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PRODUCTS OF AN ADVANCED CIVILIZATION. 
 
 A 
 
 • • • I \ • • • 
 
 I'M A KANSAN. 
 
 KANSAS 
 
 SOUVENIR. 
 
 ■ if I' vvw. 
 
 A BOOK OF INFORMATION RELATIVE TO THE MORAL, EDUCATIONAL, AGRICULTURAL, COMMER- 
 CIAL, MANUFACTURING AND MINING INTERESTS OF THE STATE. 
 
 ISSUED BY 
 
 THE KANSAS IMMIGRATION AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION. 
 
 ii 
 
 ^_ 1896 
 
STATE CAPITOL. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 With an honest pride in tiie grand achievements of our great common- 
 wealtli, with a sincere desire that tlie mighty work Kansas has wrouglit, 
 the possibilities before her, and the opportunity she offers to the liome-seeker, 
 may be known, this " Kansas Souvenir " is placed in the hands of the public. 
 
 The character of the contributors of the articles within those covers 
 is a sufficient guaranty of their truth and accuracy. 
 
 We acknowledge our indebtedness to the contributors for their earnest 
 zeal and faithful efforts in behalf of Kansas. 
 
 We commend the book to the careful consideration of everyone, Kansans 
 and citizens of sister commonwealths alike. 
 
 To the young man entering the contests of life, anticipating an honored 
 and successful career in some vocation to which he feels himself adapted, 
 we especially commend the work. 
 
 In an experience of twenty years under Kansas' sunny skies, environed 
 by the best moral, educational and physical influences, I have ever seen 
 the lionest toiler, be he upon the farm, in the work-shop, upon the bench, in 
 commerce or trade, rewarded with a rich reward for his zeal and energy. 
 
 We have room for many more, and extend to the home-seeker an earnest 
 invitation to come, and promise you a hearty welcome. 
 
 May we not hope that when you have read this book you will pass it 
 on to some friend or acquaintance, that it may continue on its mission for 
 good? Let this edition of 50,000 copies be read by at least 500,000 people. 
 
 We feel that the intelligent reader will find in the articles submitted 
 upon the various subjects much valuable information, and will pass a 
 righteous judgment, based upon the facts as they exist. 
 
 We disclaim any effort to re-create the speculative and boom days of a decade passed, and present to you only 
 such information as will lead to a better and a more intelligent understanding of the past, present and future of Kansas. 
 
 (3) 
 
 W. C. EDWARDS, 
 
 President of The Kansas Imniigrutioii nnd Inl'orinatioii 
 .\ssociation of Kansas. 
 
 ( SECRETARY 
 
 STATE.) 
 
FARMING BY IRRIGATION IN PAWNEE COUNTY. 
 (4) 
 
/«J -W^SB. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 ET HON. JOHN J. INGALLS. 
 
 ^^•Hh, 
 
 ■TSoa^*^'' i 
 
 Kansas is the navel of the uatioii. 
 
 Diagonals drawn from Dnhitli to Galveston ; from Wasliington to San Francisco ; from Talla- 
 basse to Olynipia; from Sacramento to Augusta, intersect at its center. 
 
 Kansas is the nucleus of our political system, around which its forces assemble ; to which its 
 energies converge ; and from which its energies radiate to the remotest circumference. 
 
 Kansas is the focus of freedom, where the rays of heat and light concentrated into a flame that 
 melted the manacles of the slave, and cauterized the heresies of State Sovereignty and disunion. 
 
 Kansas is the core and kernel of the country, containing the germs of its growth, and the 
 quickening ideas essential to its perpetuity. 
 
 The history of Kansas is written in capitals. It is punctuated with exclamation-points. Its 
 verbs are imperative. Its adjectives are superlative. The commonplace and the prosaic are not 
 defined in its lexicon. Its statistics can be stated only in the language of hyperbole. 
 
 The aspiration of Kansas is to reach the unattainable ; its dream is the realization of the im- 
 possible. Alexander wept because there were no more worlds to conquer. Kansas, having van- 
 quished all competitors, smiles complacently as she surpasses from year to year her own triumphs in 
 growth and glory. Other States could be spared without irreparable bereavement, but Kansas is 
 indispensable to the joy, the inspiration, and the improvement of the world. 
 It seems incredible that there was a time when Kansas did not exist; when its name was not written on the map of the United States;, 
 when the Kansas cyclone, the Kansas grasshopper, the Kansas boom, and the Kansas Utopia were unknown. 
 
 I was a student in the Junior class at Williams College when President Pierce, forgotten but for that signature, approved the act establishing 
 the Territory of Kansas, May 30, 1854. I recall the inconceivable agitation that preceded, accompanied and followed the event. It was an 
 epoch. Destiny closed one volume of our annals, and opening another, traced with shadowy finger upon its pages a million epitaphs, ending 
 with "Appomattox." 
 
 Kansas was the prologue to a tragedy whose epilogue has not yet been pronounced ; the prelude to a fugue of battles whose reverberations have- 
 not yet died away. 
 
 Floating one summer night upon a moonlit sea, I heard far over the still waters a high, clear voice singing : 
 
 " To the West ! To tbe West ! To the land of the free. 
 Where the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea; 
 Where a man is a man if he 's willing; to toil, 
 And the humblest may gather the fruits of tlie soil." 
 (5) 
 
A few days later, iny studies beiug completed, I joined the uuinterrupted and resistless column of volunteers that marched to the land of the 
 free. St. I.ouis was a squalid border town, the outpost of civilization. The railroad ended at Jefferson City. Trans-continental trains with 
 sleepers and dining-cars, annihilating space and time, were the vague dream of a future century. 
 
 Overtaking at Hermann a fragile steamer that had left her levee the day before, we embarked upon a monotonous voyage of four days along 
 the treacherous and tortuous channel that crawled between forests of Cottonwood and barren bars of tawny sand, to the frontier of the American 
 Desert. 
 
 It was the mission of the pioneer with his plough to abolish the frontier and to subjugate the desert. One has become a boundary and the 
 other an oasis. But with so much aciiuisition, something has been lost for which there is no compensation or equivalent, fle is unfortunate 
 who has never felt the fascination of the frontier; the temptation of unknown and mysterious solitudes; the 'exultation of helping to build a 
 State; of forming its institutions and giving direction to its career. 
 
 Kansas in its rudimentary stage, extended westward six hundred and tifty-eight miles to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern bound- 
 ary of Utah. By subsequent amputation and curlailuient, it was shorn to its present narrow limits of fifty-two million acres; three thousand 
 square miles in excess of the entire area of New England. Denver, Manilou, Pueblo, Pike's Peak, and Cripple Creek are among the treasures 
 which the State-makers of 18."i9, like the base Indian, richer than all his tribe, threw unconsciously away. 
 
 Thirty years ago, along the eastern margin of the grassy quadrangle which geographers called Kansas, the rude forefathers of Atchison, Leav- 
 enworth, Wyandotte, Lawrence and Topeka, slept in the intervals of their strife with the petty tyrants of their fields, and beyond their western 
 horizon, the rest was silence, solitude and the wilderness, to the Rio Grande ; to the Yellowstone; to the Sierra Nevada; like the lonely steppes 
 of Turkestan and Tartary ; inhabited by wandering tribes whose occupation was tvar ; whose pastime was the chase ; pastured for untold centuries 
 by roaming herds that followed the seasons in their recurring migrations from the arctic circle to the Gulf. 
 
 It has been sometimes obscurely intimated that the typical Kausan lacks in reserve, and occasionally exhibits a tendency to exaggeration in 
 dwelling upon the development of the State and the benefits and burdens of its citizenship. 
 
 Censorious scoffers, actuated by envy, jealousy, malignity and other evil passions, have hinted that he unduly vauntelh himself; that he brags 
 and becomes vainglorious: that he is given to bounce, tali talk and magnilo(juence. 
 
 There have not been wanting those who aftirm that he magnifies his calamities as well as his blessings, and desires nothing so ;nuch as to have 
 the name of Kansas in any capacity always in the ears and moutlis of men. 
 
 'Such accusations are well calculated to make the judicious grieve. They result from a misconception of the man and his environment. 
 
 The normal condition of the genuine Kausan is that of shy and sensitive diffidence. He suffers from excess of modesty. He blushes too 
 easily. There is nothing he dislikes so much as to hear himself talk. He hides his light under a bushel. He keeps as near the tail end of the 
 procession as possible. He never advertises. He bloweth not his own horn, and is indifferent to the band wagon. 
 
 He is oppressed by the vast responsibility of being an inhabitant of a commonwealth so immeasurably superior in all the elements of present 
 glory, in all the prophecies of future renown, to its inferior companions. 
 
 To be a denizen of a State that surpasses all other communities as Niagara excels all other cataracts, as the sun transcends all other lum- 
 inaries, imposes obligations that render levitv impossible. 
 
 (6) 
 
The every-day events of Kansas would be marvels elsewhere ; our platitudes would be panegyrics ; the trite and commonplace are unknown. 
 It is Impossible to over-estimate the value of citizenship in a State that sent more soldiers into the Union armies than it had voters when Sumter 
 fell ; that exceeded all quotas without draft or bounty ; that had the highest rate of mortality upon the field of battle. That a~State so begotten 
 and nurtured should be as indomitable in peace as it was invincible in war, was inevitable. Its gestation was heroic. It represented ideas and 
 principles; conscience, patriotism, duty; the "unconquerable mind and freedom's holy flame." 
 
 No other State encountered such formidable obstacles of nature and fortune. Our disasters and catastrophes have been monumental. 
 ■Swarms of locusts eclipsing the sun in their flight, whose incredible voracity left the forests, and the orchards, and Ihe fields of June as naked as 
 December; drouths changing the sky to brass and the earth to iron; siroccos that in a day devastated provinces and reduced thousands from 
 comfort to penury ; — these and the other destructive agencies of the atmosphere have been met by a courage that no danger could daunt, and by a 
 constancy unshaken by adversity. 
 
 The statistics of the census tables are more eloquent than the tropes and phrases of the rhetorician. The story of Kansas needs no reinforce- 
 ment from the imagination. Its arithmetic is more dazzling and bewildering than poetry, and the historian is compelled to be economical of 
 truth and parsimonious in his recital of facts, in order not to impose too great a strain upon the capacity of human credulity. 
 
 Notwithstanding the mishaps of husbandry and the fatalities of nature, it is a moderate and conservative statement that no community ever 
 increased so rapidly in population, wealth and civilization, nor gained so great an aggregate in so brief a time, as the State of Kansas. There is no 
 other State where the rewards of industry have been so ample, and the conditions of prosperity so abundant, so stable and so secure as here. 
 
 It is a distinctly American State, with a trivial fraction of illiteracy, the largest school population, and but one detected criminal to two 
 thousand of its inhabitants. 
 
 In popular estimation, Kansas is classified as an exclusively agricultural and pastoral region. It has harvested the largest wheat crop ever 
 gathered in any State, and will strive this year to break its own record. In corn, fruit and small grains computation and measurement have been 
 abandoned as superfluous and impracticable. But these are only fragments of its material resources. 
 
 Its fields of natural ^as rival those of Indiana, C)hio, and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Its mines supply one-fourth of the zinc and much of the lead of the world. 
 
 Its deposits of bituminous coal are inexhaustible. 
 
 Vast areas are underlaid with petroleum. 
 
 Its salt mines are richer than those of New York and Michigan. 
 
 Its treeless and unwatered plains sent the biggest walnut log to the World's Fair, and have a subterranean flow that is capable of irrigating an 
 area more fertile and extensive than the Valley of the Nile. The indescribable splendor of the palaces of the Exposition, with their white domes 
 and pinnacles, and statues, and colonnades, and terraces, and towers, came from the cement quarries of the Saline and the Smoky Hill. 
 
 And this is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple. Much less than one-half the surface of the State has been broken by the 
 plough. Its resources have been imperfectly explored. It has developed at random. Science will hereafter reinforce the energies of nature, and 
 the achievements of the past will pale into insignificance before the completed glory of the century to come. 
 
 Atchison, May 10, 1896. 
 
 (7) 
 
RESOURCES OF KANSAS. 
 
 BT GOV. K. N. UORBILL. 
 
 Kansas, in common with other States, has suffered severely in a financial way from the busi- 
 ness depression which followed as a natural result of the great panic of 1893. For several years 
 prior, immigration and capital flowed in an uninterrupted stream into the State, seeking homes and 
 investments. Agencies were established in almost every county for the purpose of loaning money 
 on real estate. These agents, having no interest in the loans save the commission they were to re- 
 ceive when the transaction was consummated, freely urged all who could give security to make 
 loans, and many farmers were induced to mortgage their homes to improve their farms and to in- 
 crease the number of their acres. Towns and cities were growing rapidly, real estate was advanc- 
 ing, and there was a desire on the part of many to make new investments with the hope of large 
 pecuniary gains. With confidence in the futuie growth of the State, a large number of our people 
 borrowed money to invest in lands and town lots. The natural effect of this influx of men and 
 money was to cause a marked advance in the price of lands, which still further stimulated the desire 
 to make new investments, and many who ought to have been content with what land they had 
 eagerly borrowed money to purchase more. You all know what the result was. When the supply 
 of money was withheld and began to be withdrawn, when the tide of immigration ceased to flow, 
 lands depreciated in value as rapidly as they had advanced. 
 
 KANSAS A GOOD-SIZED STATE. 
 
 It must be conceded that on account of the lack of rainfall the extreme western part of the State cannot, under present conditions, be made 
 profitable for agricultural purposes. But the semi-arid region is but a small portion of our great State. It is universally conceded that the eastern 
 part compares favorably for agricultural purposes with any section of the country. Few who have not given the matter careful consideration 
 realize the great extent of Kansas. From its territory could be carved a commonwealth as large as Illinois, leaving the remainder with more 
 territory than New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts combined. A State as large as Indiana could be taken from it, and still leave re- 
 maining more territory than is embraced in the States of Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Jersey. We could make four States as 
 large as Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware united, and still have land enough left for a good-sized farm. 
 
 KANSAS' WONDEEnri, DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 No stronger evidence can be afforded of its resources than to point to its wonderful — aye, almost unparalleled — development the few yeai-s it 
 
 (8) 
 
has been settled. Wheu the Territory of Kansas was organized, in 1854, forty-two years ago, not a white man, except the few at Indian agencies 
 and Indian missions, had a home on her soil. When the State was admitted into the Union, in 1861, it had but 107,000 inhabitants. For four 
 years, owing to the war, her population decreased. Over 20,000 of her brave sous responded to their country's call and went forth to battle for the 
 preservation of the Union. The mortality of Kansas troops in that great struggle shows the largest per cent, of any State in the Union. There 
 could surely be no stronger proof of their bravery, of their devotion to their Governmeut, and their loyalty to the old flag. At the close of the 
 war it found its industries paralyzed. It had practically no agriculture, trade, or commerce. So that its present development can properly be 
 said to be the growth of the past thirty years. In 1861 it had no State institutions, and no meaus with which to erect any. Now it has a fine 
 State House, a State University, of which every citizen is proud ; an Agricultural College and a Normal School, equal to any to be found in 
 States no older ; institutions for the Blind, the Deaf and Dumb, and the Insane; a Soldiers' Home, and a Home for their Orphans. It has its 
 Penitentiary, its Refonn Schools, and Reformatory. These institutions, owned and controlled by the State, have cost $7, 000,000, only $550,000 of 
 which is represented by State indebtedness. The entire State debt is but $759,000, of which $433,000 is held in the office of the State Treasurer 
 for the benefit of the school fund. To meet this debt when it shall become due we have a wealth, the accumulation of thirty years, amounting 
 to 81,800,000,000, and the population of the State has increased during that period from 107,000 to a million and a third. 
 
 EDUCATION IN KANSAS. 
 
 The educational interests of the people have been kept steadily in the forefront, and money has been expended with a lavish hand, not only in 
 establishing and maintaining an excellent system of common schools, but also in building up colleges and academies of a high standard. The 
 expenditures for this purpose have increased much more rapidly than the population. The total value of school property thirty-five years ago was 
 but little more than $10,000. During that period it has increased, until to-day it exceeds $10,000,000. Then the entire State had but 8,600 en- 
 rolled children of school age, employing but 319 teacliers. To-day there are nearly 400,000 in the State of school age, with 12,000 teachers. 
 Then the total amount raised for schools for the year was scarcely $8,000. Now the people of the State cheerfully pay $5,000,000 for the support 
 of their magnificent school system. Then the school-houses were few and far between. Now our rich prairies are dotted over with school-houses 
 until the number exceeds 9,000, which are actually owned by the school districts. In addition to this, forty colleges, academies and private schools 
 expend nearly $300,000 annually. The endowment for our school system has been wisely husbanded and judiciously managed, until we have 
 interest^bearing securities amounting to nearly $7,000,000, and our State educational institutions have separate endowments of $1,000,000 more. 
 
 MORE RAILROAD THAN ALL NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 When the Territorial Government of Kansas was organized there was no railroad within 150 miles of its borders. Now we have 8,900 miles 
 in operation, exceeding that of any other State in the Union, Illinois and Pennsylvania alone excepted. We have more mileage than the Empire 
 State, New York. Over 1,000 miles more than all the New England States combined, with their population of five and one-half millions and the 
 accumulated wealth of more than a century as the manufacturing center of this continent. Along these lines of transcontinental railways there 
 have sprung up more than 100 centers of population, containing nearly 400,000 people, domiciled in thrift, with churches, school-houses, court- 
 houses, water and light plants not excelled in towns of equal population in any State in the Union. 
 
 (9) 
 
AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 lu the quanlity and value of farm products and live stock there has been a marvelous increase. In 1862 the value of the wheat crop was but 
 Sl.'iO.OOO. In 1S90 it exceeded 833,000,000. The value of the corn crop was then but $2,000,000, while in 1890 it was over S23, 000,000. The 
 corn crop alone for the past year was over 200,000,000 bushels, while the wheat crop, which was a partial failure, was nearly 1(),000,000 bushels. 
 In addition to these two great staple crops, Kansas raised last year 1,600,000 bushels of rye ; nearly 8,000,000 bushels of potatoes ; nearly 32,000,000 
 bushels of oats; 1,700,000 bushels of barley ; more than 812,000,000 worth of hay, alfalfa, and millet, and more than $8,000,000 worth of minor 
 crops of grain .ind vegetables. The production of cheese and butter amounts to over $5,000,000. The total value of horses, mules, cattle, sheep 
 and swine in the State in 1S90 exceeded $113,000,000. 
 
 KANSAS .\S A FRUIT STATE. 
 
 Kansas is fast pressing to the front as the great fruit State of the Union. Apples, plums, cherries 
 and grapes are easily raised with ordinary care and proper labor. Thirty-five years ago there was not a 
 bearing orchard in the State. In all the eastern part of the State the prairies are dotted over with fine 
 orchards, producing an abundance of choice fruit. There are at present 7,000.000 apple trees, returning 
 to their owners an ample reward for the labor and capital invested, while 5,000,000 more have been 
 planted and soon will be affording rich returns. Mr. Wellhouse, a gentleman of high character and 
 sterling worth, has taken the lead in this industry in the State. He has had for several years bearing 
 orchards covering 437 acres. With an abiding faith in Kansas as a fruit-growing State, this gentleman 
 has extended his orchards until he has now nearly 1,.500 acres in growing trees. In thirteen years, from 
 his original orchards he has sold over 400,000 bushels of choice apples, realizing from this crop alone 
 over $1 = 0,000. In two or three years his young orchards will come into bearing, and the quantity of 
 apples raised will be beyond anything ever accomplished by any one man in the country. 
 
 MINING INDUSTRY OF GRKAT IMPORTAXCK, 
 
 The mining industries of the State, though in their infancy, are fast assuming proportions of great 
 importance. The deposits of coal are distributed over a considerable area, extending from the southeast 
 corner of the State northward to Nebraska, and reaching westward nearly 200 miles. There are being 
 worked in the State 226 drift, slope and shaft mines, with a large number of strip mines. In 1891 the 
 output of coal exceeded 58,000,000 bushels, nearly reaching that of Missouri, which stands first among 
 the coal-producing States west of the Mississippi river, and considerably in excess of Colorado. More 
 than 10,000 miners and others are given employment in this industry alone. 
 
 In the counties of Crawford and Cherokee large and rich deposits of lead and zinc have been found and are being rapidly developed, giving 
 employment to laboring men, and adding largely to the wealth of the State. Around Galena and Empire City are the richest lead- and zinc-produc- 
 
 (10) 
 
 HON. FRED. WELI-HOUSE, 
 
 President Slate Horticultural Society. 
 (The liirgest apple-grower in the world.) 
 
ing mines in tlie world, and yet so little has been said on this subject that their real worth and value to Kansas is but little appreciated outside of 
 the State. The future development of these mines will only be limited by the demand for these metals. Thousands of acres of rich mineral lands 
 in this section of the State are as yet undeveloped. Kansas salt DErosixs 
 
 Within a few years a large deposit of salt has been 
 discovered in the State, and rapidly developed, until 
 now it can be safely said that the salt deposit of Kan- 
 sas ranks among the largest in the world. It extends 
 across the State for over 200 miles northerly and south- 
 erly, in a belt of solid salt about fifty miles wide, crop- 
 ping out at the surface at the south line of the State, 
 and dipping toward the north several hundred feet, 
 being at Hutchinson, where the largest plants are 
 located, 400 feet below the surface, and the vein is 
 :!U0 feet thick. The supply is simply inexhaustible, 
 and the quality is most excellent. Large plants have 
 lieen established and are successfully worked at Hutch- 
 inson. Kingman, Lyons, and Kanopolis. A special 
 liraud of table salt, known as the " R. S. V. P." brand, 
 made by the Kansas Salt Company, of Hutchinson, 
 was awarded the premium at the World's Fair at Chi- 
 cago, and is in demand from ocean to ocean. Already 
 more than S3, 000, 000 of capital is invested in the busi- 
 ness, and the output is more than 2,000,000 barrels. 
 
 The growth of the cattle industry of the State has 
 l)een truly marvelous, and the development of the 
 stock-yards in the thriving and enterprising city at 
 the mouth of the Kaw has been without a parallel in 
 the history of the country. They are the model yards of the United States, and as a stock market rank second only in the country in magnitude 
 and amount of business, being exceeded only by those in Chicago. They were first opened for business in 1871, and during that year but 166 
 car-loads of live stock were brought to the market. The natural advantages of the location of these yards, the vast territory which is now and 
 will forever remain dependent upon them for a market for their live stock, assure them a bright future, and will enable them to maintain the 
 supremacy they have already attained. The total of all kinds of stock received at this center in 1894 was but a few thousands less than 5,000,000 
 head, valued at the enormous sum of .$98,500,000. Their business is rapidly increasing, and it is not a boastful prediction to assert that in a few 
 years they will be the leading stock market of the world. ( ii > 
 
 w. A. (JILL'S ORCHARD, NORTH OF LARNED, KAS. (One tree yielded 38 bushels in a single season.) 
 
THE JUDICIAL SYSTEH. 
 
 BT CHIEF JUSTICE DAVID MARTIN. 
 
 OF .- ^ .- _ ij 
 
 KAIi5A3 
 
 The existiug judicial tribunals of Kansas consist of Police Courts, Justices' 
 Courts, Boards of County Commissioners, Probate Courts, a Court of Common Pleas- 
 for Wyandotte county, District Courts, Courts of Appeals, and a Supreme Court. 
 
 Each city, whether of the first, second or third class, has a police court for 
 the enforcement of city ordinances. A defendant may appeal from its judgment 
 to the District Court of the county wherein the city is situated. 
 
 Two Justices of the Peace are elected in each municipal township and each 
 city of the first or second class, and the number may be increased by law. Justices'' 
 Courts have jurisdiction coextensive with their respective counties upon money de- 
 mands generally not exceeding $300, and in replevin where the value of the property 
 is SlOO or less; such value being fixed by the affidavit for the writ. They may issue writs of 
 attachment and orders of arrest, and may try actions for the forcible entry and detention, or 
 detention only, of real property. Either party may appeal to the District Court of the county, 
 except on judgments rendered by confession and in jury trials where neither party claims a sum- 
 exceeding 820. Justices' Courts have jurisdiction also in casesof misdemeanor where the fine cannot 
 exceed S500 and the imprisonment in the county jail one year, subject to an appeal by the defendant 
 to the District Court. They have power to issue warrants for the apprehension of all persons charged with 
 crimes or misdemeanors, and to bind over to the District Courts for trial all such persons when the offense 
 cannot be tried in the Justices' Courts. 
 
 Boards of County Commissioners exercise judicial functions particularly in the allowance and rejection 
 of claims against the county, and in such matters an appeal lies to the District Court of the county. 
 The Probate Court of each county is a court of record having a single judge, who is his own clerk. This court has probate jurisdiction and 
 care of the estates of deceased persons, and of minors, apprentices, lunatics, habitual drunkards and convicts, and also in certain matters respecting 
 the sale of school lands, and in habeas corpus. Under certain limitations, appeals are allowed to the District Court of the county. The probate- 
 judge has exclusive authority in his county to grant licenses to marry, and permits for the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors for medical, 
 scientific and mechanical purposes. In the absence of the district judge from the county the probate judge may grant temporary injunctions and; 
 writs of attachment on debts not due in actions brought in the District Court. 
 
 (12) 
 
The Court of Common Pleas of Wyandotte county has concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court in most cases. It is a temporary 
 •court, which is to expire December 31, 1903. 
 
 The State is divided into thirty judicial districts, the counties of Atchison, Shawnee, Sedgwick and Wyandotte constituting the second, 
 third, eighteenth and twenty-ninth districts respectively. Each other district contains two or more counties. A judge is elected in each district 
 for the term of four years, and he holds the courts in his district. Besides the appellate jurisdiction hereinbefore referred to, the District Courts 
 have general original jurisdiction, civil and criminal, at law and in equity. As to the amount in controversy there is neither minimum nor 
 maximum ; no cause is too small or too great to engage their attention. In nearly all the counties three regular terms are held each year. Appeals 
 in criminal cases and proceedings in error in civil suits are taken directly to the Courts of Appeals or the Supreme Court, but no civil action 
 involving less than $100 in amount or value is reviewable. 
 
 There are two Courts of Appeal, one for the northern and the other for the southern department. Jlach department contains three divisions, 
 designated as the eastern, central, and western, and one judge is elected for each division, the oldest in years in each department being presiding 
 Judge. The courts in the northern department are held at Topeka, Concordia, and Colby, and those in the southern department at Fort Scott, 
 Wichita, and Garden City. Two members constitute a quorum, and the concurrence of two is necessary to a decision. The original jurisdiction 
 ■of these courts is the same as that of the Supreme Court. They have exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases of appeal from convictions for 
 ■misdemeanors, and in all proceedings in error in civil cases where the amount or value does not exceed $2,000 exclusive of interest and costs; 
 but in cases of the latter class it is competent for the Supreme Court within sixty days to direct any case to be certified to it for review, but this 
 .power has been exercised very sparingly. In cases of original jurisdiction and in any case involving the tax or revenue laws, or the title to real 
 estate, or the constitution of this State, or the constitution, laws or treaties of the United States, the defeated party may have a review by the 
 Supreme Court as a matter of right. These courts were created by act of February 36, 1895, mainly for the purpose of enabling litigants to dispose 
 of the cases which had accumulated in the Supreme Court so that it was several years behind with its work, and all pending cases coming within 
 the jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeals were certified to them, and since that time the business has progressed rapidly and satisfactorily. 
 
 The Supreme Court convenes in regular terms at the capitol, on the first Tuesday of January and July, but sessions are held on the first Tuesdiy 
 of each other month except August and September. The court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices chosen for six years, one being 
 elected each even-numbered year. Two justices constitute a quorum and the concurrence of two is necessary to any decision. It is the court of 
 last resort, except in cases involving Federal questions, which may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States under the 35th section of 
 the judiciary act of 1789. The court has original jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, and habeas corpus. Since the Courts of Appeals were 
 created, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in criminal cases is limited to felonies and appeals taken by the State, and in civil cases to those 
 involving more than .^2,000 in amount or value, exclusive of interest and costs ; but jurisdiction is retained in cases concerning only personal status 
 or rights when no money or thing susceptible of pecuniary valuation is in controversy. The appellate and revisory jurisdiction of the Supreme 
 Court over the judgments of the Courts of Appeals has been sufficiently explained. The existence of the Courts of Appeals has enabled the 
 Supreme Court to make good progress with the cases in arrear, so that commencing with May 1, 1895, and ending with the summer vacation in 
 1896, the court will have disposed of all the remaining cases from 7453 to 8880, besides many later numbers, being criminal cases and those 
 advanced for hearing as involving public interests. 
 
 (13) 
 
THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF KANSAS. 
 
 BY E. STANLEY. STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Pressing close to the front in the line of educational progress is the Sunflower State, and upon its- 
 unique and magnificently endowed system of public schools the educational forces of America must look 
 with admiration. 
 
 Scarcely more than a third of a century has passed since on this bloody battle-ground the first sod- 
 school-house opened its portals to eager seekers after knowledge, and to-day we can look abroad and. 
 point with pride to many evidences of progress. 
 1^^^^^^^ '^Ml' /^^^^^^^^~ ^y constitutional enactment, the common-school system of the State receives, as financial support, 
 
 the interest from the invested proceeds of 500,000 acres, granted by act of 1841 to all new States there- 
 after organized, and also of the 16th and 36th sections of every Congressional township, granted to the 
 schools upon her admission to statehood. 
 
 From the sale of these lands there have been derived, and are now invested in five-, six- and seven- 
 (- " per-ceut. semi-annual interest-bearing bonds, nearly 87,000,000. 
 
 The investment of this Permanent School Fund is in the hands of a State Board of School Fund 
 Commissioners, consisting of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State, and Attorney General. 
 
 The interest of this magnificent endowment amounts to almost a half-million dollars annually. This, swelled by funds derived from district 
 taxation, amounts to almost $5,000,000, which is expended for public education in the common schools of the State. 
 
 There yet remain thousands of acres of unsold and unsettled school lands, which, when disposed of, will very greatly increase the permanent 
 fund of the State. 
 
 At the head of the educational system of the State is the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. With him is associated the State Board 
 of Education, he being ex officio chairman. This body acts as an examining board, And issues State and Normal Institute certificates to candidates- 
 proving themselves qualified by an examination under the rules of the Board. 
 
 The State Superiuteudent distributes the annual school fund, interprets the school law, compiles and distributes copies thereof, decides joint 
 district disputes, visits counties, fixes dates for county normal institutes and approves contracts for conductors and instructors, collects school 
 statistics, and, as required by law, submits the same in a Biennial Report to the Governor of the State. 
 As gleaned from the last Biennial Report, the following statistics may be of interest: 
 
 Number of persons of school age 496,139' 
 
 Number of pupils enrolled 393,840 
 
 Average daily attendance, 252, 215- 
 
 (14) 
 
Number of teachers employed (exclusive of academies and colleges), 11,903 
 
 Average monthly wages, males, 843.09 
 
 Average monthly wages, females, 835-01 
 
 Average length of school year 25 weeks 
 
 Estimated value of school property, ,811.193,396.00 
 
 Value of school-houses erected in 1894, .S370,574.00 
 
 Number of applicants for certificates, 16,902 
 
 Number of certificates granted, 11,363 
 
 Amount paid for school apparatus, 869.781.33 
 
 Amount paid for teachers' wages, 83,06.5.118.75 
 
 Amount expended for fuel, repairs, etc., 8719,131.89 
 
 Amount expended for buildings and furniture, 8328,5.53.79 
 
 Amount expeuded for other purposes 8355,873.83 
 
 Balance in hands of district treasurers, 852-9,273.13 
 
 COUNTY SUPERVISION. 
 
 In charge of the educational interests of each of the 105 counties is a County Superintendent, assisted by a board of two examiners. These 
 conduct the quarterly examinations, and grant certificates to worthy and competent candidates. 
 
 The superintendents are wide awake and alive to the educational interests of their counties. 
 
 They are required to visit every school In their respective counties during the scholastic year. 
 
 The County Superintendent distributes, semi-annually, his county's apportionment of the annual school fund, consults with district officers and 
 decides disputes, holds county normal institutes, rearranges district boundaries for the best interests of the schools, holds general educational meetings 
 for the public in various sections of the county, and collects and compiles statistics which he submits annually to the State Superintendent. 
 
 Closely allied to the country district school is that of the city. The latter, besides providing for elementary education, furnishes a fitting link 
 binding firmly the interests of elementary and higher education within our borders. 
 
 More than a hundred cities of the State have systems more or less perfectly graded, and in the larger cities of the first and second classes 
 much attention is given to correct gradation and classification of studies, in accord with the ideas of the new education. 
 
 Under a law of 1886, counties having a population of 6.000 or more are enabled to establish County High Schools, after having first voted 
 upon the question favorably at a general election. Four County High Schools are now in successful operation, and doing much to instill a desire 
 for higher education among the masses of students attending the same. 
 
 As a fitting climax to the educational system of the State, are the three State schools, viz.: The University at Lawrence, the Normal School at 
 Emporia, and the Agricultural College at Manhattan. 
 
 These institutions rank with the best in the land, and are fast becoming centers of culture and influence, which, under llie guidance of schol- 
 arly faculties, are perfecting in an admirable manner our educational system, as foreseen and designed by the founders of otir State Constitution. 
 
 (15) 
 
KANSAS STATE NORHAL SCHOOL. 
 
 BT PRESIDENT A. R. TAYLOR. 
 
 The State Normal School was established by the Legislature in 1863, and opened its doors to students Feb- 
 ruary 15, 1865. It soon took a high rank among the State Normal Schools in the West, and has steadily in- 
 creased in numbers and influence. It is located at Emporia, oue of the most beautiful and piogressive cities in 
 the entire State. The attendance for several years has been very large, reaching a total of 1,649 last year. 
 
 The School is sujiported by the income from the interest on its endowment, now about 8370,000, certain spe- 
 cial fees, and biennial legislative appropriations. The total income from these sources for the current year, 
 including appropriations for certain repairs and improvements, is 843,000. The total value of the property, 
 including buildings and grounds, is placed at over $450,000. 
 
 The two departments of science occupy eleven rooms in all. The provisions in the way of laboratories in 
 these departments are most liberal, and are made with a special view to instruction in ways and means of illus- 
 trating natural phenomena for the public schools. 
 
 The art department, occupying three rooms, is provided with a full line of casts, reliefs, models, historical ornaments, etchings, engiavings, 
 stereopticon views, etc., etc. The other departments in the institution are similarly equipped. 
 
 The library, occupying four rooms on the second floor, now numbers, including the additions now making, about 13,000 volumes, selected with 
 great care, and with the needs of a Normal School constantly in view. 
 
 The Model School is one of the principal features of the institution, and occupies a suite of ten beautiful rooms in the east wing. 
 As is well known, Albert Taylor Hall, the new assembly-room recently completed, is one of the handsomest auditoriums in the West, accom- 
 modating, as occasion demands, 1,400 people. 
 
 The faculty consists of twenty-four members, fifteen of whom are heads of departments, all of them being men and women of liberal scholar- 
 ship and wide experience in all kinds of school work. Several of them are authors of valuable school-books, and recognized as high authorities on 
 the subjects they teach. The officers of the faculty are, A. R. Taylor, president, J. N. Wilkinson, secretary. 
 
 The school is controlled by a board of six Regents, appointed by the Governor of the State, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. 
 Their term of office is four years, one-half of the members retiring every two years. The present board consists of V. K. Stanley, president ; M. F. 
 Knappenberger, vice-president; John Madden, secretary; S. H. Dodge, treasurer; J. S. McGrath, and J. S. Winans. 
 
 The graduates and undergraduates of the School are found in nearly every city and village in the State, and through them it is exerting a great 
 influence for education of a higher and better sort. Many of its graduates are occupying prominent positions in other States. 
 
 The School is recognized as one of the best of its kind in this country. Its popularity at home attests the thoroughness of its work and the 
 firm hold it has taken in the affections of the people. 
 
 Tuition in the Normal Department is free to Kansas students. 
 
 (16) 
 
KANSAS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 (Located at Emporia.) 
 
 (17) 
 
t . 
 
 THE KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
 
 BY PRESIDENT GEORGE T. FAIRCHII.D. 
 
 Tbr Kansas State Agricultural College was organized in February, 1863, the State having endowed 
 with the land grant of 1863 the Bluemont Central College, donated to the State by its founders, and opened 
 in September following with three teachers. 
 
 It has had three presidents: Joseph Denison, D. D., 1863-73; Eev. John A. Anderson, 18-3-.9; 
 and Geo T Fairchild, LL. D., from 1879 to the present time. Since 1873 its plan has been to furnish 
 a sound scientific and industrial education in agriculture and the mechanic arts, with genuine disciplme 
 of mind Its course of four years is directly connected with the best common schools of the State, so that 
 the sons and daughters of farmers and mechanics may enter without examination upon approved diplomas 
 from coimty courses, certificates from city schools, or certificates to teach; thus students are prepared 
 at home for all its privileges. This fact, together with its established record for thorough work m its 
 special lines, has given it first rank among the land-grant colleges of the United States, as definitely 
 n.hin..4ts «„™o.eof reaching the industrial classes with a liberal education, and being most largely patronized by farmers. Its 650 
 !t«1wo t dfrXm e voung men with an average age of over twenty years, are largely from country homes nearly three-fourths be.ng 
 on^and Jrghtetof flnners. Its graduates, nearly five hundred in number, are represented in all the professions o hfe, but about one-th.rd a e 
 direcS co'nec ed .ith agricultural pursuits or investigations, while an equal number are engaged in mechanical and business employ mnt.. The 
 1! ler number who have found their way into the so-called professions are characterized by an earnest sympathy with every line of mdu t y. 
 smale, number who 1> ^ ^0""d e y ^^^^,^^^,^^ .^ ^^^^^.^^^ ^,^^^ .^ undisputed. Its course of four years' genera training 
 
 the city, and partially surrounded by the high bluffs bordering the valley, adds to its charms. plantations • its extensive shops 
 
 m annaratus its farm is well stocked with the best breeds of cattle, sheep and swine ; its greenhouses and fu.it plantations , its extensive snops 
 
 for llZl^n ^^^k ;"ts sewing- and cooking-rooms ; its laboratories in chemistry, botany, zoology, physiology, and physics -all are recognized 
 
 (18) 
 
lue biuaeins are noted as a body ot earnest and energet c voiinff neoDlp ThnT>p-l, tho,, ha,,,. .,„* i ■ . 
 
 .ollegiate contests, they are alive to a.i means of educatio: and trai,finrofn.ndard body ' The m 1 tarv LTnin ""' '/ ■ '" '"f" '"' '"'"' 
 an erect and manly bearing, and calisthenic exercises are provided for the voung women F^, r ^ " ^'^'' '" ^^' ^°""§^ "'^^ 
 
 C. A. are student organizations. The department of music affords ZTJ T ■ ^ '*^'"'"^ '°""'"'^'' ^ ^- *^- <^- ^- '^'"^ ^ Y. W. 
 
 literary entertainments are a part of the regu "r rouUne ™"' "'"'"" '" "^^ ''°'''' '"^ -^trumental music. Social and 
 
 ■onJrz::::::::::^:z:::::i:f:tz:S^^^ " '^''°"' '°°'^' "^^^"^ ^"' ^- '"''^--' -^^ — — -^ - -ning is 
 
 EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 horticulture, chen,istry, botany and veteri;arAcience in charg^ofls Inv d "^ ■''' "'■'""■"'' "'"^ '''^ '""^^^^'"-^ "^ ^^'•-"''»-. 
 
 original researches or verify experiments on the Tysio Lv of nl!!ts .nd "'"fZ ' ''"''"^ °"' '"' ''"'■P°'''' "^ "^-^ '«^' ^'^- ^ " "> conduct 
 dies for the same ; the cheLcaf combin t on of use^nt afthe ir dil3^ '"t,"'"^' ''''' "^ "^^""^' '''''^''''' ^'^'^ ^'^« — 
 
 pursued under a varying series of crops ; the capacltj^f'::: ^l^ L'^ flr^airt^r;.; SZ^td^ t^ ^re^r'' ■''T"^ ^^ 
 
 =:^:r:;dr:;;s':;;e:^s~s=sr;"^^^^ 
 
 rthese, sixteen concern cereals, ten di.seases of pLits sirsu7ar^rowin. 1p f d^^erib.ng ,n deta.l special lines of experiment. Of 
 
 .orage plants, three insects and vegetables, two hogrl;!:;: ^rt^oToI'tls Tel"'"^^"""' '°'"' «^"'-^-'''»^- '>>- <!'--- of animals, three 
 
 Th.s College has been held in high repute in other States, and wields a strong intluence in the national association of similar colleges. 
 
 Several 
 
 (19) 
 
of its officers have official connection with that body, and its President has long been a life director of the National Educational Association and ai 
 member of its Council. 
 
 A visit to the Kansas State Agricultural College enlarges one's ideas of industrial education as a means of developing the youth of our land into 
 earnest, intelligent men and women. Trained to self-help, and encouraged in all that gives independence of thought and ingenuity in action, the 
 students become the best of citizens. Their familiarity with the most important arts of life while in contact with the best culture, gives a broad 
 and practical view of the world and its work. No better training for the same length of time has been devised, and the graduates of the College 
 are making its name and fame appreciated. 
 
 KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
 
 (Located at Manhattan.) 
 (20) 
 
THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS. 
 
 (Located at Lawrence.) 
 
 BT CHANCELLOK F. H. SNOW. 
 
 The University of Kausas is the result of a series of legislative enactments, beginning with the 
 act of the National Congress approved January 29, 1861, by which seventy-two sections of land were 
 set aside for the maintenance of the State University in Kansas, and followed by subsequent enactn 
 ments of the Legislature of the State of Kansas, making provision for the support and, government of 
 the University. The governing power of the University is vested in a board of seven Regents 
 ihis board has general supervision and control over the affairs of the University, and is empowered 
 to confer the degrees and grant the diplomas usually conferred and granted by similar institutions 
 The University consists of five distinct schools : The School of Arts, the School of Law, the School 
 of Engineering, the School of Pharmacy, and the School of Fine Arts. It stands at the head of the 
 public-school system of the State, the courses of study of the high schools being arranged in most 
 instances in conformity with the plan of preparatory studies prescribed by the University 
 
 The buildings of the University are eight in number, and consist of the Main Building, Spooner 
 
 Library^ North College, Physics and Electrical Engineering Building, Chemistry Building, Snow Hall 
 
 The Main Building erected in 18-^ is o,r7\ I ^'T"^ ^l *' U^'^^^^'^^)' ^"^ Electrical Engineering Shops and Engine House. 
 
 The School of Sw S the ^orth'half Jf th! fi^^^^ T' ' ^^^"1'' " "" "''''''' ^'"'' '' '"'' '^'''' ^""^ "^'^ ^ '«'^' ^-'-^ «' '^ ~- 
 
 The Offices of the Chanceli:; trX an! ietluLrarLira^f::!- ^^nSr " '"' ^""^ ''' " ''' ''"""^ ''"'' ''' '-' '-'■ 
 
 :the first floor. The second floor contains a uluUZlfl ''^"'if -™°".' ^"^ "^^^P^^^'' ™°'" =^"^' '^'^ ««««« «* 'he librarian and cataloguer are on 
 the seminary rooms. tTc iron fire p oof btk t ck f ITrh TT" ''T "' accommodated in University Hall, and in the basement are 
 
 its contents absolutely secu e It s capable of ^^ nnn "f " 1 " '""""' ''' " '° *="' °^ '^°™ '"' "'*'" ^"■"«'"- ^ '° ■'-I- 
 
 and lifts. ^ °"^'"^ '°"'°°" ^'"'""^ ' '^^ ^"«'-« '"^idc work is made of iron, and it is provided with elevators 
 
 for Jofk fn'Srsi:ran?etft:;cS tTnffm'^ir T °' '"'°"' ^^^ '''' ''''' '^"''"^ '"^ ^'^-^ -^ '^ '^ ^^'"'-"^ ^^^P'^d 
 
 rooms for ad'vaLed physSfrZ' The'e e'^^caUir ufj ^ s^^^^^^^^^^^ reading rooms chemical and work-shop rooms, besides private 
 
 .ghted throughout with electricity, and constructed w^trn^r trrd^C;!: Itn^c dl^lnt^^ ''^ ^" "'"- '^ 
 
 (21) 
 

 The Chemistry Building contains the offices, lecture-rooms and laboratories of the departments of chemistry and pharmacy. It is a T-shaped 
 building, the main portion being 80 by 35 feet and the L north being 40 feet square. 
 
 Snow Hall of Natural History is 110 by 100 feet, consists of two stories of 16 feet each, a basement, and an attic of 13 teet. Ihe museums- 
 and collections of the geological and zoological departments occupy the west half of the building. The east halt of the first floor, with the exception 
 
 of a large lecture-room, is devoted to the use of the departs 
 ments of geology and vertebrate anatomy. The laboratories 
 and collections of the departments of entomology and botany 
 are on the second floor. The work-rooms of the taxidermist 
 and the depart of zoology are on the third floor. 
 
 Music Hall {rented by the University), situated conven- 
 iently on Massachusetts street and containing concert and 
 smaller rooms, is occupied by the School of Fine Arts. 
 
 The Electrical Engineering Shops and Engine House is- 
 a building 86 by 48, containing a battery of six boilers for 
 supplying steam heat and power. 
 
 The facilities for work placed at the disposal of students 
 of the University are ample and excellent. 
 
 The University Library is open to all stndeuts of the 
 institution, and the most liberal opportunities for using it 
 are offered. The general reference books, cyclopedias, die- 
 tiouaries, journals, and periodicals, together with a card) 
 catalogue, are iu the reading-room, and open to all. The 
 nun.ber of volumes in the fire-proof stack is 24,147. While 
 this munber is not large, the books are selected with the 
 greatest care, and the latest and best authorities are furnished. 
 The collections in botany, entomology, zoology and geology comprise about 17.5,000 specimens. The herbarium includes about 5,000 species 
 of plants, arranged systematically for study and examination. In the entomological collections are found over 20,000 species, representing all the 
 different orders of insects. The extensive collection of North-American mammals has a national reputation foi- its artistic excellence, bpe^iniens 
 of birds to the number of 1,500, belonging to 500 different species, are found iu the ornithological cabinets, 
 series of mounted skeletons. The mineralogical and geological collections comprise about 100,000 specimens, 
 zoic invertebrate fossils, particularly those of the carboniferous of Kansas, is contained in the geological collections 
 vertebrates and cretaceous plants are among the most noteworthy of the world. 
 
 ^'IfHEMISTRI BUILDIN6( 
 
 C^ .1 I f«'. I -'J— 
 
 The study of osteology is aided by a 
 An excellent series of typical paleo- 
 The collections of mesozoic 
 
 (22) 
 
The School of Eugineeriug is well equipped with mod- 
 ern apparatus. There are field aud laboratory instriinients 
 of all kinds, among which are a precise level for accurate 
 leveling, a secondary triangulation transit for topographical 
 work, an alt^azimuth instrument for use in primary triangu- 
 lations, which has a lU-inch circle, read to single seconds of 
 arc, a 3, 000- pound cement-testing machine, an Olsen 100,000- 
 poimd testing machine, machine saws, polishing wheels, etc. 
 The laboratories of the University afford the best modern 
 facilities for practical work in physics, chemistry, botany, 
 aud light electrical engineering. The engine house, con- 
 taining low-pressure and high-pressure boilers, has also 
 machine shops adapted to practical training in machine work. 
 The machine department is provided with vises, carpenter 
 tools, lathes, drills, milling machines, etc. In the engine 
 house are also an American arc-plant complete, a .500-light 
 Westiughouse alternator, a 750-Iight Wood alternator, aud 
 a 20-kilowatt compouud-wound multipolar generator. 
 
 ^s^srBv. 
 
 •UN|VCR5ITY.0,FKAH5A5 
 
 The special schools of the University are well prepared 
 to give thorough and systematic instruction in their lines of 
 work. 
 
 The School of Pharmacy now offers cotnses of two and 
 four years' work. Its laboratories are well supplied with 
 apparatus and material necessary to pursue profitably the 
 study of pharmacy. 
 
 The School of Engineering offers exceptional advan- 
 tages to those desiring to take work either in civil or elec- 
 trical engineering. The new building of Physics and 
 Electrical Engineering, the south half of the Main Building 
 above second floor and the machine shops are devoted ex- 
 clusively to the use of that school. The material equipment 
 is Increased by annual appropriations. 
 
 (23) 
 
AMD EUtCTRlCAL I 
 
 EMOinCCRinO euiLOitio I 
 UMIVEtolTY0FI\AM5Ml 
 
 The School of Law offers a thorough and complete course of instruction to those desiring admission to the bar. Moot courts are in continual 
 session, and a Kent Club lias been formed by the students, in which dissertations are read and cases argued. During the term, lectures by eminent 
 
 jurists are given supplementary to the general courses in the 
 various subjects of law. Regular instruction is given by 
 recitation upon assigned portions of text-books, and by ex- 
 planatory lectures. 
 
 The School of Fine Arts has extensive facilities for both 
 amateur and advanced instruction. The school is well pro- 
 vided with pianos, charts, plaster casts, engravings, and 
 etchings. The iustruction in this school embraces courses 
 in piano, pipe-organ, violin, free-hand drawing, painting, 
 modeling, contrapuntal harmony, canon, fugue, and musical 
 composition. 
 
 Tuition is free to Kansas students in every school of the 
 University, with the exception of the School of Fine Arts, 
 and no contingent or admission fee is required of inhabitants 
 of the State. Tuition is not free to non-residents of the 
 State. A fee to cover cost of material used and apparatus 
 broken is required in advance, of all students in chemistry, 
 pliarmacy, medicine, physics, natural history, and civil en- 
 gineering. A graduation fee of S5 is required in all depart- 
 ments. 
 
 The faculty at the present time consists of .55 members. 
 Many of its members are men of national reputation, and 
 stand in the foremost educational rank. The courses of 
 study offered by the different instructors embrace almost the entire field of education. Advanced work in academic research is offered to all 
 students capable of carrying it on profitably. 
 
 During the year 1894-95 there were enrolled 875 students at the University ; during the present year the enrollment is 890. 
 One of the most uoteworthy features of instruction at the University is the amount of optional work that is allowed. Hardly a similar institu- 
 tion in the West permits so much freedom in the selection of studies. The only restriction upon tlie student in his junior and senior years is that 
 he shall not take more than four terms' work in one department or under one instructor. The departments offering optional studies number twenty. 
 In the sophomore year the studies are divided into two groups, the first comprising the languages, the second comprising all other courses. The 
 
 (24) 
 
six full terms' work of that year are chosen from these two groups, not more than four terms from either group. In the freshman year tlie work 
 is mainly prescribed, except that the student is free in his choice of languages. 
 
 The University of Kansas ranks among the highest educational institutions. Its faculty of over fifty members embraces men who have 
 attained distinction in the lines of their respective work. Its general facilities and equipment for both under-graduate and post-graduate work are 
 unexcelled in the West. 
 
 TEMPLE OF JUSTICE FOR BARTON COUNTY. 
 
 m^ 
 
 CENTRAL NORMAL COLLEGE, GREAT BEND, KANSAS. 
 
 (2-i) 
 
KANSAS — AGRICULTURALLY. 
 
 BY HON. F. D. COBURN, SECRETARY STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 While having many other interests, important and varied, Kansas if anything is preeminently an agricultural State, and its present wealth 
 has been, as that of the future will be, the product of its fertile and well-nigh limitless fields, its herds and flocks. Although not without occasional 
 vicissitudes of season and climate as all sections of every country have been, resulting in a shortage of one or more crops, no further argument is 
 necessary to attest her wondrous wealth of fertility and production than the official record of past achievement. 
 
 A part of this record is that in the 25 years ending with 1895 Kansas has produced corn worth on 
 the farm 8776,103,000, or for everyone of these years, good or bad, more than 831,000,000 worth; 
 that in the same period her wheat crops were valued at 8390,068,000, or in e.xcess of 815,602,753 
 annually ; that her oats crop during the same time amounted to 8168,417,534, and that in the last 15 
 years the surplus live-stock and their products at home market valuations fell but a trifle short of 
 8590,000,000, or a yearly average of nearly 840,000,000. 
 
 The State's showing agriculturally in the year 1895 — a season of much unfavorable weather and 
 extreme depression in values — is set out in detail by the following: 
 
 Table showing the total acreage, qna,ntity and value of farm prodncts in Kansas for 1895. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Quantities. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Crops. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Quantities. 
 
 Yalw. 
 
 Winter wheat bu. 
 
 Spring wheat bu. 
 
 Com bu. 
 
 Oats bu. 
 
 Eye bu. 
 
 Biirley bu. 
 
 4,056,514 
 
 115,457 
 
 8,394,871 
 
 1,606,343 
 
 179,871 
 
 118,805 
 
 873 
 
 96,228 
 
 4,321 
 
 312,730 
 
 2,959 
 
 358 
 
 233,603 
 
 208 
 
 404 
 
 134,487 
 
 15,512,211 
 
 488,819 
 
 201,457,396 
 
 31,664,748 
 
 1,655,713 
 
 1,690,645 
 
 6,598 
 
 7,636,866 
 
 372,429 
 
 $7,255,571 21 
 
 207,547 26 
 
 46,189,772 72 
 
 5,620,188 06 
 
 623,625 13 
 
 441,431 39 
 
 3,101 06 
 
 2,506,358 00 
 
 137,714 41 
 
 2,533,9.52 86 
 
 23,857 00 
 
 17,184 00 
 
 1,286,471 11 
 
 7,280 00 
 
 28,280 00 
 
 1,223,159 « 
 
 Millet and Hunga- 
 rian tons 
 
 Kafir-corn, Jerusa- 
 lem corn and Milo 
 maize tons 
 
 Tiraotliy 
 
 301,672 
 
 232,498 
 464,646 
 
 87,089 
 
 160,663 
 
 139,878 
 
 3,010 
 
 43,667 
 
 4.885,249 
 
 611,160 
 793,094 
 
 $2,050,786 OO 
 2.074.117 00 
 
 Buckwheat bu. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sweet potatoes. . -bu. 
 
 .\lfalfa 
 
 
 
 Orchard-grass 
 
 Other tame grasses . . 
 
 Prairie-grass, fenced, 
 
 tons 
 
 
 Castor beans bu. 
 
 Cotton lbs. 
 
 Flax bu. 
 
 Hemp lbs. 
 
 22,857 
 286,400 
 1,630,530 
 145,600 
 282,800 
 60,511,363 
 
 1,153,757 
 
 3,461,271 OO 
 
 Totals 
 
 21,576.704 
 
 
 $77,663,664 28 
 
 Broom-corn lbs. 
 
 
 
 (26) 
 
Table showing numbers and values of live-stock, etc. 
 
 in Kansas tor 1895. 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Quantities. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 
 $r7.663,664 28 
 
 
 
 40,691,074 UO 
 
 
 
 3,315,067 00 
 
 Wool clip , . . . . 
 
 ' 
 
 lbs. 
 
 828,778 
 
 729,489 
 
 31,154,220 
 
 74,590 02 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 76,. 596 35 
 
 Butter 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 4,050,048 60 
 
 Milk sold 
 
 383,987 00 
 
 
 
 939,642 00 
 
 
 
 930,084 00 
 
 
 
 ,,, ,gal8. 
 
 20\895 
 268,778 
 
 154,421 25 
 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 40,521) 45 
 
 
 184,097 00 
 
 Total 
 
 
 $128,503,791 95 
 
 
 
 
 Live-stock as returned by assessors, and their values, for the year 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 852,789 
 
 95,169 
 
 517,254 
 
 ■ l,2.i8,919 
 
 136,520 
 
 1,666,221 
 
 $23 878 092 00 
 
 
 3,235,746 00 
 
 
 12 414 096 00 
 
 
 23 919,461 01) 
 
 Sbeep 
 
 327 648 00 
 
 Swine 
 
 9,164,215 50 
 
 
 
 $72 939,368 50 
 
 
 
 
 ^h 
 
 A State evolved within a third of a century from a range for wild -■■ ^ 
 
 animals and wilder men, with siich a record as these statistics show can 
 well stand with pride in the presence of any and all claiming agricultural 
 preeminence ; yet her past achievements are but a hint of future possi- 
 bilities. Any reverses encountered in the previous years have but 
 prompted to new and better endeavor and a determination to overcome 
 the obstacles with which only experience could make us familiar. 
 
 One of these, in some yeai-s, has been a shortage of seasonable rain- 
 fall ; this has caused the question of irrigation and extent of the available water-supply for tliat purpose to be much studied by our people, many of 
 whom have gone actively to work to develop them through both individual enterpri,se and legislative assistance with results thus far eminently 
 
 (27) 
 
 RYE-FIELI>, 640 ACRES, SOUTH OF GARDEN CITT. FINNEY COUNTY, 
 
satisfactory aud encouraging. The asceitainmeut aud utilization of tlie underground waters, a judicious catchment, conservation, and use of the 
 storm waters heretofore so largely wasted, tlie deeper, more thorough breaking-up of compacted, impervious subsoils, a better understanding of 
 what crops are best adapted to the different sections, along with a more thorough system of agriculture, (now subjects of profound study), promise 
 an increased aud coustantly increasing prosperity. Instead of vast ranges, sparse settlements, slipshod ranch farming, wheat kings, and cattle 
 barons, this will mean intensive tillage, by and through which will be evolved a commonwealth of not ungenerous yet smaller land-holdings, 
 
 modest competence, and communities contented 
 because comfortable. 
 
 The conditions which have prevailed and the 
 knowledge gained of climate, soils and markets 
 are to result in a new agriculture and a new pros- 
 perity for Kansas, upon which we are now entering. 
 The ways and means of these are in large measure 
 suggested by the talismanie words, "Irrigation," 
 "Subsoiling," "Alfalfa," and "Sorghums." 
 
 The first of these has so far progressed as to 
 demonstrate the entire feasibility of assuring 
 crops annually, regardless of timely rains, by 
 fructifying with the demonstrated extensive un- 
 derground water-supply (independent of streams) 
 a very considerable percentage of our most fertile 
 lands, in the western two-thirds of the State 
 especially, where retarded rainfall during the 
 growing months has not infrequently made the 
 profits of agriculture quite uncertain. The pump- 
 ing of these waters will be inexpensively done, 
 by harnessing to the work the ever-present 
 breezes, which, shot through and through with 
 sunshine, are wafted across our broad prairies and give the ideal healthful climate for all breathing things, and for developing the choicest 
 growths of grain, fruit, and flower. 
 
 By means of subsoiling and deep tillage there will be stored in the soil, for use when most needed, much of the usually sufficient yearly rain- 
 fall heretofore permitted to waste itself and do actual damage as run-off. 
 
 The wonderful plant alfalfa is proving itself not only one of the most satisfactory, useful, and profitable field crops known to our agriculture. 
 
 WHEAT HARVESTING SOUTH OP LARXED, PAWNEE LOl'NTT. KANSAS. 
 
 (28) 
 
but also especially adapted to the soil conditions prevailing in those sections of the State where some of the better-known staple crops are noti 
 always reliably productive. A like description applies to the sorghums, including the saccharine, as well as the nou-saccharine varieties known asv 
 Kafir-corn, Milo maize, and Jerusalem corn, which, even under phenomenally adverse conditions, give prodigious yields of superior forage and 
 wholesome, nutritious grain for that live-stock which, under the new environment, must necessarily become highly developed and will likewise be- 
 so much of a factor in our material advaucemeut. 
 
 There is undoubtedly likewise a great future for the dairy interest in Kansas. With our excellent grasses, the tremendous quantities of Indian^ 
 corn, the sorghums, etc., that we can raise for forage and grain, also for ensilage, affording succulent milk-producing feed throughout the winter, 
 there can scarcely be a limit to our possible dairy output. The supply of pure cold water which the costless and tireless airs of Heaven will: 
 pump fresh each hour must constitute an invaluable adjunct to such enterprises, and these advantages are rapidly being utilized. 
 
 In my judgment there has never before been such an auspicious time for the ambitious, industrious, and willing worker, American or foreign,. 
 to take up his abode in Kansas and begin carving out for himself and his a home, a competence, and an identity, as now presents itself. Lands- 
 will never again be so reasonable in price nor will opportunities probably ever again be more numerous or inviting for ground-floor investment ia 
 any one of our 105 splendid counties. 
 
 fr-'.-"rp_ .%,>-.^.^,,v,",; 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ■— 1-, . 
 
 • . .-, t 
 
 ^hm 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 ' '' ' , ' ' -^ 
 
 FARM SCENE IN SCOTT COUNTY. 
 "JUST BKQINNINtt." 
 
 GRAZING LANDS IN CHEROKEE COUNTT. 
 SCENE ON "HEUPHIS ROUTE." 
 
 («9) 
 
HORTICULTURE IN KANSAS. 
 
 BY HON. EDWIN TAYLOR. SECRETARY STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 Mo.sT Eastern people, when they think of Kausa.s, picture to themselves a great reach of prairie, the 
 portions under cultivation broken only by "Walls of Corn," dotted with box-houses and dug-outs, with 
 no shade, no flowers, no fruit. The only true feature in that picture, as applied to the established por- 
 tions of the State, is the prairie. 
 
 Where trees grow with such luxuriauce as here, It requires but a little time and effort to surround 
 the home with groves and orchards — though where timber never grew before. 
 
 Small-fruit culture in Kansas is favored by both soil and climate. Berries are over 90 per cent, 
 water, and require much moisture to develop them. Where the clouds fail to produce this moisture, we 
 bring irrigation into play. In the eastern portions of the State, irrigation is seldom resorted to, the rain- 
 fall there being greater than in many sections east of the Mississippi river. People accustomed to the 
 expression "drouthy Kansas" may be surprised to learn that the annual rainfall at Lawrence, Kansas, is 
 greater than at Detroit, Mich., but the figures given by the Signal Service Department for 1895 show 
 that Lawrence had 36.25 inches while Detroit had 30.05 inches. For the growing months of April, May, 
 June and July, 189.5, Lawrence had 18.09 inches; Detroit 12.11. The average rainfall differs but slightly from that of 1895, and likewise gives 
 Kansas a marked advantage over Michigan. 
 
 The general abundance of fruits and vegetables in the homes of farmers is a marked characteristic of eastern Kansas, where the settlement is 
 old enough to have grown into standards of its own. Our market-gardeners are not able to get the high prices for small fruits and vegetables 
 which some of their Eastern brethren enjoy ; but they have their compensation in larger crops, produced without expense for fertilizer. 
 Peaches, in Kansa.s, are sometimes killed by cold winters; we average about three crops in five years. Pears rarely fail. 
 
 But our great fruit crop is apples. This is the home of the "big red apple," where it unites the size and color of the South with the flavor 
 and keeping quality of the North. On our red clay hills and upland prairie we get immense crops of handsome, high-colored apples that are 
 almost free from worms and scab. In sorting them up there are but few '" culls," less " seconds " than " firsts," and the firsts are as if haud-painted. 
 Cold storage, so fully developed in our Western cities, has put the apple-orchardist on a firmer basis. It has doubled the time of his selling, and 
 practically relieved him from loss by decay. " Refrigerator " cars eliminate the perils of frost and heat alike, when his apples are in transit. 
 Refrigeration on shipboard is coming. It will be placed (the writer has been informed) on tlie steamship line to be run in connection with the 
 new roads now building to the Gulf. Then we shall be only SI a barrel distant from Liverpool or London. It puts Kansas orchards ne.\t door to 
 Europe, and answers in advance any questions as to the adequacy and permanence of our markets. 
 
 (30) 
 
THE 5UNNY PLAINS OF KANSAS. 
 
 BY MRS. I.ILLA DAT MONROE. 
 
 O'er the billowy stretch of suu-kissed green, 
 
 With its wondrous shades, its lights and its sheen, 
 :Sweeps a true Kansas sky, more splendid in dyes 
 Than the most famed of Italy's beauteous skies, 
 
 With its tints of the opal, the rose, burnished brass ; 
 
 And it mirrors its moods in the velvety grass. 
 
 No artist, whatever his merits or pains. 
 
 Can copy on canvas the tints of our plains ; 
 Catch the swift-fleeting shadows, that shift as they fly 
 Like enchanted mosaics, bedazzling the eye. 
 
 There's a glint of sienna that's ravishing quite. 
 
 But it proves to be only a change in the light ; 
 
 Aiid a touch of chrome yellow, a soft changing rose. 
 Which is only a trick of old Sol as he throws 
 
 A smile of approval upon the whole scene ; 
 
 Pure ultramarine melts to emerald green ; 
 
 But e'en while you're gazing, if Sol shall but frown 
 The shades are all blent from raw umber, or brown. 
 
 Here's a maxim re-dressed, and I think it is true : 
 
 " If you laugh at the plains, they will laugh back at you !'' 
 
 There's magic, a spell, what you will, in the air. 
 
 And it catches you foul, or catches you fair. 
 
 But it catches you — yes, and it holds you a friend 
 To t|he dear sunny plains from the first to the end. 
 
 Like the vale of Avoca, this green prairie meer 
 By the presence of loved ones is rendered more dear. 
 Fling yourself idly down on the carpeted ground, 
 Let some dear little feet patter gaily around; 
 Baby fingers to sweeten the fast-flying hours, 
 Rob of all their rich treasures anemone bowers. 
 
 Aye, truly that shimmer of silver and gold. 
 
 As far in the distance as eye can behold. 
 Is the filmiest vail of sheer cob-webbed lace. 
 That e'er framed with its drapings some dainty bride face! 
 
 Ah, the plains and the sky have a grand marriage feast. 
 
 And we are the guests, dear, from greatest to least. 
 
 But I turn from the glamour of prairies and skies, 
 
 To catch the love-light in a pair of grave eyes ; 
 And I knew as we watched our wee children at play. 
 In the sweetrscented grass, on that fair summer day. 
 
 That love's blessed aroma pervaded the scene ; 
 
 And though flowers bloomed as gay, and grass grew 
 as green. 
 
 If the river of discord flowed murky along, 
 It would chill nature's heart and hush the glad song 
 Of the birds; and the whole radiant picture would 
 To an etching in coal of our glorious range. [change. 
 
 So, it you're world-weary, and longing for rest. 
 Just come to the plains and submit to be blessed. 
 
 (31) 
 
RAILROADS. 
 
 BT SAMUEL T. HOWE, STATE RAILBOAB COMMISSIOMER. 
 
 On March 20, 1860, railroad iron was first laid in Kansas. At the beecinning of 1865 only 40 miles 
 had been built, but at the close of that year there were 300 miles. By March, 1866, the Kansas Pacific 
 track had reached Silver Lake, ten miles west of Topeka. In April, 1867, cars were run to within five 
 miles of Salina, and in December of that year the 335th mile of the Kansas Pacific was completed. In 
 December, 1807, was laid the last rail of the 100th mile of the Central Branch U. P. At the beginning of 
 1868 the railroad mileage had increased to 523 miles, in which was included the line from Leavenworth to 
 Lawrence, 33 miles in length, and that portion of the Leavenworth, Lawrence & Galveston extending from 
 Lawrence to Ottawa, 27 miles. In October, 1868, at Topeka, was begun the construction in a southwesterly 
 direction of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. In December of 1869 that road ran trains to Bur- 
 lingame. By June, 1872, it had reached Hutchinson, and was completed to the Colorado line, 470 miles 
 from Atchison, by December 23d, 1872. On April 11th, 1874, track-laying began at Topeka, upon the Mid- 
 land road, now a part of the Santa Fe, extending from Topeka to Kansas City, and the work progressed 
 so rapidly that on June 3d following a train was run from Topeka to Lawrence; but it was not until August 30, 1875, that regular trains were run- 
 ning between Topeka and Kansas City. With but few exceptions, the railway mileage in the State was thereafter annually increased. The greatest 
 increases were in the yeais 1879, 1887, and 1888. During 1887 and 18SS, 42 per cent, of the present mileage was built. These data are given in 
 order to show the rapid progress which attended the building of railways in Kansas, never equaled, perhaps, in any other American State. 
 The annual increase after 1870 in the agregate mileage appears in the following statement : 
 
 Year. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 tNCREASE.- 
 
 Teak, 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 1864 
 
 40 
 1,501 
 1,760 
 2,063 
 2,100 
 2,150 
 2,150 
 3,238 
 2.352 
 
 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 18S4 
 1885 
 1886 
 
 2,427 
 
 3,103 
 
 3,400 
 
 3,609 
 
 3,820 
 
 3,885.95 
 
 4,038.19 
 
 4,168.48 
 
 4,703.86 
 
 75 
 
 676 
 297 
 209 
 211 
 
 65.95 
 152.24 
 130.29 
 535.38 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 1895 
 
 6,550.79 
 
 8,515. 7S 
 8,755.07 
 8,797.37 
 8,886.29 
 8,886.29 
 8,906.06 
 8,906.06 
 8,888.13 
 
 1,846.93 
 
 1,964.99 
 
 239.29 
 
 42.30 
 
 88.92 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1,461 
 
 359 
 
 303 
 
 37 
 
 50 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 1874 
 
 
 1875 
 
 19.84 
 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 88 
 114 
 
 
 
 17.93 
 
 
 
 
 (32) 
 
The Dodge City & Montezuma Railroad, i6.4(i miles, and ll.4'.i miles of tl)e Kansas City, Clintou A Springfield Railroad, extending from Cedar 
 Junction to Olathe, have been abandoned and the rails removed. This decrease in mileage, partially offset by changes in mileage resulting from 
 more exact reports by railroad companies in 18fl.5 than had previously been made, accounts for the decreased mileage appearing for the year 1895, 
 which is believed to be the exact mileage within the State, Kansas, on June 30th, 1894. was exceeded in railway mileage by only three States : 
 Illinois, Texas, and Pennsylvania. Later statistics are not available, but it is believed that the then rank of Kansas as the fourth .State in railway 
 mileage has not been changed. 
 
 The decennial census for 189.5, taken under the supervision of Hon. F. D. Cobin-u, Secretary of the Stale Board of Agriculture, gives as the 
 population of Kansas 1,334,734. Using the mileage of 1895 as a divisor, it is found that there are about 150 inhabitants to each mile of road. There 
 are 105 counties in the State, and 100 of them have one or more roads. Of the 105 county seats, all but eight have one or more roads. 
 
 There are about 1.300 stations upon the lines of railway in the State. Of these, 1,030 have one railway, 14S have each two roads, 32 have each 
 three roads, 6 have four roads each, 3 have five and 1 has eight roads. 
 
 What are usually considered as distinct railway systems have mileage in Kansas as 
 follows : 
 
 .Vtchisou, Topeka A- Santa Fe 3,711.03 
 
 St. Louis it San Francisco, 435.07 
 
 Chicago, Burlington iVr Quiucy 359.81 
 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 1,141.30 
 
 Kansas City Belt (a transfer road at Kansas City) 3.97 
 
 Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis, 3B8.56 
 
 Kansas City. Pittsburg & Gulf 18,38 
 
 Union Terminal (a transfer road at Kansas City), 6.31 
 
 Missouri. Kansas & Texas 399.70 
 
 .Missouri Pacific 3,355,30 
 
 Union Pacific 1.389-91 
 
 Total 8,888.13 
 
 Of these systems, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 
 the Missouri Pacific and the Union Pacific traverse the entire length of the State east and 
 west, and have branches in various directions. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, the Chi- 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the Kan- 
 sas City, Fort Scott & Memphis have lines operating in a southerly direction, and reaching, 
 either directly or in conjunction with other lines, ports upon the Gulf of Mexico. The Kansas 
 City, Pittsburg & Gulf is now being built from Kansas City, at the eastern boundary of Kansas, 
 almost upon an air line to the Gulf of Mexico. Its proposed Gulf terminus is Port Arthur, on Sabine Lake, to which point it is expected the road 
 will l_>e comiileted by September of the present year, 1S9G. The Atchison. Topeka it Santa Fe. the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Missouri 
 
 SECTION OF K. c. FT. S. A: M. v.. R. 
 
 (B;illast With gravel from Galena Mines.) 
 
 (33 
 
Pacific and the Union Pacific, with their eastern and western connections form trauscotitinental systems connecting Atlantic and Pacific harbors. 
 Kansas, through its railway systems, has therefore access to ocean ports both east and west, and to lake and gulf ports. 
 
 From Kansas City, at the mouth of the 
 Kansas river, and at the east line of the 
 State, the distances to the various ports east 
 and south are about as follows : 
 
 To New York 1,34.'. 
 
 " Newport News, • 1,2(IS 
 
 " Savannah, 1,081 
 
 *' New Orleans, 878 
 
 " Port Arthur 820 
 
 " Galveston T9<.i 
 
 " Chicago 458 
 
 From Wieliila, a little east and north of 
 the center of the southern boundary of the 
 
 State, the distances are as follows : 
 
 MileK. 
 To New York (via Kansas City), . . . ],5.')'.i 
 
 •■ Newport News, " '• ... 1,422 
 
 " Savannah, " " ... l,2ii.'i 
 
 " New Orleans (short line), .... 910 
 
 " Galveston, " " .... 704 
 
 " Chicago, 672 
 
 The events of the twenty years last past 
 have wrought a remarkable change in the 
 relation of railways to the public. Previous 
 to the "Granger'' movement, in the early 
 '70s, the management of railways was domi- 
 nated by the idea of private ownership. The 
 public had few rights which railway man- 
 agers felt bound to respect. With tlie then 
 practically undisputed right to make trans- 
 portation rales both discriminatory and excessive, managers had control over the fortunes of individuals, of towns, and even of States, and the litera- 
 ture of those days shows conclusively that they did not scruple to exercise their power. 
 
 (34> 
 
 A. T. 4 S. F. K. R. NEAK LAWKENCE. 
 
 But the legislation resulting from the Granger movement 
 
prT„dpwLt\ro;S^n,!lZ''%"^^^^^^^ '" T'"'' "' '"^ °^"^"''""' "' '''' ""^'-^^^^ '"^°'^«''' ^"' *"^«'>'- there has been developed the- 
 prmcple that the private interests of railway ownership must be subordinated to the public welfare when conflicting-therewith, and g-radually there- 
 
 sties : tlYt direction rh , "" ^Tl' "'""' '' ""' '"' ^""'"'^""^ ^^^^^^^^ ^° '■''"™ ^''-^ j^''^ '^^ ^" '"^--'«- ^^ ne;erthefess U "en loug 
 I taw shmen of su h .h' /' 1 ''"' '"' '°°' ""'"'■"^' '''''" ^"''''^^ '" ^°™' =^"-« P^^' ^he ultimate result of State control will be tht 
 
 relhz d ^v 1 averaLt. t . . '''"''' "' '"''"' "' ^'" "'"'"''''• '" '■^'^"''" '" ^'^ P'''^^"' ^°^"^ "^ "-heir property, such an income as is- 
 reaiizea Dy ine average industry of the country. 
 
 wavIml'lstfTld""'"'"'' 'V\" 1''''"^ ^'"''^ '■" '^' "^^''''^'^'' '^'^^'^ '"^'''- ^'^"^ '" =^">' «''^^'- <■-""■>■• "otwithstaudiug the fact that rail- 
 great Zblem to b solved i"?r. h", ; "''" '" ''" "''""^'"'' *="■ ''^^"'^"•" ''''''' '''^""^ '^ '•'^ burdensome than their inequality. The 
 monLe be or^ hatcanr. . V f f f ""^"""^ '^"^''^ 'he burden of transportation charges. National and State systems of regulation must har- 
 monize before that can be achieved, but the movement is in that direction 
 
 thenfe'brwaLT,' ono '^nl?™'"''' ^^ve heretofore been transported overland a distance of from 1,400 to 1,S00 miles, to ports on the Atlantic coast ; 
 ionsiderabriea-tv tLT Z T"'^^ ""'^'^ "' *' '"""'• "'"^^^ ''"'' ^^'^^ successfully competed with similar articles from supply points- 
 Ztr^'from ol r no , ^rf 1 ri " '"' ''"'" '""' "" '""' '''''' '"^"^ transportation charges not been less than were in effect fn other 
 pes fi" fetThe L efi 7"'' , . ".;"''' °' ^""™'^ "''"''' '''' '" """^"^'"^ '"'^*°'^^ "^ transportation, and therefore American ship- 
 
 be a minimum be?owwhihr' T, '^"'''' ' '"' '" ""'^ ''" '^""^ '^'""^''^ "'" °'"="'- ''^ ^'"^ -o^t conservative countries, and as there must 
 
 an lines InransDorll, tr^TT. r' '"^"'"'' *' '"'"''' '"'"'' "' '''"'''' "'" ""'"=^^<^'^ ^^''""■°' ">« ™-'^<^' = h*^"- 'he incentive to shorten 
 h rHT.f , r K ;• '"^ ""' °' transportation between two points cannot be shortened, it is nevertheless possible to reduce th^ 
 
 th t by l; ThHho^, T ""?' '; rT' ""'" "" ''"^'" '"" "^ ^'^'^^ ^^ '*^- ^^^^'•' ^^^ ^'- -^^^ «'• -^'- '--^Po.-tation is much less than 
 
 Ind of other'tran" m' J f T '""'' '" ""'''''' '^ ''''''""' '''' ^''''' desideratum, and it is because of this that the people of Kansas, 
 
 ships Of heavvdrruJhtTh ' '^'^^; '^^7 ''>'^«" '^ ^'-P '"'--^' - '^e improvement of harbors upon the Gulf coast, so as to permit the entrance o 
 ships of heavy diaught. The benefits of the efforts of the National Government in that direction are already apparent. Ships drawing 31K feet have 
 
 Tul 1™ t:::'" t . '"T ^"''^"'°"' '"' "■ "'" '-P~-'^ «' 'hat harbor are not yet completed'it is reasonaMy cemin t^. veils o 
 when insu ed as i win nd' '^t^T T ,,'"''''"'''''"' '^'^^-^ '^'■=''" has already been exported via Galveston, and its movement in that direction, 
 shown wlL;,nnHt "i^i'V''"'"'"'"'''^ "'" ''"'""' P'^™«>^">"y 'he higher prices to producers which a brief experience has 
 deep wat ha^r sh", b h" h " ^" " "^'^ '""'"' "' *'" '"'"'' "*' ""* '^"■"°^>' '^ 'hat transportation charges by direct routes to all 
 
 ?her"e i not 1 ^ t ," ' '''""^' '''"''''''' ""' '' ''^ '^""""^^''i' expected that such an adjustment of rates will not be long deferred. 
 
 Ld the serviPP ""'"''i "^ '" '^"P"''^"""' '^ better served by railways than Kansas. The main lines are maintained in excellent condition, 
 
 and the service IS as good as may be found anywhere. Much of ihe main-line track has been, at considerable expense, well ballasted with. 
 
 V ces Lo Z; the av!:, "' "' T7 "f"'" ''"' °' '""''" """'^ "■'^ "^""^'"'"^ ^'^'"^ Ph*'''' '" h^^^vier steel rails joined by the best modern de- 
 vices, so that the ave.age speed found in any part of the country is here obtained with almost perfect safety, injuries from train accidents being 
 
 crcerne7? VT '"" ""'"' ''"'' '''"'"'"^- '''"''''' ^^'"^ '''^' '" "^^« '" «"^ P^' "^ 'he country, 'and generally, .so f aT a l" rt 
 
 concerned, KansaschaUenges comparison with any sister State. " .» b j., a.w<.ib<ire- 
 
 (35) 
 
THE PRESS OF KANSAS. 
 
 BY HON. J. K. HUDJiON. TOPEKA. 
 
 One of tlje potent forces that have made the young State of Kansas strong is the vigilant, loyal and 
 intelligent periodical literature of the State. From the stormy and trying Territorial days of the State's 
 history, wheu the fearless pioneer spirits had thrown down the first gauge of real battle to the defenders 
 of slavery, when the contest was beguu here in this Territory between the advocates of human freedom 
 and the pro-slavery forces of the South that ended at Appomattox, the first Kansas newspaper appeared 
 at Leavenworth. It was on the 1.5th of September, 1854, that the Herald was issued to advocate the 
 claims of those who wanted to make Kansas a slave State. Pierce was President and Jefferson Davis 
 was Secretary of War, and all the Federal machinery of the Government was in the hands of the Demo- 
 cratic party, then controlled by the South. A month later the Kansas Tribune made its appearance, 
 and about the same time the Herald of Freedotn and the Kansas Free State were issued at Lawrence. 
 The first number of the Trilfune was printed in Ohio, and the first one of the Herald of Freedom in Penn- 
 sylvania ; then came their removal to Kansas and their publication, without an office, under the most 
 e.\traordinary difficulties. Lawrence was little more than a camp of a few weeks' growth, with its first 
 primitive board and log cabins, when she boasted three newspapers. The first daily paper attempted in the new Territory was at Lawrence, 
 July 4, 1855, but it only lived one week. Then one was started in Topeka, in October, 1S55, which had a brief life; and another attempt was 
 made the following spring in Topeka, but it had an early death, like all its predecessors. In September, 1857, the next attempt was made in 
 Leavenworth with the Daily Ledger, which lived a short lime and was succeeded by the first permanent daily publication of the State, the Leaven- 
 worth Daily Times, which appeared February l.'i. 1858, and still lives. 
 
 This is 1896, and from the time the first weekly paper was printed under the shade of the scrub-oaks that covered the hills upon which Leav- 
 enworth is located, in 1854, the growth of periodical literature has kept pace with the development of our 80,000 square miles of territory. The 
 real work of making a State, of building towns, churches, schools, railroads, bridges, and all that goes to make a great and prosperous common- 
 wealth, really began here with the close of the civil war, in 1865. Since that lime all the early beginnings, purchased by the pioneers of 1854 and 
 later with so much of noble sacrifice, have been improved upon, and, although suffering the usual difficulties of all new Western communities, the 
 present million and a half of people in Kansas enjoy as great a degree of prosperity and content as may be found among the same number of people 
 in the same territory anywhere on the globe. 
 
 In all the State's growth the press of Kansas has been a helpful and willing force. Kansas stands eleventh in rank in the number of its publi- 
 cations. Illinois leads all the States, its publications numbering 1.000; Pennsylvania is ne.vt, with 1,440; Ohio third, with 1,443; New York has 
 
 (36) 
 
1,427; Iowa, 1,110; Missouri, 048; Iiuliana, 804; Texas, 751; Michigan. 73G; Massachusetts, 727; and Kansas is pressing the three latter and 
 older States, with 715. In each of the 105 counties of Kansas tliere is a paper. We have in our State 49 dailies, 2 tri-weeklies, 4 semi-weeklies, 
 619 weeklies, 4 semi-monthlies, 33 monthlies, 1 bi-monthly, and 3 quarterlies. Every phase of politics, religion, art, literature, science,' agricul- 
 ture, horticulture, stock-raising, sporting and fashion is represented. In ability and character these publications are fully up to the standard of 
 other Western States. 
 
 The growth and progress of the press of Kansas have from tlie first been more rapid than the settlement of the comnuniities would really justify. 
 The organization of a new county has always included the establishment of one or more political newspapers, regardless of the sparse population. 
 The editor, in his first issue, and in every subsequent one, heralded the advantages of settling in a new county, and particularly pointed out the 
 certainty of the town from which his paper was issued becoming the county seat and the commercial center of a very large and productive area of 
 the State. 
 
 In the olden time the school-house and the church came slowly, after the pioneers had built their log houses and cleared the first acres of the 
 future farm. After the community had become a thoroughly organized settlement, the school-house and the church paved the way for the news- 
 paper. When, however, the railroad supplanted the old Conestoga wagon, and men seeking homes pushed beyond the timber lands into the great 
 prairies of the AVest, the railroad and the printing-press changed the old order of things and prepared the way for the school-house and the church. 
 
 Such has been the history of Kansas. The demand of the intelligent settlers, from Territorial days down to the present, has been for plenty 
 of reading-matter, as is fully proven by the heavy mail trains reaching our State. The peculiar difticulties surrounding the first settlement of Kan- 
 sas attracted an earnest, aggressive, thinking population, which has stamped its intelligence and character upon the splendid State educational and 
 charitable institutions. 
 
 In the wonderful growth in population and wealth which has taken place in this great central State of the Union, with its 10,000 miles of rail- 
 road, the press of Kansas has borne a conspicuous and infiuential part. 
 
 In the future as in the past, the newspapers and periodicals of Kansas may be relied upon to assist in every good work that means material, 
 spiritual or mental growth for the people of the State. At all times, under all circumstances, the press of Kansas is distinguished for its unwaver- 
 ing loyalty to Kansas aud her people. 
 
STATE CHARITABLE, CORRECTIONAL AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 BY Hoy. C. E. FAULKNER. SUPT. SOLDIERS" ORPHANS' HOME, ATCHISON. 
 
 The laws aud inslilulions of a countiy tlesigued to promote patriotism, secure justice. dilTii>!e iutel- 
 illgence, and serve the ueeds of a common humanity, are the milestones which mark its progress upon the 
 ibighway of civil government, aud the evidences of its strength and perpetuity. 
 
 In no part of the world has this progress been so rapid and satisfactory as in our own land. The 
 independent methods of State legislation characteristic of our government have developed a diversity of 
 law aud practice in State sociology unparalleled in the experience of other countries. In many matters 
 the newer States have profited from the experience of their elder sisters, and the conferences for study 
 and compari.sou have proven valuable aids to improved methods of public policy. In this friendly rivalry 
 Kansas has been true to the inspiration of her early history, when her soil was rescued from the grasp of 
 selfishness aud dedicated to the highest service of human need. The same public .spirit which fostered 
 the establishment of her splendid educational system has yielded a prompt and patriotic support to the 
 ■enactment of laws aud the founding of institutious designed for the education and care of the unfortuuate 
 
 and the restraint and repression of wrong-doers. The institutions grouped uuder the title descriptions 
 
 -.,,,_-_,■ - - - _ . _ of tiiis chapter are as follows : 
 
 Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. 
 Institution for the Education of the Blind. 
 Institution for the Education of Feeble-Minded Children. 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home, (for all dependent children.) 
 State Soldiers" Home. 
 Two Asylums for the Insane. 
 I'eform School for Boys. 
 Industrial School for Girls. 
 State Industrial Reformatory, (for first felons.) 
 State Penitentiary. 
 These institutious are efficient instrumentalities for 
 the accomplishment of the several purposes for which 
 they were designed, and the cost to the tax-payers of Kansas for their support presents as low an aggregate ratio of expenditure as may be found 
 in any State from which statistics are reported. 
 
 (38) 
 
 STATE SOLDIERS' HOME. DODGE CITY. 
 
y: 
 
 ■"^vj 
 
 TOPEKA A6YLUM— /^AIN BoiLDlNcS 
 
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 '"^'?6 
 
 °»". 
 
 ■■>-,* 
 
 ""*-..' 
 
 
 \ 
 
 TOPEKA A6i'_u .'•',- :j£ta<iv!;i- 
 
 The percentages of pauperism, lunacy and crime in Kansas bear favorable comparison wilh liiose of Slates of similar a^e, and are far less than 
 those of the older States grouped in the same census division. Statistics of population show that less than twelve per cent, of the total inhabitants 
 of the State are residents of cities having a population in excess of four thousand people, and this fact accounts for an exemption from many evils 
 
 (39) 
 
HAin BUBLDBNCii. 
 
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 '<> 
 
 
 'm^m 
 
 .,-stJ 
 
 ^!r:"nilllinii'»lf'"'v'l! 
 
 ^ ^^>^^--c 
 
 which are the inevitable inciJeuts of au excess of mijau population. Professional tramps and criminals find little encouragement for lodgment in 
 the smaller communities, and the interstate migration of the vicious and dependent classes common to the country at large imposes no une(|ual 
 burden upon a State which offers hut little in the nature of congenial harboring. The conditions iu Kansas give promise of an increasing power 
 to lessen the disasters of lunacy, pauperism, and crime. The education of the past decade has brought from the school-rooms of the State an army 
 of recruits loyal to the cause of good government. 
 
 The study of sociology forms a distinct department in the work of the State University, and press and platform are responsive to every proven^ 
 
 (40) 
 

 J, ^ .asiiiasiSsSJK. Mini 
 
 I'T^ I ni. il,,in:ii I | Ml Ml 
 
 ■M'^C 
 
 
 4 ". -V 
 
 
 
 jlATF INDU6TT2lALt^F.POP^\ATORY, HUTCHIN60n,KAS. 
 
 need of advancement in the amendment or addition of legislative policies. The public institutions of Kansas have been reasonably well sheltered 
 from the disturbing interference of party and partisan politics. Such errors as have been committed have served as valuable object-lessons to 
 stimulate a general desire to avoid their repetition. In every party there is a steady growth of opinion favorable to the divorcement of these 5 
 great trusts from liability to injury through the accidents of political change, and the degree of public confidence deserved and enjoyed by the 
 managing boards and officials is not excelled iu any other State in the Union. 
 
 (41 
 
niTITUTE FouTr.sBLinD, KAfljAi LITY, KAHX 
 
PROFITABLE AGRICULTURE IN KANSAS. 
 
 BV HOK. THOS. M. POTTER, PKESIDENT KANSAS BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 ;«i?»iii^54^ 
 
 The farmers of Kausas represent not only the leading iiuliistry of the State, but an industry repre- 
 senting more capital, employing more laljor, paying more taxes and producing more wealth than all the 
 other industries of our State combined. Our lands are taxed upon a valuation of $17.i,07.5,36.'5^ while all 
 •other property, including railroads, town lots, and personal property, was listed at 8162, 4,i9, 758. 
 
 If two-thirds the live stock in the State belong to the farm, and we add their valuation to that of the 
 land, we find the farmers of Kansas paying taxes on approximately 8200,000,0(JO capital, or nearly two- 
 thirds of the taxes of the State. While this vast sum of assessed valuation, if placed at its true value of 
 about threefold, or $600,000,000, and divided by the 185,000 who are engaged in agriculture in our State, 
 would indicate that every person who pursued the vocation of farming in Kansas was worth on an average 
 .$3,250. What other State or what other industry can show such an average accumulation of wealth as 
 this for the whole number employed ? The crops on our farms last year were worth S77,6G3,fi64 ; cattle 
 sold for slaughter, $40,091,074; poultry and eggs sold, f3,315,0fi7; dairy products, 84,510,626; which, 
 with all other products of the farm, make a grand total of 8128,503,791, or 86 per acre for every acre 
 ■under cultivation ; leaving us our farms and implements and about $75,000,000 worth of live stock with which to enter upon the work of the com- 
 ing year. 
 
 If we set aside to labor two-thirds of all these products as a fair compensation for the part it took in producing this grand aggregation of wealth, 
 there will still be left as a net income on the .8200,000,000 capital invested in the live stock and farms of our State the sum of 842,837,597, or over 
 21,^5 per cent. But admitting that the basis of taxation from which I have made up my deductions is very low, you readilj- perceive that we can 
 raise this basis threefold and yet have over 7 per cent, net upon the capital invested in land anil stock. It is my judgment, founded upon an experi- 
 ence of over a quarter of a century upon the farm in Kansas, that the above estimate is below the average remuneration that awaits the application 
 of intelligent methods to our individual surroundings. 
 
 Kansas is a great State, covering over seven degrees of longitude, with an elevation at Kansas City of 765 feet above sea-level, and a gradual 
 increase of about seven feet to the mile to the westward, which gives the extreme western part of the State an altitude of 3,365 feet, and of course 
 the same methods of culture, or the same kinds of crops, will not flourish equally well in both extremes of the State ; but there is no tract of land 
 in all the 80,000 square miles of Kansas soil upon which an individual cannot gain a competence if he will adapt his methods of culture to the soil 
 and climate of his locality. 
 
 "Corn is king!" shouts the multitude, and in the presence of his mighty array of 200,000,000 bushels in Kansas last year we are tempted to 
 join the throng and bow to his scepter, forgetting that in Kansas we have 30,000,000 acres covered with a variety of native grasses among the most 
 
 (4.-)) 
 
nutritious that grow auywhere, auci, deducting the cost of producing the corn, as valuable to our State in the aggregate as all our corn. With the 
 limestone blue-stem, which covers nearly one-half of our State, my cattle have gained, on an average, three pounds per day on the grass alone, 
 while the pasture was fresh and in good condition ; a daily increase in weight which is scarcely obtained by any tame grass or other food ration of 
 
 any kind, not excepting King Corn. The western part of the State, in 
 Hj^" ^B addition to the blue-stem is covered with the nutritious buffalo and gramma 
 
 grasses, which are good the year round, and on which all kinds of stock 
 will thrive with the aid of a little Kafir-corn, sorghum, or millet, all of 
 which grow readily there, to feed the stock during the few winter storms. 
 My principal occupation for the last twenty-five years has been glaz- 
 ing and feeding stock, in connection with farming, and 1 know of no place 
 in the whole country where the business of stock-raising of all kinds and 
 meat production can lie carried on more safely, economically and profita- 
 bly than in Kansas. Our cheap lands, our mild climate, our rich alluvial 
 soil covered with a great variety of most nutritious native grasses, and all 
 of which are adapted to the growth of some kinds of forage plants, give 
 Kansas jireeminent advantages in the stock business, avoiding the danger 
 of loss for the lack of feed in the exclusively grazing districts of the great 
 plains and mountains of the Northwest, or the expense necessarily con- 
 nected with the high-priced land and feed of the East. While at our very 
 doors we have the second largest stock market of the world, drawing its 
 supplies from every Stale and Territory west of the Mississippi river. 
 So great has been the demand for something to consume the vast accumulation of Kansas products, that often during the last year feeders have 
 been worth more in Kansas City than in Chicago. This great market, together with the packing-houses of Topeka, Hutchinson, and Wichita, 
 enables the Kansas farmer to realize as much for his fat stock on the average as the farmer of the Eastern States, while his product was raised and 
 fattened on land and feed that did not cost over one-half as much as did the Eastern farmer's. 
 
 While Kansas has these unsurpassed market facilities on her eastern border, 1 noticed the other day that a ship drawing 21 feet of water went 
 out of Galveston harbor loaded with 2.iO cars of Kansas corn, which indicates that our products are brought within 600 miles of cheap ocean trans- 
 portation on the south. 
 
 The commercial advantages of Kansas are fast becoming such as they would be if we should take the State and place one end on Lake Michi- 
 gan and let the other extend across Indiana into Ohio ; and the value of our lands will soon reach the price of land in the above-mentioned locality. 
 The average price of land in the United States is 819 per acre. In Indiana, S31 per acre; in Illinois, $31.87 per acre; in Iowa, S32.92 per 
 acre; in Ohio, $4.5.97 per acre ; in Missouri, $13. .52 per acre — making an average of $29 per acre for the principal corn-producing States, while in 
 Kansas it is only 38 per cent, of that amount, or about $11 per acre. 
 
 (44) 
 
 WnEAT-FIELD. 640 ACRES. SOUTH OF GARDEN CITY, FINNEY COUNTY. 
 
When we compare the average products of these lauds, we find that for a series of years the average product of corn in the United States is 
 ■25 bushels per acre, while Kansas is excelled by but few States in the Union in her average of 28 bushels per acre, and other crops in about the 
 same proportion. Labor is as cheap here as elsewhere, and one man can farm more acres of ground in Kansas than in any country I was ever in. 
 
 Thus in sunny Kansas, the golden granary of the world, the average cost of land is less, the labor of production less, while the yield is among 
 the greatest, and there is no better clime on earth for rearing the kinds of stock at the least expense. 
 
 I am in love with Kansas climate and the products of her soil not only, but with her people and her institutions. I think it a great place to 
 raise a family of children, as well as to lear a herd of colts and calves. The general intelligence and moral tone of the people are unexcelled any- 
 wlicre, while there is a vitality and push about the Kansas boy or girl which will brook no defeat, and presages victory before the conflict comes. 
 
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 FAKM !-i.enf: in baktos couxtt. just a starter. 
 
 FARM SCENE IN EAKTON COUNTY. TllL WAY \\ I. .-.TA KT l.N KANSAS. 
 
 (in) 
 
THE CATTLE INDUSTRY. 
 
 BT HON. GEO. W. GLICK, EX-GOVKRNOR OF KANSAS. 
 
 The man who seeks a home and wishes to engage iu the cattle industry naturally looks for a 
 place where the surroundings and conditions seem to afford the greatest promise of success. The 
 salubrity of the climate that insures health, thrifty growth, and rapid maturity, and soil that pro- 
 duces in the greatest abundance forage crops and nutritious and palatable grasses, short winters that 
 reduce the time and expense of feeding dry provender and grain, with ample transportation facilities 
 and a good market, are some of the essential, important and controlling considerations that enter the 
 mind of the man who proposes entering into the cattle-raising and cattle-feeding industry for a liveli- 
 hood or a lifetime vocation. Kansas presents in an eminent degree all these advantages that go to 
 render the cattle industry both pleasant and profitable, if it is conducted with industry and discreet 
 management. The climate of Kansas is salubrious, dry, and healthful. The soil is very fertile. 
 The tame grasses are successfully grown in great abundance in the eastern half of the State. Timo- 
 thy, the clovers, blue-grass and orchard-grass furnish an ideal pasture and hay; while iu western 
 Kansas the buffalo- and grainma-grass produce an abundance of nutritious pasture during most of the 
 year, and the sorgluims, Kafir and Jerusalem corn furnish nutritious fodder for winter feeding of the 
 stock cattle and cows. 
 
 The winters of Kansas are short — very short, dry, and with but little snow, in comparison with the winters in the northern part of our country 
 and Canada. This is very advantageous to those in the cattle business, as the stock can generally be turned on grass the first of April and remain 
 till the winter holidays, leaving ouly about four months for the winter care of the cattle, thus saving long and expensive feeding on dry fodder and 
 grain ; aud when the business is prudently. Intelligently and industriously prosecuted, the stockman has his steers ready for the feed-lot by the 
 time they are eighteen months old, when all the conditions change, the pasture giving place to the feed-lot and grain feed. 
 
 The extent of this industry is indicated by the fact that over two and a half millions of cattle are owned in Kansas, and the value of the cattle 
 sold for slaughter annually amounts to over S35,280,373, while the products of the dairy swell the amount to over forty millions of dollars, with an 
 annual increase in the amount of butter, cheese and milk put on the market and increased returns to those who study their business and use skill 
 in its management. These amounts are vast when we contemplate them in the aggregate ; but when we consider that this amount of money. 
 $40,000,000, comes into Kansas annually as the direct result of this home industry that asks no tariff for its protection, it gives evidence of the 
 industry, skill and business tact of the Kansas farmer, and proves that Kansas is the ideal home of the cattle-raiser and a land of plenty, comfort, 
 and contentment, with the church and the school-house standing on our beautiful prairies as beacons of intelligence and Christianity. 
 
 (46) 
 
I said that when the st«er was ready for the feed-lot all the conditions changed, and a different industry is inaugurated, and the skill of the 
 ffeder is brought into requisition. The industry is changed in all its conditions. A new method of feeding is commenced, other conditions con- 
 trol, and the watchfulness of the feeder is taxed daily; regularity of feeding and watering are prerequisites of successful results. The season of 
 fattening on grain is the critical period of the cattle-feeding industry, and it requires great skill and tact in feeding in the dry lot (or stall feeding, 
 as it is called iu the East), for it is the intelligent care exercised at this time that measures the profit or loss on the work in hand. 
 
 The Kansas cattleman is fertile in resources and full of expedients, as the forty millions of dollars received by the cattle-raisers and feeders for 
 their product attest that they are skillful as raisers and expert feeders for the market, as well as successful dairymen. 
 
 Grain-feeding of cattle for the market and for slaught^er is preeminently a Kansas industry. This is made possible and profitable by the im- 
 mense crops of corn produced in this State. Corn in Kansas is King. It is the grain used with the most profit in stall feeding and finishing of the 
 cattle for the block. It is inexpensive ; it is a home product. It does not ( like wheat) require a great outlay of money to raise, and it need not be 
 harvested in a hurry, at a fixed season, but at the conveuience of the farmer; it is fed out ground or in the ear, with or without husking, or in the 
 fodder, in such way as best suits the convenience or methods of the feeder. 
 
 The east half of Kansas is the coru-produeing part of the State, although in some seasons corn is a most excellent crop in the western half, but 
 not as reliably so as in the eastern part. Our soil and climate are adujirably adapted to corn-raising, and the Kansas farmer makes good use of his 
 opportunities in this line of agriculture, raising more corn that he may feed more cattle and more hogs. 
 
 The crop of Kansas for 1895 was over hco hundred millions of bushels, and worth over $46,000,000, and by the report of Secretary Coburn of 
 the Kansas Board of Agriculture, the crop for the past twenty-five years has been worth an average of over $31,000,000 annually. Such crops 
 make Kansas the feeding-grounds for the cattleman and the farmer ( for almost all our farmers are cattle- and hog-feeders), and thus we consume 
 the corn raised on the farm in making beef and pork to supply the markets and feed the millions who want good beef and palatable bacon and hams. 
 
 But this great corn crop is not used only in feeding beef cattle for the slaughter. Kansas adds to her $3.5,000,000 worth of cattle sold for 
 slaughter for human food, near $15,000,000 worth of hogs also slaughtered for human foods. With all this, Kansas farmers have other resources 
 for a livelihood, but the cattle industry and the hog industry necessarily constitute important factors. The field of this expanding industry is not 
 yet occupied. Not over 8,500,000 of our 51,200,000 acres were used in producing the more th.Tu 200.000,000 bushels of corn in 1895. 
 
 The prairies nor the pastures are yet crowded with cattle, but their numbers can be increased tenfold and there will be no over-stocking; the 
 enterprise of the Kansas farmer will be equal to the emergency, and later if it requires a billion bushels of corn to meet the home demand, it can all 
 be found at the proper time in the cribs on the farms of Kansas, while the fat, lusty bullocks and the Kansas porkers will add interest to the buyer 
 and the visitor at the stock-yards, and supply the best of beef and pork to the consumer. 
 
 But where is the market for all this vast output? I answer, Kansas City, Kansas, is the second foremost market in the world for cattle, hogs, 
 and sheep. It is near at hand; it is well managed, and fair treatment is accorded to all. The magnitude of the operations carried on in this 
 Kansas mart is suggested by the fact that in 1895 there were received and converted into cash 1,689,652 cattle ; 2,457,697 hogs ; 864,713 sheep ; 
 and 52,607 horses and mules; or a total of 103,368 car-loads, worth more than $93,000,000. At this same Kansas market there are likewise the 
 greatest packing-houses in the world, where all offerings are taken, and where the capacity of the establishments is being constantly enlarged to 
 meet the demands of ever-increasing supply. 
 
 (47) 
 
CATTLE-FEEDING STATION, OWNED BY THE ALFALFA IRRIGATION AND LAND CO. 
 
KANSAS CLIMATE 
 
 BY HON. T. A. M-NEAL, EDITOR TOPEKA MAIL AND BREEZE. 
 
 ).e vetLT,r.et i " ''^'^.^"7^ "' "^'^^ '^°'"^ '^ '^'^^ » will indulge only in statements that can 
 n niv ml "'^'""' ^^-^P^"^"'^'*^- '^ =^l^«" be my aim in treating on the climate of Kansas, to be guarded 
 tT2 t '^°"^«"^«^« '" ->■ estimate of the benefits to be derived therefrom. 
 
 generally coiLIT burtlfatT' ^^^.'^'^'^''^'^ '""^ --^-" "^^'^ °^ «- State, is especiaiiy salubrious is 
 geueiaiiy conceded, but that the region embraced within the boundaries indicated Is to Ije the future 
 
 Xa ITnner 'ofT'' '° """' ""' '" ^"^=^^''='' "''^ "---^' ^^« ^"-'' '^^ bait nd t os ffl , 
 with all manner of diseases, may not yet be generally understood. That such is the case however wt 
 
 demonstrated that diseases are due to the presence of microbes which flourish and ^row fat utZ 
 
 p^rct:,;::::::;^" Tr 'r''-'-' ^-^ "^'^"^ ^-^^ ^---"^ '^'«"^» ---^- - -- - 
 
 f d 1 a Of tro'ue ft ^'"""'"^«7^ P-'' -5'^-- i" western Kansas the microbe is of few days 
 
 em c a d lose, i ts aonet r 'h 'T ^'?^•=°"■^''•y ^»" "^ J'°"* '^"'l vigor, but in a short time becomes 
 emacm ed, loses its appetite, and is hurried to an untimely and dishonored grave 
 
 his complexion to saffron. He is listless despondent and wftho! o^.f^^wed mingled its contents with the currents of his blood, and changed 
 tary exercise. The beneficial effect of urinsacliml on that '' I" f " '"' ''" "'""' '° '"^ "'"''•'■■•'"• '•"^' ^'"^'^^ =^ '^'"■> ^^ '-olun- 
 
 internal economy is in full working order bT.ZJZT T '" "'"■^''' """^ '"'^^''^te. Jn a month his complexion has cleared. His 
 
 Of De.monieo, and bacon Jvy r itL.frthT're t r oT^' '"'r^^^^ . /"'"^'''' ^'^^' '^ ■"°''' ^'-^^'^^""^ ">- "^ «'-"=-^ viand, 
 
 wakes to find life a poem of new health and Joy ^ ''"''' "'^''^ "'' ''"°^^ °' ^'^'^ »'''^'- »« ^"^''P^ "'« « P"'-eman, and 
 
 occuS":;:^,::rr;:s;r :"tr x™'S:L::tr "r ^^ r "t ^'1 "^^"°^^- ^" -- '-- ---^ -^ -'^ --- -- 
 
 ruined for want of business. ^ ^' °^ **' ''"'^' »"Je''«ke'- '" *« county, and did not want to see him entirely 
 
 monS i^r:;i:r:;:;^:rrr:n:™ :;h:;:t:dr:r f T^r " ''^ ^?" '-' ^"-^'^ ^^ °" '^--" ^-^^- ^--^ "^^^ ^mter 
 ^^*^i;srsr:fir"~^f^™^^^^ 
 
 puiity of the atmosphere is also shown in the fact that in western Kansas meat will keep fresh for weeks without salt or other 
 
 (49) 
 
preservative. As the meat is eaten v^ithln that time it is impossible to t-!ll just how loiii? a period would elapse before decay and decomposition 
 would set in. I understand that some time ago the hitidquarter of a mastodon was found in one of the southwestern counties in a fair state of 
 preservation and freshness. The mastodon in question had probably been dead a thousand years when Adam was still wearing his first pair of 
 fig-leaf pants. 
 
 The perfection of Kansas climate tends to superior mental and physical development, which will be more and more marked as generation 
 succeeds generation. The coming Kansas boys will be physical giants and mental Websters, while the girls will be paragons of beauty and 
 endowed with the keen wit of Aspasia. 
 
 In such a climate as we have previously suggested, longevity will become universal and death the result of accidents or voluntary sacrifice for 
 the purpose of assisting struggling cemetery associations. 
 
 THE BEESON FARM. NEAR DODGE CITY. 
 (50) 
 
KANSAS BANKS. 
 
 BY HON. J. W. BREIDENTBAL, STATE BANK COMMISStONEK. 
 
 While strong, healthy and prosperous banks do not always iudicate a correspouding degree of pros 
 penty generally, yet, on the other hand, .eak banking institutions in which the people have lost confi 
 
 tZlm'^r, :r Tr"^'"' ''""' ""°° "^^ '"'^''' P-^P-'^^ «"d "-■-- oL con,n,un ty « State 
 thus affl cted than all else combined, and usually reflect the general condition of such community Banks 
 hav.ng become the clearing-houses for at least ninety per cent, of our business, it is essentia I^haf thev 
 Should en,oy the confidence of the people to the fullest possible extent, to the end tha the bu ness x- 
 changes may be effected with dispatch, and without the fear of loss so common where unsond banks 
 
 I^ h" rf-alf '"""'T f ^'^ "'""^^' ''"' ''' '''-'"' °^ "- -'^'^-^- °^ the cZl ;'^ 
 .howlLo^r H . . 'u ""' *°""°"'"' "•"* '^'' P'^^P"^ ™=^y ^'^^ >>« P'-o"d of the magnificent 
 .howmg of strength made by her banks. At the date of every statement made to the National and State 
 •departments of banking since the great panic of 1893, our banks have made an impro e l.owi 'g ^ 
 
 : xZ These b'"rrr' ''" °""'^^' ''"'' '"'"' ""^'■"'^^^ - ^'^^ «'^'« -""^-e^ one hX 'and 
 rrf T. . r '''''''^"' '="P'"'' "'"' ^"'-P'"^ "' fn,075,500, and held deposits of 8I6 91 
 
 .aJ^aT z^sr T^r bir tr:;;gr::^:s :::^^:f= r ^:^ sr :.:tr -^'^'- '^^ ---'«- ^^ - 
 
 ..er-B. r.,.r,e held w., 87..8 per «.,. Th,„ fo.n, .„a <|i,co,m» ™o.,,l,a ,„ ,i, SW Yo5 '" *"-»*=-«"- m« 
 
 deposits involved limited. The aggregate loss to denositors ..Lh'?! uZ ' "'"' "' ^ ""*^ "^"^^ ^''^ '^''^^ institutions, and the 
 
 indeed when compared with the a^m^or^nroV^stLtr rc'teTbT u t ^ In'tirrewrK^sTif ^^ '' ''%' ""^"^^ ^"' "^^ ^^ --" 
 the Union, and particularly with States similarly situated compare favorably with any State in 
 
 .nveid ■: t:^r:^ihrr::L:^SLS:t;:;r ' ^"^''"" ^''' """^ "-''^■' ''^-^ -^^ -- ■— ^^-e additional capit. can be 
 
 Government bonds, including premiums. 
 
 (51) 
 
Topeka, our capital city, is very fortunate in beiug provided witla ample baukiug facilities. Iler banks are models of strength, and are man- 
 aged by conservative men well versed in the business. Kansas City, Kansas, Leavenv^orth and Atchison, as well as other leading cities, are also 
 well supplied with ample bank capital. ' 
 
 In addition to our banks we have a goodly number of successful building and loan associations, which afford a means for the profitable invest- 
 vestraent of small sums, and also provide means whereby their membership can become the owners of homes. 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL BUSINESS STREET OF TOPEKA, CAPITAL CITY. 
 
 (52) 
 
KANSAS GRAIN AND HILLS. 
 
 BY HON. C. B. HOFFMAN. 
 
 KvEK Since man began his conscious career as the conqueror of earth, wlieat bread has been his "staff 
 ot life." Eaten raw and uncnished, boiled, parched, or baked, it has furnished the most wholesome muscle- 
 and nerve-building food. Wheat contains in compact concentration and in proper proportions all the ele- 
 ments necessary to human life. It is nature's perfect food. 
 / i\ , Countries adapted to wheat culture produce the most vigorous and progressi ve people : not only because 
 
 , / I ^'^r' if "^^ ^ ^^"'^^ "''''"' ''"' ''®'''"'"' "''' '"'""'' climatic conditions which favor the sun-kissed grain are conducive 
 
 »• ■- / g» rX #' \ ' '° ""^ '"^''^'* development of man. A dry, breezy, sunny climate, free from fog and malai-ia, and a rich 
 
 I. ! ^-^"^^^ ^^ porous soil, devoid of sog and swamp, are the natural home of the golden grain as well as of a brave free' 
 
 V: ; I N' sometimes boisterous, but always progressive people. Science, art, poetry and fiction unite in the praise of 
 
 i wheat, and when Kansas comes to the front with enormous crops of wheat it is an index of the inherent 
 
 jP power of Kansas climate, .soil, and people. 
 
 -.-S^'' Think of it! Kansas in 1893 produced a hundred million bushels* of wheat. This was phenomenal ; still 
 
 the average for the past ten years is in round numbers sixty million bushels, or over one-uinth of the entire 
 ^heat Kansas .n„ «, •■ , ,. P™^"'^"""°f''^'^ United States for the same period. And yet only about one-twelfth ot our prairies is iu 
 
 bnshels of wheat eqnabug one-halt of a present average crop of the United States, and then have two-thirds of her land left for other crops 
 
 Hill ^,7"4'""r' '* '^Tr T''^' "'"' '"'"'' '"'""'"' ^'"''- ""'■ """ ^'^"^y^-"""'"" l^"ds^ i" Western vernacular-along ,he Kaw, the Smoky 
 Hill, the Neosho, and the broad, winding Arkansas, are peculiarly well adapted for corn, both white and yellow 
 
 Kansas produced in 1895 three hundred and fifty million bu.sheis of corn -one-sixth of the entire crop of the Republic 
 «ud I ' 1 P«ss;Wlities of Kansas when farming shall have become a science and her fertile valleys and rolling hills shall be devoted to wheat 
 and corn, where now the less profitable native grasses grow. c uevuieu lu vvneai, 
 
 the ^.T'^ g'-own our grain, we are now ready to grind it. It is not generally known that the reduction of wheat and corn to flour and meal and 
 the various products that come from these cereals is an industry the second largest in the United States. In 1890 there were over 18 000 flour 
 Smrnts tb 1 ; T ,*'' "'"^"' "' "'"" ^""^ "°"" '" ''°"^^^' $5.3,000.000, exceeded only by the slaughtering and mealpack ^ e'a" 
 
 n L S noorr T f '1 TT'"' '' ^'''''''•'^'^ '^ -'"'« '^^ fo-'^i-s and machine shops produced $413,000,000, the iron and stee fut 
 iXtiemTval Of o:;;r '" ''"''''''"'' '"" "^'"""^ '-" P"'^"^^^-=" 1=75,000.000 ; the rest of the industries falling hundreds of millions 
 
 of loX^t' hfr" ™"'^ "^ "°' "' '''' ''■""■"^ ""^"^'^ °' "''•''*'• ''"' '•"■ -'--' -^^"^-^ ^y f»™-^ '° -^"y-^ -d used for food and seed JustifleT^^^I^^-^IT 
 
 (53) 
 
Sfe,'. *-'.V;;. •.;•■ 
 
 
 
 Milling. I«6I. 
 Old Water Wheel. 
 
 Our State ranks tenth among the United States in the magnitude of its milling, and contained in 1895, 385 mills, employing 2,349 men. 'i he 
 output of these as given by the United States census of 1890, when there were only 348 mills, amounted to $17,500,000. The following States ex- 
 ceed this output: Minnesota, 307 mills, employs 4,038 men; value of output, $60,150,000. Missouri, 710 mills, 
 employs 3,S55 men ; value of output, 834,400,000. Illinois, 047 mills, employs 4,385 men ; value of output, 837,- 
 900,000. Indiana, 7:^3 mills, employs 3,(540 men ; value of output, $31,100,000. Pennsylvania, 2, 22(; mills; value 
 of output, 839,400,000. New York. 1,235 mills ; value of output, $52,000,000. Ohio, 910 mills ; value of output, 
 .*39, 468,000. Michigan, 544 mills; value of output, $22,500.- 
 oOO. AVisconsin, 497 mills; value of output, 824,200,000. 
 
 In amount of capital invested and value of output, milling 
 exceeds all other industries in Kansas. In fact, it represents 
 over 15 per cent, of all industries combined, and is capable 
 of indefinite extension. 
 
 Kansas is peculiarly well adapted for milling. This is due 
 to the superiority of its hard wheats and the condition of our 
 climate, which causes the flour to stand transportation across the ocean and gives it great keeii- 
 ing qualities, especially desirable in warm and damp climates such as prevail along the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Central America as well as Europe. Kansas hard-wheat flours have within the 
 past ten years attained the foremost rank in quality in the Eastern and European markets. 
 They command the highest price in Belgium, Holland, England, and France, and are sought 
 after in large Eastern cities such as Boston and New York. They are peculiarly well adapted 
 for bread-making, being rich in gluten aud other nutritive elements, and keep the moisture in 
 bread better thau those made of spring wheat or of the soft winter varieties. 
 
 The most vigorous competitors of the Kansas mills in the home as well as the foreign mar- 
 kets are the Minnesota mills, which draw their supplies from the great wheat-fields of the two Dakotas and Minnesota. These States produce what 
 is known as the northern or hard spring wheat, which makes a good, nutritious flour; however, not possessing as fine a flavor or being as easily 
 worked in the dough as those of the hard winter-wheat varieties. Minnesota possesses other advantages over Kansas. Its mills are centered at 
 Minneapolis and Duluth, and have easy access to the lakes, which atford them cheap transportation to the Eastern and European markets. Hence 
 the Kansas wheat-raiser and miller are peculiarly interested in cheapening the methods of transportation from the interior to the seaboard. This 
 will come by the ever-reduced cost of transportation which gradually but surely moves us closer to the world's markets, and by opening the nearer 
 deep-water ports on the Gulf of Mexico. Only within the past few years have we awakened to the fact that Kansas lies closer to tide-water thau 
 Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, or even Indiana; aud when once the people grasp this fact, our flour, grain, beef and pork will find the great 
 European markets aud the South-American markets via our natural highway, the Gulf, whose deep waters come within 700 miles uf our boundary. 
 
 .\s SHOWN IN 1896, Enterprise, Kansas. 
 
 (54) 
 
QUIVERA— KANSAS. 1542-1892. 
 
 In that half-forgotteii era, 
 With the avarice of old, 
 Seelcing cities he was told 
 Had been paved with yellow gold, 
 
 In the kingdom of Quivera — 
 
 Came the restless Coronado 
 To the open Kansas plain, 
 With his knights from sunny Spain; 
 In an effort that, though vain. 
 
 Thrilled with boldness and bravado. 
 
 League by league, in aimless marching. 
 Knowing scarcely where or why. 
 Crossed they uplands drear and dry, 
 ■That an unprotected sky 
 
 Had for centuries been parching. 
 
 But their expectations, eager. 
 
 Found, instead of fruitful lands. 
 Shallow streams and shifting sands. 
 Where the buffalo in bands 
 
 Roamed o'er deserts dry and meager. 
 
 Back to scenes more trite, yet tragic. 
 
 Marched the knights with armour'd steeds 
 Not for them the quiet deeds ; 
 Not for them to sow the seeds 
 
 From which empires grow like magic. 
 
 BY HON. EUGENE F. WARE. 
 
 Never land so hunger-stricken 
 
 Could a Latin race re-mold ; 
 
 They could conquer heat or cold — 
 
 Die for glory or for gold — 
 But not make a desert quicken. 
 
 Thus Quivera was forsaken ; 
 
 And the world forgot the place 
 Through the lapse of time and space. 
 Then the blue-eyed Saxon race 
 
 Came and bade the desert waken. 
 
 And it bade the climate vary; 
 And awaiting no reply 
 From tlie elements on high, 
 It with plows besieged the sky — 
 
 Vexed the heavens with the prairie. 
 
 Then the vitreous sky relented, 
 
 And the unacquainted rain 
 
 Fell upon the thirsty plain, 
 
 Whence had gone the knights of Spain, 
 Disappointed, discontented. 
 
 Sturdy are the Saxon faces. 
 As they move along in line ; 
 Bright the rolling-cutters shine. 
 Charging up the State's incline. 
 
 As an army storms a glacis. 
 
 (55) 
 
Into loam the sand is melted, 
 
 And the bliie-gvass takes the loam, 
 Round about the piaiiie home : 
 And the locomotives roam 
 
 Over landscapes iron-belted. 
 
 Cities grow where stunted birches 
 Hugged the shallow water-line: 
 And the deep'ning rivers twine 
 Past the factory and mine, 
 
 Orchard slopes and schools and eliurches. 
 
 Deeper grows the soil and truer, 
 More and more the prairie teems 
 With a fruitage as of dreams ; 
 Clearer, deeper, flow the streams. 
 
 Blander grows the sky and bluer. 
 
 We have made the .State of Kansas, 
 And to-day she stands complete — 
 First in freedom, first in wheat : 
 And her future years will meet 
 
 Ripened hopes and richer stanzas. 
 
 A FOURTH OF JULY POEM. 
 
 He who has lived in Kansas, though he roam, 
 Can find no other spot and call it "Home." 
 As Inga'ls says, a Kansas man may stray — 
 May leave — perchance depart, or go away — 
 In short, may roam — but, be it anywhere. 
 He must return, if he can raise the fare. 
 
 On July Fourth we always float the flag. 
 And push the old bald eagle from the crag — 
 Fly him the length and breadth of this fair land. 
 From the Penobscot to the Rio Grande ; 
 Then witliout rest we ipiickly start him on 
 
 A trij) from Florida to Oregon : 
 
 Then bring him back and boost him to the sky. 
 
 And let him stay there till the ne.xl July. 
 
 Oh grand old bird I O'er many a weary mile 
 
 They've made you sail in oratoric style. 
 
 While fledgeling speakers, in refulgent prose, 
 
 Cai)ped many a gorgeous climax as you rose. 
 
 To-day our choicest colors are unfurled : 
 
 Soar up, prottd bird, and circle round the world. 
 
 And we predict that nowhere will you find 
 
 A place like Kansas that you left behind. 
 
 — Eugene F. ^\'ltre. 
 
 (56) 
 
THE CHURCHES OF KANSAS. 
 
 BT KEY. A. S. EMBKEE. D. D. 
 
 I!?:t,tgion is represented in the State of Kau-as by four thousand oue hundred and fourteen or- 
 gauizations, tlie communicants representing about one-fourth of the entire population. 
 
 The organizations are distributed among twenty-seven different denominations. One is Sweden- 
 borgian. four are Hebrew, four Unitarian, six Universalist, and nine Spiritualist, with an aggregate 
 membership of about seventeen luiudred. The remainder are evangelical bodies, some of which 
 antedate the admission of the State to the Union by more than a score of years. 
 
 From the best information obtainable the total value of church 
 property, not including investments in schools of high grade, col- 
 leges, hospitals, orphans' homes and other benevolent institutions, 
 is eight million six hundred and seveuty-nine thousand six hundred 
 and eight dollars. Average cost of church buildings, three thousand 
 two hundred and twenty-three dollars. Estimated seating capacity, 
 seven hundred and sixty-eight thousand. 
 Of the larger denominations, the 
 
 Congregationalists have 12,.597 members, and proiierty valued at 8531,900 
 Presbyterians have 34,93.5 members, and property valued at 1,900,700 
 
 Baptists have 37,604 members, and property valued at 799,899 
 
 Lutherans have 28,135 members, and property valued at 624,660 
 
 Christians have 34,737 members, and jimperty valued at 498,401 
 
 Roman Catholics have 72,051 members, ami proi)erty valued at 1,309,950 
 Methodist Episcopalians. 101,600 nrembers, and property valued at 3,332,890 
 Of the Sunday School forces, a conservative estimate gives the number of officers and teachers at twenty-five 
 thousand, with three hundred thousand scholars of all ages. In this connection, the largest Chautauqua outside of 
 that held in the State of New York, after which it is modeled, is the one at Ottawa, which years since became a per- 
 manent institution, and to which thousands of people go annually for instruction in the "Word" and better methods of teaching Christian truth. 
 
 Those organizations which were earliest on the field have been identified, necessarily and naiurally, with all the history of the State, sharing 
 its vici.ssitudes of fortune, growth, and general progress. 
 
 Many persons yet survive who not only took prominent place in the planting of the early churclies, but also iu the struggle to maintain Kansas 
 
 (57) 
 
 FIKST 31. E. tULIlCJI. TOPEKA. 
 
soil in the name of freedom. They, with those who came in the later years, have been none the less active in securing the abolition of the saloon^ 
 perfecting the common-school system, organizing and maintaining other helpful agencies, and in various ways laying broad and deep foundations 
 in the interest of public welfare. 
 
 Whatever mistakes Kansans liave made, her voice bears no uncertain sound with reference to the Christian religion. Every settlement has its 
 "meeting-house" — either a church, a school-house, or a private dwelling thrown open after the manner of the fathers, for the public proclamation 
 of the truth and worship of God ; and the people of the churches, with the fewest possible exceptions, are second to none in the purpose to advance 
 our common luimanity, in fealty to principles of honest dealing, and the determination to build up a State worthy a place in the Union of great 
 Comninnwcnlilis. 
 
 HATOR C. A. 7BLL0W8, TOPEKA. 
 
 A MODKL STREET IS A WESTEKS CITY — HUTCHINSON. KAS. 
 
THE COLLEGE OF THE SISTERS OF BETHANY, 
 
 BY RT. REV. BISHOP F. R. MILLSPAUGH, BISHOP OF KANSAS. 
 
 1<I 
 
 *' 
 
 "The College of the Sisters of Bethany " is one of the oldest educational institutions in the 
 State of Kansas. It is in fact older than the State itself. Its charter was granted by the Territorial' 
 Legislature. The original name was " The Episcopal Female Seminary of Topeka.'' In 1873 the 
 present name was adopted, and a new charter received. The name does not refer to any order of 
 sisters, (there is none such in the school,) hut to the scriptural model and example of the two sisters- 
 of Bethany, Mary and Martha. 
 
 The location of the College buildings is one of the most beautiful in the city of Topeka. It 
 consists of twenty acres in the heart of the city, three blocks distance from the State Uouse. This 
 large campus is ornamented by a great variety of forest trees, haudsome evergreens and shrubs and 
 '^luxuriant vines. 
 
 The (buildings are: Wolfe Hall, at a cost of $70,000; Holmes Hall, $18,000; "The Cottage," 
 now occupied by the Presideut of the 
 
 College, $4,500; Burr addition, $1.5,- 
 000 ; and laundry and barn, $10,000. 
 To these have been added since 1887, 
 boiler-house and steam fixtures, ele- 
 vator and electric motor, stone tower and complete and thorough sewerage, all at 
 a cost of $39,000: making the total cost of improvements fully 8156.500. 
 
 The course of study consists of thorough instruction, by a corps of sixteen 
 specialists, in the English Language and Literature, in Latin and Greek, in French 
 and German, in Mathematics and The Sciences. Special attention is given to Music, 
 Art, and Elocution. No school in the West gives a more extensive and thorough 
 course in these departments. There is also a well-equipped laboratory, where the 
 pupils learn, by actual practice, the use of apparatus and re-agents. 
 
 The College is a home school for girls, under the auspices of the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church. The Bishop of the Diocese is its President. There has been 
 kept in view the single purpose of developing Christian womanhood. To this end 
 such teachers and officers are selected as will impress the children with the beauty 
 
 (59) 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 ^m^ 
 
 
 ^^S^^^^eS^T^i^^^^HH H^^^^l 
 
 COLLEGE OF THE SISTERS OF BETHANV. 
 
and completeness of a Christian life. Care is taken, by precept and example, to instill the undefined but essential graces of politeness and decorum. 
 In the dining-room the family idea is carried out as far as possible. Teachers and pupils meet at small tables served with refinement and taste, 
 
 and conversation and social feeling are encouraged. 
 
 The school has been in continuous operation for thirty-five years; it has helped to mould the char- 
 acter of more tl>Qn 4,000 pupils, and many of these are now sending their daughters to their own Alma 
 Mater for training. 
 
 The average enrollment, including boarders and day scholars, has for years exceeded 200. 
 
 This is the only Protestant college in the State exclusively for girls. Its terms are much lower than 
 are those of similar schools in the East, and, with all its comforts, conveniences and home-like care, it 
 charges but little more than the mixed schools of the State. 
 
 With its beauty of position in the chief city of the State. s))acious grounds and substantial buildings, 
 superior teachers and complete course of study, "The College of the Sisters of Bethany" is an institution 
 of which not only the Episcopalians, but all the people of Kansas, may well be proud. 
 
 ST. JOHN'S MILITARY SCHOOL. 
 
 eel.. M. D. LEE, VICE-PKESIDENT ST. .TOHNS 
 MILITARY SCHOOL, SALINA, KANSAS. 
 
 Under the same auspices there was founded about ten years ago a military training-school for boys. 
 This is known as "St. John's School," and is located at Salina. The grounds contain about fifty acres. 
 The buildings consist of a brick and stone hall of four stories, erected at a cost of S.")0,000, a gymnasium, 
 and a head-master's cottage. 
 
 St. John's has already gained the rank of a first-class, thorough educational institution of the higher 
 grade. It is a military school in its discipline and government, and is the only one of its class and kind in this State. It has a United States 
 Army officer as military instructor, a head-niasler, and seven assistant masters. 
 
 There is a Classical, a Latiu-Euglish or Scientific, and an English-Commercial Course. Music, Art, and Elocution are also taught. 
 From 6: 30 in the morning till 9:30 at night the hours are marked by bugle-call, and the cadet comes under the eye of Head-Master, Command- 
 ant, or Professor. 
 
 In St. John's Military School the citizens of Kansas find for their boys equal advantages at a lower price than in any school outside of the State. 
 
 (CO) 
 
ST. JOHN'S MILITARY SCHOOL, SALINA. 
 (61) 
 
DENOniNATIONAL COLLEGES. 
 
 BT REV. OKANVILLE LOWTHER, 
 
 ONE Of the important features of the State of Kansas is her denominational colleges. These schools are 
 not sectarian .n the strict sense of that term. They probably have in most cases a cleno.ninationaTbia 
 
 character. In these schools, more than in the nndenominational schools, is religion given prominence as 
 compared with mere intellectnal training. Sometimes they become centers of great spirillweH a 
 educational power, and great revivals in. which hundreds are converted are amonj their is Ainearn 
 ng and l.terature are sf.died in these schools, with God as the center and source of all beh g The fo 
 lowing are the schools about which we have information : 
 
 B.A.KER University, Baldwin, was organized in 1858. It is 
 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church ; has 23 in- 
 structors, 500 students enrolled, .-5,000 volumes in the library and 
 
 RoM ■ n . XT ^ .lias sent out 413 graduates. The earliest graduates are Ros'anna 
 
 Baldwin, Canton. N. Y.. and Julia D. Sheldon,;Topeka, Kas. Lemuel H. Mnrlin A.M., is Fr^Z^t 
 
 Ph n^''"T' ■^°''''^T '^'"'''°''^' '^^ '""'"'""' '^^ *"« ^^"''^"■^" Church. Rev. C A Swenso, ' 
 Ph.D., IS President The College has 35 instructors, 444 students enrolled, and 4,000 volumes n the 
 l.brary. The school was organized in 1881, and since that time has graduated 195 s udents 2 first o 
 whom was Rev. Eric Glad, in 1891, who now lives at Stockholm, in Kansas 
 
 CENTEAL College, Enterprise, belongs to the United Brethren Church. It was organized in 1891 
 has 10 instructors, 170 students enrolled, and 1,000 volumes in the library. J. A. Welle, D D Ph D u 
 
 Presi^r^T^Lr i3't;=:ri:; '^:i^z:;:.::::z::z^T:;:zrT^ n- «- ' ^ "-'-• ^-^ '^ 
 
 person of Harry L. HIbbard, M. D., now of New York City N T ™'"°'''' '" "le.Ubiaiy. The hrst graduate was sent forth in 1889, in the 
 
 a. M. M.,„, ,.„ g«„„„ i„ ,„, .„j „„ „„, „ „„^, ;-• c.to*i."'te ..XI"* ' • " ' """ -" " """'"■ ""-'- »•'. 
 
 (68) 
 
Midland Coli.kge, Atchison, is untlei- tlie 
 auspices of the Evangelical Lutheran Church : 
 Kev. Jacob Clutz. D. D., President. It has 12 
 instructors, l-.'0 students, aud 5,000 volumes 
 in the lilirary. Since its organization, in 1887, 
 it has graduated 32 students. Leroy H. Kel- 
 ^cy, now of St. Joseph, Mo., was the first 
 liniduate, in 1891. 
 
 Ottawa Univehsity, Ottawa, was organ- 
 ized in ISOO.and belongs to the Baptist Church. 
 F. VV. Colgrove, Ph. D., is President. The 
 scliool has 15 instructors. 402 students enrolled, 
 and 3,000 volumes in the library. It has sent 
 forth 83 graduates, of whom the earliest living are Alice Bloomer, of Hiawatha, Kas., and 
 Jennie Sherman, who went as a missionary to India, and who graduated in 1888. 
 
 Southwest Kansas Coij.eoe was established at VVinfield, in 1886, under the 
 auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Chester A. Place, A. M., B. D., is Presi- 
 dent. The school has 130 students in attendance, and 2.000 volumes in the library. 
 Eighty-five students have been graduated, the first being Oliver Stubblefield, now of Par- 
 tridge, Oklahoma Territory. 
 
 eOJ.LtUE UF KJli'UUlA. 
 
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 KANBAB WE8LEYAN, 8ALINA. 
 
 OTTAWA I'NIVEK.'^ITY, OTTAWA. 
 
 BETHEL CULLEtiE, NEWTON. 
 
A miiiiiiJ"':"" 
 
 ST. MARY8 COLLEGE, ST. M.^RYS. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT COLLEGE. WICHITA. 
 
 St. Benedict's Coli.ege, Atchison, was fouudea bj' the Roman Catholic Church, in 18.i8. 
 has 34 instructors, 170 students, and 12,000 volumes in the library. 
 
 St. Maky's College, St. Marys, was organized in 186S>. Rev. E. A. Higgius, S. J., is President. The 
 institution has .t3 instructors, 307 students, and 15,000 volumes in the library. It lias graduated 173 students. 
 Rev. Richard Dunne, now of Oak Park, 111., was the first graduate, in 1883. 
 
 Washhur.n College, Topeka, under the management of the Congregational Church, was founded in 18().'>. It 
 
 has 14 instructors, 300 students, and 6,000 volumes in t)ie library. Peter 
 McVicar, D.D., M.A., is President. It has graduated laOpersons. The 
 earliest graduate was Rev. P. M. Griffin, now of Brockton, Mass., in 1869. 
 Fairmohnt College, Wichita, has 7 instructors, who labor under 
 the direction of the Congregational Church. Under the management of 
 Nathan J. Morrison, D. D., LL. D., it will doubtless take its place 
 among the educational forces of the West. 
 
 Lewis Academy, Wichita, belongs to tlie Presbyterian Church. 
 We understand it is successfully managed, and promises to rank high 
 as an educational center. 
 
 McPiiKK.soN College, McPherson, is under the control of the 
 Dunkard Church. It has become one of the important institutions of 
 learning for that church, and is said to be in a prosperous condition. 
 (61J 
 
 LEWIS ACADEMY, WICHITA. 
 
 Rt. Rev. I. Wolfe, D. D., is President. The school 
 
 COOPER MEMORIAL COLLEGE, STERLING. 
 
 SOUTHWEST KANSAS COLLEG 
 WINFIKLD. 
 
St. John's Lutheran Collkoe, Winfield, is one of the youngest schools of that church, and of the Stat«. It starts out under favorable con- 
 ditions. 
 
 CooPEK Memorial College, located at Sterling, is under the auspices of the United Presbyterian Church. This is one of the strong centers 
 of education, has a splendid faculty and good attendance. 
 
 SouLE College, Dodge City, originally under the control of the Presbyterian Church, has been deeded to the local Trustees of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church at Dodge City. Rev. E. H. Vaughn, Ph. D. , is President. • 
 
 Bethel College, Newton, is owned and controlled by the Mennonite_Church. It is reported to be the only school of its kind in the State. 
 It is free from debt, and therefore on a safe financial basis. 
 
 SOULE COLLEGE, DODGE CITT. 
 
 (65) 
 
KANSAS HOMES AND KANSAS HOME=MAKERS. 
 
 ISABEL WORRELL BALL. 
 
 •' Of all the States, but three will live iu story : 
 Old Massacliusi'tts with jier Plymouth Rock, 
 And old Virt^iui.i \vitl\.lMT noble stock, 
 -Vnd euiiny Kansas witli her woes and glory : 
 These three will live in sonil and oratory. 
 
 While all the others, with their idle claims, 
 Will only be reinembered as mere names." 
 
 Theue is a law of compeusatioii wliich nius through the lives of States as through the lives of men, 
 aud Kansas, child of woe, daughter of war, mother of Liberty, emblem of Progress, and type of Eternity 
 in her everlasting fixity of purpose, has her meed of compensation in her mothers and their posterity — a 
 posterity whose devotion is unparalleled, and whose development, due to the stern vicissitudes of pioneer 
 perils, has startled a continent. 
 
 The virtues of the Kansas pioneer liome have never furnished taking themes for song or story, because 
 it is not easy to grow sentimental over sod houses or dug-outs, or to romance over slab shacks, that were 
 windowless lest the prowling savage seek their vantage, and tloorless for lack of means ; the log cabin of Kansas had never about it the elements 
 that render its piototype in the South picturesque, but the family altar was as cherished there as though between marble walls, and, be it sod or 
 shack, log or statelier " imported" frame, the lessons of self-abuegation and self-denial, deprivation, and courage in the face of hourly danger, 
 learned by the women who, side by side with their husbands, conquered the wilderness and made its glorious largesse theirs, have been as lasting 
 as the eternal hills, and their rock-ribbed principles of right and justice have descended as a rich heritage to their children. 
 
 The Kansas pioneer home was typical of Kansas, or possibly they were typical of each other ; be that as it may, it is yet true that the home- 
 makers of Kansas have always been of a superior order, and to her homes and home-makers the Sunflower State owes her elements of greatness. 
 Kansas is essentially a child of the storm, aud every breath that her pioneer children drew was laden with the ozone of freedom, equality before 
 the law, justice to the down-trodden, and loyalty to God and country. They went hungry that those hungrier might be fed. They bore on their 
 young shoulders all the burdens that weighted those of their parents who eaine to Kansas to make it the home of the free, and they learned in tlie 
 hard school of adversity what it meant and how much it cost to make and keep a State free. 
 
 The men and women who came to Kansas when she was in the throes of her struggle for freedom from slave power came not as men aud 
 •women sought asylum in other States, for the sake of getting land aud actjuiring wealth, but to make Kansas a State of free homes. That was the 
 inspiration of the westward tide that carried on its bosom the white schooners of the prairie, freiglited, as was the Mayflower less than 300 years 
 before, with souls that longed to help to deliver the new Territory out of the hand of bondage, aud write across it on the map. •'free !" 
 
 (66) 
 
The word was; written, aud the pioneer mothers helped to write it. Home is not home without a woman in it. And so from the thrifty New- 
 England farms the Puritan daughters embarked with their husbands aud children, and followed the sun out toward its setting to the almost 
 unknown land. Kansas was the "Great American Desert" then. There were no railroads, no telegraph lines, no newspapers, no schools, no 
 churches : Kansas was simply a blur on the map, aud promised to become a blot ou the national escutcheon. 
 
 The first homes were made on the eastern confines of the State. Across the river to the east were the border-rnliiaus, who looked on the 
 '• free-soilers" as special prey, and to the west were the Indians, blood-thirsty and iuhnmau. lu the midst of dangers like these the first homes in 
 Kansas were made. They were constructed of the materials that lay right under the hand. Sometimes of sod. with dirt floor, often a dug-out in 
 the side of a ravine; perhaps of Cottonwood logs, "chinked" with mnd; sometimjs those more affluent thau others brought with them from the 
 " States" the frame of a house ready to put right up. 
 
 Into these houses went the women with the children who were to make Kansas " first in freedom, first in wheat." Had those women been of 
 the common mould they would have folded their arms in supine despair, and the waves of civil strife would have engulfed thetn aud theirs. But 
 they were not of the common type. Since before their sires crossed the winter seas to the inhospitable shores of the New World, their character 
 had been forming to steel them to meet just such vicissitudes. The heirs of all the ages of thought, of these "just men made perfect," these noble 
 women transmitted their intensified hereditary dower of mind aud will to their children. And so it was that they did not know the meaning of the 
 word fear, nor of fail. 
 
 What those noble pioneer women suffered, only God aud the recording angel can disclose. By the light of the border-ruffian fires they read 
 their Bibles, and between the war-whoops of the Indians taught their little ones their prayers. In the dead of night they and their frightened 
 ■children were called from their beds to see the husband and father shot like a dog, because he loved the fiag and abhorred slavery. They returned 
 from the little union cabin church to find their homes in smoking ruins. They went on infrequent visits to distant neighbors, and came back to 
 
 find — 
 
 '■ A blugh as of roses, where rose never grew '. 
 
 Great drops on the bunch-grass, but not of the dew ! 
 From the hearths of their cabins, the fields of their corn, 
 Unwarned and unweaponed their dear ones were torn." 
 
 And all that was left the distracted mother was to take up the burden and the heart-ache, and be mother aud father both for the half-grown boys 
 and girls. Then came the drouth, and the grasshoppers 1 Again and yet again they came, but through even that trial her courage never wavered. 
 Her face took on a tenser look, perhaps, and the lines of suffering about her mouth grew a little deeper. Her children were almost grown now, 
 and slie could lean upon them in some happy day to come. 
 
 The cloud of Civil War descended, but out of the gloom shoue the face of the Kansas mother, irradiated, transfigured. God had taken every- 
 thing else ^husband, home, inheritance; but all had gone iu the cause of human freedom, and she had not murmured. The last great calamity 
 ■came, as she had foreseen that it must, and she had but one thing left to give. She laid ou the altar of her country her sons, and set herself to do 
 all that a woman's hands could do for the preservation of the Union. Grown used to affliction, she schooled herself to think that her manly sons 
 might never retuiii : but that droj) of Marah"s waters was spared her. 
 
 (6T) 
 
Civil strife at an end, where the smoking hell of battle rolled a newer and grander home was erected. In it the Kansas mother sits like Zenobia, 
 with her children and her children's children about her. She looks abroad, and she sees that the sod house and the dug-out have given place to 
 granite and brick mansions, and .. cuiee grow where stunted birches 
 
 Hugged the shallow water-line ; 
 And the deepening rivers twine 
 Past the factory and mine. 
 Orchard slopes and schools and churches." 
 
 Her sun of life is shining in at the western windows, and the shadows lengthen ; but as she folds her no longer busy hands, and looks off to- 
 where the "sunflowers wave their thoughtless frondage" in the soft south-wind which stirs them as lazily as a lover would touch his sweetheart's 
 cheek, her face is like a benediction in its calm expression of high resolve and resignation. You see in it the history of the past, the intensity of 
 the present, the yearning hope for the future. Her granddaughter pauses beside her, and you catch in the younger, fresher face the key to that 
 future. And you know that the maiden's nobility of character, purity of purpose, prudence, justice and liberality are the home-making and home- 
 keeping qnalitip< that the matron ha-i transmitted to her posterity, and that the future of Kansas is safe in the keeping of such women. 
 
 FIRST TERRITORIAL CAPITOL. 
 
 (At Pawnee, JteS.) 
 
 3M u-'r'isaiJiflBi-a 
 '°¥E|tl„- '-t -t 'A r- ^' -fiTTB 
 
 ^^rsf^A,^ -^ - -3^ 
 
 SECOND TERRITORIAL CAPITOL. 
 
 (.\t Shawnee. .Johnson County, 185.5.) 
 
 THIRD TERRITORIAL CAPITOL. 
 
 (At Lecompton, 1857.) 
 
 RUINS or THE TERRITORIAL CAPITOL AT LECOMPTON. 
 (68) 
 
WHY PEOPLE SHOULD COHE TO KANSAS. 
 
 BT REV. CARL A. SWENSON, PH. D.. PRESIDENT BETHANY COLLEGE. LINDSBORG. 
 
 To A Penusylvanian, reared in Illinois — for these two States are certainly among the best and 
 strongest in the Union — this question comes with unusual importance. When a man moves, he desires 
 to improve hi.s condition. When people go West, they hope to realize this ambition : and I might add, 
 thousands have already done so. 
 
 I wish to tell you, dear reader, .some of the rea.sons why people should come to Kansas. 
 First of all. our health conditions are most excellent. .Sickness is not by far as prevalent as in the 
 East. The air is pure and bracing. Hundreds suffering from lung and throat diseases, from rheuma- 
 tism and indigestion, from general debility, have recovered their lost vigor with us, and they will join 
 in the great chorus, "There is no place like Kansas." People live to be very old in such a climate. I 
 look a walk in our little city last night. In the vicinity of our Lutheran church 1 remembered one hale 
 (lid couple, the man 89 years old and his wife 87. Near them live two widowers, one strong and active, 
 ffoing on his 89th year, the other 81. On the next porch I saw a grandpa in the circle of his family, he 
 being 80. Right across the .street lives a lady almost 85, and in the next house another lady of the 
 same age. People are young at 7.5. Our climate does it. Children are as a rule taller and stronger 
 than their parents. I happen to think of a family of boys raised by the foot of the Smoky Hill bluffs. 
 There are five of them — fine samples of Kansas manhood — ranging from six feet to six feel four inches. The father was five feet ten inches. 
 ■One of the neighbors has two boys of six feet three inches each, the father being five feet eleven inches. No degeneracy of the race here. The 
 <;limate does it. And then — 
 
 We have no saloons in Kansas. Whisky kills : its absence strengthens. Say what you may about it, but it remains an incontrovertible fact, 
 that the saloon is a most dangerous educator. Can you name a greater foe to the young man, or to the boy? In Kansas this influence is not found 
 in our agricultural districts, in our villages and smaller cities. Even in our largest cities, temptations of this kind are small as compared with con- 
 ditions existing in our Eastern civilization. People from saloon States have understood this and sent their boys to Kansas, to grow up without the 
 influence of the saloon. 
 
 Our laws do not mean that a per.son may not use liquor, should he desire to do so; but the provisions of the temperance code state that no one 
 shall make it his business to tempt others. Personal liberty must end where public danger begins. 
 
 People should come to Kansas because of the general intelligence of its people. Even a Kansan is surprised at the number of books, magazines 
 and newspapers sold in Kansas. Several years ago, already 19,000 copies of the Youth's Companion came to our State. Our magazine subscrip- 
 tions are marvelous. And our own Kansas papers are easily up to the average. The fact is this: Kansas was peopled by the best people 
 
 (69) 
 
•^ 
 
 "'^mc^^". 
 
 from the East and the best immigrants tnim Eiuope. Illiteracy is re- 
 tliicetl to a minimnm. Public schools and oluirches abound everj'- 
 vvhere. Colleges and Universities have lieen established in all sections 
 of the State, and Ihey are well patronized. Many of our people return 
 to Kansas from visits to their former homes East well please<t, nay^ 
 proud of the conditions of culture and refinement obtaining in Kansas. 
 
 The Arts receive their due share of our attention. Let me instance. 
 Great musical conventions and contests are held at Hutchinson, To- 
 peka. Lindsborg, and other places. At Bethany College, Lindsborg, 
 " The Messiah" is rendered on (iood Friday every year, the first rendi- 
 tion having occurred as early as 1882. Some of the military bands of 
 this State have been kuown all over tlie coinitry, as Hapgood's Dispatch 
 Band, of Clay Center : Marshall's, of Topeka ; Bethany's, of Lindsborg. 
 Large Conservatories are already founded, that at Lindsborg having a 
 faculty of nine or ten ; fifteen pianos; two large pipe organs, one of 
 two manuals, the other of three; one hall seating 1,000 people, another 
 seating 4,000; four bands, a large orchestra, and strong department*, 
 manned by European artists, for piano, organ, violin, voice culture, 
 harmony, the cornet, and other instruments. All this is found in a 
 small city iii central Kansas. 
 
 Schools of Painting, Drawing, etc., are also being established, and 
 they are well patronized. These schools are worthy of more tlian a 
 Many of their productions find a ready sale East. .Some have been sold in Xevv England during this spring. 
 
 In fiict, the opposite conditions prevail in a large majority of 
 
 To a cultured 
 
 Lindsborc.Kan sas. 
 
 passing notice. 
 
 And so Eastern people need not sacrifice their comforts in coming to Kansas, 
 cases. By this I mean to say that we have, as a rule, more comforts in places of equal size in the West than people in the East, 
 and refined family these privileges are simply invaluable. 
 
 The Gulf of Mexico Deep-Sea Harbors place us as far east as Ohio. We are only a day's ride from the Rockies. One night's ride places an Eastern 
 Kansas man in Chicago, St. Louis. Springfield, Omaha, or Des Moines. We are right in the center of it all. When all of our domain is settled, 
 when irrigation has fully reclaimed the desert, when the center of population has found its own permanent average, we will be " right in the midst of it." 
 
 Our summers are not too hot. They are, as a rule, tempered by breezes from the Gulf. The nights are always cool and refreshing. Our win- 
 ters are just cold enough to counteract the natural lethargy of such wiuterless States as California, southern Texas, etc. 
 
 Yes, come to Kansas, fellow-citizens in the East. You will find a hearty welcome. 
 
 Three cheers tor bright, sun-kissed, intelligent, and cultured Kansas! 
 
 (70) 
 
IRRIGATION. 
 
 BY HON. E. n. MOSES. CHAIKSfAN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. 
 
 It i.s impossible for uie in this short article to give an extendetl history of irrigation, nor is it in place 
 for me to do so at this time, as the reader of this book will be directed to the issnes, facts and figures per- 
 taining to Kansas in sper:ial, and in each article he reads will undoubtedly aslv himself. "How much is there 
 in it for me ? Has it merit, and does it pay ?" So if you will give me your attention for a short time I will 
 show you that there is something in it, that it has merit, and that it always pays. It has been used since 
 the existence of man, and with it. in the earliest ages, man laid the foundation of civilization, started the 
 arts and sciences, and all along the changing scenes that time has produced in the elevation of man and the 
 establishing of homes and nations, we find those countries which practiced irrigation playing a most suc- 
 cessful part. The Anglo-Saxon race, with its warlike nature and conquering spirit, sought those' lands 
 most fertile and extensive in area. The Latin nations have always followed in the footsteps of their an- 
 cestors, and practiced irrigation. They live in the warmer and dryer climate, where they are compelled 
 to use artificially the water at their command for the production of crops. In the United States the public 
 lands are mostly taken up, except those in the western half, where irrigation must be practiced more or less. 
 Ton will bti surprised wlien 1 say that one-half of the Uniteil Stales, exclusive of Alaska, lies in tiiis Ijell. and In this area only one-tenth of the popu- 
 lation of our country live. Yet it is estimated that with irrigation, eiglity millions of people can make here good comfortable homes where famine 
 need never'eome or want ask for aid. 
 
 To-day we can boast of a new West and a closer civilization made by irrigation; of towns, and cities and country far surpassing the East in 
 beauty, grandeur and wealth. Those who have visited these districts, in Utah, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, know well 
 what I speak of, and of the success and final outcome to western America when irrigation is generally known and practiced. With irrigation, the 
 dreams of the idealist, the desires of the philanthropist, the plans of the political economist and the work of the statesman can be accomplished in 
 making homes for the millions now seeking them, and for the millions to come. Would you practice charity and "do unto otliers as you would be 
 done by"'.' Here is the opiiortunity, and it will cost you nothing but a little time. But, yon ask, how? Give your aid and assistance in opening 
 this vast territory to the four millions of people that are without homes. Gather them from the over-crowded cities, out of the mines and workshops,, 
 the counting-houses, from the forge, and from the crowded districts of the country, to a place where the hearty farmer, young ami old, can start 
 out in life with a home he can call his own, and where all classes of unemployed seeking homes can find them at small cost. Here they will be- 
 come producers instead of consumers, and will send back East the products of the farm for the products of the loom, and to a great extent settle one 
 of the most vexed questions of the day, viz., "What shall we do with the iniemployed '.' " In this way they can be made free, independent, law- 
 abiding, wealth-producing American citizens. v 
 
 (71) 
 
No nian-or set of men can fiud better investments with quiclver returns and do his fellow-man more good 
 than by opening these large tracts of land for settlement in ten to forty acres per individual, and selling them 
 for cash or on the installment plan. 
 
 I said that irrigation meant closer civilization; I might say a new civilization, for it places side by side 
 the tillers of the soil so closely that the country is changed into a town, and for miles and miles the farm- 
 houses are closely connected, so that the dreariness and loneliness of farm life is done away with, and the 
 farmer's wife and family find that pleasure and happiness that otherwise was but seclusion and exile. I can- 
 not tarry longer on irrigation in general. 
 
 I was to write about Kansas and irrigation ; not of all of Kansas, but of central and western Kansas. 
 Eastern Kansas is just as good for raising crops in the natural way as Illinois, Iowa, or Ohio ; and yet the 
 time is ccmiing. and is now at hand, when all of these States, and I may say all of humid America, will irri- 
 gate their land just as much as they can. For the worth of the land depends on what it will produce, and 
 there is a time in every season when water applied to crops will save or increase them. In other words, irri- 
 gation produces from .iO to 2U0 per cent, more crops than in the natural way. Western and central Kansas 
 have a territory larger than several Kew England States, and are capable of supporting well, by irrigation, 
 over a million of people — and some say two millions. Nature has blessed this section by giving it rain 
 enough some years to raise a crop, every year half enough or more. Now if this supply Is increased by irri- 
 gation, there will never be a failure in crops. To-day, in many parts of western Kansas, irrigation has a 
 great foothold. I could name town after town, with the country surrounding them, that are in a high state 
 ■of cultivation, with their irrigated land worth S50 to $100 per acre, while the first cost of the land was from 81.3.% to S.i per acre. 
 
 I am well aware that there will be certain pertinent fiuestions in the mind of the reader that must be answered, and I think they are as follows : 
 How many acres have you in Kansas that can be irrigated? Millions. There is one valley which is over two hundred miles long and four to 
 twenty-eight miles wide — enough land to form a State. There are several other valleys of lesser dimensions, while there are thousands of acres 
 on the uplands that can be irrigated. 
 
 How much is land worth that can be irrigated '* From SI. 2.5 to $10 per acre. 
 
 Where will you get the water? As I said before, nature supplies one-half and more in rainfall, and some years nearly all that is needed. 
 This can be augmented by the water from the streams, the flood-waters, and the underflow. In the valleys the water is sufficient from the under- 
 flow, which can be found from three to twelve feet from the surface, not counting the water from the streams. Even if the streams are dry at 
 certain times, the flood-waters in the wet seasons, conserved in reservoirs, would be sufficient to irrigate most of the valleys. In other sections of 
 the country artesian wells are used, but this system is limited. In the uplands, water is found from 12 to 200 feel deep. Strange to say, on the 
 same 160 acres, field-water may be found one place 100 feet deep,while in another place (in a draw or ravine) 13 to 40 feet deep. The storm- 
 waters can be conserved, and perhaps will be the most used in time on the uplands. 
 
 ■COL. .JOHN E. FROI^T, LAND COMMISSIONER 
 A. T. A 9. F. R. R.. AND PRESIDENT NA- 
 TIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. 
 
 (72) 
 
How much does it cost for water per acre ? We answer, from four to twenty dollars, according to the number of acres and the depth of the 
 •water. I am speaking now of using the underflow, which is unlimited. 
 
 How do you irrigate with the underflow waters ? With a windmill, the water is pumped into reservoirs, to be used at pleasure. The windmill 
 •can be let rnn all the time. These mills and pumps, set up and ready for use. will cost from S75 to S300. A S1.50 to S32.5 plant will irrigate ten or 
 more acres. The reservoir will cost the work of two men. one team and a scraper for two days, and it can be built in sand and made to hold water. 
 There is what they call a "Jumbo" mill that can be made for S.i, and many are 
 using them with good results. If 40, 60, or IBO acres are to be irrigated, a cen- 
 trifugal or rotary pump is used, with a steam or gas engine. It will cost from 
 $G00 to $800. Let me say here, that most of the uplands will be used for raisiug 
 ■cattle, hogs, and sheep, and on these lands can be raised, by subsoiling, and if need 
 be by irrigation, plenty of stover, such as cane, Kafir-corn, and their kind. At 
 'the same time, every stock-man and farmer on these uplands can irrigate from one to 
 five acres, that will supply his food, and, if he has time, raise all the fruit he needs. 
 Again, no home or place is pleasant or attractive without trees, plants, and flowers. 
 13y irrigation, one can have all of these, and the time is coming when this western 
 country will be re-forested. Every farmer should raise trees, for the reasons that they 
 'beautify the place, conserve the water, protect the fruits, make liome more pleasant, 
 attract the home people to it and make them love it more, and finally, increase the 
 value of the farm and supply the farmer with fuel. In a short time central and west- 
 ■ern Kansas will be the great supply depot for the East for fruit, vegetables, cattle, 
 hogs, and wheat. In certain localities they ship to the markets of the East and 
 West, apples, pears, cherries, plums, strawberries, grapes, honey, cabbage, tomatoes 
 and potatoes raised by irrigation. 
 
 Twenty or forty acres may seem a small farm, yet I have seen ten acres so intensely 
 ■cultivated in frnit that it was worth 8800 per acre, and the fruit sold ofl:' this ten acres was an investment of over ten per cent, per annum on this 
 amount. The first cost of the land was forty dollars per acre. 
 
 I would always say to those starting a new home, commence small and work up, rather than commence in a large way and become discouraged. 
 
 To-day you can see over twenty-five hundred irrigation plants in western Kansas, built in the last three years. Remember that irrigation is 
 (practiced in a land of sunshine; of fresh, pure air: in a balmy, health-invigorating climate, free from muddy loads, cloudy skies, daiup atmosphere, 
 igreen and sickly swamps, and pools of filth and death. It is the land of health, and can be made the land of wealth. 
 
 .J. R. EASUiElt's IKRKiATION PLANT. NEAR GARFIELD. 
 PAWNEE COUNTY. 
 
 (-!) 
 
IRRIGATED FARMING IN FINNEY COUNTY. 
 (T4) 
 
RESULTS OF IRRIGATION. 
 
 BY Hr>X. I), M. FROST. PRESIDENT AND STATE ENGINEER. STATE BOARD OF IRRIGATION. 
 
 Ai.r, who are familiar with the growth and progress of the irrigation movement iu Kansas must ascribe 
 great credit to the Kansas State Irrigation Association. Its idea was born of the troubles and distresses 
 wliicli assailed the "dry"' farmer in 1he .semi-arid portions of the State. We look back over the road it has 
 traveled with mingled feelings, in which amusement plays no small part. Those of us who have done 
 pioneer and missionary work in this field remember the consternation which seized the real-estate agent 
 when an irrigation meeting was about to be held in the State. One would have supposed that he belonged 
 to the army of the "great unwashed" and was threatened with a deluge. The local politician shook his 
 wise and crafty head, and wondered what effect this strange agitation might produce upon his already 
 deeply-laid scheme for personal advancement, and it is not much to his credit that his first conclusion 
 was to oppose it. 
 
 Some of us recollect meetings held in the larger towns, which will yet be saved by water or eternally 
 lost, aud remember that, through the iuHuence of the panic-stricken real-estate man and the alarmed politi- 
 cian, onr audiences were narrowed down to a few earnest farmers who, through careful .study of their 
 Bibles and observation of the weather, had settled the proposition which still puzzled the real-estate man aud the politician, viz.: That streams of 
 limpid water were far more productive of vegetation tlian "procrastinated precipitation." 
 
 To-day all this is changed. The real-estate man, through the irrigation agitation, is opening his eyes to the truth, and the politician, ever 
 
 an.vious to be astride the winning horse, has come to the solemn conclusion that water will materially assist the solution of the agricultural problem. 
 
 In those early days the mention of irrigation provoked a smile. Now it suggests only one serious question — "Where shall we get the water?" 
 
 This western country is full of people who ask no other question, and if satisfactorily answered are ready to devote their energies and expend their 
 
 money in its application to the soil. 
 
 The old method of dry farming has had, upon these western plains, a trial of twenty years, and while isolated instances of success may be 
 founil, the general result is against the hope or expectation that these plains will be able to support a large populatiou and grow in material wealth 
 and attain a higher civilization by following the old method. This opinion is shared by a large majority of the thoughtful, intelligent settlers in 
 this country. It has come to be a fixed conviction in the outside world, which looks in upon us and observes us. We meet one of two alternatives, 
 and are in the crisis of a choice between them. One is. to turn back these broad plains to the undisputed sway of the cattle-men, to lead upon them 
 a wild, nomadic life, shorn of the advantages of society, schools, churches, and all higlier enjoyments. The other is, to adopt a new method, a dif- 
 ferent system of agriculture, and renew the struggle to overcome the adverse conditions of nature, with every assurance of ultimate success. 
 
 It was this conviction that banded together the representatives of the western counties in the last Legislature, in 189.5, to work without ceasing, 
 
 (75 
 
to.harmonize conflicting ideas, to abandon individual convictions and beliefs, and to take what was possible in their struggle for an irrigation law, 
 appropriation, and machinerj* for its expenditure, to the end that some tests should be made, some data collected, which should guide our people in 
 revising their plans and expending their money and energy in this new attempt. The Kansas State Board of Irrigation is the result. It is the ad- 
 vance guard thrown into the enemy's territory to feel his strength and ascertain his position, and we realize fully that upon the report which we are 
 able to make to the people, our employers, much of the immediate future of the irrigation movement will depend. 
 
 The field of operation is as large as it is prolific. Embracing as it does all that portion of the State of Kansas lying west of the 9Sth meridian, 
 and giving us within this bounded area a little over 32,000,000 acres of land, out of the 53,000,000 acres embraced within the State's boundaries. 
 Of all this vast area, 75 per cent., or 24,000,000 acres, of these lands can be plowed and cultivated, and may be rated as farming or agricultural 
 lands, regardless as to what they may or may not produce. With a proper and intelligent system for the conservation of our water-supply, skillfully 
 and economically applied, we will be enabled to redeem to successful agriculture and add to the State 6,000,000 acres of land that, in productive- 
 ness or value, will equal if not exceed in value any other land within the State, and from which a bountiful croj) may be garnered each and every 
 year. A conservative estimate of our water-supply from seven of the principal rivers flowing through the State, which empty their waters into the 
 Missouri and Mississippi rivers, very clearly indicates that we are losing annually enough water to irrigate 2,573,331) acres of land a foot in depth. 
 
 The sub-surface flow, or the underflow, so called, along the line of these water-courses, especially the Republican and Arkansas rivers, if com- 
 bined, would irrigate twice as much land from the sub-surface, or underflow, as can be irrigated from the surface flow. The water-supply from the 
 Arkansas river alone, is capable of irrigating 3,637,740 and the Republican river 3,392,300 acres, or a combined water-supply from these two streams 
 sufficient to irrigate 5,039,940 acres, which, when added to the lands that may be irrigated from the surface flow of the other streams, such as the 
 Solomon, Saline, Smoky Hill, Cimarron and Medicine Lodge rivers — not taking into account the underflow water of the.se streams — gives us water 
 enough to irrigate, or put one acre foot of water on 6,190,316 acres of land in the territory west of the 98th meridian, or successfully irrigate 30 per 
 cent, of all the lands within this area. 
 
 To show what this sub-surface or underflow really is, a single instance will suffice. The Hutchinson Packing Company, of Hutchinson, Kan- 
 sas, is daily pumping 5,000,000 gallons from this so-called underflow reservoir, at a depth of not to exceed 40 feet, and from beneath a tract of land 
 150 X 150 feet, with no indication whatsoever of any diminution in the water-supply, which alone wouldcover 6,000 acres of land with water one foot in 
 depth each year. More than enough water to insure a most bountiful crop in that portion of the State, where the average annual rainfall is 26 
 inches. An ocean of water beneath them, as with us, an inexhaustible fountain to draw from. Who would say that we could n't operate a thou- 
 sand such plants in the Arkansas valley alone, and supply water for a thousand times as much land as that one plant is capable of supplying, and 
 irrigate as much land in the Arkansas valley as I have credited to the territory referred toP It is my candid belief that we can, and I am confident 
 that the future development of the water-supply of the Republican and Arkansas rivers will fully sustain me in this judgment. The results thus 
 far achieved make us hopeful for the greater success in the future. 
 
 Irrigation farming, or farming by artificial application of water to Kansas soil, is a new idea to Kansas farmers, and not readily embraced, 
 simply from the fact that to many it means the cultivation of small areas, truck or vegetable culture, instead of enlarged fields of wheat, oats, 
 barley, corn, and alfalfa. But this method of farming is no longer an experiment with the people of the western portion of the .State, where a quar- 
 
 (76) 
 
er of a million acres of land may already be found under irrigation, supplied with water taken from the various streams and conveyed to the lands 
 .hrough large ditches or canals. This State possesses 1,200 miles of irrigating canals and laterals, especially constructed for this purpose. Not 
 ilone the ditch system, but we have another system, called the individual pumping plant and irrigation system, that has added upwards of 35,000 
 icres of land to the aggregate amount of lands irrigated. We have to-day 
 within our State's border 1,800 individual pumping plants, that pump or draw 
 he water from beneath the very soil on which it is used, irrigating all the 
 »ay from one acre to 7,t acres, successfully cultivated, and that, too, princi- 
 )ally by wind power. Many steam and gasoline plants in the State cover a 
 nuch larger area than could be done by wind power. 
 
 The fine groves, orchards, vineyards, and beautiful homes surrounded by 
 ivery luxury possessed. by the people In the Eastern Slates, very clearly dem- 
 mstrate the fact that the people can occupy these lands and handsomely 
 naintain themselves, if they will embrace the new ideas on soil culture. 
 
 The future has much in store for us. There will not only be ah increase 
 if individual pumping plants, but also increased and enlarged systems of 
 :anal service, supplied with water from this so-called underflow, constructed 
 or the express purpose of irrigating larger areas of lands, which will extend 
 o the higher grounds, or uplands, while all this will call into requisition large 
 iggregated capital, all of which will be bountifully supplied and forthcoming, 
 ust as soon as it is shown by some practical test, made either by the State or 
 he General Government, or both, that water can be secured for irrigation 
 mrposes, with profit to both the ditch-owner who sells it, and also the farmer 
 ivho is to buy and use it; and not until this is shown can or will it be done. 
 
 There was a Time in Kansas= 
 
 when irrigation was thought unnecessary; 
 
 To-day it is considered the only successful 
 ._3thod of growing farm and orchard crops. The only 
 Magazine devoted exclusively to tliis subject i.s The 
 Iekigation Age and from a reader's standpoint it is 
 nearly perfect. Everything which appears in this pub- 
 lication is written exclusively for it ami relates strictly 
 to its specialty— irrigation ami w stern development. 
 There is no spMe to spare for iniseullaneous matter. 
 
 The start' of contributors is hirf,"' ;ui<l the leaders are 
 men of national reputation. Tin' illustrations are care- 
 fully and judiciously selected ami areimraved especially 
 f( ir The Age. The expense is a niiuur item in consider- 
 ing literary features. Its advertising pages are free from 
 (jb.iectionahle medical and defrauding advertisements. 
 It is clean and concise. 
 
 A Practical Magazine for Practical People. 
 
 are a Banker, an Investor, a Homeseeker. a 
 
 Farmer, a Manufacturer, on Engineer, a Contractor, 
 
 Ife.al Estate Di;'ali'r or a Lawyer, you need and should have this 
 
 m.agazine; the most handsome and practical of western publications. 
 
 An acknowledged leader. It contains information of great value to you. 
 
 Only $1.00 a year. One sample copy free to any address. 
 
 THE IRRIGATION AGE, 
 
 Published by G. E. Gieling, 114 Dearborn Street, Chicago. 
 
 (TV) 
 
REPRESENTING FOUR INDIVIDUAL FRUIT 
 
 DISPLAYS AT GARDEN CITY FAIR, AND THREE IRRIGATION PLANTS, 
 FINNEY COUNTY, KANSAS. 
 
 (78) 
 
HORTICULTURE IN KANSAS. 
 
 »V HON. HKNRY BOOTH. 
 
 In the early settlement of Kausas, foity years ago, it was thought by many of the settlers that apples aud 
 many other kimls of fruits coukl not be successfully raised here unless it might be along the creek and river 
 bottoms and other sheltered places, because of excessive heat, drouths and high winds. Some said, "Even 
 if you do succeed in raising good trees, the fruit can never hang on and mature, on account of the severe winds 
 that sweep over these prairies." Consequently, not nearly as many fruit trees were planted as ought to have 
 been by the lirst settlers, and there are not as many old orchards in the State as there should be. But how 
 much they were mistaken in their woeful predictions, let the great successes Kansas has had in carrying 
 away the first prizes for apples, etc., at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, at Boston and New Or- 
 leans fairs, testify. The fact is, Kausas has developed into one of the greatest fruit States in the Union ; and 
 this industry is .still in its infancy here. Orchards are being planted yearly by the thousands of acres, and the 
 horticultural statistics of 189.5 show that we have twenty and one-half million (30,489,031) trees of the apple, 
 plum, pear, peach and cherry growing within the State. Many of these are in commercial orchards varying 
 in size from 40 to 1,,')00 acres. This latter tract is owned by Mr. Fred. Wellhouse, of Leavenworth county. 
 
 In his orchards are 610 acres of Ben Davis apple trees alone, 30.5 acres of Missouri Pippins, 23i) 
 
 acres of Jonathans, and other varieties in smaller numbers. He plants few varieties, and those 
 
 only that are good producers and most salable on account of size, color, and keeping qualities; 
 
 and he makes it pay. 
 
 Among the most profitable varieties in this State, as demonstrated by such men as Mr. Well- 
 house, Major Holsiuger. and others, are Ben Davis, Mi.s.souri Pippin, Jonathan, Gauo, and York 
 
 Imperial — all winter or late fall apples. There is not much money in raising summer apples, 
 
 unless you are near a large market, as they will not bear shipping well and will not keep: but 
 
 every family orchard should have ajudicious selection of summer and fall as well as winter ap- 
 ples. The best summer varieties that have been tested here are Red Astrachan, Early Harvest. 
 
 Red June, Sweet June, aud Yellow Transparent; for fall. Maiden's Blush, Wealthy, and Duchess 
 
 of Oldenburg. With these varieties aud the winter varieties named before, apples can be had 
 
 nearly the year around. But winter apples are the kind to make money from. They are always 
 
 >alable at a fair price, and their keeping qualities make it possible to hold for advance in price 
 
 should they be too low at picking-time, especially if one is near a good cold-storage plant. 
 
 (-9) 
 
 FRUIT eULTLUE IN PAWNEE tul'NTV. 
 
m^.^ 
 
 ^W^' 
 
 CITY BUILDING AND U. S. LAND OFFICE AT DODGE CITY. 
 
 In the fifteen years that Mr. Wellhouse's orchard has been in bearing he has had) 
 two failures — 1892 and 1893. The crops of the thirteen years have averaged him $2.3£- 
 per barrel. In 1890 he raised 79, 170 bushels, which sold for 83 per barrel, or one dol- 
 lar per bushel, and there are thousands of acres of good land in Kansas upon whichi 
 just such crops can be raised, that can be bought at very, low figures — offering the 
 finest inducement to a man with a little means to engage in one of the most profitable- 
 industries open lo-day to the energetic, industrious, patient young man. 
 
 The climate and soil of this Slate are so varied that in some part of it all the fruits- 
 known to the temperate zone can be raised. In the southern portion the peach, apricot, 
 persimmon and plum grow to perfection, as well as tlie apple ; and the grape luxuriate* 
 in the warm sunlight and genial soil of nearly every portion of the .State. Of course, 
 all varieties of these fruits do not do equally well in all portions of the State, but by 
 careful study and incjuiry such kinds as are known to do well can be easily determined 
 for each locality. Complete success will depend largely upon the quality of trees- 
 planted, varieties, and subsequent care and cultivation. No crop raised by the farmer 
 will give better returns for good cultivation and care than apples, pears, plums, 
 peaches, etc.; but especially will the apple pay. The appetite for it is as natural as- 
 that for milk and meat; and the demand, compared with that of twenty years ago, is- 
 ten times as great, and still growing. There is really no danger of glutting tlie market 
 with good winter apples so that the price will fall below a remunerative oue ; and onf^ 
 year with another, more money can be made from an acre of apple trees than from any 
 other crop a farmer can raise. 
 
 In the e.xtreme western portion of the State, where irrigation is followed, eminent 
 success has been had in the raising of fruits. Mr. C. H. Lougstreth, of Lakiu, Kearny 
 county, has 70 acres in orchard, and he has had very satisfactory success. He is 4^ 
 miles east of Colorado. He irrigates his land, and the trees are in as fine condition as- 
 a man could wish to see, and the fruit as fair, smooth and delicious as can be imagined. 
 
 DODOE CiTT is the county seat ot Ford county, has a population of two thousand, and ie located at the intersection of the A. T. & S. F. and C. R. I. & P- Railways. It 
 is a division point on the A. T. & S. F. Rly. Round-houses and machine-shops are maintained, and employment given to a large number of men. Dodge City has for many- 
 years been the center of the great cattle interests of western Kansas. Before the railruatls were built into southwestern Kansas and the Panhandle of Texas, it was the- 
 greatest shipping point for cattle in the world. During the spring of 1896 forty thousand youug stock cattle were shipped into Dodge City for distribution to the various 
 cattle ranches of western Kansas. The U. S. Land Office for the western district of Kansas is located here. 
 
 (80) 
 
THE KANSAS TRAVELING MAN. 
 
 BT HON. JOSEPH G. WATERS. 
 
 The Kansas tvaveliiig man does not include the lightning-rod peddler — Gnri fnri.iri t „„v fi „ , 
 plates and rubber stamps, nor the woman who makes a house-to hoi ton with rov-Ptfr , ''T""""^"'- ""■' *' """ ^^° ""^^^ «'«'"="- 
 
 Of known legitimate business, with customers who await hrcomnTeprsentiv;;^^^^^^ Z7 "'"' """"" "^'^ '=°'""«'-'='^' '™-'-' 
 
 "''^ T'hrK:;:a^'-t ""V ' '-' ^^"'- '-" "■"' ^"^ "^^ <'.-"■« p-^- :,::„: b::r :furj::^irr " ""^^^' '^ '" ■"^" "^ "^- 
 
 The Kansas travein,g man ,s a born geographer; it is heredity for him to be a professional topographical engineer. If ever the Government 
 
 UNITED COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS AND LADIES OF KANSAS. 
 
 81) 
 
, T. , , .f TrinMH.itaUou Ue will in all future wars be the chief of staff to the geu- 
 ,he railroads, he will be the iirst Secretary of the ^'^'^''"^J^''^'^^ ,,,, ,,, ^ ,„iae a man who knew the roaJs like our Kansas 
 The children of Israel would never have been lost >n "-^ ;'«-:• .l^^^'^'^ J"' 'aeleemoiynary railroads, each of which has dog-fennel on 
 
 owns the railroad 
 
 eral. The children of Israel wouia never uav. u... ', " r' ' ;^„^, calamiry-stricken and eleemosynary railroads, each of wmcn nas uog-L«u..., ... 
 conrmercial traveler. Give him half a dozen f^'^^'^f^^'^X^- w^e e each of Urese particular railroads so run their trains that an ord,- 
 its tracks sufficient to blister a man's eyes as he stands on he ea P ^"° ™; ^^^ ^^^ ^„„ ,^,,, ,, h,, fertility of invention, he w.U bend 
 
 nary man can never leave the road when he once gets on '^^'-l- "' ll^ZlusU^neys, such as a trans-continental tourist might readdy envy 
 thefr antagonistic schedules at last into the perfect symmetry of '°"^,.«"°"""° ';„;';" e^Y^; ^ed. Expected troops would be there at the apponned 
 With him as commissary, the army would never lose .ts base of -PP;^;°;^J,^"P''^'„'t4 man's brain is the indelible stain of railroad junctions, and 
 tVme and delays of Bluchev and Porter would not be .n the h.stor.e of the wmld OnV.^m^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ .^ ^^.^ somberest 
 
 r^cL-card Of local freights. Upon his form is the exaggerated am, ^^^'^:^^, ,_, ravines, gullies, hills, hollows and bad 
 nightmaves every railroad crossing. He can call out as he "f;!""^^^/°\7 ',,,,.„, ^f^ca would long ago have been opened to oiv.l.zat.on had 
 places in the road, with as much ease as the b..keman :^^^^;^J^:X,, saving a few lace and bobinet sample-men hailing from New 
 we utilized this man. He is as familiar with the hotei. =^s the seveial pro e .. y„,i,„,j,. .. jonesy," or -three-car-loads Russy." Ihe 
 
 York, the universal porter insists on famiUar.zn^g h,s l'^^"^"'^.'* "f^ ^^j^^^; .^pear to be second-hand. No man ever lived who unblush- 
 ordinary traveler wonders where all the good stories come from , at h st ^^^J "^^^^^^ y^^^„ ^he source of every good story is a Kansas 
 
 i ily told a good story and then supplemented it with the ^l^^^^;*' " ^^^ u a he should be on the caboose of the third section of a train belated 
 commercial traveler. It is as necessary for him to spawn ^^ f "^^^^^^^nlay n gh , and it a-drizzling outside, as a laboratory is necessary for . 
 by a car off the track, three hours behind t,me, full o ««" '^^^'^^^J^'^^^^^ J^, , „„ a stockman and watches for a fatal effect. The next 
 Edison. Then everything intermixes and blends to produce the -J- on^r. He me une.a^.re and lame Joe-Miller,sms, and 
 
 day it has a place in the market reports, and is quoted along w.th the .egular Ime otj^^^^^ ^ ^^. ^^^^^.^,^^^ He discusses the situation 
 
 % them on their feet for journeys as endless as that of U.e W- - S ew. ^^^^^^^ ^ ^.^^ ,„,,,3,, ,,at while I have known hint to 
 and argues equally well on either side of the ,,ne-and proba^,ly b^^en a '' ^^,,^^,,^,^,y ,,p„„,, , be sub-treasury scheme of the United 
 
 back the wrong horse occasionally, I have never known h.m to ta k tauff ^'^^"^ ., (,„, goats and unbaled hay. He does 
 
 States making cash advances on warehouse deposits of imperishable farm ^''°'''f)'^l'^'^^;^'^'\l Pha aoh's time he would have found the babe 
 n tet ^^liti; encroach on his business or pocket-book, ^^^ ^'^^^^i:'^ :l^''^:^yl., to his discredit is that he originated high 
 in the bulrushes and would have been the first to discover his ^^'^P.^^,^ 'f 'r^, ~'„ „f erops. He has, however, never originated a better State 
 five, which in the aggregate consumes more time of the proc u ^f^ ^^^^^^ "^J/^^ Rob him of everything he has ; denude 
 
 tha^ Kansas. He is never a pessimist, and he never loses faith in ">« ^^'"^^ PJ^^ ^ ^^ ^„1 „t,er benedictions over its similitude to a back- 
 
 him of everything bnt a cathode photograph of his anatomy and '" "'^ ^f^^^^'^f; ^ed regularity. He is never a candidate for office but 
 bone. He will not stop to cry, hut, seizing his grip, he makes *« ^-- -* t po tician might offend his own right hand, bnt never one o these 
 sometimes he systematically and artistically downs a man who is 'P o^ 0'*'=^ ^tf^ of news of all kinds, bnt scandal is harmless in his hands, 
 implacable gentlemen. It would be improvident snicde ^--^^^ -;^ Se tuU .^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ,,„„g. 
 
 His mission is good : he is a colporteur of good manners and breeding, iheie i. 
 
 (S) 
 
He is under all skies a 
 
 wi.hou. useless .iii, anu .as^^ i;;:;,^::.;';:!^ '^:s::^/c:::= i: "'''^^^"^^"; '- ?^-'--'- ^^ '---'«- ^^^ 
 
 seat of the buckboard between Lyndon and Osage City, yes trom \taa to Waine^ tTp v f T'"'" '' '""' '''"'' " '^'■°°^'^'' "'• "" ''^^ ^Ind 
 outalfeetation. He Hannts no vaunted snperio.-rty. It ife ha alt^^Lt tl 1^" , "V T'"''^ "" ""''''"* '^^"'"■^'- ««'«-*- 
 
 I would not be tn.e to tny own raising did I not aL add. he has no n>ode' t^ h !2 'T!"'': . '''"' '' '"'^ ""'" "^ '^'^^ "" "■•°S'^"'^«- 
 terated samples, he prides himself on it and boasts of it and g e hr^s Lr th euefiTof it" K ' '"T^^ ''' '="^'°""" °' ''■ " ""' '^^^ ^''"'- 
 Half-bushels hide no light in this State. An inverted torch is .ometh inl o,, , . f "'" '" ^''"''' ^''° ''"°^' ^"y*'"g '« "modest, 
 
 giver. The lirst to be at the scene of a wreck wa ho, fl::rore Is on an 'tb" TT""'' '° "" ""' '' ' P'"'-*>^-P-t and aln,s- 
 
 kindly as a n.other. His eye may be attracted by a prett/woml - he 1 a! t^^^^ " '" 'iT ''' ^""^'^'''P^'^"- lender as a woman and 
 
 an echo of the unreturning past-but he recovers his .rip or^Wunarthngsrv J" "i'^^^ of her eyes_a sigh may escape him as if it were 
 
 Pictures of wife and children, about whom he talks and aVof w^Jrie rnsfy^^^^ ' "r , ", "' 'T' ""' "' ''' '^°'^ "" "^'''^ '''' 
 him and suspect him less, after reading this, why, gentlemen it is not mjlfar ' "°' ''" *"*'' "'°''' '°"^^'"'=' '" 
 
 .ead:^! "e •:?";? r'ijrr —gi,:::'^ r r ir?r ■- '° "t"°^^- ^^ ^^ ^ -- «^ -^^ '^-' « -^ 'ev.. 
 
 -emark, there are very, very few mercantile diZ in KanT He he p thf mrhaf t' T ' b '" n ""' ""'' ''''''' ''' ^^"- ^'"^ ' ^^^^^^ 
 lepression. and has a sublime intuition of coming prosperiu-aithouth his iul T ''"'' "'"^'^^ ^^""'^""^ ^^'"'^ '" ^'^asons of 
 
 ■ountry, and its weakness as well ; all its resource" ;iu cap city ^etlonmetit^e"'^ '"'"' "'"''"'" ""^ "^"""^^ ''^'^ ^^'^'^"^^'^ °* '^'^ 
 grasshoppers, hot winds, pestilential politics, and re reuchmen and re o™ —nU "%''P'^''*:"°y ' ''^ ^'^^^'^S al'i"«es under stress of drouths, 
 niscalculates. He furnishes all the weather proeno fcaHo^ ,b. / ? generally. He has the rare gift of prophecy ; he never misses and neve • 
 .ext to Blaine, he is the representati^eTmlLn H s me it tS:^^^^^^ a,!; tL^Stl' 'sT T ''"' '^f ""='" "^ '"^ Patent-medicine almanac:! 
 ibie. The State made him. A State that has the r^JT T T '"' ^"'"''' '"°"^"- ^^ n° o*e'- S^te would he be pos- 
 
 .•aveler. The skies of Kansas ar^rtel" fn'hi Irsl^e^f l^e'e"" "s'tXrar' ^" ^7"" T''' " '''' ''' ''''''''' --"' 
 ests are represented in his corpulent frame; its cyclones in ht spine that s,!en .!b ? ■"<=arnated >u h,s rotund and taking speech. Its har- 
 
 rchard. He is the survival of the fittest. The trns s ha"e "rtd to ow h m a f 7 r'' ^^ "'''''"' "^^ ^' "'« ''"^''' ^'-"'t "^ »- 
 
 n impossible thing to do. He is a hardy and ever-bLulg petrnit? ' """"'"'^ "'"'' '"' '° ""^"^ ^™- ^l-y have found it 
 
 Open up your grips and show the gentlemen your samples ! 
 
 (83) 
 
KAFIR CORN. 
 
 ET CAPT. W. H. HOKNADAT. 
 
 Kafir cokn is comparatively new. The first seed was sent out fiom Washington for experimenting 
 with a view of finding a forage plant which would prove more reliable in some of the semi-arid sections of 
 Nebraska and Kansas. It was brought from the dry. hot regions of South Africa, where it has for a long 
 time been tlie only plant which would mature seed in that arid climate. The first e.xperiments made at 
 Manhattan showed that Kafir corn was the best of all the non-saccharine sorghums, and that it was a 
 very promising plant for all parts of Kansas, especially the western section, where a short drouth just at 
 the critical time frequently prevented Indian corn from maturing properly. 
 
 In planting Kafir corn, the farmer should leave the ground until his Indian corn is all jilauted, if he still 
 continues to grow it. When the season is far enough advanced for the ground to l)e warm and quick, plow 
 and plant quickly, so that the tender plant may get a good start ahead of the weeds. Tlie crop will mature 
 ahead of frost, so that a little waiting will not endanger the crop. Like all sorghums, Kafir corn will mix 
 very easily, and thereby degenerate ; but by careful selection of the largest and most perfect seed lieads, and 
 the prevention of mixing with other and inferior plants, a constant improvement may be made in the grade 
 of crop produced. As with the saccharines, there is no limit to the high degree to which this plant may be improved. 
 
 The ordinary corn planter, arranged as for planting broom corm, is used for planting Kafir corn, and where a thick crop of fodder is desired the 
 planter is run over the ground the second time, splitting the rows. The press drill, with holes stopped to give the rows proper distance. ,s very gen- 
 erally used in some localities. But in all cases the seed should not be covered more than half as deep as corn. Where grain, more than forage, is 
 desired the Kafir com should be planted about as ol'.-.er corn, with about the same cultivation. It is then cut and shocked like corn fodder, and 
 «.hen convenient the seed heads are cut from the fodder and run through an ordinary thresher with part of the teeth removed from the concaye. 
 Where the seed has been drilled or doubled with the corn planter, it may be cultivated once with a single shovel, instead of two. It is harvested 
 with an ordinary self-binder, shocked like grain, and fed out as wanted. If the seed is needed from this crop, it is run through the thresher, with 
 part of the teeth removed from both cylinder and concave. The fodder is stacked like wheat straw, and is very fine. Many farmers sow Kafir corn 
 as they do sorghum, mow and stack it, feeding it as they do sorghum or millet. This crop can be very successfully grown on the thinnest land to be 
 found anywhere in Kansas, and produces an enormous crop of fine forage, which is relished by every animal on the farm, old and young. 
 
 In the western counties of Kansas, where a few days of extra dry weather will make the Indian corn begin to look weary and thirsty, the Kafir 
 <:orn'is not affected by the dry weather, but simply "takes a rest," and when the refreshing showers come it catches its second breath, starts just 
 where it left off, and matures a good crop. Indian corn matures, and immediately the fodder begins to dry out, and the farmer must hasten his 
 <'orn-cutting, or his fodder rapidly depreciates in value, and frequently it will dry so rapidly that parts of fields must be left uncut. 
 
 (84) 
 
Kafir coru is very rapidly springing into favor, in every part of Kansas. In 1893 there were 45,000 acres grown, mostly in western Kansas. 
 The next year the acreage reached 95,000, while in 1895 the report shows 184,198 acres, valued by the township assessors at SI, 686,389. Before the 
 end of the century Kafir corn will be grown in Kansas by the ten million acres, and in western Kansas, supplemented by alfalfa, it will enable 
 every farmer to raise and fatten stock, grow prosperous and be happy. 
 
 HOME OFFICE OF THE J. B. WATKINS LOAN AND MORTGAGE COMPANY, 
 
 LAWRENCE. 
 (8,5) 
 
ALFALFA AND STOCK INDUSTRY. 
 
 BY HOX. MARTIN MOHLEK. PitESIDENT OF THE ALFALFA IRRHJATION ASD LAND COMPAXT. 
 
 vSMt*^' 
 
 Si* 
 
 Since tlie seltlemeut of western Kansas it lias been fully demonstrated, by experience, that the wealth 
 of the uplands is fonnd chiefly in the nutritions grasses growing thereon. The lowlands, river and creek 
 bottoms are especially adapted to alfalfa-growing, and since this crop has been a demonstrated success iu 
 Kansas by twelve years' experience, these lands are becoming valuable. 
 
 Large companies are being formed for the purpose of utilizing such lauds as above described in the 
 production of alfalfa, and in stock-growing, of which The Alfalfa Irrigation aud Land Company is one of 
 the most successful in this purely Western enterprise. 
 
 Alfalfa is the most valuable crop that can be grown. With no expense of cultivation after it is ouce 
 seeded, the net profits per annum are from S;lO to $M) per acre. The average per acre, as .shown by the 
 reports received by the State Board of Agriculture, is about $:i.5. The question is. Will these large profits 
 be maintained? Will not the alfalfa product be greatly cheapened when the production is largely in 
 creased, as it certainly will be ? 
 
 The answer: First, the area adapted to alfalfa is limited by soil and climatic conditions. A dry cli- 
 mate with a rich, deep subsoil, with water iu reach, is the home of the alfalfa plant. Western Kau.sas is better adapted to growing this plant than 
 eastern Kansas, or any portion of the United States east of our State. In general the proposition is true, that wherever soil aud climatic condili(ms 
 are favorable to the production of red clover, alfalfa will not flourish so well, aud red clover will continue to be grown. The fact that the alfalfa 
 plant does not mature seed except iu a dry country is sufficient evidence that the plant is not fully at home in a humid climate. It also explains the 
 reason why the price of alfalfa seed has been so w-ell maintained. There has been, practically, no abatement in the demand for seed grown in western 
 Kansas, notwithstanding its largely increased produet'on. The demand for seed comes from many ]iarts of our own and also from foreign countries. 
 The seed is worth from .?i to S6 per bushel, and the yield per acre is from four to six bushels. 
 
 Second: The chief reason, however, why alfalfa-growing will continue to be highly profitable for all time is, because alfalfa is the cheapest 
 meat-producing product grown. As pasture it has high value, especially for growing and fattening hogs as well as other stock; and as hay it takes 
 the place largely of corn and other grains in fattening cattle and sheep. 
 
 Where it is raised in Kansas, so far from eastern markets, unless special shipping rates are obtained, it is not in itself a merchantable commodity, 
 except as it may be sold to local cattle-feeders. Its value is found in its meat-producing i|ualities, and it can always be sold at a good price. Its produc- 
 tion is cheaper than that of corn, wheat, oats, or sugar beets. Hence while its value may fluctuate with that of fat cattle and hogs, the production 
 of alfalfa will always be more profitable than the raising of other meat-producing products. Alfalfa, after it is ouce seeded, requires no expense 
 except that for harvesting. 
 
 (86) 
 
. . '..^an, ijigA^S 
 
 ALFALFA SEEDING OUTFIT, IN EDWARDS COUNTY, OF THE ALFALFA IRRIGATION AND LAND COMPANY. 
 
 (MT) 
 
The most desirable lauds for alfalfargrowing, as before stated, are the river and creeli bottoms, where permanent water is found at a depth of 
 ttom six to twenty feet, since the penetrating roots of the plant reach the water, and from this source derive moisture sufficient to produce a crop 
 without the aid of irrigation. 
 
 The Alfalfa Irrigation and Land Company has seeded 3,000 acres to alfalfa this spring, aiid proposes to increase its acreage in alfalfa at the 
 rate of 10,000 acres a year, until all its lands suitable for growing alfalfa are seeded. This company will use its alfalfa in feeding cattle and hogs, 
 and utilize the uplands for pasturage, and in this way make productive a large investment which has hitherto brought no returns. 
 
 With sufficient capital, and good judgment in employing it, the western half of Kansas may be made as prolific as the eastern part. Alfalfa- 
 growing, the sorghums, with subsoiling, pump irrigation, cattle- and hog-raising will solve the problem. 
 
 Dairying is an industry which will play an important part in re-peopling the western half of Kansas. Even in dry seasons forage crops art- 
 raised. With the native grasses and such forage as can be raised, the farmer can keep from ten to fifty co^s, and with a creamery in his neighbor- 
 hood be entirely independent with this income, without attempting to raise small grain, which so often proves a failure. Then, if he has the ability to- 
 put up a wind-pump to water four or five acres, he may in addition have fruits and vegetables in abundance each year. The company that I am interested 
 in has purchased the Deer Park herd of registere<l thoroughbred .Jersey cattle, and will breed extensively this class of cattle. to supply the demands from 
 farmers in western Kansas who will take up this industry ; and lias also a herd of over 1 .id thoroughbred Hereford cattle. The characteristics of the- 
 Herefordf are their beef, and their '■ rustling" qualities in feeding. A Hereford is always fat. This herd will be used to grade up the company's beef 
 Battle, and western farmers who may be able to add a small herd of beef cattle can be supplied with thoroughbred or high-grade bulls by the company. 
 Hog-raising may be mentioned as a profitable business in western Kansas, whe^e alfalfa is grown. Fine pork is made where the feed is almost 
 exclusively alfalfa, and hogs may be wintered on alfalfa hay. In the eastern portions of the State, hogs are subject to the scourge of hog cholera. 
 
 Alfalfa-grown hogs have never been 
 known to have the cholera. Diligent 
 incpiiry through sections of the west- 
 ern Kansas where hogs have been 
 grown on Alfalfa fails to reveal a 
 siugle case of loss by that disease. 
 
 It cannot be denied that farming 
 for the most part of the extreme west- 
 ern part of Kansas in the old way, in 
 attempting to raise small grains and 
 corn, has proved a disastrous failure. 
 But there are abundaut examples of 
 success where alfalfa has been growiv 
 and stock-raising engaged in, and 
 where good judgment has been used 
 there are no examples of failure. 
 
 W. C. EDWARDS" ElGHTT-AH:t ALFALFA tlhLU. AJJ.IUI.Nl^L. I.AKNLU. 
 
 Ji-orn Photo and Art .Studio of Chas. Smith. Larned. (gs) 
 
THUHUUUH«RKD HEREt UKU ouvV^ ^..U CALVES OWNED BY THE ALFALFA IRRIGATION AND LAND COMPANY. 
 
LIVE STOCK 
 
 BY HON. .1. W. MOORE. LATE SECItET.\RT STATE LIVE-STOCK t^ASlTAUV COMMISSION. 
 
 From the Atlautic to the Papitic. that portion of the United States liest adapted to the growth and 
 fattening of live stock lies between parallels forty and thirty-seven degrees north latitude. 
 
 The most healtliful part of this belt is between California and the Missouri river, and in this portion, 
 so exceedingly healthy, the State of Kansas combines a growth of feed with a growth of live stock that is 
 simply unsurpassed. Horses, cattle, hogs, and sheep, as well as corn, wheat, oats, rye, clover, timothy, 
 sorghinn, millet, and alfalfa, are grown successfully, abundantly, and profitably. 
 
 This chapter will not give tigures. Its purpose is to tell the man who thinks of coming to Kansas 
 with a desire to handle stock that he can follow that line of work as successfully here as in any place in 
 the United .States. 
 
 With us, the horse develops to i)erfection, whether bred for fleetness of foot, or for great bodily 
 strength. He grows sound in wind and limb, and sells for the top price in his class. It is doubtful if 
 there is a place on the two continents that surpasses Kansas in a combiualiou of those conditions essential 
 to the growth, healthfiilness and fattening of cattle. 
 Kansas is a corn State. Although the western part of the State has not been as successful iu growing corn, the eastern three-fourths grows 
 such abundant crops that Kansas as a corn-growing Stale stands close to the head of the list. Oats and rye do well. Sorghum yields from six to 
 teu tons per acre of most nutritious provender. As a rule, one acre of sorghum hay will winter three steers. Hogs multiply, grow and falteu at 
 the inininuim cost. Kunning in the alfalfa in the summer-time, puts them in a condition that enables them to fatten very rapidly on Kansas corn, 
 which, by the way, grades highest in quality in the great markets of Chicago and Kansas City. Corn, hogs and alfalfa are a combination that will 
 not leave a man poor very long. Sheep do well, whether kept for wool or mutton. 
 
 Kansas winters are short and mild, yet cold enough to destroy any infection that may have entered the State from the lower and warmer locali- 
 ties during the previous summer. Kansas summers are warm enough to produce good crops of corn, but they do not give a permanent home to the 
 ■disease-breeding tick, worm, scab, and fly, so hurtful in the more southern States. Our climate seems just right for the development of live stock 
 to the highest degree. 
 
 Kansas has produced some top herds of high-bred cattle in Shorthorns, Herefords, Polled-Angus, Holsteins, and Jerseys; also top herds of 
 Poland-China and Berkshire hogs. In fact, breeding, especially in horses, cattle, and hogs, has been carried to the highest and best degree, while 
 the feeder of all stock for market has found Kansas a veritable paradise for his work. 
 
 Alfalfa is grown iu the western portion of the State in an abundance that almost surpasses belief, not less than three crops of hay per year being 
 .cnt and stacked in the meadows there. In the autumn, when the prairie grass becomes dry and brown, the cattle are brought iu from the ranges and 
 
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turned to graze on the alfalfa that has grown after the last cutting. They run there until sjiring, gaining flesh every week as they eat hay at the 
 stack or graze on the alfalfa. Wlien the prairie grass starts up again, they are turned out to allow another season's growth, and cutting and stack- 
 ing to proceed for another winter's use. 
 
 Further east in the State, sorghum, millet, clover, timothy, bUie-grass and alfalfa are grown in great quantities. This feed, with corn-fodder, 
 straw and prairie hay, furnishes "rough feed" for cattle, on which they are wintered cheaply and well. Very little shelter is needed. ■ Sheds are 
 liardly fashionable. A grove, a depression, or a high rack kept full of rough feed, is often preferred to the close shedding so necessary in colder 
 climates. With plenty of feed and water, a good wind-break, and room to "knock about" and e.xereise freely, the cattle vi'ill come to grass in good fi.x. 
 
 The air is full of vigor, the food nutritions, the water clear and healthful, and the climate conducive to the comfort, growth and fattening of 
 all stock. 
 
 Kansas lies convenient to the great cattle-growing States and Territories of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, as well as northwest 
 Texas, commonly called the Panhandle. This is an area of plains and mountains, where feed to fatten cannot be grown proportionately to the num- 
 ber of cattle produced. Kansas draws on these States and Territories for her cattle to feed and to graze. These western cattle make a great im- 
 provement when developed in Kansas. A calf or yearling brought from the plains into Kansas will weigh almost twice as much at three years of 
 age as his brother that remains to feed on the grazing furnished at his birthplace. 
 
 Kansas is not the native place of any of the cattle diseases. Sometimes there are outbreaks of Texas fever, but this occurs (miy when the in- 
 fection is brought to us from some place outside of the Stale. With the strict sanitary rules and regulations now in force governing the transporta- 
 tion of cattle into the State from those places adjudged infectious, there is but little danger. 
 
 The stock-yards in Kansas City. Kansas, furnish a market for stock of all kinds. There are several lines of railroad connecting the State with 
 the Chicago market, also. 
 
 Kansas possesses the conditions essential to the easy development, fattening and marketing of live stock of all kinds, but he will make a mis- 
 take who comes to our State expecting to be successful while rearing and feeding his stock in a careless and slipshod way. No business will run 
 Itself profitably anywhere, and the live-stock business here is no exception to this rule: but to him who is willing to do his part. Kansas affords un- 
 surpassed. opportunities for the profitable handling of live stock of all kinds. 
 
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 From. Fhotofjraph lln^i Art st'VliO of r'vl.^. >-rnith, l.<lrn^d. 
 
 CATTLE OWNED BY FRANK FROHER, HORSES OWNED BY EDWARDS BROS., SHEEP OWNED BY SMITH BROS.. 
 
 ALL IN PAWNEE COUNTY. 
 i9-i» 
 
WELL BRED HOGS ARE DIAflONDS IN THE ROUGH. 
 
 BY HON. T. A. HUEEARD, PRR81DENT KANSAS SWINE-BREEDEKS' ASSOCIATION. 
 
 They multiply rapidly and mature early ; return a good profit for the capital and labor invested. They are 
 good money; legal tender anywhere in the United Stales; interchangeable for gold, silver, greenbaeks,or Govern- 
 ment bonds; cash at ahy ageorsize, stockers often selling for more per pound than animals mature and fatted. 
 
 Why do farmers market lii-cent corn when it will bring them 30 cents with less labor if fed to liogs, and leave 
 the manure on the farm? Every farmer should raise them. They are good gleaners, and pick up and utilize 
 many dollars" worth of what would otherwise be wasted. They can be raised and fattened very cheaply on grass, 
 alfalfa, and our inexpensive corn and mill-stutf. Kansas has more advantages for winter-feeding hogs and ci\t- 
 tle than any Slate in the Union, our winters being so mild and dry that hogs thrive on jiasture all winter ; and 
 we have less disease than in all the other corn and grass-growing States, all of which easily decides the whole 
 question of cheap hogs and cattle production iu favor of Kansas. We have a better climate and less mud and 
 cheaper corn and mill-feed — the essential requisites for success. A few sows will raise you a car-load of feeders. 
 Start right and half the battle is won ; buy the best as a foundation ; a very few will soon stock a farm. 
 At least buy a thoroughbred to head the herd, if not two or three good thoroughbred females; they will 
 readily pay f<u' the extra investment. 
 Kansas with her two million weil-bred hogs, valued at about ten million dollars, and the best mar- 
 kets in the world in our own State — Kansas City, Wichita and Hutchinson — should market a large 
 portion of our 1.5-ceut corn in a condensed form, in hogs — saving a princely sum in transportation 
 and very largely increasing our receipts of last year, 189.5, which were 840,091,074 for animals slaugh- 
 tered and sold for slaughter. This includes cattle, hogs and sheep. "It's the hog that pays iherint/" 
 Buy a good symmetrical sire that will fatten at any age and yet make a large growth for the food 
 consumed ; he should have a good head, back, ham, aiid loin ; ribs well sprung, with good heart room 
 and capacity for lung development. Do not be a crank and buy or raise nothing but feH; I would 
 rather have a good hog without any feet than good feet without any hog. 
 
 With such pastures as I have described, give one good feed a day of milk and ship-slop or ground 
 oats, and two feeds of corn. Keep a box of charcoal and salt under cover where the hogs will have free access to it. Use one-third of a can of 
 Lewis's concentrated lye in a barrel of slop once a week. Clean out their pens or sleeping quarters twice a week, and sprinkle thoroughly with 
 diluted carbolic acid ; keep the hogs clean. Keept he stock growing from start to finish, always ready for the market, and the results will be both 
 surprising and pleasing. 
 
 A good com and grass farm properly stocked and managed as above will pay the investor a larger dividend than any other busines.s. Good 
 hogs will make good money; poor hogs will lose money. 
 
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 .lUMBO, 11.^0:;; Bl .VVALANLUE, M.Mi- 
 
 (Owned by Hon. T. A. Habbiird, Rome, Kiis.) 
 
THE KANSAS HORSE. 
 
 BY JUKCJE S. W. VANDIVERT. 
 
 No i.VDUSTiiv in Kansas has greater possibilities than tlie production of the horse. And no State in the 
 Union can ontrival tliis in that direction. It has beep demonstrated beyond even room for cavil, that the 
 horse develops here into his best type. The climate, the soil, the many days of sunshine and freedom from 
 extreme cold and storm, favor rapid growth and full development. 
 
 Draught horses mature here large, stout, and sound, with the best of feet, bone, and sinew. The few 
 who have stocked np well with the highest grade of draught breeds have met with unqualified success, though 
 high prices of choice seed stock in the past have limited the industry to narrow confines relatively, and many 
 have been breeding np, with not indifferent sucf^ess. from comparatively low grades. 
 __-_^ --„-____ The coach and heavier carriage horse 
 
 if:-'. 
 
 *»» 
 
 t 
 
 REGISTERED STALLIONS OWNED BY EDWARDS BROS., LARNED. 
 
 liave of late been commanding some 
 attention, and with large returns to 
 those fortunat*; enough to have the 
 right kind of blood and animals to pro- 
 duce from. It is a marvel what fine specimens of this rapidly becomlug popu- 
 lar type have been evolved from the mixed class of stock in the country. 
 It presages great things for the future when breeders acquire the knowledge 
 and means more universally of pushing this line for what there is in it. 
 
 But for the light harness horse this State is a veritable paradise. The 
 history made in a decade or two of limited attention in this direction, and 
 with meager outlay and resources to start with, is sufficient proof of this 
 inoposition. It was left for "Smuggler," nurtured, matured and developed 
 on Kansas soil, to set a new mark for champions to aim at, and when the 
 world got done wondering and under new conditions prepared the way for 
 something faster, Joe Patcheu and John R. Gentry, the two stallion kings, 
 without peers or rivals, tame forward and raised the standard to its present 
 high notch. And it is not making any rash prediction to venture the asser- 
 tion that as advance is made from time to time Kansas will Ije to the front, 
 and maintain the reputation she has already made. It is almost superfluous 
 
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to note that with the nmltitiides of horses of flrst-elass breeding and reputatiou, 
 doing stud duty iu various parts of the State, and the many good matrons in the 
 hai-ems, foundation work has jjeen done and is being done for a superstructure tar 
 eclipsing anything ever essayed in tlie past. The panic in prices, worliing a great 
 loss and even disaster in many sections, has been, on the vphole, a boon to this 
 State, as it placed within reach of persons of moderate means, breeding-stock of 
 the choicest kind, and rendered available blood that high prices hitherto prohibited 
 and rendered inaccessible to but a rare few. Now and henceforth the community 
 of average wealth and enterprise will be possessed of enough of the bluest blood 
 extant to revolutionize entirely the class of horses produced, while the head centers, 
 where larger wealth, enterprise and intelligence prevail, will be supported and sus- 
 tained with rich and ample resources to draw from, such as never before was possible. 
 
 The Kansas horse of to-day and the future is in no wise what he was in the past, 
 or what he would have been without an extraordinary combination of circumstances 
 to make him. It is worthy of special note, also, that he can be produced at as little, 
 and perhaps at less expense than in any other section of the continent. Many con- 
 ditions conspire to bring this about. The price of land, of feed, forage and grain of 
 all kinds, is one thing. The limited expenditure required in the way of providing 
 housing and shelter, is another thing. The number of days in a year that a horse 
 can be in use, in active training and development for the purpose he is being fitted 
 for, is also a very important item. Long seasons of enforced idleness, close sta- 
 bling and heavy feeding, covered tracks and such accessories, are uuneeded and 
 unthonght-of things in Kansas, however ambitious any one may be to excel. 
 
 Another natural advantage is in the high elevation and lighter atmosphere, 
 which favors large lung development, so that horses going to the lower altitudes 
 from here experience an exhilarating and stimulating effect, making them much 
 superior to those produced in such altitudes. 
 
 With all tliese favoring circumstances, and the rich and rare strains of blood 
 now in use and widely distributed, and the intelligent and progressive class of 
 men representing and pushing the industry, the Kansas horse is destined to fill a 
 still higher niche in the temple of hor.se fame than he has hitherto occupied, and 
 will pass from the national reputation he now holds to world-wide renown. Arabia, 
 the blest, holds no crown Kansas may not aspire to wear. 
 
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 LT. C. LICHTENTHALER. W. C. HILTS. W. C. EDWARDS. F. .J. MATHIAS. 
 
 G. A. 8ELLS. .T. G. EDWARDS. F. D. TAYLOR. H. PORTER. 
 
 "THE COYOTE GLEE CLUB," OF LARNED, KANSAS. 
 Organized by W. C. Edwards, on tbe tlth day of .Januiiry. 1876, has 
 been a potent factor in every political campaign. National and State, 
 during the past twenty years, and starts out on its majority year by at- 
 tending tbe National Convention at St. Louis. Mo. 
 
THE FUEL OF KANSAS. 
 
 BT PROF. E. HAWOBTH. OF THE ITNIVERSITT OF KANSAS. 
 
 COAL. 
 
 Okoorapuic Extent. — Kansas abounds in coal, no less than twenty-four counties having it in sufficient quantities to 
 pay for operating mines. At the present time, mining operations are actually carried on in twenty of the counties. The 
 southeastern part of the State has been most favored by nature in the production of this most valuable mineral product. The 
 two counties, Cherokee aud Crawford, in 1S94 produced nearly 3,000.000 tons, with a valuation of more than three and a half 
 million dollars at the mine. One single mine at Frontenac produced over eight million bushels, with a value at the mine of 
 considerably over .§400,000; while a single mine in Cl-.erokee county did nearly as well, producing over five million bushels 
 in 1S94. Leavenworth and Osage counties are almost a tie for third place, while Linn county has fifth place. The other 
 coal-producing counties, named in alphabetical order, are : Atchison, Bourbon, Brown, Chautauqua, Cloud, Coffey, Elk, Ells- 
 worth, Franklin, Labette, Lincoln, Lyon, Republic, Russell, Shawnee; while it is known that coal exists in sufficient quan- 
 tities to pay for working in Douglas, Montgomery, Neosho and Wilson counties. 
 
 Geologic Pcsition. — Throughout the eastern part of the State the coal appears in the true coal measures, the same 
 geological formation which produces so much good coal in Pennsylvania, Ohio. Illinois, Iowa, and other well-known coal- 
 mining localities. F'ariher west it occurs in the cretaceous formations, the same as the heavy coal-fields of western Texas and 
 other localities producing the brown coals. The coal in Cherokee, Crawford and Leavenworth counties is the lowest down 
 geologically. Then comes in the ascending order the Fort Scott coal, the Linn county coal and the coal about Thayer, followed by that found in 
 Franklin and Atchison counties, then the long belt known as the Osage coal, which stretches through Osage county and to the northeast and south- 
 west to the limits of the Stale ; while the cretaceous coals to the west are much higher up. The geologic age of the Kansas coals, therefore, is all 
 that could be desired, corresponding with all the best coals of America and the world. 
 
 Character or the Coal. — In character all of the coals in the State are bituminous,'and many of them are the best grades of soft coal known 
 in the great Mississippi valley. About the average composition of the Cherokee and Crawford county coals is as follows : Water, 1.94 per cent.; 
 volatile matter, 36.77 per cent.; fixed carbon, 53.4,5 per cent.; ash, 8.84 per cent.; while a number of analyses have been made which give even a 
 better showing than this. The coking quality of this coal is good, the coal sometimes yielding as high as 63 per cent, coke, while the best Pennsyl- 
 vania coal yields but a fraction over 66 per cent. For metallurgical purposes it is first-class, as repeated analyses have shown that it contains only 
 a minimum of sulphur and almost no phosphorus whatever. 
 
 Probable Future of Coal-Minino in K.\nsas. — With the rapid increase of coal-mining during the last few years, it seems that we have 
 «very reason to look forward to a continued increase iu the future. The many industries depending upon coal are all rapidly increasing. The zinc- 
 
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smelting iudiistry aud railroading are perhaps the two greatest consumers of Kansas coal. Each of these is rapidly on the increase. Within the 
 last year the M. K. & T. Ely. has opened mines in Cherokee county from which coal is taken to supply a large portion of the whole system, while 
 other roads are constantly increasing the distance to which they take the Kansas coal for firing. The zinc-suieltiug industry is rapidly increasing, 
 and probably will continue doing so for many years to come. The general trade also is widening, so that the Kansas coal is every year being taken 
 a little further away from the mines to supply the general markets. In every way, then, the demand for coal seems to be likely to inciease. 
 
 An important question, therefore, is, can the increased demand be supplied? It may well be said that it can. It is known beyond uncer- 
 tainty, that in each of the heavy producing counties much most valuable 
 coal laud is still entirely undeveloped, land that has as good coal under it 
 as any which has yet been mined, and coal in as thick beds and in as con- 
 venient locations. Such lands can now be bought for little more than their 
 selling price as farm lands. It is difficult to find a better place to invest 
 money than in such lands. Should the purchaser wish to mine the coal, the 
 history of almost every mining company in the State shows what can be 
 done in that line. But should he not care to work the mines, all that will 
 be necessary to obtain a good profit on the investment is to rent the land fur 
 farming during a few years, when the appreciation in value which is sure to 
 come will make the investment a good one. Those best informed on the 
 subject are sure that in a short time practically all the good coal lands of 
 the Mississippi valley will be taken up. wheu a very rapid appreciation in 
 values is sure to follow. 
 
 OIL AND GAS. 
 
 Kan.sas & Te.^sas Coal Compant's Mi>iE No. 
 (Gein-Tul Offices, Kiinsas City, Mo.) 
 
 Oil springs and gas 
 
 From the earliest settlements in Kansas, may have believed that our 
 State would some day become a great producer of both petroleum and natural 
 
 gas. Stich beliefs were founded on the various indications of their existence in many parts of the eastern half of the State, 
 springs were noticed in considerable abundance. 
 
 We now know that such hopes were well grounded, for the recent developments have abumlantly showu that both products are present in large 
 quantities. Oil has been found in such large quantities in the vicinity of Neodesha, Independence, Thayer, aud other places, that all the large tanks 
 built to temporarily hold the product until refineries could be erected are now full to overllowing, aud others are being built. The Forest Oil Com- 
 pany, reported to be a branch of the Standard Oil Company, has bought large possessions in the oil fields and is pushing prospecting with much 
 greater vigor than had been shown before anywhere in the district. This is considered by tliose familiar with the methods of the Standard Oil Com- 
 pany as being a most hopeful sign, as they are most widely known for their astuteness in judging of oil territory. 
 
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Gas has been produced over a widei- range of territory than has oil. Twelve or fifteen different towns and cities are almost entirely heated and 
 lighted l}y natural gas, and the number thus supplied is increasing every year. lola, Osawatoraie, Paola, Cherryvale, Independence, Coffeyville and 
 Neodesha may be mentioned as representative places where gas is extensively used. 
 
 Geographic Extent. — The territory over which either oil or gas or both have been found covers about 8,500 square miles, and is located in the 
 southeastern part of the State. It may be approximately bounded as follows : From Kansas City draw a line to Lawrence, a distance of 40 miles, then 
 pass in a sinuous line to Sedan, near the south side of the State, in Chautauqua county. Nearly all the State to the south and east of these two 
 lines may be considered productive excepting about 500 .square miles in the extreme southwest corner. Every county included in the above has 
 produced one or the other of the products. 
 
 Geologv of the Oil and Gas. — The geologic conditions under which the oil and gas exist are easily understood. Covering the greater por- 
 tion of Cherokee and Crawford counties is a heavy bed of shale about 450 feet thick, known as the Cherokee shales, which dip to the west about 20 
 feet to the mile. The formations lying above them outcrop to the southeast along lines trending northeast and southwest. The Cherokee shales pass 
 under these upper formations in the vicinity of Girard and Oswego, and are reached by drilling at all points to the west and northwest, as has been 
 shown by every deep well bored in the whole territory. Nearly all the oil and gas has been found within these Cherokee shales, although small 
 <inantities have been fouud in some of the overlying formations. In fact, a few good wells for both oil and gas have not been carried down to the 
 Cherokee shales, but stopped in the overlying shales. All the shale-beds carry more or less sandstone. As the latter is usually porous, it affords 
 underground space for the gas to accumulate in, and therefore both products are usually found in the sandstone, the oil- and gas-sands of the 
 prospector. 
 
 Probable Future Production. — There is not a single geologic condition known in the whole territory which need be looked upon as a bad 
 indication ; so we have good reason to hope that the whole territory above outlined as productive may some day prove to be exceedingly valuable. 
 This being the case, it will readily be seen that there are great possibilities in the line of investments in this part of the State. No one can say to a 
 certainty that any particular farm may not sometime become exceedingly productive, and hence exceedingly valuable. It .should be clearly under- 
 stood that the development of the territory is still in its infancy, and that great possibilities, founded on what has already been shown, await the 
 future of the territory. 
 
 Kansas stands unique in many of her resources. In addition to her valuable mineral deposits, and her splendid building-stone, quarries of 
 which are found at Strong City and Winfield, a glacial gravel deposit of great value has been found in Johnson county. It is estimated that the 
 bank contains more than a million cubic yards, and goes to a depth of 60 feet. The gravel is of all grades, from sand to boulders. These are 
 separated by machinery, and the larger rock is crushed. The bank also contains a natural cement — oxide of iron and ochre — which, combined 
 ■with the gravel, makes a compact body, and is most excellent material for road-ways and sidewalks. The drive-ways about the State Capitol at 
 Topeka are constructed of this material, and it looks to be indestructible. It is also used for roofing purposes, with good results. The Kansas City 
 Cank Gravel Co. own these remarkable deposits, and though they have been pushing the industry for several years, the deposit seems practically 
 inexhaustible. The material in drive-way or sidewalk seems quite as desirable as asphaltum, and has the additional merit that it does not "wear 
 out," but improves, hardening with usageand years. 
 
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KANSAS LEAD AND ZINC MINING INTERESTS. 
 
 BY HON. W. F. SAPP. 
 
 From this great agricultural commonwealth, producing millions of bushels of grain per annum, there comes the astonishing'statement, backed 
 ■by the official figures found in the United States census for 1890, and the annual report for 1895, that in the production of zinc ore, and the manu- 
 factured product called spelter, Kansas leads all other States. 
 
 In the southeastern corner of the State, in Cherokee county, where the Ozark water-shed ends in Spring river, and on the left bank of that 
 stream, are the richest and most productive lead and zinc mines in the world. That this statement is susceptible of proof, no one will deny who has 
 visited the mines and made an examination of the subject. Official statistics of zinc production in the United States for 1895 show the total produc- 
 tion to be 89,686 short tons, against 7.5,328 in 1894. By States the figures are as follows, the first set representing 1895 and the second 1894 : East^ 
 em 9,484, against 7,400; Southern 3,697, against 1,376; Illinois and Indiana 37,733, against 28,973 ; Kansas 35,775, against 35,588; Missouri 14,998, 
 against 11,993. 
 
 The fact that so large an amount of zinc is taken from a territory less than six miles square, which at the same time produces twenty-five mil- 
 lion pounds of lead ore per annum, challenges attention both of capital and labor, and both ask. What is the value of this product? How is it 
 produced? 
 
 To answer these questions fairly, requires a complete statement of the mining industry. The mere statement of the fact that the wage pay- 
 roll at Galena averages thirty-five thousand dollars per week, paid each Saturday night in cash (no store orders), would be a partial answer to the 
 first question. 
 
 Lead and zinc ores are found side by side, intermingled with flint rock, at from forty to one hundred and forty-five feet from the surface (that 
 being as deep as the mining has extended ). 
 
 The time required to sink a shaft depends on the hardness of the ground, and costs from two to five dollars per foot, according to depth. A 
 shaft is generally four and one-half feet wide by six and oue-half feet long. The first ten feet is thrown out with a shovel, when a windlass is put 
 on and that used to hoist the dirt, until about the depth of forty feet, after which a one-horse bolster is put up and used for that purpose until the 
 shaft is seventy-five feet deep. Then, if the ore is rich, a steam hoister is erected, capable of hoisting one hundred tons per day. When ore is discov- 
 ered, the shaft is sunk down into it until a sufficient "face "is opened up — fifteen to twenty feet being a good face. Then a drift is started. At first 
 the drift is narrow, but is widened eight to ten feet from the shaft, so as to permit four to six men to work in the face, as shown in the picture of the 
 •Galena Mining Camp. The tools used are steel drills one and one-fourth to one and one-half inches in diameter, and running from eighteen inches to 
 six feet long; hammer, weighing six to eight pounds; and spoons and sand-pumps, to clean out the drill-holes. When a hole is the necessary depth, 
 it is filled with dynamite cartridges, and fired, either with a fuse and cap or with an electric battery. The ore is then put in tubs, run on little ears to 
 ■the shaft, hoisted to the surface, and then cleaned. There are two ways of cleaning ore, both based on the same principle. One is known as 
 
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MINING PLANT. 
 
 STEAM CRUSHING PLANT. 
 HAND-JIGS FOB CLEANING ORE. 
 
 INTERIOR OF MINE. 
 
 LEAD AND ZtNC MINING CAMP, GALENA. 
 
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"hand-jig," and the other "steam-jig" cleaning. A hand-jig is a water-tiglit tank, 5 feet wide, 6 feet long, and 2}^ feet high, in the center of 
 ■nhich is a sieve-bottomed box 4K fpet lonK. 2 feet wide, and to 12 inches deep. This is hnng to one end of the jig-pole so that it works np and 
 •down in the water-tank. The operator takes the other end of the pole and shakes the jig-box containing the ore up and down in the water, thereby 
 settling the lead to the bottom of the jig-box ; the zinc, being lighter than lead, settles next, and the flint rises to the surface. In steam-jig cleaning, 
 :all the rock containing ore is run through a crusher and rolls, and is then run through large jig-tanks. "The water, being forced through the sieves 
 upon which the ore rests, settles it to the bottom, the lead coming out in one discharge pipe, the zinc in another, the waste passing out, of the building. 
 
 The number of men employed to operate a mine is 3, necessary to sink a shaft to 30 if a large steam-jig crusher, like the plant shown in the 
 illustration, is used to clean the ore. 'rhe wages of miners are from .JL.'jO to iS2..")0 per day, according to the kind o( labor performed. 
 
 Having explained the mode of sinking a shaft, the mining and cleaning the ore, and the expense, let us turn to the question of development. 
 
 These mines were discovered in 1877, and were worked in a desultory way for quite a number of years ; and, up to 1880, the tools used and the 
 ■process of taking out the ore were of a very primitive character. Miners took out ore and sold it at any obtainable price. In that year larger discov- 
 •eries were made, and new energy was put into the mining industry. New appliances for taking out and cleaning the ore were introduced, reducing 
 the cost of production, until it was demonstrated that the Kansas fields of ore were rich compared with others; that it was only a question of time 
 when the industry would reach enormous proportions, and Kansas would outstrip all others in the production of the raw material, and would become 
 a competitor in the markets of the world, with the mines of Spain, Belginm, and Germany. These hopes have been realized, and now we ship zinc 
 •ore, to be smelted, to the factories of Belgium, in competition with the great mines of Huelva, in Spain — assuring us that the industry can be in- 
 •creased without chance of an over-production. The reason is very simple. Our ore is found very near the surface, while the ore in the European 
 mines is found at from 1,200 to 2,000 feet deep, requiring immense pumping and hoisting plants to take it out, the cost of putting in and maintain- 
 ing these enormous plants raising the first cost of the ore to nearly double the cost to ]]roduce it here. 
 
 And still the industry is in its infancy. All classes of men, rich and poor, are going to Galena and making investments from which they realize 
 fortunes. Let nie cite an instance, one of many that I call to mind : Two poor miners went at work sinking a shaft, being "grub-staked" by two 
 ladies, each to have a fourth in case of discovery. They worked early and late, and at seventy-two feet discovered ore, and in four months declared 
 •dividends aggregating S30,000. This was three years ago, and the mine is still being operated, bringing to its owners handsome profits each week. 
 There are more than three huudred paying mines here now, and new discoveries are being made every day, and yet there are thousands of acres of 
 unworked, undeveloped land wailing for the pick and shovel, that are just as good, so far as outward appearances go, as that now producing mil- 
 ilions of pounds per annum. 
 
 The right to mine this land can be obtained by simply "asking," at a nominal rent on the ore produced, the leases ranging in duration from 5 
 ito 20 years; or, the land can be purchased for from $10 to $100 per acre. 
 
 In the midst of this mining activity, this push and energy, lies the city of Galena, a city that did not feel the panic, a city that has no bonded 
 debt, with money in its treasury, a city with stone sidewalks, streets paved with the flint-rock which comes from the mines, a fine city hall, electric 
 lights, water-works and an electric street railway in course of construction, a place where labor is alw.iys employed at fair wages and capital can 
 always find safe investment. 
 
 101) 
 
HEALTHFULNESS OF KANSAS. 
 
 BY C. F. MENNIKGER, M. D., MEMBER OF KANSAS STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 
 1 
 
 ^^%- 
 
 Thekk are few regions iu existence where life from the cradle to the grave — the latter only reached at the- 
 natural declining periods of man — where existence is so little beset with the quicksands of disease, or the 
 factors of physical degeneration, as in that great rectangular division of land, comprising over eighty-one 
 thousand square miles, lying on the eastern slope of the Kocky Mountains — Kansas, the sanitary El Dorado- 
 of the West. Every sanitary and hygienic requirement for the preservation of the best of health is here met 
 by natural physical conditions. Situated about midway of the north temperate zone, equally distant from 
 the two great oceans, and in the very center of the Union, it slopes gently from an altitude of 3,500 feet 
 above the level of the sea to an elevation of 500 feet, toward the land of the rising sun. Its beaming, ruddy 
 face is kissed by the winds that come uninterruptedly frini the norlh, Ihe east, and the south, while from 
 the west its champagne air is tossed about with delightful freshness and exhilaration. Its surface is a har- 
 mony of undulations. With broad, rolling prairies and gradually rising elevations or divides, its drainage is 
 the most perfect in the world. Prodigal streams from the base of the Rockies hurry homeward to the 
 Father of Waters. No stagnant pools, notorious for their disease-producing powers, are to be met with, 
 and malarious marshes are unknown. 
 An early investigator said of Kansas years ago: "It rises gradually from its eastern to its western boundary, attaining an altitude of 3,500 feet 
 above the level of the sea. The height of the Cumberland Mountain plateau in Tennessee is only one thousand feet above the miasmatic bottom of 
 the Tennessee river which flows at its base, and its average altitude above the ocean about eighteen hundred feet, which is less than the average 
 altitude of western Kansas above the same level. The former is famous as a resort for invalids — the latter will be more famous whenever its ad- 
 vantages are fully known." What was predicted has come to be a fact of general acceptation. These views have been borne out by the experiences 
 of our oldest and best physicians. An atmosphere so pure that it will preserve fresh meats in hot weather, without salting, is found in the western 
 portions of this State. Here we have a region remarkably free from malaria, with an atmosphere peculiarly adapted to the cure of consumption, 
 asthma and bronchitis, and which "not only stimulates the nerve centers, invigorating the body, giving greater volition and physical power, but 
 exhilarates the mind, increasing cheerfulness, sociability, and thought." 
 
 Pure air and sunshine are the greatest health-giving agents that can be enjoyed by man. Kansas is especially rich in them. Whole months 
 without a single cloud to hide the sun for a brief half-hour are the heritage of the residents of this State. The cool nights, often bringing refreshing 
 showers, stand in marked contrast to the clear, bright summer days, fanned by the prairie breezes. No land on the globe has such wondrous days 
 and nights, is so rich in health-giving properties, so magnificent in beauty. The geographical, geological and meteorological facts observable in this- 
 State all bear unchallengeable testimony to its sanitary excellence. 
 
 (102) 
 
Since its Statehood, Kansas has not had a single epidemic of contagious or infectious diseases of any consequeuce. In its Territorial age there 
 were a few imported cases of cholera. These were the first and only cases of that disease that have ever existed within its domain. The filth or 
 zymotic diseases are rarely to be found ; in fact, are not to be compared to those found in the Eastern States. Genuine typhoid fever is of exceed- 
 ingly rare occurrence. Yellow fever has never been known. 
 
 Diseases of childliood are very generally benign, and the mortality very low in comparison with other localities. 
 
 Tuberculosis, pneumonia, asthma and bronchitis find in the pure air and clear, bright sunshine of Kansas the natural antidote and cure. Hun- 
 dreds and thousands of once weak-lunged persons who have reaped the benefit of this elixir-of-life climate testify to this fact. 
 
 In short, all statistics, as well as geographical, geological and meteorological facts, testify to the healthfuluess of Kansas. 
 
 Another reason for the great superiority of Kansas over other States in health- 
 fulness is the perfect system of sanitary machinery in constant operation within its 
 domain. The civil authorities, appreciative of the value of good health in the eco- 
 nomics of this State, have not been tardy nor half-hearted in instituting and perfect- 
 ing the best system of health boards in the world. Out of the one hundred and five 
 counties of this State, one hundred have organized health boards and local health of- 
 ficers. Two of the remaining counties unorganized have no physician resident within 
 their limits. Reports are received from these local health officers by the State Board 
 of Health every quarter, or ofteuer as the occasion may demand. For the last quar- 
 ter of last year reports have been received from every organized board except one. 
 By this system of perfect organization the State of Kansas has been able to point with 
 pride to the exceptionally perfect state of health within her limits. No contagious nor 
 infectious diseases are brought into her territory ; they have never originated therein 
 — are always imported; are not permitted to exist twenty-four hours until they are 
 reported to the local and thence to the State Board of Health. And by their perfect iiting specimens of Kansas health. 
 
 coiiperation in the enforcement of the most approved sanitary measures, the outbreak is confined to the original case, and eradicated. 
 
 The utmost stress is laid upon the health authorities of our cities, in order that they may be free from diseases. All cities of the first and 
 second class of this State have municipal health boards, whose energies have been unfailing in maintaining the highest state of health for their n - 
 spective cities. 
 
 These are a few reasons why Kansas can boast of her healthfulness. 
 
 (103) 
 
KAF1R=C0RN. 
 
 BY HON. SCOTT E. W1N^E. 
 
 Kafir-cohx, embracing (juite an extended variety of plants — most prominent among which are red 
 Kafir-corn, white Katir-corn, milo maize, Egyptian rice corn, and Jerusalem corn — is no longer an experi- 
 ment in this State, but has already taken its place in the front rank as one of the most valuable crops we 
 raise ; and as we become better acquainted with it. its merits become more and more apparent, because of its 
 general utility for a variety of purposes, and the quality it possesses of making a crop under adverse condi- 
 tions where other crops fail. According to the law of the survival of the fittest. King Kafir is bound in the 
 near future to contest with King Corn for supremacy, and King Corn will have to look well to his laurels if 
 King Kafir does not entirely outdistance him in the race. The great difference in its favor, and the one 
 that adapts it to sections liable to dry weather, is that it sends out more than one flower-stalk, and if one is 
 killed others develop. Every farmer knows that the pollen from the tassel of Indian corn must fall upon 
 the silk of the coming ear, or else there will be no grains formed. In the very best corn sections of the 
 country a few days' drouth in silkiug-tinie will arrest the development, and as a consequence a few "nub- 
 bins" only are formed where otherwise there would have been full ears. No amount of rainfall afterwards 
 can remedy the failure of fertilization. The crop is ruined. Not so with Kafir-corn. If dry weather overtakes it, it stops growing and simply 
 waits for moisture for development, and if rain comes three or four weeks after the Indian corn is killed it goes on and matures a crop. If the 
 flower-stalks are killed, it sends out new ones to take their place. I have seen Kafir-corn mature a crop of 40 to 50 bushels per acre, right by the 
 side of Indian corn that was killed by drouth so that not even a nubbin was matured. I have seen as high as a dozen flower-stalks on one plant, 
 every one having been sent out at difl:erent times during the season. One reason for its greater vitality is found by an examination of the roots of 
 the plant. It sends its roots downward often 18 to 30 inches, and a great mass of small rootlets fill the earth, thus enabling it to sustain life under 
 conditions where Indian corn would be entirely ruined. It thrives on almost any kind of soil, and will grow and mature a crop on soil that would 
 not produce Indian corn in the most favorable years. It will grow on sod, on the hill-tops, in sandy and gravelly soil — not so well, of course, as 
 upon better soil, but it will live and produce a crop where Indian corn, wheat or oats would fail. 
 
 Another great point in its favor is its utility for other purposes than feed. It may not be very generally known, but it is nevertheless a fact, that 
 Kafir-corn is to a considerable extent Indian corn, wheat, oats, and hay, all in one. Sown in drills a few inches apart, it produces a crop of from 
 three to seven tons to the acre of the finest hay. All kinds of stock like it and thrive upon it. Plahted in rows and tended like Indian corn, it pro- 
 duces more fodder and of a better quality, and in addition produces a seed crop of from 40 to 70 bushels per acre under average conditions. This 
 seed seems to have the fat-producing qualities of Indian corn and the muscle-producing qualities of oats. Hogs and cattle can be fattened upon it; 
 horses like it, and stand driving and work as well upon it as ui)on other kinds of grain. Chickens and other fowls thrive upon it ; and in addition, 
 
 (101) 
 
it can Lie ground anJ made into a very palatable food for man. Already in many places Katir cakes can be had at the hotels, Kafir tloiir is on sale 
 at the grocery stores, and Kafir bread can be bought at the bakeries. I have eaten Kafir bread that was as light as any wheat flour would make, 
 and while a little darker than wheat bread, was very palatable. .Jerusalem corn makes a better flour, and whiter; in fact, I have seen some loaves 
 of Jerusalem corn bread recently that I would as soon have upon my table as the finest wheat l)read. When we take into consideration ^le sureness 
 of the crop, the yield per acre, the low cost of production (which is less than one-half that of wheat), tlie fact that Kafir-corn flour was unknown as 
 a product but a few months ago, comparatively, and that it is now only in its experimental stage, who can say that in the near future, with im- 
 proved machinery for grinding and a greater knowledge aud better methods of handling it by our millers, Kafir-corn in its various varieties will not 
 enter into c^nr etition with wheat as a food product in the markets of the world ? 
 
 Another interesting point just being called into general notice is that Kafir-corn makes excellent pop-corn. It 
 
 has a sweeter taste than pop-corn, and that little hard knot in each kernel which is disagreeable in pop-corn is absent 
 
 in popped Kafir-corn. 
 
 As showing its relative value with common corn, the following table, compiled by F. C. Burtis, of the Kansas 
 
 State Agricultural College, shows the comparative yields of Indian corn and Kafir-corn during the past seven j'ears: 
 
 Year. 
 
 18S9 
 1S90 
 1891 
 1892 
 1893 
 1894 
 189.5 
 
 Average . 
 
 Red Kafir-Cobn. 
 
 Grain per Acre, 
 Bnshels. 
 
 71.00 
 19.00 
 98.00 
 50.00 
 49.00 
 
 Stover per Acre, 
 Tone. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Griiin per Acre, 
 Bushels. 
 
 43.07 
 
 *5.5.01 
 
 9.00 
 4.20 
 6.00 
 .5.00 
 5.25 
 2.00 
 1 . 53 
 
 4.71 
 
 56.00 
 22.00 
 74.00 
 30.00 
 30.00 
 
 Stover per Acre, 
 Tons. 
 
 22 76 
 
 *39.12 
 
 3.50 
 3.50 
 2 95 
 4.55 
 1.75 
 1.00 
 1.64 
 
 >.41 
 
 ^i * Avenige of six years. 
 
 KAFiE-coRN. " By thls it is seen that the yield of Kafir-corn was very much larger than that of 
 
 corn in five out of the six years, and the same as to the Kafir-corn forage every year. In 
 fact, the Kafir-corn yielded about 41 per cent, more grain and nearly 95 per cent, more fodder than the corn. The poor ieihsalem corn. 
 
 showing for both varieties in 1890 was due to a destructive frost on September 13ih. In 1894 the failure of grain 
 in both varieties was due to there being no appreciable rain from the middle of July to September 1st, and the fact that the crops side by side on 
 
alternate plats were in a poor upland-prairie soil underlaid wiih hard pan. Yet, under these adverse circumstances, 
 the Kafir-corn yielded double the quantity of fudder that was obtained from the corn." 
 
 Compared by analysis, the following table, prepared by G. H. Failyer, Professor of Chemistry at the State Ex- 
 periment Station, will throw additional light upon the subject: 
 
 OUAIN OB FOPDER. 
 
 Shelled corn 
 
 Sorghum seed 
 
 Kafir-corn seed 
 
 Corn fodder, without ears 
 
 Sorghum fodder, whole plant . . . 
 Kafir-corn fodder, without heads 
 
 Substances that produce 
 only Heat and Fat. and 
 support Muscular Effort. 
 
 Substances that can form 
 
 Nitrogenous Products. 
 
 such as Muscle and the 
 
 Curd of Milk. 
 
 81.7 per cent. 
 
 10.5 per cent. 
 
 77.9 
 
 9.1 
 
 80.7 
 
 10.9 
 
 57.1 
 
 6.4 
 
 61.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 53.2 
 
 6.6 
 
 As will be seen, from the purely chemical standpoint, corn stands first among the grains in fatrproducing quali- 
 ties, Kafir-corn second, and sorghum last; but the differences are too small to be of practical importance. The dif- 
 ference in the yield and its other qualities readily give it the first rank when taken into consideration. 
 
 In conclusion, 1 desire to say that in my opinion Kafir-corn, the sorghums and alfalfa effectually solve the 
 problems that have so long perplexed the people of that portion of the West where the rainfall is not always sufficient ambkr sorghhm. 
 
 at the necessary time to insure a crop of Indian corn. By raising forage crops and feeding stock, supplemented by 
 
 creameries, there is no portion of the State of Kansas where capable, energetic men cannot become independent. Even the far-western portion 
 is likely, with the aid of King Kafir, to develop in the near future into prosperous communities of farmers and stock-growers. 
 
 HOMES IN 
 
 PAWNEE COUNTY. 
 (106) 
 
ALFALFA AND CATTLE=RAISINQ IN WESTERN KANSAS. 
 
 BY HON. .1. H. CHURCHILL. PRESIDENT KANSAB IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Alfalfa has for many years been grown with more or less success in most of the States of the Union. 
 For centuries it has been cultivated in countries across the seas. The early Greeks and Romans sung Its 
 praises. In Italy, Switzerland, France, Spain, and parts of Asia, it has been the most successful crop for 
 forage. Wherever the soil and climate were favorable to its growth, it has been the most successful of 
 grasses grown. The alfalfa farmers the world over have been successful, and alfalfa lands rate higher 
 per acre than that for any other crop. The alfalfa farm is a dividend-paying investment through all kinds 
 of seasons, an insurance against hail, as well as a guarantee from drouth. I have seen a field in bloom 
 cut to the ground by a June hail, and in less than thirty days blooming again, ready for the harvest. 
 What other crop will do that? When a field is once .set, there is no more plowing, harrowing, seeding 
 and cultivating that piece of ground. The annual work consists of the pleasant task of harvesting three 
 or four crops of the finest and most nutritious hay grown. In ail the countries where alfalfa has been 
 raised, it has never reached a fuller 
 
 development or attained better re- 
 sults than along the valleys and irrigated highlands of western Kansas. 
 It has brought more real prosperity to the farmers of this section, notwith- 
 standing the low price of products, than the same class of farming else- 
 where, for the reason that, adjoiuing the alfalfa land in the valleys, the 
 high prairies open out, covered with the luxuriant buffalo and gramma 
 grass — the natural grazing-ground for cattle. As high as thirty dollars per 
 acre has been cleared from the seed alone on the alfalfa grown. The cattir 
 from the prairie clean up the field of threshed alfalfa straw and hay, thii> 
 bringing a good and sure return, as it is fed out to stock through the wintei 
 It is the combination of the two industries — the growing of alfalfa ami 
 feeding the same to stock — that produces the best results and causes tin 
 alfalfa farmer to be envied more than all others of his class, for his retun 
 is greater, with a less expense. The most independent farmers to-day an 
 to be found in western Kansas. They are growing beef cheaper than it can 
 be produced in any other section of the United States. Beef is a necessity. 
 
 I FA! tA 11 
 
 (107) 
 
and ihe growiiis of the same is a )>usiness that is uot ovenlone. I believe the coiiditloiis were uever 
 more favoral>le to embark in the raising of cattle than at the present time. We are within a few hours' 
 reach of the second largest market in the world, Kansas City. While east of the center of the State 
 forty and fifty cents per head per month is charged for pasture for stock ihrough the summer, grazing 
 on the prairies in the western part of the State is only fifteen cents per head per nionlh. Cattle fed 
 on alfalfa hay ihrough the short winter come through in the finest condition, ready for the new grass 
 in the spring, thus giving the western ranchman the largest margin of profit. The question may be 
 asked. When the valleys and lands susceptible to irrigation shall be seeded to alfalfa, what will be 
 clone with the great amount of forage? My reply would be, with the coming of winter bring in the 
 cattle from the grazing-land, and thus turn every ton of the ben hay and forage that can be produced, 
 yielding from five to seven tons 
 
 LJKD aTULU BANtU OF w. 
 WAKEENET. 
 
 to the acre, at an expense of 
 from sixty to seventy cents per 
 ton, into the growth of your beef. 
 I have no land to pla-;e on the market. I have been and am at the present 
 time a buyer of alfalfa land when it can be bought at reasonable figures, and 
 have no other motive in writing on the above subject than to let those who are 
 seeking investment in this line of business know the advantages we possess. 
 I believe this is the best paying business in the West to-day. The 
 future never looked brighter than at the present time, for the growers of 
 cattle. And I say to the man with two, ^hree or four thousand dollars, who 
 likes stock-raising and understands his business, come look at the valleys of 
 western Kansas, or on the uplands subject to irrigation. There are yet 
 many locations available that can be bought at a moderate price. We have 
 plenty of room for the thrifty and industrious man, even though his capital 
 be limited. We have no place for the lazy and indolent. The lazy man of 
 the East, under the bright sunshine of Kansas becomes a lazier man in Kan- 
 sas; hence we advise him to remain where he is. 
 
 STEAM PLOW TCBNMNO OVER THE VIBGIS SOIL. 
 
KANSAS SALT INDUSTRY. 
 
 BT HON. FRANK VINCENT. 
 
 I.IKE many of Ihe great discoveries thai have inured to the benefit of mankind, the finding of our salt 
 was an accident. The frenzied spirit of speculation that, in 1887, swept across the Western States like a 
 prairie fire, developed the very genius of optimism. No commercial project lacked substantial indorse- 
 ment. The formation of a "syndicate" with thousands of dollars in hand was the work of but a few 
 hours, no matter what the enterprise might be. It was undoubtedly this disposition to tempt fortune to 
 the utmost that prompted Ben. Clanchard to sink a gas well in "South Hutchinson," a bustling suburb, 
 which liad, under the magic of his influence, sprung into existence almost within a night, like Jonah's 
 V.' gourd. For there were certainly no such data then in e.xisteuce as would justify the expenditure of large 
 
 M sums of money in the search for natural gas in this locality. It was simply out of a disposition to "take 
 yr the chances " that the gas well project took practical shape. Asa matter of fact, a strong flow of natural gas 
 was encountered in this now historic well. Parenthetically, it is not out of place here to remark that ex- 
 perts on the natural gas fields of Pennsylvania have since explained to the writer that the developments in 
 the Blanchard well warranted a belief in the existence of great quantities of gas at Hutchinson. As they 
 have it, if this well had been scientifically handled, that is to say, if the process known as "shooting the well" had been tried, and that under in- 
 telligent direction, there is every reason to believe that this well would have produced a valuable and permanent flow of gas. But when the drill 
 encountered salt, it created absolute amazement. The steady, monotonous pounding of the drill had beeu going on for weeks, when Mr. Blanchard 
 came into the hotel office one night in the early fall of 1887. and announced that his drill had penetrated a stratum of solid rock salt; and he anx- 
 iously sought information as to the probable value and importance of the discovery. The drill was kept going until a depth of about 800 feet from 
 the surface had been reached, and more than 300 feet of salt had been developed. The salt was shown to be in contiguous strata of 10 to 100 feet 
 in thickness, interspersed with streaks of shale, slate, and gypsum. 
 
 For some reason the wonderful importance of this discovery was not comprehended by the people of this city at the time, although due promi- 
 nence was given to the matter by the newspapers repeatedly. The victims of so much "boom " were disposed to discount very materially the stories 
 sent out about the salt discovery. That we had at our feet au instance of the generosity of Nature in one of her most lavish moods, did not occur 
 to our people at the time. But the New York manufacturers of salt were quick to realize the importance of the discovery, and prompt to act in a 
 practical way. They were soon on the ground, aud shortly afterward had another " well" down to the salt, thus proving its existence, in virtually 
 unlimited quantities, beyond all doubt. Early in the following spring they had a plant in operation, almost in the heart of the city of Hutchinson, 
 and were manufacturing .'jOO barrels of superior salt daily. Local capital then tell rapidly into line, and "salt plalits" dotted the outskirts of the 
 
 (09) 
 
city. Within a year thereafter, a dozen plants were in operation, employing more than 600 men, manufacturing more than three-quarters of a 
 million barrels annually, and shipping the product to all the surrounding States. 
 
 Hutchinson salt had immediately taken a front place in commerce. It required no "pushing." Its superior quality was demonstrated wher- 
 eyer it came into competition with the product of New York and Michigan, and it was at once a household article throughout the West. The 
 most careful analyses by the best chemists in the country have proved Hutchinson salt to be the purest manufactured in the United States. The 
 great packers in the West very quickly manifested their appreciation of its quality, and our product has been the uniform favorite with them since 
 its introduction. According to the encomiums given it by the 
 principal packers of Kansas City and Omaha, our salt has a 
 subtle virtue in the curing of meats that is found in no other 
 product. Following the extensive manufacture of the common 
 "coarse" salt of commerce as just noted, has come an attend- 
 ant industry which has already grown to vast proportions, 
 namely, the production of refined dairy and table salt. And 
 here again Hutchinson has won a magnificent victory. The 
 laurels have been wrested from the English refiners, and our 
 table salt is found on the hotel tables from New York to San 
 Francisco — a monument to the enterprise and skill of our local 
 refiners, and a living, undisputed proof that our salt "beats the 
 world " for purity and general excellence. 
 
 An attempt will be made to describe I'n a few words the 
 process of manufacture as carried on at Hutchinson, and else- 
 where in the State where the evaporation feature is used, so 
 that anybody may understand it. 
 
 The rock salt, the upper stratum of which is more than 
 400 feet below the surface, is converted into brine while yet in 
 its lair, and then brought to the surface for evaporation. The "salt well," through which the brine is brought to the surface, consists, when com- 
 pleted, of a straight hole in the ground, something like 800 feet in depth. This well, about eight inches in diameter, has an iron casing from lop 
 to bottom, except where it passes through an immense stratum of red sandstone. Within this casing stands an iron tube three inches in diameter. 
 This tube is connected at the surface with a force pump. The pump, drawing fresh water from a well adjoining, forces it through the tubing to the 
 Tock salt below. There being no underground outlet for this water when it strikes the salt, it becomes brine and is forced to return to the surface 
 in the "jacket" inclosing the tubing, and is thence forced into reservoir tanks, whence it is drawn off into the evaporating "pans" as needed ; and 
 it is found to have been transformed, during its trip below, from pure, sweet water to a brine of full saturation, owing to the constant dissolving of 
 
 THE HUTCHINSON SALT COMPANY'S PLANT, HUTCHINSON. 
 
 (110) 
 
tte salt. The evaporating pans are usually 80 feet long, 36 feet wide and one foot 
 deep. They are made of the best steel, and rest on great furnaces, whence they re- 
 ■ceive a direct heat of high degree. The brine is kept boiling from one year's end 
 to another, except when the plant is shut down for repairs. At intervals of two 
 hours, workmen armed with long-handled "hoes" draw the constantly-forming salt 
 to the s'des of the pan. There it is shoveled into carts and wheeled away to the 
 warehouses, where it is barreled, after having gone through a "curing" process of 
 ■two to four weeks. Between the reservoir tanks and the evaporating pans, how- 
 ever, it should not be forgotten that the brine passes through "settling vats" which 
 are heated to a moderate temperature. The impurities, such as gypsum and other 
 foreign matter, that the brine may carry in solution, are precipitated in these settling 
 vats, and the brine thus reaches the evaporating point in a state of purity. 
 
 A pan such as described will produce 125 barrels each twenty-four hours, and the 
 furnaces of each pan will consume about nine ton.s of coal in the same time. This 
 method produces the ordinary barrel salt. This product is carried through tlie usual 
 cleaning and grinding processes for table salt. 
 
 At the present time there are twelve different companies manufacturing salt at 
 this place, employing about 800 men daily when the plants are in operation. The 
 greatest detriment to the salt industry of Kansas is that the manufacturing capacity 
 is too great for the market; hence the manufacturer has received very little profit on 
 his investment. But the salt consumers in the State of Kansas have saved annually 
 about one hundred thousand dollars between the price they formerly paid for Easteru 
 salt and the price they have paid the last few years for the Kansas product. 
 
 
 /' 
 
 
 
 
 '^. 
 
 
 
 
 ■A 
 
 ,,*»i*« . 
 
 
 
 J'^ 
 
 
 :. 
 
 'ii '% 
 
 A^ 
 
 ^■M^ 
 
 
 ^|^,::lf;.y| 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^[Hkk ^^K^y^j^^l;^ 
 
 IK. 
 
 Col. a. S. Johnson, the first white native Kansan, is yet living in Topeka, one of the meet 
 honored and respected citizens of the State he helped in so large a measure to its greatness. He 
 was bom at the old Shawnee Mission, Johnson county, July II, 1832. It was his pleasant fortune 
 to be for many years the energetic and able Land Commisaioner of the A. T. & S. F. R. R., when he 
 taught the world how to manage an immigration bureau, and transformed the plains of Kansas into 
 farm lands and happy homes. Through his efforts, Kansas became famous for her display at the 
 Cent«nnial, and the sunflower the emblem of success. 
 
 COL. A. 9. JOHNSON. 
 
 (Ill) 
 
'if m * 
 
 «-r^ 
 
 FLAG-RAISING AT NATIONAL SOLDIERS' HOME, LEAVENWORTH, MAY, 1896. 20,000 PEOPLE PRESENT. 
 
 (II-') 
 
FRATERNAL LIFE=INSURANCE ORDERS REPRESENTED IN KANSAS. 
 
 BT HON. WILLIAM HIGOINS. 
 
 vhh,?! r ' "'"'T "■' ^'""'"'^ "'■"'"'"^ ^'''' projrressive.ess, push, and a desire to do every- 
 
 ^h ng m the .present, perhaps „o people look more to the future welfare of those dependent upon theL 
 
 hau the average Kausan, as the rapid growth, success and prosperity of the many fraternal life.r 
 
 the age of th,>, has a larger per cent, of fraternal insurance membership than has Kansas, and the 
 old-hue insurance companies have a large membership. 
 
 ..Jrl'm'''^' ""'',"'"" '" °"' ^'"'^ '°"' ''•"'''"° ^'■^'^'•"^' "fe-'isurance associations, representing 
 a membership .n good standing of one hundred and twenty thousand. This does not in lude many of 
 he fraternal orders that have sick and death benefits, but what mght be termed straight frate na 
 hffr^insurance associations or orders, embracing such as the Ancient Order of United Workmen the 
 Modern Woodmen, the Knights and Ladies of the Fireside, the Knights and Ladies of Securlt"' and 
 
 the Pyramid Builders. All of these, and 
 
 BIKTHPLACE OF CONGRESSMAN CHARLES CURTIS. 
 POUETH DISTRICT, KANSAS. 
 
 others, are rapidly increasing their mem- 
 bership in this State, thus not only mutu- 
 ally protecting the widows and orphans, but providing for the education of the next 
 generation of Kansans. Among the number mentioned, the Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen has the largest membership in the State, and is the pioneer order in this line 
 of insurance. Since it began business in this country, twenty-seven years ago it has 
 paid in benefits the great sum of two hundred and twenty-eight millions four hundred 
 and forty-seven thousand and twenty dollars, in the United States and Canada The 
 other fraternal associations in the State carrying life insurance, and which would come 
 under this subject-matter, are younger in years than this great order, but they are 
 growing rapidly, and many of them with a safer policy, which insures a larger mem- 
 bership and a surer protection for those seeking fraternal insurance, for the reason 
 that younger orders can and do secure younger blood within their ranks Besides the 
 many safe fraternal life-insurance associations doing business in Kansas, there are 
 twenty-eight old-line and mutual life insurance companies, aad among this class is 
 The Kansas Mutual Life Insurance Company, one of the safest and most reliable 
 mutuals in the United States. 
 
 (113) 
 
INTERESTING SPECIMENS OF KANSAS PRODUCTS. 
 
 (114) 
 
FARMING BY HACHINERY IN KANSAS. 
 
 BT HON. D. W. BLAINE. 
 
 The ease and rapidity with which all kinds of farm work are performed in Kansas, by the use of farm 
 machinery, has made the Kansas farmer the envy of all classes. He is sometimes charged with prodigality 
 m the purchase of new machinery, but ere we pass judgment on this we should remember that the past 
 twenty years has given us, annually, such great improvements in all classes of agricultural implements and 
 farm machinery that the progressive, intelligent and industrions farmer recognized that it was economy to 
 discard the old for the latest improved. 
 
 With the opening up of the Great West (especially Kansas), it became apparent that the immense are* 
 of tillable land was too large to be farmed in the old way. The inventor, manufacturer and farmer labore* 
 together to meet the requirements. The first machines, being largely constructed of wood, doing fairly 
 good work in the field, were found to be short-lived, clumsy, and expensive. Gradually, perfection has- 
 been reached, and all classes of farm implements and machinery are now practically constructed of iron an* 
 steel - symmetrical in form, light in weight, easily operated, sufficiently strong to withstand the most severe- 
 ThP.n<fnf.„ f . ■ . . '««'■'' ^"'"S the work perfectly, and will, with proper care, serve an ordinary working lifetime, 
 pricesof heineH^rr^ r'"^ A fr"' ''""''"' '"' '""""^'^'''-"^ -« °ow able to furnish perfected machinery at about one-half 'he. 
 
 w be ^mVo? he fZ W 1 T ^^'''T'' ''" "^''^ '''"'' ™"''^'""^ ^'"■^""^- '' '' ^PP*'*^"^ '^^' '^' ^'^-P-' kind of competition 
 will be found on the f aim. Work must be done thoroughly and in season, with the least possible expense, and the exercise of rigid economy Thi* 
 can only be accomplished by the use of modern machinery, on tillable land, free from obstructions, etc ^' 
 
 timber'There"! TTn acr"' f "'''' T^' r'" ''*'' '" "" ^"""- ''''' '"''''' ''' ""'' ^"" '^ ^™«-''^ '«->• '^^^ f-- Moulders or heavy 
 tL^t sLk^t fp H ? T"" ""'* ""*'" '^"' """""''■ '^''^ ''''''' "'^^'"^^ ^° '=^°P^ *« "^"'^"J- fe« f^o™ fences- the herd law requiring 
 
 hat stock be fenced ,n, not out. Her soil is dark loam, with jnst enough sand to work freely in plowing or cultivating. All survey linerrl no th 
 and south, east and west, thus dividing the land into perfect squares, the most convenient and economical for farming 
 
 rakeJ'll^erTor headed 'r "'"r'l '"" "" 'f ' f '"'"' "'''' "" '""'"^ P"^"' '="'"^'"'^"- ^''"''"'' ''^""^'' ^""^' -"l«-wath mowers, 
 Lam and mlchinerv ^''f^t •.""'!' ". "" .f ''' ''"""''' ""'°- ''''^"'"^ '" ^^"^^ '"^'^"^ ^'"'"^ "" ^ comfortable seat, guiding th; 
 ^tZT '"'"''°''^' ""'^'"^ ^''^'''S P"^"^'*"' ''=* ^ell as profitable. That Kansas is foremost in the use of farm machinery will be understood^ 
 
 cTat o machZ^vt th ,r '^ ^".'7^^'^^ "' ^" ''' '"■" """'^"^"'^ '"'' ''""^ ^^"^^ ^''^' ^^'^'^ '^ "^« '"^-' distribT.ting po ^fof H 
 
 ^e is rougwnd hi iv or r ' T^ .1 '" "' ^""" "^'^ '"'"" ""^ " '''''''^'' '» '^^^ ''''"''''' ^*^<="'>- "^ '»>« --try, where the sur- 
 
 .ninn nrwh.., Tj' ^''''"''^''f^''^ «^°«^ «■"! stumps, has no more show to compete with the Kansas farmer than th« old lady with the 
 spinning-wheel and hand-loom with the modern spinning and weaving devices used in the best^equipped factories. 
 
 (115) 
 
MAJOR TOM ANDERSON'S FAMOaS MODOC GLEE CLUB. 
 
 This popular Club was organized by Major Anderson in the summec and fall of 1876, having had a continuous and successful 
 existence ever since, and is the special pride of Topeka and the State ; are always in great demand at National G, A. R. Encamp- 
 ments and other gatherings. Major Tom Anderson, the father of the Club, is an old-time Kansan, respected, honored and loved 
 
 by all. 
 
 (116) 
 
KANSAS CITY. 
 
 BT HON. E. M. CLENDESING. SECRETART OF TUE COMMERflAL CLUB. KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
 At the mouth of the Kausas river is the metropolis of the great Southwest — Kansas City. This is 
 one of the few cities in this country that have required two States in which to build a city — Missouri and 
 Kansas. The dividing-line between these States is an imaginary one, ( not the river, as is the general 
 impression,) and the visitor to Kansas City, unless thoroughly acquainted with the situation, cannot t«Il 
 whether he is in Missouri or Kansas. 
 
 Kansas City is the namesake of Kansas, and their interests are inseparable. The natural course for 
 
 trade is to seek a market east of it, and Kansas is the great empire which the merchants and business 
 
 men of Kansas City cultivate for the natural outlet of merchandise and manufactured product ; and while 
 
 this article deals specifically with the interests of Kansas City, Mo., loyal Kansas Cityans acknowledge 
 
 that whatever this city has become in the past thirty years, our greatness is largely attributable to the 
 
 resources of the magnificent State of Kansas. And no higher praise can be accorded the State than that 
 
 it has been a strong factor in buildiug what is acknowledged to-day as one of the most wonderful cities 
 
 in every respect of modern times. 
 
 This Western country derives its prosperity from the products of the soil, and no higher testimonial can be paid to any section of the country 
 
 than that located in Kansas City's territory, for it has contributed to make Kansas City the twenty-fourth city in this country in population, the tenth 
 
 in bauk clearings, the first in the sale of agricultural implements, and the second as a live-stock and packing-house center. 
 
 Kansas City's geographical position destined her to become what she is to-day — one of the great distributing markets of the West. Her terri- 
 tory is almost unlimited. A city, to be a jobbing market, must have the assortment, price, and quality, and the Kansas City of to day is equal to the 
 emergency. Dry goods, boots and shoes, clothing, millinery, hats and caps, drugs, paints, oils, agricultural implements, groceries, etc., are found 
 in abundance. Five hundred and seventy-five firms are engaged in the jobbing trade of Kansas City. Their sales aggregate 88.5,000,000 a year. 
 
 The progressive spirit of her merchants has done much to bring Kansas City to her present importance as a jobbing center, but the chief factor 
 has been the wealth and exteut of the tributary territory and exceptional transportation facilities. Within a radius of 250 miles, Kansas City has a 
 population of over three million to supply with the necessities and comforts of life. 
 
 An important commercial pursuit in Kansas City is her live-stock market and packing-house product. This is a distinctive industry peculiar to 
 Kansas City, and it has many rivals but few superiors. It is the second largest live-stock market in the world. The Live-Stock Exchange was estab- 
 lished in 1871, and the growth of business since that time has been remarkable. One huudred commission firms have offices in the Live Stock Ex- 
 change building. These firms are all members of the Exchange, and their influence in public affairs is a potent factor. In connection with the 
 Stock Yards Company is the finest stable in the world for the sale of horses and mules, the receipts for the past year being 53,607 head. 
 
 (117) 
 
Kansas City has always been more or less of a trading point for the sale of live stock, and as early as 1858 a packing-house was established. 
 Not until 18 ro, however, did this business begin to assume the magnitude which is now realized, and which has placed Kansas City as the second 
 largest market in the country for packing-house products. The packing-houses of Kansas City kill and dress 3,546,860 animals a year. This in- 
 dustry represents an invested capital of $15,000,000, with an annual output of 870,000,000, giving employment to 7,000 people at a salary of .54,000- 
 000 a year. The amount of business done by the live-stock and packing-house interests in Kansas City alone represents an immen.se volume of 
 trade, the total being 8170,000,000 a year. 
 
 Kansas City is a large depot for the receipt and distribution of all kinds of cereals, having an elevator capacity of 4,400,000 bushels, and a 
 handling capacity of 900,000 bushels per day. The States of Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri, with Oklahoma Territory, produce 35 per cent, of all 
 the wheat raised in this country, and Kansas City is the natural market for the shipment of this cereal. 
 
 Compare Kansas City's manufacturing industries with any city in the Union, and it will be found that few of them can show such progress and 
 development in the same period of time. Less than twenty-five years ago there were no factories here of any importance; to-day more than 500 
 are daily adding their testimony to Kansas City as a favorable location for the manufacture of different articles. These factories give employment 
 to 17,000 hands; have an invested capital of 830,000,000, the amount of sales being over 885,000,000. A classified list of Kansas City's factories 
 develops the fact that this interest is a diversified one. Flour is here produced extensively, one mill having a daily cupacity of 4,000 barrels. 
 The combined output of Kansas City's mills in 1894 was 1,079,000 barrels, and the corn products 321,500 barrels. 
 
 Manufacturing can be conducted in Kansas City as economically as in any city in the United States, the price of fuel ranging from $1.35 to 
 $1.75 per ton. Labor is plenty ; taxation low. These all contribute to make Kansas City a desirable place for manufacturing. 
 
 The energetic business men of this wide-awake, pushing, enterprising Kansas City of to-day are fortified by a banking capital of 811,300,000, 
 with clearings for the year 1895 of 8519,900,230. The conservative reasoner must be impressed with the volume of Kansas City's business when 
 the amount of its bank clearings is considered in comparison with the cities of America. In this respect Kansas City has been swifter in the com- 
 mercial race than many of the cities which have been established for years. To-day she has but nine superiors in amount of bank clearings in the 
 United States. 
 
 The assessed value of Kansas City property is 882,485,000, while its debt is but 8916,647. 
 
 Kansas City is a healthy city. Sanitary laws are enforced, and the death-rate is only ten to a thousand. 
 
 Kansas City is fortunate in its commercial organizations, having the Board of Trade, Keal-Estate E.xchange, Live-Stock Exchange, and Builders' 
 and Traders' Exchange, each legislating for the special branch of business it represents, for the good of all, unselfish where the interests of the 
 city are concerned, and liberal to public enterprises demanding attention. From the members of all these organizations, including representatives 
 from every class of business — bankers, manufacturers, merchants — has been formed the Commercial Club, whose sole aim is '• to promote the 
 progress, .extension and increase of the trade and industries of Kansas City." 
 
 Thus armeJ and equipped with the implements for a commercial warfare, magnificent her resources, with territory unexcelled and location un- 
 surpassed, Kansas City, as a part of the grand galaxy of American cities striving for supremacy in the business and social world, is prepared to bat^ 
 tie with any and all competitors. 
 
 (118) 
 
OFFICIAL ROSTER. 
 
 OPFICEKS UNITED STATES COURT. 
 
 Judge Circuit Court, Henry Caldwell, Republican, Little Rock, Ark. 
 
 Judge District Court, C. J. Foster, Rep., Topeka. 
 
 District Attorney, W. C. Perry, Democrat, Fort Scott. 
 
 U. S. Marshal, Shaw F. Neeley, Dem., Leavenworth. 
 
 Clerk District and Circuit Court, Geo. F. Sharitt, Rep., Topeka. 
 
 State officers are elected every two years. Present officers, with their 
 assistants, residence, and salaries, are as follows : 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION. 
 
 Senator William A. Peffer, Populist, Topeka .S5,000 
 
 Senator Lueien Baker, Rep., Leavenworth 5,000 
 
 Representative, 1st Dist, Case Broderick, Rep., Holton 5,000 
 
 Representative, 3d Dist., O. L. Miller, Rep., Kansas City 5,000 
 
 Representative, 3d Dist., S. S. Kirkpalrick, Rep., Fredonia 5,000 
 
 Representative, 4th Dist., Charles Curtis, Rep., Topeka 5,000 
 
 Representative, 5th Dist., W. A. Caklerhead. Rep., Marysville... 5,000 
 
 Representative, 6th Dist., William Baker, Pop., Lincoln 5,000 
 
 Representative, 7th Dist., Chester L Long, Rep., Medicine Lodge, 5,000 
 
 Representative, at Large, R. W. Blue, Rep., Pleasanton 5,000 
 
 EXECUTIVE OFFICK. 
 
 Governor, E. N. Morrill, Rep., Hiawatha S3, 000 
 
 Private Secretary, J. L. Bristow, Rep., Ottawa 3,000 
 
 Executive Clerk, O. C. Hill, Rep., Hiawatha 1,300 
 
 Stenographer, C. E. Hull, Rep., Topeka 1.000 
 
 Typewriter, Miss Laura Lusk, Rep., Parsons yoo 
 
 (1 
 
 LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 
 
 James A. Troutman, Rep., Topeka; 86 per day during session of Legis- 
 lature, and $700 as Chairman Railroad Assessors. 
 
 SECRETARY OF STATE'S OFFICE. 
 
 Secretary of State, W. C. Edwards. Rep., Lamed 83,500 
 
 Assistant Secretary of State, T. S. Stover, Rep., lola 1,600 
 
 Chief Clerk, Henry Booth, Rep., Lamed i,aOO 
 
 Charter Clerk, George Higglns, Rep., Topeka 1,000 
 
 Commission Clerk, T. B. Hiskey, Rep., Colby 1,000 
 
 Recording Clerk, J. T. Botkiu, Rep., Galena l,000 
 
 Recording Clerk, Chas. S. Martin, Rep., Salina 1,000 
 
 Stenographer, Mr.-^. Laura M. Bond, Rep., Kansas City 600 
 
 (Th' Secretary of State keeps a record of all .ippointments and orders of the 
 Governor ; keeps records and flies of all charters, leases, and bonds ; writes all com- 
 missions, and attests the Governor's signature to the same ; is Secretary of the 
 Execntive Conncil ; and through his office all supplies and printing are ordered.) 
 
 STATE auditor's OFFICE. 
 
 Auditor of State, George E. Cole, Rep., Girard $3,500 
 
 Assistant Auditor, Wylie W. Cook, Rep., Oswego 1,600 
 
 Appropriation Clerk, S. R. Tuttle, Rep., Topeka 1,200 
 
 JJond Clerk, Edgar M. Smith, Rep., Kansas City 1,300 
 
 Land Oflice Clerk, Geo. W. Clark, Rep., Beloit 1,200 
 
 Book keeper, Irving H. Cole, Rep., Girard 1,000 
 
 Stenographer, Nellie W. King, Rep., Kansas City 600 
 
 (The Anditor's office is the accounting office for the State's finances. All bille 
 and claims against the State are passed upon and compared with the uppropriatioDi 
 made by the Legislature, before warrants are drawn on the Stat'; Treiisnrer. Dupli- 
 cate accounts are kept of all funds in the treasury, and compared monthly with that 
 office, thus making a check against possible errors. The work of compiling the u- 
 
 19) 
 
CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION OF KANSAS. 
 
 ('20) 
 
BesBmeut of rjiilroiid property also devolves upon this department, as do also the 
 accounts of the school lands, including the plats and field-notes of all surveys of the 
 St*te.) 
 
 STATE treasurer's OFFICE. 
 
 State Treasurer, Otis L. Atherton, Rep , Russell $3,500 
 
 Assistant State Treasurer, Geo. M. Seward, Rep., Topeka 1,700 
 
 Bond Clerk, H. E. Oveiholt, Rep., Topeka 1,300 
 
 Assistant Bond Clerk, W. A. Thomson, Rep., Scott City 1,300 
 
 Stenographer, W. C. Ferguson, Rep., Russell 800 
 
 Book-keeper, C. R. Richey, Rep., McPherson 1,000 
 
 Messenger and Clerk, Raymon Stake, Rep., Topeka 730 
 
 Guard, N. G. Ferryman, Rep., Russell Springs 900 
 
 (Collects all money due the State, and is the custodian of all bonds belonging to 
 the State and State School Fund.) 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAI.'S OFFICE. 
 
 Attorney General, F. B. Dawes, Rep., Clay Center 83,500 
 
 Assistant Attorney General, A. A. Godard, Rep., Topeka 1,600 
 
 Chief Clerk, James Clayton, Rep., Great Bend 1,300 
 
 Stenographer, A. R. Russell, Rep., Clay Center 900 
 
 (The Attorney General is the legal adviser of all departments, and his opinion is 
 regarded as the law unless the Supreme Court rules otherwise,) 
 
 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION'S OFFICE. 
 
 Superintendent, Edmund Stanley, Rep., Lawrence S3, 000 
 
 Assistant Superintendent, H. C. Fellow, Rep., Washington 1,600 
 
 Bond Clerk, C. C. Stanley, Rep., Lawrence 1,200 
 
 Stenographer, Miss M. L. Achenbach, Dem., Topeka 900 
 
 ADJUTANT general's OFFICE. 
 
 Adjutant, S. M. Fox, Rep., Manhattan 81,500 
 
 Assistant Adjutant, C. P. Drew, Rep., Burlingame 900 
 
 Clerk, Mrs. S. F. Beartlsley, Topeka 900 
 
 (1 
 
 STATE ACCOU.NTANT. 
 
 J. E. Challinor, Rep.. Kansas City 81, 500- 
 
 STATE BOARD OF DENTISTRY. 
 
 President, A. W. Davis, Holton. 
 Secretary, A. M. Callaham, Topeka. 
 
 STATE GRAIN INSPECTOR. 
 
 A. C. Merritt, Rep., Wamego 83,000- 
 
 STATE OIL INSPECTOR. 
 
 M. C. Kelley, Rep., Mulberry 81,200' 
 
 OFFICIAL STATE PAPER. 
 
 The Topeka Mail and Kansas Breeze. Editors, Arthur Capper, T. J. 
 McNeal, and F. C. Montgomery. 
 
 STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 President, T. M. Potter, Rep., Peabody. 
 
 Secretary, F. D. Coburn, Rep., Kansas City 82,000' 
 
 Vice-President, A. C. Shiun, Pop., Ottawa. 
 
 STATE BANK COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE. 
 
 Commissioner, John W. Breidenthal, Pop , Enterprise $2,500 
 
 Deputy Commissioner, Frank Osborn, Pop., Howard 1,300 
 
 Deputy Commissioner, M. A. Waterman, Pop., Fort Scott 1,200 
 
 Clerk, R. H. Semple, Pop., Ottawa 900- 
 
 OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF INSURANCE. 
 
 Superintendent, Geo. T. Anthony, Rep., Ottawa 82,000- 
 
 Assistant Superintendent, Eustace H. Brown, Rep., Olathe 1,500 
 
 Clerk, Miss Anita Anthony, Rep., Ottawa 900' 
 
 BURE.YU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 
 
 Commissioner, Wm. G. Bird, Rep., Kansas City 81,000- 
 
 Assistant Commissioner, Chas. E. Bigelow, Rep,, Wichita 800' 
 
 1) 
 
STATE FORESTRY STATION. 
 
 Commissioner. G. V. Bartlett, Rep., Dodge City 
 
 STATE BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 President, Johu Seaton, Rep., Atchison 
 
 Secretary. Sol. Miller, Rep., Troy 
 
 Mike Heery, Dem., Topeka 
 
 STATE BOARD OF PARDONS. 
 
 Tresident, Chas. H. Smith, Rep., Washington, \ 
 
 Secretary, John C. Caldwell [- 
 
 J. H.White ) 
 
 ST.\TE BOARD OF IRRIGATION. 
 
 President, D. M. Frost, Rep., Garden City 
 
 Secretary, W. B. Sutton, Rep., Russell 
 
 Treasurer, M. B. Tombliu, Pop., Goodlaud 
 
 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. 
 
 President, Taylor E. Rains, Rep., Concordia. 
 
 Secretary, Thos. Kirkpatrick, M. D., Rep., Westphalia 
 
 P. D. St. John, M. D., Rep., Wichita. 
 
 C. F. Menninger, M. D., Rep., Topeka. 
 
 ■C. D. Clark, M. U., Rep.. Minneapolis. 
 
 J. P. H. Dykes, M. D., Rep., Stafford. 
 
 E. M. Hoover, M. D., Rep., Halstead. 
 
 S. Laning, M. D., Rep., Kingman. 
 
 H. M. Ochiltree, M. D., Rep., Haddam. 
 
 E. B. Packer. M. D , Rep., Osage City. 
 
 Chemist and Microscopist, L. M. Powell, M. D., Rep., Topeka. 
 
 ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 
 
 President, Warren Knaus, Dem., McPherson. 
 
 I^ibrariau, B. B. Smyth, Rep., Topeka 
 
 11,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 82,500 
 
 81,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 S2,000 
 
 I OFFICE or RAILROAD COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 $800 : Commissioner, Sam'l T. Howe, Rep., Topeka $2,500 
 
 Commissioner, James M. Simpson, Rep., McPherson 2,500 
 
 Commissioner, Joseph G. Lowe, Dem., Washington 2,500 
 
 Secretary, B. F. Flenniken, Rep., Emporia 1,500 
 
 Clerk. R. M. Fulton, Rep., Topeka 1,200 
 
 Stenographer, Ross B. Gilluly, Rep., Oskaloosa 600 
 
 STATE BOARD OP PHARMACY. 
 
 President, John T. Moore, Rep., Lawrence. 
 Secretary, W. C. Johnston, Rep., Manhattan. 
 
 STATE architect's OFFICE. 
 
 State Architect, J. G. Holland, Rep., Topeka $2,400 
 
 Superintendent, John F. Stanton, Rep., Topeka $5 per day. 
 
 Assistant Superintendent, W. C. Hilts, Rep., Larned $3 per day. 
 
 live-stock sanitary- commission. 
 
 President. J. W. Johnson, Rep., Hamilton $5 per day. 
 
 Secretary, J. B. Vincent, Rep.. Hutchinson .^.i per day. 
 
 John I. Brown, Pop., Delphos .85 per day. 
 
 state historical society. 
 President, Gov. E. N. Morrill, Rep., Hiawatha. 
 Secretary, Franklin G. Adams, Rep., Topeka $1,500 
 
 STATE horticultural SOCIETY. 
 
 President, F. Wellhouse, Rep., Topeka. 
 
 Secretary, Edwin Taylor, Pop., Edwardsville. 
 
 Acting Secretary, Wm. H. Barnes, Rep., Independence SSOO 
 
 state LIBRARIAN. 
 
 Librarian, James L. King, Rep., Topeka $1,600 
 
 Assistant Librarian, Jacob J. Falls, Rep., Topeka 600 
 
 $500 , Assistant Librarian, Alice Ordway, Rep., Topeka 600 
 
 (132) 
 
STATE PRINTER. 
 
 J. K. Hudson, Rep., Topeka Fees. 
 
 STATE INSPECTOR OP COAI, MINES. 
 
 Hine Inspector, Bennett Brown, Rep., Boicourt 82,000 
 
 STATE PENITENTIARV. 
 
 Director, M. M. Beck, Rep., Holton '. S400 
 
 Director, T. W. Eckert, Rep., Arkansas City 400 
 
 Director, Lair Dean, Rep., Smith Center 400 
 
 Warden, J. B. Lynch, Rep., Chanute 2. .500 
 
 Deputy Warden, D. W. Nail, Rep., Abilene 1.500 
 
 ■Chief Clerk, A. J. Schilling, Rep., Leavenworth 1,300 
 
 Physician, G. A. Morri.son, Rep., Columbus 1,400 
 
 THE STATE BEFORM.VTORY, HUTCHINSON. 
 
 Director, S. R. Peters. Rep., Newton $3 per day. 
 
 Director, T. J. O'Neill, Dem., Osage City S3 per day. 
 
 Director, Wm. J. Lingeufelter, Pop., Wellington S3 per day. 
 
 Superintendent, J. C. O. Morse, Rep., Wellington .SI, 500 
 
 Assistant Superintendent, N. L. Hallowell, Rep., Coldwater 900 
 
 KANSAS ASYLUM FOR IDIOTIC AND IMBECILE YOUTH, WINFIELD. 
 
 Superintendent, C. S. Newlon, M. D., Rep., Altamont $1,000 
 
 INSANF. ASYLUM, TOPEKA. 
 
 Superintendent, B. D. Eastman, Rep., Topeka 81,500 
 
 INSANE ASYLUM. OSAWATOMIE. 
 
 Superintendent, T. C. Biddle, Rep., Emporia $1,500 
 
 REFORM SCHOOL, TOPKKA. 
 
 ■Superintendent, W. H. Howell, Rep., Fort Scott $1,000 
 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE DEAF .\ND DUMB, OLATHK. 
 
 Superintendent, H. C. Hammond, Rep., Chicago SI, 500 
 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND, KANSAS CITY. 
 
 Superintendent, Geo. H. Miller, Rep., Kansas City SI, 000 
 
 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BKLOIT. 
 
 Superintendent, Mrs. S. V. Leeper, Rep., Lawrence 
 
 soldiehs' orphans' home, atchison. 
 Superintendent, C. E. Faulkner, Rep.. Salina 
 
 $800 
 
 SI, 000 
 
 STATE soldiers HOME, DODGE CITY. 
 
 Manager, L. Van Voorhis, Pop., Lawrence, \ 
 
 Manager, Thomas Shuler, Rep., Whiterock, !- $1,000 
 
 Manager, H. Janneau, — ., Dodge City ) 
 
 Commandant, C. M. Cunningham, Rep., Osborne 1,000 
 
 Quartermaster, John W. Sidlow, Pop., Dodge City 600 
 
 Surgeon, Dr. E. H. Sehillach, Rep.. Allen 500 
 
 Adjutant, S. H. Thomas, Rep. Ellsworth 500 
 
 STATE board OF CHARITIES. 
 
 Prtsident, Morton Albaugh, Rep., Kingman S3 per day. 
 
 Secretary, Geo. A. Clark, Rep., Junction City $3 per day. 
 
 Treasurer, K. E. Wilcockson, Rep., Oakley $3 per day. 
 
 Dr. Thos. Blakeslee, Rep., Neodesha $3 per day. 
 
 F. M. Lockard, Rep., Norton $3 per day. 
 
 And mileage at 10 cents per mile. 
 
 DEPART.MENT OF KANSAS, G. A. R. 
 
 Commander, W. H. Whitney, Cawker City. 
 
 (123 
 
JUDICIARY OF KANSAS. 
 
 SUPREME COURT. 
 
 The Supreme Court is composed of three members, viz.: Oue Chief 
 Justice, aDd two Associate Justices — salary S3, 000 each — as follows: 
 Chief Justice, David Martiu, Rep., Atchison. (Term expires January, 
 
 1897.) 
 Associate Justice, S. H. Allen, Pop., Topeka. (Term expires January, 
 
 1899.) 
 Associate Justice, \V. A. Johnston, Rep., Minneapolis. (Term expires 
 
 January, 1901.) 
 
 Clerk, C. J. Brown, Rep., Topeka, (appointed by Court) Fees. 
 
 Reporter, A. M. F. Randolph, Burliugton, (appointed by Court) 82,000 
 
 COURTS OF APPEALS. 
 
 The State is divided into two departments, viz.: The Northern and 
 Southern; each department being divided into three divisions, viz.: In 
 the Northern Dei)artment, Eastern Division, sitting at Topeka ; Central, 
 sitting at Concordia ; Western, sitting sit Colby. In the Southern De- 
 partment, sittings are held at Fort Scott, Wichita, and Garden City. 
 Each department is presided over by a court composed of three Judges, 
 as follows: 
 
 NORTHERN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Presiding Judge, A. D. Gilkeson, Dem., Hays City 82,500 
 
 Associate Judge, T. F. Carver, Rep., Salina 2,500 
 
 Associate Judge, Geo. W. Clark, Pop., Topeka 2,500 
 
 Clerk, Eastern Division, S. B. Bradford. Rep , Topeka 1,500 
 
 Clerk, Central Division, D. A. Valentine, Rep., Clay Center 1,500 
 
 Clerk, Western Division, F. M. Lockard, Rep., Norton 1,500 
 
 SOUTHERN DEPAIiTMENT. 
 
 Presiding Judge, W. A. Johnson, Rep., Garnett 82,500 
 
 Associate Judge, A. W. Dennison, Pop., El Dorado 2,500 
 
 Associate Judge, E. C. Cole, Rep., Great Bend 2,500 
 
 Clerk, Eastern Division, Frank L. Brown. Rep., Garnett 1,500 
 
 Clerk, Central Division, Victor Murdock, Rep., Wichita 1,500 
 
 Clerk, Western Division, L. J. Pettijohn, Rep., Hugoton 1,500 
 
 The term of office of the severjil .Xppellate Judges will expire on the second Mon- 
 day in January, 1897. The Clerks are appointed by the Court, and hold their office at 
 the pleasure of the Court. 
 
 LATE RESIDENCE OF W. C. EDWARUS. LARNED. 
 
 ( 121 ) 
 
DISTRICT COURTS. 
 The State is divided into thirty-live Judicial Districts, each presided 
 over by one Judge, whose salary is S2,500 per annum, composed of coun- 
 ties as follows: 
 
 1st District. — Leavenworth, Jackson, and Jefferson ; L. A. Myers, Pop., 
 Leavenworth. 
 
 2d Dist.— Atchison; W. D. Webb, Rep., Atchison. 
 
 3d Dist.— Shawnee; Z. T. Hazen, Rep., Topelia. 
 
 4th Dist. — Douglas, Franklin, and Anderson; A. W. Benson, Rep., 
 Ottawa. 
 
 .■>th Dist. — Coffey, Lyon, and Chase; Wm. A. Randolph, Dem.-Pop., 
 Emporia. 
 
 6th Dist. — Bourbon, Crawford, and Linn ; Walter L. Simons, Rep., Fort 
 Scott. 
 
 7th Dist. — Allen, Neosho, Wilson, and Woodson ; L. Stillwell, Rep., Erie. I 
 
 8lh Dist. — Geary, Dickinson, Morris, and Marion ; Oscar L. Moore, Rep., i 
 Abilene. 
 
 9th Dist. — Reno, Harvey, and Mcl'herson ; F. L. Martin, Rep., Hutch- 
 inson. 
 
 10th Dist. — Johnson and Miami ; John T. Burris, Dem., Olathe. 
 
 11th Dist. — Cherokee, Labette, and Montgomery; A. H. Skidmore, Rep., 
 Columbus. 
 
 13th Dist. — Cloud, Republic, and Washington ; F. W. Sturgis, Rep., Con- 
 cordia. 
 
 13th Dist. — Chautauqua, Elk, Greenwood, and Butler; A. M. Jackson, 
 Dem.-Pop., Howard. 
 
 14th Dist.— Lincoln, Ellsworth, and Russell; W. G. Eastland, Rep.. 
 Russell. 
 
 15th Dist. — Mitchell, Osborne, Jewell, and Smith ; Cyrus Heren, Dem.- 
 Pop., Osborne. 
 
 16th Dist. — Pawnee, Edwards, and Hodgeman; S. W. Vandivert, Rep., 
 Kinsley. 
 (The Legislature of 1895 passed a law re-districting the State as to Judicial Dis- 
 
 tricts, and after tbi- second .Monday of January. I89S, the 16th District will be com- 
 posed of the following counties, viz. : Edwards, Pawnee. Rush, Hodgeman, Ness, 
 Lane, Scott, Wichita, and Greeley.) 
 
 17th Dist. — Phillips, Norton, Decatur, Rawlins, and Cheyenne; A. C. T. 
 
 Geiger, Pop., Oberlin. 
 18th Dist. — Sedgwick; D. M. Dale, Dem., Wichit.i. 
 19th Dist. — Sumner and Cowley; J. B. Burnette, Rep., Caldwell. 
 20th Dist.— Rice, Barton, and Stafford; Ansel R. Clark, Rep., Sterling. 
 31st Dist.— Riley, Marshall, and Clay ; R. B. Spilman, Rep., Manhattan. 
 32d Dist. — Doniphan, Brown, and Nemaha; Rufus M. Emery, Rep., 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 23d Dist.— Ellis, Trego, Gove, Logan, and Wallace; Lee Mouroe, Rep., 
 Wakeeney. 
 
 24th Dist.— Harper, Baiber, Kingman, and Pratt; G. W. McKay, Pop., 
 Harper. 
 
 29th Dist.— Wyandotte; H. L. Alden, Rep., Kansas City. 
 30th Dist. — Ottawa and Saline ; R. F. Thompson, Rep., Minneapolis. 
 ( Ellsworth and Lincoln counties to be added to this district after January, 1897.) 
 
 31st Dist. — Comanche, Clark, Meade, Gray, Ford, and Kiowa; Francis 
 
 C. Price, Rep., Ashland. 
 32d Dist. — Seward. Stevens, Morton, Haskell, Grant, Stanton, Finney, 
 
 Kearny, and Hamilton; W. E. Hutchinson, Rep., Garden City. 
 33d Dist. — Rush. Ness, Lane, Scott, Wichita, and Greeley ; J. E. Andrews, 
 
 Dem.-Pop., La Cro.sse. 
 (Under the operation of the law, this district becomes extinct after the second 
 Monday of January, 1898.) 
 
 34th Dist.— Rooks, Graham, Sheridan, Thotnas, and Sherman; Chas. W. 
 Smith, Rep., Stockton. 
 
 35th Dist. — Pottawatomie, Wabaunsee, and Osage; Wm. Thomson, 
 Rep., Burlingame. 
 
 COURT OF COMMON PLEAS. 
 
 Wyandotte; W. G. Holt, Rep., Kansas City. 
 
 (125) 
 
Cfte Kansas 
 
 Tmmlfiranon and information 
 
 Tfssociatjon « 
 
 -Si 
 
 ORGANtZED JANUARY 29. ,896, BY 
 
 HON. W. C. EDWARDS 
 
 (SECRETARY OF STATE OF KANSAS.) 
 
 » 
 
 The Association is organized to promote the cause of • • • 
 ■nformation as .a, he desire, h, uLs..J:Zt:::ZT"^ ^"^ '' '""'"' '^^ 
 
 t has reliabie representatives in a,l parts of the State. 
 .op:i:"^^'""^"''^--------esirin. 
 
 or those 
 with us. 
 attention 
 
 FAR^S. STOCK Rftr.SHE5, niWtiO UA/iDS. 
 
 Correspondent" oLLrXrr '' ^^^^ ^^^ ^-^--es. to correspond 
 -KK OK CH.HOK. — ,cat.o„s wiH receive careful and prompt 
 
 Cbe Kansas Tmmlgration and information dissociation, 
 
 ■ TOPEKA. KANSAS. 
 
 (126) 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 W. C. Edwards. /Vm. 
 E. G. Hudson. Vicr-Pres. 
 F. D. Taylor, Secy. 
 
 J- G. Edwards. 7>-«j. 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 p'r^H""*""''; Topeka. Kas. 
 
 S- S- Hudson, Lincoln, III. 
 S I„ A u '-°''' Chicago, 111, 
 ll r r' "™™N, Chicago. 111. 
 
 3 J. B. Brown. Hutchinson. Kas 
 Oeo. Leis, Lawrence. Kas 
 
CHICAGO OFFICE, 260 CLARK STREET. 
 
 H. C. SPEEft. 
 
 HENRY 0. 6PEER. 
 W. W. 6PEER. 
 
 F M. BRIGHAM, C«»Hien, 
 
 H. C. SPEER, 
 
 TVTUNICIRHL BONDS. 
 = TOPEKA. =^= 
 
 ToPEKA, June 25, 1896. 
 Hon. W. C. Edwards : 
 
 My Dear Sir — I beg to use the space allotted me to say that I think 
 the Kansas Souvenir should have wide circulation among well-to-do farmers 
 in the Middle and Eastern States. An intelligent statement of the resources of Kansas and its invit- 
 ing field for the investment of labor and capital needs only intelligent comparison by the reader. 
 Kansas needs farmers who own the land they cultivate. All who went into the hard times out of 
 debt have earned a safe support, happy in the security of home, making improvements without fear 
 of loss, and carrying to the work of the future an undaunted and hopeful courage. The other picture 
 — of the man who counted his values in "equities" — I dislike to draw. His is the experience that 
 results in the bargains in every county now open to others who can pay cash. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 H. C. SPEER. 
 
 127) 
 
SHAWNEE COUNTY. 
 
 VALUATION. 
 
 Real Estate §4.013,295 
 
 Town Lots 8,848,835 
 
 Personal 2,089,685 
 
 Railroad 1,295,946 
 
 Total 816,347,761 
 
 ■ Indebtedness $504,000 
 
 ACREAGE. 
 
 Corn 97,971 
 
 Wheat 2,714 
 
 Potatoes 4,656 
 
 Oats ll!204 
 
 COUXTV OFFICER.S. 
 
 Hon. Z. T. Hazen, Judge Distiict Court. 
 
 E. M. Cocbrell, Clerk District Court. 
 K. B. Kepley, Sheriff. 
 
 H. C. Safford, Attorney. 
 
 F. M. Stahl, Treasurer. 
 Chas. T. McCabe, Clerk. 
 
 Frank Brooks, Register of Deeds. 
 B. A. Bailey, Surveyor. 
 .J. M. Westerfield, Coroner. 
 Walter E. Fagau, Auditor. 
 John \V. Stout, Supt. Pub. Instruc'n. 
 D. A. Williams, Conim'r 1st District. 
 T. P. Rodgers, Comm'r 2d District. 
 Scott Kelsey, Couim'r 3d District. 
 
 CITY OF TOPEKA. 
 
 Incokporated 1855. 
 
 SHAWNEE COUXTT .TAIL. 
 
 VALUATION. 
 
 Keal estate 87,819,955 
 
 Personal 1,401,295 
 
 Railroad 393,953 
 
 Total §9,615,203 
 
 Indebtedness §337,000 
 
 Rate of Tax 04^% 
 
 Population 31,612 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 Washburn College. 
 Bethany College. 
 Pond's Business School. 
 Topeka Business College. 
 .Standard School of Shorthand. 
 Kansas Medical College. 
 (128) 
 
 — q 
 
 '- l-f" J' 
 
 3 5 1 
 
 '- f/ 
 
 i 
 
 
 >UA\\ .Ntt 
 
 CHURCHE8. 
 
 Denomination. Xo. 
 
 Baptists 12 
 
 Methodists 15 
 
 Presbyterian ... 10 
 
 Christian 4 
 
 Congregational. 4 
 
 Mem. 
 3.255 
 
 2,865 
 
 l,86i 
 
 1.0r7 
 
 905 
 
 Denomination. 
 
 Lutheran 
 
 Episcopal 
 
 Catholic 
 
 Miscellaneous. . 
 
 Total value of Church property, $668,400. 
 
 Xo. 
 
 Mem. 
 T43 
 590 
 
 2.650 
 6^ 
 
 13,569 
 
DEERINO 
 
 HARVESTING MACHINES 
 
 Are the only ones with Roller and Ball Bearings. They are one horse lighter in draft 
 than other machines, and they last longer. ■ 
 
 
 DECRING PONY BINDER, WITH ROLLER AND BALL BEARINGS AND JOINTED PLATFORM. 
 
 Deering Hay Rakes are the strongest and handiest. 
 Deering Corn Harvester cuts and binds ten acres a day. 
 Deering Binder Twine is the prettiest, strongest and longest. 
 Deering Harvester Oil is a perfect Lubricant. Keeps in any Climate. 
 
 DEERING HARVESTER CO., 
 
 Send for Catalogue. 
 
 FULLERTON AND CLVBOURN AVENUES 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 (129 
 
All Principal Cities— All Productive Counties 
 
 In Kansas, (also in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, 
 Oklahoma, Indian Territory.) are located on or along the line of the 
 
 SANTA FE ROUTE. 
 
 THIS LINE IS THE SHORTEST. 
 
 ITS TRAINS ARE THE QUICKEST. 
 
 ITS EQUIPMENT IS THE BEST. 
 
 A few places are not situated on the Santa Fe, but there is excellent service via 
 A. T. & S. F. Ry. to and from the junctions. 
 
 Agents of Santa Fe Route sell ticiets at lowest rates to all points in United 
 States, Mexico and Canada. Baggage checked through. 
 
 QEO. T. NICHOLSON, 
 
 Qen. P&ssenger Agt., CHICAQO. 
 
 THE GREAT SOUTHWEST, =^==^=== 
 
 ALONG TMC LINC Of 
 
 The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 
 
 Affords better opportunities to obtain cheap farms. Alfalfa ranches, and choice graz- 
 ing lands than can be found elsewhere. The Railway Company offers lor sale a lim- 
 ited acreage of excellent farming and grazing lands in the fertile 
 
 ARKANSAS RIVER VALLEY . 
 
 of South-central and Southwest Kansas, on easy terms and at low prices. 
 
 It is the policy of the Company to encourage and assist the development and set- 
 tlement of its territory, and with this in view, information will be gladly furnished to 
 intending settlers and investors as to desirable lands, colony locations, and sites for 
 industrial enterprises, and pains taken to put them in communication with reliable 
 parties owning or having lor sale such properties. For free pamphlets and informa- 
 tion, address j^q g FROST, 
 
 Land Commissioner, TOPBKA, KAS. 
 
 (130 1 
 
KftHSAS CITY STOCK YARDS 
 
 Most Complete and Commodious in tlie West 
 
 And second largest in the world. The entire railroad system of the 
 West and Southwest centering at Kansas City has direct rail con- 
 oection with these Yards, with ample facilities for receiving and re- 
 flhipping stock. 
 
 Ollleial Receipts for 895 
 
 Slaughtered in Kansas City . 
 
 Sold to Feeders 
 
 Sold to Stiippers 
 
 Total Sold in Kansas City 1895 
 
 Cattle^a 
 Calm. 
 
 I,639,ee2 
 922,167 
 392;3«2 
 218,805 
 
 1,533,231 
 
 Hogg. 
 
 2,457,697 
 
 2,170,8-27 
 
 1.376 
 
 273,9991 
 
 2,146,2021 
 
 Shee;. 
 
 864,713 
 .= 67,015 
 111,445 
 69,784 
 743.244 
 
 Eories aid 
 
 Hnlei. 
 
 Cait. 
 
 52,6071 103,363 
 
 41,588 
 
 CHARQES. — Yardage : Cattle, 25 cents per head ; Hogs, 8 
 cents per head ; Sheep, 5 cents per bead. Hat : Sl.OO per 100 lbs. 
 Bban: 81.00 per 100 lbs. Corn: 81.00 per bushel. 
 
 No Yardage Charged Unless the Stock is Sold or Weighed. » 
 
 C. F. MORSE, 
 
 Vlce-Pres. and Gen. 
 
 Mgr. 
 
 «. P. CHILD, 
 
 Assistant General Mgr. 
 
 E. E. RICHARDSON, 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 EUGENE RUST, 
 
 General Superintendent. 
 
 W. S. TOUGH 6l sons. 
 
 Managers Horse and Mule Department. 
 
 " FRISCO LINE. 
 
 »» 
 
 St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. 
 
 The most direct and popular through passen- 
 ger route between the East and the State of 
 Kansas. 
 
 Double daily through express trains are run 
 between St. Louis Union Station and all points 
 in Kansas without change of cars. 
 
 Handsome coaches, reclining chair cars, 
 (seats free,) Pullman Palace Buffet Drawing- 
 room Sleepers on all through trains. For fur- 
 ther particulars, address 
 
 D. WISHART, 
 
 General Passenger Agent, 
 ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 (iji) 
 
Metallic Vault aj Office Furniture 
 
 .Banks, Insurance Companies, Trust Companies and Public Offices. 
 
 In the New State Building:, Topeka, Kiinsat?, the ofticot^ of ihi- Gover- 
 nor, Treasurer, Secretary of Stale :uul Clerk of Supreme Court .■in- 
 fitted up witli our work. 
 
 OFFICE SPECIALTY iVIANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 .Write for Catalogue. Fafories and Main Oiticc. ROCHESTER, X. Y. 
 
 The great stock-raising and never-failing 
 crop counties of Kansas are the Southeastern 
 counties bordering on Missouri — Johnson, Miami, 
 Linn, Bourbon, Crawford, and Cherol<ee — on the 
 line of the 
 
 KANSAS CITY, 
 
 FORT SCOTT & MEMPHIS 
 
 RAILROAD. 
 
 Land in those counties is yet cheap (cheapest 
 in the State, all things considered), and offers 
 homeseekers and investors opportunities not to 
 be found elsewhere in Kansas. 
 
 FORTUNES ARE HADE 
 
 with little money, in the great lead and zinc 
 mining camp at Galena, Cherokee County. 
 
 For full information and a copy of the Mis- 
 souri and Kansas Farmer, an eight-page illus- 
 trated paper, address 
 
 J. E. LOCK WOOD, 
 
 Qen. Pass. Agt. Memphis Route, 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 (i;«) 
 
W. T. OSBORNE & CO., 
 
 Electrical Engineers and 
 Contractors. 
 
 Supplies, Repairs, and Construction. 
 MOTORS AND GENERATORS. 
 
 705 DELAWARE ST.. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 *' Cosmo" 
 
 Buttevmilk Xloilet Soap. 
 
 THE PUREST AND BEST TOILET SOAP MADE 
 FOR THE 
 
 Complexion, cToilet, an& Batb. 
 
 SEE THAT OUR NAME IS ON EACH PACKAGE. 
 
 Cosmo Buttermilk Soap Company, 
 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 
 
 FROn 
 
 KANSAS CITY 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MK'Ti 
 
 Indian 
 Territory 
 and Texas, 
 
 The IVIissoari, Kansas & Texas Hy* 
 
 AFFORDS SUPERIOR SERVICE. 
 
 WAGNER BUFFET SLEEPING CARS. 
 FREE "KATY" CHAIR CARS . 
 
 For rates or further information, address 
 
 Q. A. HcNurr, 
 
 1044 Union Ave., KANSAS CITY, MC 
 
 (IM) 
 
WHEN YOUc^WANT 
 
 ThFeshiog JWaehiDefy 
 
 WRITE TO THE 
 
 J. I. CASE T. M. CO., Racine, Wis. 
 
 YOU WANT THE BEST, 
 
 Because the best is none too good. 
 
 YOU SHOULD BUY THE BEST, 
 
 Because it is the cheapest in the end. 
 
 YOU SHOULD BUY THE J. L CASE, 
 
 Because the machinery made by them is 
 Strictly First-Class and Up to Date, 
 
 AND YOU WILL HAVE THE BEST. 
 
 WE WILL GLADLY PRESENT YOU WITH OUR 1896 
 
 CATALOGUE FOR THE ASKING. 
 
 ASK FOR IT! 
 
 (135) 
 
 Before ordering, examine our goods and write to 
 
 J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company, 
 
 RACINE, WIS., 
 
 For further particulara. 
 
The H. D. liee IVIereantile Company, 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS, 
 
 SALINA. KANSAS. 
 
 The Leading Jobbing House in central Kansas. Carries one 
 of the Largest Stocks in the West. A complete assortment 
 of Staple and Fancy Groceries, and Grocers' Sundries. 
 
 A HOME MARKET, 
 
 From which the best and finest qualities of goods can be 
 purchased. 
 
 FELLOWS & VANSANT, 
 
 
 G 
 
 eneral Contractors 
 and Builders, 
 
 A. FELLOWS. 
 F. E VANSANT. 
 
 Topeka, Kansas. 
 
 T. H. KCYES. PreS- M DeLANCY, V -PRES. WM. FLeTCHCR. Scc. AND TnCAS. 
 
 The National Pump Go. ""-"" Wonder Pump 
 
 The Cheapest and Best for Mining and Irrigation. The only Heshing Spiral 
 Flanije Rotary Pump in ihe \\'orId. 
 
 THF "WflNnFR" ^^ "^ Jjpiral Ko:ary i'mup. ana is usi-a .o lift wa'.er from 
 '"^ ffUI»l/tn wells, cisterns, streams, mines, and ships. It is also 
 u&ed in sUiip . faclorie;- and packing houses, and for furnishing water for irrigating 
 purpo^fs. It has no equal either in price, capacity or cost of opiTating. To supply 
 the reiiuisite power either windmills, water, horses or steam may bn used. It is made 
 of iron I r brass, has no valves, is very simple, and has won its way to favor on its 
 real merits. It sucks and forces water any distance. It is built in size from a cis 
 tern pump to one capable of furniehing water for the water-works of large citii s. If 
 you need a pump fur any purpose, drop a line to the address below and you will re- 
 ceive a circular and price-list. Agents wanted. 
 
 NATIONAL PUMP CO., 306 W. 8th St., KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 ■' He who makes Iwo blades of grass grow where but one £ 
 benefactor to mankind than all the politicians that ever livi-d. 
 
 rew before, is a greater 
 
 ( r^fi) 
 
fort mayne €kctric Corporation, 
 
 FORT WAYNE, IND., U. 5. A. 
 
 -4 J- 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 •f-^. 
 
 (Uocd and (Uenstrotn 
 
 SYSTEMS 
 
 ARC LIGHT DYNAMOS, 
 
 DIRECT CURRENT INC. DYN., 
 
 GENERATORS, 
 
 MOTORS, 
 
 ALTERNATING CURRENT 
 SNCD. APPARATUS, 
 
 RAILWAY APPARATUS. 
 
 BRANCH OFFICES. 
 
 New York City 115 Broadwsiy. 
 
 Chicago, III 625 Marquette Bldg. 
 
 PHlLADELPHli 101 to 104 The Bourse. 
 
 PiTTSEDBGH, 405 Times Building. 
 
 Cincinnati, 402 Neave Building. 
 
 CoLUMBue, Ohio, 410 Wyandotte Bldg. 
 
 San Francisco 18 Second Strset. 
 
 Boston, IT Federal Street. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y Powers Building. 
 
 New Orleans, 404 Carondelet Street. 
 
 Omaha, Neb 1201 Farnam Street. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn 113 Germania Life Bldg. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga 25 Marietta Street. 
 
 St. Louis, . 331 Security Building. 
 
 Kansas City 70., Delaware Street. 
 
F^J^^'VB'R-'"'?'/ " ' ' '•' 
 
 A GRAND ACHIEVEMENT! 
 
 The Triuibph 
 Sulky Plow, 
 
 MANUFACTURED BV THK 
 
 J. I. Case Plow Works, 
 
 OF RACINE, WIS. 
 
 So perfect in principle and conetrnction 
 1 h.it a boy six years old can use it, and do 
 ii man's work wilh ease. 
 
 
 A 6-year old', boy, in thirty 
 days, near Sedgwick, Kansas^ 
 with a Triumph Sullty, plowed 
 65 acres. 
 
 The above ilJusliatidi, (taken from a photf graph in the field.) shows Ma.ster Blaine Adams, of Sedgwick, Kansas, a little boy just turned 
 six years old, plowing wilh a Tiiiinijih f^ulky I'low, and turning his four and five acres a day. His father writes that Blaine plowed 65 to 70 
 acres, doing the same anioiiut in a day that he did, and plowed wiih a much moie even furrow than many men who have plowed for him. Any- 
 one wishing to confiim this can do so by addiTSsing Mr. James W. Adams, Sedgwick, Kansas, Blaine's father. 
 
 moral: start your boy right in life by buying a triumph sulky. 
 
 For further particulars, address J. I. CASE PLOW WORKS, Racine, Wis. 
 
 (138) 
 
CRANE COnPANY, 
 
 KAN5A5 ©ITY, A\0. 
 
 "CRANE" IRRIGATION WINDMILLS, 
 
 FRIZELL IRRIGATION CYLINDERS, 
 
 WELL POINTS AND STRAINERS, 
 
 WROUGHT IRON PIPE, CASING AND 
 BOILER TUBES, 
 
 CAST AND MALLEABLE IRON FITTINGS, 
 
 BRASS AND IRON VALVES AND COCKS, 
 
 IRON HAND AND WINDMILL PUMPS, 
 
 WORTHINGTON STEAM PUMPS, 
 
 RUBBER AND LEATHER BELTING, 
 
 Supplies for Steam Fitters and Plumbers, 
 Supplies for Mills and Machine Shops, 
 Supplies for Thresher-Men and Well-Men. 
 
 
 (139 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND JOBBERS OF 
 
 IRRIGATION 
 ^SUPPLIES, 
 
 a, 
 
 SEND FOR CATALOGUE. 
 
Breed kor Size, Beauty and Speed. 
 
 ADAMANT 
 
 Bay hoise. 16X hands high, weighs 1,250. By Imp. Stoue- 
 heuge, dam Adage, by Imp. King Earnest, winner of Baychester 
 stakes and other fast races. Will make season at $35 to insure. 
 Adamant is conceded by all good judges to be the best thoroughbred 
 individual in Kansas. Stock for sale at all times at reasonable 
 prices. Adamant colts hAve been trained and show extreme speed. 
 Address 
 
 STUBBS BROS., 
 
 Thoroughbred Stock Farm, 
 DODGE CITY, KAS. 
 
 J. W. WRIGHT, 
 
 Real Gstdtc, farm Coan, and 
 Rental Haency « « 
 
 Special attention given to the care and sale of properties owned liy 
 non-residents. Rents collected, taxes paid, etc. 
 
 Office in First National Bank Building. 
 
 McPherson, Kas. 
 
 WE SAVE YOU 
 
 1 
 
 YOUR MONEY. 
 
 A High-Qrade Wheel (fully guaranteed) for 
 
 'ft«igi«^S«^S«t^?@?gKi^r»»^ 
 
 $50.00 
 
 If the "MONOGRAM" is not handled in your city, tell 
 
 your dealer to write to us — he can handle 
 
 it to advantage. 
 
 PERFECT CONSTRUCTION ) j, n.^.^ nA,.,*i, 
 LIGHT RUNNING jj PCflgCt HgailtV. 
 
 We handle Everything in the Bicycle line from a Cot ter Pin to a Tandem. 
 
 LAWRENCE BROTHERS 
 CYCLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Illustrated Cataloj^ue of our entire line to dealers on applicition. 
 
 (HO) 
 
MliiHN<i Co. 
 
 Area ovEf?^S^^CR»: 
 
 mines' mCATED itr 
 CRIPfiLEOJEEK OmmCT 
 
 TAL STOCK 
 
 FWfitt^i^ON'ASSESSABLE 
 
 ADDRESS ALL CORRESPONDENCE T0;?~„ 
 GENERAL OFFICE. TOPEKA. KANSAS 
 
 This Company was orgauizetl on March 4, ISnti, under the laws of Colorado, wiih a cniiitalizatiou of Sf3,<'0O,0C0, l^hares of the par value of one 
 dollar each, and is full paid and non-assessable ; l.()50,0C0 shares being placed in the treasury, with no indebtedness. The management has de- 
 cided to sell a limited number of shares for the purpose of continuing the work of develojiing its properties and patenting the same, at the low 
 figure of five cents per share, or $50. 00 for one thousand shares. 
 
 The following Claims and Tunnel Site are owned by this Company : 
 
 The Worthington, The Kaffir. The Jav, Tlie Lynn. The Bussard. The Black t-'iiuaw. The Vigilant, The Polar Star. The Diilnth, The tree Soil. 
 Each claim containing' ten acres and joined together, situated aliout two miles east of Victor, Colo., on Bull Mountain. Also, has just purchased 
 the "Lucky Boy " wliich joins the city limits of Victor, and the famous Independence Mine, recognized as the greatest gold-producing mine in the 
 world with the Portland group of mines just above it. Producing heavily of gold oie. its Capital Stock selling at 181 per share. 
 
 The officers of this Company are representative men of careful and economical business habits, who, after a critical investigation, have in- 
 vested their money and taken an active interest in tlie enterprise, and are developing its properties to a dividend-paying basis. The ore assays 
 as high as S60 00 per ton on some of its properties, at a depth of not over (30 feet, and ore taken from surface will assay $4.00 to S6.00 per ton. 
 
 Mining men familiar with the veins on Battle and Bull Mountains are unanimous in believing that with a proper depth a solid body of Sylvan- 
 ite Ore (gold ore) will be found in ihe "l.uckv Boy," one of our properties, making a mine equally as valuable as the Strong, Portland, or Inde- 
 pendence For Proniectns and other inforniati(jn. as well as purchase of stock, address Geo. Leis, President, Lawrence, Kansas, 
 
 or D. P. Ei.i.ioTT, Viee-Pres., Topeka, Kas. 
 
 ( 141 
 
THE OLD RELIABLE 
 
 Mitchell Wagon, 
 
 MANUFACTURED BY 
 
 MITCHELL 4. LEWIS CO., Limited, 
 RACINE, WISCONSIN. 
 
 Farm Wagons, Spring Wagons, 
 Delivery Wagons, Truck Wagons. 
 
 MONARCH OF THE ROAD . 
 
 Has stood the test for over sixty years, and is today world- 
 renowned for its wearing qualities and its light draft. 
 
 Call on onr nearest agent for prices, or write to PARLIN & 
 ORENDORFF CO., Kansas City, Mo., who are general agents 
 for Kansas and Western Missouri. 
 
 COMPLETE POWER OUTFITS for Electric Light, Railway and Mill Service. 
 
 THE ENGLISH SUPPLY AND ENGINE COMPANY, 
 
 NOS. 408-410-412 WEST FIFTH STREET, 
 
 — — — — KANSAS CITY, MO. =— — 
 
 ENGINEERING TOOLS AND SUPPLIES. 
 
 ENGINES AND BOILERS. 
 
 142) 
 
TWENTY YEARS OF SQUARE DEALING. 
 
 t-^^g^'^^^-y 
 
 Cbe $t Couls Paper Company, 
 
 A 
 
 St Couis, missouri « 
 
 The only Exclusive Printers' Stock House In the West. Sells Every- 
 thing that a Printer Prints on. 
 
 g|||lMiii|||ii"ii|||iMni|||ii"ii|||».«i|||u"ii|||iii.ii||| r|||> |||ii'-n|||ii"ii|||ii'Mi|||it'Mi|||ii"ii|||ii"ii|||i| 
 
 %■ THE PAPER FOR THIS SOUVENIR 4 
 r FURNISHED BY US. 4 
 
 SlllU.lilll lllll,LJllllH..lllllll.illllllU«llll 1III11..IIIIII llljl,..llll ill ill 1IIIII..I1II1 ifil 
 
 A Postal will bring me.. 
 
 Cy Thurhan, 
 
 ATCHISON, KANSAS. 
 
 (143) 
 
J. S. CHICK. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 W. T. LITTLE, 
 
 GENERAL MANAGER 
 
 W. T. LITTLE. JR.. 
 
 SECRETARY . 
 
 Kansas City Bank Gravel Go. 
 
 716 DELAWARE STREET. 
 
 TELEPHONE t759. 
 
 BANK GRAVEL FOR WALKS, DRIVEWAYS. ROOFING, AND CONCRETE. 
 BEST QUALITY OF BANK SAND. 
 
 The above cut represents a glacier gravel deposit on line of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, in Johnson 
 County, Kansas. 
 
 The property is owned by the Kansas City Bank Gravel Company, of Kansas City, Mo., who mine and ship 
 gravel to all points in Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, and Texas. The material is largely used for street paving, private and 
 public driveways, walks, etc. .A.lso for roofing purposes. 
 
 The Company has extensive machinery employed for separating the material. A very fine grade of bank sand is 
 taken from the gravel, which is used for plastering and cement work. It is in great demand, as the sand is sharp and 
 coarse. 
 
 The Company's office is at 716 Delaware Street, Kansas City, Mo., where all communications should be addressed. 
 Estimates on every class of work are furnished. 
 
 Prompt shipments guaranteed. 
 
 (144) 
 
€ro$by Bro$,,^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Drv 6oo(i$ and Carpets. 
 
 tssiSi 
 
 Xaraest /IDaiU©r5er Ibouse in tbc 
 State of "Kansas 
 
 •^ 
 
 f 
 
 ^y Thirty Thousand square feet of floor space 
 devoted to the sale of 
 
 DRY GOODS, CARPETS, AND 
 MILLINERY X 
 
 €ro$by Bro$., Copeka, Ka$. 
 
 QRAHAM 
 
 PAPER CO. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, 
 
 Are General Paper Dealers, 
 
 AND SOLICIT INQUIRIES 
 FOR PRICES ON 
 
 ALL LINES IN ANY QUANTITY. 
 
 (145) 
 
. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL, $5,000,000 
 
 ± 
 
 Cbe Jllfalfa Trrigatlon and Dnd €o. 
 
 WESTERN KANSAS 
 
 Has proved a disappointment to many who have tried to make a living by farming in that section, and to many who 
 have invested in mortgages. 
 
 THESE LANDS niay be profitably utilized. The nutritive grasses furnish rich pasture for cattle. A 
 
 single quarter-section may not bring the owner any revenue, but a large body of land will 
 
 yield a good income. Some lands may be watered by pump irrigation. ALFALFA is the most profitable crop, all 
 things considered, that grows. 
 
 nri-IIC COnPANY '* organized for the purpose of acquiring large bodies of lands in Western Kansas, and 
 
 utilizing the lands in growing Alfalfa and raisirg cattle. The Company has seeded 
 
 3,000 acres to Alfalfa this spring. The Company has secured 300,000 acres of land in exchange for stock in the Com- 
 pany. Persons who own laud in Western Kansas are invited to write for further particulars. 
 
 n. nOHLER, President, 
 
 (Late Secretary State Board of Agriculture,) 
 
 TOPEKA, KAS. 
 
 (146) 
 
The cut on page 85 is a picture of the office building, at Law- 
 rence, Kansas, owned and occupied by 
 
 THE J. B. WATKINS L. M. CO., 
 
 one of the oldest companies in its line in the United States. 
 
 It has for sale, in sizes and prices to suit any class of purchasers, 
 a large number of , . — — ^ a«m;.;r3^)^j ^ ,--, ^ ^^2! 
 
 IMPROVED AND UNIMPROVED FARHS 
 
 in various parts of Kansas, on long time with low interest. 
 
 If you want good land at a moderate price, describe what you 
 want and name the amount of cash you can pay down, and you will 
 be furnished one of our maps and full information. 
 
 All titles are guaranteed. 
 
 Colonies or persons desiring to settle together can be accom- 
 modated. 
 
 The purchaser's railroad fare to the land will be deducted from 
 the selling price. 
 
 A liberal commission to agents. Address 
 
 J. B. WATKINS L. M. COMPANY, 
 
 . LAWRENCE. KANSAS. 
 
 KANSAS SEED HOUSE. 
 
 F. BARTELDES & CO., 
 
 SecD (Brewers, Ifmporters an^ S)ealcr6, 
 
 LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 
 
 OUB ELEGANT CATALOGUE MAILED FREE ON APPLrCATION. 
 
 C. D. FRENCH, PRCS. 
 
 Wr*N NELSON, Sic. AND TiKAa 
 
 ...Established isTe... 
 
 French Bros. Commission Co., 
 
 COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
 
 GRAIN. PflOVieiONS. AND STOCKS. 
 
 PRIVATE WIRE TO CHICAGO. ST. LOUIS AND NEW YORK. 
 
 nCFCRENCES: 
 
 MISSOUni NATrONAL BANK. 
 METHOPOLITAN NATIONAL BANK. 
 
 rooms 20-21-22 exchange bldp., 
 Kansas City. Mo. 
 
 TELEPHONE 140. 
 
 TKAS AND CIGARS. 
 
 OUR LEADING 
 
 BRANDS. ' I 
 
 TEAS. 
 
 ' Magic Hat." 
 "Tea Picker." 
 " Tea Cup." 
 
 •• Wild Rose." 
 
 " Lantern Chop." 
 
 CIGARS. 
 
 •Pauline Hall." 
 
 " Spanish Maid." 
 " La Furor." 
 
 "Sound Currency." 
 " Revelation." 
 
 We have the most complete 
 
 TEA AND CIGAR 
 
 DEPARTMENT 
 
 In the West. 
 
 t TURNER FRAZER 
 
 MERCANTILE CO., 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO. 
 
 (U7) 
 
J^aeine ^agon and G^^nage Qo- 
 
 1001 HICKORY STREET, STATION 'A," 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Factory, Racine, Wis. Capacity, 30,000 vehicles annually. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 BUQQIE5, PHAETONS, ; URREYS. 
 CARRIAGES, SPRING WAGONS, 
 ROAD WAGONS, EXPRESS AND 
 DELIVERY WAGONS, AND 
 SPRING TRUCKS 
 
 OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 
 Ask your Dealer for a . . . 
 
 Racine Buggy, Carriage, or Spring Wagon, 
 
 If you want the best value for your money. 
 
 AL'. WORK WARRANTED AGAINST DEFECTIVE MATERIAL 
 OR WORKMANSHIP. 
 
 OUR PAINT VWILL NOT SCALE. 
 
 R 
 
 SIFTED BUTTER 
 
 SALT A SPECIALTY. 
 
 S 
 
 KANSAS SALT CO., 
 
 HUTCHINSON, KANSAS. 
 
 V 
 
 R.S.V. P." TABLE SALT 
 
 IS THE BEST MADE. 
 "everybody" SAYS SO. 
 
 P 
 
 7H0S. S. KRUTZ, Prcs. HOWARD GOULD, Treas 
 
 GEO. J. GOULD, ViCC-PBCS. JOHN F. VINCENT, SCC. AND ASST, Tn 
 
 FRANK VINCENT, GCNERAL MANAacn. 
 
 The Htitchinson Salt Co., 
 
 MonufQGturers of Qll grades of 
 
 SALiT— ^ 
 
 /-►apaeity 20 Cars per day 
 We have uuorks loeated 
 on the AT & S. F-. Wo. P., 
 C. R. I. & P- and H- & S. Rail- 
 ujays. 
 
 General Offices, 
 
 HUTCHINSON. KflS. 
 
 cue make a Specialty of piae Table and Daipy Salt. 
 
 (14») 
 
F. D. Crabbs, Prest. Theo. Bishop, Treas. 
 
 E. H. Phklps, V-Prest. L. E Dofflemyeb, Sec'y. 
 
 BANK NOTE CO. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 BANK AND M ERCANTILE STATIONERY 
 
 LITHOOSAPH BONDS t STOCK CEHTIFICATES 
 
 For all kinds of Corporations. 
 
 304 Delaware St. Tel. 418 
 
 DMIN^^ 
 
 HAY STACKERS, SWEEP RAKES, 
 POWER LIFT RAKES, HAY LOADERS, 
 GEHTER DRAFT MOWERS, CORN HARVESTERS, 
 LAND ROLLERS, SHOVELING BOARDS, 
 HAND CARTS, ETC., ETC. 
 
 lAIN 
 
 M 
 
 ANUFACTURING 
 
 C2^ 
 
 CARROLLTON, MO., U. S. A. 
 
 ONE OF THE 
 
 MOST SUCCESSFUL 
 
 REAL ESTATE 
 
 AGENTS 
 
 IN 
 KANSAS. 
 
 S. B. ROHRER, 
 
 LE ROY, KAS. 
 
 EASTERN KANSAS. 
 
 NEOSHO VALLEY, 
 Coffey County, 
 
 Is where ue raise 
 
 BLUE GRASS, 
 
 TIMOTHY, RED CLOVER, 
 
 AND 
 
 BIG RED APPLES. 
 
 Neosho Valley Is noted for her 
 ]ii(i(liictive soil, excellent water, 
 healthful climate, tine timber and 
 delicious fruits. Stock-raising is 
 one of our most profitable industries, 
 as we have all the essential elements 
 to produce Cattle and Hogs profita- 
 bly, viz.: corn, grass, and water. 
 
 Home-seekers looking for stock or 
 grain farms should investigate this 
 l)articular section of the State. 
 
 We are locatetl 
 on the main line 
 of the Mo. Pac, 
 and request our 
 clients to take 
 this route. Any 
 i n f or m a t i o n 
 about lands will l)e 
 promptly forwarded b>', 
 
 S. B. ROHRER, 
 
 Land and Immigration Agent, 
 
 Le Roy, Kas. 
 
 .MISSOURI 
 
 ^mif^ 
 
Keystone t^oiiiiEF? IVImiis, 
 
 DAILY CAPACITY las SBLS. 
 
 H. M. HALLOWAY, Proprietor. 
 
 MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 High • Grade • Klours, 
 
 AND DEALER !N 
 
 FEED AND GRAIN. 
 
 • IiHRNED, KANSAS. 
 
 William Scott, 
 
 Receiver of the West. Kas. Loan and Mort. Co. 
 
 Heal Estate and Golleetion flgeney, 
 
 LARNED. KANSAS. 
 
 Makes Collections. Rents Farms, and Contracts Prairie Breaking. Superintends 
 
 the Planting and Harvesting of Crops for Non-Residents. 
 
 representing: 
 
 Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Co. 
 The Soathern Kansas Mortgage Co. 
 The Pennsylvania Investment Co 
 Phillips & Cheney, Investui't Brokers. 
 W. L. Kingslev. Capitalist, New York, 
 W. R. Kinnev & Co., Portsmouth, O. 
 H. \V. McK.-e, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 H. T. Hawlt-y, Bridgeport. Conn. 
 Kansas Immigration Co. , Topeka, Kaa. 
 H. C. Wilson. Boston, Mass. 
 
 references: 
 
 First State Bank. Larned, Kansas. 
 
 Hon. T. McCarthy, ex-Auditor of State. 
 
 Hon. J. W. Rush, ex-State Senator. 
 
 S. H. Rnggles. Pr.3dNat.Bk.,Circleville,0. 
 
 W. B. Doddridge, Gen. Mgr. M. P. Ry. Co. 
 
 Hon. Jas. A. Troutman. Lieut. Gov. 
 
 S. H. Kohn. Capitalist. '29Dreiel B'g. N.Y. 
 
 Hon. John W. Alton, Kingman, Kas. 
 
 J. P. Whitney, County Clerk. 
 
 J. B. Brown. Coun y Treasurer. 
 
 E. G. Seeley. Register of Deeds. 
 
 H. T. TAYLOR, 
 
 Larned, Pawnee Co., 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Special attention given to the renting and 
 collection of rents for non-residents, and the 
 sale of Real Estate. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
 NEW LARNED HOUSE. 
 
 LARNED, KANSAS. 
 
 MRS. R. BAUER, Phoprictbess. 
 
 Good Sample Rooms. First-Class Table. 
 
 RATES, (2.00 PER DAY. 
 
 G. H. MIZE &. CO., 
 
 OEALCn IN 
 
 Lumber, Lath, Shingles, Sash, Doors, Blinds, 
 
 MOULDINGS, AND COAL. 
 
 BUILDERS' MATERIAL OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 LARNED, KAS. 
 
 JOHN R. BA5IQER, 
 
 Bonded Abstracter of Titles fur 
 Pawnee County, Kas. 
 
 REAL ESTATE AND 
 LOAN AGENT. 
 
 Abstracter's Bond of $5,000 given as required 
 by law. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 
 
 LARNED, KANSAS. 
 
 Krt Studio 01= CH7XRL-ES S7V[ITH, Lhrneo. Khs. 
 
 (l.W) 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 H. E. RIPPLE & CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 Thoroughbred HORSES AND CATTLE, 
 
 DODGE CITY, KAS. 
 
 G. M. HOOVER, 
 
 1 r\ r\r\r\ acres of land in 
 
 1 \J^\JyJ\J FORD COUNTY 
 
 For eule on terms to suit the purchaser. 
 DODGE CITY, KANSAS. 
 
 GEORGE mtlBS, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 Dry Goods and Carpetj, 
 
 Lawmjc?, Kansas. 
 
 CAPITAL, $100,000. SURPLUS, $20,000. 
 
 fIDercbants IRational Banf?, 
 Xawrence, IRas. 
 
 tbe George Cei$ Drug Company, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
 
 DRUaaiSTS AND 
 MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS. 
 
 Ctiwrcnce, K<i$- 
 
 W. T. COOLIDGE, 
 
 REAL ESTATE, INSURANCE AND RENTAL AGENT. 
 
 MAKES ABSTRACTS OF TITLES, PAYS TAXES FDR NON-RESIDENTS, 
 SELLS AND LEASES LANDS. 
 
 DODGE CITY, - KANSAS. 
 
 Ed. H- Madison, 
 
 Attorney at Liaui, 
 
 DODGE CITY, KAS. 
 
 HAUBER BROTHERS, 
 BARREL MANUFACTURERS, 
 
 LAWRENCE, KANSAS. 
 
 A. D. WEAVER, 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 DRY GOODS AND 
 CARF-ETS, 
 
 LAWRENCE, KAS. 
 
 W. 5. T/\NNER, 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALER IP* 
 
 St. Regis Indian Fancy Basl(ets, 
 
 LAWRENCE, KAS. 
 
 ( LSI ) 
 
 J. M KIRKPATRICK, 
 County Attorney, Ford County, Kansas. 
 
 Practices in all Slate Courts, and before U. S. Land 
 
 Office. Real Estate and Abstract ofEce 
 
 connected. 
 
 DODGE CITY, KANSAS. 
 
 W. J. FITZGERALD, 
 
 De&Ier Ip Cattle R&ocbe$, Alfalfa. Bottonj 
 and Irrigate<l L.an4$. 
 
 LARGC PASTURES FOR SALE AND FOR RENT. 
 DODGE CITY, KANSAS. 
 
 Lock Box 692, Cripple Creek District. 
 
 G. B. WEEKS, Attorney at Law, 
 
 VICTOR, COLO. 
 
 Will Incorporate Mining Properties, Look after Mining 
 Properties for non-residents. Buy and Sell Stock, etc., etc. 
 
 Ubc aetna Xoan Company, 
 
 OF TOPEKA, KAS. 
 
 Capital Stock, $3,000,000. Strongest B. & L. Ass'n in 
 the State. Annual dividend 20 per cent, during last four 
 years. Write for information. Byron Roberts. 
 
 F. M. Kimball, Sfcy. President. 
 
 JAMES W. WINN, 
 
 Bonded Abstracter and Real Estate Broker, 
 
 Special attention given to caring for non- 
 residents" lands. 
 
 JETMORE, KANSAS. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 H. B. PATTERSON &. CO., 
 Live-stock Commission Merchants. 
 
 Feeders bongl]! on order. Consifaiments and corre. 
 epondence solicited. Stocli Exch.inge. 
 
 KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
 The majestie mfg. Co., 
 St. liouis, fAo. 
 
 Ringer Stove Company, 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 BRIDGE A. BEACH MFG. CO., 
 
 (EstablisPied 18^7, ) 
 
 "Superior" Stoves and Ranges, 
 
 ST. LOUIS. 
 Beck & Corbitt Iron Co., 
 
 iron, Steel, WagOR and Carriage Woodwork 
 
 AND TRIMMINGS, HEAVY HARDWARE, 
 ST. LOUIS. 
 
 Chas. Wolff Packing Co., 
 
 PACKERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
 
 FRESH AND CURED MEATS, 
 
 TOPZKA, KAS. 
 
 Ricksecker, Savag^e & Co., 
 MINE OWNERS, OPERATORS, 
 
 and Civil Engineers. 
 
 VALUABLE MINING LAND TO LEASE OR SELL. 
 GALENA. KAS. 
 
 THE 
 
 (U. E. C. Chompson 
 
 l^ardwarc Company, 
 
 NOS. 517 AND 519 KANSAS AVCNUC, 
 TOPEKA. KANSAS. 
 
 THE TOPEKA MILLING COMPANY, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF BEST GRADES OF 
 
 ...FLOUR... 
 
 RALSTON HEALTH FLOUR A SPECIALTY. 
 Topeka, Kansas. 
 
 (1.52 1 
 
 S. M. WOOD &. CO., 
 
 GENERAL REAL ESTATE, LOAN, 
 
 and Exchange Agents. 
 
 Buy. .Sell, or Exchange Wild Lands. Ranches, Farms. 
 
 rit.v Property. Stock, or Merchandise. 
 
 TOPEKA. KAS. 
 
 J. K. MYERS, 
 
 EXCLUSIVE DEALER 
 
 Remington Standard Typewriter. 
 
 MACHINES RENTED. 
 Columbian Building, TOPEKA, KAS. 
 
 HORACC M. PHILIPS. 
 
 JNO. T. CHANCY 
 
 Philips St Chaney, 
 Real Estate and Investments, 
 
 COLUMBIAN BUILDING. 
 
 TOPEKA, KANSAS. 
 
 K 
 
 EELEY INSTITUTE, 
 
 Portsmouth BIdg.. Kansas City, Kas. 
 
 The only place in either of the Kansas Citys or 
 in the State of Kansas where the genuine 
 Keeley remedies and treatment for Alcohol and 
 Narcotic addictions are administered. For par- 
 ticulars, address as above. 
 
 REAL ESTATE. 
 
 We have the largest and best lists of property in the 
 State. For investments of any kind, consult us before 
 buying. Respectfully. 
 
 J. S. COLLINS & CO., 
 
 Rf/trince: ,,, ^,„„ avchue wcst. 
 
 Any Bank in the City. TOPEKA KAS. 
 
CONTRIBDTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 WM. BUCHANAN, 
 
 Manufacturer ai Wholesale Bealer in 
 
 YELLOW PINE LUIVIBER 
 
 AND CYPRESS SHINGLES, 
 Kansas City and St. Louis. Hissouri. 
 
 CLARK &. BATES, 
 WHOLESALE LUIVIBER, 
 
 Yi'Uow Pine. White Pine .and Oali Lnmber. 
 Ked Ced.Tr and Cypress Shingles, 
 
 KANS.\S CITY, MO. 
 
 Ba&oer Xumbcr Co. 
 
 Largest and Most Complete Stock 
 in the Southwest. 
 
 Kansas Cit>-, Ts/Io. 
 
 THOS. TROWET«.S SONS, 
 Live Stock Commission Merchants, 
 
 Kansas City Stocli Yards. r'urresiKnidence 
 
 6AVAPBELL, HUiST 6- /VD/\/A5, 
 
 Live Stock Commission Salesmen. 
 
 Kansas City Stock Yards. Rooms 122-3-4 Exchang.; 
 Building. 
 
 Lone Star Gommission Co., 
 LIVE 5TOCK SOA\AMSSFOyS. 
 
 Kansas City Stock Yards, and 
 Union Stock Yards. Chicago, 
 National Stock Yards, St. Louie. 
 
 Drumm-Flato Commission Co., 
 
 Live Stock Salesmen and Brokers. 
 
 CAPITAL AND SURPLUS, $250,000. 
 
 Kansas City Stock Yards, Union Stock Y'ards, Chi- 
 cago. National Stock Yards, St. Louis. 
 
 JONE5 BROTHERS. 
 
 Live Stock Commission Merchants, 
 
 KANSAS CITY STOCK YARDS. 
 
 Kansas City Live Stock Com. Co., 
 
 KANSAS CITY STOCK YARDS. 
 
 Correspondence and Consignments Solicited. 
 
 CHAS. DIXON COMMISSION CO., 
 
 Live Stock Salesmen and Brokers, 
 
 Kansas City Stock Yards. 
 
 (1S3| 
 
 George R. Barse 
 Live Stock Commission Co. 
 
 CAPITA , $250,000. 
 
 KANSAS CITY STOCK YARDS. 
 
 Rogers Commission Co., 
 
 Live stock Commission Mercliants, 
 
 Kansas City Stock Yards. 
 
 EVANS-SNIDER-BUEL CO., 
 
 Live Stock Commission Agents, 
 
 K:m6ft!i City Stock Yards, 
 
 Union Stock Yard-^, Chicugo. 
 
 National Stock Yiird^a. St. Loui*' 
 
 Chicago Live Stock Commission Co., 
 
 Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City. 
 
 Liberal money aesietance extended reliable feeders. 
 
 Chalfant, Burrough & Warwick 
 Grain Co., 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 Personal Attention Qlven to all Consignments.. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 Sewall Paint and Glass Co., 
 
 Manufacturers, Importers and Jobbers, 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 JONES DRY GOODS CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE A^O RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 Dry Goodj, Notions, Etc. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 SMITH-MOCORD DRY GOODS CO., 
 
 •MFORTtHS AND JOBBCRS OF 
 
 Dry Goods, Notions, and Furnishing Goods, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 SWOFFORD BROTHERS 
 
 DRY GOODS CO., 
 
 Importers, Manufacturers and Jobbers, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 BURNHAM, HANNA, MUNGER&CO., 
 
 Injporters arjtl ^obb^rs of 
 
 DRY GOODS, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 J. F. Scfimelzer & Sons Arms Co., 
 
 WMOHSALt OtALEHS IN 
 
 ''""/;«^'.'^''f '"u""* !"PPli«, Fishing Tackle. Tents, etc 
 
 Agents lor Hazard Powder Co.. Altna Powder Co 
 
 and Spaulding's Athletic Goods. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 PAINTS! 
 
 ■AaDT4CTTm«0 Bt 
 
 Cutler « Nellson Paint and Color Co.. 
 
 SrW Iw ^taf It 
 
 '~""''" ^KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
 O.K. HAY PRESS 
 
 Write for prices and our book, Story of a Hay Press 
 Scott Hay Press Co. 728 W. 8 St. Kansas CiirMo:! 
 
 BLOSSOM HOUSE, 
 
 (OPPOSITE UNION DEPOT.) 
 
 UNION DEPOT HOTEL, 
 
 ( DEPOT BUILDING.) 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 LONG-BELL LUMBER CO., 
 
 HANUFAC1URERS AND WHOIESAIE DEALERS IN 
 
 Xuniber. 
 
 Capital, $500,000. KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Alexander Lumber Co., 
 
 Rooms 506 and 507 Keith & Pcrr>' Building. 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 C. J. CARTER IiUjWBER CO., 
 
 Monufoetupeps and Wholesalers 
 
 White Pine, Ye low Pine, Cypress. 
 Red Cedar Shingles. 
 
 KHNSHS CITY, miSSOUt?!. 
 
 HOTEL SAVOY. 
 
 9TH AND CENTRAL STS. 
 
 Take 9th Street car at Union Depot direct to House. 
 
 EWINS DEAN HOTEL CO., PROPn s. 
 
 KANSAS CITT, MO. 
 
 I l.>t) 
 
 KOSXER LUMBER CO, 
 Manufacturers of 
 YELLOW PINE LUMBER. 
 
 CAPITAL, $200,000. CAPACITY, DAILY, 126,000 FT. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 2r>. t>. JBarnes Xumber Co., 
 Wholesale Lumlier, 
 
 COAL, AND RED CEDAR SHINGLES, 
 KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 Armour Packing Company, 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Emery, Bird, Thayer Dry Goods Go., 
 
 SUCCESSORS TO 
 
 Bullene, Moore, Emery & Co., 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Swift d Company, 
 packers, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. 
 
 WOODWARD, FAXON & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 « 
 
 Paints, Oils and. Glass, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 ROBERT KEITH 
 
 FURNITURE AND CARPET CO., 
 
 Curtains and Upholstery, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 C. A. MURDOCK MFG. CO., 
 
 Coffee, spices, baking powders, 
 
 FLAVORING EXTRACTS, ETC., ETC.. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 J. O. PEPPHRD, 
 
 Exolusively Geass and F'eld 
 
 SEEDS, 
 
 KnNsns ciTV, jno. 
 
 T. M. JAMES & SONS, 
 
 IMPORTERS 
 
 QUEENSWARE AND GLASSWARE, 
 
 PCaxisas Citx. Ivlo. 
 
 CAMPBELL, EATON CROCKERY CO., 
 
 POTTERY, LAMPS, AND 
 GLASSWARE, 
 
 Kansas City, no. 
 
 THE J. H. NORTH 
 FURNITURE AND CARPET CO., 
 
 ffurnfturc, 
 
 Carpets, Curtain Goods, Wall Paper, Queensware, 
 Stoves, 
 
 KANSAS CITV, MO. 
 
 (15.T) 
 
 NATIONAL BROKERAGE CO., 
 
 (WALTER LATIMER, MGR.) 
 603 AND 604 NEW YORK LIFE BLOC, 
 
 Real Estate, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Stocks and Bonds, Commercial Paper, 
 
 1Ri&enour:=Ba??er ©rocerg Co., 
 TUnbolcsale ©roccrs, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 LONG BROTHERS, 
 
 WR012ESALE -:- SROCERS, 
 
 COR. SANTA FE ST. AND ST. LOUIS AVE., 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 NJACY'S 
 
 Restaurant apd BaKcryf 
 
 OPPOSITE UNION DEPOT. 
 
 KAM5A5 SITY, f^O. 
 
 KANSAS &. TEXAS COAL CO., 
 
 MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
 
 COALS, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 Please send a dollar to help care for the little 
 ones at the 
 
 EPWORTH CHILDREN'S HOME, 
 RAVtNSWOOD, ILL. 
 
 PARLIN & ORENDORFF CO., 
 
 DEAI.EKS IN 
 
 Agricultural Implements, Wagons, Carriages, 
 
 BUGGIES, ETC., 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 San^wicb fiDfo. Co., 
 Dealers in Agricultural Impleinents, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 BRADLEY, WHEELER &. CO., 
 
 .fOBBERS OF 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, 
 
 WAGONS, CARRIAGES, ETC., 
 KANSAS CITY MO. 
 
 BUFORD & GEORGE MFG. CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 Vehicles, - Implements, - and - Farm - Wagons. 
 
 Manufacturers of Harness, Saddles and Collars. 
 Jobbers of Saddlers' Supplies. 
 
 KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
 CAMPBELL GLASS AND PAINT CO., 
 Polished Plate and Window QIass. 
 
 Manufacturers of Art Glass. 
 
 Dealers in Paints. Oils, Varnishes, Brushes. Western 
 Depot for Heath & MiUigan Paints. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Kingman-Moore Implement Co., 
 
 Manufacturers and Jobbers of 
 
 Farm Machinery, Buggies, Wagons. 
 
 Harness. Bicycles, Binder Twine. Rope. etc.. 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Ikansas fIDoIinc iplow Co., 
 
 IRansas CitB. tto. 
 
 WHITMAN & BARNES MFG. CO., 
 
 MANUrACTUBERS OF AND DEALBRS JN 
 
 Mower, Reaper and Binder Knives, 
 
 sickles, SectloDS, Snards, and Complete Cuttlsg 
 Apparatus, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 U. S. Water and Steam Supply Co., 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 PIPE. PUMPS, WINDMILLS. 
 STEAM AND PLUMBING MATERIAL, 
 Kansas City, Ho. 
 
 I 15f. I 
 
 JOHN DEERE PLOW CO., 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 JOHN DEERE MOLINE PLOWS, 
 
 Carriages. Wagons, and Farm Machinery. 
 KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
 Prier Bros. Brass Mfg. Co., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 Brass Goods of Every Description, 
 
 AND RAILROAD SUPPLIES, 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 FAIFIBANKS, MORSE &. CO., 
 
 Railway and Waterworks Supplies, 
 
 KANSAS CITY. MO. 
 
 GILLE HARDWARE AND IRON CO., 
 
 IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 
 
 Cutlery, Nails, Shelf and Heavy Hardware, 
 
 Iron, Steel, and Wagon Woodwork. 
 Kansas City. Mo. 
 
 Stowe Implement Supply Co. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, 
 FARMERS', BLACKSMITHS', AND 
 WAGONMAKERS' SUPPLIES, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO, 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 Columbus Buggy Co., 
 
 810, 812, 814 Walnut St., 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 FULLER BROS.'TOLL 
 
 LUMBER AND BOX COMPANY, 
 
 Kansas City, Kansas. 
 
 Western White Lime Co., 
 
 W. B. HILL, Prcs.. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 JS. A. METZNER, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 Stove Repairs of Every Description, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 W. S. DICKEY CLAY MFG. CO., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 .Sewer Pipe, Drain Tile, Fire Bricl(, Etc., Etc., 
 
 GEN. OFFICES 715-719 WALNUT ST.. 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 J. V. ANDREW?, PRES. 
 
 E. S. W. DRAUGHT, V.-PheS. 
 
 H. L. BROWNE, CASHtER. 
 E. M. BROWNE, ASST, CASH. 
 
 THE MERCHANTS BANK, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, KAS. 
 
 Capital, $40,000. Surplus, Sio.ooo. 
 
 CREAMERY PACKAGE MFG. CO., 
 
 Contractors for Complete 
 STEAn PLANTS, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Evans, Gallagher Drug Co., 
 
 Importers and Jobbers. 
 Kansas City, rvlo. 
 
 BARTON BROS.. 
 
 Hanufacturers and Jobbers of 
 BOOTS AND SHOES, 
 
 Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 Wm. W. Kendall Boot and Shoe Co., 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND JOBBERS OF 
 
 BOOTS, SHOES AND RUBBERS, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 ( 157 I 
 
 3obn ^. Siinms, 
 
 attorney at Xaw. 
 
 KANSAS CITY. KAN 
 
 K n. Kellogg newspaper Co., 
 
 Hansas City. mo. 
 M. B. HUNT, 
 
 PLAIN. DECORATED AND LITHOGRAPHED 
 
 = CANS = 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 THE DEVOL-LIVENQOOD 
 MFG. COnPANV, 
 
 MAKERS OF 
 
 ''Farmers " and " Star " Hay Presses, 
 
 Cor. Sth and Ualberr; Sts , Eassas City. Uo. 
 
 J. DUNCAN, 
 REAL ESTATE AND LOANS, 
 
 LOCAL AGENT UNION PACIFIC RAILROA? LANDS, 
 
 SALINA, KANSAS. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 John S. Brittain Dry Goods Co., 
 
 IHPOnTERB, JOasCRS AND M*NUF*CTUttCRt 
 
 Dry Goods, Notions, and Furnishing Goods, 
 
 ST. JOSEPH. MO. 
 
 Selling Agents Wood Manufacturing Company's 
 Shirts. Pants and Overalls. 
 
 R. L. Mcdonald &. co., 
 
 MANUFACTURCns OF 
 
 TUTEN'S F=URNISHINGS. 
 
 SALESROOMS t 
 
 St. Joseph. Mo., and Chicago, III. 
 
 JOHNSTON-FIFE HAT CO., 
 
 JOBBERS or 
 
 Hats, Caps, Gloves, and Straw Goods, 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO. 
 
 RE6NIER & SHOUP CROCKERY CO., 
 
 IMPORTERS 
 
 CHINA, GLASS AND LAMPS, 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO. 
 
 WYETH HARDWARE AND 
 MANUFACTURING CO., 
 
 Wholesale Hardware, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF ■ i^^ 
 
 Tinware and saddlery Goods, 
 
 ST. JOSEPH. MO. 
 
 Englehart-Davison Mercantile Co., 
 
 IMPORTEM AKD iOSBCNS OP 
 
 ^illlncrB, mottons, an6 Jfancg ©oo&s, 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, mo. 
 
 Richards & Conover Hardware Co., 
 
 Hardware, Cutlery, Iron, Steel, 
 
 WAQON WOODWORK. NAILS, ETC., 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 THE 
 
 McCormick Harvesting Machine Co., 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 DAVID B. KIRK 4, CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALER AND EXPORTER OF 
 
 FLOUR, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Ebe S)uncan Xumbcr Co., 
 Tkansas Git\?, /B5o. 
 
 (158) 
 
 Trurnbull Seed 0ompany» 
 ^= SEEDS = 
 
 H. D. Lee, Pres. Thos. H. Davis. Cashier. 
 
 J. F. Merrill, V.-Pres. W. T. Welsh, Asst.Casb. 
 
 The Farmers' National Bank, 
 
 SALINA, KANSAS. 
 
 Capital, 1100,000. Surplus and Profits, J5.698. 
 
 Depoeits, 8303,653. 
 
 W. W, Watacn, Pres. 
 i. 11. ClafUii, V.-Pres. 
 
 Frank Hagemas, Cashier. 
 U. C. SteTessos, Aiit. Caih. 
 
 Tlie National Bank of America, 
 
 SALINA, KANSAS. 
 
 Capital, $60,000. 
 
 Surplus and Profits, $3,039. 
 Deposits. $171,S«8. 
 
 W. U. QUMNELL. G. N. MOSES. C. H. HOSE*. 
 
 GUNNELL cfc, MOSES, 
 Agents tor Union Pacific Railroad Lands. 
 
 Land, Loan, and Insurance Agency. 
 
 lANO BOUGHT, SOLD, RENTED AND TRADED, AND 
 TAXES PAID FOB NON-RcSIOENTS. 
 
 Great Bend, Kansas. 
 
 NAVE & MCCORD MERCANTILE CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE 
 
 GROCERS AND IMPORTERS, 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO. 
 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE KANSAS SOUVENIR FUND. 
 
 B. C. Christopher & Co., 
 
 GRAIN COMMISSION, 
 
 ROOMS 316-317 BOARD OF THADC, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Consignments Solicited. 
 
 Cbe nioTfatt Commission Co., 
 
 RECEIVERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
 
 (5rain, 
 
 Office, 509-10-11 Board of Trade, Kansas City, Mo. 
 
 BLAKER & CORBIN GRAIN CO., 
 
 324 EXCHANGE BUILDING. 
 
 Grain, jflar, See&s, 'toa^), Etc. 
 
 Liberal Advances on Consignments. 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 DAVIDSON i SMITH, 
 Gr&in Corprpissioo A\erchaots, 
 
 Rooms 311, 313, 313 Exchange Building, 
 
 Kansas City, flo. 
 
 W. S. WOOD. PRE6. 
 
 A. RULE, CASH. 
 
 national Bank of Commerce, 
 
 Kansas City, lllo. 
 
 Paid-Up Capital, *l.tKO,(IOO. 
 
 Surplus, »300,0O0. 
 
 Average Deposits, $,4500,000. 
 
 Midland National Bank, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 Capital, $500,000. 
 
 S. B. Armour, Prcs. 
 
 W. H. Wmants, V.-Pres. 
 
 L. E. Prindlc. Cashier. 
 K. G. Leavens, Asst. Cash. 
 
 KAMSAS GITY, t\0. 
 
 Directors : 
 
 Calvin Hood, Henry C. Kumpf. 
 
 Chas. J. Lanlry. D. A. McKibben. 
 F. H. Kump. 
 
 D. V, Rieger. 
 Seth Serat. 
 
 FIRST NATieNAl2 BANK, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 Capital Stock, $250,000. Surplus, $175,000. 
 
 Deposits, $3,110,269. 
 
 IHnion IWational Banl^, 
 
 •Kansas Gitg, /IRo. 
 
 Capital, $600,000. Depository State of Missouri. 
 
 Metropolitan National Bank, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 Capital, tsoo.coo. .\verage Deposits, $2,750,000. 
 
 VOUB PATRONAGE SOLICITED. 
 
 (159) 
 
 Arnerican rtaiionai Banh» 
 
 KANSAS CITY, tvIO. 
 
 CAPITAL, $250,000. 
 
 Deposits May 4, 1894, $324,807,08 
 
 " May 7, 1896,- - - • - $1,014,529.99. 
 Increase, $689,722.31. 
 
 The flpmourdalc Bank, 
 
 Kansas City, Kansas. 
 
 RICHARDSON-ROBERTS-BYRNE 
 DRY GOODS COMPANY, 
 
 IMPORTERS, JOBBERS, MANUFACTURERS 
 
 Dry Goods, Notions, and Furnishing Goods,, 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO. 
 
 TOOTLE, WHEELER & MOTTER, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS AND JOIBERS 
 
 Dry Goods, Notions, Men's Furnishing Goods, 
 
 CARPETS, BOOTS AND SHOES, 
 
 St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 I^cmpep, Hundley & McDonskld 
 Dry Goods Co., 
 
 Importers, Jobbers and Hanufacturert, 
 ST. JOSEPH, MO. 
 
ATTENTION. 
 
 STOP AT 
 
 Fifth Avenue Hotel 
 
 WHEN IN TOPEKA. 
 
 Best $1.00 and $1.25 a Day House in Kansas. 
 
 Its Proprietor a successful Business Man. 
 
 FIFTH AVENUE HOTEL, TOFEKA 
 
 DE MOSS. 
 
 A^ILLIAM A. DeMOSS, proprietor of the Fifth Avenue Hotel, Topeka, Kan- 
 ' ' sas, was born in Hendriclcs County, Indiana, May 6, 1S45. His father, Peter 
 DeMoss, was the father of eleven children, eight sons and three daughters, all of 
 whom are living and married. William DeMoss is the father of two sons and one 
 daughter ; one son with him in the hotel, one in the undertaking business, and the 
 ■daughter in the telephone office. He moved to Pawnee County, Kansas, in 1S77, and took up a soldiers' homestead, upon 
 which he resided for several vears. Subsequently removed to Larned and built the Prairie Home Hotel, of which he was 
 •proprietor for some years. In 1SS6, the Republicans of Pawnee County, recognizing his ability, fitness, and popularity 
 nominated and elected him Sheriff, and renominated and reelected him in 188S. He filled the office with great credit to 
 himself and to the satisfaction of the people. Looking for larger fields and broader opportunities he removed to Topeka 
 in 1891, and for a time run a restaurant at 4th and Kansas Avenue ; afterwards was proprietor of the St. Nicholas Hotel, 
 and in August, 1S92, purchased the Fifth A^'enue Hotel property, which he has greatly improved, refitted and refurnished, 
 until under his fine business management it has become the best $1.00 and $i.2j hotel in the State. Mr. DeMoss is a 
 typical Boniface, his round, genial countenance betokens good cheer, and his cheery smile and cordial greeting makes every 
 guest feel at home the moment he crosses the threshold. Go to the Fifth Avenue Hotel once, and thereafter you will make 
 it \'our home whenever in Topeka. 
 
 (160) 
 
C yndicate | ands and i rrigating Cor poration 
 
 (SUITE 74 = 76 DEXTER BUILDING, 84 E. ADAMS ST., CHICAGO, ILL.) 
 
 OWN 
 
 Fertile Valley Areas 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Arkansas, Cimarron Pawnee, and 
 Walnut Rivers. 
 
 Lands of the Company not in these Valleys are Irrigable by Pumping 
 riachinery, from Wells and Reservoirs. 
 
 Lands uiuler the Amazon, with permanent water-right, only 
 
 $25.00 to $40.00 per acre. 
 
 Farms irrigable in part by pumping machinery, only 
 
 $6.50 to $10.00 per acre. 
 
 The Company offers to buyers of its canal lands, 
 superior advantages for breaking up lands. Employ- 
 ing steam machinery, as much as fifty acres a day 
 can be broken out, and the Company will do this work 
 at less cost than is possible with teams. 
 
 UOl) 
 
lOLA AND ALLEN COUNTY. 
 
 An Iola Gas Well. Capacitt 9,CI00,0U0 Cubic Feet Daily. 
 (Photo by Miss Reimert.) 
 
 PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS OF ALLEN COUNTY FOR 1695. 
 
 Corn 3,000,0(10 bn. 
 
 OatB 1,150,000 •■ 
 
 Flax 130,290 •■ 
 
 Wheal 75,000 ■' 
 
 Irish PolaioLM, 83.100 ■■ 
 Broom Coru... 7,318 bales. 
 
 Butter 273,465 lbs. 
 
 Cheese 36,165 " 
 
 Fatted Auimais lor blaugh- 
 
 ter, valne $400,000 
 
 Timothy and Clover lluy .... 35,226 tons. 
 Prairie Hay 31.745 " 
 
 The Center of the Kansas Natural Gas Field, and the Most Attractive 
 Place in the West for the Location of Manufacturing Enterprises. 
 
 IOLA, the couuty seat of Allen county, situated at the crossing of the A. T. & S. F. 
 and the Mo. Pae. Eailways, and one mile from the Neosho River, is a city of 2.000 
 people, and the exact center of the Natural Gas region in Southeastern Kansas. Its 
 lacilities for the maintenance of manufactories of all kinds are unequalled anywhere. 
 The gas is free from both sulphur and phosphorus, ami is therefore unob.|ectionable 
 to workers in iron and steel, while the extent and capacity of the field is sueli that no 
 fears need be entertained for the permanency of any manufactory that may be estab- 
 lished here. The field has been developed east and west to an extent of five mile.s. 
 The smaller wells lie on the western edge, the force of the gas gradually increasing 
 its the drilling is extended eastward ; and as the gas-bearing rock is still rising, it 
 seems certain that the center of the field is not yet reached, and that another stretch 
 of five miles will fail to find the eastern limit. Of the ten wells drilled in this field, 
 eight are producing wells — a greater percentage in the opening than in any other 
 field known. Another feature of this field, and one that argues strongly for its per- 
 manence, is that the longer a well is open, the stronger becomes the flow of gas, a 
 fact which contradicts all previous experience, as in all other fields yet developed the 
 output of the first twenty-four hours is largely in excess of any other day in the life 
 of a well. There are seven gas wells drilled, closed in and packed, ready for use, 
 having a capacity as follows: Two wells having a capacity of 3,000,000 cubic feet 
 each daily, one well of 7,014,000 cubic feet daily, two wells of 8,000,000 cubic feet 
 daily, one well of 9,0011,000 cubic feet daily, and one well of 12,000.000 cubic feet 
 daily, making a grand total of 50,000,000 cubic feet of gas per day, and having a rock 
 pressure of 31.') pounds to the square inch. When it is remembered that careful scien- 
 tific tests show that 20,000 cubic feet of natural gas is the equivalent in heat units of 
 one ton of the best bituminous coal, it will be seen that the present capacity of the 
 Iola Natural Gas Field is equal to the daily consumption of 3, .000 tons of coal. This 
 capacity could be extended in 90 days to not less than 10,000 tons of coal daily, and 
 indefinitely thereafter, as might be demanded. As an evidence of the faith that prac- 
 tical men have in the volume and permanence of the Iola Gas Wells, it may be men- 
 tioned that the firm of Robert Lanyon's Sons are now establishing here a Zinc Smelter 
 which will require fuel equivalent to 120 tons of coal daily, and they expect that one 
 
 well will furnish an abundant supply. 
 
 ALLEN COUNTY STATISTICS. 
 Population. Marcli. 11,153 ; July ( estimated ) . 16,000 
 Assessed valuation of all piopetty ( ose-tliird ac- 
 tual value ) $3,376,160 
 
 Taxes — State, County, and Iola lowssiiip . .026 per cent. 
 
 Correspondence with a view to the lo- 
 cation of factories is solicited, and should 
 be addressed to THE COMMERCIAL CLUB, 
 
 IOLA, KANSAS. 
 
 Since the above was in type, a new well, capacity 10,000,000 feet, has been struck. 
 
 (168) 
 
J. G. Edwards, 
 
 LARNED, KANSAS. 
 
 IRcal Estate an^ IRcntal Hocnt. 
 
 Special attention given to the care of lands helongincr to 
 non-residents. 
 
 Agent for the sale of Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc 
 Railroad lands. 
 
 Live-Siock Taken in Exchange for Real Estate. 
 
 E. E. FRIZELL, PRESiDENT. 
 
 L. D. FRIZELL, SECRETARY. 
 
 Frizell Hardware Co., 
 
 LARNED, KANSAS, 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 HarduiaFe, Qaeensware, Fa^ni Implements, 
 
 Machinery, Wind Mills, and Pumps. 
 
 Tinners, Steam Fitters, and Plumbers. 
 
 Irrigation Pumps and Pumping flachinery a Specialty. 
 
 lU * BlicKensderfer * Cypewriien 
 
 Full Key-Board with 84 Letters and Cliaracters. 
 
 PRICE, $35.00. 
 
 On this machine can be accom- 
 plished anything ihat can be done 
 by any one hundred dollar type- 
 writer now on the market- 
 In use in the office of Secretary 
 of Slnle of Kansas. 
 
 Circulars furnished on applica- 
 tion Address. 
 
 W.J.BIJckensderfer&Co., 
 
 No. 195 La Salle St.. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 WEBER 
 
 Gas and Gasoline Engine 
 
 COMPANY, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 THE WEAR GOAL CO., 
 
 TOPEKA, KANSAS. 
 
 WE SHIP ALL KINDS OF COAL 
 EVERYWHERE. 
 
 WRITE US FOR PRICES. 
 
 W. B. STONE, 
 
 MINE OPERATOR, »nd 
 
 PROPRIETOR or THe 
 
 GALENA FOUNDRY and 
 
 . . . MACHINE WORKS, 
 
 GALENA, KANSAS. 
 
 Ikansas Cftv, 
 
 HMttsburo <S (Bulf 
 
 lRailroa5, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, MO. 
 
 (IfiS) 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Preface W. C. Edwards 3 
 
 Kansas Hon. John J. lugalls 5 
 
 Resources of Kansas Gov. E. N. Morrill 8 
 
 The Judicial System of Kansas Chief Justice David Martin 13 
 
 The School System of Kansas Hon. E. Stanley 14 
 
 The Kansas State Normal School President A. R. Taylor 16 
 
 The Kansas State Agricultural Col- 
 lege President George T. Fairchild... 18 
 
 The University of Kansas Chancellor F. H. Snow 21 
 
 Kansas — Agriculturally Hon. F. D. Cobnrn 3(5 
 
 Horticulture in Kansas Hon. Edwin Taylor 30 
 
 The Sunny Plains of Kansas (poem).. Mrs. Lilla Day Monroe 31 
 
 Kansas Kailroads Hon. Samuel T. Howe 33 
 
 The Press of Kansas Hon. J. K. Hudson 36 
 
 State Chaiitahle, Correctional and 
 
 Penal Institutions Hon. C. E. Faulkner 38 
 
 Profitable Agriculture in Kansas Hon. Thos. M. Potter 43 
 
 The Cattle Industry of Kansas Hon. Geo. W. Click 46 
 
 Kansas Climate Hon. T. A. McNeal 49 
 
 Kansas Banks Hon. J. W. Breidenthal 51 
 
 Kansas Grain and Mills Hon. C. B. Hoffman .=i3 
 
 Qui vera — Kansas, 1543-1893 Hon. Eugene F. Ware 55 
 
 The Churches of Kansas Rev. A. S. Embree, D. D 57 
 
 The College of the Sisters of Beth- 
 any, and St. John's Military 
 
 School Rt. Rev. Bishop F.R.Millspaugh, 59 
 
 The Denominational Colleges of 
 
 Kansas Kev. Granville Louther, D, D... 63 
 
 Kansas Homes and Kansas Home- 
 
 Makers Mrs. Isabel Worrell-Ball 66 
 
 Why People Should Come to Kansas..Rev. Carl A. Swenson, Ph. D... 69 
 
 Irrigation in Kansas Hon. E. R. Moses 71 
 
 Results of Irrigation Hon. D. M. Frost 75 
 
 Horticulture in Kansas Hon. Henry Booth 79 
 
 The Kansas Traveling Man Hon. Joseph G. Waters 81 
 
 Kafir Corn Capt. W. H. Hornaday 84 
 
 Alfalfa and Stock Industry Hon. Martin Mohler 86 
 
 Live Stock in Kansas Hon. J. W. Moore 90 
 
 Well-Bred Hogs are Diamonds in 
 
 the Rough Hon. T. A. Hubbard 93 
 
 The Kansas Horse Judge S. W. Vaudiverl 94 
 
 The Fuel of Kansas Prof. E. Haworth 96 
 
 Kansas Lead and Zinc Mining In- 
 terests Hon. W. F. Sapp 99 
 
 Healthfulness of Kansas C. F. Menuinger, M. D 103 
 
 Kafir-Coru Hon. Scott E. Winne 104 
 
 Alfalfa and Cattle-Raising in West- 
 ern Kansas Hon. J. H. Churchill 107 
 
 The Kansas Salt Industry Hon. Frank Vincent 109 
 
 Fraternal Life Insurance Orders in 
 
 Kansas Hon. William Higgins 113 
 
 Farming by Machinery in Kansas ...Hon. D. W. Blaine 115 
 
 Kansas City Hon. E. M. Clendeniug 117 
 
 Official Roster (State and Judicial) 119-135 
 
 THIS SOTJVENIR FOR SALE BY AGENTS OF THE ASSOCIATION.— Single copy, 35 cents ; 4 copies, 25 cents each ; in lots of 50 copies, 20 cents 
 each; in lots of 100 copies, 15 cents each. Sample Copies, 25 cents each, sent to any address on application to the Association. 
 
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