 
 § 54. Sometimes the accusative may be explained by a 
 preposition, as : (ob) quid clamas ? — (ob) quid rides? 
 
 Num (ob) id lacrymat virgo? Terent. 
 
 Clinia hanc si deperit. Ibid. 
 
 Qui (ob) meum casum luctumque doluerunt. Cic. 
 
 Si Xerxes (per) maria ambulavisset, terram navigasset. Ibid. 
 
 Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin. Virg. 
 
 Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor. Ibid. 
 
 Maria asp era juro. Ibid. 
 
 (Per) stygias juravimus undas. Ovid. 
 
 I Hence juratus, sworn by. 
 
 § 55. The accusative is sometimes governed by a verb 
 understood : 
 
APPENDIX. 191 
 
 I. When the verb is in another part of the sentence, 
 and need only be repeated, as : 
 
 Eventum senatus, quern videbitur (scil. dare), dabit. Liv. 
 Ut, quem videretur, mitteret. Ibid. 
 
 II. When speaking in an affect, as : Quid multa? i. e. 
 propter quid dicam multa ? — so also : Quid ? quod, etc. 
 i. e. quid dicam de hoc, quod, etc. as : 
 
 Quid, quod salus sociorum summum in periculum vacatur? Cic. 
 Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti ? Ibid. 
 
 III. In exclamations, whether with, or without an in- 
 terjection, as : 
 
 Ah me miserum ! Ter. 
 Me miseram ! Ibid. 
 O nos beatos! O rempublicam fortunatam ! O prxclaram laudem 
 consulatus mei ! Cic. 
 
 O foeditatem hominis flagitiosam! O impudentiam, nequitiam, libi- 
 dinem non ferendam ! Ibid. 
 
 Pendere poenas Cecropidee jussi, miserum! septena quotannis cor- 
 pora. Virg. 
 
 In these and the like phrases we may supply asjiice, as- 
 /licit e, or videte. 
 
 In imitation of the Greek, a verb has sometimes an ac- 
 cusative, which should be the nominative to the fol- 
 lowing verb, as : 
 
 Aut (se) rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, 
 timere dicebant; i. e. aut, ut res frumentaria satis, etc. Cues. 
 
 Nosti Marcellum, quam tardus et parum efficax sit, itemque Ser- 
 vium, quam cunctator. Cic. 
 
 Istam nunc times, ne ilium talem tibi prxripiat. Terent. 
 
 Scin' me, in quibus sim gaudiis? Ibid. 
 
 Ilium, ut vivat, optant. Ibid. 
 
 § 56. Adjectives of dimension seem sometimes to go- 
 vern the genitive of the measure, whilst they are added 
 merely to show, whether it is the measure of length or 
 breadth or height; for we say : 
 
 Abies octo cubitorum in altitudine. Plin. 
 
 Platanus longitudine XV cubitorum, crassitudine quatuor ulna- 
 rum. Ibid. 
 Fossam XX pedum latam (i. e. in latitudine) duxit. Cass. 
 Musculum pedum LX longum facere instituerunt. Ibid. 
 Antecedebat testudo pedum LX. Ibid. 
 Vallum XII pedum exstruxit. Ibid. 
 
192 APPENDIX. 
 
 § 57. Some adjectives, verbs, and particularly the par- 
 ticiples of the perfect passive have often an accusative, 
 governed by the preposition ad, with regard of, under- 
 stood, as ; 
 
 Nudus (ad) membra Pyracmon. Virg. 
 Omnia Mercurio similis. Ibid. 
 Ilia velut crimen tzedas exosa jugales, 
 Pulchra verecundo suffunditer ora rubore. Ovid. 
 Tollentemque minas et sibila collatumentem. Virg. 
 Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum. Ibid. 
 Vittis et sacra redimitus tempora lauro. Ibid. 
 Nudatosque humeros oleo perfusa nitescit. Ibid. 
 Non ilia colo, calathisve Minervse femineas adsueta manus. Ibid. 
 Et picti scuta Labici. Ibid. 
 Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. Ibid. 
 Nunc viridi membra sub arbuto stratus. Hor. 
 Miles jam fractus membra labore. Ibid. 
 Sepes Hyblxis apibus florem depasta salicti. Virg. 
 Pascuntur vero sylvas et summa Lycxi, horrentesque rubos, et 
 amantes ardua dumos. Ibid. 
 
 Hither may be referred the verbs of clothing, which 
 the poets often used in the passive voice with an accusa- 
 tive, as ; 
 
 Inutile ferrum 
 
 Cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostes. Virg. 
 Qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis. Ibid. 
 
 § 58. The adverbs circitcr, fir o fie, versus, usque, simul, 
 and procul, have sometimes an accusative, or ablative, 
 governed by a preposition understood, as ; 
 
 Circiter (ad) meridiem exercitum reduxit. Cass. 
 
 Prope hostium castra. Ibid. 
 
 Ne proprius se castra moverent, petierunt. Ibid. 
 
 Proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. Sail. 
 
 JEgyptum versus. Sail. 
 
 Corpora usque pedes carbaso velant. Curt. 
 
 Pridie (ante) Calendas, — Pridie eum diem. Cic. 
 
 Postridie (post) Calendas, Nonas, Idus. Liv. 
 
 Postridie ludos. Cic. 
 
 Simul (cum) nobis habitat. Ovid. 
 
 Simul his te, candide Furni. Hor. 
 
 Procul (ab) oppido. — Procul coetu. — Procul dubio. Liv. 
 
 Here may be added the following: 
 
 Epistola voluminis (ad) instar. Cic. 
 
 Argolici clypei, aut Phoebese lampadis instar. Virg. 
 
APPENDIX. 193 
 
 Chrysippus et stoici (ad) maximam partem in his partiendis occu- 
 
 pati sunt. Cic. 
 Maximam partem lacte et pecore vivunt. Cses. 
 Propior (ad) montem. Sail. 
 Proximus finem. Liv. 
 
 Si hominem (ad) id aetatis diutius tenuisset. Cic. 
 Quid tibi aetatis vide or ? Plant. 
 Idne estis auctores mihi? Terent. 
 Quos ego jam multis viris ad me venturos id temp oris esse dixe- 
 
 ram. Cic. 
 
 § 59. The following examples may be added to Rule 
 XX. 
 
 Ego flumen Mulucham non egrediar. Sail. 
 
 Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilanti exit. Virg. 
 
 Custodes suos praecedere coepit. Just. 
 
 Eamque conveniam. Cic. 
 
 Ut urbem excederent Volsci. Liv. 
 
 Qui societatem coieris cum alienissimis. Cic. 
 
 Ut beneficio praevenirent desiderium plebis. Liv. 
 
 Turnus ut antevolans tardum praecesserat agmen. Virg. 
 
 Efficiendum est, ut appetitus rationi obediant, eamque neque pr?e- 
 
 currant. Cic. 
 Praei verba, quibus me devoveam. Liv. 
 Civitatem, quae doctrina praestaret omnes. Nep. 
 Ut famam sui praeiret. Tac. 
 Praecurrit amicitia judicium. Cic. 
 Aridaeus, Philippo genitus, praeteritura vobis. Curt. 
 Ne ab eo circumveniretur. Cses. 
 Inimicitiae subeantur. Ibid. 
 Se conveniri non vult. Ibid. 
 
 Thus we say also : 
 
 Nunc tertia vivitur aetas. Ovid. 
 Nox est dormienda. Catul. 
 Tota mihi dormitur hyems. Mart. 
 In republica multa peccantur. Cic. 
 
 § 60. De is sometimes suppressed when signifying 
 with respect to, as ; 
 
 Quid (de) hoc homine faciatis? Cic. 
 
 Quidcapta Capua feceritis? Liv. 
 
 Quid illo net? Cic. 
 
 Volo erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio. Plaut. 
 
 In the like phrases de is also expressed : 
 
 Quid deTulliolamea net? Cic. 
 
 Siquidde eo (i. e. Pompeio) factum esset. Ibid. 
 
 17 
 
194 APPENDIX. 
 
 The preposition cum is generally omitted, unless it de- 
 notes company or concomitance, as ; to sfieak, to go, to 
 contend, to labour, to live, to be, etc., with somebody. 
 The concomitance may appear from the following: 
 
 Homo deprehensus cum sica. Cic. 
 Semper magno cum metu dicere incipio. Ibid. 
 Magna cum cura fines tuentur. Caes. 
 Cum imperio esse. Cic. 
 Sedere cum tunica. Ibid. 
 Cum prima luce. Ibid. 
 Salinum cum sale. Plant. 
 Venire cum febri. Cic. 
 Porcus cumhumano capite. Liv. 
 Convenire cum silentio. Ibid. 
 Quid mihi cum re? Cic. 
 Cum his dictis redit. Liv. 
 
 Nisi sustinuistis eos, qui cum facibus ad curiam concurrerunt, cum 
 falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Cic. 
 
 Of the innumerable cases in which the preposition in 
 is omitted I shall give a few : 
 
 Terra marique bellum intulit. Nep. 
 
 Milites stativis castris habebat. Sail. 
 
 Medio sedium sellis eburneis sedere. Liv. 
 
 Res vestrse quo statu sunt. Ibid. 
 
 Res neque nunc difficili loco mihi videtur esse, et fuisset facillimo. 
 
 Cic. 
 Navita puppe sedens. Ovid. 
 Medio tutissimus ibis. Ibid. 
 It nigrum campis agmen. Virg. 
 
 § 61. Prdeditus, ortus, etc. are often suppressed, as; 
 
 Lentulum nostrum (praeditum de) eximia spe, summacque virtutis 
 
 adolescentem. Cic. 
 Hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summaque potentia. Sail. 
 Interfectus est C. Gracchus (ortus a) clarissimo patre, avo, majori- 
 
 bus. Cic. 
 
 The adverb, or indeclinable adjective macte takes the 
 ablative, as ; 
 
 Macte nova virtute puer, sic itur ad astra. Virg. 
 Juberem macte virtute esse, si pro mea patria ista virtute stare 
 
 Liv. 
 Macte virtute ac pietate esto. Ibid. 
 
APPENDIX. 195 
 
 § 62. Aftar filus, am/ilius, minus, major, and minor, 
 quam is elegantly suppressed, as ; 
 
 Plus (quam) annum aeger fuisset. Liv. 
 Hostium plus quinque millia caesi eo die. Liv. 
 Homini misero plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi. Terent. 
 Plus (quam) satis. Ibid. 
 Plus millies audivi. Ibid. 
 Amplius sunt sex menses. Cic. 
 
 In eo praelio non amplius quingentos cives desideravit. Caes. 
 Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam falle dolo. Virg. 
 Constabat non minus ducentos equites fuisse. Liv. 
 Minus decern tribunus facere. Ibid. 
 
 Obsides ne minores octonum denum annorum, neu majores qui- 
 num quadragenum. Ibid. 
 
 Navis minor duum millium amphorum. Cic. 
 Longius ab urbe mille passuum. Liv. 
 
 The measure of excess is sometimes expressed by 
 the adverbs tantum, quantum, etc. as: 
 
 Ejus frater aliquantum est ad rem avidior. Terent. 
 Quantum domo inferior, tantum gloria superior. Vol. 
 
 § 63. Alius takes sometimes like a comparative the ab- 
 lative, as: 
 
 Nee quidquam aliud libertate communi (i. e. quam libertatem, etc.) 
 quaesivimus. Cic. 
 
 Neve putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum. Hot. 
 
 Aut alius Lysippo duceret sera. Ibid. 
 
 Quodsi accusator alius Sciano ^i. e. quam Scianus) foret. Phsedr. 
 
 § 64. The preposition cum is sometimes omitted, though 
 there is concomitance, particularly when speaking of 
 troops, as: 
 
 Ad castra Caesaris (cum) omnibus copiis contenderunt. Caen. 
 Caesar subsequebatur omnibus copiis. Ibid. 
 Consul profectus apto exercitu. Liv. 
 
 Obvius fit ei Clodius expeditus, (cum) nulla rheda, nullis impedi- 
 mentis, nullis comitibus. Cic. 
 
 § 65. Persons, when constituting the instrument or 
 cause, generally take the preposition per or ob; yet we 
 find them sometimes in the ablative, as: 
 
 Servos, quibus sylvas publicas depopulatus erat. Cic. 
 Destiti Inachia furere. Hor. 
 
196 APPENDIX. 
 
 § 66. The preposition cum is sometimes expressed with 
 the instrument, as; 
 
 Terrificam capitis concussit (Jupiter) terque quaterque cacsariem, 
 cum qua terrain, mare, sidera movit. Ovid. 
 Vehicula cum culeis onusta. Plin. 
 Juga cum loris ornata. Cato. 
 
 § 67. Utor, abutor,fruor, etc. sometimes govern the ac- 
 cusative, as; 
 
 Uteris, ut voles, operam meam. Plant. 
 Mea, quae praeter spem evenere, utantur. Terent. 
 Omnia utenda tradiderat. Cic. 
 In prolog-is scribendis uperain abutitur. Terent. 
 Non licet meo modo ingenium frui. Ibid. 
 
 Inteltigitur tenendum esse ejus (i. e. voluptatis) fruendae mo- 
 dum. Cic. 
 Neque liberalis functus officium viri est. Terent. 
 Datames militare munus fungens. Nep. 
 Ad munus suum fungendum. Cic. 
 
 Gentem aliquam urbem nostram potituram putem. Ibid. 
 Qui summam imperii potirentur. Nep. 
 Hie potitur gaudia. Terent. 
 Si caprinum jecur vescantur. Plin. 
 Vescuntur infirmissimos. Tac. Singulos. Phsedr. 
 
 § 68. The infinitive is sometimes used in narrations for 
 the imperfect indicative, which some grammarians ex- 
 plain by c<£/ii,c(£fieram> or fiottram understood, as; 
 
 Interim Caesar JEduos frumentum flagitare. Cxs. 
 
 Ita educati venando peragrare circa saltus. Liv. 
 
 Haerere homo, versari, rub ere. Cic. 
 
 Nos pavidi trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem 
 
 Excutere, et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignes. Virg. 
 
 Milites neque pro opere consistere, neque inter vineas sine peri- 
 culo administrare; optimus quisque cadere, aut sauciari: caeteris 
 metusaugeri. Sail. 
 
 § 69. The infinitive is sometimes used after adjectives, 
 chiefly by poets, as; 
 
 Roma facilis capi. Lucan. 
 
 Indocilis pauperiem pati. Hor. 
 
 Audax omnia perpeti. Ibid. 
 
 Scgnesque nodum solvere Gratiae. Ibid. 
 
 Solers nunc hominem ponere, nunc Deum. Ibid. 
 
 Quo non felicior alter 
 
 IJngere tela manu, ferrumque armare veneno. Virg, 
 Moesta fuit civitas, vinci insueta. Liv. 
 
APPENDIX. 197 
 
 § 70. The infinitive is sometives used after substantives 
 instead of the gerund in di, as; 
 
 Iniit consilia reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere. JNep. 
 Magnam Molestiam suscepit Chrysippus r.eddere rationem fabu- 
 larum. Cic. 
 Potestas erat sese levare gravissima infamia. Ibid. 
 Nunc tempus est hujus libri finem facere. Nep. 
 Poscere fata tempus (est). Virg. 
 
 § 71. Instead of the dative, the gerund in dum takes 
 sometimes the ablative with the preposition a, or ab, to 
 avoid ambiguity, as: 
 
 Aguntur bona civium, quibus est a vobis consulendum. Cic. 
 
 § 72. The gerund in di often takes the genitive plural 
 instead of the case of its verb, as: 
 
 Ex majore copia nobis fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas. Cic. 
 Agitur, utrum Antonio facultas detur agrorum suis latronibus con- 
 donandi. Ibid. 
 
 Vereor, nequis me hoc vestri adhortandi causa loqui existimet. Liv. 
 Permissa licentia diripiendi pomorum. Suet. 
 
 The personal pronoun sui is thus frequently used, as: 
 
 Doleo tantam Stoicos vestros Epicureis irridendi sui facultatem de' 
 disse. Cic. 
 
 Non tarn sui conservandi, quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendo 
 rum causa profugemnt. Ibid. 
 
 In castra venerunt sui purgandi gratia. Cass. 
 
 Neque sui colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ibid. 
 
 §73. A few verses, showing the different quantity, or 
 signification of apparently similar words; 
 
 Cantat acanthis avis, sed crescit acanthus in agris. 
 Est acer in sylvis, equus acer Olympia vincit. 
 Armus brutorum est, humerus ratione fruentum. 
 Turbat asilus equos, miseros sucepit asylum. 
 Dum sinit hora, canas; effoeto corpore canes. 
 Grandaevique canis candescunt tergora canis. 
 Hsec cassis galea est, hi.casses retia signant. 
 Casside conde caput, capiuntur cassibus apri. 
 Cedo facit cessi, cecidi cado, csedo cecidi. 
 Qui sculpit cselat; servus abscondita celat. 
 Clava ferit, clavus firmat, clavisque recludit. 
 Pert ancilla colum, penetrat res humida colunt- 
 Est cutis in carne; est detracta e corpore peliis. 
 Cominus ense ferit, jaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
 Comoedi scenam, comedones quaerite coenam. 
 Vir comis multos comites sibi jungit amicos. 
 Consulo te doctum? tibi consulo, dum tua euro. 
 17* 
 
198 APPENDIX. 
 
 Sanguis inest venis; cruor est de corpore fusus. 
 
 Flat corns; saltatque chorus, vel carmina cantat. 
 
 Deleoy quod scriptum est, sed flammam extinguo lucernac . 
 
 Vin' tibi dicamus, cui carmina nostra dicemus? 
 
 Educat hie catulos, ut eos educat in apros. 
 
 Solvere diffidit, nodum qui diffidit ense. 
 
 Haec Jicus Jici vel Jicus fructus et arbor; 
 
 Hie Jicus Jici malus est in corpore morbus. 
 
 Robustum fugio, fugientem saepe fugavi. 
 
 Decepit me sxpe f return nimis aequore /return. 
 
 Vir general, mulierque parity sed gignit uterque. 
 
 Ales hirundo canit, nat hirudd, movetur arundo. 
 
 Per quod quis peccat, per idem, punitur et idem. 
 
 Difficilis labor est, sub cujus pondere labor. 
 
 Levis adhuc puer est, levis autem sermo puellae. 
 
 In sylvis lepores t in verbis quaere lepores. 
 
 Non licet asse mihi, qui me non asse licetur. 
 
 Sus sit arnica luto: lutum color aureus esto. 
 
 Deceptura viros pingit mala femina malas. 
 
 Mala mali malo meruit mala maxima mundo. 
 
 Manibus ille patris manibus comportat arenam, 
 
 Matrona est mulier quae dam, sed Matrona flumen. 
 
 Es praeclarus homo, miseris si miseris aurum. 
 
 Merx venit numis, onerantibus est data merces. 
 
 Morio moralur, quocunque sub axe moratur. 
 
 Nitere cum studio, si vis aliquando nitere. 
 
 Vir nothus est spurius, notus auster, notus amicus. 
 
 Nil ego scribo novi, quia novi nil nisi nota; 
 
 Oblitus est vino, sed non oblitus amoris. 
 
 Occidit latro, verum sol occidit almus. 
 
 Opperior tardos, pannis operilur egenus. 
 
 Os oris loquitur, sed os ossis roditur ore. 
 
 Palus acutus inest terrae, stagnantque paludes. 
 
 Uxoris parere et parere, parare mariti est. 
 
 Pendere vult Justus, sed fur pendere recusat. 
 
 Ludo pila, pilum contorqueo, pila columna est. 
 
 Pro reti et regione plaga est, pro verb ere plaga. 
 
 Sunt cives urbis populus, sed populus arbor. 
 
 Est sine profeciu studiorum ex urbe profectus. 
 
 Raparum rapina satus, raptusque rapiua. 
 
 Pluribus ille refert, quae non cognoscere refert. 
 
 Corpore robustum, sed dices pectore^rmwm. 
 
 Ne sit securus qui non est tutus ab hoste. 
 
 Sunt aetate senes: veteres vixere priores. 
 
 Quae non sunt, simulo,- quae sunt, ea dissimulantur. 
 
 Est in veste sinus, sinus vas lactis habetur. 
 
 Hastam die teretem, sphaeram die esse rotundam. 
 
 Filia sub titia nebat subtilia Jila. 
 
 Tribula grana terit, tribuli nascuntur in agris. 
 
 Vallamus proprie castra, at sepimus ovile. 
 
APPENDIX. 199 
 
 Spondet vas vadis, at vas vasts continet escam. 
 Pas caput, at nuraos tantum prses prxstat amicus. 
 Merx venit numis, venit hue aliunde profectus. 
 Venimus hesterna, ast hodierna luce venimus. 
 
 Distichs. 
 
 Pirosa est vitanda anguis, mulierque virosa. 
 
 Hacc nota Grammatici non mihi nota fuit. 
 
 Fide, sed ante vide,- qui fidit, nee bene vidit, 
 
 Fallitur; ergo vide, ne capiare fide. 
 
 Consortes fortuna eadem, socios labor idem, 
 
 Unum collegas efficit officium. 
 
 Sed caros faciunt schola, ludus, mensa sodales, 
 
 Nullas ad amissas ibit amicus opes. 
 
 Si qua sede sedes, atque est tibi commoda sedes,- 
 
 Ilia sede sede, nee ab ilia sede recede. 
 
 Prora prior, puppis pars ultima, et ima carina, 
 
 Tergum hominis dorsum est; bellua tergus habet, 
 
 Ungula conculcat; lacerat, tenet, arripit unguis. 
 
 Gustat lingua cibum, qui bene cunque sapit. 
 
THE ROMAN CALENDAR. 
 
 To the Question When ? 
 
 1 
 
 March, May, 
 
 January, Aug- 
 
 April, June, February, hav 
 
 
 tl 
 
 July, and Octo- 
 
 ust, and De- 
 
 September, an d ing 28 days, and 
 
 II 
 
 ber, having 31 
 
 cember, having 
 
 November, hav- every Uh year 
 
 
 1. 
 
 days. 
 
 31 days. 
 
 ing 30 days. 29. 
 
 
 Calendis. 
 
 Calendis. 
 
 Calendis. 1 Calendis. 
 
 
 
 yfi e. £. d. VI 
 
 y Non.Mart. 
 [or ante No- 
 
 TV "^ ante No- 
 j.j Cnas, of the 
 j same mo. 
 
 jy*^ ante No- 
 m£.nas, of the 
 j same mo. 
 
 l V } *. d. IV 
 
 HI r"^ 011, F eD 
 j or an.N.F 
 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 IV f nas, Mar- 
 
 pridie Nonas. 
 
 pridie Nonas. 
 
 pridie Non . F. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 III | tias, Maias, 
 J etc. 
 
 Nonis. 
 
 Nonis. 
 
 Nonis Feb . 
 
 
 6. 
 
 pridie Nonas 
 Mart. Maias etc. 
 
 VIIH 
 1 
 
 
 VHP 
 
 
 vnn 
 
 a.d. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 Nonis Martiis, 
 
 VII 1 
 
 ante 
 
 VII 
 
 ante 
 
 VII | VIII Id. 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 VI \ 
 
 Idus 
 
 VI > 
 
 Idus 
 
 [Febr. 
 VI Cor ante 
 
 
 8. 
 
 VIir| a. d. VIII 
 
 Januari- 
 
 Apriles, 
 
 
 9. 
 
 VII 1 Id. Mart. 
 
 V 
 
 as, Sex- 
 
 V 
 
 etc. 
 
 V j Idus 
 
 
 10. 
 
 VI J or Mai. 
 
 IV 
 
 tiles, etc. 
 
 IV 
 
 
 IV Febr. 
 
 
 11. 
 
 V J> or 
 
 III ^ 
 
 
 III j 
 
 
 Ill J 
 
 
 12. 
 
 IV ante Idus 
 
 pridie Idus of 
 
 pridie Idus. 
 
 pridie Idus 
 
 
 
 1 Martias, 
 
 the same mo. 
 
 
 Febmarias. 
 
 
 13. 
 
 III J Mai. etc. 
 
 Idibus Jan. etc 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 
 14. 
 
 pridie Idus 
 Martias, Maias, 
 etc. 
 
 XIX " 
 
 a.d. 
 
 XVIII 
 
 1 
 
 xvr 
 
 1 
 
 
 15. 
 
 Idibus Martiis, 
 Maiis, etc. 
 
 XVIII 
 
 XIX 
 
 Cal. 
 
 XVII 
 
 
 XV 
 
 
 
 16. 
 
 xvm 
 
 a. d. 
 
 XVII 
 
 Febr. 
 
 XVI 
 
 a.d. 
 
 XIV 
 
 a.d. 
 
 
 17. 
 
 XVI 
 
 XVII 
 
 XVI 
 
 Sept. 
 
 XV 
 
 XVIII 
 
 XIII 
 
 XVI 
 
 
 18. 
 
 XV 
 
 Cal. 
 
 XV 
 
 etc. 
 
 XIV 
 
 Calen- 
 
 XII 
 
 Cal. 
 
 
 19. 
 
 XIV 
 
 April, 
 
 XIV 
 
 or 
 
 XIII 
 
 darum 
 
 XI >.Mart. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 XIII 
 
 Jun. 
 
 XIII 
 
 I ante 
 fCalen- 
 
 XII >Maia- 
 
 X 
 
 or 
 
 
 21. 
 
 XII 
 
 etc. or 
 
 XII 
 
 XI 
 
 rum; 
 
 IX 
 
 Calen- 
 
 
 22. 
 
 XI 
 
 ante Ca- 
 
 XI 
 
 das 
 
 X 
 
 or 
 
 VIII 
 
 das 
 
 
 23. 
 
 X )>lendas 
 
 X 
 
 Feb. or 
 
 IX 
 
 ante 
 
 VII 
 
 Martias. 
 
 
 24. 
 
 IX 
 
 Apriles, 
 
 IX 
 
 any- 
 
 VIII 
 
 Calen- 
 
 VI 
 
 
 
 25. 
 
 VIII 
 
 or any 
 
 VIII 
 
 next 
 
 VII 
 
 das 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 26. 
 
 VII 
 
 next 
 
 VII 
 
 follow- 
 
 VI 
 
 Maias. 
 
 IV 
 
 
 
 27. 
 
 VI 
 
 follow- 
 
 VI 
 
 ing 
 
 V 
 
 
 HI J 
 
 
 
 28. 
 
 V 
 
 ing 
 
 V 
 
 month. 
 
 IV 
 
 
 pridie Calendas 
 
 
 29. 
 
 IV 
 
 month. 
 
 IV 
 
 
 HI . 
 
 
 Martias. 
 
 
 30. 
 
 III J 
 
 
 III - 
 
 
 pridie Caienaas 
 
 When the year 
 
 ls bissextile, 
 
 
 31. 
 
 pridie Calendas cf the following- 
 
 (of the follow- 
 
 
 
 month; 'as; the 31st of March, 
 
 ing- month.) 
 
 the 14th is 
 
 
 
 pridie Calendas Apriles; — 31st 
 
 
 XVII ante Cal. 
 
 
 
 of Jan. pridie Calendas Februa- 
 
 
 Mart. 
 
 
 
 rias. 
 
 
 
 
201 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 
 Of the Abbreviations, take 
 
 Sing, for singular. Peur. for plural. C. G. for common gender. 
 Doubt, or d. g. for doubtful gender. Noun g. or gent, for na- 
 tional noun. Noun pr. for noun proper. Dim. for diminutive. 
 Monopt. for a noun of one syllable. Indecx. for indeclinable. 
 Comp. for comparative, or comparisons. Act. for active verb. 
 Pass, for passive verb. Neut. for neuter verb. Dep. for depo- 
 nent verb. Defect, for defective verb. Freq_. for frequentative 
 verb. Incept, for inceptive verb. Impers. for impersonal verb. 
 Part, for participle. Axicujus rei for the gen. of the thing. 
 Alicui for the dative of the person, or thing. Aeiq.uem for the 
 accusative of the person. Aliquid for the accusative of the 
 thing. Aliq.ua re for the ablative of the thing. 
 
 A, for Aulas, noun prop. Aulus. 
 A, ab, abs, prep. abl. from, by, 
 
 in consideration of. 
 Abdic-o, are, avi, atum, act. to 
 
 renounce, to resign; abdicare 
 
 se (a) magistratu, to resign an 
 
 office. 
 Abditus part, from 
 Abd-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to re- 
 move, to conceal. 
 Ab-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. to 
 
 go away, to depart. 
 Abhorr-eo, ere, ui, neut. to abhor, 
 
 to dislike; ab aliqua re. 
 Abie-s, tis, f. a fir tree. 
 Abjic-io, ere, abjec-i, turn, act. to 
 
 cast away. 
 Absced-o, ere, abscess-i, um, 
 
 neut. to go away, to depart. 
 Abscind-o, ere, absci-di, ssum, 
 
 act. to cut off. 
 Absconditus, part, of 
 Abscond-o, ere, i. or idi, itum, act. 
 
 to conceal. 
 Absen-s, tis, adj. absent; me ab- 
 sente, in my absence. 
 
 Absolv-o, ere, i; absolutum, act. 
 to acquit, discharge; aliquem 
 criminis, or crimine. 
 
 Absque, prep. abl. without. 
 
 Abstinenti-a, ae, f. abstaining 
 from, abstinence. 
 
 Abstin-eo, ere, ui, abstentum, act. 
 to keep from, to abstain. 
 
 Absum, abesse, abfui, neut. to be 
 absent. 
 
 Absum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
 consume. 
 
 Abundanter, adv. abundantly, 
 largely. 
 
 Abundanti-a, x, f. plenty, abun- 
 dance. 
 
 Abunde, adv. abundantly, amply. 
 
 Abund-o, are, avi, atum, neut. to 
 abound, aliqua re. 
 
 Abut-or, i, abusus sum, dep. to 
 abuse, aliqua re. 
 
 Abyss-us, i, f. the abyss. 
 
 A. C. for anno currente, the pre- 
 sent year. 
 
 Ac. conj. and. 
 
 Acanthi-s, dis, f. a little bird, that 
 
202 
 
 ACA 
 
 ACT 
 
 sings very loud, perhaps the 
 goldfinch. 
 
 Acanth-us, i, m. the branch hir- 
 cin, bearsfoot. 
 
 Acced-o, ere, access-i, um, neut. 
 to draw near. 
 
 Accend-o, ere, i, nsum, act. to 
 fire, to light up. 
 
 Accidit, it happens, impers. from 
 accido. 
 
 Accid-o, ere, i, neut. to fall to, 
 to happen. 
 
 Accld-o, ere, i, cisum, act. to cut 
 short, to clip. 
 
 Accip-io, ere, accep-i, turn, act. 
 to take, to receive. 
 
 Accurate, adv. from accuratus. 
 
 Accurat-us, a, um, adj. exact, 
 done with care. 
 
 Accusan-s, tis, part, of accuso. 
 
 Accusator, is, m. an accuser. 
 
 Accus-o, are, avi.atum, act. to ac- 
 cuse: aliquem criminis vel cri- 
 mine. 
 
 Acer, or acr-is, is, e, adj. sharp, 
 brisk. 
 
 Acer, aceris, m. a maple-tree. 
 
 Acern-us, a, um, adj. of maple 
 wood. 
 
 Achat-es, se, m. the faithful friend 
 of iEneas. 
 
 Acheron, tis, m. the son of Titan 
 and Terra, who sunk down into 
 hell, and there was changed 
 into a river. 
 
 Achill-es, is, m. the son of Peleus 
 and Thetis, who being dipped 
 by his mother in the river Styx, 
 was invulnerable in every part 
 except the right heel, in which 
 he was mortally wounded by 
 Paris. 
 
 Aci-es, ei, f. the sharp edge, or 
 point of any thing, an army, a 
 battle. 
 
 Acriter, adv. from acer. 
 
 Act-a, orum, n. acts, exploits. 
 
 Actxon, is, m. a celebrated hun- 
 ter, who having accidentally 
 seen Diana bathing, was chang- 
 
 ed by her into a stag, and de- 
 voured by his own hounds. 
 
 Actio, onis, f. an action. 
 
 Actor, is, m. an actor. 
 
 Actus, part, of ago. 
 
 Ac-us, us, f. a needle. 
 
 Acute, adv. from 
 
 Acutus, a, um, adj. sharp, acute, 
 ingenious. 
 
 A. D. for anno domini, in the 
 year of the Lord, a. d. for ante 
 diem; a. d. Ill Non. Mai. for 
 ante diem tertium Nonas Maius. 
 
 Ad, prep. ace. at, before. 
 
 Adduc-o, ere, addu-xi, ctum, act. 
 to lead to, to induce. 
 
 Ad-eo, iri, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. 
 and act. to go to, to approach. 
 
 Adeo, adv. so. 
 
 Adeptus, part, of adipiscor. 
 
 Adhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 admit, use, apply. 
 
 Adhort-or, ari, atus, dep. to ex- 
 hort, encourage. 
 
 Adhuc, adv. hitherto, as yet. 
 
 Adipisc-or, i, adeptus, dep. to 
 get, obtain. 
 
 Adit-us, us, m. an access, way. 
 
 Adjac-eo, ere, neut. to lie near, 
 border upon. 
 
 Adjic-io, ere, adjec-i, turn, act. 
 to cast to, add. 
 
 Adjunctus, part, of 
 
 Adjung-o,ere,adjun-xi,ctum, act. 
 to annex, to associate. 
 
 Adjut-o, are, freq. act. to aid, 
 to help. 
 
 Adjutor, is, m. an aider, helper, 
 
 Adjutus, part, of 
 
 Adjuv-o, are, i, adjutum, act. to 
 assist. 
 
 Aministratio, nis, f. the manage- 
 ment, care. 
 
 Administr-o, are, avi, atum, act. 
 to administer, manage. 
 
 Admiratio, nis, f. wonder, ad- 
 miration. 
 
 Admir-or, ari, atus, dep. to ad- 
 mire, to be surprised at. 
 
 Admon-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 
ADM 
 
 203 
 
 put in mind, admonish; all- 
 quern, alicujus rei, de aliqua re. 
 
 Admov-eo, ere, i, motum, act. to 
 move or bring- to. 
 
 Adolescen-s, tis, c. g. a youth. 
 
 Adolescenti-a, ae, f. youth. 
 
 Adolesc-o, ere; levi, neut. to in- 
 crease, grow up. 
 
 Ador-ior, iri, tus, dep. to assault. 
 
 Adortus, part, of adorior. 
 
 Adpello, see Appello. 
 
 Adscendo, see Ascendo. 
 
 Adspiro, see Aspiro. 
 
 Adstrictus, part, of 
 
 Adstring-o, ere; inxi, ictum, act. 
 to tie, or bind to. 
 
 Adsuesc-o, ere; suevi, suetum, 
 act. to accustom. 
 
 Adsuetus, part, of adsuesco. 
 
 Adsum, esse, fui, neut. to be pre- 
 sent, to assist; alicui. 
 
 Adulter, i, m. an adulterer. 
 
 Adulter, a, urn, adj. mixed. 
 
 Adultus, part, of adolesco, grown 
 up. 
 
 Adveniens, part, of 
 
 Adven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 come to, arrive. 
 
 Advent-us, us, m. an arrival. 
 
 Adversum, or adversus, prep. 
 ace. against, towards. 
 
 Advers-us, a, um, adj. opposite, 
 opposed, unfortunate; res ad- 
 verse, adversity. 
 
 Advol-o, are, neut. to fly to. 
 
 jEacid-es, ae, or is, m. Achilles, 
 the grandson of .Eacus; or 
 Pyrrhus, his great grandson. 
 
 JEac-us, i, m. one of the three in- 
 fernal judges. 
 
 iEd-es, is, f. a temple, a house; 
 aedes, ium, a house. 
 
 JEdinc-o, are, act. to build. 
 
 JEdil-is, is, m. an Edile, an offi- 
 cer, who takes care of the pub- 
 lic buildings. 
 
 .Edu-i, orum, m. noun g. the 
 iEdui. 
 
 JEg-er, ra, rum, adj. sick. 
 
 JEgae-on, onis, m. see Briareus. 
 
 iEgimur-us, i, an island in the 
 
 Gulf of Carthage. 
 iEgl-e, es, f. one of the three 
 
 Hesperides. 
 JEgre, adv. from aeger. 
 .Egypt-us, i, f. .Egypt. 
 Aell-o, us, f. one of the Harpies. 
 jEmili-us, i, m. n. pr. 
 JEmul-us, a, um, adj. emulous, 
 
 vieing with. 
 iEnead-ae, arum, m. the Trojans, 
 
 from 
 JEne-as, ae, m. son of Anchises 
 
 and Venus. 
 iEol-us, i, m. the God of the 
 
 winds. 
 JEqual-is, is, e, adj. equal. 
 iEquans, part, of aequo. 
 iEque, adv. from aequus. 
 -Equ-i, orum, m. noun g. the 
 
 .Equi. 
 -Equ-o, are, act. to equal, le- 
 vel. 
 JEquor, is, n. a plain, the sea. 
 iEqu-us, a, um, adj. level, equal, 
 
 l ust :„ . 
 
 JEer, aeris, m. the air. 
 JErari-um, i, n. the treasury. 
 iE-s, ris, n. brass money; as 
 
 alienurn, debts. 
 iEsop-us, i, m. noun pr. a famous 
 
 writer of fables. 
 JEstim-o, are, act. to value, re- 
 gard.- 
 JEstu-o, are, neut. to be in'a heat, 
 
 to boil. 
 JEta-s, tis, f. the age. 
 JEtern-us, a, um, adj. eternal. 
 JEther, eris, m. the pure air, the 
 
 sky. 
 JEthere-us, a, um, adj. ethereal, 
 
 airy. 
 JEthon, one of the four horses of 
 
 the sun. 
 JEtn-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 JStol-i, orum, m. noun g. 
 AfTatim,adv. abundantly, enough. 
 Affer-o, re, attuli, allatum, act. to 
 
 bring, to contribute. 
 Aftic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. to 
 
204 
 
 AFP 
 
 ALA 
 
 affect, afficere aliquem honore, 
 
 to honour somebody. 
 Affin-is, is, e, adj. neighbouring, 
 
 being near, related by marriage. 
 Affirm-o, are, act. to assert. 
 Afflict-us, part, of 
 Afflig-o, ere, affl i-xi, ctum, act. 
 
 to afflict, trouble. 
 Afflu-o, ere, xi, xum, neut. to 
 
 flow to, abound; affiuerealiqua 
 
 re, to abound in something. 
 Aflfbr-em, es, et, etc. affore, for 
 
 adessem, 1 would be present. 
 Affrani-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Afric-a, se, f. noun pr. 
 Afric-us, i, (scil. ventus) m. south 
 
 west wind. 
 Agamemnon, is, m. the son of 
 
 Atreus, and brother of Mene- 
 
 laus; he was captain-general 
 
 of the Greeks in the Trojan 
 
 war, and was slain by his wife 
 
 Clytxmnestra and her para- 
 mour JEgisthus. 
 Age, plur. agite, imperat. of ago, 
 
 come on. 
 Agens, part, of ago. 
 Ag-er, ri, m. a field. 
 Agger, is, m. a mound, bank,dam. 
 Agil-is, is, e, adj. active, speedy. 
 Agit-o, are, act. to agitate, chase, 
 
 manage. 
 Aglai-a, <e, f. one of the three 
 
 Graces. 
 Agm-en, inis, n. an army, troops, 
 
 herd. 
 Agnosc-o, ere, agn-ovi, itum, act. 
 
 to find out, know, acknowledge. 
 Agn-us, i, m. a lamb. 
 Ag-o, ere, egi, actum, act. to 
 
 drive, do, execute; agogratias, 
 
 I give thanks. 
 Agrest-is, is, e, adj. rural, wild. 
 Agricol-a, ae, c. g. a farmer. 
 Ah, interj. ah! alas! 
 Aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def. verb, to 
 
 say, affirm. 
 Aja-x, cis, m. one of the most 
 
 distinguished heroes at the 
 
 siege of Troy. 
 
 Al-a, je, f. the wing. 
 
 Alacer, or alacr-is, is, e, adj. 
 
 merry, brisk. 
 Alaud-a, se, f. the lark. 
 AlbaLonga, AlbseLongse, f.n. p. 
 Alban-i, orum, m. noun g. the 
 
 Albans. 
 Alban-us, a, um, adj. Alban. 
 Alcldes, 7t, m. a title of Hercules. 
 Ale-a, se, f. a die, dice-play. 
 Alect-o, us, f. one of the three 
 
 Furies. 
 Al-es, itis, c. g. a great bird. 
 Alexand-er, ri, m. noun pr. 
 Alexandrin-i, orum, m. the Alex- 
 andrians. 
 Alex-is, is, m. noun pr. 
 Alienigen-a, x, c. g. a stranger, 
 
 foreigner. 
 Alien-us, a, um, adj. another 
 
 man's, foreign. 
 Alioquin, conj. otherwise, else. 
 Aliquando, adv. sometimes, ever. 
 Aliquanto, adv. somewhat, little. 
 Aliquantum, adv. somewhat. 
 Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or ali- 
 
 quid, pron. some, somebody. 
 Aliquot, plur. indecl. some, not 
 
 many. 
 Aliunde, adv. from elsewhere. 
 Ali-us, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, 
 
 adj. another. 
 Allobrox, ogis, c. g. noun g. 
 Allocutus, part, of 
 Alloqu-or, i, allocutus, dep. to 
 
 speak to, address. 
 Alludens, part, of 
 Allud-o, ere, allus-i, um, to play 
 
 with, to allude. 
 Alm-us, a, um, adj. cherishing, 
 
 pure, fair. 
 Al-o, ere, ui, itum, or turn, act. 
 
 to nourish, feed. 
 Alp-es, ium, f. the Alps. 
 Alphe-us, i, m. a famous river 
 
 near Elis in Arcadia. 
 Alter, a, um, gen. ius, dat. i, adj. 
 
 another, any other. 
 I Alterut-er, ra, rum; gen. ius, dat. 
 I i, adj. the one or the other. 
 
ALT 
 
 AMP 
 
 205 
 
 Altitud-o, inis, f. the height, 
 depth. 
 
 Alt-um, i, n. (scil. mare) the 
 main sea. 
 
 Alt-us, a, um, adj. high, lofty. 
 
 Alv-us, i, f. the stomach, womb. 
 
 A. If. for anno mundi, in the 
 year of the world; 
 
 r for ante meridiem, before 
 
 mid-day; 
 
 for artium magister, a 
 
 master of arts. 
 
 Amans, adj. and part, of amo. 
 
 Amar-us, a, um, adj. bitter. 
 
 Ambed-o, ere, i, esum, act. to 
 eat around. 
 
 Ambesus, part, of ambedo. 
 
 Amb-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to go 
 about, to court. 
 
 Ambitio, nis, f. ambition. 
 
 Ambitios-us, a, um, adj. ambi- 
 tious. 
 
 Amb-o, ae, o, adj. plur. both. 
 
 Ambrosi-a, ae, f. the food of the 
 Gods. 
 
 Ambul-o, are, neut. to walk. 
 
 Amic-a, ae, f. a (female) friend. 
 
 Amice, adv. from amicus. 
 
 Amiciti-a, se, f. friendship. 
 
 Amic-us, a, um, adj. friendly. 
 
 Amic-us, i, m. a friend. 
 
 Amissus, part, of 
 
 Amitt-o, ere, amisi, amissum, act. 
 to lose. 
 
 Amn-is, is, m. a river. 
 
 Am-o, are, act. to love. 
 
 Amoen-us, a, um, adj. pleasant. 
 
 Amor, is, m. the love; Cupid, 
 the God of love. 
 
 Amphor-a, ae, f. a rundlet, a ves- 
 sel holding about nine gal- 
 lons. 
 
 Amphiara-us, i, m. son of Apollo 
 and Hypermnestra, a famous 
 Theban augur. 
 
 Amphitrit-e, es, f. wife of Nep- 
 tune. 
 
 Ample, adv. of amplus. 
 
 Amplect-or, i, amplexus, dep. to 
 encircle, embrace. 
 
 Amplexatus, part, of 
 
 Amplex-or, ari, amplexatus, dep. 
 to embrace. 
 
 Amplius,adv. more, more largely. 
 
 Ampl-us, a, um, adj. large, great. 
 
 Arauss-is, is, f. a mason's rule; 
 ace. amussim. 
 
 Amynt-as, ae, m. n. p. 
 
 An, adv. whether? 
 
 Ana-s, atis, f. a duck. 
 
 Anc-eps, ipitis, adj. two-edged, 
 doubtful. 
 
 Anchis-es, ae, m. the father of 
 JEneas. 
 
 Ancill-a, ae, f. a maid servant. 
 
 Anc-us, i, m. n. p. 
 
 Androge-os, i, or o, m. the son of 
 Minos, king of Crete. 
 
 Andromach-e, es, f. wife of Hec- 
 tor, then of Pyrrhus, who gave 
 her to Helenus, the son of 
 Priam. 
 
 Andromed-a, ae, f. daughter of 
 Cepheus and Cassiope; she was 
 bound by the Nereides to a 
 rock, and exposed to be de- 
 voured by a sea monster; but 
 Perseus slew the monster, and 
 mamed her. 
 
 Ang-o, ere, anxi, anctum, act. to 
 strangle, tease, to trouble. 
 
 Angu-is, is, c. g. a serpent, 
 snake. 
 
 Angusti-a, ae, f. closeness, dis- 
 tress. 
 
 Angusti-se, arum, the narrows, 
 defiles. 
 
 Angust-us, a, um, adj. narrow . 
 strait. 
 
 Anim-a, ae, f. the air, breath, soul. 
 
 Animadvert-o, ere, i, versum, act. 
 to mind, to observe; in aliqucm, 
 to punish some one. 
 
 Animal, is, n. a living creature; 
 abl. i. 
 
 Animans, part, of 
 
 Anim-o, are, act. to give life, 
 revive, to live. 
 
 Animos-us, a, um, adj. bold, va- 
 liant. 
 
 18 
 
206 
 
 ANI 
 
 APP 
 
 Anim-us, i, m. the mind, spirit, 
 soul. 
 
 Ani-en, enis, m. a river in Italy. 
 
 Annal-es, ium (scil. libri) m. his- 
 tory, annals. 
 
 Annal-is, is, e, adj. of a year. 
 
 Annibal, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Annos-us, a, um, adj. aged, old. 
 
 Annu-o, ere, act. and neut. to 
 grant, assent. 
 
 Ann-us, i, m. a year. 
 
 Anser, is, m. a gander, goose. 
 
 Antx-us, i, m. a giant, son of 
 Neptune and Terra; he was 
 choked to death by Hercules. 
 
 Ante, prep. ace. before. 
 
 Ante, adv. before? ante quam, 
 sooner than, before. 
 
 Antea, adv. before, previously. 
 
 Anteced-o, ere, cess-i, um, neut. 
 and act. to go before, excel; 
 alieui, or aliquem aliqua re. 
 
 Antevol-o, are, act. to fly before. 
 
 Anthropophag-i, orum, m. man- 
 eaters. 
 
 Antidot-um, i, n. an antidote. 
 
 Antidot-us, i, f. an antidote. 
 
 Antigon-us, i, m. noun p. 
 
 Antiochi-a, ac, f. noun p. the me- 
 tropolis of Syria. 
 
 Antioch-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Antipat-er, ri, m. noun pr. 
 
 Antiquita-s, tis, f. antiquity. 
 
 Antiquus, a, um, adj. ancient, 
 old. 
 
 Antoni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 An-us, us, f. an old woman. 
 
 Aonid-es, um, f. the Muses. 
 
 Ap-er, ri, m. a wild boar, a boar. 
 
 Aper-io, ire, ui, turn, act. to open. 
 
 Ap-ex, icis, m. the top, plume, 
 crest. 
 
 Ap-is, is, f. a bee. 
 
 Apoll-o, inis, m. the son of Jupi- 
 ter and Latona, born in the isle 
 of Delos, at the same birth 
 with Diana, who is also called 
 Phoebe, as he Phoebus; for the 
 sun and moon were created 
 in one day. 
 
 Apparatus, us,m. a preparation, 
 equipment. 
 
 Appar-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
 appear, give attendance; alieui. 
 
 Appell-o, are, act. to call, name. 
 
 Appell-o, ere, appul-i, sum, act. 
 to drive to, bring to the shore. 
 
 Appetit-us,us,m. desire, appetite. 
 
 Appia via, se, f. a road from Rome 
 to Brundusium, so called from 
 Appius. 
 
 Applauditur, impers. from 
 
 Applaud-o, ere, applaus-i, um, 
 neut. to applaud, alieui. 
 
 Approbatio, nis, f. approbation. 
 
 Appropinqu-o, are, neut. to ap- 
 proach; alieui. 
 
 Apt-us, a, um, adj. fit, suitable. 
 
 Apud, prep. ace. at, with, before. 
 
 Apuli-a, se, f. a country of Italy. 
 
 Aqu-a, x, f. water. 
 
 Aqual-is, is, m. a water-pot, ewer. 
 
 Aquilo, nis, m. the north wind. 
 
 Ar-a, se, f. an altar. 
 
 Ar-abs, abis, m. an Arabian. 
 
 Arane-a, ae, f. a spider. 
 
 Arar-is, is, m. noun pr. the Saone. 
 
 Aratr-um, i, n. a plough. 
 
 Arat-us, i, m. noun pr. a Grecian 
 poet. 
 
 Arbitri-um, i, n. the sentence of 
 a judge, will, power. 
 
 Arbitr-or, ari, dep. to arbitrate, 
 think. 
 
 Arbo-r, or arbo-s, ris, f. a tree. 
 
 Arbut-us, i, f. an arbute, a wild 
 strawberry, or cherry-tree. 
 
 Arc-a, ae, f. a chest, coffin. 
 
 Arcadi-a, se, f. noun pr. Arcadia. 
 
 Arcadi-us, a, um, adj. Arcadian. 
 
 Arca-s, dis, m. an Arcadian, also 
 the son of Jupiter and the 
 nymph Calisto: he was metam- 
 orphosed into a she-bear by 
 Juno. 
 
 Arcess-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to 
 call, to go for. 
 
 Archon, tis, m. a Grecian magis- 
 trate. 
 
 Arctos, or Arct-us, i, f. two con- 
 
ARC 
 
 ARR 
 
 207 
 
 stellations near the north pole, 
 called the greater and lesser 
 bear. 
 
 Arctur-us, us, m. a large star in 
 Bootes. 
 
 Arc-us, us, m. an arch, a bow. 
 
 Ard-eo, ere, ars-i, urn, neut. and 
 act. to burn. 
 
 Ardu-us, adj. lofty, hard. 
 
 Aren-a, se, f. the sand. 
 
 Ar-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be dry or 
 parched. 
 
 Areopag-us, i, m. Mars's court at 
 Athens. 
 
 Aresc-o, ere, incept, to become 
 dry. 
 
 Argente-us, a, urn, adj. of silver. 
 
 Argent-um, i, n. silver. 
 
 Arg-o, us, f. the ship, in which 
 Jason and his Thessalian he- 
 roes sailed to Colchis. 
 
 Argolic-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. 
 
 Argonaut-ae, arum, m. those who 
 sailer! in the ship Argo. 
 
 Arg-os, eos, n. pi. Argi, m. a city 
 of Peloponnesus, under the 
 particular protection of Juno. 
 
 Argument-um, i, n. an argument, 
 proof. 
 
 Arg-us, i, m. the keeper of Io; 
 he is said to have had a hun- 
 dred eyes. 
 
 Argute; adv. from 
 
 Argut-us, a, um, adj. shrill, jang- 
 ling warbling. 
 
 Arid<e-us, i, m. nounpr. 
 
 Arie-s, tis, m. a ram, a battering 
 ram. 
 
 Ariovist-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Aristx-us, i, m. son of Apollo and 
 Cyrene. 
 
 AristTd-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Aristobol-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Arm-a, orum, n. arms. 
 
 Armatus, part, of armo. 
 
 Arment-um, i, n. a herd of cattle. 
 
 Armiger, a, um, adj. armed, bear- 
 ing arms. 
 
 Arm-o, are, act. to arm. 
 
 Arm-us, i, m. a shoulder. 
 
 Arrip-io, ere, ui, reptum, act. to 
 take, seize. 
 
 Arrogantia, <e, f. arrogance, pride. 
 
 Ar-s, tis, f. an art, power, virtue. 
 
 Artif-ex, icis, c. g. an artist, con- 
 triver. 
 
 Art-us, us, m. a joint, limb. 
 
 Arund-o, inis, f. a reed, cane. 
 
 Arv-um, i, n. a fallow field, a field. 
 
 Ar-x, cis, f. a castle, citadel. 
 
 As, assis, m. a small coin, a far- 
 thing. 
 
 Ascani-us, i, m. noun pr. the son 
 of JEneas. 
 
 Ascend-o, ere, i, nsum, act. to as- 
 cend, rise. 
 
 Asdrubal, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Asi-a, x, f. noun pr. 
 
 Asil-us, i, m. a gad-bee. 
 
 Asin-us, i, m. an ass. 
 
 Asper, a, um, adj. unpleasant, 
 rugged. 
 
 Aspere, adv. from asper. 
 
 Aspern-or, ari. atus, dep. to 
 slight, despise. 
 
 Aspic-io, ere, aspe-xi, ctum, act. 
 to behold. 
 
 Aspir-o, are, act. to breathe, in- 
 spire, infuse; alicui, to favour 
 some one. 
 
 Aspi-s, idis, f. a venomous ser- 
 pent, an asp. 
 
 Assent-ior, iri, assensus, dep. to 
 assent, agree. 
 
 Assequ-or, i, assecutus, dep. to 
 overtake, obtain. 
 
 Ass-is, is, m. a Roman coin. 
 
 Assol-et, ere, impers. to be wont, 
 it is the custom. 
 
 Ast, conj. but, however. 
 
 Asyl-um, i, n. a place of refuge. 
 
 At, conj. but. 
 
 Atav-us, i, m. the great grand- 
 father, an old grandsire. 
 
 At-e, es, f. daughter of Jupiter, 
 and goddess of revenge. 
 
 At-er, ra, rum, adj. black, dark, 
 gloomy. 
 
 Athen-a, x, f. see Minerva. 
 
 Athen-x, arum, f. Athens, 
 
208 
 
 ATL 
 
 AUR 
 
 / 
 
 Atlantiad-es, is, m. Mercury, the 
 grandson of Atlas. 
 
 Atla-s, ntis, m. noun pr. a moun- 
 tain, also a King of Mauritania. 
 
 Atom-us, i, m. and f. a thing- indi- 
 visible. 
 
 Atque, conj. and, than. 
 
 Atre-us, i, m. noun pr. the son of 
 Pelops and Hippodamia, and 
 King of Mycenae. 
 
 Atrid-es, is, m. a son of Atreus. 
 
 Atrium, i, a court-yard, hall. 
 
 Atro-x, cis, adj. cruel, bold, reso- 
 lute. 
 
 Attal-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Attamen, conj. yet, however. 
 
 Attic-i, orum, m. noun g. the 
 Attics, or inhabitants of Attica. 
 
 Attic-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Atting-o, ere; attigi; tactum, act. 
 to touch. 
 
 A. U. C. for anno urbis conditsc, 
 in the year after the building 
 of the city. 
 
 Auctor, is, c. g. an increaser, ad- 
 viser, approver. 
 
 Auctorita-s, tis, f. the authority. 
 
 Audaci-a, ae, f. the boldness. 
 
 Audaciter, or audacter, adv. from 
 
 Auda-x, cis, adj. bold, resolute. 
 
 Aud-eo, ere, ausus sum, act. to 
 dare. 
 
 Audiens, part, of 
 
 Aud-io,ire, ivi, itum,act.to hear. 
 
 Auditor, is, m. a hearer, auditor. 
 
 Auditus, part, of audio. 
 
 Aufer-o, re, abstuli, ablatum, act. 
 to take, to carry away. 
 
 Aug-eo, ere; auxi, auctum, act. to 
 increase. 
 
 Augural-is,is, e, adj. augurial, be- 
 longing to the sooth-sayers. 
 
 August-us, a, um, adj. sacred, 
 venerable. 
 
 August-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Aul-a, ae, f. a fore-court, hall. 
 
 Aul-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Aur-a, ae, f. the air, a gentle gale. 
 
 Aure-us, a, um, adj. of gold, 
 golden. 
 
 Aur-is, is, f. the ear. 
 
 Aurit-us, a, um, adj. having large 
 ears, hearing. 
 
 Auror-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
 Titan and Terra, and goddess 
 of the morning; the morning. 
 
 Aur-um, i, n. gold. 
 
 Aus-im, is, it, int, defect, from 
 audeo, I durst. 
 
 Ausus, part, of audeo. 
 
 Aut, conj. or, either. 
 
 Autem, conj. but, however, 
 nay. 
 
 Auxili-or, ari, atus, dep. to aid, 
 help; alicui. 
 
 Auxili-um, i, n. aid, protection. 
 
 Avariti-a, ae, f. avarice, an im- 
 moderate desire. 
 
 Avar-us, a, um, adj. greedy, co- 
 vetous. 
 
 Avar-us, i, m. (scil. homo), a mi- 
 ser. 
 
 Ave, aveto, avere, defect, hail. 
 
 Aven-a, ae, f. oats. 
 
 Avid-us, a, um, adj. desirous, 
 greedy. 
 
 Av-is, is, f. a bird. ace. em, or im. 
 
 Avoc-o, are, act. to call off, with- 
 draw. 
 
 Av-us, i, m. a grandfather, an- 
 cestor. 
 
 Ax-is, is, m. the axle-tree, the 
 axis, either of the poles, any 
 climate, the whole heaven. 
 
 Axioma, tis, n. a maxim, axiom. 
 
 Babylon, is, f. capital of Chaldea, 
 now Bagdat. 
 
 Babyloni-a, ae, f. the country 
 about Babylon. 
 
 Baccar, see Bacchar. 
 
 Bacch-a, ae, f. a woman, worship- 
 ping Bacchus. 
 
 Bacchanali-a, um, n. feasts in 
 honour of Bacchus. 
 
 Bacch-ar, arip, n. a sweet herb, 
 lady's glove. 
 
 Bacch-us, i, m. the son of Jupiter 
 and Semele, the god of wine, 
 wine. 
 
 Balanus, i, c. g. mast, acorns. 
 
BAL 
 
 BOR 
 
 209 
 
 Balne-um, i, n. bath, plur. o, n. 
 se, arum, f. 
 
 Bal-o, are, neut. to bleat. 
 
 Barbari-es, ei, f. a savage people, 
 barbarism, cruelty. 
 
 Barbar-us, a, urn, foreign, fool- 
 ish, rude. 
 
 Beat-us, a, um, adj. blessed, hap- 
 py; part, of beo. 
 
 Belg-ae, arum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Bellari-a, orum, n. sweet meats. 
 
 Bellatri-x, cis, f. the heroine. 
 
 Bellicos-us, a, um, adj. martial 
 valiant. 
 
 Bellu-a, ae, f. a beast. 
 
 Bell-um, i, n. war. 
 
 Bene, adv. well; comp. melius, 
 optime. 
 
 Benefic-us, a, um, adj. kind, 
 bountiful. 
 
 Benefici-um, i, n. a favour, kind- 
 ness. 
 
 Benevolenti-a, ae, f. benevolence, 
 favour. 
 
 Benevol-us, a, um, adj. well- 
 wishing, friendly. 
 
 Benign-us, a, um, adj. kind, fer- 
 tile. 
 
 Be-o, are, act. to bless, make 
 happy. 
 
 Besti-a, ae, f. a beast. 
 
 Bib-o, ere, i, itum, act. to drink. 
 
 Bidu-um, i, n. the space of two 
 days. 
 
 Bimestr-is, is, e, adj. of two 
 months. 
 
 Bim-us, a, um, adj. of two years. 
 
 Bis, adv. twice. 
 
 Bland-ior, iri, itus, dep. to flatter, 
 please; alicui. 
 
 Bceoti-a, ae, f. a country of Greece. 
 
 Bomb-yx, ycis, m. the silk-worm; 
 the silk-yarn. 
 
 Bon-um, i, n. a blessing; plur. 
 possessions. 
 
 Bon-us, a, um, adj. good; comp. 
 melior, optimus. 
 
 Boot-es, ae, m. a constellation fol- 
 lowing the great Bear, the 
 Arctophylax. 
 
 18 
 
 Bore-as, ae, m. the north wind. 
 
 B-os, ovis, c. g. an ox, bull, 
 cow. 
 
 Bosphor-us, i, m. noun pr. two 
 straits in Turkey. 
 
 Bracchi-um, i, n. an arm, branch. 
 
 Brev-is, is, e, adj. short, small. 
 
 Breviter, adv. from brevis. 
 
 Briare-us, i, m. a huge giant, call- 
 ed also iEgaeon; he is said to 
 have had a hundred hands. 
 
 Britann-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Britanni-a, ae, f. Great Britain. 
 
 Brixi-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Brundusi-um, i, n. noun pr. 
 
 Brut-us, a, um, adj. senseless, 
 brute. 
 
 Brutus, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Bufo, nis, m. a toad. 
 
 Bur-is, is, f. the plough-tail; ace- 
 im. 
 
 Buthrot-um, i. n. noun pr. 
 
 Byss-us, i, f. a kind of fine flax. 
 
 C.forCaius. 
 
 Cacum-en, inis, n. the top. 
 
 Cad-o, ere, ceci'di, casum, neut. 
 to fall, to be killed. 
 
 Caduceator, is, m. a herald. 
 
 Caecili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Caed-es, is, f. a cutting down, 
 slaughter. 
 
 Caed-o, ere, cecidi, caesum, act. 
 to whip, cut, slay. 
 
 Cael-o, are, act. to emboss. 
 
 Caesar, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Caesari-es, ei, f. the hair. 
 
 Caesus, part, of caedo. 
 
 Caeter, or caeter-us, a, um, adj. 
 the other, the rest. 
 
 Cai-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Calamita-s, tis, f. damage, dis- 
 tress. 
 
 Calath-us, i, m. a basket, a cup. 
 
 Calcar, is, n. a spur. 
 
 Calce-o, are, act. to shoe. 
 
 Calcha-s, ntis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Calc-o, are, act. to tread. 
 
 Calend-ae, arum, f. the calends, 
 the first day of the month. 
 
 Cal-co, ere,ui, neut. to be hot. 
 
210 
 
 CAL 
 
 CAP 
 
 Calesc-o, ere, incept, to become 
 hot, grow warm. 
 
 Calid-us, a, urn, adj. hot, warm. 
 
 Callid-us, a, urn, adj. wise, cun- 
 ning. 
 
 Calliop-e, es, f. the mother of Or- 
 pheus, and chief of the nine 
 Muses. 
 
 Callisthen-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Callist-o, us, f. a nymph, who at- 
 tended Diana. 
 
 Calv-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Cal-x, cis, f. lime, mortar. 
 
 Cal-x, cis, m. and f. the heel, the 
 end. 
 
 Calyps-o, us, f. daughter of 
 Oceanus and Thetis, and 
 queen of Ogygia. 
 
 Camel-us, i, c. g. a camel. 
 
 Camen-a, or Camoen-a, se, f. a 
 muse, a song. 
 
 Campest-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. 
 of, or in plain fields. 
 
 Camp-us, i, m. a plain, field. 
 
 Candesc-o, ere; candui, incept, to 
 grow white. 
 
 Candid-us, a, um, adj. bright, 
 white. 
 
 Can-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be white. 
 
 Can-i, orum, (scil. capilli) m. 
 grey hairs. 
 
 Canini-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Can-is, is, c. g. a dog, bitch. 
 
 Cannab-is, is, f. hemp; ace. im. 
 
 Can-o, ere, cecini, cantum, act. 
 to sing. 
 
 Cant-o, are, act. to sing. 
 
 Cant-us, us, m. the song. 
 
 Can-us, a, um, adj. hoary, grey, 
 white. 
 
 Capa-x, cis, adj. containing, apt. 
 
 Capell-a, se, f. a young goat, kid. 
 
 Capio, ere, cepi, captum, act. 
 to take, hold. 
 
 Capital-is, is, e, adj. belonging to 
 the head, capital. 
 
 Capitoli-um, n. the temple of Ju- 
 piter in Rome, the Capitol. 
 
 Caprin-us, a, um, adj. of a goat. 
 
 Captiv-a, a, f. a female prisoner. 
 
 Captiv-us, a, um, adj. taken, 
 captive; subs, a prisoner. 
 
 Captus, part, of capio. 
 
 Capu-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Capul-us, i, m. a hilt, handle. 
 
 Cap-ut, itis, n. the head. 
 
 Carbas-us, i, f. and m. fine linen, 
 cambric, plur. a, orum, n. 
 
 Career, is, m. a prison, gaol. 
 
 Car-eo, ere, ui, itum, and cassum, 
 neut. to want, be without; ali- 
 qua re. 
 
 Carin a, se, f. the keel, a ship. 
 
 Carita-s, tis, f. scarcity, love. 
 
 Carm-en, inis, n. a verse, a song. 
 
 Car-o, nis, f. flesh; gen. pi. car- 
 nium. 
 
 Carthaginiens-is, is, e, adj. be- 
 longing to Carthage, Carthagi- 
 nian. 
 
 Carthag-o, inis, f. Carthage. 
 
 Car-us, a, um, adj. dear, costly. 
 
 Cas-a, a, f. a cottage. 
 
 Cassis, is, m. a toil, net. 
 
 Cassi-s, dis, f. a helmet. 
 
 Cass-us, a, um, adj. vain, void. 
 
 Castalid-es, um, f. the Muses, so 
 called from Castalius, a foun- 
 tain at the foot of Parnassus. 
 
 Castell-um, i, n. a castle. 
 
 Castor, is, m. son of Jupiter and 
 Leda, who with his brother 
 Pollux shared alternately im- 
 mortality. 
 
 Castr-a, orum, n. a camp. 
 
 Cas-us, m. a fall, chance, danger. 
 
 Caterv-a, x, f. a band, crowd. 
 
 Catilin-a, se, m. noun pr. 
 
 Catilinari-us, a, um, adj. of Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Cato, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Catul-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Catul-us, i, m. a little dog, whelp. 
 
 Caud-a, ae, f. the tail. 
 
 Caus-a, se, f. the cause. 
 
 Caus-or, ari, causatus, dep. to 
 pretend, to plead, to blame. 
 
 Cav-eo, ere, i; cautum, act. and 
 neut. to beware, take care. 
 
 Cav-um, i, n. a hole, hollow place. 
 
CAV 
 
 CER 
 
 2ll 
 
 Cav-us, a, urn, adj. hollow. 
 
 Cecropid-x, arum, m. the Athe- 
 nians, so called from Cecrops, 
 the first king- of Athens. 
 
 C D. for consul designatus, con- 
 sul elect. 
 
 Ced o, ere, cess-i, um, neut. to 
 go, give way. 
 
 Cedo, plur. cedite, defec. tell, 
 give. 
 
 Cedr-us, i, f. the cedar-tree. 
 
 Celxn-o, us, f. one of the Harpies. 
 
 Celeb-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. re- 
 nowned, famous. 
 
 Celebre, or celebriter, adv. from 
 celeber. 
 
 Celebr-o, are, act. to frequent, 
 celebrate. 
 
 Celer, orceler-is, is, e, adj. swift, 
 quick. 
 
 Celeriter, adv. from celer. 
 
 Cel-o, are, act. to hide, conceal, 
 not to inform; aliquem aliquid 
 or de aliqua re. 
 
 Censor, is, m. he who executed 
 the census; a critic. 
 
 Centen-i, se, a, adj. hundred. 
 
 Centurio, nis, m. a centurion, a 
 captain of a hundred footmen. 
 
 Cerauni-a, orum, n. high hills 
 bordering on the Ionian sea. 
 
 Cerber-us, i, m. a dog with three 
 heads, who guarded the gates 
 of hell. 
 
 Cerc5p-es, urn, m. inhabitants of 
 Pithecusa, who were changed 
 by Jupiter into apes. 
 
 Cere-s, ris, f. the Goddess of ag- 
 riculture. 
 
 Cern-o, ere; crevi, cretum, act. 
 to sift, see. 
 
 Certam-en, inis, n. a contest. 
 
 Certatur, impers. from certo. 
 
 Certe, adv. from certus. 
 
 Certior, compar. of certus; fa- 
 cere aliquem certiorem de aliqua 
 re, to inform one of some thing. 
 
 Cert-o, are, act. to contend, fight. 
 
 Certo, adv. certainly. 
 
 Cert-us, a, um, adj. certain, re- 
 solved. 
 
 Cervi-x, icis, f. the neck. 
 
 Cesp-es, itis, m. the turf, sod. 
 
 Cessat-us, a, um, adj. and part. 
 ceased, having lain fallow. 
 
 Cess-o, are, neut. to cease, leave 
 off, delay. 
 
 Cete, pi. n. indecl. noun pr. 
 
 Cetheg-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ceu, adv. as, as if. 
 
 Chabri-as, ae, m. noun pr. 
 
 Chaos, n. dat. and abl. chao, a 
 confused heap. 
 
 Charact-er, eris, m. the charac- 
 ter, form. 
 
 Charita-s, tis, f. love, charity. 
 
 Charon, tis, m. the ferryman of 
 hell. 
 
 Charybd-is,is,f. a dangerous whirl- 
 pool in the straits of Sicily. 
 
 Chi-os, i, f. an island now called 
 Scio. 
 
 Chiron, is, m. a centaur. 
 
 Choroeb-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Chor-us, i, m. a choir, chorus. 
 
 Chrem-es, is, vel etis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Chrysipp-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Cib-us, i, m. food, viand. 
 
 Cicer, is, n. vetches, a small pulse. 
 
 Cicero, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Cic-ur, iiris, adj. tame, mild. 
 
 Ci-eo, ere; civi, citum, act. to 
 move. 
 
 Cilici-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Cing-o, ere; cinxi, cinctum, act. 
 to tie about, to gird. 
 
 Cin-is, eris, m. ashes. 
 
 Circa, or circum, prep. ace. about. 
 
 Circ-e, es, f. a famous enchantress. 
 
 Circiter, adv. about. 
 
 Circu-eo, or circum-eo, ire, ivi, 
 itum, to go about. 
 
 Circum-do, are, edi, itum, act. 
 to encompass, enclose. 
 
 Circumveh-o, ere; vexi, vectum, 
 act. to carry about. 
 
 Circumven-io, ire, i, turn, act. to 
 surround, to deceive. 
 
212 
 
 CIR 
 
 COA 
 
 Cirt-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Cis, or citra, prep. ace. on this 
 
 side. 
 Citerior, citimus, comp. from 
 
 citra, hither, hithermost. 
 Cithaero, nis, m. a mountain of 
 
 Boeotia sacred to Bacchus. 
 Cito,citius.citissime, adv. quickly. 
 Citra, adv. and prep. ace. on this 
 
 side. 
 Citro, adv. to and fro. 
 Civil-is, is, e, adj. pertaining to 
 
 the state, civil. 
 Civ-is, is, c. g. a citizen. 
 Civita-s, tis, f. a corporation, state, 
 
 city. 
 Clad-es, is, f. the defeat, misfor- 
 tune. 
 Claeli-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 Clam, prep. abl. and ace. without 
 
 the knowledge of. 
 Clam-o, are, act. and neut. to cry, 
 
 call. 
 Clamor, is, m. a bawling, shriek. 
 Clarus, a, urn, adj. clear, famous. 
 Class-is, is, f. a fleet, navy. 
 Claustr-um, i, n. the inclosure, 
 
 barrier. 
 Clav-a, ae, f. a club. 
 Clav-is, is, f. a key, ace. em, or 
 
 im. 
 Clav-us, i, a nail, spike. 
 Clemen-s, tis, adj. mild, merciful. 
 Clementer, adv. from clemens. 
 Clementi-a, ae, f. affability, mild- 
 ness. 
 Cleopatr-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 Clini-a, ae, m. noun pr. 
 Cli-o, us, f. the Muse, presiding 
 
 over history, and patroness of 
 
 heroic poets. 
 Clit-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Clodi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Cloth-o, us, f. one of the fatal 
 
 sisters. 
 Clype-us, i, m. a shield. 
 Clytemnestr-a, ae, f. daughter of j 
 
 Jupiter and Leda, slain by her 
 
 son Orestes, on account of her 
 
 adultery with iEgistus. 
 
 Cn. for Cnaeius, or Cneius, noun 
 
 pr. 
 Coactus, part, of cogo. 
 Cocyt-us, i, m. noun pr. a river 
 
 in hell. 
 Codomann-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Codr-us, i, m. the last king of 
 
 Athens, who gave his life for 
 
 his country. 
 Coelest-is, is, e, adj. heavenly. 
 Caelicol-a, ae, c, g. an inhabitant 
 
 of heaven, a God. 
 Coel-um, i, n. plur. coeli, orum, 
 
 m. the heaven. 
 Coen-a, ae, f. supper. 
 Co-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. and 
 
 act. to go, or come together. 
 Coep-i, eram, erim, etc. v. defect. 
 
 I begin, have begun. 
 Coeptus, part, of ccepi. 
 Coet-us, i, m. noun pr. one of the 
 
 Giants. 
 Coet-us, us, m. an assembly, meet- 
 ing. 
 Cogitatio, nis, f. thinking, a 
 
 thought. 
 Cogit-o, are, act. to think. 
 Cognitus, part, of cognosco. 
 Cognom-en, inis, n. a surname. 
 Cognosc-o, ere, cognovi, cogni- 
 
 tum, act. to find out, to know. 
 Cog-o, ere;co-egi, actum, act. to 
 
 bring together, to force. 
 Cohabit-o, are, neut. to dwell 
 
 with. 
 Cohor-s, tis, f. a band of soldiers. 
 Colaph-us, i, m. a buffet, a slap. 
 Colleg-a, ae, m. a colleague. 
 Collig-o, are, act. to tie together. 
 Collig-o, ere; colle-gi, ctum, act. 
 
 to gather, bring together. 
 Coll-is, is, m. a hillock. 
 Colloqui-um, i, n. discourse, con- 
 ference. 
 Colloqu-or, i, colloquutus, or 
 
 collocutus, dep. to speak to- 
 gether, confer. 
 Collud-o, ere; collus-i, urn, act. 
 
 to play, sport together. 
 Coll-um, i, n. the neck. 
 
COL 
 
 COM 
 
 213 
 
 Col-o, ere, ui; cultum, act. to at- 
 tend to, till, revere. 
 
 Color, is, m. the colour. 
 
 C6l-um, i, n. a colander, strainer. 
 
 Columb-a, as, f. the dove. 
 
 Column-a, ?e, f. a pillar, post. 
 
 Col-us, i, f. & m. a distaff, rock. 
 abl. colo, and colu. 
 
 Com-a, ae, a head of hair. 
 
 Combib-o, ere, i, ltum, act. and 
 neut. to drink together, to im- 
 bibe. 
 
 Comedo, nis, m. a glutton. 
 
 Com-es, itis, c. g. a companion. 
 
 Cominus, adv. nigh, hand in 
 hand. 
 
 Com-is, is, e, adj. gentle, mild. 
 
 Comiter, adv. from comis. 
 
 Comitatus, part, of comitor. 
 
 Comitat-us, us, m. a train of at- 
 tendance, the equipage. 
 
 Comit-or, ari, atus, dep. to ac- 
 company. 
 
 Comi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Commemor-o, are, act. to men- 
 tion, recount. 
 
 Commendatio, nis, f. a commen- 
 dation. 
 
 Commend-o, are, act. to com- 
 mend, to entrust. 
 
 Commerci-um, i, n. commerce, 
 intercourse. 
 
 Committ-o, ere; commis-i, sum, 
 act. to send out together, to 
 match . 
 
 Commode, adv. of 
 
 Commod-us, a, um, adj. just, 
 convenient. 
 
 Commotus, part, of 
 
 Commov-eo, ere, i; commotum, 
 act. to move, stir. 
 
 Commun-io, ire, ivi, act. to fortify. 
 
 Commun-is, is, e, adj. common. 
 
 Commutatio, nis, f. a change. 
 
 Comoedi-a, ae, f. a comedy. 
 
 Comoed-us, i, m. a player, come- 
 dian. 
 
 Compar, is, adj. equal. 
 
 Compar-o, are, act. to provide, 
 compare. 
 
 1 Compell-o, are, act. to address. 
 Compell-o, ere; pul-i, sum, act. 
 
 to compel. 
 Comper-io, ire, i. turn, act. to 
 
 find out, discover. 
 Compertus, part, of comperio. 
 Compital-is, is, e, adj. of the 
 
 cross ways. 
 Compital-es, ium, (dii) m. the 
 
 guardian deities of cities and 
 
 cross-ways. 
 Compl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 
 
 fill. 
 Comploratio, nis, f. lamentation. 
 Compon-o, ere; pos-ui, itum, act. 
 
 to put together, appease. 
 Comport-o, are, act. to carry to- 
 gether. 
 Compo-s, tis, adj. being master 
 
 of, partaking. 
 Compositus, part, of compono; 
 
 de, or ex composite, purposely, 
 
 of set purpose. 
 Comprob-o, are, act. to approve. 
 Conatus, part, of conor. 
 Conat-us, us, m. an endeavour. 
 Concili-um, i, n. a council. 
 Concilio, are, act. to conciliate. 
 Concio, nis, f. an assembly. 
 Conclusio, nis, f. a conclusion. 
 Concordi-a, <e, f. union, concord. 
 Concresc-o, ere; concre-vi, turn, 
 
 n. to grow together, congeal. 
 Concretus, part, of concresco. 
 Conculc-o, are, act. to tread, or 
 
 trample down. 
 Concurr-o, ere; i, sum, neut. to 
 
 run to others, to run together. 
 Concut-io, ere; cuss-i, um, act. 
 
 to shake, disquiet. 
 Condemn-o, are, act. to con- 
 demn. 
 Condiscipul-us, i, m. a schoolfel- 
 low. 
 Conditio, nis, f. a condition. 
 Conditor, is, m. the builder, 
 
 the founder. 
 Cond-o, ere, idi, Ttum, act. to 
 
 build, conceal, cover. 
 Condon-o, are, act. to forgive. 
 
214 
 
 CON 
 
 CON 
 
 Conduc-it, ere, impers. it is pro- 
 fitable. 
 Conduc-o, ere; du-xi, ctuni, act. 
 
 to bring- along, assemble, hire. 
 Confer-o, re; contuli, collatum, 
 
 act. to bring- together, do good, 
 
 confer. 
 Conficio, ere; confec-i, turn, act. 
 
 to finish, waste, consume. 
 Confid-o, ere, i, and fisus sumj to 
 
 trust; alicui, aliqua re. 
 Config-o, ere; fix-i, urn, act. to 
 
 pierce, fasten together. 
 Confitens, adj. and part of con- 
 
 fiteor. 
 Confitenter, adv. from confitens. 
 Confit-eor, eri, confessus, dep. 
 
 to confess, declare. 
 Confixus, part, of configo. 
 Conflig-o, ere; fli-xi, ctum, act. 
 
 to contend, engage, dispute. 
 Confod-io, ere, i; fossum, act. to 
 
 dig, stab. 
 Conger-o, ere; ges-si, turn, act. 
 
 to heap up. 
 Conjugi-um, i, n. a marriage. 
 Conjug.o, are, act. to yoke or 
 
 couple together. 
 Conjuncte, adv. from conjunctus. 
 Conjunctim, adv. jointly. 
 Conjunctio, nis, f. a union. 
 Conjunct-us, a, um, adj. and part. 
 
 of 
 Conjung-o, ere; jun-xi, ctum, 
 
 act. to join together, unite. 
 Conjuratio, nis, f. a conspiracy. 
 Conjurat-us, i, m. a conspirator. 
 Conju-x, gis, c. g. a husband, 
 
 wife. 
 Conon, is, m. noun p. 
 Con-or, ari, atus, dep. to endea- 
 vour, attempt. 
 Conscienti-a, se, f. conscience. 
 Conscisc-o, ere; sci-vi, turn, act. 
 
 to get, commit. 
 Consci-us, a, um, adj. conscious. 
 Conscrib-o, ere ; scrip-si, turn, 
 
 act. to write, enrol, levy sol- 
 diers. 
 Conscriptus, part, of conscribo. 
 
 Consecr-o, are, act. to conse- 
 crate, devote. 
 
 Consectatr-ix, icis, f. pursuing, an 
 attendant. 
 
 Consequ-or, i, conse-quutus, or 
 cutus, dep. to follow, obtain. 
 
 Conservator, is, m. a preserver. 
 
 Conserv-o, are, act. to preserve, 
 save. 
 
 Consid-eo, ere ; sedi, sessum, 
 neut. to sit with, to sit down. 
 
 Consider-o, are, act. to consider. 
 
 Consid-o, ere; se-di, ssum, to sit 
 down, settle. 
 
 Consili-um, i, n. counsel, advice. 
 
 Consimil-is, is, e, adj. very like. 
 
 Consist-o, ere ; constit-i, um, 
 neut. to stand, stay, consist. 
 
 Consor-s, tis, c. g. a partner. 
 
 Conspect-us, us, m. a sight, view. 
 
 Conspiratio, nis, f. a conspiracy, 
 plot. 
 
 Constan-s, tis, adj. steady, re- 
 solved. 
 
 Constanter, adv. from constans. 
 
 Constanti-a, ae, f. steadiness, firm- 
 ness. 
 
 Const-at, are, impers. it is evi- 
 dent. 
 
 Constitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 
 range, establish, decree. 
 
 Constitutus, part, of constituo. 
 
 Const-o, are, iti; stitum, or sta- 
 tum, neut. to consist, be con- 
 sistent, to cost. 
 
 Consuesc-o, ere; sue-vi, turn, act. 
 and neut. to accustom, to be 
 accustomed. 
 
 Consuetud-o, inis, f. custom, use, 
 intimacy. 
 
 Consul, is, m. a consul. 
 
 Consular-is, is, e, adj. consular; 
 vir consulans, he who has been 
 consul. 
 
 Consulat-us, us, m. the consul- 
 ship. 
 
 Consul-o, ere, ui, turn, act. and 
 neut. to consult; aliquem, to ask 
 advice of some one; alicui, to 
 provide for one. 
 
CON 
 
 COP 
 
 215 
 
 Consulte, adv. from consultus. 
 
 Consultor, is, m. one who asks 
 counsel, a client, a giver of 
 counsel. 
 
 Consultus, part, of consulo; con- 
 sultus juris, versed in the 
 law. 
 
 Consum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
 consume. 
 
 Contemn-o, ere ; temp-si, turn, 
 act. to despise. 
 
 Contemptor, is m. a despiser. 
 
 Contend-o, ere,i, conten-tum, or 
 sum, act. and neut. to stretch, 
 strive, hasten. 
 
 Contentio, nis, f. a strife, con- 
 tention. 
 
 Content-us, a, um, adj. content. 
 
 Conter-o, ere; contri-vi, turn, act. 
 to bruise, waste, spend. 
 
 Contex-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to 
 weave, join. 
 
 Contexus, part, of contexo. 
 
 Contic-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be si- 
 lent. 
 
 Contin-eo, ere, ui, tentum, act. 
 to hold, refrain. 
 
 Conting-it, ere, impers. it hap- 
 pens. 
 
 Contorqu-eo, ere; contor-si, sum, 
 or turn, act. to twist, whirl 
 about. 
 
 Contra, prep. ace. against. 
 
 Contra, adv. on the contrary. 
 
 Contrah-o, ere; tra-xi,ctum, act. 
 to draw together, contract. 
 
 Controversi-a, x, f. a dispute. 
 
 Conven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. and 
 act. to assemble, to meet. 
 
 Convenit, impers. from convenio, 
 it is meet, or suitable, it is 
 agreed upon, an agreement is 
 made. 
 
 Conventicul-um, i, n. a place for 
 meeting, or assembling. 
 
 Conventus, part, of convenio. 
 
 Conversus, part, of 
 
 Convert-o, ere, i; versum, act. to 
 turn, whirl. 
 
 Copi-a, x, f. plenty, ability, 
 
 power ; copi-ae, arum, forces 
 of soldiers. 
 
 Copiose, adv. from 
 
 Copios-us, a, um, adj. copious, 
 abounding. 
 
 Coqu-o, ere; co-xi, ctum, act. to 
 bake, cook. 
 
 Cor, dis, n. the heart, gen. pi 
 cordium. 
 
 Coram, prep. abl. in the presence 
 of. 
 
 Coram, adv. openly, face to 
 face. 
 
 Cordub-a, se, f. noun pr. 
 
 Corinth-us, i, f. noun pr. 
 
 Coriolan-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Corneli-a, x, f. noun pr. 
 
 Cornifer, a, um, adj. bearing Cor- 
 nells. 
 
 Cornipe-s, dis, adj. having a 
 horny hoof. 
 
 Cornu, pi. cornua, n. a horn. 
 
 Corp-us, oris, n. a body. 
 
 Corrump-o, ere; rup-i, turn, act. 
 to mar, spoil, bribe. 
 
 Corruptus, part, of corrumpo. 
 
 Cort-ex, icis, doubt, g. a rind, 
 bark, cork. 
 
 C5-rus, i, m. the north-west wind. 
 
 Corv-us, i, m. a raven, a grap- 
 pling iron. 
 
 Corybant-es, um, m. Cybele's 
 priests. 
 
 Corydon, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Cos., for consul, is, etc. 
 
 Coss., for consul-es, um, etc. 
 
 Cost-a, X. f. a rib. 
 
 Cothorn-us, i, m. a buskin. 
 
 Coturn-ix, Tcis, f. a quail. 
 
 Creator, is, m. a creator, maker. 
 
 Creb-er, ra, rum, adj. thick, fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Cred-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 
 think, trust, believe. 
 
 Cremer-a, ac, m. noun pr. fl. 
 
 Cre-o, are, act. to create. 
 
 Cresc-o, ere; crevi, cretum, neut. 
 to grow. 
 
 Crim-en, inis, n. an impeachment, 
 crime. 
 
216 
 
 cm 
 
 CUR 
 
 Crimin-or, ari, atus, dep. to ac- 
 cuse, blame. 
 
 Crocit-o, are, freq. to croak. 
 Croes-us, i, m. noun p. the last 
 king of Lydia, celebrated for 
 his riches. 
 
 Crudelita-s, tis, f. cruelty. 
 
 Cruor, is, m. blood, gore. 
 
 Cubil-e, is, n. a bed, couch, tent. 
 
 Cubit-us, i, m. a cubit, an elbow. 
 
 Cub-o, are, ui, hum, neut. to 
 lie. 
 
 Cucum-is, is, m. a cucumber; ace. 
 im. 
 
 Cuja-s, tis, adj. of what country, 
 or sect. 
 
 Cuj-us, a, um, adj. whose? be- 
 longing to whom? 
 
 Cule-us, i, m. a leathern bag to 
 carry wine or oil in. 
 
 Culm-en, inis, n. the top. 
 
 Culp-a, x, f. the fault, blame. 
 
 Cult-er, ri, m. a knife. 
 
 Cum, prep. abl. with, together 
 with. 
 
 Cum. adv. and conj. when, be- 
 cause, since; cum, turn, both 
 and, as well as. 
 
 Cunctator, is, m. a lingerer, de- 
 layer. 
 
 Cunct-us, a, um, adj. all, in a 
 body. 
 
 Cupide, adv. from cupidus. 
 
 Cupidita-s, tis, f. a desire, lust. 
 
 Cupid-us, a, um, adj. desirous; 
 alicujus rei. 
 
 Cup-io, ere, ivi, itum, act. to de- 
 sire, wish. 
 
 Cupress-us, i, or us, f. a cypress- 
 tree. 
 
 Cur, adv. why, for what. 
 
 Cur-a, ae, f. the care. 
 
 Curatio, nis, f. the management, 
 an office, curing. 
 
 Curi-a, je, f. a court, senate- 
 house, senate. 
 
 Curi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Cur-o, are, act. to take care of; 
 euro aliquid faciendum, 1 cause 
 something to be done. 
 
 Curr-o, ere ; cucurri ; cursum, 
 neut. to run. 
 
 Curr-us, us, m. a chariot, coach. 
 
 Cursit-o, are, freq. to run to and 
 fro. 
 
 Curs-o, are, freq. to run to and 
 fro. 
 
 Curs-us, us, m. a running, race, 
 course. 
 
 Curv-us, a, um, adj. crooked, 
 bending. 
 
 Custodi-a, ze, f. prison, watch, 
 guard. 
 
 Custod-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 guard. 
 
 Custo-s, dis, m. a keeper, guard. 
 
 Cut-is, is, f. the skin, ace. em, or 
 im. 
 
 Cybel-e, es, f. the wife J of Sa- 
 turn. 
 
 Cycl-ops, opis, m.plur. Cyclopes, 
 the sons of Neptune and Am- 
 phitrite, who assisted Vulcan 
 in making Jupiter's thunder- 
 bolts. 
 
 Cylleni-us, i, m. a name of Mer- 
 cury. 
 
 Cymb-a, x, f. a boat. 
 
 Cypr-us, i, f. noun pr. the hap- 
 py isle. 
 
 Cyr-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Cytis-us, i, m. hadder, a kind of 
 shrub. 
 
 D. for Deci-us, and Decim-us, i, 
 m. noun. pr. 
 
 Daran-o, are, act. to condemn; 
 fraudis, or fraude, of theft. 
 
 Damn-um, i, n. hurt, damage. 
 
 Uana-e, es, f. the daughter of 
 Acrisius, king of Argos, se- 
 duced by Jupiter in the form of 
 a golden shower. 
 
 Dana-i, orum, m. the Greeks, so 
 called from Danaus, one of 
 their kings. 
 
 Danaid-es, um, f. the fifty daugh- 
 ters of Danaus, all of whom, 
 except Hypermnestra, killed 
 their husbands, the sons of 
 their uncle iEgyptus, on the 
 
DAN 
 
 DEC 
 
 217 
 
 marriage night; wherefore Ihey 
 were condemned to draw wa- 
 ter out of deep wells with 
 buckets full of holes. 
 
 Dani-el, # elis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Daphn-e, es, f. a nymph, beloved 
 by Apollo. 
 
 Daphn-is, idis, m. the son of 
 Mercury, the first writer of 
 pastorals. 
 
 Dapis, gen. dap-em, e, f. of a 
 feast, banquet. 
 
 Dardanid-x, arum, the Trojans, 
 so called from Dardanus, the 
 founder of Troy. 
 
 Dardanid-es, <e, m. iEneas. 
 
 Dar-es, etis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Darl-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Datam-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Dat-is, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Datus, part, of do. 
 
 D. D. for Divinitatis Doctor, a 
 Doctor of Divinity. 
 
 D. D. D. for dat, dicat, dedicat. 
 
 D. D. C. Q. for dicat, dedicat, 
 consecratque. 
 
 De, prep, abl of, concerning. 
 
 De-a, se, f. a goddess. 
 
 Deb-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to owe, 
 to be obliged, I ought. 
 
 Deced-o, ere; cess-i, um. neut. to 
 depart, retire. 
 
 Decern, adj. indecl. ten. 
 
 Decemvir, i, m. one of the ten 
 men, who governed the Com- 
 monwealth. 
 
 Dec-eo, ere, ui, neut. and act. to 
 become, to beseem. 
 
 Decern-o, ere, decre-vi, turn, act. 
 to discern, judge, decide, de- 
 cree. 
 
 Decertatur, impers. from decer- 
 to. 
 
 Decert-o, are, neut. to contend. 
 
 Decid-o, ere; decidi, neut. to fall 
 down. 
 
 Decies, adv. ten times. 
 
 Decim-us, a, um, adj. the tenth. 
 
 Decipi-o, ere; cep-i, turn, act. to 
 entrap, deceive. 
 
 Declar-o, are, act. to declare. 
 
 Decorum, i, n. comeliness; deco- 
 rum. 
 
 Decor-us, a, um, adj. comely, de- 
 cent. 
 
 Decurr-o, ere; curri, or cucurri, 
 neut. and act. to run down, or 
 along, describe hastily. 
 
 Decursus, part, of decurro. 
 
 Dec-us, oris, n. grace, honour. 
 
 Dedec-eo, ere, act. to misbecome. 
 
 Dedec-us, oris, n. disgrace, dis- 
 honour. 
 
 Dedic-o, are, act. to dedicate, 
 consecrate. 
 
 Deduc-o, ere; duxi, ductum, act. 
 to lead, accompany, persuade. 
 
 Defector, is, m. a turncoat, run- 
 away. 
 
 Defendens, part, of 
 
 Defend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
 keep off, defend. 
 
 Defensio, nis, f. a defence. 
 
 Defensor, is, m. a defender, pre- 
 server. 
 
 Defer-o, re; tuli; latum, act. to 
 carry, bring, report, offer. 
 
 Defess-us, a, um, adj. weary. 
 
 Defic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. and 
 neut. to leave, fail, faint. 
 
 Dent, defieri, defect, to be want- 
 ing. 
 
 Deflagratio, nis,f. a burning, con- 
 flagration. 
 
 Deflagratus, part, of 
 
 Deflagr-o, are, neut. to be burnt 
 down. 
 
 Defunctus, part, of 
 
 Defung-or, i, defunctus, dep. to 
 go through with a business, 
 discharge; munere, an office. 
 
 Degener, is, adj. unlike his an- 
 cestors. 
 
 Degeneratus, part, of 
 
 Degener-o, are, act. and neut. to 
 degenerate. 
 
 Deglub-o, ere, i, itum, act. to 
 peel, flay. 
 
 Dehinc, adv. henceforth, lad 
 then. 
 
 19 
 
218 
 
 DEI 
 
 DEP 
 
 Deinde, adv. from thence, then. 
 
 Deiopei-a, se, f. one of Juno's 
 nymphs. 
 
 Deiphob-e, es, f. the daughter of 
 Glaucus, the Cumean Sibyl. 
 
 Deiphob-us, i, m. son of Priam. 
 
 Delab-or, i; delapsus, dep. to 
 slip, fall, descend. 
 
 Delect-o, are, act. to allure, de- 
 light. 
 
 Del-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 
 blot out, destroy. 
 
 Deli-a, ae, f. Diana. 
 
 Deliberatio, nis, f. a considera- 
 tion. 
 
 Deliber-o, are, act. to deliberate. 
 
 Delici-um, i, n. pi. delici-ae, arum, 
 f. a delight, pleasure. 
 
 Delig-o, ere; dele-gi, ctum, act. 
 to choose. 
 
 Deli-us, i, m. Apollo. 
 
 Del-os, or us, i, f. an island in 
 the JEgean sea, where Latona 
 was delivered of Apollo and 
 Diana. 
 
 Delph-i, orum, m. a city on 
 mount Parnassus, where the 
 oracle of Apollo was. 
 
 Delph-in, Inis; and delphin-us, i, 
 m. a dolphin. 
 
 Demen-s, tis, adj. mad, silly. 
 
 Demir-or, ari, atus, dep. to ad- 
 mire greatly. 
 
 Demol-ior, iri, itus, dep. to de- 
 molish. 
 
 Demosthenes, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Demum, adv. at length. 
 
 Den-i, ae, a, adj. ten. 
 
 Denique, adv. finally, at length. 
 
 Dens-us, a, um, adj. thick, close. 
 
 Depasc-o, ere, pavi, pastum, act. 
 and neut. to feed, graze, 
 browze. 
 
 Depastus, part, of depasco. 
 
 Depend-eo, ere, i; depensum, 
 neut. to hang down, or upon. 
 
 Deper-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, hum, 
 neut. to perish, to be greatly 
 in love with one. 
 
 Deploratus, part, of 
 
 Deplor-o, are, act. to lament, be- 
 wail. 
 
 Depopul-or, ari, atus, dep. to de- 
 stroy, pillage. 
 
 Deprav-o, are, act. to ctyrupt. 
 
 Deprehend-o, ere, i, prehensum, 
 act. to catch, discover, perceive. 
 
 Deput-o, are, act. to prune, judge, 
 think. 
 
 Derelictus, part, of 
 
 Derelinqu-o, ere; liqui, lictum, 
 act. to leave, abandon. 
 
 Descend-o, ere, i; nsum, neut. 
 to descend. 
 
 Descens-us, us, m. a descent. 
 
 Descisc-o, ere; descivi, neut. to 
 revolt. 
 
 Deser-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to leave 
 off, to forsake. 
 
 Desertus, part, of desero. 
 
 Des-es, idis, adj. idle, slothful. 
 
 Desideri-um, i, n. a desire, long- 
 ing. 
 
 Desidero, are, act; to desire, to 
 want. 
 
 Desidi-a, se, f. slothfulness. 
 
 Designo, are, act. to mark out, 
 design. 
 
 Desin-o, ere; desi-vi, or i, turn, 
 neut. and act. to leave, desist, 
 cease. 
 
 Desist-o, ere; destiti, neut. to de- 
 part, desist. 
 
 Despectus, part, of despicio. 
 
 Desperatus, part, of 
 
 Desper-o, are, act. to despair. 
 
 Despic-io, ere; despe-xi, ctum, 
 act. to look down, despise. 
 
 De-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
 wanting. 
 
 De-us, i, m. and f. a god, goddess. 
 
 Deterg-eo, ere; or deterg-o, ere; 
 deters-i, um, act. to wipe, wipe 
 off, to pare. 
 
 Deterior, comp. of deter, obsolete, 
 worse, feebler, superl. deterri- 
 mus. 
 
 Deterr-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 deter, discourage, dissuade. 
 
 Detestatus, part, of 
 
DET 
 
 DIG 
 
 219 
 
 Detest-or, ari, atus, dep. to de- 
 test, abhor, call to witness. 
 
 Deton-o, are, ui, neut. to thunder, 
 to cease to thunder. 
 
 Detractus, part, of » 
 
 Detrah-o, ere, detra-xi, ctum, 
 act. to take away, to detract. 
 
 Detriment-um, i, n. damage, loss. 
 
 Deturb-o, are, act. to tumble 
 down, disturb. 
 
 Deven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 come down. 
 
 Devinc-io, ire; devin-xi, ctum, 
 act. to bind fast, oblige, endear. 
 
 Devov-eo, ere, i; devotum, act. to 
 devote. 
 
 Dext-er, era, urn; or ra, rum, adj. 
 right, fit, favourable. 
 
 Dialect-ds, or us, i, f. a dialect. 
 
 Dian-a, se, f. daughter of Jupiter 
 and Latona; she was called in 
 heaven Phoebe, on earth Diana, 
 and under the earth Hecate. 
 
 Diametr-os,oms,i,f. the diameter. 
 
 Dic-a, am, as, f. an action at law. 
 
 Dica-x, cis, adj. talkative. 
 
 Dicens, part, of 
 
 Die o, ere; dixi; dictum, act. 
 to speak, say. 
 
 Dic-o, are, act. to vow, dedicate. 
 
 Dictator, is, m. a dictator. 
 
 Dictit-o, are, freq. to tell often, 
 pretend. 
 
 Dict-um, i, n. a saying, word. 
 
 Dictus, part, of dico. 
 
 Did-o, us, or onis, f. noun pr. 
 
 Di-es,ei, m. and f.plur. m.theday. 
 
 Differ-o, re; distuli, dilatum, act. 
 to scatter, carry about, defer. 
 
 Diflfertus, part, filled, stuffed. 
 
 Difficile, or difficiliter, adv. from 
 
 Difficil-is, is, e, adj . hard, difficult. 
 
 Difficulta-s, tis, f. difficulty. 
 
 Diffidens, part of diffido. 
 
 Diffidenti-a, <e, f. mistrust, diffi- 
 dence. 
 
 Diffld-o, ere, i, or fisus sum, 
 neut. to mistrust. 
 
 Diifind-o, ere; difFidi, diffissum, 
 act. to slit, cut asunder. 
 
 Digit-us, i, m. a finger. 
 Dignatus, part, of dignor. 
 Dignita-s, tis, f. dignity. 
 Dign-or, ari, atus, dep. to think 
 
 worthy, vouchsafe, to be 
 
 thought worthy. 
 Dign-us, a, um, worthy, deserv- 
 ing; laude, of praise. 
 Dijudic-o, are, act. to discern, 
 
 decide. 
 Dilab-or, i; dilapsus, dep. to slip 
 
 aside, waste away. 
 Dilapsus, part, of dilabor. 
 Dilectus, adj. and part, of diligo. 
 Diligen-s, tis, adj. diligent. 
 Diligenter, adv. from diligens. 
 Diligenti-a, x, f. diligence. 
 Dilig-o, ere; dile-xi, ctum, act. to 
 
 favour, love. 
 Dilucescit, impers. it dawns. 
 Dimensus, part, of 
 Dimet-ior, iri; dimensus, dep. to 
 
 measure. 
 Dimicatio, nis, f. a contest. 
 Dimic-o, are, ui, or avi, atum, 
 
 neut. to fight. 
 Dimidi-um, i, n. the half. 
 Dimidi-us, a, um, adj. half. 
 Dimitt-o, ere; dimis-i, sum, act. 
 
 to dismiss, send about. 
 Dimov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to 
 
 remove, displace. 
 Dindymen-e, es, f. Cybele, wor- 
 shipped on Mount Dindymus. 
 Dion, is, m. noun pr. 
 Dion-e, es, f. a sea nymph, and 
 
 mother of Venus. 
 Dionysi-us, i, m. noun pr. also a 
 
 title of Bacchus. 
 Diphthong-us, i, f. a diphthong. 
 Dirim-o, ere; direm-i, ptum, act. 
 
 to break off", end. 
 Dirip-io, ere, ui; direptum, act. 
 
 to tear asunder, rob, pillage. 
 Diru-o,ere,i, turn, act. to destroy. 
 Dir-us, a, um, adj. direful, cruel. 
 Dis,DItis,m. Pluto, theGod of hell. 
 Disceditur, impers. from 
 Disced-o, ere; cessi, cessum, 
 
 neut. to depart, cease. 
 
220 
 
 DIS 
 
 DIV 
 
 Disc-o, ere? didici, act. to learn. 
 Discordi-a, se, f. dissension, vari- 
 ance. 
 Discrim-en, inis, n. difFerence, 
 
 hazard, danger. 
 Discruci-or, ari, atus, dep. to be 
 
 much vexed. 
 Discut-io, ere; cuss-i, urn, act. to 
 
 dash to pieces, discuss, shake 
 
 off. 
 Disert-us, a, um, adj. copious, 
 
 eloquent. . 
 Disjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to 
 
 scatter. 
 Displic-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. 
 
 to displease. 
 Disputatur, impers. from 
 Disput-o, are, to reason, dis- 
 course, de aliqua re. 
 Disser-o, ere, ui, turn, to dis- 
 course, debate. 
 Dissimil-is, is, e, adj. unlike. 
 Dissimilitud-o, inis, f. unlikeness. 
 Dissimul-o, are, act. to dissemble. 
 Dissipatus, part of 
 Dissip-o, are, act. to scatter. 
 Dissolv-o, ere, i; solutum, act. to 
 
 loose, dissolve. 
 Distend-o, ere, i; ntum, or nsum, 
 
 act. to stretch out. 
 Distentus, part of distendo. 
 Distribu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 
 
 distribute. 
 Districtus, part, of 
 Distring-o, ere; nxi, ctum, act. to 
 
 bind, strike, draw. 
 Dithyramb -us, i, m. a title of 
 
 Bacchus, a song in honour of 
 
 Bacchus. 
 Ditio, nis, f. power, authority. 
 Diu, adv. comp. diutius, diu- 
 
 tissime, a long time. 
 Diuturn-us, a, um, adj. lasting, 
 
 long. 
 Divers-us, a, um, adj. sundry, 
 
 divers. 
 Div-es, itis, adj. rich; comp. di- 
 
 vitor, or ditior, ditissimus. 
 Divid-o, ere; divis-i, um, act. to 
 
 divide. 
 
 Divinitus, adv. from God, by the 
 divine power. 
 
 Divin-us, a, um, adj. divine, more 
 than human. 
 
 Diviti-se, arum, f. riches. 
 
 Div-us, i, m. a God. 
 
 Doc-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to 
 teach. 
 
 Docte, adv. from doctus. 
 
 Doctor, is, m. a teacher, doctor. 
 
 Doctrin-a, ae, f. doctrine, learn- 
 ing, erudition, wisdom. 
 
 Doct-us, a, um, adj. and part, of 
 doceo, learned, skilful, taught. 
 
 Dol-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
 in pain, to grieve. 
 
 Dolor, is, m. pain, grief. 
 
 Dol-us, i, m. a device, trick, de- 
 ceit. 
 
 Domicili-um, i, n. an abode. 
 
 Domin-a, se, f. a mistress, lady. 
 
 Dominatio, nis, f. authority, ty- 
 ranny. 
 
 Domin-us, i, m. the master, lord. 
 
 Dom-o, are, ui, itum, act. to 
 tame, to vanquish. 
 
 Dom-us, us, or i, f. the house, 
 home. 
 
 Donee, adv. and conj. as long as, 
 until. 
 
 Don-o, are, to bestow, forgive, 
 present; alicui aliquid, or alt- 
 quern aliqua re. «. 
 
 Dori-s, dis, f. daughter of Ocea- 
 nus and Thetis, who being 
 married to her brother Nereus, 
 had many nymphs by him call- 
 ed Nereides. 
 
 Dorm-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 sleep. 
 
 Dors-um, i, n. a back. 
 
 Do-s, tis, f. a dowry, endowment. 
 
 Dryad-es, um, f. goddesses of the 
 woods. 
 
 Dubitatio, nis, f. a doubt, hesita- 
 tion. 
 
 Dubitatur, impers. from 
 
 Dubit-o, are, neut. to doubt, hesi- 
 tate. 
 
 Dubi-um, i, n. a doubt, jeopardy. 
 
DUB 
 
 EFF 
 
 221 
 
 Dubi-us, a, um, adj. doubtful, 
 dangerous. 
 
 Ducent-i, se, a, adj. two hundred. 
 
 Duc-o, ere; duxi, ductum, act. 
 to lead, reckon. 
 
 Ductor, is, m. a leader, guide. 
 
 Dulc-is, is, e, adj. sweet. 
 
 Dura, adv. and conj. until, whilst. 
 
 Duramodo, adv. and conj. pro- 
 vided that. 
 
 Dumnori-x, gis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Dum-us, i, m. a bush of briars, 
 brambles. 
 
 Du-o, a?, o, adj. two. 
 
 Dupl-ex, icis, adj. double. 
 
 Dupl-us, a, um, adj. double, 
 twice as much. 
 
 Dure, or duriter, adv. from durus. 
 
 Dur-o, are, act. and neut. to har- 
 den, bear, to last. 
 
 Dur-us, a, um, adj. hard. 
 
 Du-x, cis, c. g. a leader, com- 
 mander. 
 
 E,or ex,prep.«6/.of,according to 
 
 Ebrieta-s, tis, f. drunkenness. 
 
 Ec-quis, qua, quod, or quid, 
 pron. who, whether any one. 
 
 Eda-x, cis,adj. eating, gluttonous. 
 
 Edepol, for per Deum Pollucem, 
 adv. by Pollux. 
 
 Editus, part, of 
 
 Ed-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to put 
 forth, publish, bring forth. 
 
 Ed-o, ere, or esse, edi, esum, act. 
 to eat. 
 
 Edoc-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to ' 
 teach. 
 
 Educatus, part, of 
 
 Ediic-o, are, act. to feed, teach, 
 educate. 
 
 Ediic-o, ere; edu-xi, ctum, act. 
 to lead forth, bring out. 
 
 EfFer-o, re; extuli, elatum, act. 
 to bring, or carry out; utter, 
 exalt. 
 
 Effica-x, cis, adj. efficacious, ef- 
 fectual. 
 
 Effic-io, ere; effec-i, turn, act. to 
 accomplish, effect, bring to 
 pass, make. 
 
 19 
 
 Effod-io, ere, i; fossum, act. to 
 
 dig out. 
 Effoet-us, or effet-us, a, um, adj. 
 
 barren, decayed, worn out. 
 Effusio, nis, f. prodigality, ex- 
 pense. 
 E. G. for exempli gratia, for ex- 
 ample. 
 Egen-us, a, um, adj. in want; ali- 
 
 cujus rei or aliqua re. 
 Eg-eo, ere, ui, neut. to need, be 
 
 in want; aliqua re or alicujus rei . 
 Egeri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Egesaret-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Egesta-s, tis, f. poverty, want. 
 Ego; mei, mihi, pron. I. 
 Egomet, I myself. 
 Egred-ior, i; egressus, dep. to 
 
 go out,or beyond; the city, vr- 
 
 bem, or ex urbe. 
 Egregie, adv. from 
 Egregi-us, a, um, adj. excellent, 
 
 eminent. 
 Egressus, part, of egredior. 
 Ehem ! interj . O strange! hah! 
 Eheu! interj. ah! alas! 
 Eia! well then! O fie! 
 Ejic-io, ere; ejec-i, turn, act. to 
 
 cast out, banish; from the city 
 
 (ex) urbe. 
 Ejusmodi, adv. for ejus modi, of 
 
 the same sort, of such kind. 
 Elabor-o,are,act. to make, finish. 
 Electr-a, x, f. daughter of Aga- 
 
 memmon and Clytemnestra, 
 
 who incited Orestes to revenge 
 
 their father's death. 
 Electus, part, of eligo. 
 Elegan-s, tis, adj. handsome. 
 Eleus-is, is, f. noun pr. 
 Elig-o, ere; ele-gi, ctum, act. to 
 
 choose, elect. 
 Eloquenti-a, a;, f. eloquence. 
 Eluc-eo,erc; eluxi,neut.to shine, 
 
 be manifest. 
 Emensus, part, of, emetior. 
 Ement-ior, iri, itus, dep. to lie, 
 
 pretend. 
 Ementitus, part, of ementior. 
 Emerg-o, ere; emers-i, um, neut 
 
222 
 
 EME 
 
 ERI 
 
 to emerge, swim out, extri- 
 cate. 
 
 Emet-ior, irl 5 emensus, dep. to 
 measure, travel over. 
 
 Eminus, adv. at a distance. 
 
 Em-o, ere, i, ptum, act. to buy. 
 
 Enim, conj. for, truly. 
 
 Enni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Enorm-is, is, e, adj. out of rule, 
 vast. 
 
 Enormiter, adv. from enormis. 
 
 Ens-is, is, m. a sword. 
 
 Eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to go. 
 
 Eo, adv. thither, to that place, to 
 that degree. 
 
 Eo-us, a, um, adj. eastern, orien- 
 tal. 
 
 Emic-o, are, ui, neut. to shine 
 forth, jump out, appear. 
 
 Epaminond-as, x, m. noun pr. 
 
 Epicure-us, a, um, adj. of the 
 sect of Epicurus. 
 
 Epistol-a, <e, f. an epistle, letter. 
 
 Epitom-e, es, f. an abridgment. 
 
 Epul-um, i, n. a banquet; plur. 
 epul-se, arum, f. 
 
 Equ-es, itis, c. g. a horseman, 
 knight. 
 
 Equester, or equestr-is, is, e,[adj. 
 equestrian, of the horse. 
 
 Equin-us, a, um, adj. belonging 
 to a horse. 
 
 Equitat-us, us, m. the cavalry, 
 riding. 
 
 Equ-us, i, m. a horse. 
 
 Erat-o, us, f. the Muse presiding 
 over love. 
 
 Ereb-us, i, m. hell. 
 
 Erectus, part, of erigo. 
 
 Erem-us, i, f. a wilderness, de- 
 sert. 
 
 E reptus, part, of eripio. 
 
 Erga, prep. ace. towards, against. 
 
 Ergo, subst. indecl. for the sake; 
 of honour, honoris. 
 
 Ergo, conj. therefore. 
 
 Eridan-us, i, m. the river Po; also 
 called Padus. 
 
 Erig-o, ere; ere-xi, ctum, act. to 
 erect. 
 
 Erigon-e, es, f. daughter of Ica- 
 rus; having hanged herself on 
 account of her father's death, 
 she was taken to heaven, and 
 made the sign of Virgo. 
 
 Erinn-ys, yos, f. the common 
 name of the three Furies. 
 
 Erip-io, ere, ui; ereptum, act. to 
 take by force, rescue. 
 
 Erogit-o, are, freq. to ask greatly, 
 extort. 
 
 Errabund-us, a, um, adj. wander- 
 ing, straying. 
 
 Erratus, part, of 
 
 Err-o, are, neut. and act. to rove, 
 err, wander over. 
 
 Error, is, m. a" wandering, error. 
 
 Erubesc-o, ere; erubui, incept, 
 to become red, to blush. 
 
 Eru-dio, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 teach, instruct; in an art, (de) ' 
 arte. 
 
 Eruditus, part, of erudio. 
 
 Eruptio, nis, f. a bursting forth, a 
 sally. 
 
 Erycln-a, se, f. a title of Venus. 
 
 Esc-a, x, f. meat, food, bait. 
 
 Esur-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to de- 
 sire to eat, to be hungry. 
 
 Et, conj. and; et, et t both, and. 
 
 Eteocl-es, eos, m. son of CEdi- 
 pus, who with his brother Po- 
 lynices reigned alternately year 
 by year, and at last killed each 
 other. 
 
 Etiam, conj. also, too, yea. 
 
 Euax! interj. huzza. 
 
 Euclid-es, is, m. noun pr. a fa- 
 mous geometrician. 
 
 Euge! interj. well done. 
 
 Eumen-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Eumenid-es, um, the three Fu- 
 ries, daughters of Acheron and 
 Nox. 
 
 Eunuch-us, i, m. a eunuch. 
 
 Euphranor, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Euphrat-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Euphrosyn-e, es, f. one of the 
 three Graces. 
 
 Eurial-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
EUR 
 
 EXE 
 
 223 
 
 Europ-a, se, f. daughter of Agen- 
 or; she was carried by Jupi- 
 ter, in the form of a white bull, 
 into Crete, and gave name to 
 one of the four quarters of the 
 world. 
 
 Euterp-e, es, f. the Muse presid- 
 ing over music. 
 
 Evan-s, tis, adj. shouting in praise 
 of Bacchus. 
 
 Evax, see euax. 
 
 Even-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 come, or fall out, happen. 
 
 Evenit, it happens, impers. from 
 evenio. 
 
 Event-us, us, m. an event, chance. 
 
 Eversus, part, of 
 
 Evert-o, ere, i; eversum, act. to 
 turn, overthrow. 
 
 Evigilat-us, a, urn, done with 
 care, part, of 
 
 Evigil-o, are, neut. to watch, be 
 careful , study by night. 
 
 Evinc-io, ire; evinxi, act. to bind 
 around. 
 
 Evinctus, part, of evincio. 
 
 Evol-o, are, neut. to fly away. 
 
 Ex, see E. 
 
 Exced-o, ere; excess-i, urn, neut. 
 to go out, exceed. 
 
 Exceptus, part, of excipio. 
 
 Excidi-um, i, n.ruin, destruction. 
 
 Excind-o, ere; exci-di, ssum, act. 
 to cut out, destroy. 
 
 Excip-io, ere; excep-i, turn, act. 
 to receive, take up, entertain, 
 catch, succeed. 
 
 Excisus, part, of excido, cut out. 
 
 Excit-o, are, act. to rouse, in- 
 cite. 
 
 Exclam-o, are, neut. and act. to 
 cry out, call. 
 
 Excruciatus, part, of excrucio. 
 
 Excruci-o, are, act. to torment, 
 afflict. 
 
 Excusatio, nis, f. the excuse, 
 plea. 
 
 Excus-o, arc, act. to excuse. 
 
 Excut-io, ere; excuss-i, urn, act. 
 to shake off, to strike out. 
 
 Execratus, part, of 
 
 Execror, see exsecror, 
 
 Exempl-um, i, n. an example, 
 precedent. 
 
 Ex-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to go 
 out. 
 
 Exequise, exequor, etc. see exse- 
 quiae, etc. 
 
 Exerc-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to ex- 
 ercise, vex. 
 
 Exercitatio, nis, f. exercise, prac- 
 tice. 
 
 Exercit-us, us, m. an army. 
 
 Exhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 show. 
 
 Exig-o, ere; exegi, exactum, act. 
 to expel, extort, finish. 
 
 Exili-um, i, n. exile. 
 
 Eximi-us, a, urn, adj. select, ex- 
 cellent. 
 
 Existimatio, nis, f. the opinion, 
 estimation. 
 
 Existim-o, are, act. to think, es- 
 teem. 
 
 Exist-o, ere; extiti, neut. to ex- 
 ist, to be. 
 
 Exiti-um, i, n. the departure, 
 ruin. 
 
 Exit-us, us, m. the issue, result, 
 death. 
 
 Exolesc-o, ere; exol-ui, or evi, 
 etum, neut. to become stale, to 
 go out of use. 
 
 Exoletus, part, of exolesco. 
 
 Exor-ior, iri, tus, dep. to rise, 
 spring up. 
 
 Exors, see exsors. 
 
 Exos, sis, adj. without bones. 
 
 Exos-us, a, um, part. act. of odi, 
 hating. 
 
 Expavesc-o, ere; vi, incept, to 
 become frighted. 
 
 Expectatio,nis,f. the expectation. 
 
 Exped-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 disengage, to get ready. 
 
 Expeditus, part, of expedio. 
 
 Expell-o, ere; expul-i, sum, act. 
 to expel, banish. 
 
 Expergisc-or, i, expcrrectus, dcp. 
 to awake. 
 
224 
 
 EXP 
 
 EXT 
 
 Exper-ior, iri, tus, dep. to try, 
 
 experience. 
 Expert-us, a, um, adj. expert, 
 
 having- tried, being tried, part. 
 
 of experior. 
 Expetit, impers. it is meet. 
 Expet-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to 
 
 desire. 
 Expl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 
 
 fill, complete, satiate. 
 Explic-o, are, ui, or avi, itum or 
 
 atum, act. to unfold, display, 
 
 explain. 
 Explorator, is, m. an examiner, 
 
 scout. 
 Explor-o, are, act. to pry into, 
 
 reconnoitre. 
 Expon-o, ere; expos-ui, itum. act. 
 
 to set forth, expose, explain, 
 
 to land. 
 Exportatio, nis, f. carrying- out. 
 Expositus, part, of expono. 
 Exprobratio, nis, f. an upbraid- 
 ing-. 
 Expug-n-o, are, act. to take by 
 
 force, conquer. 
 Expulsus, part, of expello. 
 Exsang-u-is, is, e, adj. bloodless, 
 
 pale. 
 Exsecr-or, ari, atus, dep. to 
 
 curse. 
 Exsequi-se, arum, f. funeral so- 
 lemnities. 
 Exsequ-or, i; exsecutus, dep. to 
 
 execute, perform. 
 Exsor-s, tis, adj. without share, 
 
 extraordinary. 
 Exstru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to 
 
 erect, build. 
 Exsurg-o, ere; exsurre-xi, ctum, 
 
 neut. to rise. 
 Ext-a, orum, n. the bowels, en- 
 trails. 
 Extermin-o, are, act. to banish, 
 
 destroy. 
 Exter-us, a, um, adj. foreign, 
 strange; comp. exterior, extre- 
 mus. 
 Extinctus, part, of 
 Extingu-o, ere, extin-xi, ctum, 
 
 act. to extinguish, to put to 
 death. 
 Extorr-is, is, c. g. an exile. 
 Extra, prep. ace. without. 
 Extrem-us, or extim-us, a, um, 
 superl. of extents, the outer- 
 most, the last. 
 Extruo, see exstruo. 
 Exu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to strip, 
 
 free. 
 Exurgo, see exsurgo. 
 Exuvi-je, arum, f. the spoils. 
 Fabi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Fabrici-us, i. m. noun pr. 
 Fabul-a, se, f. a fable, tale. 
 Faci-es, ei, f. the face, visage. 
 Facile, or faciliter, adv. of 
 Facil-is, is, e, adj. easy, pliable, 
 kind; comp. facilior, facilli- 
 mus. 
 Facinoros-us, um, adj. bold, 
 
 wicked. 
 Facin-us, oris, n. a great action, 
 
 a villany. 
 
 Fac-io, ere; feci; factum, act. to 
 
 make; p ass. Jio. Facere aliquern 
 
 certiovem, to inform some one. 
 
 Factio, nis, f. a doing, ability, 
 
 party. 
 Fact-um, i, n. a deed. 
 Facturus, part, of facio. 
 Factus, part, of facio. 
 Faculta-s, tis, f. the faculty, op- 
 portunity. 
 Fsemina, see femina. 
 Falla-x, cis, adj. deceitful. 
 Fall-o, ere; fefelli, falsum, act. to 
 
 deceive. 
 Fal-x, cis, f. a hook, scythe. 
 Fam-a, ae, f. fame, rumour. 
 Fam-es, is, f. hunger, dearth. 
 Famili-a, x, f. the household, fa- 
 mily. 
 Familiar-is, is, e, adj. belonging 
 
 to the family, familiar. 
 Familiarita-s, tis, f. familiarity. 
 Familiariter, adv. from familiaris. 
 Far, is, n. grain, flour. 
 Faris, fatur, etc. fari, fatus, dep. 
 to speak. 
 
FAS 
 
 FER 
 
 225 
 
 Fas, n. indecl. justice, right. 
 
 Fastid-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 abhor, dislike. 
 
 Fastidi-uui, i, n. pride, scorn, 
 loathing". 
 
 Fastigi-um, i, n. the top, sublim- 
 ity. 
 
 Fatal-is, is, e, adj. ordered by- 
 fate, fatal. 
 
 Fat-eor, eri; fassus, dep. to con- 
 fess. • 
 
 Fat-um, i, n. the fate, God's de- 
 cree. 
 
 Faun-us, i, m. plur. Fauni, the 
 Gods of the fields and woods. 
 
 Fau-x, cis, f. plur. fauces, the 
 jaws, straits. 
 
 Fav-eo, ere, i; fautum, neut. to 
 favour; alicui. 
 
 Favetur, impers. from faveo. 
 
 Favoni-us, i, m. the west wind. 
 
 Fax, facis, f. a torch, an incendi- 
 ary. 
 
 Faxim; faxo, is, it, for fecerim, 
 fecero. 
 
 Febr-is, is, f. a fever. 
 
 Febru-a, um, and orum, n. a 
 feast of atonement for twelve 
 days in the month of February, 
 which thence received its 
 name. 
 
 Felicita-s, tis, f. fortune, felicity, 
 opulence. 
 
 Feliciter, adv. from 
 
 Fel-ix, Tcis, adj. happy. 
 
 Femin-a, x, f. a woman. 
 
 P'emine-us, a, um, adj. feminine, 
 woman-like. 
 
 Fem-ur, oris, n. the thigh. 
 
 Fenestr-a, ae, f. a window, hole, 
 inlet. 
 
 Fenus, see fcenus. 
 
 Fer-a, ae, f. a wild beast. 
 
 Fera-x, cis, adj. fertile. 
 
 Fere, adv. almost. 
 
 Feretri-us, i, m. a title of Jupi- 
 ter. 
 
 Fer-io, ire, (percuss-i, um, from 
 percutio,) to cut, strike, 
 stamp, ratify. 
 
 Ferme, adv. almost, about. 
 
 Fer-o, re; tuli, latum, act. to car- 
 ry, bring, report, say. 
 
 Feroci-a, ae, f. fierceness, cruel- 
 ty- 
 
 Fero-x, cis, adj. fierce, harsh, 
 cruel. 
 
 Ferre-us, a, um, adj. of iron, 
 hard, insensible. 
 
 Fer-us, a, um, adj. wild, cruel. 
 
 Ferrugine-us, a, um, adj. dark, 
 rusty. 
 
 Ferr-um, i, n. iron. 
 
 Festin-o, are, neut. and act. to 
 hasten. 
 
 Fetus, see foetus. 
 
 Fict-us, a, um, adj. false, fabu- 
 lous, feigned, part, of fingo. 
 
 Fic-us, i, or us, f. the fig tree, a 
 fig. 
 
 Fic-us, i, m. the emeroids. 
 
 Fidel-is, is, e. adj. faithful. 
 
 Fideliter, adv. of fidelis. 
 
 Fiden-s, tis, part, and adj. trust- 
 ing, bold, from fido. 
 
 Fid-es, ei, f. faith, trust. 
 
 Fides, or is, is, f. a fiddle, lute, 
 music. 
 
 Fld-o, ere, i; fisum, neut. to 
 trust to. 
 
 Fiduci-a, ae, f. confidence. 
 
 Fid-us, a, um, adj. faithful, safe. 
 
 Fili-a, ae, f. a daughter; abl. pi. 
 abus. 
 
 Fili-us, i, m. a son, voc. sing. Jili. 
 
 Fil-um, i, n. a thread, yarn. 
 
 Final-is, is, e, adj. final. 
 
 Find-o, ere; flsi, fissum, act. to 
 slit, divide. 
 
 Fing-o, ere; fin-xi; fictum, act. to 
 mould, imagine, feign. 
 
 Fin-io, ire, ivi, itum. act. to fin- 
 ish, end. 
 
 Fin-is, is, m. and f. the end, a 
 territory. 
 
 Finitim-us, a, um, adj. bordering 
 upon, nearly related. 
 
 Fio, fieri, factus, pass, of facio, 
 to be made, to become; Jit, it 
 happens. 
 
226 
 
 FIR 
 
 FOR 
 
 Firmatus, part, of firmo. 
 
 Firm-o, are, to strengthen, forti- 
 fy- 
 
 Firm-us, a, um, adj. firm, strong. 
 
 Flagitios-us, a, um, adj. wicked. 
 
 Flagit-o, are, act. to ask eagerly. 
 
 Flagrans, adj. and part, of 
 
 Flagr-o, are, neut. to burn. 
 
 Flamm-a, se, f. flame. 
 
 Fl-o, are, neut. and act. to blow, 
 sound. 
 
 Flor-eo, ere, ui, neut. to flourish. 
 
 Flo-s, ris, m. the flower, bloom. 
 
 Floscul-ns, i, m. dim. a blossom, 
 little flower. 
 
 Fluct-us, us, m. a wave, uncer- 
 tainty. 
 
 Flum-en, inis, n. the stream, ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Fluvi-us, i, m. the river. 
 
 Foedita-s, tis, f. deformity, base- 
 ness. 
 
 Foed-us, eris, n. a league. 
 
 Foed-us, a, um, adj. filthy, vile. 
 
 Foen-us, oris, n. interest, usury. 
 
 Foet-us, us, m. the young. 
 
 Foet-us, a, um, adj. big with 
 young. 
 
 Foemina, see femina. 
 
 Foli-um, i, n. a leaf. 
 
 Fon-s, tis, m. a fountain. 
 
 For-em, es, et, etc. fore; for es- 
 sem, I would be. 
 
 Foris, adv. from abroad, without 
 doors. 
 
 Form-a, se, f. the form, shape. 
 
 Formos-us, a, um, adj. fair, hand- 
 some. 
 
 Forsan, adv. perhaps, perchance. 
 
 Forsitan, ad. perhaps. 
 
 Fortasse, fortassis, adv. perhaps. 
 
 Fort-is, is, e, adj. strong, brave. 
 
 Fortiter, adv. from fortis. 
 
 Fortitud-o, inis, f. patience, cour- 
 age. 
 
 Fortun-a, se, f. fortune, event. 
 
 Fortunat-us, a, um, adj. happy, 
 fortunate. 
 
 For-um, i, n. the market-place, 
 forum. 
 
 For-us, i, m. the deck, hatch of 
 
 a ship. 
 Foss-a, se, f. a ditch, trench. 
 Fove-a, se, f. a pit, cave. 
 Fractus, part, of frango. 
 Frsen-um, i, n. pi. fraen-i, m. 
 
 frsen-a, n. a bridle. 
 Frang-o, ere; fregi; fractum, act. 
 
 to break. 
 Frat-er, ris, m. the brother. 
 Frenum, see frsenum. 
 Frequenti-a, se, f. frequency, a 
 
 great number. 
 Fret-um, i, n. the straits, a frith. 
 Fret-us, a, um, adj. trusting to; 
 
 aliqua re. 
 Frig-eo, ere; frixi, neut. to be, 
 
 or become cold. 
 Fron-s, dis, f. a leaf, bough. 
 Fron-s, tis, f. and m. the front, 
 
 forehead. 
 Fruct-us, us, m. the fruit. 
 Frugifer, a, um, adj. fruitful. 
 Frumentari-us, a, um, adj. be- 
 longing to corn, or forage :fru- 
 
 mentaria res, grain, provisions. 
 Frument-um, i, n. all kinds of 
 
 grain for bread. 
 Fru-or, i, cttis, or itus, dep. to 
 
 enjoy, aliqua re. 
 Frustra, Sidv. in vain. 
 Frux, friigis, f. fruit, corn. 
 Fug-a, se, f. the flight. 
 Fugiens, part, of 
 Fug-io, ere, i, itum, neut. and 
 
 act. to flee, shun. 
 Fug-o, are, act. to chase, put to 
 
 flight. 
 Fulc-io, ire; ful-si, turn, act. to 
 
 prop, sustain. 
 Fulg-eo, ere; si, neut. to shine, 
 
 glitter. 
 Fulgurat, impers. it lightens. 
 Fulgur-o, are, neut. to shine, 
 
 lighten. 
 Fulvi-a, se, f. noun pr. 
 Fumans, part, of 
 Fum-o, are, neut. to smoke. 
 Fundament-um, i, n. the founda- 
 tion. 
 
PUN 
 
 GEN 
 
 227 
 
 Funditus, adv. utterly. 
 
 Fund-o, are, act. to found. 
 
 Fund-o, ere; fu-di, sum, act. to 
 pour out, scatter, to rout. 
 
 Fund-us, i, m. land, property. 
 
 Fung-or, i; functus, dep. to exe- 
 cute, go through, with; fungi 
 munere, to discharge an office. 
 
 Fun-us, eris, n. a funeral, death. 
 
 Fur, fiiris, m. a thief. 
 
 Furc-a, se, f. a fork. 
 
 Furni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Fur-o, ere, neut. to be mad, to 
 rage. 
 
 Furor, is, m. fury, rage, rap- 
 ture. 
 
 Furtim, adv. by stealth. 
 
 Furt-um, i, n. theft, stratagem. 
 
 Fust-is, is, m. a club, cudgel. 
 
 Fusus, part, of fundo. 
 
 Futurus, future, part, of sum. 
 
 Gabi-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Galate-a, x, f. a nymph, daugh- 
 ter of Nereus and Doris. 
 
 Gale-a, x, f. a helmet. 
 
 Gall-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Galli-a, 3e, f. Gaul. 
 
 Gallin-a, x, f. a hen. 
 
 Gall-us, i, m. the cock. 
 
 Ganymed-es, is, m. the son of 
 Tros, who being carried by an 
 eagle into heaven, became Ju- 
 piter's cup-bearer. 
 
 Garr-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 prate. 
 
 Gaud-eo, ere; gavisus sum, neut. 
 to rejoice; at something, aliqua 
 re. 
 
 Gaudi-um, i, n. joy. 
 
 Gaz-a, 3C, f. the treasure. 
 
 Gelascit, impers. it freezes. 
 
 Gemin-us, a, um, adj. double. 
 
 Gemin-i, orum, m. twins. 
 
 Gemit-us, us, m. a groan. 
 
 Gemm-a, x, f. a bud, gem. 
 
 Gem-o, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
 groan. 
 
 Gener, i, m. a son-in-law. 
 
 Gener-o, are, act. to engender, 
 beget, bring forth. 
 
 Generos-us, a, um, adj. noble, 
 generous. 
 
 Genitor, is, m. the father. 
 
 Genitus, part, of gigno. 
 
 Geni-us, i, m. a good, or evil dae- 
 mon attending every man or 
 woman, a guardian angel, ge- 
 nius. 
 
 Gen-s,tis, f. a nation, tribe. 
 
 Gen-u, u, plur. genua, n. the 
 knee. 
 
 Gen-us, eris, n. a kindred, race, 
 kind. 
 
 Gerens, part, of gero. 
 
 German-i, orum, noun gent. 
 
 Germanicus, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ger-o, ere; ges-si, turn, act. to 
 carry, wear, show, manage, 
 conduct. 
 
 Gestus, part, of gero. 
 
 Gignendus, part of 
 
 Gign-o, ere; gen-ui, itum, act. to 
 beget, bring forth. 
 
 Glaci-es, ei, f. the ice. 
 
 Gladiator, is, m. a sword-player, 
 gladiator. 
 
 Gladi-us, i, m. a sword. 
 
 Glan-s, dis, f. an acorn. 
 
 Glauci-a, ze, m. noun pr. 
 
 Glauc-us, i, m. a fisherman, who 
 having leaped into the sea, was 
 transformed into a Triton, and 
 became a sea God. 
 
 Glis, gliris, m. a dormouse. 
 
 Glori-a, se, f. glory. 
 
 Glori-or, ari, atus, dep. to glory, 
 boast; (c/e) aliqua re. 
 
 Glorios-us, a, um, adj. glorious. 
 
 Gnatus, see natus. 
 
 Gorg-on, onis, f. pi. Gorgones, 
 the daughters of Phorcus and 
 Ceto, Medusa, Eurysale, and 
 Stheno; they changed those, 
 that looked on them, into stone. 
 
 Gorgoni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Gracch-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Gracil-is, is, e, adj. slim, weak. 
 
 Grad-ior, i; gressus, dep. to go. 
 
 Gradiv-us, i, m. a title of Mars. 
 
 Grad-us, us, m. a step, degree. 
 
22S 
 
 GRM 
 
 HAB 
 
 Graece, adv. in Greek. 
 
 Graec-i, orum, m. noun gent, the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Graeci-a, ae, noun pr. Greece. 
 
 Graec-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. 
 
 Grai-us, a, um, adj. Grecian. 
 
 Grammatice, adv. grammarian 
 like, according to grammar. 
 
 Grammatic-us, i, m. a gramma- 
 rian. 
 
 Grandee v-us, a, um, adj. old, very 
 old. 
 
 Grandinat, impers. it hails. 
 
 Grandin-o, are, to hail. 
 
 Gran-um, i, n. a grain, kernel. 
 
 Grates, f. nom. ace. and voc. pi. 
 thanks. 
 
 Grati-a,3e, f. grace, honor, reputa- 
 tion, influence, sake. 
 
 Grati-ae, arum, f. thanks; ago tibi 
 gratias, I give you thanks; also 
 the three Graces Aglaia, Tha- 
 lia, and Euphrosync. 
 
 Gratis, adv. freely, without a re- 
 ward. 
 
 Gratulabund-us, a, um, adj. wish- 
 ing joy. 
 
 Gratul-or, ari, atus, dep. to con- 
 gratulate, wish joy; alicui ali- 
 quidov (de) aliqua re. 
 
 Grat-us, a, um, adj. grateful, 
 agreeable. 
 
 Grav-is, is, e, adj. heavy, weigh- 
 ty, grave, solemn. 
 
 Graviter, adv. from gravis. 
 
 Gross-us, i, m. and f. a green fig. 
 
 Grunn-io, ire, neut. to grunt. 
 
 Gryps, gryphis, m. a gripe. 
 
 Gubernacul-um, i, n. the helm, 
 government. 
 
 Gubern-o, are, act. to manage. 
 
 Gust-o, are, act. to taste. 
 
 Gutt-a, a:, f. a drop. 
 
 Ha! interj. ha! ah! 
 
 Hab-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 have, treat, reckon. 
 
 Habit-o, are, freq. to have often, 
 to dwell, inhabit. 
 
 Habit-us, us, m. a habit, de- 
 meanor, apparel. 
 
 Habitus, part, of habeo. 
 
 Haed-us, i, m. a kid. 
 
 Haeredita-s, tis, f. an inheritance. 
 
 Haer-eo, ere; haes-i, um, neut. to 
 stick. 
 
 Haer-es, edis, c. g. an heir. 
 
 Haeres-is, is, or ios, f. an opinion, 
 heresy. 
 
 Hal-ec, ecis, f. and n. the her- 
 ring, the pickle. 
 
 Hal-us, i, f. camfrey. 
 
 Hamilcar, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Hammon, or Ammon, is, m. a ti- 
 tle of Jupiter. 
 
 Ham-us, i, m. the hook. 
 
 Hannibal, see Annibal. 
 
 Harpyi-ae, arum, f. three mon- 
 sters, Jlello, Celceno, and Cy- 
 nete, with the faces of virgins, 
 and bodies of vultures. 
 
 Hast-a, ae, f. a spear. 
 
 Haud, adv. not. 
 
 Haur-io, ire; haus-i, turn, act. to 
 draw, swallow. 
 
 He! he! interject, he! 
 
 Heb-e, es, f. the Goddess of 
 youth, called also Juventas. 
 
 Heb-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be blunt. 
 
 Hebe-s, etis, adj. blunt, dull. 
 
 Hebesc-o,ere,incept.to grow dull. 
 
 Hector, is, m. a son of Priam. 
 
 Hectore-us, a* um, adj. belong- 
 ing to Hector, Hector-like. 
 
 Hei ! interj. woe ! alas ! 
 
 Helen-a,ae,f. the daughter of Le- 
 da, and wife of Menelaus; she 
 eloped with Paris, which caus- 
 ed the Trojan war. 
 
 Helen-us, i, m. a son of Priam. 
 
 Helicon, is, m. a mountain of 
 Boeotia, dedicated to the Muses. 
 
 Hellespont-us, i, m. the Darda- 
 nelles. 
 
 Helveti-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Helveti-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Hem! or hm! interject. 
 
 Hep-ar, aris, n. the liver. 
 
 Hepbaestion, is, m. noun pr. 
 Ephaestion. 
 
 Herb-a, ae, f. an herb, the grass. 
 
HER 
 
 HIS 
 
 229 
 
 Hercul-es, is, m. the son of Jupi- 
 ter and Alcmena,celebrated for 
 his many and dangerous enter- 
 prises. 
 
 Herenni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Heri, adv. yesterday. 
 
 Hermies, se, or etis, m. Mercury. 
 
 Hermion-e, es, f. a daughter of 
 Mars and Venus, married to 
 Cadmus, and changed into a 
 serpent; also a daughter of 
 Menelaus and Helena, married 
 to Pyrrhus. 
 
 Hermola-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Her-os, ois, m. a hero. 
 
 Her-us, i, m. the master, ruler. 
 
 Hesperid-es, um,f. the daughters 
 of Hesperus, brother of Atlas, 
 who had a garden bearing 
 golden apples, watched by a 
 dragon, which was slain by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Hestern-us, a, um, adj. of yester- 
 day. 
 
 Heu! interj. woe! alas! 
 
 Heus! interj. ho, soho, so there! 
 
 Hibern-a, (scil. castra), orum, n. 
 winter quarters. 
 
 Hiberni-a, <t, f. Ireland. 
 
 Hibern-us, a, um, adj. of winter. 
 
 Hie, hsec, hoc, pron. this. 
 
 Hie, adv. here. 
 
 Hicce, hsecce, hocce, gen. hu- 
 jusce, pron. this very one. 
 
 Hiem-s, is, f. winter, a tempest. 
 
 Hinc, adv. hence. 
 
 Hinn-io, ire, neut.to neigh. 
 
 Hippomanes, n. indecl. a piece 
 of flesh on the forehead of a 
 colt, when foaled, which the 
 mare presently bites off; also a 
 philtre. 
 
 Hippon-a, se, f. the goddess of 
 horses and stables. 
 
 Ilirc-us, i, m. a buck goat. 
 
 Hirud-o, inis, f. a leech, blood- 
 sucker. 
 
 Hirund-o, inis, f. a swallow. 
 
 Hispani-a, x, f. Spain. 
 
 Histori-a, se, f. a history. 
 
 Histrio, nis, m. an actor, a quack. 
 
 Ho! hoi! interject. O! 
 
 Hodiern-us, a, um, adj. of this 
 day. 
 
 Hodie, adv. to day. 
 
 Homer-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Hom-o, inis, m. man, a human 
 being. 
 
 Homul-us, i, m. a little man, 
 dwarf. 
 
 Homuncio, nis, m. a sorry fellow, 
 a scrub. 
 
 Homuncul-us, i, m, a little sorry 
 fellow. 
 
 Honest-us, a, um, adj. honoura- 
 ble, honest. 
 
 Honor, or os, oris, m. honour. 
 
 Honoratus, part, of 
 
 Honor-o, are, act. to honour. 
 
 Hor-a, <e, f. the hour, time, sea- 
 son. 
 
 Horati us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Horr-eo, ere, ui, neut. to set up 
 the bristles, to look horrible, 
 to dread. 
 
 Horribil-is, is, e, adj. rough, hor- 
 rid. 
 
 Horrid-us, a, um, adj. rugged, 
 horrible. 
 
 Hort-or, ari, atus, dep. to exhort. 
 
 Hosp-es, itis, c. g.a guest, a host. 
 
 Hospiti-um, i, n. an inn, lodging, 
 hospitality. 
 
 Hostic-us, a, um, adj. belonging 
 to the enemy, the enemy's. 
 
 Hostil-is, is, e, adj. hostile. 
 
 Host-is, is, c. g. the enemy. 
 
 H. S. for L. L. S. two pounds 
 and a half; see sestertius. 
 
 Hue, adv. hither. 
 
 Huccine? adv. what, hither' 
 
 Hui! interj. ho! whow! 
 
 Humane, adv. from humanus. 
 
 Humanita-s, tis, f. humanity, 
 gentleness. 
 
 Humaniter, adv. courteously. 
 
 Human-us, a, um. adj. human, 
 humane. 
 
 Humer-us, i, m. the shoulder. 
 
 llumid-us, a, um, adj. moist, wet. 
 
 20 
 
230 
 
 HUM 
 
 IDA 
 
 Humil-is, is, e, adj. low, humble. 
 
 Hum-us, i, f. the ground; kmi, 
 on the ground. 
 
 Hyacinth-us, i, m. a beautiful 
 boy, beloved by Apollo and 
 Zephyrus; being" killed by 
 Zephyrus, who was jealous of 
 his rival, Apollo changed his 
 blood into a flower, called hya- 
 cinth. 
 
 Hyad-es, um, f. the seven daugh- 
 ters of Atlas and JEthra, who 
 were changed into seven stars 
 in the head of Taurus, whilst 
 bewailing their, brother Hyas. 
 
 Hyberna, see hiberna. 
 
 Hyblae-us, a, um, adj. Hyblaean, 
 from Hybla, a town of Sicily, 
 celebrated for its honey. 
 
 Hydr-a, ae, f. a water snake, that 
 had fifty heads, arid Was killed 
 by Hercules in the lake Lerna. 
 
 Hydr-ops, 5pis, m. the dropsy. 
 
 Hyems, see hiems. 
 
 Hym-en, enis, m. the God of 
 marriage. 
 
 Hymenae-us, i, m. a marriage, 
 marriage-song. 
 
 Hyperbore-us,a,um,adj. northern. 
 
 Hyperid-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Hypermnestr-a, ae, f. one of the 
 fifty daughters of Danaus, who 
 alone spared her husband. 
 
 Hystasp-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Iacch-us, i, m. a title of Bacchus. 
 
 Iapet-us, i, m. the father of Pro- 
 metheus, the Greeks account- 
 ed him the founder of their 
 nation. 
 
 lasid-es, is, m. Palinurus, the son 
 of Iasius. 
 
 Ib-er, eri, m. pi. Iber-i, orum, a 
 people of Spain. 
 
 Ibi, adv. there. 
 
 Ibidem, adv. there, in the same | 
 place. 
 
 Icari-us, a, um, adj. Icarian, from 
 
 Icar-us, i, m. the son of Daedalus, 
 who flying with his father from 
 Crete into Cicily, and soaring 
 too high, melted the wax of 
 
 his wings, and fell into the 
 sea, thence called the Icarian 
 sea. 
 
 Id-a, ae, f. a mountain near Troy, 
 where Paris adjudged the prize 
 of beauty to Venus, against 
 Juno and Pallas. 
 
 Idcirco, conj. therefore. 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, pron. the 
 same. 
 
 Ideo, adv. therefore. 
 
 Idone-us, a, um, adj. fit, conve- 
 nient. 
 
 Id-us, uum, f. the Ides, the 
 eighth day, or eight days after 
 the Nones, the fifteenth of 
 March, May, July, and October, 
 in the other months the thir- 
 teenth. 
 
 I. E. or i. e. for id est, that is. 
 
 Igitur, conj. therefore, then. 
 
 Ignar-us, a, um, adj. ignorant. 
 
 Ignavi-a, ae, f. inactivity, cow- 
 ardice. 
 
 Ign-is, is, m. fire; abl. e and i. 
 
 Ignobil-is, is, e, adj. ignoble. 
 
 Ignominios-us, a, um, adj. infa- 
 mous. 
 
 Ignoscitur, impers. from 
 
 Ignosc-o, ere; igno-vi, turn, neut. 
 to forgive, pardon; alicui. 
 
 Iguvin-i, orum, noun gent. 
 
 Iguvi-um, i, noun pr. 
 
 Illcet, adv. forthwith. 
 
 Ili-on, or um, i, n. the city Troy. 
 
 Ilion-e, es, f. the eldest of Priam's 
 daughters. 
 
 llle, ilia, illud, pron. he, she, it. 
 
 Illegitim-us, a, um, adj. unlawful. 
 
 Illic, adv. there, in that place. 
 
 Illico, adv. forthwith, upon the 
 spot. 
 
 Illustr-is, is, e, adj. bright, glo- 
 rious. 
 
 Illuvi-es, ei, f. filthiness, filth. 
 
 ll-us, i, m. the son of Tros, and 
 father of Laomedon, from 
 whom Troy was called Ilion. 
 
 Imag-o, inis, f. a resemblance, 
 image. 
 
 Imbecilita-s, tis, f. weakness. 
 
1MB 
 
 IMP 
 
 231 
 
 Imb-er, ris, m. a shower; abl. e 
 and i. 
 
 Imbu-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to im- 
 brue, season, instruct, aliquem 
 arte. 
 
 Imitator, is, m. a resembler, imi- 
 tator. 
 
 Imit-or, ari, atus, dep. to imitate. 
 
 Immatur-us, a, um, adj. prema- 
 ture, unripe. 
 
 Imminu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to di- 
 minish. 
 
 Imminutus, part, of imminuo. 
 
 Immit-is, is, e, adj. cruel, unripe. 
 
 Immortal-is, is, e, adj. immortal. 
 
 Immund-us, a, um. adj. impure, 
 filthy. 
 
 Imo, adv. andconj. yea, nay. 
 
 Impediment-um, i, n. a hindrance. 
 
 Imped-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 hinder. 
 
 Impell-o, ere; impul-i, sum, act. 
 to drive forward, incite. 
 
 Impens-a, x, f. the expence. 
 
 Imperat-um, i, n. a command. 
 
 Imperator, is, m. a commander. 
 
 Imperatur, impers. from 
 
 Imper-o, are, act. to command; 
 enjoin, exact; alicui aliquid. 
 
 Imperi-um, i, n. the command, 
 government. 
 
 Imperit-us, a, um, adj. unskilful, 
 ignorant; in the law, juris. 
 
 Impert-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 impart, present; alicui aliquid, 
 or aliquem aliqua re. 
 
 Impert-ior, iri, itus, pass, and 
 dep. to present, and to be pre- 
 sented. 
 
 Impetr-o, are, act. to obtain. 
 
 Impet-us, us, m. the instinct, 
 force, shock. 
 
 Impig-er, ra, rum, adj. diligent, 
 active. 
 
 Impi-us, a, um, adj. impious, 
 wicked. 
 
 Impl-eo, ere,evi, etum, act. to fill. 
 
 Impon-o, ere; impos-ui, itum, 
 act. to put, or lay on, impose; 
 alicui aliquid. 
 
 Imp-os, otis, adj. unable, without 
 
 the power of; the mind, animi. 
 
 Impoten-s, tis, adj. weak, unable 
 to govern; one's self, sui. 
 
 Improviso, adv. unexpectedly. 
 
 Improvis-us, a, um, adj. unfore- 
 seen. 
 
 Impuden-s, tis, adj. shameless, 
 impudent. 
 
 lmpudenti-a, x, f. impudence. 
 
 Impune, adv. without hurt, with 
 impunity. 
 
 Imus, see inferus. 
 
 In, prep. ace. and abl. into, 
 against, in, among, concern- 
 ing, etc. 
 
 Inachi-a, x, f. noun pr. 
 
 Inach-is, idis, f. a title of Io. 
 
 Inan-is, is, e, adj. empty, silly. 
 
 Incan-us, um, very white, hoar)'. 
 
 Inced-o, ere; incess-i, um, neut. 
 to go, strut. 
 
 Incend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
 fire, inflame. 
 
 Incept um, i, n. a beginning, en- 
 terprise. 
 
 Inceptus, part, of incipio. 
 
 Incert-us, a, um, adj. uncertain. 
 
 Incess-us, us, m. a stately gait. 
 
 lncid-o, ere, i, incasum, neut. to 
 fall into, to meet. 
 
 Incip-io, ere; incep-i, turn, act. to 
 begin. 
 
 Inclyt-us, a, um, adj. famous. 
 
 Incolum-is, is, e, adj. safe. 
 
 Incorrupte, adv. from 
 
 Incorrupt-us, a, um, adj. pure, 
 not bribed. 
 
 Incredibil-is, is, e, adj. incredible. 
 
 Increment-um, i, n. the increase, 
 augmentation, an offspring. 
 
 Incunabul-a, orum, n. a cradle, 
 infancy. 
 
 lncursio, nis, f. an inroad, inva- 
 sion. 
 
 Inde, adv. from thence, then. 
 
 Ind-ex, icis, c. g. a discoverer, 
 informer. 
 
 Indic-o, ere; indi-xi, ctum, act. 
 to declare, proclaim. 
 
 Indigens, part, of 
 
 Indig-eo, ere, ui, neut. to want, 
 
232 
 
 IND 
 
 INF 
 
 to stand in need; aliqua re, or 
 alicujus rei. 
 
 Indign-us, a, um, adj. unworthy. 
 
 Ind-o, ere, Tdi, itum, act. to put, 
 or set in. 
 
 Indocil-is, is, e, adj. incapable 
 of instruction. 
 
 Indoct-us, a, um, act. unlearned, 
 ignorant. 
 
 Indol-es, is, f. genius, natural 
 disposition. 
 
 Induci-se, arum, f. truce, cessa- 
 tion from arms. 
 
 Indulg-eo, ere; indulsi, neut. to 
 indulge; alicui. 
 
 Indulgetur, impers. from indul- 
 geo. 
 
 Induc-o, ere; indu-xi, ctum, act. 
 to introduce. 
 
 Indu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to put 
 on, to cover; aliquem veste. 
 
 Ind-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Industri-a, se, f. industry, thought- 
 fulness; tie or ex industria, pur- 
 posely. 
 
 In-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, act. to 
 enter into. 
 
 Inepti-a, x, f. silliness. 
 
 Inept-us, a, um, adj. unfit, silly. 
 
 Inexhaust-us, a, um, adj. inex- 
 haustible. 
 
 Inexorabil-is, is, e, adj. implaca- 
 ble. 
 
 Inerti-a, se, f. sloth, ignorance. 
 
 Infami-a, x, f. infamy, disgrace. 
 
 Infan-s, tis, adj. speechless, an 
 infant. 
 
 Infaust-us, a, um, adj. unlucky. 
 
 Infect-us, a, um, adj. not done, 
 rude. 
 
 Infer-i, orum, m. those below, 
 the Gods, or shades below. 
 
 Inferne, adv. below. 
 
 Infer-o, re; intuli, illatum, act. to 
 bring in, cause, infer. 
 
 Infer-us, a, um, adj. below, 
 comp. inferior; in/imus > or 
 imus. 
 
 Infig-o, ere; infix-i, um, act. to 
 fix, thrust in. 
 
 Infirm-us, a, um, adj. feeble, 
 weak. 
 
 lnfit, defect, he begins, says. 
 
 Infixus, part, of infigo. 
 
 Inflammatus, part, of 
 
 Inflamm-o, are, act. to set on fire, 
 excite. 
 
 Inform-is, is, e, adj. shapeless, 
 dismal. 
 
 Inform-o, are, act. to instruct, 
 inform. 
 
 Infra, adv. and prep. ace. below, 
 under. 
 
 Infract-us, a, um, adj. much bro- 
 ken. 
 
 Infring-o, ere; infr-egi, actum, 
 act. to break. 
 
 Ingenios-us, a, um, adj. ingeni- 
 ous. 
 
 Ingeni-um, i, n. capacity, genius. 
 
 Ingen-s, tis, adj. huge, large. 
 
 Ingenu-us, a, um, adj. ingenu- 
 ous, liberal, fine. 
 
 Ingratis, adv. by constraint. 
 
 Ingred-ior, i; ingressus, dep. to 
 enter into. 
 
 Inhib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 hold back, hinder. 
 
 Inhi-o, are, neut. to gape after; 
 alicui rei. 
 
 Inimic-a, %, f. a female enemy. 
 
 Inimiciti-a, se, f. enmity. 
 
 Inimic-us, i, m. an enemy. 
 
 Inimic-us, a, um, adj. unfriendly. 
 
 Iniqu-us, a, um, adj. uneven, un- 
 just. 
 
 Initi-um, i, n. a beginning. 
 
 Initus, part, of ineo. 
 
 Injic-io, ere; injec-i, turn, act. to 
 throw in, or at; to put on. 
 
 Injuri-a, se, f. an injury. 
 
 Injussu, monopt. without order, 
 or leave; injussu meo, without 
 my order. 
 
 Innocen-s, tis, adj . innocent. 
 
 In-o, us, f. a daughter of Cadmus 
 and Hermione, and wife of 
 Athamas; she seeing her hus- 
 band mad, and her son Learchus 
 slain, leaped with Melicerta, 
 
INO 
 
 INT 
 
 233 
 
 her other son, into the sea, 
 where she became the goddess 
 Leucothoe, and Melicerta a 
 god, called Palxmon, 
 
 Inopi-a, as, f. want. 
 
 In-ops, opis, adj. poor, desti- 
 tute. 
 
 Tnquam, inquis, defect. I say. 
 
 Insaturabil-is, is, e, adj. insatura- 
 ble. 
 
 Insci-us, a, um, adj. ignorant. 
 
 Insecutus, part, of 
 
 lnsequ-or, i; insecutus, dep. to 
 pursue, prosecute. 
 
 Insidi-ae, arum, f. snares, am- 
 bush. 
 
 Insidiator, is, m. a way layer. 
 
 Insign-is, is, e, adj. notable, fa- 
 mous. 
 
 Insimul-o, are, act. to feign, to 
 accuse; aliquetn fcriminej 
 furti. 
 
 Insolen-s, tis, adj. unaccustomed, 
 unusual, proud. 
 
 Insole nti-a, zt, f. disuse, haugh- 
 tiness. 
 
 Inspic-io, ere; inspe-xi, ctum, 
 act. to behold. 
 
 Instar, n. indecl. bigness, like- 
 ness. 
 
 Instaur-o, are, act. to renew. 
 
 Institu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to in- 
 stitute, build, resolve, instruct; 
 aliquem fin J arte. 
 
 Institut-um, i, n. custom, institu- 
 tion, course of life. 
 
 Inst-o, arc, iti, itum, neut. to 
 urge, persist, pursue; alicui. 
 
 Instru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to 
 prepare, draw up. 
 
 Insuet-us, a, um, part, and adj. 
 unaccustomed. 
 
 Insul-a, ac, f. the island. 
 
 In-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be in. 
 
 Insum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
 spend. 
 
 Integ-er, ra, rum, adj. entire, 
 safe, innocent. 
 
 Integratio, nis, f. a renewing. 
 
 Integre, adv. from integer. 
 
 Intellig-o, ere; intelle-xi, ctum, 
 act. to understand. 
 
 Intend-o, ere, i; inten-sum, or 
 turn, act. to bend, intend. 
 
 Intentus, part, of intendo. 
 
 Inter, prep. ace. between, among, 
 during. 
 
 Intercip-io, ere; intercep-i, turn, 
 act. to intercept. 
 
 Interc-us, utis, adj. intercutane- 
 ous. 
 
 Interea, adv. in the mean time. 
 
 Interest, impers. from intersum, 
 it is between, or among, it con- 
 cerns; interest mea fnegotiaj, 
 it concerns me; interest regit, 
 it is amongst the King's con- 
 cerns. 
 
 Interfector, is, m. a slayer. 
 
 Interfectus, part, of 
 
 Interfic-io, ere; fec-i, turn, act. to 
 slay, kill. 
 
 Interim, adv. in the mean time. 
 
 Interit-us, us, m. the death. 
 
 Interjectus, part, of 
 
 Interjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to 
 cast, or put between. 
 
 Intermitt-o, ere; mis-i, sum, act. 
 to discontinue, intermit. 
 
 Interpretatus, part of 
 
 Interpret-or, ari, atus, dep. to in- 
 terpret, explain. 
 
 Intel strep-o, ere, ui, itum, neut. 
 to make a noise among. 
 
 Inter-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
 in, or present; at a conversation, 
 sermoni. 
 
 Intervall-um, i, n. an interval, 
 space. 
 
 Interversus, part, of 
 
 Intervert-o, ere, i, versum, act. to 
 turn aside, to embezzle. 
 
 Intcx-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to 
 weave, wrap in, to Hue. 
 
 Intonat, impers. from 
 
 Inton-o, are, ui, neut. to thunder. 
 
 Intra, adv. and prep. ace. within. 
 • Intr-o, are, act. to enter, go in. 
 
 Intro-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 enter. 
 20* 
 
234 
 
 INU 
 
 IRA 
 
 Inutil-is, is, e, adj. unserviceable. 
 
 Invad-o, ere; invas-i, um, act. to 
 invade, assail. 
 
 Invectio, nis, f. an importation. 
 
 Inven-io, ire, i, turn, act. to find, 
 to find out. 
 
 Inveteratus, confirmed by long 
 use, part, of 
 
 Inveter-o, are, act. and neut. to 
 let grow old, to grow old. 
 
 Invicem, adv. one another, by 
 turns. 
 
 Invict-us, a, um, adj. invincible. 
 
 Invid-eo, ere, i; invisum, act. to 
 begrudge, envy; alicui alt- 
 quid. 
 
 Invidetur, impers. from invideo; 
 invidetur mihi, I am envied. 
 
 Invidi-a, ae, f. envy, hatred. 
 
 Invit-us, a, um, adj. unwilling; 
 me invito, against my will, 
 
 Io, Ixis, f. daughter of Inachus, 
 transformed by Jupiter into a 
 white heifer; but afterwards re- 
 suming her former shape, she 
 became the goddess Isis among 
 the Egyptians. 
 
 Io! an interj. of joy. 
 
 Iola-us, i, m. the assistant of Her- 
 cules in killing the Hydra. 
 
 Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, pron. he, she, 
 it; ego ipse, I myself. 
 
 Iphianass-a, ae, f. a daughter of 
 Praetus king of the Argives, 
 who with her two sisters Ly- 
 sippe and Iphinoe, preferring 
 themselves in beauty to Juno, 
 were struck with such madness, 
 as to believe themselves to be 
 cows. 
 
 Iphigeni-a, ae, f. daughter of Aga- 
 memnon, who, when she was 
 standing to be sacrificed to ap- 
 pease the rage of Diana, was 
 by that goddess transformed 
 into a white hart, and made 
 her priestess. 
 
 Ir-a, ae, f; anger, passion. 
 
 Iracundi-a, ae, f. hastiness of tem- 
 per, anger. 
 
 Irasc-or, i; iratus, dep. to be an- 
 gry; at somebody, alicui. 
 
 Iratus, adj. and part, of irascor, 
 angry. 
 
 Irrid-eo, ere; irris-i, um, act. to 
 mock, scoff. 
 
 Irrig-o, are, to water, bedew, 
 diffuse. 
 
 Ir-is, idis, f. the daughter of 
 Thaumas and Electra, and the 
 messenger of Juno under the 
 form of a rainbow. 
 
 Ir-is, idis, f. the rainbow. 
 
 Irreparabil-is, is, e, adj. irrepara- 
 ble. 
 
 Irrit-us, a, um, adj. void, of no 
 effect. 
 
 Irrump-o, ere; irrup-i, turn, neut. 
 to break, or rush in. 
 
 Is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it. 
 
 Israelit-a, ae, c. g. an Israelite. 
 
 Iste, ista, istud, pron. this, that. 
 
 Ist-er, ri, m. the Danube. 
 
 Isthic, isthaec, isthoc, or isthuc, 
 pron. this same. 
 
 Ita, adv. so, thus. 
 
 Itali-a, ae,f. noun pr. 
 
 Item, adv. also, likewise. 
 
 It-er, ineris, n. the way, journey. 
 
 Iterum, adv. again. 
 
 Ithac-us, i, m. Ulysses, who reign- 
 ed in Ithaca. 
 
 Itur, impers. from eo. 
 
 It-ys, ys, or yos, m. the son of 
 Tereus and Progne,- changed 
 into a pheasant. 
 
 Iul-us, i, m. Ascanius, son of 
 iEneas. 
 
 Ixi-on, onis, m. the son of Phle- 
 gyas, who was fastened in hell 
 to a wheel, perpetually turn- 
 ing round. 
 
 Jac-eo, ere, ui, neut. to lie, to 
 be situate. 
 
 Jac-io, ere; jeci, jactum, act. to 
 throw. 
 
 Jact-o, are, act. to throw, toss 
 about, boast, enlarge upon, 
 publish. 
 
 Jactur-a, ae, f. loss,, expense. 
 
JAC 
 
 JUR 
 
 235 
 
 Jact-us, us, m. the throw. 
 
 Jam, adv. already, now. 
 
 Janu-a, ae, f. the door. 
 
 Januari-us, a,um, adj. belonging 
 to January; calendae Januarias, 
 the first of January. 
 
 Jas-on, bnis, m. a Thessalian 
 prince, who by Medea's help 
 brought away the golden fleece 
 from Colchis. 
 
 Jec-ur, oris, or inoris, n. the liver. 
 
 Jes-us, u, m. noun pr. 
 
 Jocast-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
 Creson, king of Thebes, who 
 unwittingly married her own 
 son CEdipus. 
 
 Joc-us, i, m. plur. joc-i, m. and 
 joc-a, orum, n. a jest. 
 
 Jub-a, ae, f. the mane, crest. 
 
 Jub-a, ae, m. noun pr. 
 
 Jub-ar,aris,n. the beam of the sun. 
 
 Jub-eo, ere; juss-i, urn, act. to 
 order. 
 
 Jacul-um, i, n. a dart, javelin. 
 
 Jucunde, adv. from 
 
 Jucund-us, a, um, adj. pleasant. 
 
 Judae-us, i, m. a Jew. 
 
 Jud-ex, icis, c. g. a judge. 
 
 Judici-um, i, n. a trial at law, de- 
 cision, opinion. 
 
 Judic-o, are, act. to judge. 
 
 Jugal-is; is, e, adj. belonging to 
 yokes, conjugal. . 
 
 Jugeris, gen. jugere, abl. n. dip- 
 tot. ; pi. juger-a, um, an acre. 
 
 Juger-um, i, n. an acre of ground. 
 
 Jug-um, i, n. the yoke, the seat 
 for rowers. 
 
 Jugurth-a, ae, m. noun pr. 
 
 Juli-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Juli-us, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Julius, or July. 
 
 Junctus, part, of 
 
 Jung-o, ere; junxi, ctum, act. to 
 join. 
 
 Juni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Juno, nis, f. the daughter of Sa- 
 turn, sister and wife of Jupiter. 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis, m. the supreme 
 god of the heathens; he is call- 
 
 ed Opiimus on account of his 
 benefits, Maximus for his 
 power. 
 
 Jurat-us, a, um, part, having 
 sworn, being sworn by. 
 
 Jurisconsult-us, i, m. a lawyer. 
 
 Jur-o, are, act. to swear. 
 
 Jus, juris, n. right, the law. 
 
 Jusjurandum, jurisjurandi, n. a 
 lemn oath. 
 
 Juss-um, i, n. a command, man- 
 date. 
 
 Jussus, pirt. of jubeo. 
 
 Juste, adv. from Justus. 
 
 Justiti-a, ae, f. justice. 
 
 Just-us, a, um, adj. just, lawful. 
 
 Juvenil-is, is, e, adj. youthful. 
 
 Juven-is, is, e, adj. young, comp. 
 junior, or natu minor, natu mi- 
 nimus. 
 
 Juventa-s, tis, f. the goddess of 
 youth, called also Hebe. 
 
 Juvent-us, litis, f. youth. 
 
 Juv-o, are; juvi, jutum, act. to 
 help. 
 
 Juxta, prep. ace. nigh. 
 
 Juxta, adv. alike, without differ- 
 ence. 
 
 Kal. for Cal. see Calendar. 
 
 L. for Lucius. 
 
 Labic-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Labien-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Labor, is, m. labour. 
 
 Lab-or, i; lapsus, dep. to slip, 
 fall. 
 
 Labor-o, are, act. to work, la- 
 bour, be in distress; (a) morbo, 
 to labour under a distemper. 
 
 Lac, tis, n. milk. 
 
 Lacedaemoni-us, i, m. a Lacedae- 
 monian. 
 
 Lacer o, are, act. to rend, man- 
 gle. 
 
 Lacess-o, ere, ivi, or i, ltum, act. 
 to provoke. 
 
 Laches-is, is, f. one of the Fates, 
 spinning the thread of human 
 life. 
 
 Lachryma. see lacryma. 
 
 Laco, nis, m. a Spartan. 
 
236 
 
 LAC 
 
 LAT 
 
 Lacrima, or 
 
 Lacrym-a, ae, f. the tear. 
 
 Lac-us, us, or i, m. a lake. 
 
 Laed-o, ere; laes-i, um, act. to 
 hurt, injure. 
 
 Laeli-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Laertiad-es, ae, m. Ulysses, the 
 son of Laertes. 
 
 Laet-or, ari, atus, dep. to rejoice. 
 
 Laet-us, a, um, adj. joyful, ver- 
 dant. 
 
 Lamentatus, part, of 
 
 Lament-or, ari, atus, dep. to la- 
 ment, bewail. 
 
 Lament-um, i, n. a lamentation. 
 
 Lamp-as, adis, f. a lamp, torch. 
 
 Lan-a, ae. f. the wool. 
 
 Laniatus, part of 
 
 Lani-o, are, act. to butcher, cut 
 up. 
 
 Laocoon, tis,m. the son of Priam, 
 and priest of Apollo. 
 
 Laomedon, tis, m. the son of Ilus, 
 King of Troy, who hired Apol- 
 lo and Neptune to build the 
 walls of Troy, but afterwards 
 refused to pay them. 
 
 Lapide-us, a, um, adj. stony, of 
 stone. 
 
 Lapi-s, idis, m. a stone. 
 
 Laquear, is, n. the roof, ceiling. 
 
 Laque-us, i, m. a noose, trap, 
 halter. 
 
 Lar, laris, m. a household god. 
 
 Large, or largiter, adv. abun- 
 dantly, from 
 
 Larg-us, a, um, adj. plentiful, 
 liberal. 
 
 Lasciv-us, a, um, adj. sportive, 
 lecherous. 
 
 Lassitud-o, inis, f. weariness. 
 
 Latine, adv. from latinus. 
 
 Latin-i, orum, m. the Latins. 
 
 Latin-us, a, um,adj. latin. 
 
 Latin-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Laton-a, ae, f. the mother of Di- 
 ana and Apollo, and daughter 
 of Caeus. 
 
 Latro, nis, m. a robber. 
 
 Latr-o, are, neut. to bark. 
 
 Lat-us, eris, n. a side. 
 
 Lat-us, a, um, adj. broad. 
 
 Laudabil-is, is, e, adj. praisewor- 
 thy. 
 
 Laudandus, part, of laudo 
 
 Laudatio, nis, f. a commendation. 
 
 Laud-o, are, act. to praise. 
 
 Laur-us, i, or us, f. the laurel. 
 
 Lau-s, dis, f. the praise, renown. 
 
 Lavern-a, ae, f. the goddess of 
 thieves. 
 
 Lavin-us, a, um, adj. of Lavinia. 
 
 Lect-us, a, um, adj. gallant; also 
 part, of lego. 
 
 Led-a, <e,f.the wife of Tyndarus; 
 she was seduced by Jupiter, in 
 the shape of a swan. 
 
 Legat-us, i, m. an ambassador, a 
 lieutenant; also part, of lego. 
 
 Legio, nis, f. a legion, regiment, 
 consisting of ten cohorts. 
 
 Legionari-us, a, um, adj. legion- 
 ary. 
 
 Legislator, is, m. a lawgiver. 
 
 Leg-o, are, act, to send as an am- 
 bassador, to bequeath. 
 
 Leg-o, ere, i; lectum, act. to ga- 
 ther, choose, read. 
 
 Lene, or leniter, adv. from lenis. 
 
 Len-io, ire, ivi,itum, act. to ease, 
 appease. 
 
 Len-is, is, e, adj. gentle, mild. 
 
 Len-s, tis, f. a kind of pulse, len- 
 tils. 
 
 Lenita-s, tis, f. softness, mildness. 
 
 Lentitud-o, inis; f. slowness, mo- 
 deration. 
 
 Lentul-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Leo, nis, m. a lion. 
 
 Lep-or, or os, oris, m. mirth, wit. 
 
 Lep-us, oris, m. a hare. 
 
 Lern-a, ae, f. a marsh of Argos, fa- 
 mous for a hj'dra, killed there 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Leth-e, es, f. a river in hell, the 
 water of which caused k total 
 forgetfulness of things past. 
 
 Leth-um, or let-um, i, n. death. 
 
 Leucopetr-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Leucotho-e,es, f. see Ino. 
 
LEV 
 
 LIC 
 
 237 
 
 Lev-is, is, e, adj. light, trifling, 
 flashy. 
 
 Lev-is, or laev-is, is, e, adj. 
 smooth. 
 
 Lev-o, are, act. to lift, lighten, 
 help. 
 
 Lex, legis, f. the law. 
 
 Libam-en, inis, n. a libation, of- 
 fering. 
 
 Libatus, part, of libo. 
 
 Libell-us, i, m. a pamphlet, pe- 
 tition. 
 
 Liben-s, tis, adj. willing; part, of 
 libeo. 
 
 Lib enter, adv. from lib ens. 
 
 Lib-eo, ere, ui, neut. please. 
 
 Liber, i, m. Bacchus. 
 
 Liber, a, urn, adj. free. 
 
 Lfb-er, ri, m. a book. 
 
 Liberal-is, is, e, adj. liberal, gen- 
 teel. 
 
 Liberalita-s, tis, f. generosity. 
 
 Liberatio, nis, f. a delivering. 
 
 Liberator, is, m. a deliverer. 
 
 Libere, adv. from liber. 
 
 Liber-i, orum, m. children. 
 
 Liber-o, are, act. to free, acquit; 
 (a) crimine. 
 
 Liberta-s, tis, f. liberty. 
 
 Libet, impers. from libeo; libet 
 mihi, it pleases me. 
 
 Libidinos-us, a, um, adj. wanton, 
 lustful. 
 
 Libid-o, inis, f. one's will, lust. 
 
 Libitin-a, ae, f. the goddess of 
 funerals. 
 
 Libyc-us, a, um, adj . of Libya. 
 
 Lib-o, are, act. to taste, make a 
 libation. 
 
 Libo, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Liburn-a, ae, f. (scil. navis), a 
 galley, man of war. 
 
 Liburn-us, a, um, adj. Liburnian. 
 
 Licenti-a, ae. f. liberty, licentious- 
 ness. 
 
 Lic-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
 lawful, to be prized by the sel- 
 ler. 
 
 Lic-eor, eri, itus, dep. to bid, to 
 offer a prize, to cheapen. 
 
 Licet, impers. from liceo; licet 
 mihi, I am allowed,- licet po- 
 me, I have no objection. 
 
 Licet, conj. although. 
 
 Licini-us, i. m. noun pr. 
 
 Ligur-io, ire, neut. to act the 
 glutton, to spend riotously. 
 
 Ligur, or lig-us, iiris, m. a Ligu- 
 rian. 
 
 Lim-en, inis, n. the threshold. 
 
 Lim-es, itis, m. the limit, border. 
 
 Lim-us, i, m. mud, slime, clay. 
 
 Line-a, ae, f. a line. 
 
 Lingu-a, ae, f. a tongue, language. 
 
 Lin-o, ere; Ifni, livi, or levi,litum, 
 act. to annoint. 
 
 Linqu-o, ere; liqui, lictum, act. 
 to leave. 
 
 Lint-er, ris, c. g. a little boat. 
 
 Liquid-us, a, um, adj. liquid, 
 moist. 
 
 Liqu-or, i, dep. to melt, drop. 
 
 Lis, litis, f. the strife, dispute. 
 
 Lisc-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Liter-a, ae, f. a letter of the al- 
 phabet. 
 
 Liter- ae, arum, f. an epistle, let- 
 ters. 
 
 Lit-us, or litt-us, oris,n. the shore. 
 
 Livi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Locatus, part, of 
 
 Loc-o, are, act. to place, let, hire 
 out. 
 
 Locupl-es, etis, adj. rich, weal- 
 thy. 
 
 Loc-us, i, m. pi. loci, m. and lo- 
 ca, n. a place. 
 
 Londin-um, i, n. London. 
 
 Longa, see Alba. 
 
 Longe, adv. from longus. 
 
 Longinqu-us, a, um, adj. far off, 
 long. 
 
 Longitud-o, inis, f. the length. 
 
 Long-us, a, um, adj. long. 
 
 Loquax, cis, adj. prating, talka- 
 tive. 
 
 Loquenti-a, ae, f. prating, talking. 
 
 Loqu-or, i; locutus, or loquutus, 
 dep. to speak. 
 
 Lor-um, i, n. a strap, bridle, rein. 
 
238 
 
 JLOT 
 
 LYC 
 
 Lot-us, i, c. g. the lote-tree, also 
 its fruit. 
 
 L. S. for loeo sigilli, instead of 
 the seal. 
 
 Lubet, impers. it pleases. 
 
 Luc-eo, ere; luxi, neut. to shine. 
 
 Lucern-a, ae, f. a lamp, a light. 
 
 Lucescit, impers. it dawns, it is 
 day. 
 
 Lucesc-o, ere, incept, to grow 
 clear. 
 
 Lucifer, i, m. the morning star. 
 
 Lucili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Lucin-a, ae, f. the goddess of 
 childbearing. 
 
 Luci-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Lucr-um, i, n. lucre, gain. 
 
 Luct-or, ari, atus, dep. to strug- 
 gle, strive. 
 
 Luctuos-us, a, um, adj. mourn- 
 ful. 
 
 Luct-us, us, m. mourning, grief. 
 
 Lucull-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ludimagist-er, ri, m. a school- 
 master. 
 
 Lud-o, ere; lus-i, um, act. to 
 play, cheat. 
 
 Lud-us, i, m. a play, trick, feat. 
 
 Lug-eo, ere; luxi, luctum, act. to 
 mourn. 
 
 Lum-en, inis, n. the light. 
 
 Lun-a, ae, f. the moon; also 
 Diana. 
 
 Lu-o, ere, i, itum, act. to pay, 
 atone. 
 
 Lupercali-a, um and orum, n. a 
 festival in honour of Pan. 
 
 Luperc-i, orum, m. priests of 
 Pan. 
 
 Lup-a, ae, f. a she-wolf. 
 
 Lup-us, i, m. a wolf. 
 
 Lutati-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Lut-um, i, n.clay, mire. 
 
 Lut-um, i, n. a yellow colour. 
 
 Lux, lucis, f. the light. 
 
 Luxuri-a, ae, f. luxury, riot. 
 Luxuriose, adv. from 
 Luxurios-us, a, um, adj. luxu- 
 rious. 
 Lyae-us, i, m. Bacchus. 
 
 Lycae-us, i, m. a mountain of Ar- 
 cadia. 
 
 Lychn-us, i, m. a lamp, light. 
 
 Lycurg-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Lysi-as, ae, m. noun pr. 
 
 Lysimach-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Lysipp-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 M. for Marcus. 
 
 Maced-o, bnis, m. a Macedonian. 
 
 Macedoni-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Macer, a, um, adj. lean, barren. 
 
 Macer-o, are, act. to soften, ema- 
 ciate. 
 
 Machin-a, ae, f. an engine, ma- 
 chine. 
 
 Machinator, is, m. an engineer, 
 contriver. 
 
 Macte, indecl. adj. prosperous. 
 
 Maecen-as, atis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Mxn-as, adis, f. pi. Maenades, 
 women-sacrificers to Bacchus. 
 
 Magis, adv. more, superl. max- 
 ime. 
 
 Magist-er, ri, m. a master. 
 
 Magistr-a, ae, f. a mistress. 
 
 Magistrat-us, us, m. a magistracy, 
 office, magistrate. 
 
 Magnific-us, a um, adj. magnifi- 
 cent. 
 
 Magniloqu-us, a, um, adj. boast- 
 ing. 
 
 Magnitud-o, inis, greatness. 
 
 Magn-us, a, um, adj. great, comp. 
 major, maximus. 
 
 Mai-a, ae, f. the daughter of At- 
 las and Pleione, and mother of 
 Mercury. 
 
 Mai-us, a, um, adj. of May, Maias 
 calendse, the first of May. 
 
 Majesta-s, tis, f. majesty. 
 
 Major-es, um, m. ancestors. 
 
 Mal-a, ae, f. the jaw, cheekbone, 
 cheek. 
 
 Male, adv. ill, wickedly; comp. 
 pejus, pessime. 
 
 Maledic-us, a, um, adj. slander- 
 ous. 
 
 Maliti-a, ae, f. malice, perverse- 
 ness. 
 
 Malo; malle, malui, for magis vo- 
 
MAL 
 
 MAT 
 
 239 
 
 lo, to be more willing-, to wish j 
 rather. 
 
 Mal-um, i, n. an evil. 
 
 Mal-um, i, n. an apple. 
 
 Mal-us, a, urn, evil, bad; comp. 
 pejor, pessimus. 
 
 Mal-us, i, f. an apple-tree. 
 
 Mal-us, i, m. the mast of a ship. 
 
 Mandatur, impers. from 
 
 Mand-o, are, act. to entrust, 
 command. 
 
 Mane, adv. early in the morning. 
 
 Man-eo, ere; mans-i, um, neut. to 
 tarry, wait ; act. to expect, 
 await. 
 
 Man-es, ium, m. the spirit, ghost, 
 manes. 
 
 Manifest-us, a, um, adj. clear, 
 evident. 
 
 Manli-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Mansu-es, etis, c. g. tame, mild. 
 
 Mansuete, adv. from 
 
 Mansuet-us, a, um, adj. tame, 
 meek. 
 
 Mantu-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Man-us, us, f. the hand. 
 
 Maroth-on, onis, f. noun pr. 
 
 Marcell-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Marci-us, i, noun pr. 
 
 Marc-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Mar-e, is, n. the sea, a great ri- 
 ver. 
 
 Marit-us, i, m. a husband. 
 
 Mari-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Mar-s, tis, m. the God of war. 
 
 Marti-us, a, um, adj. dedicated to 
 Mars; campus Murtius, a large 
 field near Rome, where the 
 youth exercised themselves, 
 and the citizens chose their 
 magistrates. 
 
 Mas, maris, m. the male. 
 
 Masiniss-a, ae, m. noun. pr. 
 
 Mat-er, ris, f. a mother. 
 
 Materi-a, ae, f. the matter, mate- 
 rials. 
 
 Matron-a, ae, f. a matron, lady. 
 
 Matrbn-a, ae, f. the river Marne. j 
 
 Mature, adv. from maturus. 
 
 Maturescens, part, of 
 
 Maturesc-o, ere; maturui, incept, 
 to ripen. 
 
 Maturita-s, tis, f. ripeness, matu- 
 rity. 
 
 Matur-us, a, um, adj. mellow, 
 ripe. 
 
 Mauri, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Mauritani-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Mavor-s, tis, m. Mars. 
 
 Maxime,adv. most. 
 
 Mazae-us,i, m/noun pr. 
 
 Mecsnas, see Maecenas. 
 
 Mede-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
 JEtes, king of Colchis, a fa- 
 mous sorceress; also the name 
 of a city. 
 
 Med-eor, eri, dep. to heal, cure; 
 alicui rei. 
 
 Medicin-a, ae, f. physic, medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Meditabund-us, a, um, adj. me- 
 ditating. 
 
 Medit-or, ari, atus, dep. to medi- 
 tate. 
 
 Medium, i, n. the midst, middle. 
 
 Medi-us, a, um, adj. middle. 
 
 Medus-a, ae, f. the daughter of 
 Phorcus, hence called Phorcy- 
 nis, and Phorcis; she had the 
 finest hair, which was changed 
 into snakes. 
 
 Megar-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Melibae-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Melicerta, see Ino. 
 
 Melius, see bene. 
 
 Melpomen-e, es, f. one of the 
 nine Muses. 
 
 Membr-um, i, n. a member, 
 limb. 
 
 Memin-i, eram, erim,isse, defect, 
 to remember, to mention. 
 
 Memor, is, adj. mindful, remem- 
 bering. 
 
 Memori-a, ae, f. remembrance, 
 recollection. 
 
 Menela-us, i, m. brother to Aga- 
 memnon; he was king of Spar- 
 ta, and husband to Helena, who 
 eloped with Paris, and thus 
 caused the destruction of Troy. 
 
240 
 
 MEN 
 
 MIL 
 
 Men-s, tis, f. the mind, under- 
 standing". 
 
 Mens-a, <e, f. a table, plate, meal. 
 
 Mens-is, is, m. a month. 
 
 Mentio, nis, f. a mention. 
 
 Ment-ior, iri, itus, dep. to lie, to 
 assert falsely. 
 
 Mentitus, part, of mentior. 
 
 Mercator, is, m. a merchant. 
 
 Merc-es, edis, f. the wages, re- 
 ward. 
 
 Merc-or, ari, atus, dep. to pur- 
 chase. 
 
 Mercuri-us, i, m. the son of Ju- 
 piter and Maia, god of mer- 
 chandise and robbers. 
 
 Mer-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to de- 
 serve, earn. 
 
 Mer-eor, eri, itus, dep. to earn, 
 deserve. 
 
 Meretr-ix, Icis, f. a courtesan. 
 
 Meridi-es, ei, m. mid-day, noon. 
 
 Meridi-or, ari, dep. to take a nap. 
 
 Merito, adv. deservedly, superl. 
 meritissimo. 
 
 Merit-um, i, n. merit, desert, re- 
 ward. 
 
 Merop-e, es, f. a daughter of At- 
 las and the darkest of the Ple- 
 iades. 
 
 Mer-x, cis, f. any kind of mer- 
 chandise. 
 
 Mess-is, is, f. harvest. 
 
 Met-a, se, f. the limit, end. 
 
 Metatus, part, of metor. 
 
 Metell-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Method-us, i, f. a method. 
 
 Met-ior, iri; mensus, dep. to mea- 
 sure. 
 
 Met-or, ari, atus, dep. to lay out, 
 arrange. 
 
 Mett-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Metu-o, ere, 3, turn, act. to fear. 
 
 Met-us, us, m. fear, dread. 
 
 Me-us, a, um, adj. pr. my, mine; 
 voc. sing, raasc.ffli. 
 
 Mid-as, se, m. a foolish king of 
 Phrygia. 
 
 Mil-es, itis, c. g. a soldier. 
 
 Militi-a, ffi, f. the military service. 
 
 Militar-is, is, e, adj. military. 
 
 Mille, adj. indecl. pi. milli-a, um, 
 n. a thousand; two thousand 
 men, bis mille homines, or duo 
 millia hominum. 
 
 Millies, adv. a thousand times. 
 
 Milo, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Min-<e, arum, f. threats. 
 
 Minerv-a, se, see Pallas. 
 
 Minime, adv. least, by no means; 
 
 Minimum, adv. least; and neut. 
 of minimus, see parvus. 
 
 Minist-er, ri, m. a servant, minis- 
 ter. 
 
 Ministeri-um, i, n. service, at- 
 tendance. 
 
 Minor, see parvus. 
 
 Min-os, ois, m. a king of Crete, 
 who for his impartial justice 
 was made chief judge among 
 the dead. 
 
 Minotaur-us, i, m. a monster of 
 Crete, conceived by Pasiphae; 
 to this monster were seven 
 Athenian nobles given every 
 year to be devoured, till it was 
 killed by Theseus. 
 
 Minus, adv. less, comp. of parvus. 
 
 Mir-or, ari, atus, dep. to wonder, 
 admire. 
 
 Mir-us, a, um, adj. wonderful. 
 
 Misc-eo, ere, ui; mixtum, or mis- 
 turn, act. to mix. 
 
 Miser, a, um, adj. miserable. 
 
 Miseratio, nis, f. the pitying, 
 pity. 
 
 Miser-eo, ere, see miseret. 
 
 Miser-eor, eri, miser-tus, or ritus, 
 dep. to pity; alicujus, or ali- 
 quem. 
 
 Miseresc-o, ere, incept, to pity; 
 alicujus. 
 
 Miser-et, ere, impers. to pity; 
 miseret me tui, I pity you. 
 
 Miseri-a, as, f. misery, distress. 
 
 Missus, part, of mitto. 
 
 Mithridat-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Mit-is, is, e, adj. mellow, mild. 
 
 Mitt-o, ere; mis-i, missum, act. 
 to send. 
 
MNE 
 
 MOR 
 
 241 
 
 Mnemosyn-e, es, f. the mother 
 
 of the nine Muses. 
 Moderabil-is, is, e, adj. mode- 
 rate. 
 Moderate, adv. from 
 Moderat-us, a, urn, adj. mode- 
 rate, well governed; and part, 
 of 
 
 Moder-or, ari, atus, dep. to mo- 
 derate, govern; aliquant rem; 
 or alicui rei. 
 
 Modesti-a, ae, f. sobriety, modes- 
 ty- 
 
 Modo, adv. just now, only; modo, 
 modo, at one time, at another 
 time. 
 
 Mod-us, i, m. measure, rule, 
 manner. 
 
 Moeni-a, um, and orum, n. the 
 walls, fortifications. 
 
 Moer-eo, ere; moestus, neut. to 
 mourn; fob J aliquid. 
 
 Moeror, is, m. sorrow, lamenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Moest-us, a, um, adj. mournful. 
 
 Mdl-es, is, f. a mass, dam, bul- 
 wark. 
 
 Molesti-a, se, f. trouble, uneasi- 
 ness. 
 
 Mblest-us, a, um, adj. trouble- 
 some. 
 
 Mol-ior, iri, itus, dep. to move, 
 design, project, undertake. 
 
 Moll-is, is, e, adj. soft, effemi- 
 nate. 
 
 Molliter, adv. from mollis. 
 
 Mon-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 admonish, warn. 
 
 Mon-s, tis, m. a mountain. 
 
 Monstr-um, i,*n. a monster. 
 
 Montan-us, a, um, adj. situate, 
 or being on a mountain. 
 
 Mor-a, se, f. a delay, pause. 
 
 Moratus, part, of moror. 
 
 M6rat-us, a, um, adj. endued 
 with manners. 
 
 Morb-us, i, m. a disease, sick- 
 ness. 
 
 Morda-x, cis, adj. biting, gnaw- 
 ing. 
 
 Mord-eo, ere; momordi, morsum, 
 act. to bite. 
 
 Morio, nis, m. a jester, buffoon. 
 
 Mor-ior, i, mortuus, dep. to die. 
 
 Moriturus, part, of morior. 
 
 Mor-or, ari, atus, dep. to stay de- 
 lay. 
 
 M5r-or, ari, dep. to act the fool. 
 
 Morphe-us, i, m. the god of 
 dreams. 
 
 Mor-s, tis, f. death. 
 
 Mortal-is. is, e, adj. mortal. 
 
 Mortal-es, ium. m. mortals. 
 
 Mortuus, part, of morior. 
 
 Mo-s, ris, m. a manner, custom. 
 
 Mot-us, us, m. a motion. 
 
 Mov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to 
 move. 
 
 Muci-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Mug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 low. 
 
 Mulcib-er, ris, or ri, m. a title of 
 Vulcan. 
 
 Muliebriter, adv. womanish. 
 
 Mulier, is, f. a woman. 
 
 Muliercul-a, ae, a little woman. 
 
 Multitud-o, inis, f. a multitude, 
 great number. 
 
 Multum, adv. much, comp. plus, 
 plurimum. 
 
 Mult-us, a, um, adj. much, ma- 
 ny; comp. plus, plurimus. 
 
 Muluch-a, x, f. noun pr. 
 
 Mund-us, i, m. the world, uni- 
 verse. 
 
 Munific-us, a, um, adj. liberal, 
 bountiful; comp. -entior, -entis- 
 8imus. 
 
 Muniment-um, i, n. a fortifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Mun-io, ire, ivi, itum, to fortify, 
 secure. 
 
 Munitio, nis, f. the fortification. 
 Munitus, part, of munio. 
 Mun-us, eris, n. a present, office, 
 
 part. 
 Mur-us, i, m. a wall. 
 
 { Mu-s, ris, m. a mouse. 
 
 Mus-a, se, f. a muse, song. 
 Mus-x, arum, f. the nine 
 
 daugh- 
 
 21 
 
242 
 
 MUS 
 
 NAV 
 
 ters of Jupiter and Mnemosy- 
 ne, the mistresses of all the 
 sciences; their names are Calli- 
 ope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Mel- 
 pomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsi- 
 chore, Thalia, and Urania. 
 
 Musice, adv. pleasantly; from 
 
 Music- us, a, um, adj. poetical, 
 musical; musica ars, music. 
 
 Muscul-us, i, m. a little mouse, an 
 engine of war. 
 
 Mutabil-is, is, e, adj. changeable, 
 unsteady. 
 
 Mutil-us, a, um, adj. without 
 horns. 
 
 Mut-o, are, act. to change. 
 
 Nactus, port, of nanciscor. 
 
 Nx, adv. verily. 
 
 Nxni-a, or Neni-a, x, f. the God- 
 dess of funeral songs. 
 
 Naia-s, or Nais, plur. Naiades, f. 
 the nymphs of fountains and 
 rivers. 
 
 Nam, conj. for, but. 
 
 Namque, conj. for. 
 
 Nancisc-or, i; nactus, dep. to 
 find, obtain, get. 
 
 Nar, naris, m. a river of Umbria. 
 
 Narciss-us, i, m. a very beautiful 
 youth, who, falling in love 
 with his own shadow in the 
 water, pined away into a daffo- 
 dil. 
 
 Nasc-or, i; natus, dep. pass, to 
 be born, spring, arise; from a 
 great family, summo genere. 
 
 Nasic-a, ae, m. noun pr. 
 
 Nat-a, ae. f. a daughter. 
 
 Natio, nis, f. a nation. 
 
 Nat-o, are, freq. to swim. 
 
 Natu, abl. by birth. 
 
 Natur-a, se, f. the nature. 
 
 Nat-us, a, um, part, of nascor, 
 brought forth, born; of an an- 
 cient family, antiqud familid. 
 
 Nauci, gen. nauco, abl. a trifle, 
 worthless thing. 
 
 Naucrat-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Naur-a, se; f. noun pr. 
 
 Naut-a, se, m. a sailor. 
 
 Navig-o, are, act. to sail, sail 
 over. 
 
 Nav-is, is, f. a ship. 
 
 Navit-a, ae, m. mariner, a sailor. 
 
 N. C. for nemine contradicente, 
 nobody opposing it, without a 
 division. 
 
 Ne, conj . and adv. not, that not, 
 lest; ne putes, or ne puta, do 
 not think. 
 
 Ne, interrog. inclitic, whether; 
 es-7ie, art thou ? 
 
 Necj conj. and not; nee, nee, nei- 
 ther, nor,- nee enim est, for lie is 
 not. 
 
 Necessari-us, a, um,adj. necessa- 
 ry. 
 
 Necessari-us, i, m. a friend, con- 
 federate. 
 
 Necesse, adj. n. indecl. neces- 
 sary. 
 
 Necessita-s, tis, f. necessity. 
 
 Nec-o, are, avi, and ui, atum, 
 act. to kill. 
 
 Nect-ar, aris, n. the drink of the 
 gods, nectar; abl. e. 
 
 Neciibi, adv. lest in any place. 
 
 Nefand-us, a, um, adj. impious, 
 horrible. 
 
 Nefas, n. indecl. an unlawful ac- 
 tion, vUlany, an impious per- 
 son. 
 
 Neglectus, part, of negligo. 
 
 Negligen-s, tis, adj. negligent, 
 neglectful; and part, of negligo. 
 
 Negligenti-a, x, f. negligence. 
 
 Neglig-o, ere; negle-xi, ctum, 
 act. to neglect, slight. 
 
 Neg-o, are, act. to deny; negant 
 fas esse, they say it is not right. 
 
 Negotios-us, a, um, adj. full of 
 business. 
 
 Negoti-um, i, n. an affair, busi- 
 ness, thing. 
 
 Nemes-is, is, f. the goddess of re- 
 venge. 
 
 Nem-o, inis, c. g. nobody, no 
 one. 
 
 Nemoros-us, a, um, adj. woody, 
 full of trees. 
 
NEM 
 
 NIL 
 
 243 
 
 Nempe, adv. namely, for. 
 Nem-us, oris, n. a grove, forest. 
 Nep-os, otis, m. a grandson, 
 spendthrift ; pi. nepotes, pos- 
 terity. 
 Neptun-us, i, m. the God of the 
 sea, and the father of fountains 
 and rivers. 
 Nequam, adj . indecl. idle, worth- 
 less ; comp. nequior, nequissi- 
 mus. 
 Nequando, (for ne aliquando,) 
 
 lest at any time. 
 Nequaquam, adv. by no means. 
 Neque, conj. and not, not; neque, 
 nee, or nee, neque, neither, nor,- 
 neque enim possum, for lean- 
 not. 
 Nequ-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. I 
 
 cannot. 
 Nequicquam, or nequidquam, 
 
 adv. in vain, not in the least. 
 Nequidem, see quidem. 
 Nequis, nequa, nequid, or nequod 
 (for ne aliquis), pron. lest any 
 one. 
 Nequiti-a, se, f negligence, wan- 
 tonness. 
 Nereis, plur. Nereid-es, urn, f. 
 the daughters of Nereus and 
 Doris, nymphs of the sea. 
 Nere-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
 
 Oceanus and Thetys. 
 Nero, nis, m. noun pr. 
 Nesc-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. and 
 neut. not to know, to be igno- 
 rant, not to be able. 
 Nes-is, Idis, f. noun pr. of an 
 
 island. 
 Nestor, is, m. noun pr. a great 
 orator, who lived three gene- 
 rations of men. 
 Neut-er, ra, rum, adj. gen. ius, 
 
 dat. i, neither of the two. 
 Neve, conj. nor. 
 Ne-x, cis, f. death. 
 Nig-er, ra, rum, adj. black, dark. 
 Nihil, n. indecl. nothing. 
 Nihil-um, i, n. nothing. 
 Nil, see nihil. 
 
 Nil-us, i, m. noun pr. the Nile. 
 Nimis, adv. too much; nimis in- 
 
 sidiarum, too much artifice. 
 Nimium, adv. too much. 
 Ni mi-us, a, um, adj. too much, 
 
 excessive. 
 Ningit, it snows; impers. from 
 Ning-o, ere; ninxi, neut. to snow; 
 ningunt floribus, they pour 
 down flowers. 
 Niob-e, es, f. daughter of Tanta- 
 lus and wife of Amphion; on 
 account of the death of her 
 children, she wept herself into 
 a statue.. 
 Nisi, conj. (for si non), if not, 
 
 unless. 
 Nit-eo, ere, ui, neut. to shine, to 
 
 flourish. 
 Nit-or, i; nixus, or nisus, dep. to 
 strive, endeavour, rely on, ali- 
 qua re. 
 Ni-x, vis, f. snow. 
 N-o, are, neut. to swim. 
 Nobil-is, is, e, adj. notable, noble. 
 Nobilita-s, tis, f. nobility, excel- 
 lence. 
 Noc-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. and 
 
 act. to hurt; alicui. 
 Nocetur, impers. from noceo; 
 nocetur mihi, I am hurt, or in- 
 jured. 
 Noctu, monopt. abl. by night. 
 Nocturn-us, a, um, adj. noctur- 
 nal, by night. 
 Nod-us, i, m. a knot. 
 Nolo, (for non volo,) nolle, nolui, 
 to be unwilling; noli flere, do 
 not weep. 
 Nom-en, inis, n. the name. 
 Nomin-o, are, act. to call, name, 
 
 elect. 
 Non, adv. not. 
 
 Non-x, arum, f. the Nones, the 
 seventh day of March, May, 
 July, and October ; and the 
 fifth in the other months. 
 Nondum, adv. not yet. 
 Nosc-o, ere; novi, notum, act. to 
 know, understand. 
 
244 
 
 NOS 
 
 NUM 
 
 Nost-er, ra, rum, pron. our, ours. 
 
 Nostra-s, tis, adj. of our country 
 or sect. 
 
 N6t-a, ae, f. a mark, note. 
 
 Noth-us, a, um, adj. of mixed 
 breed, illegitimate. 
 
 Not-o, are, act. to mark, note, 
 observe. 
 
 Not-us, a, um, adj . known, noto- 
 rious; part, of nosco. 
 
 Not-us, i, m. the south wind. 
 
 Nove, adv. from novus, newly, 
 after a new manner; supcrl. 
 novissime, the last time, lastly. 
 
 Novendial-is, is, e, adj. continu- 
 ing- for nine days. 
 
 N6v-us, a, um, adj. new; res no- 
 vae, a change of government, a 
 reform; superl. novissimus, the 
 last; novissimum agmen y the 
 rear. 
 
 No-x, ctis, f. the night. 
 
 Nub-es, is, f. a cloud. 
 
 Nubil-a, orum, n. clouds, mists. 
 
 Nubil-us, a, um. adj. cloudy. 
 
 Nub-o, ere; nup-si, turn, act. to 
 veil one's self, to take for a 
 husband; alicui. 
 
 Nudatus, part, of nudo. 
 
 Nud-o, are, act. to make bare, 
 to strip. 
 
 Nud-us, a, um, adj. naked, de- 
 fenceless, destitute ; alicujus 
 reiy (a or e) aliqua re. 
 
 Nugator, is, m. a trifler. 
 
 Null-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. 
 »', none, no. 
 
 Num-a, ae, m. noun pr. 
 
 Num-en, inis, n. a divine decree, 
 a deity, a god, or goddess, 
 power, influence. 
 
 Numer-o, are, act. to number, 
 count, reckon. 
 
 Numer-us, i, m. a number. 
 
 Numid-a, ae, c. g. a Numidian. 
 
 Numidi-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Numitor, is, m. the grandfather 
 of Romulus and Remus. 
 
 Numm-us, or num-us, i, m. a coin, 
 or piece of money. 
 
 Numquis, or nun-quis, quae, quid, 
 pron. is there any? 
 
 Nunc. adv. now, at present. 
 
 Nunciatur, nuncio, etc. see nun- 
 tiatur, etc. 
 
 Nuncup-o, are, act. to name, call. 
 
 Nunquam, adv. never. 
 
 Nunti-a, ae, f. a messenger, re- 
 porter. 
 
 Nuntiatur, impers. from 
 
 Nunti-o, are, to tell, relate, an- 
 nounce. 
 
 Nunti-us, i, m. a messenger. 
 
 Nuper, adv. lately; superl. n«- 
 perrime. 
 
 Nur-us, us, f. a daughter in law. 
 
 Nusquam, adv. nowhere. 
 
 Nutr-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 nurse, nourish. 
 
 Nut-us, us, m. the nod, will, plea- 
 sure. 
 
 Nyctimen-e, es, f. the daughter 
 of Nycteus, who, on account of 
 her incestuous conduct, was 
 changed into an owl. 
 
 O! interj. O! 
 
 Ob, prep. ace. for, before. 
 
 Obedien-s, tis,adj. obedient; part, 
 of 
 
 Obed-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 obey, comply with, alicui. 
 
 Ob-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. to go 
 to, to visit, to encompass, go 
 through with. 
 
 Objic-io, ere; objec-i, turn, act. 
 to throw before, expose, op- 
 pose. 
 
 Oblect-o, are, act. to delight. 
 
 Oblig-o, are, act. to bind, oblige. 
 
 Oblin-o, ere; levi, litum, act. to 
 daub over, to line. 
 
 Oblitus, part, of oblino. 
 
 Oblltus, part, of obliviscor. 
 
 Oblivio, nis, f. the forgetting, ob- 
 livion. 
 
 Oblivisc-or, i; oblltus, dep. to for- 
 get; alicujw rei, or aliquam 
 rem. 
 
 Obnunti-o, are; act. to declare 
 against. 
 
OBR 
 
 OCC 
 
 245 
 
 Obru-o, ere, i, turn, act. to over- 
 whelm, ruin. 
 
 Obscur-o, are, act. to darken, hide. 
 
 Obscur-us, a, urn. adj. dark, ob- 
 scure . 
 
 Obseerans, part, of 
 
 Obsecr-o, are, act. to beg", con- 
 jure, entreat. 
 
 Obsequi-um,i, n. obsequiousness, 
 obedience. 
 
 Observanti-a, ae, f. regard, com- 
 plaisancy. 
 
 Obs-es, idis, c. g. a hostage. 
 
 Obsess-us, part of 
 
 Obsid-eo, ere; obse-di, ssum, act. 
 to sit about, besiege. 
 
 Obsidio, nis, f . a siege. 
 
 Obsol-eo, ere, ui, or evi, neut. to 
 grow out of use. 
 
 Obsolet-us, a, um, adj. obsolete, 
 stale; and part, of obsoleo. 
 
 Obstatur, opposition is made, 
 impers. from 
 
 Obst-o, are; stiti, stitum, or sta- 
 tum, neut. and act. to stand 
 against, oppose. 
 
 Obstrep-o, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 make a noise against, to inter- 
 rupt by noise. 
 
 Obstup-eo, ere, ui, neut. or 
 
 Obstupesc-o, ere, incept, to be 
 astonished. 
 
 Ob -sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
 against, to hurt; alicui. 
 
 Obtemperatio, nis. f. compliance. 
 
 Obtemperatur, obedience is paid, 
 impers. from 
 
 Obtemper-o, are, neut. to com- 
 ply with; alicui. 
 
 Obtest-or, ari, atus, dep. to call 
 to witness, to protest, implore, 
 aliquem or aliquid. 
 
 Obtin-eo, ere, ui; tentum, act. to 
 keep, obtain. 
 
 Obtrunc-o, are, act. to kill. 
 
 Ohviam, adv. in the way, to meet; 
 ire obviara alicui, to go to meet 
 some one. 
 
 Obvi-us, a, um, adj. meeting, 
 in the way. 
 
 21 
 
 Occas-us, us, m. the setting 
 of the sun, fall, death. 
 
 Occld-o, ere, i; occisum, act. to 
 kill, ruin. 
 
 Occid-o, ere, i; occasum, neut. 
 to fall, set, to be destroyed. 
 
 Occisus, part, of occldo. 
 
 Occul-o, ere, ui, turn, act. to co- 
 ver, conceal. 
 
 Occult-us, a, um, adj. secret, ob- 
 scure, concealed; part, of oc- 
 culo. 
 
 Occup-o, are, act. to take, occu- 
 py. . 
 
 Occurritur, imp. from 
 
 Occurr-o, ere, i, and occucurri, 
 occursum, neut. to succour, to 
 meet. 
 
 Ocean us, i, m. the god of the 
 sea, and husband of Thetys. 
 
 Och-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ocior, or ocy-or, us, comp. 
 swifter; superl. ocyssimus. 
 
 Ocius, or ocyus, adv. more 
 speedily, superl. ocyssime. 
 
 Octavi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Octo, adj. indecl. eight. 
 
 Octon-i, se, a, adj. eight, eight 
 by eight. 
 
 Oculat-us, a, um, adj. having 
 eyes; oculatus testis, an eye- 
 witness. 
 
 Ocul-us, i, m. an eye. 
 
 Ocyor, see ocior. 
 
 Odi, oderam, oderim, elc. defect. 
 I hate, I have hated. 
 
 Odi-um, i, n. hatred. 
 
 CEdip-us, i, and CEdipodis, m. 
 son of Laius and Jocasta, and 
 King of Thebes, who solved 
 the riddle of the Spinx; he un- 
 wittingly killed his father, and 
 married his mother; being in- 
 formed of his errors by Tyre- 
 sius the seer, he ran mad and 
 tore out his eyes. 
 
 OZnotri-i, orum, m. the ancient 
 inhabitants of Italy. 
 
 OfFer-o, re; obtuli, oblatum, act. 
 to bring to, to offer. 
 
246 
 
 OFF 
 
 OPE 
 
 Offic-io, ere; ofFec-i, turn, to hin- 
 der, obstruct; alicui. 
 
 Oflici-um, i, n. a duty, kindness, 
 employment. 
 
 Ohe! interj. enough! 
 
 Ol-eo, ere, ui and evi, itum, and 
 
 • etum, neut. to smell, savour. 
 
 Ole-um, i, n. oil. 
 
 Olim, adv. sometime past, former- 
 I) r , lately, one day. 
 
 Olor, is, m. a swan. 
 
 Olympi a, orum, n. the Olympic 
 games, celebrated every fifth 
 year near Olympia, in honour 
 of Jupiter Olympus. 
 
 Omitt-o, ere; omi-si, ssum, act. 
 to omit, neglect. 
 
 Omnino, adv. wholly, entirely. 
 
 Omnipoten-s, tis, adj. almighty. 
 
 Omn-is, is, e, adj. all, whole, 
 every. 
 
 Omphal-e, es, f. a queen of Ly- 
 dia, with whom Hercules was 
 so enamoured, that she made 
 him submit to spinning and to 
 the chastisement of the slipper. 
 
 Onerari-us, a, um, adj. serving for 
 burden; ?iavis oneraria, a ship 
 of burden. 
 
 On-us, eris, n. a burden. 
 
 Onust-us, a, um, adj. laden, filled 
 with, aliqua re, or alicujus rei. 
 
 Opac-us,a, r ,um,adj. shady, dusky. 
 
 Oper-a, se, f. labour, service. 
 
 Oper-io, ire, ui, turn, act. to co- 
 ver, conceal. 
 
 Oper-or, ari, dep. to work, to be 
 employed in. 
 
 Opertus, part, of operio. 
 
 Opes, um, f. riches, power. 
 
 Opinio, nis, f. an opinion, reputa- 
 tion. 
 
 Opis, gen. opem, ace. ope, abl. 
 f. help, power. 
 
 Oport-eo, or rather 
 
 Oport-et, ere, uit, impers. it be- 
 hoves; oportet me, I ought. 
 
 Ops, Opis, f. the daughter of Coe- 
 lus and Vesta, sister and wife 
 of Saturn; she is also called 
 
 Cybele, Rhea, and the mother 
 of the gods. 
 
 Oper-ior, iri, tus and itus, dep. to 
 stay, wait for. 
 
 Oppidan-us, i, m. a townsman. 
 
 Oppid-um, i, n. a walled town, a 
 town. 
 
 Oppl-eo ere,evi,etum, act. to fill. 
 
 Oppon-o, ere; oppos-ui, itum, 
 act. to oppose; one's self to 
 someone, se alicui. 
 
 Opportun-us, a, um, adj. conve- 
 nient, useful, seasonable. 
 
 Opposi-tus, part of oppono. 
 
 Opprim-o, ere; oppress-i, um, 
 act. to destroy, oppress, en- 
 slave. 
 
 Oppugn-o, are, act. to fight 
 against, to assault. 
 
 Optimus, see bonus. 
 
 Optim-us, i, m. a title of Jupiter. 
 
 Opt-o, are, act. to wish, select. 
 
 Op-us, eris, n. a work, task, diffi- 
 culty; in the nom. and ace. 
 need; mihi opus est aliqua re, 
 or alicujus ret; res aliqua mihi 
 opus est,- opus habeo aliqua re y 
 I hove need of something, 1 am 
 in want of something. 
 
 Oracul-um, i, n. an oracle, an an- 
 swer from the gods, the place 
 where it is given. 
 
 Oratio, nis, f. a speech, oration. 
 
 Orator, is, m. a speaker, orator. 
 
 Orb-is, is, m. a circle, orb, globe. 
 
 Orb-us, a, um, adj. bereaved; 
 utroque parente, an orphan. 
 
 Ordin-o, are, act. to regulate, or- 
 dain. 
 
 Ord-ior, iri; orsus and orditus, 
 dep. to begin, decree. 
 
 Ord-o, inis, m. an order, law. 
 
 Ore-as, adis, f. pi. Oreades, 
 nymphs in Diana's train. 
 
 Orest-es, is, and se, m. the son of 
 Agamemnon and Clytemnestra; 
 he slew his own mother and 
 her paramour iEgisthus; he 
 also slew Pyrrhus the son of 
 Achilles, for marrying Her- 
 
OEG 
 
 PAC 
 
 247 
 
 mione, promised to him by her 
 father Menelaiis. 
 
 Orgetori-x, gis, m.noun pr. 
 
 Orgi-a, orum, n. sacred rites of 
 Bacchus, celebrated in the 
 night with great disorder. 
 
 Orien-s, tis, (scil. sol) m. the 
 rising sun, the east; part, of 
 
 Or-ior, iri, ortus, dep. to rise, to 
 be born. 
 
 Oriund-us, a, um, adj. descended 
 from, risen \from the same stock, 
 (ab) eodem semine. 
 
 Ornate, adv. from 
 
 Ornat-us, a, um, adj. elegant, 
 graceful, part, of 
 
 Orn-o, are, act. to adorn, equip. 
 
 Or-o, are, act. to beg, entreat. 
 
 Oront-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Orphe-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
 Jupiter, and Calliope; he ex- 
 celled as a poet and musician, 
 and was torn in pieces by the 
 Maenades for shunning women 
 after the death of his wife Eu- 
 rydice. 
 
 Ortus, part, of orior, risen, de- 
 scended from; Ortus (a) diis, 
 descended from the gods. 
 
 Ort-us, us, m. the rising, birth, 
 beginning. 
 
 Os, oris, n. the mouth; plur. ora, 
 oribus, etc. 
 
 Os, ossis, n. a bone; gen. pi. os- 
 tium. 
 
 Oscul-um,i,n. a little mouth, a kiss. 
 
 Ostend-o, ere, i; osten-sum, and 
 turn, act. to show, prove. 
 
 Ostracism-us, i, m. ostracism, 
 voting by shells. 
 
 Othr-ys, yos, m. a mountain in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 Oti-um, i, n. leisure, retirement. 
 
 Ovat, defect, verb, he triumphs 
 in the lesser triumph. 
 
 Ovil-e, is, n. a sheep-fold. 
 
 Ov-is, is, f. and m. a sheep. 
 
 Ov-um, i, n. an egg; ab ovo usque 
 ad mala, from the beginning- to 
 the end. 
 
 P. for Publius. 
 
 Pacatus, part, of paco. 
 
 Pacisc-or, i; pactus, dep. to cove- 
 nant, agree. 
 
 Pac-o, are, act. to subdue, ap- 
 pease. 
 
 Pactus, part, of paciscor, having 
 agreed, being agreed upon. 
 
 Paean, is, m. a title of Apollo. 
 
 Palam, prep. abl. before, in the 
 presence of. 
 
 Palam, adv. openly, publicly. 
 
 Palaem-on, Snis, m. see Ino. 
 
 Pales, is, f. the goddess of hus- 
 bandry. 
 
 Palladium, i, n. an image of 
 Minerva, which the Trojans 
 fancied to have fallen from 
 heaven, and that their city 
 could not be taken, whilst that 
 image remained there. 
 
 Pall-as, adis, f. the goddess of 
 wisdom and arms; she was 
 born from Jupiter's brain by 
 Vulcan's assistance; she was 
 worshipped under the names of 
 Minerva, Mhena and Tritonia. 
 
 Palli-um, i, n. a cloak. 
 
 Palm-es, itis, m. a twig. 
 
 Pal-us, udis, f. a moor, fen. 
 
 Pal-us, i, m. a post, stake. 
 
 Paluster, or rather palustr-is, is, 
 e, adj. moorish. 
 
 Pan, is, or os, m. the god of 
 shepherds. 
 
 Pan?eti-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Pand-o, ere, i; pansum, and pas- 
 sum, act. to open, spread. 
 
 Pandor-a, x, f. a woman made by 
 Vulcan, to whom every God 
 made a present; Jupiter pre- 
 sented her with a box contain- 
 ing all kinds of evils, with hope 
 at the bottom. 
 
 Pan-is, is, m. bread, a loaf, gen. 
 pi. panum. 
 
 Panthe-on, a temple in Rome, 
 consecrated to all the gods. 
 
 Papae! interj. O strange! 
 
 Papyr-us, i, f. a shrub growing 
 
248 
 
 PAR 
 
 PAS 
 
 near the Nile, the paper made 
 of it. 
 
 Par, paris, adv. even, equal. 
 
 Par, paris, n. a pair. 
 
 Parc-a, ae, f. pi. Parc-ae, arum, 
 the Fates, daughters of Erebus 
 and Nox, three in number, viz. 
 Clothoy holdeth the distaff, La- 
 chesis spins the thread of hu- 
 man life, and Mropos cuts it 
 off. 
 
 Parcitur, impers. from 
 
 Parc-o, ere; peperci, and pars-i, 
 um, neut. to spare, abstain 
 from, pardon, alicui. 
 
 Paren-s, tis, c. g. a parent; pi. 
 parmt-es, um, and ium, pa- 
 rents. 
 
 Paren-s, tis, adj. obedient, part. 
 of 
 
 Par-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
 obey, comply with; alicui. 
 
 Paricid-a, ae, c. g. a parricide. 
 
 Pari-es, etis, m. the wall of a 
 room. 
 
 Par-io, ere; peperi, partum; act. 
 to beget, bring forth, cause. 
 
 Pari-s, idis, m. the son of Priam, 
 who being sent on an embassy 
 to Menelaus, king of Lacede- 
 mon, fell in love with his wife 
 Helena, and carried her to 
 Troy, which caused the de- 
 struction of Troy. 
 
 Parmenio, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Parnass-us, i, m. a mountain in 
 Phocis, the favourite seat of 
 the muses. 
 
 Par-o, are, act. to prepare, pro- 
 cure. 
 
 Par-s, tis, f. a part, share, party. 
 
 Parsimoni-a, ae, f. parsimony, 
 economy. 
 
 Parthenop-e, es, f. one of the 
 Sirens. 
 
 Part-ior, iri, itus, dep. to divide. 
 
 Part-us, us, m. the birth. 
 
 Parum, adv. little, not enough. 
 
 Parv-us, a, um, adj. small, little, 
 com p. minor, minimus. 
 
 Pasc-o, ere; pavi, pastum, act. to 
 feed, nourish; pass. 
 
 Pasc-or, i, pastus, pass, to be fed, 
 to live on, aliqua re. 
 
 Pasipha-e, es, f. the wife of Mi- 
 nos, king of Crete, who is said 
 to have fallen in love with a 
 bull, and to have brought forth 
 the Minotaur, partly man, and 
 partly bull. 
 
 Pass-er, eris, m. a sparrow. 
 
 Passim, adv. every where, in ev- 
 ery direction. 
 
 Pass-us, part, of patior, and pan- 
 do. 
 
 Pass-us, us, m. a step, five feet. 
 
 Pastill-us, i, m. a pomander. 
 
 Pastor, is, m. a shepherd. 
 
 Patare-us, i, m. a title of Apollo. 
 
 Patavi-um, i, n. noun pr. Padua. 
 
 Pat-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be open, 
 evident, to extend. 
 
 Pat-er, ris, m. a father. 
 
 Patern-us, a, um, adj. fatherly, 
 parental, father's. 
 
 Patien-s, tis, adj. able, or willing 
 to bear; alicujus rei; part, of 
 patior. 
 
 Patienti-a, ae, f. patience. 
 
 Pat-ior, iri, passus, dep. to suffer, 
 undergo. 
 
 Patri-a, ae, f. one's native coun- 
 try. 
 
 Patri-us, a, um, adj. paternal, 
 native. 
 
 Patr-o, are, act. to perform. 
 
 Patron-us, i, m. a patron, protec- 
 tor. 
 
 Patru-us, i, m.a father's brother, 
 uncle. 
 
 Pauc-i, ae, a, adj. few; comp. 
 pauciores, paucissimi. 
 
 Paulatim, adv. by degrees, little 
 by little. 
 
 Paulo, adv. by a little, 
 
 Paululo, adv. and abl. of paulu- 
 lus, by a little. 
 
 Pauper, is, adj. poor. 
 
 Pauperi-es, ei, f. poverty. 
 
 Pauperta-s, tis, f. poverty. 
 
PAU 
 
 PEN 
 
 249 
 
 Pausani-as, se, m. noun pr. 
 
 Pavid-us, a, urn, adj. fearful, 
 frightened. 
 
 Pa-x, cis, f. peace. 
 
 P. C. for Patres conscripti, con- 
 script fathers. 
 
 Peccat-um, i, n. a fault, of- 
 fence. 
 
 Peccat-ur, impers. from 
 
 Pecc-o, are, neut. and act. to do 
 amiss, blunder, transgress. 
 
 Pect-en, inis, m. and n. a comb, 
 rake. 
 
 Pect-us, oris, n. the breast. 
 
 Pecuni-a, x, money, a sum of 
 money. 
 
 ec-us, oris, n. iidis, f. and m. a 
 sheep, a flock of sheep, cattle. 
 
 Ped-es, itis, c. g. a footman. 
 
 Pedester, or pedestr-is, is, e, adj. 
 on foot. 
 
 Pegas-us, 3, m. Perseus' s winged 
 horse. 
 
 Pelag-us, i, n. the sea; plur. pe- 
 lage. 
 
 Pele-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
 JEacus, and father of Achilles 
 by Thetis. 
 
 Pelid-es, x, m. the son of Peleus, 
 Achilles. 
 
 Peli-on, i, n. a mountain of Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 Pell-is, is, f. the skin, hide. 
 
 Pel-ops, opis, m. the son of Tan- 
 talus, who killed him when a 
 child, and served him up to 
 the Gods, who restored him 
 again to life. 
 
 Pelv-is, is, f. a wash-basin. 
 
 Penat-es, um, m. small statues of 
 the household gods. 
 
 Pend-eo, ere; pependi, n. to 
 hang. 
 
 Pend-o, ere, pependi, pensum, 
 act. to weigh, rate, pay; pende- 
 re aliquid parvi, to regard 
 something little ;penderepo3naa t \ 
 to suffer punishment. 
 
 Pene, adv. almost. 
 
 Penelop-e, es, f. the daughter of 
 
 Icarus, and wife of Ulysses, 
 famous for her chastity. 
 
 Penes, prep. ace. in the power 
 of. 
 
 Penetr-o, are, act. to penetrate, 
 enter into. 
 
 Penn-a, se, f. a feather, pen. 
 
 Pen-us, i, or us, m. store, provi- 
 sions. 
 
 Pen-us, oris, n. provisions. 
 
 Per, prep. ace. through, by. 
 
 Peragr-o, are, act. and neut. to 
 travel over, to traverse. 
 
 Percussus, part, of 
 
 Percut-io, ere; percuss-i, um, 
 act. to strike, fell, slay. 
 
 Perdicc-as, x, m. noun pr. 
 
 Perdit-us, a, um, adj . wretched, 
 desperate; and part, of perdo. 
 
 Perd-ix, icis, c. g. a partridge. 
 
 Perd-o, ere, idi, ltum, act. to 
 lose, destroy. 
 
 Perduc-o, ere; perdu-xi, ctum, to 
 lead through, persuade. 
 
 Perductus, part of perduco. 
 
 Peregrin-us, a. um, adj. alien, 
 foreign. 
 
 Perexigu-us, a, um, adj. very lit- 
 tle. 
 
 Perfectio, nis, f. perfection, fin- 
 ishing. 
 
 Perfectus, part, of perficio. 
 
 Perfer-o, re; pertuli, perlatum, 
 act. to carry through, to en- 
 dure, report. 
 
 Perfic-io, ere; perfec-i, turn, act. 
 to finish, effect. 
 
 Perfidi-a, se, f. treachery. 
 
 Perfid-us, a, um, adj. treacher- 
 ous, false. 
 
 Perfugi-um, i, n. a refuge. 
 
 Perfund-o, ere, fudi, fusum, act. 
 to bedew, besprinkle. 
 
 Perfung-or, i; perfunctus, dep. 
 to discharge, execute, go 
 through with; aliqua re. 
 
 Periculose, dangerously, with 
 danger, adv. from 
 
 Periculos-us, a, um, adj. danger- 
 ous. 
 
250 
 
 PER 
 
 PER 
 
 Pericul-um, 1, n. the danger. 
 
 Perinde, adv. as, as if; perinde ac, 
 just as if. 
 
 Perit-us, a, um, adj. skilled, ex- 
 pert; in the law, juris, or jure. 
 
 Perleg-o, ere, i; perlectum, act. 
 to read through, to take a view. 
 
 Permansio, nis, f. a stay. 
 
 Permissus, part, of 
 
 Permitt-o, ere; permis-i,sum,act. 
 to permit, suffer. 
 
 Permov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. to 
 persuade, induce. 
 
 Pernici-es, ei, f. destruction, 
 death. 
 
 Pernicios-us, a, um, adj. destruc- 
 tive, fatal. 
 
 Pern-ix, Icis, swift, nimble. 
 
 Peros-us, a, um, part, of perodi, 
 hating greatly; the tight, lucem. 
 
 Perpauc-i, x, a, adj. very few. 
 
 Perpet-ior, i; perpessus, dep. to 
 suffer, bear with. 
 
 Perpetu-us, a, um, adj. endless. 
 
 Pers-a, x, m. a Persian. 
 
 Persequ-or, i; persecutus, dep. to 
 pursue. 
 
 Perse i-s, dis, f. the daughter of 
 Perseus. 
 
 Perse-us, i, or os, m. the son of 
 Jupiter and Danae, he attack- 
 ed Medusa, and cut off her 
 head, wherewith he performed 
 many extraordinary exploits. 
 
 Persever-o, are, neut. to perse- 
 vere, persist. 
 
 Person-a, x, f. a person, an actor. 
 
 Persuad-eo, ere; persuas-i, um, 
 act. to persuade, advise, alicui 
 aliquid. 
 
 Persuadetur, impers. from per- 
 suadeo; mihi, I am persuaded. 
 
 Pertaes-us, a, um, part, of pertse- 
 det, weary of, displeased with, 
 alicujus rei, or aliquam rem. 
 
 Pertimesc-o, ere, incept, to fear 
 greatly. 
 
 Pertinaci-a, x, f. obstinacy. 
 
 Pertinaciter, adv. from 
 
 Pertina-x, cis, adj. obstinate. 
 
 Pertin-eo, ere, neut. to reach, 
 belong; tome, ad me. 
 
 Pervagat-us, a, um, adj. public, 
 spread abroad; and part, of 
 
 Pervag-or, ari, atus, dep. to wan- 
 der over, traverse. 
 
 Perven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 come to, obtain; ad aliquid. 
 
 Pervert-o, ere, i; perversum, act. 
 to overthrow, corrupt. 
 
 Pervolo; velle, volui, to desire 
 earnestly. 
 
 Pe-s, dis, m. a foot. 
 
 Pest-is, is, f. a pest, plague. 
 
 Petens, part, of 
 
 Pet-o, ere, ivi, itum, act. to beg, 
 seek, aim at, go to. 
 
 Petrei-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Petulan-s, tis, adj. insolent, wan- 
 ton. 
 
 Phaeton, tis, m. the son of Sol 
 and Clymene; having obtained 
 the guidance of his father's 
 chariot for one day, and being 
 unable to manage the horses, 
 he set the world on fire; where- 
 fore Jupiter struck him with a 
 thunderbolt into the river Po; 
 his sisters bewailed his death 
 till they were changed into 
 poplar trees. 
 
 Phasel-us, i, c. g. a kind of 
 pulse. 
 
 Philadelphiens-is, is,c.g. a Phila- 
 delphian. 
 
 philipp-i, orum, m. noun pr. 
 
 phillipp-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 philo, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Philomel-a, x, f. daughter of Pan- 
 dion, king of Athens; she was 
 ravished by her brother-in-law 
 Tereus, and changed into a 
 nightingale. 
 
 Philosophi-a, x, f. philosophy, 
 love of wisdom. 
 
 Philosoph-us,i,m. a philosopher. 
 
 Philot-as, x, m. noun pr. 
 
 Phlegethon, tis. m. one of the 
 infernal rivers. 
 
 Phlegy-as, ae, -m. a king of the 
 
PHO 
 
 PL A 
 
 251 
 
 Lapithae, he burnt the temple 
 of Apollo, at Delphi, where- 
 fore the enraged god killed, 
 and placed him in hell under a 
 huge stone, which he imagines 
 every moment will fall down 
 upon him. 
 
 Phoebe-us, a um, adj. Phoebean. 
 
 Phoeb-us, i, m. a name of Apol- 
 lo. 
 
 Phoeniss-a, ae, f. Dido, the Phoeni- 
 cian. 
 
 Phorcis, and Phorcyni-s, dos, f. 
 a name of Medusa. 
 
 Phorcys, or Phorc-us, i, m. a sea 
 god, the son of Pontus and 
 Terra; he married his sister 
 Ceto, by the whom he had the 
 Gorgons Stheno, Euryale and 
 Medusa. 
 
 Phr-yx, ygis, m. a Phrygian; pi. 
 Phryges. 
 
 Pic-a, ae, f. a magpie. 
 
 Pictor, is, m. a painter. 
 
 Pictus, part, of pingo. 
 
 Pie, adv. from pius, sup. pits- 
 si me. 
 
 Pier-is, dis, f. pi. Piendes, the 
 Muses, daughters of Pierus. 
 
 Pieta-s, tis, f. piety, affection. 
 
 Pig-er, ra, rum, adj. slothful, la- 
 
 Piget, it irks, grieves; impers. 
 from pig-eo, ere. ui, neut. to 
 be loth, dislike. 
 
 Pign-us, oris, n. a pawn, pledge. 
 
 Pigre, adv. from piger. 
 
 Pil-a, ae, f. a ball, any thing round. 
 
 Pll-a, ae, f. prop, pestle. 
 
 Pile-us, i, m. a hat, cap. 
 
 Pll-um, i, n. a javelin, dart. 
 
 Ping-o, ere; pinxi; pictum, act. 
 to paint, feign. 
 
 Pingu-is, is, e, adj. fat, rude. 
 
 Pisc-is, is, m. a fish. 
 
 Pith-o, us, f. the goddess of elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Pi-us, a, um, adj. pious, affec- 
 tionate. 
 
 Pi-x, cis, f. pitch. 
 
 Placent-a, ae, f. a cake. 
 
 Placeo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to 
 please, delight; alicui. 
 
 Placet, impers. from placeo, it 
 pleases; alicui. 
 
 Placid-us, a, um, adj. gentle, 
 mild. 
 
 Plag-a, ae, f. a climate, a net. 
 
 Plag-a, ae, f. a blow, stripe. 
 
 Planet-a, ae, m. a planet. 
 
 Platan-us, i, and us, f. the plane- 
 tree. 
 
 Plato, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Plaustr-um, i, n. a cart. 
 
 Plaut-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Plebs, ebis, f. the commons, the 
 mob. 
 
 Plect-o, ere; plex-i, um, act. to 
 twist, knit, punish. 
 
 Pleiad-es, um, f. the seven daugh- 
 ters of Atlas and Pleione; they 
 were changed into stars, and 
 placed near Taurus. 
 
 Plen-us, a,um, adj. full, abound- 
 ing; aliqua re, or ulicujus rei. 
 
 Plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, 
 adj. the most, the greatest part. 
 
 Pluit, it rains; impers. from 
 
 Plu-o, ere, i, or vi, to rain, show- 
 er down. 
 
 Plus, pluris, neut. pi. plures, 
 plura, or pluria, more, comp. 
 of multus. 
 
 Plus, adv. more, superl. pluri- 
 mum. 
 
 Pluto, nis, m. the son of Saturn, 
 and brother of Jupiter and 
 Neptune, and king of hell. 
 
 P. M. for post meridiem, after 
 mid-day. 
 
 Pocul-um, i, n. a cup. 
 
 Podagr-a, ae, f. the gout in the 
 feet. 
 
 Poema, tis, n. a poem. 
 
 Poen-a, ae, f. a punishment, fine; 
 dare poenas, to be punished,- su- 
 mere pcenas, to punish. 
 
 Poen-i, orum, m. a people near 
 Carthage, the Carthaginians. 
 
 Poenitenti-a, ae, f. repentance. 
 
252 
 
 P(EN 
 
 POP 
 
 Poenit-eo, ere, ui, neut. to cause 
 pain, or remorse. 
 
 Pcenitet, impers. from poeniteo, 
 it grieves; pcenitet me facti, I 
 am sorry for my deed. 
 
 Poet-a, x, m. a poet, contriver. 
 
 Pol, for Pollucem, adv. by Pol- 
 lux. 
 
 Pol-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to pol- 
 ish, adorn. 
 
 Politori-um, i. n. noun pr. 
 
 Pollic-eor, eri, itus, dep. to pro- 
 mise. 
 
 Pollu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to de- 
 file, pollute. 
 
 Poll-ux, ucis, m. the twin bro- 
 ther of Castor, they were made 
 the sign Gemini. 
 
 Polybi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Polydor-us, i, m, a son of Priam. 
 
 Polyhymni-a, <e, f. one of the 
 Muses. 
 
 Polyphem-us, i, m. the son of 
 Neptune, and a Cyclops, he 
 had but one eye, and that in 
 the middle of his forehead. 
 
 Pomon-a, <e, f. the goddess of 
 fruit. 
 
 Pompeian-us, a, um, adj. belong- 
 ing or attached to Pompey. 
 
 Pompei-us, or Pompej-us, i, m. 
 Pompey. 
 
 Pompili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Pomponi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Pom-um, i, n. an apple. 
 
 Pondo, n. indecl. sing, and pi. 
 pound weight. 
 
 Pond-us, eris, n. a weight, bur- 
 den. 
 
 Pone, prep. ace. after, behind. 
 
 Pon-o, ere; pos-ui, itum, act. to 
 put, place. 
 
 Pon-s, tis, m. abridge. 
 Pontif-ex, icis, m. a pontiff. 
 Pont-us, i, (Euxinus) m. the 
 black sea, also the country 
 near it. 
 Popili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Populabund-us, a, um, adj. de- 
 stroying, laying waste; aliquid. 
 
 Populatio, nis, f. the destroying, 
 pillaging. 
 
 Popul-or, ari, atus, dep. to plun- 
 der, lay waste. 
 
 Popiil-us, i, m. a nation, people. 
 
 Popiil-us, i, f. a poplar tree. 
 
 Porc-us, i, m. hog. 
 
 Port-a, x, f. a gate. 
 
 Portic-us, us, f. a porch, gallery . 
 
 Portitor, is, m. a porter, ferry- 
 man. 
 
 Portun-us, or Portumn-us, i, m. 
 a sea-god. 
 
 Port-us, us, m. a port, harbour. 
 
 Posc-o, ere, poposci, act. to de- 
 mand, beg". 
 
 Positus, part, of pono. 
 
 Possessio, nis, f. a possession. 
 
 Possum, posse, potui, to be able, 
 1 may, can; non possum non, 
 I must. 
 
 Post, prep. ace. after, behind. 
 
 Post, adv. afterwards. 
 
 Postea, adv. afterwards; postea 
 loci, after that. 
 
 Posteaquam, after that. 
 
 Posterita-s, tis, f. posterity. 
 
 Poster-us, a, um, adj. the next, 
 that cometh after; comp. poste- 
 rior, postremus, latter, last. 
 
 Posthab-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 set behind, to esteem less. 
 
 Posthabitus, part, of posthabeo. 
 
 Posthumi-us, i, m. noun p. 
 
 Postmodo, adv. afterwards. 
 
 Postquam, adv. after, after that. 
 
 Postridie, adv. the next day after; 
 postridie ejus diet, the day after 
 that day,- postridie ludos, the 
 day after the games. 
 Potenti-a, <e, f. power, influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Potesta-s, tis, f. power, govern- 
 ment. 
 Pot-ior, iri, itus, dep. to possess, 
 enjoy, obtain, to make one's 
 self master of; aliqua re, or ali- 
 cujus rei. 
 Poti-or, or, us, comparative of 
 potis, more powerful, better, 
 
POT 
 
 PR.E 
 
 253 
 
 more eligible ; rempublicam 
 privato commodo potiorem ha- 
 buit, he preferred the good of 
 the commonwealth to 
 advantage. 
 
 Polius, adv. rather, better, su- 
 perl. potissimum. 
 
 Pot-o, are, avi, atum, or um, act. 
 to drink hard, to get drunk, to 
 drink. 
 
 Pot-us, a, um, part, having" drunk, 
 being" drunk. 
 
 P. R. for populics Romanus, the 
 Roman people. 
 
 Prte, prep. abl. before, in com- 
 parison of, for. 
 
 Prxb-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 yield, allow, show. 
 
 Praeced-o, ere; cess-i, um, act. 
 and neut. to go before, outgo, 
 excel. 
 
 Praecept-um, i, n. a command- 
 ment. 
 
 Praecip-io, ere ; praecepi, turn, 
 act. to command, direct, teach; 
 alicui aliquid. 
 
 Praecipit-o, are, act. to over- 
 throw, precipitate. 
 
 Praecipitur, impers. from praeci- 
 pio; prsecipitar mihi, I am com- 
 manded, direction is given to me. 
 
 Praecipue, adv. especially, chiefly. 
 
 Praecipu-us, a, um, adj. chief, 
 principal. 
 
 Praeclar-us, a, um, adj. very clear, 
 noble. 
 
 Praeco, nis, m. a public crier. 
 
 Pracco-x, cis, adj. early, ripe. 
 
 Praecurr-o, ere, i; or praecucur-ri, 
 praecursum, act. to forerun, ex- 
 cel. 
 
 Praed-a, ac, f. a prey, booty. 
 
 Praedic-o, are, act. to proclaim, 
 affirm. 
 
 Pracdic o, ere; praedi-xi, ctum, 
 act. to foretel. 
 
 Praedit-us, a, um, adj. endued 
 with; the highest offi.ce y summo 
 magistratu. 
 
 Pracdiv-es, itis, adj. very rich 
 
 Prx-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. and 
 neut. to go before, to advise, 
 excel; alicui, aliquid. 
 his own Praefect-us, i, m. a governor. 
 
 Pracfer-o, re, praetuli, praelatum, 
 act. to prefer, to carry before. 
 
 Praefrigid-us, a, um, adj. very 
 cold, cold. 
 
 Pradi-um, i, n. a battle, conten- 
 tion. 
 
 Praeluc-eo, ere; praeluxi, act. and 
 neut. to shine before, to out- 
 shine. 
 
 Praerip-io, ere, ui ; praereptum, 
 act. to forestall, take. 
 
 Praerump-o, ere; rup-i, turn, act. 
 to break in pieces.' 
 
 Praerupt-us, a, um, adj. craggy, 
 steep; and part, of praerumpo. 
 
 Prae-s, dis, m. a surety in money 
 matters. 
 
 Praesen-s, tis, adj. present, pro- 
 pitious. 
 
 Praesertim, adv. especially, chief- 
 
 Praesid-eo, ere; praese-di, ssum, 
 
 neut. to preside, manage; ali- 
 cui. 
 Praesidi-um,i,n. a garrison, guard. 
 Praestan-s, tis, adj. excellent, and 
 
 part, of pracsto. 
 Praestat, it is better, impers. of 
 
 praesto. 
 Praestitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 
 
 prescribe, determine. 
 Prxst-o, are, iti, itum, and atum, 
 
 act. and neut. to perform, show, 
 
 stand before. 
 Praestring-o, ere ; praestri-nxi, 
 
 ctum, act. to bind, dazzle, dim, 
 Prae-sum, esse, fui, to preside 
 
 over, to manage. 
 Praeter, prep. ace. except, beside, 
 
 contrary to. 
 Praeter-eo, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 
 pass by, neglect. 
 Practeritus, part, of prxtereo, 
 
 past, past by. 
 Practermitt-o, ere, mis-i, sum, act. 
 
 to let pass, to omit. 
 
 22 
 
254 
 
 PRJE 
 
 PRI 
 
 Praeterveh-o, ere; ve-xi, ctum, 
 act. to carry past, or along*. 
 
 Praetext-us, us, m. a pretence. 
 
 Praetor, is, m. a praetor, chief of- 
 ficer. 
 
 Praetori-um, i, n. the general's 
 tent. 
 
 Praevaricatio, nis, f. prevarica- 
 tion, treachery. 
 
 Praeven-io, ire, i, turn, act. and 
 neut. to anticipate, come be- 
 fore. 
 
 Prat-um, i, n. a meadow. 
 
 Prec-is, gen. i, em, e, f. intreaty, 
 prayer. 
 
 Prem-o, ere; press- i, um, act. to 
 press, weigh down, oppress. 
 
 Presbyter, i, m. an elder, presby- 
 ter. 
 
 Pressus, part, of premo. 
 
 Preti-um, i, n. the price, re- 
 ward. 
 
 Priamid-es, is, m. a son of Priam. 
 
 Priam-us, i, m. Priam, the son of 
 Laomedon, and last king of 
 Troy. 
 
 Priap-us, i, the son of Bacchus 
 and Venus, he presided over 
 gardens, lakes, and obscenity. 
 
 Pridie, on the day before; pridie 
 ejus diet, the day before that day; 
 pridie cakndas, the day before 
 the first. 
 
 Pridem, adv. lately, long ago, 
 comp. prius, primum. 
 
 Primo, adv. first, at first. 
 
 Primum, adv. first. 
 
 Prim-us, a, um, adj. first. 
 
 Princ-eps, ipis, c. g. first, chief, 
 principal. 
 
 Principi-um, i, n. a beginning, 
 principle. 
 
 Pri-or, or, us, adj. comp. the for- 
 mer, the better. 
 
 Prisc-us, a, um, adj. old, ancient. 
 
 Pristin-us, a, um, adj. ancient, 
 former. 
 
 Prius, adv. before, sooner. 
 
 Priusquam, adv. sooner than, be- 
 fore. 
 
 Privat-us, a, um, adj. private, 
 one's own. 
 
 Pro, prep. abl. for, with respect 
 to. 
 
 Prob-o, are, act. to prove, try, 
 approve. 
 
 Proc. for proconsul, is, m. a pro- 
 consul. 
 
 Proced-o, ere; cessi-i, um, neut. 
 to proceed, prosper. 
 
 Procell-a, ae, f. a tempest, com- 
 motion. 
 
 Procer-us, a, um, adj. high. 
 
 Procul, adv. far, far off"; procul 
 fab J hoste, far from the ene- 
 my. 
 
 Procumb-o, ere; cub-ui, itum, 
 neut. to lie down, to prostrate 
 one's self. 
 
 Procur-o, are, act. to manage. 
 
 Prodigi-um, i, n. a prodigy, mi- 
 racle. 
 
 Proditio, nis, f. discovery, treach- 
 ery. 
 
 Proditor, is, m. a traitor, discloser. 
 
 Prod-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to de- 
 clare, betray. 
 
 Produc-o, ere; du-xi, ctum, act. 
 to produce, draw out. 
 
 Proelium, see praelium. 
 
 Proetid-es, um, f. the daughters 
 of Proetus, who, on account of 
 their pride, were struck with 
 madness, and imagined them- 
 selves to be cows. 
 
 Profan-o, are, act. to profane, 
 pollute. 
 
 Profan-us, a, um, adj. profane, 
 wicked. 
 
 Profa-ris, ri, tus, dep. to speak 
 out. 
 
 Profectio, nis, f. a departure. 
 
 Prbfecto, adv. indeed, truly. 
 
 Profect-us, part, of proficiscor. 
 
 Profect-us, us, m. progress, ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 Professus, part, of profiteor. 
 
 Prbfest-us, a, um, adj. not holy; 
 profestus dies, a common, or 
 work day. 
 
PRO 
 
 PRO 
 
 255 
 
 Profic-io, ere; profec-i, turn, to 
 profit, to do good. 
 
 Proficisc-or, i; profectus, dep. to 
 set out, advance. 
 
 Profit-eor, eri; professus, dep. to 
 profess, acknowledge, declare. 
 
 Proflig-o, are, act. to rout, ruin. 
 
 Profluen-s, tis, adj. fluent, flow- 
 ing; part, of 
 
 Proflu-o, ere, xi, xum, neut. to 
 gush out. 
 
 Profug-io, ere, i, itum, neut. 
 and act. to fly, escape, forsake. 
 
 Profug-us, a, urn, adj. fleeing, 
 driven away. 
 
 Profund-o, ere; fud-i, sum, act. 
 to pour out, to waste. 
 
 Profund-us, a um, adj. deep, 
 high. 
 
 Progeni-es, ei, f. a progeny, off- 
 spring. 
 
 Prognat-us, a, um,adj. born, de- 
 scended. 
 
 Progn-e, es, f. the daughter 
 of Pandion, king of Athens, 
 wife of Tereus, and sister of 
 Philomela; she was turned in- 
 to a swallow. 
 
 Progred-ior, i; progressus, dep. 
 to advance, proceed. 
 
 Progressus, part, of progredior. 
 
 Progress-us, us, m. a progress, 
 improvement. 
 
 Proh ! or pro ! interj. oh ! ah ! 
 
 Prohib-eo, ere, ui, itum, act. to 
 prohibit, hinder. 
 
 Proinde, adv. therefore, just so. 
 
 Projic-io, ere; projec-i, turn, act. 
 to prostrate, to banish. 
 
 Prolog-us, i, m. a prologue. 
 
 Protnethe-us, i, m. the son of 
 Japetus and Clymene; he 
 formed men of clay, and put 
 life into them by fire stolen 
 from heaven; wherefore Jupi- 
 ter directed Mercury to chain 
 him to mount Caucasus, where 
 a vulture was gnawing his 
 liver, which grew as fast as de- 
 voured.. 
 
 Prompt-us, a, um, adj. ready, 
 
 inclined. 
 Pronepo-s, tis, a nephew's son, 
 
 a great grandchild. 
 Prbnept-is, is, f. a niece's daugh- 
 ter. 
 Pronub-us, a, um, adj. of mar- 
 riage. 
 Pronuntiatus, part, of 
 Pronunti-o, are, act. to speak 
 
 out, declare. 
 Pron-us, a, um, adj. stooping, 
 
 inclined. 
 Propag-o, inis, f. a race, lineage. 
 Propag-o, inis, f. a shoot, or vine. 
 Propag-o, are, act. to propagate, 
 
 to multiply. 
 Prope, adv. nigh, near; comp. 
 
 propius, proxime,- prope fad J 
 
 castra, near the camp; proxime 
 
 fadj Hispaniam, nearest to 
 
 Spain. 
 Propell-o, ere; propul-i, sum, 
 
 act. to drive or push forward. 
 Proper-o, are, act. and neut. to 
 
 hasten, make haste. 
 Prophet-a, «e, m. a prophet. 
 Propin-o, are, act. to drink one's 
 
 health. 
 Propinqu-us, a, um, adj. near, 
 
 akin. 
 Propi-or, or, us, comp. proxi- 
 
 mus, superl. nearer, nearest. 
 Propon-o, ere; propos-ui, itum, 
 
 act. to propose, set up. 
 Proprie, properly, adv. from 
 Propri-us, a, um, adj. peculiar, 
 
 private, firm. 
 Propter, prep. ace. for, near. 
 Propugnacul-um, i, n. a fortress, 
 
 bulwark. 
 Propul-so, are, act. to drive 
 
 away, keep off. 
 Pror-a, x,f. the prow, fore-castle. 
 Proserpin-a, ae, f. the daughter 
 
 of Jupiter and Ceres, and wife 
 
 of Pluto. 
 Prosper, or prosper-us, a, um, 
 
 adj. lucky, prosperous. 
 Prospere, adv. from prosper. 
 
256 
 
 PRO 
 
 PUD 
 
 Prosperita-s, tis, f. prosperity, 
 
 good fortune. 
 Prospic-io, ere; prospe-xi, ctum, 
 
 act. and neut. to foresee, view, 
 
 care for; alicui. 
 Pro-sum, prodesse, profui, neut. 
 
 to do good, to be profitable; 
 
 alicui. 
 Postern-o, ere; prostra-vi, turn, 
 
 act. to overthrow, prostrate. 
 Prostratus, part, ofposterno. 
 Proterv-us, a, um, adj. wanton, 
 
 rude, petulant. 
 Prote-us, i, or os, m. a sea god, 
 
 who could transform himself 
 
 into any shape. 
 Proveh-o, ere; prove-xi, ctum, 
 
 act. to carry on, to advance. 
 Proven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 
 come forth, to proceed. 
 Providenti-a, ae, foresight, provi- 
 dence. 
 Provid-eo, ere, i; provisum, act. 
 
 to foresee, provide, prevent. 
 Provinci-a, se, f. a province. 
 Provoc-o, are, act. to appeal, call 
 
 forth, challenge; aliquern ad 
 
 aliquid. 
 Proxime, see prope. 
 Proxim-us, a, um, adj. superl. of 
 
 propior, nearest. 
 Pruden-s, tis, adj. prudent, 
 
 wise. 
 Prudenti-a, se, f. prudence, wis- 
 dom. 
 Psalt-es, se, m. the singer. 
 Ptolemae-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Pub-er. or pub-es, eris, adj. ripe 
 
 of age, twelve or fourteen years 
 
 old. 
 Publice, adv. from 
 Public-us, a, um, adj. public, 
 
 common; res publica^ a com- 
 mon affair, the commonwealth. 
 Publi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Pud-eo, ere, ui, act. and neut. to 
 
 make blush, to be ashamed. 
 Pudet, ere, puduit, impers.from 
 
 pudeo, to be ashamed; pudet 
 
 me tui (gratia), I am ashamed of 
 
 you. 
 
 Pudic-us, a, um, adj. modest. 
 
 Pudor, is, m. shame, modesty. 
 
 Puell-a, se, f. a girl. 
 
 Puer, i, m. a boy. 
 
 Pueriti-a, se, f. childhood. 
 
 Puerul-us, i, m. a little boy. 
 
 Pugn-a, x, f. a fight, battle. 
 
 Pugnans, part, of pugno. 
 
 Pugnatur, impers. of pugno. 
 
 Pugnatus, part, of 
 
 Pugn-o, are, act. and neut. to 
 fight, struggle against. 
 
 Pulch-er,ra, rum, adj. fair, hand- 
 some, glorious. 
 
 Pulcherrime superl. of 
 
 Pulchre, adv. from pulcher. 
 
 Punice-us, or Punic-us, a, um, 
 adj. of Africa, or Carthage, de- 
 ceitful red, purple colour. 
 
 Pun-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 punish. 
 
 Pun-ior, iri, itus, dep. to punish, 
 and pass, of punio. 
 
 Pupp-is, is, f. the stern of a ship; 
 ace. em and im. 
 
 Purg-o, are, act. to cleanse, ex- 
 cuse. 
 
 Puta, adv. suppose, to wit. 
 
 Put-o, are, act. to think, reckon, 
 prune vines. 
 
 Pylad-es, is, m. the faithful friend 
 of Orestes. 
 
 Pyl-se, arum, f, the straights. 
 
 Pyl-os, i, f. noun pr. 
 
 Pyracmon, is, m. one of the Cy- 
 clops, who forged Jupiter's 
 thunderbolts. 
 
 Pyrami-s, dis, f. a pyramid. 
 
 Pyrrh-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Pythi-a, ze, f. a priestess of Apol- 
 lo, who gave out oracles. 
 
 Pythi-a, orum, n. games in hon- 
 our of Apollo. 
 
 Python, is, d. g. a serpent, shot 
 by Apollo, whence he was call- 
 ed Pythius, and the Pythian 
 games were instituted. 
 
 Q. for Quintus, noun pr. 
 
 Quadragen-i, <e, a, adj. forty. 
 
 Quadrat-us, a, um, adj. squared, 
 square. 
 
QUA 
 
 QUE 
 
 257 
 
 Quadrlm-us, a, um,adj. four years 
 old. 
 
 Quadringent-i, ae, a, adj. four 
 hundred. 
 
 Quaer-o, ere; quaesi-vi, itum, act. 
 to ask, seek, investigate. 
 
 Quaeso, quaesumus, defect. I 
 pray. 
 
 Quaestor, is, m. a quaestor, trea- 
 surer. 
 
 Quaest-us, us, m. gain, profit, lu- 
 cre. 
 
 Qual-is, is, e, adj. of what kind; 
 (talis), qualis, such as 
 
 Quam, conj. and adv. how, than, 
 as; quam bonus, how good; 
 quam optime, as well as possi- 
 ble. 
 
 Quamvis, conj. although. 
 
 Quando, adv. when, since. 
 
 Quandoque, adv. sometimes, 
 some time or other. 
 
 Quandbquidem, conj. whereas, 
 since. 
 
 Quanquam, conj. although. 
 
 Quantum, adv. how much, as 
 much as; quantum pecuniae, 
 how much money. 
 
 Quant-us, a, am, adj. how great, 
 how much, as great as, as much 
 as. 
 
 Quare, adv. why, for what pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Quartan-us, a, um, adj. of, or be- 
 longing to the fourth; quartana 
 (scil. febris), the quartan, 
 fourth-day ague. 
 
 Quasi, adv. and conj. as if. 
 
 Quassatus, part, of 
 
 Quass-o, are, act. to shatter. 
 
 Quater, adv. fcur times. 
 
 Quatuor, adj. indecl. four. 
 
 Que, conj. and, although. 
 
 Quemadmodum, adv. how, as. 
 
 Qu-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to be 
 able. 
 
 Querc-us, us, f. an oak. 
 
 Querel-a, ae, f. a complaint. 
 
 Querens, part, of 
 
 Quer-or, i; questus, dep. to com- 
 
 plain, lament; aliquant rem, de 
 
 aliqua re. 
 Quest-us, us, m. a complaint. 
 Qui, quae, quod, pron. who, 
 
 which, that. 
 Qui, adv. how, by what means. 
 Quia, conj. because. 
 Quicunque, quaecunque, quod- 
 
 cunque, whosoever, whatso- 
 ever, every one. 
 Quid, neuter of quis, subst. in- 
 decl. what? quid novi, what 
 
 news ? quid hominis, what sort 
 
 of a man ? quid aetatis, at what 
 
 age? 
 Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, or 
 
 quiddam, pron. some one, a 
 
 certain. 
 Quidem, adv. truly, indeed; ne 
 
 hoc quidem, not even this. 
 Qui-es, etis, f. rest, ease, quiet. 
 Quiet-us, a, um, adj. quiet, 
 
 calm. 
 Quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, or 
 
 quidlibet, pron. whosoever, 
 
 whatsoever. 
 Quin, adv. and conj. why not } 
 
 nay, but, but that. 
 Quindecim, adj. indecl. fifteen. 
 Quingent-i, ae, a, adj. five hun- 
 dred. 
 Quin-i, ae, a, adj. five by five, five. 
 Quinque, adj. indecl. five. 
 Quinquatri-a, orum, or um, n. and 
 
 quinquatr-us, uum, f. feasts in 
 
 honour of Minerva. 
 Quinquerem-is, is, f. a galley 
 
 with five oars in a seat. 
 Quintil-is, is, (scil. mensis) m. 
 
 the fifth month, August. 
 Quint-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Quinti-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Quir-is, Itis, plur. Quirit-es, um, 
 
 or ium, m. the citizens, or 
 
 commons of Rome. 
 Quis, quae, quid, or quod, who' 
 
 which. 
 Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, 
 
 pron. who? which? what? 
 Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, 
 22* 
 
258 
 
 QUI 
 
 RAD 
 
 or quidpiam, pron. somebody, 
 something-. 
 
 Quisquam, quaequam, quidquam, 
 or quicquam, pron. any one, 
 any body, or thing". 
 
 Quisque, quaeque, quodque, 
 every one, every thing. 
 
 Quisquis, quidquid, pron. whoso- 
 ever, whatsoever. 
 
 Quivis, quaevis, quodvis, or quid- 
 vis, pron. whosoever, any one. 
 
 Quo, adv. and conj. whither, to 
 what place; that, in order that; 
 quo (i. e. ut eo)facilius fiat, that 
 it may be done the more easily. 
 
 Quocirca, conj. wherefore, there- 
 fore. 
 
 Quoad, adv. as long as, whilst, 
 how long, as to, with respect 
 to. 
 
 Quod, conj. because, that since. 
 
 Quodsi, conj. if, because if. 
 
 Quominus, adv. and conj. (for ut 
 eo minus) that the less, that 
 not. 
 
 Quomodo, adv. how? by what 
 means' 1 
 
 Quondam, adv. formerly, once. 
 
 Quoniam, conj. because, since. 
 
 Quoque, conj. also, truly. 
 
 Quotannis, adv. yearly, every 
 year. 
 
 Quotidie, adv. daily, every day. 
 
 Quoties, adv. how often; (toties) 
 quoties, as often as. 
 
 Quotiescunque, adv. as often as. 
 
 Quotuscunque, quotacunque, 
 quotumcunque, what one, what 
 one of a thousand, never so 
 little. 
 
 Quotusquisque, quotaquseque, 
 quotumquodque, or quotum- 
 quidque, what one of many? 
 
 Quousque, adv. how far? how 
 long* 
 
 Quum, (for cum), adv. and conj. 
 when, since; quum, turn, as 
 well as, both and. 
 
 Rabi-es, ei, f. fuiy, rage, mad- 
 ness. 
 
 Radicitus, adv. utterly, by the 
 roots. 
 
 Rad-ix, Icis, f. the root. 
 
 Rap-a, ae, f. the rape root, a tur- 
 nip. 
 
 Rapi'd-us, a, um, adj. rapid, vio- 
 lent. 
 
 Rapln-a, ae, f. a bed of rapes, a 
 field of turnips. 
 
 Rapin-a, ae, f. ravin, pillage. 
 
 Rap-io, ere, ui, turn, act. to take 
 by force, to plunder, carry 
 off. 
 
 Rapt-us, us, m. a ravishing, rape. 
 
 Raptus, part, of rapio. 
 
 Ratio, nis, f. reason, consideration, 
 cause, manner, state, condition; 
 reddere rationem, to give an ac- 
 count. 
 
 Rav-is, is, f. hoarseness. 
 
 Rebell-o, are, neut. to revolt. 
 
 Receptio, nis, f. a reception, har- 
 bouring. 
 
 Recip-io, ere; recep-i, turn, act. 
 to receive, withdraw. 
 
 Recit-o, are, act. to recite, read 
 out. 
 
 Reclud-o, ere; reclus-i, um, act. 
 to open, unlock, disclose. 
 
 RecorcUor, ari, atus, dep. to call 
 to mind, to remember; aliquid, 
 or alicujus rei. 
 
 Recre-o, are, act. to revive, re- 
 fresh. 
 
 Recte, adv. from rectus. 
 
 Rector, is, m. a director, ruler. 
 
 Rect-us, a, um, adj. straight, 
 right, just. . 
 
 Recub-o, are, ui, itum, neut. to 
 recline, lie down. 
 
 Recuper-o, are, act. to recover. 
 
 Recurr-o, ere, i ; cursum, neut. to 
 have recourse, to run back. 
 
 Recurs-o, are, freq. to return. 
 
 Recus-o, are, act. to refuse, deny. 
 
 Redam-o, are, act. to love in turn. 
 
 Redd-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 
 render, restore, give, make. 
 
 Red-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, neut. 
 to return. 
 
RED 
 
 REM 
 
 259 
 
 Redig-o, ere; redegi, redactum, I 
 act. to compel, bring back. j 
 Redim-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 
 crown. 
 RedTmltus, part, of redimio. 
 Redim-o, ere; redem-i, ptum, act. 
 
 to redeem. 
 Reditio, nis, f. returning-. 
 Redol-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. 
 and act. to cast a scent, to 
 smell. 
 Reduc-o, ere; redu-xi, ctum, act. 
 
 to bring", or lead back. 
 Redu-x, cis, c. g. brought back, 
 
 having safe returned. 
 Refer-o, re; retuli ; relatum ; 
 act. to bring back, return, re- 
 port. 
 Refert, referre, retulit, impers. it 
 concerns; the father, patris,- us, 
 nostra . 
 Refic-io, ere; refec-i, turn, act. to 
 
 repair, refresh. 
 Reflect-o, ere; reflex-i, urn, act. 
 
 to turn back, bend, check. 
 Regi-a, «e, f. (scil. domus), the 
 
 royal house, the palace. 
 Regill-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Regin-a, x, f. the queen. 
 Regio, nis, f. a region, climate; e 
 regione, over against, oppo- 
 site. 
 Regi-us, a, um.adj .royal, princely. 
 Regnatur, the sceptre is swayed, 
 
 impers. from 
 Regn-o, are, neut. to reign, rule. 
 Reg-o, ere, re-xi, ctum, act. to 
 
 rule, manage, guide. 
 Regul-a, ac, f. a rule. 
 Rejic-io, ere; rejec-i, turn, act. to 
 
 cast back, to reject. 
 Releg-o, ere, i; ctum, act. to 
 
 read again, to go back. 
 Relictus, part, of relinquo. 
 Religio, nis, f. religion, a scruple 
 
 of conscience. 
 Relinqu-o, ere ; reli-qui, ctum, 
 
 act. to leave, forsake. 
 Reliqu-us, a, urn, adj. remaining, 
 the rest. 
 
 Rem-ex, igis, m. a rower. 
 Reminisc-or, i, dep. to remember; 
 
 aliquid, or alicujus rei. 
 Remiss-us, a, um, adj. remiss, jo- 
 vial; and part, of 
 Remitt-o, ere; remis-i, sum, act. 
 
 to send back, to slack. 
 Remor-or, ari, atus, dep. to tarry, 
 
 hinder. 
 Remug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 
 answer with lowing, to echo. 
 Rem-us, i, m. an oar. 
 Ren, re nis, m. the kidneys. 
 Renov-o, are, act. to renew. 
 Renunti-o, are, act. to report, 
 proclaim; to bid farewell, ali- 
 cui rei. 
 Reor, reri, ratus, dep. to suppose. 
 Repell-o, ere; repul-i, sum, act. 
 
 to repel, resist. 
 Repente, adv. suddenly. 
 Repentin-us, a, um, adj. sudden. 
 Reper-io, ire, i, turn, act. to find. 
 Repl-eo, ere, evi, etum, act. to 
 
 fill. 
 Reposc-o, ere; poposci, act. to 
 
 claim. 
 Reprehend-o, ere, i; ensum, act. 
 
 to seize, find fault with. 
 Reprim-o, ere ; repress-i, um, 
 
 act. to restrain, repress. 
 Repugnans, part, of 
 Repugn-o, are, neut. to resist. 
 Reput-o, are, act. to consider. 
 Res; rei, f. a thing, an affair. 
 Res-es, idis, adj. idle, at ease. 
 Resistens, part, of resisto. 
 Resistitur, resistance is made, im- 
 pers. from 
 Resist-o, ere; restit-i, um, neut 
 
 to resist. 
 Respond-eo, ere, i; nsum, neut to 
 
 answer, to give an answer. 
 Respondetur, impers. from re- 
 
 spondeo. 
 Respublica, reipublica, f. the 
 
 commonwealth. 
 Restingu-o, ere; nxi, nctum, act. 
 
 to quench, extinguish, allay. 
 Rest-is, is, f. a cord, rope. 
 
260 
 
 RES 
 
 ROG 
 
 Restitu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to re- 
 store. 
 
 Restitutus, part, of restituo. 
 
 Rest-o, are, iti, or avi, itum, neut. 
 to stay, remain, stand. 
 
 Ret-e, is, n. a net. 
 
 Retinens, part, of 
 
 Retin-eo, ere, ui; retentum, act. 
 to restrain, retain. 
 
 Retro, adv. back. 
 
 Retrorsum, adv. backward. 
 
 Re-us, a, um, adj. arraigned, ac- 
 cused. 
 
 Rever-eor, eri, itus, dep. to re- 
 vere. 
 
 Reversus, part, of revertor. 
 
 Revertens, part, of 
 
 Revert-or, i; reversus, dep. to 
 return. 
 
 Revis-o, ere, i, um, act. to revisit, 
 see again. 
 
 Revocatus, part, of 
 
 Revoc-o, are, act. to recall. 
 
 Rex; regis, m. a king. 
 
 Rex; Regis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Rhadamanth-us, i, m. a lawgiver 
 of Crete, famous for his impar- 
 tiality, wherefore he was made 
 one of the infernal judges. 
 
 Rhamn-us, i, m. the rhemberry 
 bush. 
 
 Rhed-a, se, f. a chariot. 
 
 Rhem-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Rhen-us, i, m. the Rhine. 
 
 Rhodan-us, i, m. the Rhone. 
 
 Rhod-us, i, f. Rhodes. 
 
 Rip-a, se, f. the bank of a river, 
 the shore. 
 
 Rite, adv. rightly, justly, in due 
 form of law. 
 
 Rit-us, us, m. a rite, ceremony. 
 
 Rix-a, x, f. quarrel, dispute. 
 
 Rob-ur, oris, n. an oak, strength. 
 
 Robust-us, a, um, adj. strong, 
 lusty. 
 
 Rod-o, ere ; ros-i, um, act. to 
 gnaw, to speak ill of. 
 
 Rogatio, nis, f. a request, propo- 
 sition of a bill, or law. 
 
 Rog-o, are, act. to beg, dun, pro- 
 pose a law. 
 
 Rom-a, se, f. noun pr. 
 
 Roman-us, a, um, adj. Roman. 
 
 Roman-i, orum, m. the Romans. 
 
 Romul-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ros-a, se, f. a rose. 
 
 Rotund-us, a, um, adj. round. 
 
 Rub-eo, ere, ui, neut. to redden, 
 blush, to be red. 
 
 Rubor, is, m. redness, modesty. 
 
 Rub-us, i, m. and f. a bramble. 
 
 Rud-is, is, e, adj. rude, ignorant. 
 
 Rud-o, ere, i, neut. to bray, roar. 
 
 Rufill-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Rufin-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Rug-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to roar. 
 
 Rumor, is, m. a report, rumour. 
 
 Ru-o, ere, i, turn, or itum, neut. 
 and act. to fall down, to be 
 ruined, to precipitate. 
 
 Ruptor, is, m. a breaker, infring- 
 er. 
 
 Rursus, adv. again. 
 
 Rus; ruris, n. the country; abl. t 
 and i. 
 
 Rustic-us, a, um, adj. rustic, illit- 
 erate, plain. 
 
 Sac-er, ra, rum, adj. sacred. 
 
 Sacerdo-s, tis, c. g. a priest, 
 priestess. 
 
 Sacerdoti-um, i, n. the priest- 
 hood. 
 
 Sacr-a, orum, n. holy rites, so- 
 lemnities. 
 
 Sacrific-o, are, act. to sacrifice. 
 
 Sacrosanct-us, a, um, adj. sacred, 
 inviolable. 
 
 Sacr-um, i, n. a holy rite. 
 
 Saecul-um, i, n. an age. 
 
 S<epe, adv. often, comp. sxpius, 
 saepissime. 
 
 S<ev-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 rage. 
 
 S<ev-us, a, um, adj. cruel, fierce. 
 
 Sagitt-a, se, f. an arrow. 
 
 Sal; salis, n. and m. salt, sense, 
 wit. 
 
 Salam-is, Inis, f. noun pr. 
 
SAL 
 
 SAT 
 
 261 
 
 Salict-um, i, n. a grove of wil- 
 lows, the willows. 
 
 Salinator, is, ra. noun pr. 
 
 Salin-um, i, n. a saltcellar. 
 
 Salmone-us, i, m. the son of iEo- 
 lus, and king- of Elis; he was 
 Btxock by a thunderbolt to hell 
 for imitating- Jupiter's thunder. 
 
 Salt-o, are, neut. to dance. 
 
 Saltuos-us, a, um, adj. full of 
 woods. 
 
 Salt-us, us, m. a forest, thicket, 
 leap. 
 
 Salub-er, or ris, ris,re, adj. whole- 
 some. 
 
 Sal-us, iitis, f. health, safety. 
 
 Salut-o, are, act. to salute. 
 
 Salve, salveto, defect, verb, God 
 save you, farewell. 
 
 Salv-us, a, um, adj. safe, well. 
 
 Samn-is, Itis, pi. Samnites, noun 
 gent. 
 
 Sam-os, or us, i, f. noun pr. 
 
 Sanc-io, ire, ivi, itum, or san-xi, 
 ctum, act. to ratify, enact, 
 make sacred. 
 
 Sanct-us, a, um, adj. holy, sa- 
 cred; and part, of sancio. 
 
 Sangui-s, nis, m. blood. 
 
 Sapien-s, tis, adj. wise, judicious. 
 
 Sapienter, adv. from sapiens. 
 
 Sapienti-a, x, f. wisdom. 
 
 Sap-io, ere, ivi, or ui, neut. to 
 savour, to have a taste of, to 
 be wise. 
 
 Sapphir-us, i, f. a sapphire. 
 
 Sapph-o, us, f. a celebrated 
 poetess, who invented the 
 verse, that beareth her name. 
 
 Satag-o, ere; egi,neut.to be busy 
 about; alicujus rei. 
 
 Satell-es, itis, m. a life guard- 
 man, attendant, follower. 
 
 Satis, adv. enough, sufficient, 
 well enough. 
 
 Satisfac-io, ere; feci, /actum, 
 neut. to satisfy, give satisfac- 
 tion, alicui. 
 
 Satius, adv. and comp. of satis, 
 better. 
 
 Satrapi-a, x, f. a province. 
 
 Satur, a, um, adj. satiated, fer- 
 tile. 
 
 Saturnali-a, um, and orum, n. 
 feasts of Saturn, kept in De- 
 cember. 
 
 Saturn-us, i, m. the son of Coelum 
 and Terra, or Vesta. 
 
 Satur- o, are, act. to fill, saturate. 
 
 Satus, part, of sero. 
 
 Sat-us, us, m. a sowing, crop. 
 
 Satyr-us, i, pi. Satyri, the atten- 
 dants of Bacchus, horned 
 monsters, half men, half goats. 
 
 Sauci-o, are, act. to wound. 
 
 Sauci-us, a, um, adj. wounded, 
 hurt. 
 
 Sax-um, i, n. a rock, large stone. 
 
 S. C. for senatusconsult-um, 1, n. 
 a decree of the senate. 
 
 Scaevol-a, x, m, noun pr. 
 
 Scand-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
 mount, scale, climb up. 
 
 Scat-eo, ere, ui, neut. to abound, 
 swarm with, aliqua re. 
 
 Scaturig-o, inis, f. the spring, 
 source. 
 
 Scatiir-io,ire, ivi,neut. to stream, 
 gush out. 
 
 Scel-us, eris, n. wickedness, vil- 
 lany. 
 
 Scen-a, x, f. a stage. 
 
 Schol-a, x, f. a school. 
 
 Scian-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Scien-s, tis, adj. knowing.skilled; 
 alicujus rei; and part, of scio. 
 
 Scienti-a, x, f. knowledge, sci- 
 ence. 
 
 Scilicet, adv. namely, truly. 
 
 Scin', for scis-ne, do you know? 
 
 Scind-o, ere: scidi, scissum, act. 
 to cut, divide. 
 
 Scio, scire, scivi, scitum, act. to 
 know. 
 
 Scipio, nis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Scopul-us, i, m. a rock, shelf. 
 
 Scribens, part, of 
 
 Scrib-o, ere; scrip-si, turn, act. to 
 write. 
 
 Scriptor, is, m. a writer, author. 
 
262 
 
 SCR 
 
 SEM 
 
 Scriptus, part, of scribo. 
 
 Sculp-o, ere. si, tarn, act. to 
 carve, grave. 
 
 S cut-um, i, n. a buckler, tar- 
 get. 
 
 Scyth-ae, arum, m. the Scythians. 
 
 Sec-o, are, ui, tarn, and atum, 
 act. to cut. 
 
 Sect-or, ari, atus, dep. to follow, 
 pursue. 
 
 Sectus, part, of seco. 
 
 Seculum, see sseculum. 
 
 Secundum, prep. ace. along, ac- 
 cording to. 
 
 Secund-us, a, urn, adj. following, 
 second, prosperous; res secun- 
 dae, prosperity. 
 
 Secur-is, is, f. an axe, hatchet; 
 ace. em and im. 
 
 Secur-us, a, urn, adj. secure, 
 unconcerned about; alicujus 
 rei. 
 
 Secus, prep. ace. by, nigh to. 
 
 Secus, adv. otherwise, amiss, 
 comp. secius. 
 
 Sed, conj. but, however. 
 
 Sed-eo, ere, i; sessum, neut. to 
 sit, stay. 
 
 Sed-es, is, f. a seat. 
 
 Seditio, nis, f. insurrection, mu- 
 tiny. 
 
 Seditios-us, a, um, adj. seditious, 
 troublesome. 
 
 Sedun-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Sege-s, tis, f. a crop. 
 
 Segn-is, is, e, adj. dull, lazy, 
 barren. 
 
 Segniti-es, ei, f. sloth, laziness. 
 
 Seleuc-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Sell-a, x, f. a seat, chair. 
 
 Semel-e, es, f. the mother of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Sem-en, inis, n. the seed. 
 
 Sement-is, is, f. a sowing, seed 
 time. 
 
 Seminari-um, i, n. a seminary. 
 
 Semisopit-us, a, um, adj. half 
 asleep. 
 
 Semodi-us, i, m. a half bushel. 
 
 Semper, adv. always. 
 
 per- 
 
 to 
 
 Sempitern-us, a, um, adj 
 petual. 
 
 Semproni-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Senat-us, us, m. the senate. 
 
 Senect-us, utis, f. old age. 
 
 Senescens, part, of 
 
 Senesc-o, ere; senui, neut. 
 grow old. 
 
 Sen-ex, is. c. g. an old person. 
 
 Senones, um, m. noun gent. 
 
 Sens-us, us, m. the sense. 
 
 Sententi-a, se, f. the opinion, 
 mind. 
 
 Sent-io, ire; sens-i, um, act. to 
 think, perceive. 
 
 Sepel-io, ire, ivi; sepultum, act. 
 to bury. 
 
 Sep-es, is, f. a hedge, inclosure. 
 
 Sep-io, ire, si, turn; or ivi, itum, 
 act. to enclose, fence in, block 
 up. 
 
 Sepon-o, ere; sepos-ui, itum, act. 
 to lay aside. 
 
 Sepositus, part, of sepono. 
 
 Seps, sepis, m. an eft, a serpent. 
 
 Septem, adj. indecl. seven. 
 
 Septen-i, se, a, adj. seven. 
 
 Septentrio, nis, m. the north, 
 the seven stars. 
 
 Septuaginta, adj. indecl. seven- 
 ty- 
 
 Sequan-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Sequens, part, of 
 
 Sequ-or, i; secutus, or sequutus, 
 dep. to follow. 
 
 Ser. for Servi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Seren-us, a, um, adj. clear, se- 
 rene, cheerful. 
 
 Sermo, nis, m. a speech. 
 
 Sero, ere; sevi, satum, act. to 
 sow. 
 
 Sero, adv. late; comp. se- 
 rins. 
 
 Sertori-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ser-us, a, um, adj. late. 
 
 Servatus, part, of servo. 
 
 Servili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Serv-io, ire, ivi, itum, neut. to 
 serve, to be subject to; alt- 
 cui. 
 
SER 
 
 SIL 
 
 263 
 
 Servitur, all is done for; impers. 
 
 servio. 
 Servit-us, utis, f. bondage, sla- 
 very. 
 Servi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Serv-o, are, act. to keep, pre- 
 serve. 
 Serv-us, i, m. a servant, slave. 
 
 Sesterti-um, i, n. a thousand ses- 
 terces, about $35.60. 
 
 Sesterti-us, i, m. a sesterce, about 
 three cents and a half; gen. 
 pi. sestertiutu, by sync, for ses- 
 tertiorum; HS. for decies ses- 
 tertium, or decies centena, or 
 decies centena millia sestertio- 
 rum, equal to about $35600. 
 
 Severe, adv. from severus. 
 
 Severita-s, tis, f. severity, rigour. 
 
 Sever-us, a, um, adj. exact, se- 
 vere. 
 
 Sex. for Sext-us, i, noun pr. 
 
 Sex, adj. indecl. six. 
 
 Sexcent-i, x, a, adj. six hundred. 
 
 Sextil-is, is, m. (scil. mensis) the 
 sixth month, August. 
 
 Si, conj. if, O! that. 
 
 Sibar-is, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Sibil-us, i, m. pi. c, orum, a 
 whistling, hiss. 
 
 Sibil-us, a, um, adj. hissing. 
 
 Sibyll-a, x, f. a woman, who pre- 
 tended to be inspired. 
 
 Sic, adv. so, thus. 
 
 Sic-a, x, f. a dagger. 
 
 Sicc-us, a, um, adj. dry, withered. 
 
 Sicili-a, x, f. noun pr. 
 
 Sicubi, adv. wheresoever, if ever. 
 
 Sicul-us, i, m. a Sicilian. 
 
 Sicut, adv. as. 
 
 Sicuti, adv. just as if. 
 
 Sicyon, is, f. noun pr. 
 
 Sid-o, ere; sidi, or sedi, sessum, 
 neut. to perch, settle. 
 
 Sid-us, eris, n. a star, constella- 
 tion. 
 
 Sigill-um, i, n. a seal, signet. 
 
 Sign-o, are, act. to mark, to seal. 
 
 Sign-um, i, n. a sign, seal, statue. 
 
 Silan-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Silen-us, i, m. the foster-father 
 and companion of Bacchus; he 
 is represented as a tunbellied, 
 old, drunken fellow, riding on 
 an ass. 
 Sil-eo, ere, ui, neut. and act. to 
 
 be silent, calm. 
 Siletur, no mention is made of, 
 
 impers. from sileo. 
 Sil-ex, icis, m. and f. a flint- 
 stone. 
 Silva, Silvester, see sylva, etc. 
 Simil-is, is, e, adj. like; alicui, or 
 
 alicujus. 
 Similitud-o, inis, f. likeness. 
 Simo-is, entis, m. noun pr. 
 Simpl-ex, icis, adj. single, sin- 
 cere. 
 Simul, adv. together, at the same 
 time; simul (ac, atque, ov ut), 
 as soon as. 
 Simulans, part, of 
 Simul-o, are, act. to liken, feign. 
 Simulta-s, tis, f. a private dissen- 
 
 tion. 
 Sin, conj. but if, if not. 
 Sine, prep. abl. without. 
 Singular-is, is, e, adj. singular, 
 
 exemplary. 
 Singul-i, se, a, adj. all and every 
 
 one. 
 Sinist-er, ra, um, adj. on the left, 
 
 unlucky, lucky. 
 Sin-o, ere ; sivi, sttum, act. to 
 
 permit. 
 Sln-us, i, m. or um, i, n. a bowl, 
 
 milk- pail. 
 Sfn-us, us, m. a bosom, hollow, 
 
 bay. 
 Siquis, (for si aliquis) siqua, si- 
 quod, or siquid, if any one. 
 Siquidem, conj. if indeed, since. 
 Sir-en, enis, f. plur. Sirenes, 
 monsters, partly virgins, partly 
 fowls; they are said to have 
 lived on the coast of Sicily, 
 and by their sweet singing 
 tempted passengers on shore 
 to their destruction. 
 Sist-o, ere; stiti, statum, neut. 
 
264 
 
 sis 
 
 SOP 
 
 and act. to stand; stop, arrest, 
 place. 
 Sisygamb-Ls, is, f. noun pr. 
 Sisyph-us, i, m. the son of JEolus, 
 slain by Theseus; for his per- 
 fidy and robberies he is doom- 
 ed to roll a huge stone up a 
 mountain in hell. 
 
 Sit-is, is, f. thirst. 
 
 Sive, conj. or, either, whether. 
 
 Smaragd-us, i, m. an emerald. 
 
 Sminthe-us, i, or os, a title of 
 Apollo. 
 
 Sobol-es, is, f. a shoot, issue, off- 
 spring. 
 
 Socer, i, m. a father-in-law. 
 
 Societa-s, tis, f. society, compa- 
 ny. 
 
 Soci-us, i, m. a companion, ally. 
 
 Soci-us, a, urn, adj. helping, 
 common. 
 
 Socor-s, dis, adj. senseless. 
 
 Socr-us, us, f. a mother-in-law. 
 
 Sodal-is, is, c. g. a companion. 
 
 Sol; solis, m. the sun, d*y. 
 
 Solati-um, i, n. comfort, help. 
 
 Sol-eo, ere, itus sum, neut. to 
 use, be accustomed. 
 
 Soler-s, tis, adj. active, skilled. 
 
 Solerter, adv. from solers. 
 
 Solide, adv. from 
 
 Solid-us, a, urn, adj. substantial, 
 solid. 
 
 Solitud-o, inis, f. a solitude, de- 
 sert. 
 
 Solitus, part . of soleo. 
 
 Soli-um, i, n. the throne. 
 
 Sol-um, i, n. the ground, soil. 
 
 Solum, adv. only; non solwn, sed 
 etiam, not only, but also. 
 
 Sol-us, a, urn; gen. ius; dat. i, 
 alone. 
 
 Solut-us, a, um, adj. loose, free, 
 effeminate; part, of 
 
 Solv-o, ere, i; solutum, act. to 
 loose, free, discharge. 
 
 Somni-um, i, n. a dream, vision. 
 
 Son-us, i, m. the sound. 
 
 Sop io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to lull 
 asleep. 
 
 Sopitus, part, of sopio. 
 
 Sopor, is, m. a sound sleep. 
 
 Sordid-us, a, um, adj. filthy, 
 mean. 
 
 Soror, is, f. a sister- 
 
 Sort-ior, iri, itus, dep.to cast lot, 
 to get by chance. 
 
 Sosp-es, itis, c. g. safe, prosper- 
 ous. 
 
 Sp. for Spurius. 
 
 Sparg-o, ere; spars-i, um, act. to 
 strew, sprinkle. 
 
 Spati-um, i, n. a space, interval. 
 
 Speci-es, ei, f. a form, image, 
 species. 
 
 Spect-o, are, act. to behold, con- 
 sider. 
 
 Speculator, is, m. a spy, viewer. 
 
 Specul-um, i, n. a mirror. 
 
 Spec-us, us, c. g. a den, cave- 
 
 Spelunc-a, x, f. a cave, grot, 
 j Spern-o,ere, spre-vi, turn, act. to 
 disdain, despise. 
 
 Sper-o, are, act. to hope, expect. 
 
 Spes; spei, f. hope, expectation. 
 
 Sphaer-a, se, f. a sphere, globe, 
 circle. 
 
 Sphin-x, gis, and gos, f. a mons- 
 ter, who destroyed herself be- 
 cause CEdipus solved the rid- 
 dle she proposed. 
 
 Spiritus, us, m. the breath, spir- 
 it, courage. 
 
 Splen, splenis, m. the milt. 
 
 Spoli o, are, act. to bereave. 
 
 Spoli-um,i, n.the spoil, booty. 
 
 Spond-eo, ere, spopondi, spon- 
 sum, act. to promise, betroth. 
 
 Spontis, gen. sponte, abl. f. of 
 one's own will. 
 
 Spuri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Stabul-um, i, n. a stable, den. 
 
 Stadi-um, i, n. a space of 
 ground containing* 625 feet, 
 or 125 paces; a race ground, a 
 race. 
 
 Stagn-o, are, neut. and act. to 
 
 stagnate, to overflow. 
 Stagn-um, i, n. a pool, lake. 
 Stans, part, of sto. 
 
STA 
 
 StJA 
 
 265 
 
 Statim, adv. forthwith; statim 
 
 ut t as soon as. 
 Statio, nis, f. a station, guard, 
 
 sentry. 
 Stativ-us, a, um, adj. set, pitched. 
 Statu-a, ae, f. a statue, image. 
 Statu-o, ere, i, turn, act. to 
 place, build, resolve, decree. 
 Stat-us, us, m. the state, condi- 
 tion. 
 Stell-a, ae, f. a star. 
 Steril-is, is, e, adj. barren, ste- 
 
 ril. 
 Stern-o, ere; stra-vi, turn, act. to 
 
 cover, strew, prostrate. 
 Sterop-e, es, f. one of the Plei- 
 ades. 
 Sterop-es, is, m. the son of Vul- 
 can, one of the Cyclops. 
 Stert-o, ere, ui, neut. to snore. 
 Sthen-o, us, f. one of the three 
 
 Gorgons. 
 Stipans, part, of stipo. 
 Stipator, is, m. an attendant, bo- 
 dy guard. 
 Stipendi-um, i, n. pay for sol- 
 diers, a campaign, tribute. 
 Stip-o, are, act. to cram, attend, 
 
 guard. 
 Stirp-s, is, c. g. the root, race, 
 
 issue. 
 St-o, are; steti, statum, neut. to 
 stand, cost; stat, it is determin- 
 ed. 
 Stoic-us, a, um, adj. stoical, a 
 
 stoic. 
 Stratus, part, of sterno. 
 Strenu-us, a, um, adj. brave, ac- 
 tive. 
 Strigil-is, is, f. a curry-comb. 
 Stud-eo, ere, ui, neut. to study, 
 
 favour. 
 Studi-um, i, n. the study, desire, 
 
 favour. 
 Sty-x, gis, m. a river in hell. 
 Suad-eo, ere, suas-i, um, act. to 
 advise, persuade; alicui ad- 
 quid. 
 Suasor, is, m. an adviser. 
 Suav-is, is, e, adj. sweet, pleasant. 
 
 Suad-a, and Suadel-a, ae, f. the 
 
 goddess of persuasion. 
 Sub, prep. ace. and abl towards, 
 
 about, under. 
 Subduc-o, ere; du-xi, ctum, act. 
 
 to withdraw, filch, bring to. 
 Sub-eo, ire, ivi, itum, neut. and 
 act. to go under, to undertake, 
 to occur. 
 Subeundus, part, from subeo. 
 Subig-o, ere; sub-egi, actum, act. 
 
 to subdue. 
 Subito, adv. suddenly. 
 Subjectus, part, of 
 Subjic-io, ere; jec-i, turn, act. to 
 subject, suggest, add, lift up. 
 Sublatus, part, of tollo. 
 Sublev-o, are, act. to lift up, 
 
 help. 
 Submerg-o, ere; mers-i, um, act. 
 
 to sink, overwhelm. 
 Submersus, part, of submergo. 
 Submisse, adv. from 
 Submiss-us, a, um, adj. low, not 
 loud, submissive; and part, of 
 Submitt-o, ere; mis-i, sum, act. 
 
 to suborn, bend, humble. 
 Submotus, part, of 
 Submov-eo, ere, i; motum, act. 
 
 to remove, displace. 
 Subrid-eo, ere; ris-i, um, neut. 
 
 to smile. 
 Subsequ-or, i; secutus, dep. to 
 
 follow hard by. 
 Substru-o, ere, xi, ctum, act. to 
 
 underprop, build. 
 Subter, prep. ace. and abl. un- 
 der. 
 Sub til-is, is, e, adj. fine-spun, 
 
 acute. 
 Subven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 
 succour, help. 
 Subvenitur, impers. from subve- 
 
 nio. 
 Succeditur, impers. from succe- 
 do; succeditur mihi, I am suc- 
 ceeded. 
 Succed-o, ere; cess-i, um, neut. 
 to go, or come near, to suc- 
 ceed. 
 23 
 
266 
 
 sue 
 
 SUP 
 
 Succens-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be 
 angry with one; alicui. 
 
 Success-us, us, m. issue, success. 
 
 Successus, part, of succedo. 
 
 Succ-us, i. m. juice, sap, vigour. 
 
 Suffeti-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Suffragi-um, i, n. a vote, suf- 
 frage. 
 
 Suffund-o, ere; fu-di, sum, act. 
 to spread over. 
 
 Sui, pron. of himself, herself, 
 itself. 
 
 Sulc-us, i, m. a furrow, trench. 
 
 Sulpiti-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Sum, esse, fui, futurus, neut. to 
 be, exist. 
 
 Summ-us, a, urn, adj. superl. of 
 superus, the highest; summus 
 mons, the top of the mountain. 
 
 Sum-o, ere, psi, ptum, act. to 
 take, receive; sumo poenas, I 
 inflict a punishment. 
 
 Sumpt-us, us, m. an expense, 
 cost. 
 
 Sumptus, part, of sumo. 
 
 Super, prep. ace. and abl. upon, 
 above, beside. 
 
 Superbe, adv. from superbus. 
 
 Superbi-a, sc, f. pride, arrogance. 
 
 Superb-us, a, um, adj. proud, 
 grand. 
 
 Supercili-um, i, n. the eyebrow, 
 pride. 
 
 Superfici-es, ei, f. the surface. 
 
 Super-i, orum, m. they who are 
 above; from superus. 
 
 Superi-or, or, us, comp. of supe- 
 rus, higher, former, older. 
 
 Superne, adv. from above. 
 
 Super-o, are, act. to surpass, ex- 
 cel, vanquish. 
 
 Superst-es, itis, adj. remaining, 
 surviving. 
 
 Super-sum, esse, fui, neut. to be 
 over and above, to survive. 
 
 Superus, a, um, adj. above, hea- 
 venly; comp. superior, supre- 
 mus, or summus. 
 
 Suppl-ex, icis, adj. suppliant, j 
 prostrate. 
 
 Support-o, are, act. to bring, sup- 
 port. 
 
 Suppressus, part, of 
 
 Supprim-o, ere; press-i, um, act. 
 to keep down, check, sup- 
 press. 
 
 Supra, prep. ace. above. 
 
 Supra, adv. before. 
 
 Sur-a, ae, f. the calf of the leg. 
 
 Sus; suis, c. g. a hog. 
 
 Suscip-io, ere; suscep-i, turn, act. 
 to undertake, conceive. 
 
 Suscit-o, are, act. to rouse, ex- 
 hort. 
 
 Suspend-o, ere, i; nsum, act. to 
 hang up, delay. 
 
 Suspic-io, ere; suspe-xi, ctum, 
 act. to look up. 
 
 Suspicio, nis, f. mistrust. 
 
 Suspir-o, are, neut. and act. to 
 sigh, desire. 
 
 Sustent-o, are, freq. to sustain, 
 bear. 
 
 Sustinens, part, of 
 
 Sustin-eo, ere, ui; stentum, act. 
 to support, bear. 
 
 Sutil-is, is, e, adj. sewed togeth- 
 er, patched. 
 
 Su-us, a, um, pron. adj. his, her, 
 its own. 
 
 Syll-a, or Sull-a, ac, m. noun 
 pr. 
 
 Sylv-a, x, f. a wood, forest, thick- 
 et. 
 
 Sylvest-er, or ris, ris, re, adj. 
 woody, wild, rustic. 
 
 Sylvi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Synod-us, i, f . a synod. 
 
 Syph-ax, acis, or acis, m. noun 
 pr. 
 
 Syracus-se, arum, f. Syracuse. 
 
 T. for Tit-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Tabellari-us, a, um, adj. belong- 
 ing to letters. 
 
 Tabellari-us, i, m. a letter car- 
 rier, a register. 
 
 Tabesc-o, ere; incept, to pine, 
 or waste away. 
 
 Tabul-a, ae, f. a board, table, pic- 
 ture. 
 
TAC 
 
 TEM 
 
 267 
 
 Tac-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
 silent. 
 
 Tx da, see teda. 
 
 Tsed-et, ebat, uit, or taesum est, 
 irapers. it irks, to be weary; 
 taedet nos vitas, we are tired of 
 our life. 
 
 Talent-um, i, n. a talent, a sum 
 of money. 
 
 Tal-is, is, e, adj. such. 
 
 Tarn, adv. so, so much; lam bo- 
 nus, so good. 
 
 Tamen, conj. however, notwith- 
 standing, but. 
 
 Tandem, adv. at length, at 
 last. 
 
 Tang-o, ere; tetigi, tactum, act. 
 to touch, handle, move. 
 
 Tanquam, as, as if. 
 
 Tantum, adv. so much, only. 
 
 Tant-us, a, um, adj. so great, so 
 small, so much. 
 
 Tardita-s, tis, f. slowness, dull- 
 ness. 
 
 Tard-us, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 
 
 Tarentin-us, a, um, adj. of Ta- 
 rento. 
 
 Tarent-um, i, n. and Tarent-us, 
 i, f. Tarento. 
 
 Tartar-us, i, m. pi. tartara, n. 
 the deepest part of hell. 
 
 Taur-us, 5, m. a bull. 
 
 Taur-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Tect-um, i, n. the roof, cover- 
 ing, house. 
 
 Ted-a, <e, f. a pine, torch, mar- 
 riage song. 
 
 Tegm-en, inis, n. the covering. 
 
 Teg-o, ere; texi, tectum, act. to 
 cover. 
 
 Tei-us, a, um, adj. of Teos. 
 
 Tell-us, uris, f. the goddess of 
 the earth, the earth. 
 
 Tel-um, i, n. a dart, a weapon. 
 
 Temn-o, ere; temp-si, turn, act. 
 to condemn, slight. 
 
 Tempe, pi. n. indecl. pleasant 
 fields of Thessaly. 
 
 Temperanti-a, se, f. moderation, 
 sobriety. 
 
 Tempesta-s, tis, f. time, season, 
 
 storm. 
 Templ-um, i, n. a temple. 
 Tempori, adv. in good time. 
 Temporius, adv. before time. 
 Temp-us, oris, n. the time. 
 Tend-o, ere, tetendi, or tendi, 
 
 tens-um, or turn, act. to stretch 
 
 out, march, hasten. 
 Tenebr-se, arum, f. darkness. 
 Ten-eo, ere, ui, turn, act. to hold. 
 Tener, a, um, adj. tender. 
 Tentandus, part, of tento. 
 Tentatus, part, of 
 Tent-o, are* act. to try, feel, 
 
 tempt. 
 Tentori-um, i, n. a tent. 
 Tentus, part, of tendo. 
 Tenu-is, is, e, adj. slender, poor. 
 Tenus, prep. abl. sing, and gen. 
 
 plur. up to, as far as. 
 Te-os, i, f. a city of Ionia, and 
 
 the birthplace of Anacreon. 
 Ter, adv. three times, thrice. 
 Tercentum, adj. indecl. three 
 
 hundred. 
 Tere-s, tis, adj. tapering, smooth. 
 Tere-us, i, m. a king of Thrace, 
 
 who ravished Philomela, his 
 
 wife's sister; and was changed 
 
 into a hoopoe. 
 Terg-um, i y n. the back. 
 Terg-us, oris, n. the hide, skin 
 
 of a beast. 
 Termin-us, i, m. a bound, limit. 
 Termin-us, i, m. noun pr. the tu- 
 telar god of bounds. 
 Ter-o, ere; trivi, tritum, act. to 
 
 rub, thresh, waste. 
 Terpsichor-e, es, f. one of the 
 
 nine Muses. 
 Terr-eo, ere, ui, itum, act to 
 
 frighten. 
 Terribil-is, is, e, adj. awful, ter- 
 rible. 
 Terrific -us, a, um, adj. dreadful. 
 Terti-us, a, um, adj. the third. 
 Test-a, se, f. an earthen pot, 
 
 a shell, vote. 
 Testimoni-um, i, n. testimony. 
 
268 
 
 TES 
 
 TIS 
 
 Test-is, is, c. g. a witness. 
 
 Test-or, ari, atus, dep. to bear 
 witness, to affirm, to call to 
 witness, to implore. 
 
 Testud-o, inis, f. a tortoise, a 
 target-fence. 
 
 Teth-ys, yos, or is, f. the daugh- 
 ter of Calum and Terra, wife 
 of Oceanus. 
 
 Teuc-er, ri, m. the son of Sca- 
 mander a Cretan, and the fa- 
 ther-in-law of Dardanus. 
 
 Teucr-i, orum, m. the Trojans. 
 
 Te-um, i, n. see Teos. 
 
 Thali-a, x. f. one* of the nine 
 Muses. 
 
 Theb-x, arum, or Theb-e, es, f. 
 Thebes. 
 
 Them-a, atis, n. a theme, sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Themi-s, dis, f. daughter of Cce- 
 lum and Terra, the goddess of 
 the sea. 
 
 Therm-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Thessali-a, <z, f. Thessaly. 
 
 Thessal-us,a,um, adj. Thessalian. 
 
 Theti-s, dis, and dos, f. the 
 daughter of Neptune, or of 
 Nereus, wife of Peleus, and 
 mother of Achilles; also the 
 sea. 
 
 Thori-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Thy-as, adis, f. a priestess of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Thyest-es, <e, m. the son of Pe- 
 lops and brother of Atreus. 
 
 Thyr-us, i, m. a young sprout, a 
 thyrsus, the rod of Bacchus. 
 
 Ti. or Tib. for 
 
 Tiberi-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Tigr-is, is, and idis, f. a tiger. 
 
 Tigr-is, is, and idis, m. the river 
 Tigris. 
 
 Tili-a, se, f. a linden. 
 
 Timens, part, of 
 
 Tim-eo, ere, ui, act. and neut. to 
 fear, dread, aliquem, or aliquid; 
 to be concerned for, alicui. 
 
 Tiphy-s, os, m. the pilot of the 
 ship Argo. 
 
 Tisiphon-e, es, f. one of the fu- 
 ries. 
 Titan, is, m, the son of Coelum 
 
 and Terra, and elder brother 
 
 of Saturn. 
 Titubatus, part, of 
 Titub-o, are, neut. to stagger, 
 
 stumble. 
 Tituri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Tit-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Tity-us, i, m. a vast giant, whom 
 
 Jupiter struck with his bolt in- 
 to hell, where he covered nine 
 
 acres, when stretched out. 
 Tog-a, se, f. a gown, the toga, the 
 
 time of peace. 
 Togat-us, a, um, adj. gowned, in 
 
 peace. 
 Toll-o, ere; sustuli,sublatum, act. 
 
 to lift up, to take away. 
 Tonat, impers. from tono. 
 Tond-eo, ere; totondi, tonsum, 
 
 act. to clip, fleece. 
 Tongill-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Tonitru, n. indecl. pi. tonitrua, 
 
 thunder. 
 Ton-o, are, ui, itum, neut. to 
 
 thunder. 
 Torp-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be be- 
 
 numed. 
 Toties, adv. so often. 
 Tot-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. 
 
 i, whole, all. 
 Trabs, trabis, f. a beam. 
 Trad-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 
 
 give, yield, deliver. 
 Trah-o, ere; traxi, tractum, act. 
 
 to draw, drag, spin out. 
 Trajic-io, ere; trajec-i, turn, act. 
 
 to convey, lead, or carry over. 
 Trans, prep. ace. over, beyond. 
 Transalpin-us, a, um, adj. beyond 
 
 the Alps. 
 Transfer-o, re; tuli, latum, act. to 
 
 transfer, translate. 
 Transfug-a, se, c. g. a deserter. 
 Transgred-ior, i; gressus, dep. to 
 
 pass, or go over. 
 Transgressus, part, of transgre- 
 
 dior. 
 
TRA 
 
 TRI 
 
 269 
 
 Translatio, nis, f. a transfer, re- 
 moving. 
 
 Translatus, part, of transfero. 
 
 Transmitt-o, ere; mis-i, sura, act. 
 to send over, pass over. 
 
 Transtr-um, i, n. a bench for 
 rowers. 
 
 Transvers-us,a, urn, adj. traverse, 
 crosswise. 
 
 Tredecim, adj. indecl. thirteen. 
 
 Trem-o, ere, ui, neut. to trem- 
 ble, shiver. 
 
 Trepid-o, are, neut. to trem- 
 ble. 
 
 Trepid-us, a, um, adj. trembling. 
 
 Tres, tres, tria, gen. trium, three. 
 
 Trlbul-a, ae, f. a dray for thresh- 
 ing. 
 
 TrTbul-us, i, m. a thistle. 
 
 Tribunat-us, us, m. the office of 
 the tribune. 
 
 Tribuniti-us, a, urn, adj. belong- 
 ing to the tribunes. 
 
 Tribun-us, i, m. a tribune. 
 
 .Trib-us, us, f. a tribe, ward. 
 
 Trldu-um, i, n. the space of three 
 days. 
 
 Trienni-um, i, n. the space of 
 three years. 
 
 Triginta, adj. indecl. thirty. 
 
 Trim-us, a, um, adj. three years 
 old. 
 
 Trlnacri-a, ae, f. Sicily. 
 
 Tripl-ex, icis, adj. triple, three- 
 fold. 
 
 Tripl-us, a, um, adj. triple. 
 
 Trip-us, bdis, m. a three footed 
 stool. 
 
 Trirem-is, is, f. (scil. navis), a 
 galley. 
 
 Trist-is, is, e, adj. sad, grave. 
 
 Trisyllab-us, a, um, adj. of three 
 syllables . 
 
 Triton, is, m. Neptune's trumpe- 
 ter. 
 
 Tritoni-a, ae, f. a name of Mi- 
 nerva. 
 
 Triumphatus, part, of 
 
 Triumph-o, are, neut to triumph. 
 
 Triumph-us, i, m. the triumph. 
 
 23 
 
 Triumvir, i, m. one of three of- 
 ficers in the same office. 
 
 Tro-as, adis, f. a country in Les- 
 ser Asia. 
 
 Troj-a, ae, f. Troy. 
 
 Trojan-us, a, um, adj. Trojan. 
 
 Tro-s, is, m. the third king of 
 Lesser Phrygia. 
 
 Tu, gen. tui, pron. thou, you. 
 
 Tu-eor, eri, tuitus, or tutus, dep. 
 to behold, defend. 
 
 Tuguri-um, i, n. a cottage. 
 
 Tul. for Tullus- 
 
 Tulli-a, f. noun pr. 
 
 Tullian-um, n. noun pr. 
 
 Tulliol-a, ae, f. noun pr. 
 
 Tulli-us, m. noun pr. 
 
 Tullus, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Turn, adv. and conj. then, and 
 also. 
 
 Tum-eo, ere, ui, neut. to swell. 
 
 Tumet, for tu ipse, pron. thou, 
 thyself. 
 
 Tumid-us, a, um, adj. swollen, 
 puffed up. 
 
 Tumulos-us, a, um, adj. hilly. 
 
 Tumultu-or, ari, atus, dep. to 
 make a noise. 
 
 Tumult-us, us, m. tumult, mu- 
 tiny. 
 
 Tumul-us, i, m. a hillock. 
 
 Tunc, adv. then. 
 
 Tunic-a, ae, f. a tunic, jacket. 
 
 Turb-a, ae, f. a multitude, trou- 
 ble. 
 
 Turbo, are, act. to disturb. 
 
 Turb-o, inis, m. a whirlwind, 
 whirlpool, top. 
 
 Turg-eo, ere; tursi, neut. to 
 swell. 
 
 Turgid-us, a, um, adj. swollen. 
 
 Turn-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Turp-is, is, e, adj. shameful, 
 base. 
 
 Turpiter, adj. from turpis. 
 
 Turpitud-o, inis, f. baseness. 
 
 Turr-is, is, f. a tower, ace. em, 
 and im. 
 
 Tuss-is, is, f. a cough, ace, im. 
 
 Tute, adv. from tutus. 
 
270 
 
 TUT 
 
 tWI 
 
 Tute, pron. for tuipse, thou, thy- 
 self. 
 Tuto, adv. safely. 
 Tut-us, a, urn, adj. safe, and part. 
 
 of tueor. 
 Tu-us, a, um, adj. pron. thy, 
 
 thine, your. 
 Tyndarid-ae, arum, m. Castor and 
 
 Pollux. 
 Tyndari-s, dis, f. Helen the 
 
 daughter of Tyndarus. 
 Typhx-us, i, m. a huge giant. 
 Typhon, is, m. a giant, the son of 
 
 Juno's hand. 
 Tyranni-s, dis, f. tyranny. 
 Tyrann-us,i,m. a tyrant, autocrat. 
 Tyri-us, a, um, adj. Tyrian. 
 Tyr-us, or os, i, f. Tyre. 
 Tyrrhen-us, a, um, adj. Tuscan. 
 Uber, is, n. the nipple, teat, 
 
 richness. 
 Uber, is, adj. fertile. 
 Ubi, adv\ where; ubi terrarum? in 
 
 what part of the world? 
 Ublque, adv. every where. 
 Ulcisc-or,i; ultus,dep. to avenge. 
 Ull-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius, dat. 
 
 t, any. 
 Ulm-us, i, f. the elm tree. 
 Uln-a, ae, f. an ell, a yard. 
 Ulteri-or, or, us, adj. comp. far- 
 ther. 
 Ultim-us, a, um, superl. farthest, 
 
 last. 
 Ultor, is, m. a revenger. 
 Ultra, prep. ace. beyond. 
 Ultra, adv. farther. 
 Ultro, adv. willingly, voluntarily; 
 
 ultro citroque, to and fro. 
 Ulyss-es,is,m. the son of Laertes, 
 
 and king of Ithaca. 
 Umbr-a, ae, f. a shadow, or shade. 
 Umbros-us, a, um, adj. shady. 
 Una, adv. together. 
 Und-a, ae, f. a wave. 
 Unde, adv. from whence. 
 Ung-o, or ungu-o, ere; un-xi, 
 
 ctum, act. to anoint, smear. 
 Ungu-is, is, m. a nail. 
 Ungul-a, ae, f. a claw. 
 
 Univers-us, a, um, adj. universal 
 
 Unquam, adv. ever. 
 
 Un-us, a, um, adj. gen. ius y dat 
 
 j, one. 
 Unusquisque,unaquseque, unum 
 
 quodque, adj. every one. 
 Uptip-a, ae, f. a most filthy bird 
 
 called hoopoe. 
 Urani-a, ae, f. the Muse, presid 
 
 ing over astronomy. 
 Urb-s, is, f. a city. 
 Urgens, part of 
 Urg-eo, ere; urs-i, um, act. to 
 
 press, urge. 
 Ur-o, ere; ussi, ustum, act. to 
 
 burn. 
 Usquam, adv. any where. 
 Usque, adv. continually, still, as 
 
 far as. 
 Us-us, us, m. use, practice, need; 
 
 usus est viribus, there is need 
 
 of strength. 
 Usus, part, of utor. 
 Ut, adv. as, how. 
 Ut, conj. that, in order that. 
 Ut-er, ra, um, adj. gen. rius, ri, 
 
 which of the two. 
 Uterque,utraque, utrumque, adj. 
 
 gen. utriusque, each, both. 
 Uter-us, i, m. the womb. 
 Utervis, utravis, utrumvis, adj. 
 
 gen. utriusus, either. 
 Uti, adv. and conj. for ut. 
 Uticens-is, is, e, adj. of Utica. 
 Util-is, is, e, adj. useful. 
 Utilita-s, tis, f. the use, profit. 
 Utinam, conj. O! that. 
 Ut-or, i, usus, dep. to use,enjoy; 
 
 aliqua re. 
 Utrinque, adv. on both sides. 
 Uv-a, ae, f. a grape. 
 Uxor, is, f. the wife. 
 Vacc-a, ae, f. a cow. 
 Vac-o, are, neut. to be free or 
 
 void, aliqua re; to attend to, ah- 
 
 cui rei. 
 Vacun-a,ae, f.the goddess of idle- 
 ness. 
 Vacu-us, a, um, adj. void, free; 
 
 (ab) aliqua re. 
 
VAD 
 
 VEN 
 
 271 
 
 Vad-um, i, n. a ford, shallow. 
 
 Vae, interj. alas ! woe ! 
 
 Vag-us, a, um, adj. wandering", 
 
 vague. 
 Vah! interj. O! hah! puh! 
 Valde, adv. very, very much. 
 Valenci-a, as, f. noun pr. 
 Val-eo, ere, ui, itum, neut. to be 
 
 strong", well, or worth, to tend. 
 Valeri-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Valetud-o, inis, f. state of health. 
 Vall-is, is, f. a valley. 
 Vall-o, are, act. to entrench. 
 Vall-um, i, n. a trench, fence. 
 Vann-us, i, f. a seed-hopper. 
 Van-us, a, um, adj. vain, false. 
 Vapul-o, are, neut. pass, to be 
 
 beaten. 
 Varie, adv. from 
 Vari-us, a, um, adj. changeable, 
 
 diverse. 
 Vari-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Varro, nis, m. noun pr. 
 Var-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Vas; vadis, m. a security in a 
 
 criminal case. 
 Vas, is; plur. vas-a, orum, n. a 
 
 vessel. 
 Vastatio, nis, f. devastation. 
 Vates, is, c. g. a prophet. 
 Ve, inclitic and conj. or; paierve, 
 
 or the father. 
 Vector, is, m. a earner, boat-man. 
 Vehemen-s, tis, adj. violent, 
 
 fierce. 
 Vehicul-um, i, n. a car, vehicle. 
 Vel, conj. or, even, at least. 
 Vell-o, ere, i; or vuls-i, um, act. 
 
 to pull. 
 Vel-o, are, act. to veil, cover. 
 Velo-x, cis, adj. swift, nimble. 
 Vel-um, i, n. a veil, sail. 
 Velut, adv. as, as if, as it were. 
 Ven-a, ae, f. a vein, artery. 
 Vendens, part, from 
 Vend-o, ere, idi, itum, act. to 
 
 sell. 
 Venefic-us, a, um, adj. poison- 
 ous. 
 Venefic-us, i, m. a sorcerer. 
 
 Venen-um, i, n. poison, medi- 
 cine, a drug. 
 
 Ven-eo, ire, ivi, um, neut. pass, 
 to be sold. 
 
 Venerabupd-us, a, um, adj. to be 
 worshipped. 
 
 Vener-or, ari, atus, dep. to 
 adore, honour. 
 
 Ven-io, ire, i, turn, neut. to 
 come. 
 
 Venitur, impers. from venio. 
 
 Ven-or, ari, atus, dep. to hunt. 
 
 Vent-us, i, m. the wind. 
 
 Venul-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 
 Ven-us, eris, f. the goddess of 
 love. 
 
 Ver; veris, n. the spring. 
 
 Vera-x, cis, adj. true in speech. 
 
 Verber, is, n. a whip, a blow. 
 
 Verb-um, i, n. a word. 
 
 Verecund-us, a, um, adj. modest, 
 blushing. 
 
 Ver-eor, eri, itus, dep. to revere, 
 fear. 
 
 Verg-o, ere; vers i, um, neut. to 
 incline, lie towards. 
 
 Veritas, tis, f. the truth. 
 
 Veritus, part, of vereor. 
 
 Vero, conj. and adv. but, truly. 
 
 Verr-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Vers-or, ari, atus, dep. to be (in 
 activity.) 
 
 Vers-us, us, m. a verse. 
 
 Versus, adv. towards. 
 
 Vert-o, ere, i; versum, act. to 
 turn; aliqaid alicui vitio, to 
 charge something agianst some- 
 body as a fault. 
 
 Veru, n. indecl. pi. verua, a spit. 
 
 Verum, conj. and adv. but, yes 
 truly. 
 
 Ver-us, a, um, adj. true. 
 
 Verv-ex, ecis, m. a wether- 
 sheep. 
 
 Vesc-or, i; pastus (a pascor), 
 dep. to eat, live upon; aliqua 
 re. 
 
 Vesper-a, ae, f. the evening. 
 
 Vesperascit, it grows evening, 
 impers. from 
 
272 
 
 VES 
 
 VID 
 
 Vesperasc-o, ere, neut. to draw 
 towards evening-. 
 
 Vest-a, se, f. the goddess of fire, 
 the goddess of the earth. 
 
 Vestal-is, is, e, adj. belonging 
 to Vesta. 
 
 Vest-er, ra, rum, adj. your, 
 yours. 
 
 Vestibul-um, i, n. a porch, en- 
 trance. 
 
 Vestigi-um, i, n. a track. 
 
 Vest-io, ire, ivi, itum, act. to 
 clothe. 
 
 Vest-is, is, f. a garment. 
 
 Vestra-s, tis, adj. of your coun- 
 try. 
 
 Veteran-us, a, um, adj. old, vet- 
 eran. 
 
 Veteran-us, i, m. a veteran, old 
 soldier. 
 
 Vet-o, are, ui, itum, act. to for- 
 bid. 
 
 Vet-us, eris, adj. old, former, 
 ancient; plur. veter-es, es, a; 
 gen. um,- superl. veterrimus. 
 
 Vetusta-s, tis, f. antiquity, old- 
 ness. 
 
 Vetust-us, a, um, adj. old, an- 
 cient. 
 
 Vexatus, part, of 
 
 Vex-o, are, act. to vex, trouble, 
 disturb. 
 
 Vi-a, se, f. a way, passage, mean. 
 
 Viator, is, m. a traveller. 
 
 Vib-ex, Icis, f. the mark of a 
 stripe. 
 
 Vicin-us, a, um, adj; near, adja- 
 cent. 
 
 Vicin-us, i, m. a neighbour. 
 
 Vicis, gen. f. vici, vicem, vice, 
 change, course; plur. vic-es, 
 ibus. 
 
 Victor, is, m. the conqueror, 
 victorious. 
 
 Victori-a, x, f. a victory. 
 
 Victus, part, of vinco. 
 
 Vict-us, us, m. sustenance, liv- 
 ing. 
 
 Vic-us, i, m. a street. 
 
 Videlicet, adv. to wit, nam 
 
 Vid-eo, ere, i; visum, act. to see, 
 
 look. 
 Vid-eor, eri, visus, pass, to be 
 
 seen, to appear, seem. 
 Videtur, impers. it seems, it 
 
 seems good, or proper. 
 Vigil, is, adj. waking, vigilant. 
 Vigili-a, ?e, f. watching, being 
 
 awake; pi. vigilise, the watch. 
 Vigil-o, are, neut. to watch, be 
 
 awake. 
 Viginti, adj. indecl. twenty. 
 Vigor, is, m. strength, vigour. 
 Vil-is, is, e, adj. vile, cheap. 
 Vill-a, ae, f. a country seat, a 
 
 villa. 
 Villos-us, a, um, adj. hairy, 
 
 woolly. 
 Vin', for visne ? do you wish. 
 Vinc-io, ire; vin-xi, ctum, act. to 
 
 bind. 
 Vinc-o, ere; vici, turn, act. to 
 
 conquer. 
 Vinctus, part, of vincio. 
 Vincul-um, i, n. a band, pi. vin- 
 
 cula, fetters, a prison. 
 Vind-ex, icis, c. g. the avenger, 
 
 defender. 
 Vine-ae, arum, f. an engine of 
 
 war, the vineae. 
 Vinet-um, i, n. a vineyard. 
 Vin-um, i, n. wine. 
 Violatus, part, of 
 Viol-o, are, act. to violate, defile. 
 Viper-a, ae, f. a viper. 
 Vir, i, m. a man, husband, male. 
 Vir-eo, ere, ui, neut. to be green, 
 
 or strong. 
 Vir-es, ium, f. strength, power. 
 Virg-a, ae, f. a twig, rod, wand. 
 Virgili-us, i, m. noun pr. 
 Virg-o, inis, f. a virgin. 
 Virid-is, is, e, adj. green, flour- 
 ishing. 
 Viril-is, is, e, adj. belonging to 
 
 man, manful. 
 Viritim, adv. man by man. 
 Vxros-us, a, um, adj. hard, stur- 
 dy, lusting after men. 
 Vlros-us, a, um, adj. venemous. 
 
VIR 
 
 VOL 
 
 273 
 
 Virt-us, litis, f. virtue, valour. 
 
 Vir-us, i, n. poison, venom. 
 
 Vis, vis, vim, vi, f. force, vio- 
 lence, plenty, quantity, multi- 
 tude; plur. vires. 
 
 Vis-o, ere, i, um, act. to visit, 
 see. 
 
 Visus, part, of video, or viso. 
 
 Vit-a, x, f. the life. 
 
 Vitabund-us, a, urn," adj. avoid- 
 ing-, eschewing; aliquid. 
 
 Vit-is, is, f. a vine. 
 
 Viti-um, i, n. a defect, fault. 
 
 Vit-o, are, act. to shun, avoid. 
 
 Vitt-a, x, f. a fillet, head band. 
 
 Vivid-us, a, um, adj. lively, 
 brisk. 
 
 Vivitur, impers. from 
 
 Viv-o, ere; vixi, victum, neut. to 
 live, to live on, or upon; aliqua 
 re. 
 
 Viv-us, a, um, adj. living, alive. 
 
 Vix, adv. scarcely, with much 
 ado. 
 
 Vocit-o, are, freq. to call often, 
 to call. 
 
 Voc-o, are, act. to call, name. 
 
 Volans, part, of volo. 
 
 Volit-o, are, freq. to fly about, 
 flutter. 
 
 Vol-o, are, neut. to fly. 
 
 Volo; velle, volui, neut. to be 
 willing, to wish. 
 
 Voluc-er, or volucr-is, is, e, adj . 
 winged, swift, unstable. 
 
 Volucr-is, is, f. any winged ani- 
 mal. 
 
 Volsc-i, orum, m. noun gent. 
 
 Volum-en, inis, n. a volume. 
 
 Volumni-a, x, f. noun pr. 
 
 Volunta-s, tis, f. the will, attach- 
 ment. 
 
 Volupta-s, tis, f. the pleasure. 
 
 Volv-o, ere, i; volutum, act. to 
 roll, consider. 
 
 Vo-x, cis, f. a voice, expression, 
 word. 
 
 Vulcan-us, i, m. the God of sub- 
 terraneous fire, and foreman 
 of the Cyclops, forging Jupi- 
 ter's thunderbolts. 
 
 Vulgo, adv. commonly, public- 
 ly. 
 
 Vulg-us, i, n. and m. the com- 
 mon people, the rabble. 
 
 Vulneratus, part, of 
 
 Vulner-o, are, act. to wound. 
 
 Vuln-us, eris, n. the wound. 
 
 Vulp-es, is, f. the fox. 
 
 Xenophon, tis, m. noun pr. 
 
 Xerx-es, is, m. noun pr. 
 
 Zacynth-us, i, f. noun pr. Zante- 
 
 FINIS. 
 

 
 ERRATA. 
 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Line. 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 for 
 
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 restis. 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 Ad, 
 
 
 An. 
 
 21 
 
 32 
 
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 54 
 
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 72 
 
 24 
 
 VIII, 
 
 
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 78 
 
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 181 
 
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