Class. Book._ T2pX Copyrightl^^. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT Tanners' and Chemi^s' Handbook BY LOUIS E. LEVI, A. M., PH. D. CHIEF CHEMIST PFISTER & VOGEL LEATHER COMPANY AND EARLE V. MANUEL, S. B. CHEMIST IN CHARGE OF LABORATORIES. Copyrighl, 1909, by Louis E. Lei'i. tr^d,^^"^ ^ v^ -7^-^ ^^ n tfi (fi O «J oi a ■" ^ a ^ S "S) S .5 E J3 O . 2SU rt eg E E O o; II 1 II llu II W^^^a^l Q^lg^ II ll^<^ - ^ ^ d icoooooO'Oo^cMoo-^r-i^oo cooTjioioco OiifflfCi— irO-JSOOCDODCOO t-coco r-oir~Oi-}i . Taxneus' an'd Chemists' Handbook. for the desired period. When laborator)^ sample is desired, thor- oughly mix contents of barrel and dry a portion over steam pipes in a location free from bark dnst. The dry samples should be at least 10 oz. (8) Ground Barks and Cut Woods. These samples should be taken at intervals as the ground material enters the leach. Composite samples should be made up from these samples and shall be submitted undried to the laboratory. . (9) Liquor Samples. Eoutine samples should be taken by plunging the liquor and removing a pint and storing in earthenware crocks, with lids. The samples should be of the same size and taken under exactly similat conditions, and should be stored at 40-70°F. For the laboratory sample plunge the crocks well and fill a pint bottle nearly full, seal and label. METHOD FOR TANNIN ANALYSIS. I. Crude Materials. (1) Moisture Determination. Upon receipt of the sample, grind promptly and dry 10 grams in the manner and for the period specified for evapora- tion and drying in extract analysis. (2) Preparation of Sample for Extractions. Sample must be dried at a temperature not exceeding 60 degrees C, and then ground to such a, degree of fineness that the entire sample will pass through a sieve of 30 meshes to the inch (linear). (3) Amount of Sample and Proportion of Water for Ex- traction. For fresh materials the amount of sample and proportion of water for extraction should be such as to give between .35-. 45 gram tannin per 100 c.c. of solution. For spent materials this proportion should be approximated as closely as practicable. (4) Extraction of Sample. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 63 Extraction shall be conducted in a form of apparatus that permits the removal of the extractive solution from the influence of sustained high temperature, and shall be continued till a por- tion tested with gelatine salt solution fails to give a precipitate. At least 400c. c. of the first portions of extractive solution should be removed and not subjected to further heating. A thin layer of cotton must be used in order to prevent fine material passing over. II. Spent Material. For the extraction of spent barks, a bank of extractors built as follows is serviceable : It consists of a rectangular box of heav)'' sheet copper of any desired size, fitted with cylindrical tubes 2 inches in diameter and tapering to a small opening. These are held in place (and) about an inch apart, by a frame near the top of the box. ' The ends protrude through small openings in the bottom of the tank far enough to allow a rubber pinchcock connection being placed beneath and the whole is supported high enough so as to allow liter bottles being placed underneath. Steam is run in through a valve on the side and any desired temperature can be maintained. The above can also be used for crude materials or use the standard extractor. In case of materials that pack in the tubes of the former, use perforated copper discs between masses. Sat- isfactory leaching can also be performed in a casserole with care. Analysis. After extraction and dilution, solutions must be heated to 80 degrees C, and analysis conducted as below. In case of weaker dilutions than the official method specifies, the amount of hide powder must be reduced in proportion to the reduction of tannin. Ten grams of the air-dried sample should be dried as in ( 1 ) to determine moisture content of the portion extracted, and the analysis calculated and reported upon a "dry" basis. The tannin in fresh materials should also be reported on the basis of the moisture contents of tlie sample "as received.^' 64 Tais'ners' and Chemists'' Handbook. TAN^NIN ANALYSIS. Preliminary. The hide powder method of analysis depends upon the fact that finely divided hide will remove tannin from solution and the amount of tannin is therefore the difference between the solids before and after removal of the tannin. Preparation of Hide Powder for Use. The afternoon before the detannization of the liquors is planned, a sufficient amount of hide powder is soaked in distilled water. Typical Chaege. Each determination requires 15 grams of hide powder and as an extra 15 grams is required for a moisture sample, 11 X 15 grams, or 165 grams is needed for 10 determinations. As 25 times the weight of water is required for soaking 4.2 liters, or about one gallon is taken. For chroming, use as many c.c. of 3% chrome alum solution as grams of hide powder taken. For liquor and extracts, the most finely pulverized powder must be used, but for spent bark a coarser grade gives good results. Stir contents of earthware Jar used as container, thor- oughly, and let stand over night. The chrome alum partially tans the powder, rendering gelatine insoluble. The next morn- ing wash, pressing through linen until washing gives no test for sulphur with barium chloride solution. In case of extracts, give the powder four additional washings to remove last trace of soluble matters. LiQUOES. Let liquors come to room temperature, take barkometer reading adding 1° for every 10° temperature above 60°F. Table foe Dilution. Bk. Dil. Bk. Dil. 15—16 1—3 27—32 1— 9 17—18 1—4 33—35 1—10 19—20 1—5 36—37 1—11 21—22 1—6 38—39 1—12 23—24 1—7 40--42 1—13 25—26 1—8 43—45 1—14 Let diluted liquor stand over night. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 65 a. SoluMe Solids. Take 75c.c. of liquor^ add 1 gram kaolin (which has been washed free from soluble materials), stir well and let settle 15 minutes, pour off supernatant liquid. Add 135-150c.c. of the liquor and filter throiigh ISTo. 3 Swedish paper properly folded, of 15 cm. dia. Emi filtrate through paper several times in order to place kaolin on the filter. Eeject filtrate. Filter another portion of the liquor (125c.c.) through this kaolin filter until filtrate is clear, keeping filters carefully covered to avoid evaporation. Keceive clear liquid in a clean 8 ounce bottle, trans- fer lOOc.c. to tared aluminvmi dish by means of a pipette; place in combined oven for a time not less than 13, but not over IG hours. b. Non-Tannins. Transfer by means of a pipette 300c. c. of the liquor to a glass, add 45-48 grams of wet hide powder to each, cover and place in mechanical shaker for 10 minutes. Meanwhile deter- mine correction for dilution of liquor due to moisture in hide powder as follows : Weigh on rough balance of wet hide powder, % of 45-48 grams in aluminum dish, weigh to centigrams on accurate balance, dry and reweigh. Eun.hide powder through linen placed on a large funnel, catching filtrate in an 8-oz. bottle, pressing out remaining water by hand. Add 1 gram kaolin to filtrate and run tlirough filter until clear. Transfer and dry as above. Calculations (a) Ex. : — Wt. sol. solids = 1.1573 grams, non-tannins = .4934 grams. % Sol. solids by vol = 1.1573 X 5 (dil. 1-5) X 100 ^^^^ -^ = 5.79% lOOc.c. % Non-Tannins. Loss in moisture =^ .156 grams. Factor = 1.156 per 1 gram, .4934 X 5 X 100 X 1-156 . CI -^ ^ = 2.85% lOOc.c. ^ = 3.94% tannin. 66 Tannees"" and Chemists' Handbook. Tannin. b. For Barhs. Express on weight basis. lOOc.c. of solids corresponds to 1/10 of 50 grains = 5 grams. Soluble solids = for instance .2572 grams. .2572 X 100 ^ =5.15%, etc. Total Acidity. Place 50c.c. of liquor in 8-oz. bottle, add 5 grams wet hide powder (2i/2 grams dr}^), let stand, add another portion of 5 grams, and let stand 2 hours. Filter by suction, make up to 500C.C. and titrate 200c.c. against V2 N"aOH. Ic.c. NaOH = .020 grams ]!^aOH expressed as lactic acid. NaOH : CH3CHOH COOH :: .020 : X 40 : 90 ::.020 : X X = .045 ,'. Ic.c. V2 NaOH = .045 grams lactic acid. Crude Tannin Materials. a. Sumac, Lentisco, Gambier. Place 50 grams in a flask with 500c.c. of water at 80° C, shake occasionallj^ during the afternoon and let stand over night in a warm place, preferably at 60-70 °C. Extracts. a. Solid. Weigh out requisite quantity and dissolve in water at 80° and proceed as below: Table Showing Amount per Liter for Analysis. 1. Chestnut oak 15 grams 2. Quebracho solid . . . , 6-7 grams 3. Liq. Quebracho 121/2 grams 4. Gambier 12% grams 5. Sumac 18 grams 6. Oak 15 grams b. Liquid Extracts. Allow to come to room temperature and weigh in stoppered weighing vial. Such quantity should be taken so as to give 35-45 Tannees' and Chemists" Handbook. (j7 grams of tannin per lOOc.c. solution. Dissolve in exactly Q.OOc.c. distilled water, and let stand, not more than 20 nor less than 12 hoiirs. Temperature must not go below 20° C. Make up to lOOOc.c. Eun in duplicate. a. Total Solids. Mix solution thoroughly, pipette lOOc.c. into a tared glass dish 134-in. diameter, place in combined evaporator and drier for«ot less than 12 hoiirs nor over 16 hours. The aperture at top should be closed at the end of the evaporation — that is, after about 6 hours. b. Soluble Solids. To 1 gram of kaolin in an 8-oz. bottle add 75 c.c. solution; stir and pour on a 590 S. & S. 15 cm. plaited filter paper, return filtrate to paper for one hour, keeping filter full. At end of one hour pour solution from filter, wash paper free from any dislocated kaolin for 15 minutes with original solution, collect and evaporate and dry the first lOOc.c. of filtrate. Filter should always be kept full, and funnels covered with watch glasses during filtration. c. Non-Tannins. Add to exactly 200c.c. of original solution in a glass 45-48 grams of wet hide powder, place in mechanical shaker for 10 minutes; squeeze immediately through linen. Add 2 grams of kaolin to filtrate, stir and filter through folded filter (JSTo. IF Swedish 12.5 cm.), returning filtrate until clear. Evaporate lOOc.c. of filtrate. Calculate as under liquors. Al^ALYSIS OF SULPHITED EXTEACTS (LEPETIT). Estimation of Combined and TJncombined Sulphur Dioxide. A round bottom flask of about 250c.c, capacity is fitted with a three-holed rubber stopper containing a tube leading to a COo generator, a dropping funnel, and a delivery tube con- nected with a three-bulbed absorption tube containing a strong solution (5 grams in 50c.c.) of sodium bicarbonate. In the case of extracts containing about 25% of bisulphite, 10 grains of the substance are taken and weighed into the 68 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. flask with water sufficient to make 125e.c. Pass in carbon dioxide, meanwhile heating the flask. Then add about 12c.c. of dilute h5^drochloric acid. After heating for about a half an hour, the flame is removed and gas passed in 10 minutes longer. Titrate the contents of the absorption tube with ^/^o iodine. SO2 + 21 = 2HI + SO2 .Mcc. Vio I = -0032 grams SO^ Determine the combined sulphurous acid in the residue after drying and treating with sodium hydroxide and potassium nitrate. Precipitate with barium chloride in the usual manner. SULPHITE-CELLULOSE EXTEACTS. These are on the market under various trade names. Some of these contain no true tannin but give a reaction with hide powder and an apparent per cent, of tannin (up to 25%). To detect in other extracts: To 5c.c. of the solution, add .5c.c. of aniline oil and shake well. Add 2c. c. of HCl. A precipitate appears in presence of cellulose bodies. TITANIUM. Analj^ses of potassium titanium oxalate. a. Determination of TiOg in presence of iron. Dissolve .2-. 3 grams of the salt in water, add a fcAv grams of tartaric acid, and pass in H2S. Make slightly alkaline with ammonia when the iron will be precipitated as sulphide. Filter off and weigh as oxide by addition of nitric acid to remove the sulphiir. Acidify filtrate with sulphuric acid, heat to boiling and filter off the sulphur. Boil the solution to expel the last trace of HjS. Destroy the excess of tartaric acid with permanganate. Pass in SO, gas until the MnOj precipitate is redissolved, add a slight excess of ammonia and 7-lOc.c. per lOOc.c. of glacial acetic acid. Heat to boiling and filter off the TiOs- Dry and ignite the filter and contents. Euse with three times its weight of sodium carbonate and dissolve the melt in cold water and filter off the insoluble sodium metatitanite. De- termine aluminum in filtrate as usual. Dry. the filter and fuse with a small amount of sodium carbonate. Decompose with Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 69 several c.cs. of mocleratel}'' strong sulphuric acid in the cold. Dilute the solution of titanium sulphate thus formed to about SOOc.c. and add 1/10 of its A^olume of glacial acetic acid and 5 grams of sodium acetate. Heat to boiling for one minute, let settle, filter off the precipitate, wash with 7% acetic acid, dry, ignite and weigh as TiOo. Eepeat this process if the presence of much aluminum is suspected in the sample, until a constant weight is obtained. Eeport per cent. TiO,. b. Determination of TiO, in absence of iron. In this case the procedure is much shorter. Ignite the oxalate in a platinum crucible to destro}^ the organic acid. Fuse with three times its weight of sodium carbonate and proceed as under the latter part of (a) . Ti(SOJ, + 4NaC,H30, + 3H,0 = 2Ra,S0, + 4HaH302 4- TiO(OH)2. TIN. Analysis of Tin Cr3^stals (Stannous Chloride). a. Determination of SnCl,. Weigh out about 5 grams of the solid and dissolve in water containing some HCl. Filter into a 500c.c. flask and make up to volume with boiled out water. Take two portions of 50c.c., add several grams of EochcUe salts and sodium bicarbonate in excess. Add starch and titrate with Vio iodine. Ic.c. V:o iodine =^ .0059 grams tin = .01125 grams SnCL-SH.O. Better results can be obtained by adding the iodine in excess and titrating with ^/^q h5^po. b. Total Sn. Neutralize 50c. c. with ammonia and then redissolve the precipitate with dilute HCl. Add an excess of a saturated ammonium nitrate solution and heat to boiling for some time. Let stand, filter off, ignite and weigh as SnOa in porcelain. The difference between the metal in form of chloride and total SnOa as Sn will give an approximation of the amount of stannic chloride present. 70 Tannees' and Chemists'" Handbook. rPtESH WATEE. General Mineral and Sanitary. (a) Total Solids. Evaporate lOOc.c. of sample to dryness on steam bath, and dry for 12 hours at 120-13 0°C. Calculate as total solids. (b) Organic Matter. Ignite the solids so as to completely burn off the organic matter and at as Ioav a temperature as possible. Add one to two drops of C. P. (]SrH4)2C03 solution to convert the oxides back to carbonates^ dry, ignite gently. Eeweigh. (c) Mineral Solids. Obtain by difference. (d) Temporary Hardness. For the determinations of hardness, prepare dilute standard solutions of H2SO4 and Na^COg ( .98 grams of H2SO4 per liter and 1.06 grams NajCOg per liter), Ic.c. of either of these solu- tions is equal to .001 grams CaCOg. Place 100c. e. of sample in small casserole, add a drop or two of methyl-orange and titrate directly with the standard HoSO^. Calculate titration as temporary hardness. (e) Permanent Hardness. Take another lOOc.c. of sample in a platinum dish and add to it an excess of ISTajCOo and NaOH solution (ordinarily 40c.c.), and evaporate on steam bath, nearly or quite to dryness. ISTow extract with freshly boiled distilled water, filter, washing filter many times, add methyl-orange and titrate' with the stan- dard H2SO4. The difference between the ISTa^COg, added, and the II2SO4, used in titrating, is caused by permanent hardness and should be calculated as such. Mineral Analysis. Evaporate 500-lOOOc.c. of water in a clean porcelain cas- serole to a volume of about lOOc.c, when it is best transferred to a platinum dish. Evaporate to dryness after adding a few drops of HCl. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. '71 1. Silica. Take up with, hydrochloric acid, filter, transferring insoluble SiOa completely to filter. Wash with cold water. Dry and ignite in a platinum crucible. 2. AI2O3 + Fe^Og. Dilute filtrate from above to about 200c.c. and make alkaline with ammonia. Heat to boiling and filter off insoluble hydrates. Weigh as oxide. 3. Calcium Oxide (CaO). Make the filtrate from the iron and alumina alkaline, if not already so, dilute to about a liter, and when hot add an excess of ammonia oxalate solution. Let stand over night, filter, wash and dissolve precipitate on the filter and in the beaker in dilute hot sulphuric acid and titrate against ^/^o KMnO^ at 60° C. Ic.c. Vio KMnO^ = .0028 grams CaO. 4. Magnesium Oxide (MgO). Evaporate the filtrate from the lime to about 500c.c. (or better, to dryness, driving off the excess of ammonium salts at red heat), add I/3 of its volume of 10% ammonia, cool to about 10 °C. and add sodium phosphate solution drop by drop with stirring. If the ammonium salts have been driven off, it will be necessary to add lOc.c. of ammonium chloride solution. Let stand. Filter, wash, ignite and weigh in the usual manner. 5. Chlorides. Dissolve the residue from total solids in water, extracting the soluble salts. Titrate against silver nitrate solution using potassium chromate as indicator. In case of water containing little carbonates, use lOOc.c. of original sample. 6. Sulphates. Determine in a portion obtained by evaporating 250-500c.c. to a convenient volume, in the usual manner. 7. Alkalies. Eemove calcium and magnesium and barium salts from above with strong barium hydrate solution, filter, concentrate, add a little ammonium hydroxide and ammonium oxalate. V2 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. Filter^ evaporate and rejDeat process if necessary. Weigh after converting an}^ carbonates to chlorides by HCl, as the mixed alkalies. Calculate as N'a20. Ammonia and ISTesslerization. (1) The Nessler Beagent. Take 35 grams .KI and 13 grams corrosive sublimate and about 800c. c. of water; heat these to boiling and stir until the salts dissolve. That having been accomplished, a cold saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in water is cautiously added until the red peroxide of mercury, which is produced as every drop falls into the liquid. Just begins to be permanent. The liquid must then be left to cool, and may with advantage stand for 13 hours before being rendered alkaline. This is accomplished by adding 160 grams of solid caustic potash or 120 grams of caustic soda to the liquid which is afterwards diluted with Avater to 1 liter. In order to render the JSTessler reagent sensitive, it is finally mixed with a little more cold saturated solution of corrosive sublimate, and allowed to settle. Wlien properly pre- pared the ISTessler reagent has a slightly yellowish tint. (3) Dilute Standard Solution of Ammonia. It will be found convenient to keep two solutions, a stronger solution and a weaker solution. The stronger solution is made b}^ dissolving 3.15 grams of ammonium chloride in 1 liter of water. If the solution is prepared as directed, it will contain one milligram of ammonia in Ic.c. of solution. The Aveaker solution is prepared by diluting lOc.c. of the stronger solution with Avater, making it up to exactly 1 liter. This weaker solution therefore contains 1/100 of a milligram of ammonia in Ic.c. (3) The Solution of Potash and Permanganate of Potash. This is made by dissolving 300 grams of solid potash and 8 grams of crystallized KMn04 in 1 liter H^O. The solution is boiled for some time, in order to get rid of all traces of ammonia and organic matter, and after about one-fourth of the liquid has boiled off, it may be made up to volume. Each water analysis requires 50c. c. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 73 Ammonia. Operaiion. Pour SOOc.c. of sample into a liter distilling flask, attached to a Liebig condenser, and boil. Distill over 200c.c., collecting the first 50c. c. for nesslerizing. ISTesslerize same, add one-third, and calculate result as "free ammonia.^' Now add 50c.c. of the permanganate solution to contents of flask and continue the distillation. Collect three successive 50c.c.'s and nesslerize each. Add results together and calculate as 'Albuminoid ammonia." Use 2c.c. of the nessler reagent for each test. N'lTEITES. (a) Plienylene Diamine MetJiod. To lOOc.c. of the water placed in a nessler jar, add Ic.c. of a 5% solution of plienylene diamine (diamido benzol) in dilute sulphuric acid. A 3^ellow color is developed, the color varying with amounts of nitrite present. Compare the color with a standard solution of sodium nitrite. Standard Sodium Nitrite. (1) Weigh .22 gram of silver nitrite into a flask, dissolve in hot water and precipitate with a pure salt solution. Filter and dilute to 1 liter, Ic.c. = .0001 gram nitrogen. (2) Use pure sodium nitrite, weighing out an excess and determine its value by titration with permanganate. Dilute to proper strength. (b). Alpha Naflithylamine Method. (1) Alpha naphthylamine hydrochloride. Boil 1/2 gram in 100c. c. of water for 10 minutes, cool. (2) Sulphanilic Acid. Dissolve 1 gram in 100c. c. of water. Determination : Add Ic.c. of the mixed solutions to the water in a lOOc.c. nessler's jar. Dilute to the mark and compare with the color produced by the standard nitrite solution. 74 Tak'ners'' and Chemists'' Handbook. Nitrates. Phenol SulpJionic Acid Method. Eeagents. Dissolve 3 grams of phenol mixed with Ic.c. of water, in 18.5C.C. of sulphuric acid. Standard potassium nitrate. Dissolve .722 grams of the C. P. salt in 1 liter of water. . Ic.c. = .005 grams nitrogen. Determination : Evaporate 50c.c. of the watej in a porcelain dish with addi- tion of a drop of sodium carbonate solution. Add Ic.c. of the reagent, heat slightly. Add a few drops of water, 2c.c. of cone. H2SO4, and heat again. Make up to lOOc.c. in a nessler's jar. Meanwhile evaporate 5c.c. of the potassium nitrate solution and treat in the same manner. Compare the colors, diluting the standard until the tints match. Calculation : Calculate the chlorine as sodium chloride, any residual alkali being calculated as sulphate. Assign the remainder of the sulphur, if any, to the magnesium. If any remains, calculate to calcium sulphate. Otherwise the remaining magnesium and all or part of the calcium, as the case may be, is calculated and reported as carbonate. WAXES. Melting Point. a. Capillary Tube Method. Determination by the Capillary Tube Method: Nearly fill the beaker of the apparatus with clear water, place whole on steam bath and heat to slightly below the lowest expected melting point. By means of a wire, fill the end of a large capillary tube, (1 1/2-2 mg. dia.) to the distance of one centimeter with the substance to be examined. In case of difficulty in filling, tubes may be filled by melting the substance, but in this case must be prepared a day before use. Attach the tube to the thermo- meter of the apparatus by means of a rubber band, place whole inside of the test tube and gradually increase temperature of bath, stirring by the accompanying glass rod to maintain a con- Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. Vs stant temperature. Eecord the point at which the substance just starts to melt and that at which the whole end of tube just becomes transparent. The first is the "starting melting point/' and the second the "finish or actual melting point." Eeport in degrees, Fahrenheit, as well as centigrade. Bead- ing should be made with a hand lens. b. Ubbelohde's Drop Point Method. The apparatus consists of a thermometer upon which is fastened a brass, nickel or German silver tube, perforated with one small hole in the side for the escape of gases. On the bottom of the metallic tube, which is slit, is fitted with a small glass tube open at both ends, the lower end opening smaller than the upper, which fits into the metal cylinder and encases the thermometer bulb. When the apparatus is ready for use, the small glass cap is taken off, filled with the substance to be exam- ined, allowed to cool, and when still soft, is pressed into the metal cylinder up and around the thermometer bulb. In order to get the same amount of fat, or wax into the cap, each end is scraped off evenly before it is placed on the thermometer. When the wax, or fat is thoroughly -cool, the protruding wax, or fat at the lower end is scraped off even with the bottom of the cap. The thermometer, with the substance, is then placed in the per- forated and slit cock and fitted into a test tube. The whole apparatus is then placed in a beaker of water on an asbestos plate, heated with a burner so that the temperature rises about 1° per minute. Mixed Waxes. 1. Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter : Weigh 2-5 grams, depending upon amount of wax matter, into a saponifi- cation flask, add 2-5c.c. 50% KOH + 10-20c.c. alcohol and boil one hour. Transfer to 3-in. porcelain evaporating dish, evapo- rate considerably on steam bath, add an excess of quartz sand and bake in oven until dry. Transfer contents to a Soxhlet ex- tractor, washing out the dish with petrolic ether and extract for 5 hours, into tared flask. Wash extracted matter with water in separatory funnel to remove soap, and evaporate and dry and weigh in tared flask. Take M. Pt. Wt. residue X 100 . , , = % unsaponifiable. wt. taken V6 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 2. Saponifidble Matter. Take 5-10 grams of the sample, depending upon its nature, saponify with 5-lOc.e. 50 % KOH -|- 15-25c.c. alcohol, shaking often. Transfer to a separatory funnel, add water and extract oily matter with petrolic ether, rejecting it. Add an excess of HCl to decompose the soap, let it stand and dissolve fat in petrolic ether and follow directions below: 1. If considerable quantity of fatty acids have been ob- tained — Make up to 200c.c. Avith ether and pipette two samples of lOc.e. each into bottles and evaporate in carbon dioxide and find iodine number, so as to identify oil. Evaporate remainder, mul- tiply by ten-ninths, divide by weight taken = % of fatty acids. Assuming the acid to be stearic, 10% of its weight added to itself will equal weight of fat. 2. In case small amount is present, receive in small flask and evaporate in carbon dioxide, in hot water, cool and let stand over night in dessicator. Weigh off one portion for iodine num- ber, dry the remainder in an oven for. 1 hour and weigh; after making proper corrections, the % of fatty acids can be obtained, as well as the ether free weight taken for iodine number. 3. Soap. Melt sample with Avater, remove unsaponifiable as solid cake or by ether, add HCl and extract fatty acids and proceed as above, stating result as sodium stearate. Detection of Ceresine and Paraffin in Beesivax. Method of A.v.d Haar. Fourteen grams of the wax are saponified with an excess of alcoholic potash, and alcohol expelled by boiling. The crude soap is dissolved in hot water and the solution cooled, where- upon all the unsaponifiable matter (m3^ricyl alcohol hydrocar- bons of the wax and tlie ceresine and paraffin) separate out in -a solid form and must be repeatedly boiled in water to receive any occluded soap they may contain. The mass, which is col- lected again when the water cools, is next boiled with glacial acetic acid for 2% hours under a reflux condenser, and is after- wards treated with sufficient acetic acid to prevent the reprecipi- Tanners'* and Ci-iemists' Handbook. 77 tation of the myricyl acetate formed. When cold the hydro- carbons will be found floating on the surface of the acetic acid, from which they are removed and are heated at 110° to volatilise the acid. The next stage is to heat the mass on the water bath with 20c.c. of sulphuric acid for 21/4 hours to car- bonize any residual myricyl alcohol. After cooling, the paraffin is freed from adherent sulphuric acid by repeated melting with hot water and is then dried at 110° C. after filtering. Grregorius "Mineral Waxes." WOOL GEEASE. (1) Moisture, (2) Ash, (3) Melting Point, (4) Acid Kumber. 1. Moisture. Weigh out 1-3 gramas of the sample in a platinum crucible. Drive off the water with a small flame until the gTease just begins to smoke. Ee weigh. 2. Ash. Burn above to white ash. Should be very low. 3. Melting Point. Take with Ubbeholde's drop point apparatus. The point will vary from about 100-120° depending on the quality. 4. Acid Number. Dissolve 5 grams in 10-15c.c. of neutral chloroform and titrate with ^/^^ alcohol potash solution. c.c. X .0056 X 1000 5 grams acid number. This determination will vary with tbe amount of soap fatty acids removed by purification. 78 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. INTEENATIOKAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, 1909. (Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 31,5.) Ato Atomic Aluminum. . . Symbol .. Al weight 27.1 Molybdenum. . Symbol . .Mo weight 90.0 Antimony. . . Argon . ..Sb ...A 120.2 39.9 Neodymium. . . Neon .Nd , .Ne 144.3 20.0 Arsenic ...As 75.0 Mckel , .Ni 58.68 Barium . . .Ba 137.37 Nitrogen , ..N 14.01 Bismuth . .Bi 208.0 Osmium .Os 190.9 Boron ..B 11.0 ■ Oxygen .0 16.00 Bromine , ..Br 79.92 Palladium .... . .Pd 106.7 Cadmium . . . . , ..Cd 112.40 Phosphorus . . . . .P 31.0 Caesium ..Cs 132.81 Platinum .Pt 195.0 Calcium ...Ca 40.09 Potassium .... . .K 39.10 Carbon Cerium , ...C . ..Ce 12.00 140.25 Praseodymium . Eadium .Pr . .Ea 140.6 22G.4 Chlorine , ..CI 35.46 Ehodium . .Rh 102.9 Chromium . . . ..Cr 52.1 Pubidium .Rb •85.45 Cobalt ...Co 58.97 Euthenium. . . . .Eu 101.7 Columbium. . ...Cb 93.5 Samarium .... . .Sa 150.4 Copper ...Cu 63.57 Scandium .Sc 44.1 Dysprosium. . Erbium ...Dy . ..Er 163.5 167.4 Selenium Silicon . .Se ..Si 79.2 28.3 Europium . . . Fluorine . ..Eu ,..F 152.0 19.0 Silver Sodium •Ag , .Na 107.88 23.00 Gadolinium. . ...Gd 157.3 Strontium. . . . . .Sr 87.62 Gallium ...Ga 69.9 Sulphtir . .S 32.07 Germanium. , . ..Ge 72.5 Tantalum .Ta 181.0 Glucinum. . . ...Gl 9.1 Tellurium. . . . . .Te 127.5 Gold ...Au 197.2 Terbium .Tb 159.2 Helium ...He 4.0 Thallium ..Tl 204.0 Hydrogen . . . , ...H 1.008 Thorium ..Th 232.42 Indium ...In 114.8 Thulium , .Tm 168.5 Iodine ...I 126.92 Tin .Sn 119.0 Iridium . ..Ir 193.1 Titanium .Ti 48.1 Iron ...Fe 55.85 Tungsten ..W 184.0 Krypton . . Kr 81.8 Uranium . .U 238.5 Lanthanum. . . . .La 139.0 Vanadium. . . . . .V 51.2 Lead , ..Pb 207.10 Xenon . .Xe 128.0 Lithium ..Li 7.00 Ytterbium Ijutecium . . . . ..Lu 174.0 ( Neoytterbium) Yb 172.0 Magnesium. . ■ • -Mg 24.32 Yttrium ..Y 89.0 Manganese . . , , . . Mn 54.93 Zinc . .Zn 65.37 Mercury ..Hg 200.0 Zirconium. ... . .Zr 90.6 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 79 TABLE FOE THE DETEEMINATION OF GLUCOSE IN Tanning Materials through the copper weighed after heating Fehling's solution with the Glucose for one-half an hour. (Koch and Eubsam. Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose mgr. nigr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. 1 1 0.4 37 15.4 73 33.1 109 51.6 145 69.6 2 0.8 38 15.9 74 33.6 110 52.1 146 70.1 3 1.2 39 16.3 75 34.1 111 52.6 147 70.6 4 'l.6 40 16.7 76 34.6 112 53.1 148 71.1 5 2 41 17.2 77 35.1 113 53.6 149 71.5 6 2.5 42 17.6 78 35.7 114 54.1 150 72 7 2.9 43 18 79 36.2 115 54.6 151 72.5 8 3.3 44 18.4 80 36.7 116 55.1 152 73 9 3.7 45 18.9 8i 37.2 117 55.7 153 73.5 10 4.1 46 19.3 82 37.7 118 56.2 154 74 11 4.5 47 19.7 83 38.2 119 56.7 155 74.5 12 4.9 48 20.2 84 38.7 120 57.2 156 75 13 5.3 49 20.7 85 39.2 121 57.7 157 75.5 14 5.7 50 21.3 86 39.8 122 58.2 158 76 15 6.1 51 21.8 87 40.3 123 58.7 159 76.5 16 6.5 52 22.3 88 40.8 124 59.2 160 77 ' 17 7 53 22.8 89 41.3 125 59.7 161 77.5 18 7.4 54 23.3 90 41.8 126 60.2 162 78 19 7.8 55 23.9 91 42.3 127 60.7 163 78.5 20 8.2 56 24.4 92 42.8 128 61.2 164 79 21 8.6 57 24.9 93 43.3 129 61.7 165 79.5 22 9 58 25.4 94 43.9 130 62.2 166 80 23 9.4 59 25.9 95 44.4 131 62.6 167 80.5 24 9.9 60 26.4 96 44.9 132 63.1 168 81 25 10.3 61 26.9 97 45.4 133 63.6 169 81.4 26 10.7 62 27.4 98 45.9 134 64.1 170 81.9 27 11.1 63 28 99 46.4 135 64.6 171 82.4 28 11.6 64 28.5 100 46.9 136 65.1 172 82.9 29 12 65 29 101 47.5 137 65.6 173 83.4 30 12.4 66 29.5 102 48 138 1 66.1 174 83.9 31 12.9 67 30 103 48.5 139 I G6.6 175 1 84.4 32 13.3 68 30.5 104 49 140 I 67.1 176 1 84.9 33 13.7 69 31 105 49.5 141 1 67.6 177 1 85.4 34 14.1 70 31.6 106 1 50 142 ! 68.1 178 I 85.9 35 14.6 71 32.1 107 I 50.5 143 I 68.6 179 I 86.4 36 15 72 32.6 108 I 51 144 I 69.1 180 I 86.9 80 Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose mgr. •ngr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. 181 1 87.4 222 108.1 263 129.5 304 1 151.1 345 1 173.3 182 87.9 223 108.7 264 130.1 305 151.7 346 173.9 183 88.4 224 109.2 265 130.6 306 152.2 347 174.5 184 88.9 225 109.7 266 131.1 307 152.8 348 175 185 89.4 226 110.2 267 131.6 308 153.3 349 175.6 186 89.9 227 110.7 268 132.2 309 153.9 350 176.2 187 90.4 228 111.2 269 132.7 310 154.4 351 176.8 188 90.9 229 111.8 270 133.2 311 155 352 177.3 189 91.3 230 112.3 271 133.7 312 155.5 353 177.9 190 91.8 231 112.8 272 134.2 313 156 354 178.5 191 93.3 232 113.3 273 134.7 314 156.5 355 179.1 192 92.8 233 113.8 274 135.3 315 157.1 356 179.6 193 93.3 234 114.4 275 135.8 316 157.6 357 180.2 194 93.8 235 114.9 276 136.3 317 158.1 358 180.8 195 94.3 236 115.4 277 136.8 318 158.7 359 181.4 196 94.8 237 115.9 278 137.4 319 159.2 360 181.9 197 95.3 238 116.4 279 137.9 320 159.8 361 182.5 198 95.8 239 117 280 138.4 321 160.3 362 183.1 199 96.3 240 117.5 281 139 322 160.9 363 183.7 200 96.8 241 118 282 139.5 323 161.4 364 184.2 201 97.3 242 118.5 283 140 324 162 365 184.8 202 97.8 243 119 284 140.5 325 162.5 366 185.4 203 . 98.3 244 119.5 285 141.1 326 163 367 186 204 98.8 245 120.1 286 141.6 327 163.6 368 186.5 205 99.3 246 120.6 287 142.1 328 164.1 369 187.1 206 99.8 247 121.1 288 142.6 329 164.7 370 187.7 207 100.3 248 121.6 289 143.2 330 165.2 371 188.3 208 100.8 249 122.1 290 143.7 331 165.8 372 188.8 209 101.4 250 122.7 291 144.2 332 166.3 373 189.4 210 •101.9 251 123.2 292 144.7 333 166.9 374 190 211 102.4 252 123.7 293 145.3 334 167.4 375 190.6 212 102.9 253 124.2 294 145.8 335 167.9 376 191.1 213 103.5 254 124.8 295 146.3 336 168.4 377 191.7 214 104 255 125.3 296 146.9 337 169 378 192.3 215 104.5 256 125.8 297 147.4 338 169.5 379 192.8 216 105 257 126.3 298 147.9 339 170.1 380 193.4 217 105.5 258 126.9 299 148.4 340 170.6 381 194 218 106 259 127.5 300 149.0 341 171.2 382 194.6 219 106.6 260 128 301 149.5 342 171.7 383 195.2 220 107.1 261 128.5 302 150.1 343 172.2 384 195.7 221 107.6 262 129 i 303 150.6 344 172.8 385 196.3 Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 81 Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose Cu Glucose mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. mgr. 386 196.9 405 207.9 434 319 443 231.2 463 344 387 197.5 406 208.5 435 319.6 444 231.8 463 344.7 388 198 407 209.1 436 330.3 445 332.5 464 345.3 389 198.6 408 209.7 437 220.8 446 233.2 465 346 390 199.3 409 210.3 438 331.4 447 233.9 466 346.7 391 199.8 410 210.8 439 331.9 448 234.5 467 247.4 393 200.3 411 211.4 430 333.5 449 235.3 468 248 393 3t)0.9 412 212 431 223.1 450 235.9 .469 348.7 394 201.5 413 212.6 433 223.7 451 236.6 470 349.4 395 202.1 414 313.3 433 224.4 453 237.2 471 350.1 396 202.7 415 313.8 434 225.1 453 237.9 473 350.8 397 203.3 416 314.4 435 235.8 454 238.6 473 351.4 398 203.8 417 314.9 436 226.4 455 239.3 474 252.1 399 204.4 418 315.5 437 337.1 456 239.9 475 252.8 400 205 419 316.1 438 327.8 457 240.6 476 353.5 401 205.6 420 316.7 439 228.5 458 241.3 402 206.2 421 317.3 440 239.1 459 243 403 206.8 422 317.9 441 229.8 460 343.6 404 207.3 423 318.4 443 230.5 461 343.3 FACTOES FOE SUGAE ANALYSIS. Sucrose (cane) . . , Sucrose (cane) . . . Maltose Maltose Lactose (anhy.) . . Lactose (anhy.) . . Lactose (cryst.) . . Lactose (cryst.) . . Dextrose Dextrose Laevulose Laevulose Invert Sugar. . . . Invert Sugar. . . . Starch or Dextrin Starch or Dextrin Cu X .5137 CuO X .4091 Cu X .9146 CuO X .7294 Cu X .7216 CuO X .5758 Cu X .7596 CuO X .6061 Cu X .5232 CuO X .4167 Cu X .5585 CuO X .4456 Cu X .5397 CuO X .4307 Cu X .4699 CuO X .3750 82 Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook, TABLE FOR EXAMINATION OF ALCO The following table is given by Andreasch* for alcoholi mixture allowed to stand over night. Wliere spaces are left bl Reagent. Water Hydrogen peroxide. Hydrochloric acid. . Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Acetic acid. Ammonia. . Chloroform. Ethyl-ether. Acetic ether. Benzol. . . . . . Petroleum ether. Carbon disulphide. Naphthol Glycerin Tartaric acid. Citric acid. . . Oxalic acid. . . . Trinitro-phenol Spruce Bark. Orange turbidity. As above. Red-brown solution. Rust-brown pp. and solution. Yellow-brown pp., dark brown solution. Yellowish- white pp. Brown pp., partly soluble in excess. Yellow-red flocculent pp., brown solution. Light brown pp. Turbidity. Reddish-brown sediment. Ether not colored. CS2 yellow Brown pp. and solution. Yellow flocculent pp. Whitish-yellow turbidity. As above. As above. Yellow pp. and solution. Oak Bark. Yellow-white pp., partly soluble. Yellow-white pp., partly soluble. Yellow-brown pp., brown solution. Yellow-white pp., brown solution. As above. Dark yellow pp., soluble in excess. Yellow-white pp., yellowish solution. Light yellow pp. Brown flocculent pp. Ether pale- yellow. CS2 yellow Brown pp. and solution. Slight whitish- yellow pp. As above. As above. * Gerber, 1894, p. 195. Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 8? HOLIC EXTKACTS OF LEATHEES. c solutions. The reagents were always added in excess, and the ank it is understood that no visible change takes place. Willow Bark. Greenish turbidity. A-ppfe e-green pp. Yellow-white pp., rose-red zone. Yellow-brown pp., cherry- red zone. Yellow pp. and solution. Turbidity. Whitish turbidity. CS2 green Yellow-brown pp., dark red- brown solution. Greenish-white flocculent pp. Yellow-green flocks. As above. As above. Mimosa Bark. Yellow-white pp., brown solution. As above. As above. Slight rust- brown pp., dark solution. As above. Violet-red pp., soluble in excess. Grey-violet pp. Reddish-black layer below. CS2pale yellow Brown pp. and solution. Yellow-brown PP- As above. As above. Hemlock Bark. Dark red- brown pp. Light brown pp. and soln. Dark brown pp. and solution. Dark rust- brown solution. Red-brown pp. and solution. Dark brown pp., insoluble in excess. Brown pp. Brown layer below. Ether faint red Red flocculent pp. Red-brown pp. As above. Voluminous red-brown pp. Yellow-brown pp. Oakwood. Light yellow turbidity. Yellowish-white flocculent pp. Pale buff flocculent pp. Brown pp. and solution. Yellow flocculent pp. Pp. soluble to red solution in excess. Dark brown deposit. Slight yellowish- white pp. Slight red- brown PP Yellow-browi'i pp., dark solution. SHght turbidity. Whitish-yellow flocculent pp. As above. As above. «4 Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook, TABLE FOE EXAMINATION OF ALCO Reagent. Water. Hydrogen peroxide. Hydrochloric acid. . Sulphuric acid. Nitric acid. Acetic acid. Ammonia. . Chloroform. Ethyl-ether. Acetic ether. Benzol Petroleum ether. Carbon disulphide. Naphthol. Glycerin Tartaric acid. Citric acid. . Oxalic acid. Trinitro-phenol. Quebracho. Turbidity. Brown-yellow flocculent pp. As above. Dark red solution. Slight pp., red-brown solution. Dark red- brown pp. Solution pale yellow, above red-brown. Yellow-brown pp., dark solution. Yellow-brown floccu!ent pp., dark red soln. As above. As above. Valonia. Dirty yellow, turbid over dark zone. As above. Light brown turbidity, ppt, pale. Slight yellow solution. Slight pale pp.. dark solution. Yellowish turbidity. Yellowish pp., partly soluble, reddens. Yellow-grey flocks. Dirty white pp., turning dark brown. Dense yellow flocks at zone. Slight yellow- brown pp. Long standing yellowish pp. Yellow-grey pp. As above. Sulphur yellow pp. Brown-yellow pp., turns lemon. Tanners'' and Chemists'' Handbook. 85 HOLIC EXTEACTS OP LEATHEES. Myrobalans. Divi-divi. Sumach. Knoppern. Birch Bark. Dirty ye.Uow Marked yellow- Dirty green pp. Yellow-white Yellow-brown turbidity. brown tur- bidity. pp. turbidity. Yellowish pp. Yellowish pp. Green pp. As above. Rusty brown Light brown Whitish-yellow Dark green pp. As above. pp. Yellow-brown turbidity. pp. pp. Slight yellow- Dirty reddish Light green pp.. Yellow-grey pp. Dense red- brown pp. green solution. brown pp., turbidity. dark solution. Dull red Dirty brown Dark green pp. Dark yellow -- ■ J- ■ , coloration. turbidity. pp. Red-brown pp. and solution. Dark yellow Light brown Dull dark Yellow-brown turbidity. turbidity. green pp. pp. Yellowish pp., Pale yellow pp.. Pale green pp.. Dense greyish- Dark flesh-red turns brown, partially soluble darkens. white pp.. pp., soluble in sol. in excess. in excess, turns brown. reddening. excess. Yellow flocks. Yellow-brown Slight green Dense yellow- Slight brown flocks. deposit. white pp. Grey-brown pp. pp. Trace flesh- colored pp. Pale yellow Rust-brown pp. Slight yellow Reddish-yellow flocks. pp. on long standing. flocks. Ether yellow- green. CS2 scarcely CS2 scarcely CS2 colored CSo colored . , colored, yellow colored, yellow green. yellow-green. flocks at zone. flocks at zone. Slight yellow- Slight yellow- Green-brown Slight greyish Yellow-brown brown pp. brown pp. pp. pp. on long standing. pp., dark red solution. Long standing Long standing Long standing Slight turbidity. Turbidity. yellow flocks. slight turbidity. dark green pp. Yellowish pp. Yellowish pp. Greenish, pp. Yellow-green pp. Light rust- brown pp. As above. As above. As above. As above. As above. As above. Yellow-brown As above. As above. As above. Yellow-brown .PP- Turbidity first Apple-green pp. •.. ■■ pp., turns reddish, then yellow. yellow. 86 Tanneks' and Chemists'" Handbook. TABLE FOR EXAMINATIOl^ OP ALCO Reagent. Spruce Bark. Oak Bark. Salicylic acid ■ Light brown ppt. Yellow white flocculent ppt. Tartar emetic Fawn colored ppt. Greenish yellow ppt. Yellow white ppt. Yellow white ppt. Potassium sulphocyanide Yellow-brown flocculent ppt., sol on heating. Yellow-brown flocculent ppt. Potassium cyanide Pale-brown turbidity. Pale-brown turbidity. Lime Yellow-brown ppt, glittering on surface. Ppt. yellow brown below, chocolate above, yellow solution. Baryta Dirty yellow ppt. yellow white solution. As above Strontia ^ As above Light brown ppt. As above Magnesia Dirty white, ppt. Potassium chromate Dull brown ppt. Yellow brown ppt. Mercuric chloride : .. . Light red brown ppt. Yellow white turbidity. Mercurous nitrate Dirty grey brown ppt. Pp. reddish yellow, turn- ing brown. Tanners^ and Chemists' Handbook. HOLIC EXTRACTS OF LEATHEES. 8/ Willow Bark. Mimosa Bark. Slight brown ppt. Hemlock Bark. Oakwood. Greenish yellow ppt. Bulky red- brown ppt. Yellow white ppt. Greenish white ppt., deep green layer above. Violet red ppt. Dirty brown ppt. do. Green white ppt. Flesh red ppt. Red-brown ppt. Slight white ppt. Leaf green ppt. Chocolate ppt. Red-brown ppt., sol. on heating. Yellow white ppt., pale yellow solution. Leaf green ppt., yellow- ish solution. do. Ppt. brown below, yellow white above. Dirty sulphur yellow ppt. Violet blue ppt., brown above. Violet brown ppt, dull brown and glittering above. Ppt. white below, above blue, later brown. As above. Blue green ppt, brown above. As above. Blue ppt turning brown, glittering red brown above. As above. Violet red ppt. green sol'n. Dirty blue ppt. Grey ppt. As above. Blood red ppt. Ppt., white below blue above, turning brown. Yellow white flocculent ppt. Bright yellow ppt- Brown ppt. Brown ppt. Green brown ppt., turn- ing brown. Wliite ppt. Light reddish blue ppt. Dirty brown ppt. Blood red ppt. Yellow-white flocculent ppt. Dirty yellow ppt. on long standing. Red-brown ppt.. turning dull broAvn. Brick red pot., turning brown red or yellow grey. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. TABLE FOE EXAMINATION OF ALCO Reagent. Salicylic acid. Tartar emetic Potassium ferrocyanide. . Potassium sulphocyanide. Potassium cyanide Lime. Baryta. Strontia. Magnesia Potassium chromate. Mercuric chloride. .. Mercurous nitrate. Quebracho. Brownish yellow pp., dark red-brown liquid. Fawn-colored pp. Pale red-brown pp. Slight pp. amaranth-red solution. Violet-brown pp., dark brown above. Grey-white pp., glittering choc- olate-brown above. As above. Violet pp., dark solution. Dark, dull . brown pp. Dark turbidity Chocolate pp. on long standing. Valonia. Greyish- yellow pp. Pale grey- yellow pp. Pale yellow pp. Yellow-grey pp. As above. Pale chocolate pp. As above. Chocolate pp., turning black. Yellowish pp. Yellow-brown pp. Dirty yellow pp., partly soluble. Orange-yellow pp., turning dirty grey. Tannees' and Chemists'" Handbook. HOLIC EXTEACTS OF LEATHEES. 89 Myrobalans. Yellowish pp. Cream-colored pp. Cream-yellow pp. Yellow pp. As above. Bright yellow pp., colorless solution. As above. Dirty green pp., turning brown. Yellowish pp. Dirty brown pp. Yellow-brown pp., solution in excess. Orange-yellow pp., turning dirty yellow. Divi-divi. Yellow-brown pp. Ochre-yellow curdy pp. Orange pp. Dark yellow pp. As above. Cream- colored pp., which darkens As above. Pale red pp., dirty grey above. Grey-brown pp. Dark brown pp. Brown pp., mostly sol. in excess. Orange yellow pp., turning dirty yellow. Sumach. Green pp. Yellow-green curdy pp. Pale green pp. Green pp. As above. Green pp., turning yellow. Green pp., turning sulphur-yellow. As above. Dirty green mass. Dirty brown pp. Dirty green pp., part soluble in excess, turns yellow. Grass-green pp. Knoppern. Greyish-yellow pp. Dirty white curdy pp. Yellow-green pp. Orange-yellow pp. Curdy reddish- white pp., darkens on standing. Olive brown pp. Green pp., turning grey- brown over night. As above. Yellow-white pp. Dark red-vio!et pp., turning chocolate. Yellow-green pp. Orange pp., turning grey. Birch Bark. Pale rust-brown pp. Bulky pale rusty pp. Bulky pale rusty pp. Turbidity. Yellow-white pp., dull brown and glittering above. Flesh-red or scarlet pp. Grey-white pp. brown above. Greyish-white pp., vermilion aboA^e. Pale flesh-col. pp. Chestnut-brown pp. Reddish-yellow pp. Grey pp. '90 Tanneus' A.ND Chemists' Handbook. Sa ^ Cl, p .2 p-i CL, 90, o Ph c Ph- 0% C/3 (1^ a i: (U >-> (L) £ p o'S.« as pq 9 Oh o OOJ C c^a PM pq O > £ be rt c« p P5 i-" S o '-' ;s ^- ^ ^- M "i 5 P^ PQ P 1- a- bo biOP-iC t^df o o 0.5 So -« -M- C y U >, p, O ?, dJ 1-1 1-, 1-' ' — ' >I-M 1- • -■ P^ Ph o (u E 3-^ O 3 rhj Ph *-" PM ^ PLi c •s >^ O > PS O o 00 ~ O Ph a- p,5-S 1^ < o n, g Ji ^ *J bo S U u 1^ ^.5 ■£ P^ -a 3 t? o u ■n o be" o s < PhCO 12;. C pqtiH Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 91 OS •So O "* ■ "* sis no:s u . o .b 1- o > o o 1- p o, /,, ex — ■ CM o O (ur? t:: M I f^ > Q.I 8-ao '^"^ "'^-^ '*"' C 1^ r- ■ " '^" PL, !ii &-f7 o bio 5 •- 0^ m 3 O 1- p a ex O f^ .2 o o cj c P-i O O^ PM ' u a Pi > > o a £ „ ex S c ex .2^ c c o p^ o rt ex p-l' bflu: c « •T3 ft ft o U o S iH o o bo-r: .st ^ ^^ lU C rt .S "* ^ m Px fe J 92 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. SOLUBILITIES OF BODIES IN GLYCERINE (CLEVER) 100 pts. of Glycerine Dissolves at 151/2° C. Alum 40 Ammonium Carbonate 20 Ammonium Chloride 20 Arsenious Acid 20 Arsenic Acid 20 Atropin .- 3 Atropin Sulphate 33 Barium Chloride 10 Benzoic Acid 10 Boric Acid 10 Brucin 2.2 Calcium Sulphide 5 Cinchonin 0.5 Cinchonin Sulphate 6.7 Ferric Chloride j ^^J^ Ferrous Lactate 16 Ferrous Tartrate 8 Ferrous Sulphate 25 Iodine 1.9 Lead Acetate 20 Mercuric Chloride 7.5 Morphin .45 Morphin Acetate and Chloride 20 Oxalic Acid 15 Phosphorus .20 Potassium Arsenate 50 Potassium Bromide 35 ! Potassium Chlorate 3.5 i Potassium Cyanide 32 | Potassium Iodide 40 ; Silver Mtrate '\ ^"^7 \ I sol. Strychnine Sulphate 22.5 Sulphur ; . . . .10 Tannic Acid 50 Tartaric Acid 5.5 Zinc Chloride 50 Zinc Iodide 40 Zinc Sulphate , 35 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. FEEEZING MIXTURES. 93 5 NH4CI 5 KNO3 ytTom + 10° to — 17°C. 16 water -from + 10° to — 20= C. 5 NH.Cl 5KNO3 8 KagSO^ cryst. 16 water 1 tH.NOs j, f j.Q^ , iQo ^0 _ 200c. 1 water > ' 1 NH4NO3 ) 1 Na^COg cryst. Vfrom + 10° to — 25°C. 1 water ) 3KCNS lfrom + 10°to — 25°C. 2 water j . ' 3 wS ''"^'^' [ ^'°^ + ^^° *° ~ ^^°^- 3 JSTajSO^ cryst. 2 HNO3 dil. 2 HXO3 + 1 H2O = HNO3 dil. 'from + 10° to — 20° C. 6 NagSO^ cryst. 4NH4CI 2 KNO3 4 HNO, dil. ■from + 10° to — 25° C. 6 NagSO^ cryst. ) 5 NH4NO3 Vfrom + 10° to — 28° C. 5 HFO3 dil. ) 5 ISTaaSO^ cryst. I « , ., qo ^ -. ooq 4H2S04dil. j-iromi-iu to i» <^. 94 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. FEEEZIFG MIXTUEES— Continued. >fromO°to — 30°C. -froniO°to — 35°C. 1 H2SO4 + 1 H.,0 = H2SO4 dil. 1 NaCl 2 snow or chopped ice 1 NH.Cl SNaCl !^fromO°to — 30°C. 5 snow or chopped ice 1 NH.Cl 2WaCl IKNO3 5 snow or chopped ice. 5 KaCl ) 5 NH4NO3 Urom 0° to — 40° C. 13 snow or chopped ice. j 5 CaCl^ cryst. [ ■ 4 snow or chopped ice \ *^°^ ^ to — 50 C. 3 CaCl^ cryst. ) _ 3 snow or chopped ice p^o"^ ^ to — 35 b. 1 H2SO4 diluted with 30% ) of its Aveiglit of ^^ater > from 0° to — 50° C. 3 snow or chopped ice j 1 snow or chopped ice | . „o 4- oiy-i/on 1 HCl cone, sp'gr. 1.30 \ ^^°^ ^ ^° " ^^'/^"C. 2 snow or chopped ice [l™'"»°*°-S''°C. 10 1 "a , y< 7 i = *-" .-w ci '— 1 u. 10 >-H .— 1 70 o2?coco Oi ^ 0: 05 "o i< IZl Q s$ <:0 ,i CO CO O u. < t 5 Bl c-«-1-i^ *^ flj CI r— CI — [; .^ .— 1 C: OJ C<1 CO 1 1 Ol S z 01 1^ 10 to z ^C5 00(M i 00 1 u 1-24 -33 2-3 itte -10. H 01 cn^- CC 2 '-I-* "TOO ^co^io e2 I- ^■ CO 1^ iO t- c_o c:> o;) 1 — ' 0^ "5 ^ ^ -* CO CO IZ 02 Ci '^ Oi T— 1 -_ cocooo • -5 .2 On-HOa . J^ CO 10 T— 1 ■ OOt-H . t. 10 00 00 22 00 02 00 ^ ^ E -z OS CO 01 J, t- 00 cog CO -^ CO CO ^ U Oi Ci 00 Oi ^ c_a .— 1 T-H 1-H T— 1 g .2 G CO 02 CO O' & 2 Ci 00 t~ era J T-H 1 i 1 ^7—1 o 10 00 iO 1 '"* '^1' >» qCO I 1 ,1a 3 + 1 1 2§cOo S^.og .914- .9165 .9600- .916- •S"0 3 i- c m ;=. .& rt "S5 S OPmU < P^ < T-^ i^ '^ 1— 1 »0 CO Oi(M CO Oi =71010"^. 10 CO 10 10 CO 05 Ci CO OiOi 01 Oi 00 <^ ^§ i-H c<] • -* OCl CO 10 COC— ( 1-H CO CO CO Ci r^ CO 03 T-H 1-H CO 10 CO 02 lO -— ( Oi 0: 1- t~ t- ■.—1 00 -H --"-1 --H ^ 00 Oi 00 00 1^ t- 1- I— ( ,— 1 r-H .— 1 T-H : Oi Oi 0:1 ot> b6^ iO fM CO CM G^J ^ I CO 1 I 1 I £:' OT -H Oi Oi '-". Oi Ci • • u a CO o : :l| S c JJ o■- (U O rt ^ >~5. 1< •J H <2 :52 oSt-. ,— I O lO lO ,—1 CO Oi CO CJ2 '-^ CO T-H Ci CO 03 ^ CM "-I >— I 00 L- VN OO L- S^ ^-L-a I I I oa J Oi o^ o^ I 1 I ■*-* lO CM C-1 Ol Oi o C^ O rr: 06 'a u CO CO 03 CO Oi t^ 05 -^ OS 1— 1 C3 CO o> CO ^.^ CO 0-5 CO CO t> •00 CO • c= t- CM (M •CM co 00 ^ .CM T— 1 lO c • a CM CM CM CM ,-, lO CC lOOO C-; ^ CO -5ti . 1 o "3 t-' coc» CO t- iO c< CO ■^ iO Ci O Ci 1 (M CM CM -CM -c; t- 1 "" (M 1 g^^ ooco o i-rH £2 Cl ^ ^ o 00 c— ) ^— 5 CO ' — g 1 1 § CO JO Oi II 00 "^^ '=^ o CO 05 li ^ 1 1 o o * 1 1 1 I lO C: o (M 05 c 1 u > o ^ ,, t -H CO CO CO CO ^ (^ tJ3 Oi C".' Ci Oi o sbo < |2i 1 TJl < w. o o 1< ^. L- irH 00 1-d j CT on '71 Ci v ■- >. CI Oi CO i-J — •^ • ■ • Z cS '"' Ci ; • - tf ^ f- CO H .S u CO 00 ^(M < 2.2 £ cd o o ^ CM«^;1 1 U. O i-H T-l O'O 1 S"2 (M CM CM oa (M^ ^ CM •00 r- '^ "^ '^. -* ^ CM • CO L. -* t- 1 1 '. cx; H CO CO CO CO • 10 ;oc ,. ^ • '. CO - L-I- CO t- CO CO 10 So CO 00=^ lO^CO UO Oi C' CO' • C;:^ CO o> Q M Ci C' C-. 1-H «-S (M ^ C-O •^ on --^ • t-- g.2 S lO) CO CO '. >o ■^ Oi £■ '' ^ o Z c^ Oi c:i . cr- 0: ,_H O' O ■ '^ ^^ CM CO Oi . ^ bfi (O t- »o t- i— 1 1— 1 oocsio cO> <0 Cfi ^ £-1 b CO CO 00 crp -* ':1< -rt< (M CO CM CM 4:; CO . 00 oi Ji; io ^J^" O t- t- »0 Ol CO Cf3i-Hl>- (M O^ CM CO c,,- CO COfJCM .^^ Cci CO CO CM CM 1 (M Ol ,_i c: — ' o Oi 02 00 o; ^ Qqoi_oi oo_ " •'"'oq 1 : i •r cfl -"-> u c ; <" a ^ T. ^ . r V^ ?sl ^ ,c 5 ^ r 3 ; 5 Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 90 PEE CENT OF UNSAPONIFIABLE IN OILS, PATS AND WAXES.* Per Cent. Linseed Oil 42-1.1 Hempseed Oil 1.08 Poppyseed Oil .43 Sunflower Oil .31 Corn Oil 1.35-2.86 Cottonseed Oil 73-1.64 Sesame 95-1.32 Rape 58-1.0 Peanut 54- .94 Olive..- 46-LOO Castor .33 Menhaden Oil 1.6-2.2 Sardine Oil 5.2-8.6 *Lewkowitsch. Per Cent. Cod Liver Oil 54-7.83 Seal Oil 38-1.4 Whale Oil.... 92-3.72 Neatsfoot 12- .65 Egg 1-'^ Japan Wax 1.1-1.63 Lard Oil .23 Bone 5-1.8 Sperm 37-41 Carnauba Wax 55 Wool Wax 43-51.3 Beeswax 52-55.6 100 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. c' 1^1 -go". i;>iOJ>COC02>OOC00<:Ol0lO^C0THC0OC0r- 100 '=-1^'^ C s s J O „-0^ M o S a-5 ^s=-^ K:)?>cr>10CQ032>5>-2>THCOOiO ■!<1-i;l OCJldlCCQi-icOi-Hoi^'lOOrH c 2 m '^ u -TiH(>JClOCOCO C^"^ ^^"^ S'-5 CO^rHT-HCOT-loOoiitDldi^cd c ^ COlO'lD'^lOlOtOi^OlOlO^lOlO * P h^ ^ 3 > > ^OCC0r-jOC0^10 CO GO m O ci C ?> O CO CTJ -viH -o i^D^^C^JIOiHi-ICnJCOtHCOCvJ^ P o m i==i o (^ pq 3 <5 X > J OiOOCO tHiO O^rHXOCOOi ^'o6c^O?>^&-'^THCriTHCQ10 "-^ O C500OOCi«DiO2>2>'X>»O0000 H 1 -5 £ O iH rH W 3 J>;i-HCQ2>;CQOCOJ>CCO?>^ > O i-H CO CO -^ (>j O O '^ ci T-H O CO lO^'^lOiraOOiC^jT— lOOOCOCO 'o iHrHrHi— ItHt-I tHtHtH tHiH nd • o • o : ■tj _; 's ' bi) fi^ s^ fl • CD H •i-H O O 'Tj fl ^ ^ CO r-' .—1 ^ CO C3 CD ^Qjro.gojjcscart^Q^OfH 1 PC ^^H^ Sfl- P P^ P a !«: !C )P^ 1 u J_ c: CO 11 »0 lO CO CO 4 -z CO CM ■o w — t-C ^ OJ -lO CO till C5 o < H 5 S ool aj b. H T-H CO_ ^ 00. i: (M > o CM 1 00 1—1 < •<: . . . 1 lOiO u L— -^QO OSi-H C -O 00 0Ot-< (M 1—1 00 ^. O 3 ^H t- T-H lO c» CO 1— I -z 00 co^ 1—1 a .:- O-^ o lO o Ijj CO co<^ cooc CO CO r-H ^a 1—1 o- (^ 5 ° E o • - 3 <0 CO c- 03 o t- O to o >. 00 00 o; t- CO CO t- ts .-^ 00 00 02 oias 02 OS 'o > ■ di '^o 1-100 lO CO Oi CO ct; M th CO Ci ^ Oi iH CO ?> CO o 1 S -thCOC010MCOOOC5^^J>0 S cT-i 1 CO 1— liH T— 1 THrHTHrHrH iocco 1 ■pHt-I 1—1 1— It— li— li— ItH C T— 1 -^ idcocoio-^'coc^'coio^j^o ^ c^c<>ooGO^aiCriOiou-;?>,-i tHtH ■r-\ tHtH,— ItHtH J. i> o C5 ^_ cT-fio^_^_^cx)c^i:riGOi-H f3 i-5oCQCOrHTH^rHJ>ci'^?> < "^ G0 E tHt— 1 tH 1— It— It— ItHt— I o»oj>TtiC5oqcJi.-^O':^£> ^ Cvi0?G000^0iCiO':tl»O2>O iHtH tH iHTHrH-rHiH jj iocQcoi:o?>cqooiOGOOOio S 2>0(>?f7^-*r-icic0o6^'^o6 5 THC^'^2>-0 J tHi— 1 iH iHrHTHiHiH cQcocqj>ioi:ocOC)iooociOOu:;oocc ::: j> o T-5 CO id c0 •t-Hi— 1 tH t— li— It— It-ItH r^ nzi Q p: jO o cS • O •X. h- ^ 1 y^ ^ 2 2^ o cS '^ S ^tai^ CC CD f-i&:j-CioPH Ocufl 1 i— ^ci;0''rr!-'H -^e^nwo f^ ^ C >OP ^< .< 1^ C )^ H 1-^ c 1 EIMER & AMEND 205-211 Third Avenue, New York City Headquarters for Tanners' Laboratory Supplies Barkometers, Teas, Standard American Hide Powder, Cry^allizing Dishes, Hydrometers, Etc. THE LEADING ANALYTICAL BALANCE E and As Gold Plated, Capacity 200 Grammes, Sensibility l-20th Mgr. We carry by far the large^ ^ock in the United States of CHEMICAL APPARATUS C. P. CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS, FILTER PAPER, ETC., ETC., ETC. ENSURING PROMPT SHIPMENTS A. KLIPSTEIN & COMPANY 122 PEARL STREET NEW YORK IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN TANNING MATERIALS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION specialties: PATENTED ARGAM QUEBRACHO EXTRACT MANGROVE BARK MYRABOLAMS CHEMICALS DYESTUFFS branches: CHICAGO ROSTON PHILADELPHIA PROVIDENCE TORONTO MONTREAL MEXICO FRANKFORT A-M Tanners' and Chemists' Handbooe;. 103 CONSTANTS OF SOME AMEKICAN OILS. Vegetable. Specific Gravity Turbidity Saponification Value Acid Value Iodine Value Cottonseed Oil .922 24 192.2 109.1 .922 24 192.2 109.1 Castor Oil .961 .922 40 none 204.2 176.0 1.3 18 84.4 85.2 .925 none 175.0 5.9 84.2 .961 40 204.2 1.3 84.4 Olive Oil 1 26 191.0 85 Linseed Oil .932 187.6 189.2 191.4 174.1 182.2 180.6 ' .932 192.4 191.4 184.7 176 104 Takneks'' and Chemists'' Handtjook. CONSTANTS OF SOME AMERICAN OILS.* Cod Oils. Specific Gravity Acid Value Saponification Value Iodine Value Cod Oil, NeAcEoimdland .924 .922 26.5 33.7 187.5 178.9 160.4 153.0 .923 34.5 185.6 160.3 .926 29.4 182.0 160.8 .924 22.5 186.3 .925 3.8 187.7 .926 23.3 185.5 .925 24.9 186.4 .925 24.9 184.6 .924 22.3 184.0 166.6 Pnr^ 0^^ White 8.4 184.2 l_^OU. vyii, vv iii-tc Pnrl 'P^■\rp .925 .923 26.7 32.6 184.77 177.3 155.10 V^OUj X Uic 161 .925 .2 184.5 139 .924 19.7 184.4 r^r\r\ ~^ r\V\U(^Cf''\f\T\ .928 31.2 183.9 131.1 L/OClj x\ Ui w cgitiJ-L r^^rl A^rcialTPrl .9244 .924 4.48 12.0 182.8 182.2 171.4 v^OCl, VV dblicu 159.3 .921 1.7 181.8 154.8 nnr\ Tr.n-i-rflil .9245 .9231 18.3 21.1 185.0 185.3 159 UOCl JiillLlaii 185.6 .9229 20.3 186.5 160.0 .9245 18.3 185.0 159 r^^A T.-i-sTor ATprl .923 9.7 33.7 182.4 183.6 160.8 OOCl JUlvcl, iueu 24.9 182.8 131.7 .923 20.8 188.9 .924 17.3 186.5 .920 1.7 181.8 154.8 .921 23.9 181.9 153.5 .920 186.5 153.7 .920 182.2 159.3 .924 182.8 154.8 .922 29.1 184.6 161.8 .923 19.2 185.9 158.9 28.6 185.2 158.9 *FroiTi Author's Notebook. Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. 105 CONSTA^TTS OP SOME AMERICAN OILS.* Specific Turbidity Saponification Acid Iodine Gravity °F Value Value Value Sperm .876 -il 137.0 .2 85.9 .876 34 141.0 .1 87.7 .873 40 130.5 .1 79.8 .877 51 127.7 .1 87.5 .878 43.5 131.4 .3 84.1 .880 42 124.9 .1 85.8 m .876 38 130.2 .2 91.0 .861 341/2 130.5 95.6 .876 48.2 130.3 none 83.3 .877 38.5 132.5 none 86.7 .877 41 130.2 .4 81.9 .877 36.5 133 none 82.5 .880 42 128.3 81.4 .875 48 138 .10 83.3 .876 34 141.1 .10 87.7 .873 40 130.5 .10 79.8 .880 52 134.0 .25 89.5 .876 44 129.0 .33 78.7 [NToatsf oot .915 .906 53.6 27.5 189.9 183.9 20.9 2.9 66.9 .915 25.3 196.4 2.3 78.4 .915 49 193.2 2.7 71.9 .914 68.64 189.1 20.6 72.3 .914 52.7 178.0 16.9 71.1 , .917 50 196.1 54.1 71.7 .920 58 ' 196.1 57.6 71.7 .920 58 196.1 57.6 75.0 .9165 56 195.1 52.4 72.9 .918 53.6 197.3 ■ 16.4 62.4 .918 60 195.9 4.1 70.7 .9186 52 195.6 3.5 69.6 .913 46 194 24.3 65.2 Mis'cls Fisli Oils Menhaden .928 187.7 18 168.1 81.9 Herrina' .922 182.2 124.-3 119.6 Salmon .924 183.2 159.6 ^Vhale .916 32 192.2 7.6 102.9 *From Author's Notebook. 106 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. VISCOSITY OF OILS.* (a) En GLEE. Eape Oil (crude) . Eape Oil (refined) Olive Oil Castor Oil Linseed Tallow At 20°C. At 50°C. 4.0 4.9 3.78 16.48 3.2 5.19 (b) Eedwood.* (Time of outflow 50c.c. water at 70°P. = 25.5 sec.) name At 70° F. At 120° F. Eape (refined) 405 137 312 212 147 Sperm Oil Olive Oil -■ ■ 60.5 Linseed Oil (c) Tagliabue.I NAME Sperm Oil Sea Elephant Oil Cod. Oil, pure Menhaden Oil, comm'l Poppy Oil Pale Seal Oil, white refined Whale Oil, natural winter Eape Seed, refined Peanut Oil, refined Olive Oil, comm'l Linseed Oil, aged Whale Oil, winter bleached Corn Oil . Corn Oil Sweet Almonds Cocoanut Oil Castor Oil Lagos Palm Eape Seed, blown *^bbehodde," p. 347. t From Records of the Authors, At 212° F. 86 136 210 276 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 107 The following table is applicable to drinking waters (111. Bull. Kg. 6, of Water Survey) : Table Suggested Limits of Impurities. Parts per Million. Turbidity Color Odor Eesidue on evaporation .... Chlorine Oxygen consumed . . . bo ^ Free ammonia. Albuminoid ammonia . ]Sritrites Nitrates Alkalinity Bacteria per cubic centimeter Colon bacillus m one c.c. Lake Michigan None None None 130 5.5 1.6 .00 .08 .000 .00 500 Absent Springs and ShallowWells 10. 25. None 300. 6. 5. .05 .15 .000 .5 200. 500 Absent None None None 500. 15. 2. .02 .05 .000 2.00 300. 500 Absent Deep Drift Wells None None None 500. 15. 2.-5. .02-3 .20 .005 .50' 300. 100 Absent Deep Rock Wells None None None 500. 5.-100 2.-5. .02-3 .15 .000 .05 300. 100 Absent 108 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. o I— I I— I o o k1 n O I— I o o Eh O o I— I So K*^ P^ r*~i r*^ r*^ f>~^ h^ K^ K*~i ■4J-M-4-=-l-^-M-l-J-+J-|J-+J ■Is Is ■1^ "3 ■13 13 "13 13 ^ pqpqpqpqpqpqpqpqpq c^ eg eg eg eg cQ eg d3 d3 !=! rt d ri ri !=l d Pi i=l o C5 C'J o o O o o o r/j r/) r/) r/) r/» m m m m s s g g g g g s s O O o o O o o o O r^ ^ ^ r-| ^ ^ r-| ^ ^ r-| 9 r^ fl f3 r^ X, ^ o o m eg •r-H ^ ^ d o o crt r^ M d ^ ^ 1 — 1 rHC^ Pi (72 .3 Pi O 0) q; ^ O !> !> t> o3 ..ooo . boooboobob ^ ^ ^o Q;a;a)(DiX)(Xia>Q)Q)(D^'-g'-5a;) OOOOOOOOOOcCMccO T— l(^5co^'oco^>oo^ d right red pp. lull brown pp. ed-brown. •a ^ (U o .S CS d d a. _cn -S d d c CA P3 H Oil 1.2 -r isJ" -.ii •"^ ■ - ^ c a G R C C C C G G C 6 S-d O tn Ph O 0-- o en en n in en O. CO ^ rt s ^ .§ B% .§ .6S.S G en G %z o T— 1 C HH oJ ^ K '^ ^ ^ G a:. 2 ^ 03 § + g d d •a d •a •H rt o d CU d o :5 .2 o u « c ^ G ^ ^ ^"Vs en ^^L o • ° o +j •-5 Ji ^ Oh e" C' axis ^, 1- tn O CIm §1 -.2 O -o'-^ (X| m -i o c ■■B ^ en > O P_^ CO CO > > . > . 'O >^ bfl nj bo, 6} (11 •o o bfl -I-: o S-; 0-1.2 ji • 4-: +.: o S^.2 Pi ^ ^ ^ Si s (IJ r- '^ c o p^ s^-s H S' c C 1 c^s ^^ (LI a a! OJ (U rt i- ^ ?J I-. o- P M^ OS O- (1) i- C/3 4-1 .£ a; ^ Ci, O M 03 a o ^ o a CO C) ^ o 5 rt H c a " <- £ H5 £ s^ S c o o.- §1 32 ^ « C rr, r^ i^.'id CO -^.s.s s-? P OS U5 <^ .5 I- (upi Vh O ti d g G^-§ ffi g^- 0- ^■-5 -s i d +-' 1- fcc t- r- d CO o ;2 fS o 6 be 3 ^ O O P ^ 1- 13 "o L" 17; tH •Td J3 >> H >.2 P^-a ->->■ v., O OJ • bh 5 +j' 2i -^"'^ '::; o 9+g CO W §2 :t«| d d d d d ^ P^ !- T3 .'O TD ^xj "O +^ O C0t3 c o ^ 1 E ^ c^*^ d.5 c3 g d oj d p d d d 'o P^ Q S '3 ^ -^ ^ C > p v.. d .§03 S '- . '^ C/} d P^-^ ^ ^ •TD •0 .5 Pm -o _^ -i-i ^ be -I-' -M _^. CJ rt tn CJ -M ^ ni cJ 9+^ 6 OJ P OJ • tu tH tH TS ^0 '^ )-. CO IJ 1 '0 -c a +^ •^ a-o A! be"S. ;- & o.'o u ;3 S n P ^-^ ^ Hi C04-O Q P d d n n c. c k> (U tH > ID'S P i.oP^ jj • ^ .4-^ (U C/3 tj "> tj OJ ^ ■9< 03 (0 i-. d d -a ^P d en 4^3 1 rt "O Pi ^ r3 "5 .V, (u ^'3 S15 CL, CM PM CM CM CM CD ''-^ 1^ w PM ^ .^ ^ JJ r^ '~> A rt ^ oJ rt 1- 3 ^d ^ -? d d '> d d d d ^ d > Ph T3 'O 'O OJ 'O h<< D _^ 3 Vh 3 5 PQ 5 5 5 3 § s • tn ta tn 1 e & CI u in -A (L) rt ? = "! § rt § si u ClJ-1 K CTJ^ so "^^ j:; 2 "" -2:- rt.2. ^ C Q ^ rt 5 l-H ^T-o^ a Q PP ^■S !- w 2 ^ _be IS ex o-o ■ c ^ c lis -^3 ^ ^ d bfl g rt K, Hj' P< ^ p: > JoPl 0^ ■•5 5 -a M . ID 0-° >- T P^ ^ 'O P d CO ^ -t-j 0.^ ^-M- ^ l-^' CO a OJ "O 1^ Vh t7 rt -a ►:7- c\3 = &.S «J 3 p. •0 (V ,'^ 1— 1 bou Deal havin ndH tj 17 a! l-H d d d d d d d d d d •0 -o -d t3 TD •0 -a ■TD TD 'O CO <^ CO ffi i| 0^^ d d d d d d d d d a!z; -o -o •0 TD •O TJ TD -a -o ^^ • 1 . 1- a; en 3 co^ ctJ '-^ c« — 1 a; o< •a 'a 'O TD -TD 'O -a ■TD 'a TD h< ^ .C3 _cj ^ Q s CTJ .a CO H-l •S b 'S Si s>« Ph^ °^ ■p-S tj u X (LI rt CO CO ctJ « °'S 0-.*^ a -M C 'O C/2 D bfi| * Ph pq THE HELLER & MERZ Gia NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA BOSTON NEWARK, N. J. dtfw"*'"' ',_Lirji c\ Mlrzi o. UlTRAMARIME a ANILINE COLORS 5 ILL BLUE BARREL PAINT ETC WORKS AT NEWARK, N. J. MANUFACTURERS OP ANILINE COLORS FOR ALL KINDS OF LEATHER NiGROSINES, PHOSPHINES, LEATHER YELLOWS, LEATHER BROWNS, OIL BLACKS, ETC. WE CHEERFULLY MATCH SPECIAL SHADES Chemicals Dyestuiis Anilines Special Colors for All Tannages Sole Agents for SCHOELLKOPF, HARTFORD & HANNA COMPANY, Buffalo, N. Y. Largest Manufacturers of Aniline Colors in America NATIONAL ANILINE & CHEMICAL COMPANY MILWAUKEE NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON CINCINNATI KANSAS CITY MINNEAPOLIS ^ tH CO CO o GC ■^ CO t- T— 1 CQ CO CO O o ^o CO O lO CO • H> *- 5 c -co • pi r^(^^r^(^^r^^-l(^J(^^l-l1H(^3(^^^-^(^^<^^(^J^-^^-l^^ ; t-\ ; *© ?>-^i— ioS^Ot-COTf'Z^tO'xHir-T-ICvJOOT— IZ>C5 'O • _^ C oj 1— i 1— 1 CTt^IOOi(^">^>•^c^^TH-i^l:c<:o -cv^' • _2 "ca w coai^^oc-OT-iGOOo:)OCQco^(7^'?C5TtiT-i-Tri -oi • ■zi:2 GiC^COTHCOCiCOCCOSCiCOT— It— ItHCOCOt— ICOC5 :t— 1 ; ^ tHtHt-ItH tHtH t— ItHtHtHt— I tHt-^ -tH- ^4. coooi~-ocDcooo?>^ii:?c- i> (73 Oi CO^ i> O^ lO ; J> T-frHC*")?— 0?T— 'tHC^'Jt— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— It— ICQt— 1 -T— 1 • 1 ^ ■ • i^:3 • a: ^ni .2 Sfcl ■ O r^ . nz ^ ;3 ^^ • O be f-< $ Qj • a; d 'm "w o o S OJ 0^ S S fe J— H .^ .^ ^ bC cS p b- q; 0^ . 0) Q^p:^p:5H::!Qpqp: a "3 -I-' d O ; 0. r^ 1—! o ; o f— ' s ^ . r-^ -(^ rd ■P^ cd 0) -M R .■ d ^ • o . C o 02 '"C' I CD '"'"^ 03 1^ © < 2 bJO_^ '^ r- '• > • cs • a • TL . F- . C •PC *. c -1- 3 3 1 i ) P . C . c TJH ; d 03 s=l a ) -M 0. d d p >^ 03 !> <^ ^ S: > cd ^ tH d d ^ !^ O -^-' ^ 03 r^ M .^ o b d S d c 1 b 1 5 ^ g ^ : i Is ■ OJ 5, bO 3 S S J3 E f^HpHH^O-^5r^r^p£:^r-HHQ>^fao - < t3 c 5C ^^ 3 f IP 5< IPC 3 a 2 r- 1^ ^ ES ii 3 i^ 3 rJ: 2 116 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. PRODUCTS OF ANIMALS (Villon), I. Cow (average) — Meat (dry) 70 lbs. Leather 70 lbs. Bone 110 lbs. Fat 90 lbs. II. Horse — 'Leather 80 lbs. Hair, mane, tail, etc. . . 11 lbs. Meat (dried) 80 lbs. Bone 136 lbs. A fresh sldn weighing 100 lbs. contains on an average : Horns and skull o'l/^ lbs. Hair 6 1/2 lbs. Water and blood in hair 414= lbs. Flesh 61/2 lbs. Ears, muzzle, sinews, etc 6% lbs. 301/4 ^ •" o «3 CO 10 c? 2 '-S 10 c« c/: % ^ o £^ O I IL> 10 a.-^> oo (U U l-S^ eq O C ^ ^ -^ r-- ^ ^ ^ '-.^•^ ^ > ^ ^ - -^ ^ rt •- •£ "^^ ^ .Si^n-l 4^ !^ n A ■^ TD Qj b j:: i< ^ C o uj o HT.^ < bfi O >> ri re 3o u t~ 10 CO CM 0> CfJ 00 £^ o C^ C O = T3^ .S nl O o u muco hJ 3 00 OJ c > 2^ o CO . en te U Oh fc O a o C tn (U ni 'O C o c-r rt U ^ 1 bjn in° U U + ^ o lown and CO nut oi ^ S ^ rQ Ti G ■" (1J H-1 , if, "O u J2 OJ •3 § fe ti o o •SE ^ .-s « ° fe ^ rt >. > a <-5 f^ oT P( in C en <" en ^ J:; O o-S o s s u a o P as CQU CO J "tn en So o u ^3 U U U U U hJJ o n eTj <-(H ^ C (Tf -. O ■po o Oo coo o Q ^ 'bi) "W) c > > u. P3 •a ^ >> u 00 CO 10 c a. -a o CO '-' CO '"' - , 10 2 <=> i>- CD (M 10 'rt.B- ?§ • (^ O ; b/: b/. h '5 C 1— 1 U) |u^ |- rt a en P - : 5j U w TJ TD 5 ^ . o ni r? rt rt M-i a .^ rt ^ ^ ^ rt CC ■Si o ^ 'a be '5 o c a >> - X g ^ a -a^ 8 rt ^ bo rt .S ^ 3 „ rt ^ "S be ^1 1 8^ 9 rt en ;- 3 'O b 5 'S c en en t O -i >, (U S +- > 1- ' C/) a a rt rt4=; ^ ^ n •? 'rt rt d < t < : L ) UL ) L ) L )C C 1 tl c 5C 5 c ) tc 1 120 Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. C/3 •• := o rt W J3 rt (L> C D 3 O Mh "5) dm p^ ^ ^ & > X S u '3 03 P4 Ol -J cq .bf^' -P flJ > i-T be tH-C-iP-i '^ O wish wn. dish wn. >> o OJ:i CO O •or:; V- (u vh > ^-^^^ ^ en nJ |> O in uu O rt OJ 3 UCJ u 3 u P E H O < 3 l-> ffi O W U-l ■a-o'a o (U i^ l-M lU <-t-i 5tl O D u H 'O 'O X) a; '"' CM O^— ' oa (M c lo O 6 q rt ^jj^ rt-d~-2 >.2"p rt 5 d rt 1- — ~ •u "'^ L^i <1J +^ "fTi "3 L0<. TO ►—I I— I /— ^'^l— ' (U O o ?:.^ be to en cfl Vh X X 3 n cj 03 _1 pip::a CA) M Wh4 A! .5 ^g'i i-^ I PnllKa C/^ > 12-2 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. e^ ffi u Ph aj rt O- C i- lU o efl V- 03 > E >% . "? o CI "" CO P3g tu — lO CO 'a h-1 o o U-S ^ a < O O o '^ (LI -^ -i— < 13 3 (U.^ nJPiQiacO U c (U V- > 1. o c u c c c c 're bo t2 t^ 1— ^ ^ ^ ^ rt O P be CL_S S o O Ph PHffi<;a m >^ Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 123 THE TANNIKG- MATEEIALS.* Chestnut Oak. This material is used to a large extent in the United States as a tanning material mostly in the form of the extract. It is native to the southern states and large quantities are utilized in the States of Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee and Ken- tucky. Both the wood and the bark are used. The yield of tannin is about 12%. The liquid extract is easily mixible with water and pro- duces a liquor which keeps well and deposits little "reds." The liquor ferments and turns acid quite easily. It is best adapted for heavy stock and in combination with other tanning materials. It produces an olive brown tannage when used alone. Gutch {Catechu). Cutch is the dried extract from the wood of "Acacia catechu" and allied species. It is very similar in nature to gambler. Cutch, however, produces a harder reddish colored leather like minosa. Cutch generally occurs in more or less brittle, splintery masses. Gamhier. Gambler occurs in light, porous brown cubes more or less adherent or in blocks measuring 2 feet x 1 foot x 9 inches, soft internally and wrapped in matting. Leather browner than- sumac and soft and fine. Kino. Kino generally occurs in irregular black fragments, but is also met with in round cakes. Thin slices are often transparent and of a reddish color ; the powder is red. Kino should be com- pletely soluble in hot water, forming a red liquid which gradu- ally becomes turbid. Kino is somewhat adulterated, the usual sophistications being dragon's blood, pitch catechu and ratanhia extract. The ash should not exceed 4%. Divi divi {Procter) . Divi divi is composed of the bean like pods of a small tree, 20-30 feet in height, growing in Central and §outh America. ^Tabular descriptions of the tanning materials describing name, locality, per cent, of tannin, etc., will be found elsewhere. 124 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. The pods are about three inches long, brown or blackish in color and generally folded up or bent into the shape of a letter "S." The best pods are thick and fleshy, and of a comparatively pale color and when dried contain 40-50% of a pyragallol-tannin and would be a most valuable tannin material, but for the lia- bility of fermentation and sudden tlevelopment of a deep red coloring matter. The risk can be lessened by use of antiseptics. If used in strong liquors it gives a hea^ry^ firm leather, but is principally employed as a partial substitute for gambler on fancy leather.- Used in drum tannage for light leathers, an ex- cellent color may be obtained. It is said to give an especially firm and glossy flesh. Leather tanned with it, even when out- wardly of good color, has often a bluish violet shade within. HEMLOCK. Hemlock bark is used considerably in America for tanning, especially in regions where it grows in proximity. The bark yields 8-14% of tannin which is easily soluble and forms a mixture easily mixible with water. There is some deposit of reds from hemlock liquors. Hemlock tannage gives a reddish brown leather of good weight and is especially adapted to heavy stock. Lighter colors are sometimes obtained by mixing a small amount of other tan- ning materials. The liquor sours easily, but keeps in a satis- factory condition for some time. Hemlock extracts are now on the market containing about 25% of tannin and 2-5% of reds. This material gives a very satisfactory tannage. MALLET. Mallet bark is found in western Australia. Its color varies from light to dark brown. A black product is sometimes ob- tained due to overheating during drjdng. The average analysis runs about as follows: Tannin 42.00% (varies from 35-52%) (Paessler). Fon-tannin 7.00% (varies 5-10%) Insoluble (or reds) 36.50%. Water 14.50. The best extraction of the bark takes place between 9 0-1 00° 0. The color of the extract is red. Leather tanned with mallet BZ American Dyewood Company Logwood Cry^als Hematines Fu^ic and Logwood Extradls We Handle Specialties in Aniline Colors Especially Adapted for Leather Ask for Our New Leather Shade Cards We Handle West Indies Chemical Works, Ltd. Hematine Cry^als and Extrads New York Philadelphia Bo^on b: The Use of Formaldehyde (40% Solution) in the bark tanning process prevents the contradion of the pores and keeps the pre- pared skin in condition to take up the tanning Uquor, thereby producing a firm, plump leather and fine solid grain. Write for Diredion and Prices to the Manufacturers The Heyden Chemical Works 135 William Street New York Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 125 bark extract has a slight orange shade and is of very good grain, smooth and soft. WEST AFEICAi^T MANGEOVE.* There are two varieties of West African mangrove barks, the common or the red, and the white. The red mangrove grows by the sea, and in submerged places. The heart wood is dark red or brownish red and the young wood is yellow with reddish brotfn streaks. "Sack" finds that the older plants contain more tannin than the 3'oung ones and that the average yield is 24i/o%. The bark of the white mangrove is also used for tanning and is useful in connection with divi divi. BAEBATIMAO BAEK.f Used in connection with divi divi, myrabolams and valonia, a good tannage was obtained which gave a little redder color than quebracho. Bark ran 28% tannin. The tannin easily penetrates the skin and gives the leather a good and compact con- sistency. *J. Am. Lea. Chem. 1907, 211. fj. Am. Lea. Chem. 1908, 30. MYEABOLAMS.* The tree is 40-50 ft. high and yields fruit, the value of which depends upon the maturity and the district from whence it comes. The nuts contain 30-40% of tannin. Of the various sorts, probably those known as Bombays are least unripe, while "lean greens" are the most so. The unripe fruit is the richest in tannin. "Bombays" have a smooth skin in coarse wrinkles and when cut are porous and light colored. "J's" (Jubbalpores) and "V" (Vingorlas) have finer and shallower wrinkles, and are harder, solider and consequently darker looking, but do not give a darker liquor, while "lean greens" are greener, have less yellow coloring matter and consequently more nearly approach in character to sumach, which the tannin in many respects re-, sembles. The nuts should be bright in color, not worm-eaten, nor "waxy^' or soft. If kept in a damp place, they rapidly absorb moisture and fall into the "waxy" condition, in which they are 126 Tanneks'' and Chemists'' Handbook. very diflficiilt to grinds, sticking to and choking the cutters or beaters of the mill. Neither the large, hard stones nor their kernels contain tannin, but the latter have an oil which gives a peculiar odor to the leather. The bark is almost as rich as the fruit. The barkometer reading of myrobalams does not give a reliable indi- cation of the amount of tannin contained in the liquor. These are seldom used alone, but mixed with mangrove to mask the violet red color of the latter. The fruit shell (63%) contains most of the tannin and is readily extracted, yielding about 90% of its tannin at 90° C. The kernel contains little tannin and does not pay for the high cost of grinding. The tans of the myrabolams are quite easily soluble and 2-2% parts of water are enough to give a 6°B liquor with- out undue heating. Heating to 75° is sufficient. The addition of 5-10% of light colored myrabolams is suf- ficient to mask the color of 20-25% of mangrove. More than this is liable to render the leather brittle. *Am. Lea. Chem. 1908, 404. OAK. Several varieties of the oak are used in America for tanning purposes. The bark contains 9-12 of a catechol tannin asso- ciated with some reds. The liquor made therefrom is easily soluble in water and produces a light brown tannage of good weight. It is generally used alone and gives a firm, light brown tannage especially suit- able for heavy leather. It gives a fine bloom to the leather. PALMETTO. The habitat of the palmetto tree is in Florida and Georgia,- TJ. S. A., the extract furnishing the commercial material. The extract is generally concentrated to about 30°B., and has the following analysis, according to Bitner: Tannin, 18%; non-tannin, 20%; ''reds," 27%. A high percentage of ash, which is sometimes present, is due to the use of potash in the extraction and its subsequent neutralization with hydrochloric acid. Palmetto extract, being a thin liquid, is readily diluted with cold water, a red insoluble compound coming down, similar Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, 127 to that thrown out on dilution of quebracho. The reds in the case of pahnetto, however, settle quickly. They are only parti- ally redissolved in hot water. The liquor does not keep well. The liquor tans quickly, giving a firm, full, well-tanned leather. Palmetto alone gives rather too hard a leather which is spready and brittle on the flesh side. The color is reddish, with a slight pink tinge, with occasional disagreeable green spots. In com- bination with hemlock or lighter tan stuffs a satisfactory leather can be produced. Mostly used in combination with other tan stuJt's. QUEBEACHO. Quebracho wood occurs in Argentine. The tree is about 45-60 feet high and about 4 feet in diameter. The density of the wood is about 1.4. It yields from 17-20% of a red, difficulty soluble tannin. There is catechin present and fustin, a coloring matter which is identical with that of "young fustic." The tannin easily yields "reds," which, if not separated, give the leather a disagreeable red color. Weak liquors can only be used as the tannin is difficulty soluble. Quebracho is imported in the form of the wood and the solid and liquid extracts. To over- come the difficulty experienced, due to the fact that some of the tannin is difficulty soluble and produces a turbid solution, i. e., precipitates the reds or insolubles, a "soluble quebracho extract" is on the market. It is obtained by heating the ordinary extract during the process of extraction, with sulphites or sulphites and aluminum sulphate. The small amount of sulphur or sulphuric acid left therein has no injurious effect on the leather. SUMACH (Proctor). (a) Sicilian. The sumac of commerce comes from the leaves and small twigs and is exported partly as "leaf" or "haling" sumach, but mostly as a finely ground powder. "Mascolino" is the best sumac from Palerimo and district ; "f eminella" is inferior material used ^or mixing. Eelative market values are as follows: Sumach for bailing 2.5 Sumach for grinding 2.3 Sumach from yearling plants 1.5 Sumach from ends of branches collected in autumn 1.0 128 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, It often contains much sand and sometimes particles of magnetic iron ore. The percentage of tannin in good sumac runs from 25-27% and over. Sumach is the best tanning material known for pale color and soft tannage, and is hence used for moroccos, roans, skivers, etc., and also for brightening leathers of darker tannages, such as mimosa, gambler, the coloring matters of which warm sumach liquors seem to dissolve. Sumac is frequently adulterated with lentisco and similar plant twigs. (b) Virginian Sumach. This variety contains 10-23% of tannin. The value de- pends upon the care in picking. To get the best results the leaves should be picked when full of sap before they have turned red or withered. The Virginian sumach generally contains less tannin than the Eiiropean material and gives a yellow color in tanning. VALONEA (Proctor). The best Sm}Tna valonea contains up to 40%, Greek 19-30, Candias up to 41%, and Caramanian 17-22% of tannins, which are probalDly mainly derivates of pyrogallol. The beard con- tains considerably more tannin than the cups, sometimes over 40%. In Greece the best valonea is collected before the cup is matured and while it still encloses the acorn and is known as "chamada.'^ The higher the color, the heavier the weight and the thicker the scales of the beard, the better the quality usually proves, but analysis is the best g-uide. Caramian valonea is very inferior. The tannin contained in valonea is especially suitable in the manufacture of sole leather. It deposits much bloom, and if used as a dusting material, has the characteristic of making the leather solid and compact, but leaves the grain somewhat rough and hard to work. In mixture with gambier and other Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. I'i9 materials^ it is an excellent tannage for fancy leather and with proper management deposits little or no bloom. Valonea extract is very seldom met with and is difficult to make. An extract of the following composition is now pro- duced in Asia Minor: TanninS;, 68.0; non-tannins, 24.3; Ins., .2 ; water, 7.5. The extract is readily soluble in water at ordinary tem- perature and strong liquors can be made which do not produce mu^ reds. Gives the same colored leather as valonea itself. MEXICAN BAEK (Lysiloma Candida). Grows in Southern California. It resembles Mimosa in many ways. Mexican Mimosa Moisture 10.15 10.11 Tannin 29.21 37.80 Non-tannins 11.13 12.69 Insolubles .11 2 On skiver the liquor gives a light reddish color quite dif- ferent from the characteristic tint of Mimosa. Makes plump, light and porous leather. Used in Mexico for soles. The stock is well pluriiped, but not strong and of brownish red color. 130 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. oa CM CD lO 1— 1 1— I CO ZjS Oi CO '^ CT oa Oi oi oi i-H oi CO oi '-! CM CO Tt< CO ■<* lO c^ ■^ o >— I OS -^ t- CO CTJ oi oi t-^ -^ «o -^ lO (M lO ■* CO oa CM CO "pCO t/} Cfi CO c^ .5.5.5 rt iS h r- ^ .> rt n n s !:}< lO "- M I. O C?3 CO O t- ° c a •>* c- iC lo ca -^2 t« U CM .5 *J cocxjiococo t-'* --HC^O . ^2 CO CO CO CO w o a: D O CO ^^^^^ in tn mm in l^lz^lzi^:^ 5 ^ o g a, rt rt -t; CTi tn nJ O cJ O u o d wwwww Mg ■'^ ^o -ig ^ o >> o c^ 5 ?J o g S M 6 S Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 181 i. OCM ^ o od -*■ od ^ 1 It I 1— I JJ -g T— 1 00 ■<# "o oi^O "" M . i e ( c ■= * oooo m oidod 1—1 tfl u .5 ^ Oi O] C- Cutch. or Whi w Kath O s •Sr ^J= o !- -1-' S rt oj 1) Q w >H 1 03' GO o - 03 »s; hS I i-; '^ t>; iq CO ^_ CO o ' i-H *' COI>;CD^t-■' co' oa T— I ,— I c^ »— I c^ OT n! c rt rt Oh O 'S.y.i:i.y.y r- !^ 4:;.!:; tn t^ t, t- g rt ■^ bom dj <<<:< A^ CO 132 Tanners" and Chemists'' Handbook. SUMACH. Temperature ol Tanning Materials Ab- Soluble Non-Tonning Per cent Tannin on Ex.racion ° sorbed by Hide 1o Materials ^ Maximum Yield 15 14.3 17.8 70.0 15-30 17.6 18.1 86.7 30-40 18.5 18.1 91.1 40-50 20.1 18.5 99.0 50-GO 20.3 19.1 100.0 60-70 19.0 19.4 93.6 70-80 18.0 19.9 89.1 80-90 16.9 21.1 83.2 90-100 16.6 22.3 81.7 Boiled. 15.2 24.0 74.8 QUEBRACHO WOOD. 15 7.6 2.2 35.0 15-30 10.1 2.4 46.5 . 30-40 11.8 2.4 • 54.4 40-50 15.1 2.4 69.5 50-60 16.5 2.4 76.0 60-70 17.4 2.4 80.0 70-80 19.1 2.7 88.0 80-90 21.7 3.0 100.0 90-100- 19.5 3.0 89.8 MAKGROVE BAEK. 15 13.0 10.4 61.6 15-30 16.1 10.4 76.3 30-40 17.4 12.5 82.8 40-50 18.5 11.4 87.7 50-60 20.3 10.3 96.2 • 60-70 20.0 11.4 94.7 70-80 20.4 11.2 96.7 80-90 21.1 10.8 100.0 90-100 20.2 11.4 95.7 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook, 133 CEUDE GAMBIEE. Effect of Different Temperatures. Temperature of Tanning Materials Ab- Soluble Non-Tanning Per cent Tannin on Extraction ° sorbed by Hide ^ Materials Maximum Yield 15 46.8 21.8 78.0 15-30 48.8 31.0 81.3 30-40 50.2 22.0 83.7 . • 40-50 51.9 23.0 86.5 50-60 51.1 20.3 91.9 60-70 55.6 20.3 92.7 70-80 55.7 20.3 92.8 80-90 55.8 21.2 93.1 90-100 56.1 22.0 93.3 i/> hr. 60.0 20.0 100.0 BLOCK GAMBIEE. 15 30.1 27.4 50.1 15-30 34.8 26.2 69.6 30-40 40.8 27.2 81.0 40-50 44.8 27.6 89.6 50-60 46.8 27.8 93.6 60-70 47.3 27.6 94.6 70-80 47.4 27.6 94.7 80-90 47.6 27.3 95.2 90-100 48.2 27.1 96.4 i/o .hr. 50.2 26.4 100.0 BELGIAN OAK BAEK. 15 5.9 ■ 5.1 ; 61.9 15-30 6.8 5.5 70.7 * 30-40 8.0 5.5 83.5 40-50 8.2 5.7 84.2 50-60 8.5 5.8 87.6 60-70 9.1 5.9 : 95.5 70-80 9.2 6.0 95.7 80-90 9.6 6.0 100.0 90-100 9.6 6.1 100.0 Boiled 1/2 hr. 9.1 6.6 93.7 134 Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. MYEABOLANS. Temperature of Tanning Materials Ab- Soluble Non-Tanning Per cent Tannin on Extraction ° sorbed by Hide % Materials f> Maximum Yield 15 28.5 12.8 79.2 15-30 30.1 13.6 83.6 30-40 32.3 14.3 89.8 40-50 33.5 13.6 93.0 50-60 34.7 14.4 96.4 60-70 34.8 14.4 96.6 70-80 . 34.9 14.9 96.8 80-90 35.1 15.0 97.4 90-100 36.0 14.9 100.0 Boiled 1/2 hr. 35.4 15.5 98.1 SMYEN^A YALONEA. 15 25.5 19.1 70.5 15-30 29.1 18.3 74.5 30-40 33.6 18.1 86.2 40-50 35.5 18.1 86.2 50-60 39.1 16.6 100.0 60-70 38.6 17.0 . 99.0 70-80 38.8 17.5 99.5 80-90 36.9 17.2 95.0 90-100 ■ 36.6 17.0 94.0 Boiled. .35.4 17.0 90.6 GEEEK YALOISTBA. 15 16.0 13.0 64.0 15-30 18.1 12.6 72.4 30-40 21.1 12.0 84.4 40-50 23.6 12.1 94.4 50-60 24.8 12.4 99.2 60-70 25.0 12.6 100.0 70-80 24.6 12.5 98.4 80-90 24.0 12.5 96.0 90-100 23.6 12.6 94.4 Boiled. 22.6 13.0 88.8 Cassella Color Company (American Branch of Leopold Cassella & Company, G. m. b. H.) Specialties for Dyeing Leather BASIC DYES Leather Blacks, Diamond Phosphines, Tannin Orange, Chrysoidines, Man- che^er Browns, Fuchsines, Brilliant and Malachite Greens, Methylene Blues, Methyl Violets, Etc. ACID DYES Nigrosines (All Shades), Nerazines, Neutral Blacks, Cyanoles and Tetra Cyanoles, Naphtol Green B, Lana- fuchsines. Etc. COLORS FOR AUTOMOBILE LEATHER CHROME LEATHER COLORS-ALL SHADES CHAMOIS LEATHER COLORS COLORS FOR LEATHER DRESSINGS AND FINISHES, ETC., ETC., ETC. NEW YORK OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE 182-184 FRONT STREET BRANCHES: Boston, 39 Oliver Street Philadelphia, . . 126-128 South Front Street Providence, 64 Exchange Place Atlanta, 47 North Pryor Street Montreal, Can., 59 William Street DERMIFORMA PALERMO FIG SOAP HAEMATINE ANILINE COLORS F. E. ATTEAUX Q^ QOMPANY (INCORPORATED) Western Department 53 West Kinzie Street, CHICAGO. ILLINIOIS Branches GLOVERSVILLE, NEW YORK MONTREAL, QUEBEC Main Offices and Laboratory 172-178 Purchase St., BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS Factory SOUTH BOSTON Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 135 FATAL MIMOSA. Temperature o£ Tanning Materials Ab- Soluble Non-Tanning Per cent Tannin on Extraclion ° sorbed by Hide Materials ^ CO o t-' • CO 'M ■" CO c>: • Oi cvi o oi -=1' -rA oi '• E 1 — 1 ' — 1 *— < ,— 1 , — 1 O OO 00 L— "!""=! 00 XI — Ol ^ • ^c6 cocoaj • CO -H CO CO oi • CO CM Oi C- .-< • •lUOM 1-; oa i-H L— _ CM • 1-4 T-i o cm' CO • 3 T ' 1 1 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 1 T-HO lO -^ ^ • o < uiuuej^ CI CO CO -^ L— _ ; t-^ -^ CM CO O • 7— ( ,— 1 •,— . ^H r-H . ^ CO r-. c; ^ ■ ■)UON oi i>- o -rr CO ; C/3 o lo 00 -^ o • o I 1 — 1 1 — 1 » — ^ '>! ' — ' CM lO C~ t- 'H • UIUUBJ^ C lO 05^ ; CO ci C>1 CO (M • CM^ ^ 1-1 00 O 00 • Cj •JUOfJ CO O 00 O ; CO T-i CO C>i CO ; '^ z u O CM ■* lO • t- umuBX O ■«*< (M t- -co E odc4 odt-^ :cd £ CM CO O lO • lO a. •lUOfJ i-; L- Oq CM ; CD „ CO CO -^" id -co <, X D- 03 Oi Ci ■ t~ "!""«! CO CM ^ "0 ; lO c-i n-\ o en" "• t-' CM CM CM <— 1 ■ T— 1 -* lO CM l^ -CM •»UOfJ T-H T;tl Oi CJ ; Ci coco COCO '-^ o CO CO CXI t^ • lO CC CO CO t~ ■<— ( 1^ < O umuBx oioj odoci -cxj CM O CI Cn • OJ •luo^i ^ lO OS ^ ; C>J I -^ id id CO -CD 00 CO lo t~ -on U,UUBJ_ T— 1 O 00 CM ■ C72 ^00 --HO :cD T-H T-H 1— 1 1 1 . k; w H ,(_, < G ^ tu aJ o w Di D h! 1-1 f 2, ' ' 03 (U t« ^ . —H 1 < ^±>.S'H-S :^ Z c j CD t^ 00 on C? iO -D - t iJ OCOS 0000^ 1 CO ^ D- =^2 :z Oi (M 1 h-1 u w pq Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 141 CHEMICALS USED li^ THE TANNEEY, SYNONYMS AND APT IMPUEITIES. Acetic Acid — -Vinegar, wood vinegar, p3^roligneous acid. Im- purities — Sulphates, chlorides, lead, copper, zinc, iron, lime, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid. Boric Acid — Boracic acid. Carbolic Acid — Phenol. Impurities — Iron. Chromic Acid — Chrome trioxid. Impurities — Sulphuric acid, nitric acid. Formic Acid — Impurities — Acetic acid, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid — Muriatic acid, spirits of salt. Impurities — sulphates, iron, chlorine, arsenic, salt, sulphuric acid. Nitric Acid — Aqua fortis. Impurities^Sulphuric and muriatic acids. Oxalic Acid — Impurities — Iron, calciuni. Sulphuric Acid — Oil of vitriol. Impurities — Calcium, iron, arsenic. Alcohol — Spirits of wine, grain alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Impuri- ties — Wood alcohol, acetic acid, acetic ethers, water, fusel oil. Alcohol (wood) — Wood spirits, methyl alcohol. Impurities — Acetone, acetic acid. Aluminum Sulphate — Alum cake. Impurities — Iron, alum, sulphates, chlorides. Alum — Impurities — Iron, sulphates, chlorides. Ammonium Hydrate — Ammonia, aqua ammonia, hartshorn. Impurities — Alurainu.m salts, iron, chlorides, sulphates. Ammoniu.m Chloride — Sal ammoniac. Impurities^Sulphates, iron, salt. Anilin Dyes — Coal tar dyes. Impurities — Dextrine, sugar, starch, dauber's salt, salt, insoluble matter. 142 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. Antimony Potassium Tartrate — Tartar emetic. Impurities — Zinc sulphate, sulphates, chlorides. Barium Chloride— Impurities — Iron, calcium. Barium Hydrate — Impurities — Iron, calcium, chlorides, carbonates. Barium Sulphate — Lead bloom, heavy spar. Impurities — Car- bonates. Borax — Impurities — Bicarbonates, carbonates. Calcium Carbonate — Whiting, chalk. Impurities — Magnesium. Chromium Potassium Sulphate — Chrom alum. Impurities — Iron, calcium, sulphates, insolubles. Chromium Sulphite — Impurities— Sulphates, insolubles. Copperas- — Green vitriol, ferrous sulphate, iron sulphate. Im- purities — Ferric salts, sulphates, chlorides. Copper, Subacetate — Verdigris. Impurities — Chalk, copper sulphate. Copper Sulphate — -Blue stone, blue vitriol. Impurities — Fer- rous sulphate. Dextrine — British gum, starch gum. Impurities — Starch, grape sugar, acids. Epsom Salts — Bitter salt, sulphate of magnesia. Impurities — Salt, Glauber's salt. Ferric Sulphate — Impurities — Green vitriol, salt, insol- ubles. Ferrous Sulphate — Green vitriol, iron sulphate, copperas. See copperas. Flour — Impurities — Alum, chalk, plaster. Fustic — Cubawood, old fustic, yellow wood. Impurities — Other yellow dye woods. Fustic Extract — Impurities — Salt, molasses, dextrine, starch, turmeric, glycerine, aniline dyes. Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 143 Glycerine — Soap maker's residue. Impurities— Sugar, water^ glucose. Glauber's Salt — Sodium sulphate. Impurities — Salt, magne- sium, aluminum, insolubles. Gums — Impurities — Sand, earth. Iron Acetate — Ferrous acetate, black liquor, pyrolignite of iron. Impurities — Copperas, tannin, acids. Ifon Liquor — Silk iron, copperas nitrate. Impurities — Iron Nitrate — True iron nitrate. Impurities — Nitrates of soda and aluminum, salt. Lead Acetate — Sugar of lead. Impurities — Acetates of iron and copper. Lead Bloom — See Barium Sulphate, Lime — Quick lime. Impurities — Magnesium, aluminum, iron. Lime, Hydrate of — Slacked lime. Impurities — Same as lime. Logwood — Campeachy wood. Impurities — Aniline colored hem- lock bark. Logwood Extract — Impurities — i^niline dyes, glucose, resin, molasses, hemlock extract. Magnesium Sulphate — See Epsom Salt. Potassium Bichromate — Impurities — Sulphates, chro- mates. Potassium Carbonate — Salts of tartar. Impurities — Soda ash, iron, aluminum, silica, calcium, sulphates, salt. Potassium ferrocyanide — Yellow prussiate of potash. Impuri- ties—Sulphates and chlorides. Soaps — Impurities — Eesin, silicate of soda, water, free alkali, clay. Puller's earth, chalk. Soda Ash — Soda, sodium carbonate. Impurities — Chlorides, sulphates, iron, lime. Sodium Borate — See Borax. 144 Tanners' axd Chemists' Handbook. Sodium^ Bicarbonate — Cooking soda, saleratus. Impurities — Sodium carbonate, chlorides, sulphates, calcium. Sodium Bichromate — Impurities — Sulphates, chromates, chlorides. Sodium Bisulphite — Impurities — Sulphates, chlorides. Sodium Carbonate — Sal soda, washing soda. Impurities — Same as Soda Ash. Sodium H^^drate — Caustic soda. Impurities — Salt, silica, car- bonates, aluminum, iron. Sodium Hyposulphite — Hypo, thiosulphate. Impurities^Iron, calcium, sulphates, sulphur, sulphites, chlorides. Sodium Sulphate — See Glauber's salt. Sodium Sulphide — Depilatory. Impurities — Polysulphides chlorides, sulphates, iron. Sodium Thiosulphate — Hypo — See Sodium Hyposulphite. Stannous Chloride — Tin salts, tin chloride. Impurities — Sul- phates, iron, arsenic, salt. Tartar Emetic — See Antimony Potassium Tartrate. Tin chloride — Tin crystals — See Stannous chloride. Zinc Sulphate ■ — White Vitriol. Impurities — Iron, lead, chlorides. TURKEY EED OIL. Place 11 gallons castor oil in an earthenware crock, of about 25 gallons capacity, which is surrounded by running water or ice so as to keep the temperature at 45° P. or lower. Then place 2% gallons of sulphuric acid 66°Be. in a tubulated holder above the crock and connect the lower opening with a hard rubber, glass or lead pipe which reaches to the bottom of the oil. Now let the acid flow, drop by drop, into the cooled oil, which should be constantly stirred, either by hand or machine. The flow of acid is so regulated that the operation is completed in 8-12 hours. This mixture is allowed to stand 12 hours and washed thor- Tanneks' and Chemists'' Handbook. 145 oughly with a concentrated salt solution. After each addition of salt solution, the mixture is allowed to settle and the wash water dra-wTi off from below. The mixture is then washed with luke warm water and allowed to settle and drawn off as above. Stir well during each operation. Allow the last washing to stand 24 hours and draw off the water. The oil so obtained can be used as an acid fat liquor. In order to complete the process for making turkey red oil, the oil obtained as above is mixed grad- ually with 11 pounds ammonia, sp. gr. 0.90, 28%NH3, and 5% gallwns cold water added, which will "give a 50% turkey red oil. In washing water should be used as free from lime as is possible to obtain. The purer the water the better the product. "SWELLING POWEE" OF ACIDS (Villon), Taking Sulphuric Acid at 100. Sulphuric !lOO Acetic 80 Lactic 60 Tartaric 45 Oxalic 45 Citric 40 Nitric 30 Phosphoric 25 Hydrochloric 12 Boracic 10 DELIMING POWER OF ACIDS (Drake). ACID FORMULA MOL. WT. ionization (Proport.on of Penetralion) Formic HCOOH CH,COOH CH3CHOH COOH 46 60 90 104 Acetic 12 Lactic 6 146 Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. "DEHAIRIIsTG POWER" OF SULPHIDES (Villon). NAME OF SULPHIDE Potassium monosulphide " disulphide. " trisulphide : . " tetrasulphide " pentasulphide Sodium monosulphide " disulphide " trisulphide " tetrasulphide pentasulphide Ammonium monosulphide " disulphide " pentasulphide " heptasulphide Barium sulphide Strontium sulphide Calcium monosulphide " disulphide " pentasulphide Magnesium sulphide Sulpharsenious acid (with NaOH) Sulpharsenic acid (with NaOH) . . Arsenic persulphide Zinc sulphide (with NaOH) COMPOSITION Sulphur Alkali 29.1 70.9 45.1 54.9 55.2 62.16 67.25 44.8 37.84 33.75 41.03 58.97 58.19 41.81 67.61 32.39 73.67 26.43 77.67 22.33 46.98 53.01 63.93 36.06 81.60 18.40 86.12 13.88 18.82 81.18 26.87 73.13 44.45 65.55 62.97 37.30 79.97 20 30 ! 56.00 44.00 39.02 60.98 51.70 48.30 79.39 20.61 33.30 66.7 Time Re- quire d for a One Per cent Solution 23 hrs. 18 hrs. 18 hrs. 23 hrs. 28 hrs. 20 hrs. 19 hrs. 23 hrs. 26 hrs. 28 hrs. 17 hrs. 23 hrs. 30 hrs. 30 hrs. 28 hrs. 34 hrs. 15 hrs. 18 hrs. 25 hrs. 28 hrs. 23 hrs. 16 hrs. 33 hrs. 39 hrs. THE PPiEPx^RATlON OF YEGETABLE-TAFKTED LEATHER FOR DYEING. Before dyeing, the skins must be sorted according to color and qualit}^ For light shades only a clear and pnre tannings, and as far as possible clear-gTained skins^ should be employed. The sorted skins are soaked in tepid water in a tub for about %-l hour. East Indian leathers are an exception on account of the amount of grease which they contain; these must be soaked in warm water for 2-3 hours. The object of the soaking is to prevent the grain of the leather from becoming damaged in the tumbler; this frequently occurs during the process of tumbling if the skins have been either insufficiently or not at all wetted out. Berlin Aniline Works Sole Importers of the Products Manufactured by ACTIEN-GESELLSCHAFT FUER ANILIS-FABRIKATION BERLIN, GERMAW %■ "k^'^v r^-ffsrf--'^-. *- «til ■ ' 'm;:sc^ : -M Main Office, 213-215 Water Street NEW YORK CITY BRANCHES BOSTON, MASS., 124 Pearl St. CHICAGO, ILL., 12 We^ Kinzie St. PHILADELPHIA, PA., 122 Walnut St. CH \RLOTTE, N. C, Tru^ BIdg. ATLAN ! A, GA., Box 1039 MONTREAL, 310 St. Paul St. McArthur, Corneille & Co., Agents Manufacturers and Importers of ANILINE ^ALIZARINE COLORS DYE STUFFS AND CHEMICALS HEMATINE AND DYEWOOD EXTRACTS SPECIALTIES FOR CHROME AND VEGETABLE TANNED LEATHER h: Let's Talk It Over You Tan Leathers — We Make Chemicals As you believe nothing to be impossible you are continually working for better leather and a further reduction in the cost of tanning — right here is where you can profitably use Wyandotte Tanner's Soda and Wyandotte Tanner's Alkali Many tanners are already using these much to their advan- tage. Possibly you are one of the number. But if you are not, and some day when visiting another tanner you learned he was using Wyandotte Tanner's Soda for breaking water and he should further explain that it also increased its cleansing and pene- trating properties, would it not be a bit of interesting information? If then you learned that Wyandotte Tannefs Soda used in the limes added plumpness to the leather, accelerated their action and did not destroy the hair, you would be more interested. Then, again, if you are tanning sole leather and you knew that Wyandotte Tanner^ S Alkali not only produced the de- sired color to a nicety, but also caused the leather to show greater gains in weight than the ordinary chemicals commonly used, you would realize the nature of these products. For lack of space, only a few of the uses of these articles can be enumerated. These few, however, will show you some- what of the range and practical application for which they can be employed. If you care for further information we shall be pleased to write you fully where and how to use these materials. Merely state to us what kind of leathers you tan. Wyandotte Tanner's Soda and Wyandotte Tanner's Alkali are sold by all regular tannery supply houses. THE J. B. FORD COMPANY SOLE MANUFACTURERS WYANDOTTE, MICH., U. S. A. Q. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 147 Tumbling — ^^vaslliIlg out — is carried out for the purpose of removing the impurities left in the leather from the tanning process and in order to make the grain more receptive for the dye. For tumbling skivers and fleshes low, slowly revolving drums about five feet high are of advantage, whilst for other kinds of leathei-, such as goat-skin, sheep-skin, and calf-skin, tumblers about 8-10 feet high are preferable. For the production of even and clear shades good tumbling is under all circumstances necessary; for this operation neither tim* nor trouble should be spared, as otherwise unsatisfactory dyeings may easily result. Badly tumbled skins always appear cloudy and patchy. The timibling is carried out as follows : Place the skins singly into the drum and wash thoroughly with luke warm water for 1/4 hour. Let water run and add fresh water 100°P. The druming process for skivers and fleshers 'lasts about i/o hour; calf skins lasts about % hour; sheep and goat skins lasts about % hour. DYESTUFFS SUITABLE FOU VEGETABLE-TAKNED LEATHEE. For dyeing vegetable-tanned leather both basic and acid dyes can be employed; in general basic dyes are preferred for the deeper and fuller shades, whilst acid dyes are given the preference for bright and bloomy dj^eings. In some cases it is of advantage to employ basic and acid dyes in combination; this, however, mast binder no circum- stances be attempted simultaneously in one bath. The leather should preferably be first dyed with the acid dye and then topped in a separate bath with the basic dye. BASIC DYES. Basic dyes are dyed on vegetable-tanned leather without any addition; if hard water is employed, an addition of 1/10 oz. acetic acid (30%) per gallon liquor is to be recommended. ACID DYES. Acid dyes are dyed on vegetable tanned leather with an addi- tion of 1/4 oz. sulfuric acid (66°Be.) per gallon liquor. 148 Tanxeks' and Chemists' Handbook. DYEIKG m THE TUMBLER. Place the skins singly into a tumbler fitted with a hollow axle, run in about half the necessary quantity of water and tumble for 10 minutes. Meanwhile dissolve the dye in the re- maining quantity of water and allow this solution to slowly run in through the axle of the revolving tumbler. Dye at about 120°E. with 2-3 pints water for each skin. According to the size of the tumbler, 120-180 skins can be d5red in one lot. Tumble for about % hour, then rinse in clear water, slick, and dry. This process is specially adapted for dyeing large quantities of leather ; in order to avoid letting the skins hang too long after dyeing, a striking out machine is employed with advantage. BRUSH DYEING (Staining). This method is mostly employed for heav}' leathers, and in such cases where a perfectly undyed (if possible, white) back is required. The washed skins are slicked and dried. Heavy leather is hung on wooden poles to dry, whilst other kinds are stretched on wooden frames so as to prevent them from losing their shape during the drying. In order to free the grain from any adher- ing dirt, it is advisable before dyeing to moisten all such skins as are to be brush-dyed with water containing a little gelatine, for 2 gallons warm water take about 1-16 oz. gelatine. Dissolve dye in hot water, strain through cloth and cool down to 120°F. and brush the dye solution on evenly with a soft brush. After dyeing rinse with water and dry. One or two applications must be made according to the shade required. THE DRESSING OF DYED CHROME-TANNED LEATHER. Pat-Liquoking. Before fat-liquoring, the dye skins are struck out lightly on a striking out machine. Por fat-liquoring, emulsions of degras, neatsfoot oil, olive oil, palm oil, etc., with alkalies, su.ch as caustic soda, etc., are employed. 'Instead of the alkalies, soaps may also be used. An Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 149 emulsion which has proved useful and which is easy to prepare can be obtained according to the following recipe: For 100 lbs. skins drained tanned split and shaved weight. 1 lb degras 1 lb. olive oil Yo lb. glycerine Vo lb. soft soap 6-7 galls, water at 140 °F. tumble the skins in this emulsion for % hour. After fat-liquoring, the skins are hung on a trestle for 1-2 hours so as to let the fat penetrate the leather. They should not, however, be allowed to hang too long, as stains may easily result, especially with light shades. The skins are now slicked and oiled on the grain, if desirable, and then tacked. THE PKEPAEATION OF CHROME-TAKNED LEATHEE FOE DYEING. After all traces of acid have been removed from the skins, whether tanned according to the one-bath or the two-bath process, they are shaved on the machine and washed in warm water. In order to avoid difficulties in the dyeing and dressing, the skins should be carefully examined as to whether all the alkali which has been employed for neutralizing them is re- moved, or whether the leather has been sufficiently neutralized with borax. For this purpose a strip of blue or red litmus-paper is employed. If blue litmus-paper is reddened, the skins still contain acid; this must under all circumstances be removed, as otherwise difficulties in the dyeing and fat-liquoring may result. Leather which has not been sufficiently neutralized always re- mains hard and becomes brittle on storing. If the presence of acid in the leather is proved by the litmus-paper, the skins should be tumbled for %-% hour with 1/4 lb. borax and 30 gallons water at 100-140°F. for every 100 lbs. leather drained weight of wet leather. Then rinse well several times with warm water in order to remove all excess of alkali. If on the other hand red litmus-paper is turned blue, alkali is still contained in the leather.- To remove this completely, 150 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. . wash in warm 'water until the red litmus-paper no longer be- comes blue. After the skins have been prepared in this manner they are sorted for d3reing, which should be done as soon as possible. It is not advisable to keep the skins in an undyed state for any length of time after the tanning, because chrome-tanned leather which has been kept in stock for some time partially loses its affinity for dyestuffs. BASIC DYP]S. When dyeing with basic dyes a slight preliminary tanning with vegetable tanning materials is necessary; this can be done with ease in the drum. For 100 lbs. skins, drained tanned split and shaved weight. 3-5% sumac extract, gambler, etc. 20-25 gallons water should be taken and milled for 20-30 minutes in the drum. Then set with %-!% tartar emetic, antimonine, titanium lactate or potassium titanium oxalate. Wash with clear water for about % hour, and then color at 130°P. with a slight addition of acetic acid and washed well before fat-liquoring. ACID DYES. The dyeing with acid dyes is carried out at 120-140° F. with an addition of sulfuric acid (66°Be.), using, Yq oz. per gallon liquor when dj^eing in the tray, and 5 oz. per 100 lbs. skins drained weight of wet leather when dyeing in drum. The sulfuric acid must first be diluted with about 10 times its weight of water, and should only be added to the dyebath after a few minutes, when a portion of the dyestuff has been absorbed by the leather. After dyeing, the skins must be carefully rinsed so as to thoroughly remove all excess of acid. This is best done in the paddle or in the drum. Skins which have not been well rinsed will cause difficulties when fat-liquoring, as the acid makes the grain sticky and prevents the penetration of the fat liquor. Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook, 151 DYEING- m THE DKUM. This is the most iTsual method of procedure. Enter the skins sinofly into the drum fitted with a hollow axle, run in about one-half the necessary quantity of water and allow the drum to revolve for about 10 minutes. Meanwhile dissolve the dye in the other half of the water and iet this solution run in slowly through the hollow axle of the drum whilst it re- volves. For each medium sized skin take about 1 quart water at 1^-140°F. The dyeing process lasts I/2-I hour. The skins are then well rinsed in clean M^ater, slicked lightly, and fat- liquored. THE PEEPAEATION" OF CHAMOIS LEATHEE FOE DYEING. The skins are first washed in a tepid soap solution (8 oz. neutral soap per gallon water) until no more light-colored patches are visible. Tfiey are next rinsed several times in clear tepid water, and are then ready for dyeing, THE DYEING OF CHAMOIS LEATHEE. The dyeing is carried out in the same way as with vegetable- tanned leather; both basic dyes and acid dyes are adapted. When dyeing with basic dyes add to the liquor 10% Glaubersalt cryst. 2% acetic acid (30%) of the weight of the dry skins, when dyeing with acid dyes, add 10% Glaubersalt cryst. 5% bisulphate of soda. The duration of the dyeing process varies according to the manner of dyeing and the amount of the dyestuifs employed. If the dyeing is done in the tray, the operation usually lasts about 10 minutes, if in the drum, about 30 minutes. When brush dyeing (staining), it is of advantage not to make the dye solu- tions too concentrated, as otherwise dark patches and uneven dyeings may easily result. In order, however, to obtain dark dyeings, the dye solution should be brushed on several times. 152 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. The temperature of the dye liquor and solutions should not exceed about 100°F. After dyeing, rinse, squeeze off, and dry at a moderate temperature. THE PREPAEATION OF ALUMED LEATHER FOR DYEING. In order to obtain level dyeings on alumed skins they must be freed from any substances that might influence the dyeing, such as alum, flour, etc. This is done by washing out several times in tepid water. In order that the leather may retain its original pliability after .the drying, an egg-emulsion is applied, i. e., the skins are treated in a mixture of the yolk of 3 eggs and a little common salt for 1 dozen skins, with sufficient water to cover them. Before the actual dyeing, the skins are mordanted with carbonate of ammonia or phosphate of soda. THE DYEING OF ALUMED LEATHER. Acid dyes are chiefly employed for dyeing alumed leather. For darker shades, such as brown, olive, green, etc., it is neces- sary to bottom with dye-woods, then topping with a suitable aniline dye. The dj'eing generally occurs on the table by means of a brush, occasionally also in the tray and in the drum. The temperature of the dye-bath must never exceed 85°F. ; higher temperatures spoil the leather. After dyeing, rinse with water, slick the skins with a vul- canite slicker, and hang them up to dry by their hind shanks in a moderately warm room. After drying, the skins are staked, rubbed off well with a woolen rag and polished. REACTIONS OF WOOD DYES. Logwood decoction with : Weak Acids — Paler. Concentrated Acids — Bloodred, orange yellow on dilution. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 1S3 Caustic, Potash or Soda — Purple, then blue, slowly dirty brown or violet. Alkali Carbonates — Same as caustic ; does not become violet. Ammonia — Deep red-purple, quickly turns brown. Baryta, and Lime Water — Dark violet, then black, then pre- cipitates. Alum Solution— Eich plum color slowly develops. Lead Acetate — Dark violet precipitate. Basic Lead Acetate— Dark blue precipitate. -Copperas — Violet black precipitate. Ferric Sulphate — Eedder than the copperas precipitate. Copper Sulphate (Blue Stone) — Dark red precipitate or violet. Tin Chloride — Eed violet precipitate. Silver Nitrate — ^Yellow brown precipitate. Bichromate of Potash — Black coloration, on boiling black precipitate. Young Pustic with : Alkali — Orange color. Acids — Greenish color. Lime Water — Orange precipitate. Tin Chloride — Orange precipitate. Lead Acetate — Orange precipitate. Copper Acetate — Dark red precipitate. Ferric Sulphate — Olive green precipitate. Decoction of Saunders with: Chromium Salts — Brown red. ' Aluminum Salts — Orange red. Iron Salts — Maroon. Copper Salts — Brown. Tin Salts— Eed. Decoction of Madder with : Alkali — Bluish precipitate. Acids — Brown yellow. Alum Solution — Brown red precipitate. Tin Chloride — Brown red precipitate. Iron Salts — Dark brown precipitate. Copper Salts — Eed brown precipitate. 154 Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. Decoction of Orchil or Ciidbear with: Acids — Solution yellower. Alkali — Solution bluer. Lead Acetate — Deep crimson precipitate. Calcium Chloride — Eed precipitate in cone, solution. ■ Tin Chloride — Eed^, then yellow. Alum Solution — Solution redder. Basic Alum — Crimson-red precipitate. Decoction of Cochineal with : Chromium Salts — Purple. Aluminum Salts — Crimson. Iron Salts — Purple. Copper Salts-^Claret. Tin Salts — Scarlet. Decoction of Fustic with: , Alkali — Orange-yellow to brown. Weak Acids — Pale yellow precipitate. Alum Solution — Bright yellow precipitate. Lead Acetate — Yellow-orange precipitate. Copper Acetate — Brown-yellow precipitate. Ferric Sulphate — Olive coloration, on standing brown olive precipitate. Copperas — Same as Ferric Sulphate. Tin Chloride — Eich brown-yellow precipitate. Copper Sulphate — Dark green precipitate. Gelatine — Yellow floculent precipitate. Decoction of Quercitron with : Alkali — Deepens the color. Acids — Brightens the liquid, then brown precipitate. Alum Solution — Brightens the liquid, then yellow precipi- tate. Tin Chloride — BrowTi precipitate. Stannic Chloride — Yellow precipitate. Lead Acetate — Brown-yellow precipitate. Copper Acetate — Olive-green precipitate. Copperas — Olive-brown precipitate forms slowly. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 155 Persian Berries with : Alkali — Orange. Acids — Solution turbid. Lead Acetate — Yellow precipitate forms slowly. Copper Acetate — Green-yellow. Ferric Sulphate — Green-yellow. Ferrous Sulphate (Copperas) — Olive. Chromium Sulphate — Brown. Aluminum Sulphate — Bright yellow. » Decoction of Weld with : Alkali — Golden yellow. Barium Hydrate — Yellow fioculent precipitate. Alum Solution — Slight yellow precipitate. Tin Chloride — Yellow precipitate. Lead Acetate— Yellow precipitate. Ferric Sulphate — Olive brown, on standing brown precipi- ' tate. Copper Acetate — Yellow-brown precipitate. Acids — Turbidity. Bichromates — Golden yellow, on standing yellow precipitate. Decoction of Brazil Wood, Peach Wood, Lima Wood, with : Weak Acids — Yellow-orange. Alkali — Crimson red tint. Bichromates — Dark red, on standing deep red precipitate. Lead Acetate — Slight red precipitate, filtered liquor dyes deeper and brighter. Basic Lead Acetate — Bluish precipitate. Basic Alum — Beautiful pink red precipitate. Chromium Salts — Yiolet-claret. Aluminum Sulphate — Eose red. Copperas — Grey-violet to purple. Copper Salts — Drab to brown. Tin Salts — Crimson red. Decoction of Cam Wood with : Chromium Salts — Eed- violet. Aluminum Salts — Eed. Iron Salts — Violet. Copper Salts — Brown. Tin Salts— Blue-red. 156 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. Decoction of Catechu and Gambler with : Alkali — Brownish hue. Alum Solution — Yellow color, solution clearer. Copperas — Olive green. Ferric Sulphate — Dark green. Copper Sulphate — Olive. Copper Acetate — Black-brown precipitate. Lead Acetate — Yellow-grey precipitate. Bichromates — Heavy brown precipitate. Gelatine — Heavy precipitate. AMOUNT OF ALKALI NECESSAEY TO SAPONIFY 10 POUNDS OF OIL. N a O H K C ) H KIND Lbs. NaaO Lbs. Na^O Lbs. NajO Lbs. KOH Lbs. KOH Castor Oil , 1.66 1.88 1.96 1.75 1.77 1.77 1.86 1.77 1.75 1.46 1.81 1.87 2.35 1.81 1.80 1.81 1.76 1.77 1.85 1.44 1.59 1.42 1.48 1.43 1.50 1.42 1.42 1.18 1.47 1.51 1.90 1.47 1.46 1.47 1.43 1.48 1.31 1.41 1.55 1.88 1.40 1.40 1.53 1.40 1.88 1.15 1.43 1.47 1.85 1.43 1.42 1.43 1.89 1.40 2.25 2.41 2.66 2.87 2.41 2.41 2.52 2.47 2.37 2.20 2.46 2.52 3.02 2.45 2.43 2.46 2.38 2.41 2.12 Linseed Oil 2.25 Cottonseed Oil Corn 2.50 2.23 Olive 2.27 Neatsfoot Palm Oil 2.27 2.89 Distilled Grease Stearin 2.29 Sesame , 2.23 Rape 2.07 Sheepskin Grease Resin Oil 2.32 Oleo Stearine 2.39 Cocoanut Oil 3.00 Beef Tallow 2.31 Mutton Tallow Horse Fat , 2.29 2.32 Bone Fat 2.24 Lard 2.29 "^ "^ CO CO [ ^ ui 1 lO cW .— 1 CO as '^ 1 00 CO '^ , 1 CO Oi o <-! -* lo 1 o as 00 , ^ O oooo -HCOCO . o OCMCO c CO O' o> O O lO 00 CO O 05 CO M oooo • • • ^_| . o CO o 00 ' 1-J • CT t-.-l tn C/} t^ T-H rt-a ; o O <— 1 CO coaioo'-i t- o> o o> N-H (M lo ! oooo OCO_ T-H § oooo " 1— 1 T— ! 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O 00 ^ t-eo CO CO CO ■ s oo O O; _ _ OI ID t— CO CO CM CO Ol oco o (M CO' O' co' CM Oi COCM ot-o T-H ,-H(M tA o o> lO <0 CO o' -* CO O <0 CO OI -— 1 o ■T^l CO o> c::icoo Co s ' ooo c 32 f^ ,— , is ^ • • <1 CC' CO 00 j .2^ J3 CO .— 1 (M CO Oi CM O' O O 1 »Tj en II 'M CO o 1 — 1 CO CO Ol t- CO CO _rM iO C t- CO CO oi "3*22 1— i'^ CO o oi 13 cfl OS COCM .'-'•s t~ lO CO cocot- .b s OiCO CM 1 u CJi CO .i: 3 • • " 1 i o o* i 1 ■—1 CM • in cA II II 1 • 1) oo o 0>0> C>C' '-''-HOOfM O 03 0> lO <0 <0 CO Oi o>o lO CO CD o CO loco OO COCO ooo,-i 00 lO CM O o t- o ^ ^ <0 <0 CO C? <0 CM en rt C C? O4 '^ICM II II G rt CO iO) 00' ^' o CM coo t-o >— I CO ] CO T 10 ^ CO CO -^ lO CO t- CO CO CO CO C^ CX3 1000 _ Cs I>- CO CO co' o oi <— I -^ [~ CO - CD ^ -^ CX5 CO Oi ^o coryi o U ^ P-l OJ >>co CO D- CO CM CO T— I t- 03 CO ^ O 1— ( CO 0> CO CO CO O O CO o ^ c«' « Jli O p; (U CM CO a; 5 00 '— I C~ ^ CM t- lO 0> t— I ^ iO CO lO C> CO 00 CM Ol O O CO CM IX> C5 O <0 (X) CO , (M xf COCM o "*i oo oa (M O -^ CO CM Cvl (M O to c: 0> <0 CM CM CM J O <0 O O O (M, 5^- i-H C»^ t- .— I CM '-H lO t~ '^ t- OO i-O -^ aO CM 00 t~ CO C>T ^ Ci >— I o o ^ ^ ^ CO Cl •<* .t~ CO Oi -^ CM t~ CO Ci -^ -^ -Tt< lO (M L~ CO en c:i C5 CO "O CM L^ CO CO CO CO CO iO CM t~ t~ t~ <0 O CO >0 C-1 Tl CM ^ o o o CO »o >-o ,_: CO CO oo CO CO CO t~ CO CO .-H ^ CO O -* CO T on t~ CM lO lO LO 1>- C5 'M fM t- CM fM 00 C- CO t^ Ci O] Ol t~ [- -^ t- Ol CO t- Ci CM (M CM lO CM O O I CO L~ CTi Ol CM C110C^COCMC0L--0i0i JO cr <0 C CM CO t^ L-- CM CO' O <0 O' CM CO CO ^OiOjCOcOOCMj^ ^6 CM t- t~ (71 t- <0 t~ CM t^ COlOcr L^fMt~t-t~ CO ^ lO CO t^ Cv"J Cvl (M 00 CO CM r-^ LQ o t- t~ t- lOCOCOCM^-^iOOCOCO •^ODCOCOCM,— llOiOlO < lO Oi ^ CO CM H $ « O ■?? ?T Ol Od ^ CO CO O 0> CO >. b. ^ ^ t! ^ oo.W) fe, g M ooooOo:=;cH"SH HHHH<<^UQOQ S S u o i 6 ffi p f* o Q C13 1 S be 03 ^ CX3 eooi (X) uO lO t~ CO -cjl 03 t- c^ -^ -^ -^ t~ .-H ^ COj iO CO ^ lO CO — ' CI CM 1— I CO lo O' -^ ^7< cr. i— I rH cOi-H.— it-ooiooc:)Oi— I cOcOCOi^CM^-cOcOCJcOi— I oo C5 E^ CO ^ C^ "* lO ■* O 1— I 00 <31 D~ CO '^i t~ ^ lO ^ O' ^ o CO ^H CO CO O] ^ ' .coco .CO O CO . O O' CO CO . O O CO CO CO oo C3i L-CO-* ■^ »0 -* CD -* 1 a t- lO 03 C35 "* CO • s § ^ ^ -^ "^ oi g< . CO ^ Ci C3i .C' OO CD O ITl fi lO O (M ^ lO "- . lO --H CO CO CO . CO O COCO u CD CD CO CO CO hr ^ lO >— 1 t~ 00 lO O cO O' CO CO CO CO ^^ CO CO CM ^ T-H i-iy-^^ 1— 1 1— t ^ H vh > G o o 1 is s S S : s g a i^^a a| -ail "* '^ 2^ rt Vh g '>.'p.;>.-g-g;l^-^''.§'a^''2g> 2 £ £ £ ? ?5 g y e 5:^ ^.-S HHHH<<^UPOQmfc4 160 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. TABLE OF MULTIPLES. ' Centimeters X 0.3937 = inches. Centimeters X 0.0338 = feet. Centimeters, cubic X 0.0338 = fluid ounces, apothecaries. Diameter of a circle X 3.1416 = circumference. Gallons X 3.785 = liters. G-allons X 0.833565 = imperial gallons. Gallons, imperial X 1.199666 = U. S. gallons. Gallons X 8.33505 == pounds of water. Gallons, imperial X 10 = pounds of water. Gallons, imperial X 4.54102 = liters. Grains X 0.0648 = grams. Grams X 15.43236 == grains. Inches X 0.0254 = meters. Inches X 25.4 = millimeters. Meter X 39.37 = inches. Miles X 1.609 = kilometers. Miles X 5280 = feet. Ounces, Troy X 1.097 == ounces, avoirdupois. Ounces, avoirdupois X 0.9115 = ounces, Tro3^ Pounds, avoirdupois X 0.4536 = kilograms. Pounds, avoirdupois X 0.8228572 = pounds, Troy. Pounds, Troy X 0.37286 -= kilograms. Pounds, Troy X 1.21527 = pounds, avoirdupois. Quarts X . .94636 = liters. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 161 FEACTIONAL PAKTS OF AN INCH EXPRESSED IN THOUSANDTHS. . The following tables will be found very convenient for the transposition of fractional parts of an inch, or decimal parts of a millimeter to decimals of an inch : 8ths. 16ths. 32nds. 64ths. 1/8 = .125 1/16 = .0625 1/32 = .03125 1/64 = .015625 1/4 = .250 3/16 = .1875 3/32 = .09375 3/64 = .046875 . 3/8 = .375 5/16 = .3125 5/32 = .15625 5/64 = .078125 1/2 = .500 7/16 = .4376 7/32 = .21875 7/64 = .109375 5/8 = .625 9/16 = .5625 9/32 = .28125 9/64 = .140625 3/4 = .750 11/16 = .6875 11/32 = .34375 11/64 = .171875 7/8 = .875 13/16 = .8125 13/32 = .40625 13/64 = .203125 15/16 = .9375 15/32 = .46875 15/64 = .234375 17/32 = .53125 . 17/64 = .265625 19/32 = .59375 19/64 = .296876 21/32 = .65625 21/64 = .328125 23/32 = .71875 23/64 = .359376 25/32 = .78125 25/64 = .390625 27/32 = .84375 27/64 = .421875 29/32 = .90625 29/64 = .453125 31/32 = .96875 31/64 = .484375 33/64 = .515626 35/64 = .546875 37/64 = .578125 39/64 = .609375 41/64 = .640626 43/64 = .671875 45/64 = .703125 47/64 = .734375 49/64 = .765626 51/64 = .796876 53/64 = .828125 55/64 = .859375 57/64 = .890626 .59/64 = .921876 61/64 = .953125 63/64 = .984375 162 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. DECIMAL PAETS OF A MILLIMETEE EXPRESSED IX DECIMAL PAETS OF AN INCH. MM. 1 = .99 = .98: .97 = .96 = .95 = .94 = .93 = .92- .91 = .90 = .87: .86: .85: .82: .81: In. .03937 .0389765 .03858-26 .0381889 .0377952 .0374015 .0370078 .0366141 .0362204 .0358267 .0354330 .0350393 .0346456 .0342519 .0338582 .0334645 .0330708 .0326771 .0322834 .0318897 MM. .80 = .79 = .78 = .77 = .76 = .75 = .74; .73 = .72 = .71 = .70 = .67: .66: .65: .64: .63: .62: .61: In. .0314960 .0311023 .0307086 .0303149 .0299212 .0295275 .0291338 .0287401 .0283464 .0279527 .0275590 .0271653 .0267716 .0263779 .0259842 .0255905 .0251968 .0248031 .0244094 .0240157 MM. .60 = .69 = .58 = .57 = .56 = .55 = .54 = .63 = .52 = .51 = .50 = .49 = .48 = .47 = .46 = .45 = .44 = .43 = .42 = .41 = In. .0236220 .0232283 .0228346 .0224409 .0220472 .0216536 .0212598 .0208661 .0204724 .0200787 .019686 .0192913 .0188976 .0185039 .0181102 .0177166 .0173228 .0169291 .0165354 .0161417 MM. 40 = 39 = 38 = 37 = 36 = 35 = 34 = 33 = 32 = 31 = 30 = 29 = 28 = 27 = 26 = 25 = 24 = 23 = 22 = 21 = In. .0157480 .0153643 .0149606 .0145669 .0141732 .0137795 .0133858 .0129921 .0125984 .0122047 .0118110 .0114173 .0110236 .0106299 .0102362 .0098425 .0094488 .0090551 .0086614 .0082677 MM. .20 = .19 = .18 = .17 = .16 = .15 = .14 = .13 = .12 = .11 = .10 = .09 = .08 = .07 = .06 = .05 = .04 = .03 = .02 = .01 = In. : MISUO ■■ .0074803 : .0070866 : .0066929 : .0062992 : .0059055 .0055118 .0051181 .0047244 : .0043307 : .0039370 : .00354.33 : .0031496 : .0027559 : .0023622 : .0019685 : .0015748 : .0011811 : .0007874 : .0003937 Tanneks' and Chemists'" Handbook. l«3 COMPAEISOK OF CENTEIGEADE AND PAHEENHEIT. "C. °F. °c. °F. °c. °F. °c. °F. °c. "F. -^0 —40 1 30.2 38 100.4 77 170.6 116 240.8" 39 38.2 32 39 102.2 78 172.4 117 242.6 38 36.4 +1 33.8 40 104 79 174.2 118 244.4 37 34.6 2 35.6 41 105.8 80 176 119 246.2 36 32.8 3 37.4 42 107.6 81 177.8 120 248 35 .31 4 39.2 43 109.4 82 179.6 121 249.8 34 29.2 5 41 44 111.2 83 181.4 122 251.6 33 27.4 6 42.8 45 113 84 183.2 123 253.4 32 25.6 7 44.6 46 114.8 85 185 124 255.2 31 23.8 8 46.4 47 116.6 86 186.8 125 257 30 22 9 48.2 48 118.4 87 188.6 126 258.8 29 20.2 10 50 49 120.2 88 190.4 127 260.6 28 18.4 11 51.8 . 50 122 89 192.2 128 262.4 27 16.6 12 53.6 51 123.8 90 194 129 264.2 26 14.8 13 55.4 52 125.6 91 195.8 l30 266 25 13 14 57.2 53 127.4 92 197.6 131 267.8 24 11.2 15 59 54 129.2 93 199.4 132 269.6 23 9.4 16 60.8 55 131 94- 201.2 133 271.4 22 7.6 17 62.6 56 132.8 95 203 134 273.2 21 5.8 18 64.4 57 134.6 96 204.8 135 275 20 4 19 66.2 58 136.4 97 206.6 136 276.8 19 2.2 20 68 59 138.2 98 208.4 137 278.6 18 0.4 21 69.8 60 140 99 210.2 138 280.4 17 +1.4 22 71.6 61 141.8 100 212 139 282.2 16 3.2 23 73.4 62 143.6 101 213.8 140 284 15 5 24 75.2 63 145.4 102 215.6 141 285.8 14 6.8 25 77 64 147.2 103 217.4 142 287.6 13 8.6 26 78.8 65 149 104 219.2 143 ■ 289.4 12 10.4 27 80.6 66 150.8 105 221 144 291.2 11 12.2 28 82.4 67 152.6 106 222.8 145 293 10 14 29 84.2 68 154.4 107 224.6 146 294.8 9 15.8 30 86 69 156.2 108 226.4 147 296.6 8 17.6 31 87.8 70 158 109 228.2 148 298.4 7 19.4 32 89.6 71 159.8 110 230 149 300.2 6 21.2 33 91.4 72 161.6 111 231.8 150 302 5 23 34 93.2 73 163.4 112 233.6 151 303.8 4 24.8 35 95 74 165.2 113 235.4 152 305.6 3 26.6 36 ■ 96.8 75 167 114 237.2 153 307.4 2 28.4 1 37 98.6 1 76 168.8 115 239 154 309.2 164 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. °c. "F. "C °F. °c. "F. °c. "F. "C. °F. 155 311 197 386.6 239 462.2 281 537.8 323 613.4 156 312.8 198 388.4 240 464 282 539.6 324 615.2 '157 314.6 199 390.2 241 465.8 283 541.4 325 617 158 316.4 200 392 242 467.6 284 543.2 326 618.8 159 318.2 201 393.8 243 469.4 285 545 327 620.6 160 320 202 395.6 244 471.2 286 546.8 328 622.4 161 321.8 203 397.4 245 473 287 548.6 329 624.2 163 323.6 204 399.2 246 474.8 288 550.4 330 626 163 325.4 205 401 247 476.6 289 552.2 331 627.8 164 327.2 206 402.8 248 478.4 290 554 332 629.6 165 329 207 404.6 249 480.2 291 555.8 333 631.4 166 330.8 208 406.4 250 482 292 557.6 334 633.2 167 332.6 209 408.2 251 483.8 293 559.4 335 . 635 168 334.4 210 410 252 485.6 294 561.2 336 636.8 169 336.2 211 411.8 253 487.4 295 563 337 638.6 170 338 212 413.6 254 489.2 296 564.8 338 640.4 171 339.8 213 415.4 255 491 297 566.6 339 642.2 172 341.6 214 417.2 256 492.8 298 568.4 340 644 173 343.4 215 419 257 494.6 299 570.2 341 645.8 174 345.2 216 420.8 258 496.4 300 572 342 647.6 175 347 217 422.6 259 498.2 1 301 573.8 343 649.4 176 348.8 218 424.4 260 500 302 575.6 344 651.2 177 350.6 219 426.2 261 501.8 303 577.4 345 653 178 352.4 220 428 262 503.6 304 579.2 346 654.8 179 354.2 221 429.8 263 505.4 305 581 347 656.6 180 356 222 431.6 264 507.2 306 582.8' 348 658.4 181 357.8 223 433.4 265 509 307 584.6 349 660.2 182 359.6 224 435.2 266 510.8 308 586.4 350 662 183 361.4 225 437 267 512.6 309 588.2 351 663.8 184 363.2 226 438.8 268 514.4 310 590 352 665.6 185 365 227 440.6 269 516.2 311 591.8 353 667.4 186 366.8 228 442.4 270 518 312 593.6 354 669.2 187 368.6 229 444.2 271 519.8 313 595.4 355 671 188 370.4 230 446 272 521.6 314 597.2 356 672.8 189 372.2 231 447.8 273 523.4 315 599 357 674.6 190 374 232 449.6 274 525.2 316 600.8 358 676.4 191 375.8 233 451.4 275 527 317 602.6 359 678.2 192 377.6 234 453.2 276 528.8 318 604.4 360 680 193 379.4 235 455 277 530.6 319 606.2 194 381.2 236 456.8 278 532.4 320 608 195 383 237 458.6 279 534.2 321 609.8 196 384.8 238 460.4 280 536 322 611.6 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 165 TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OP THERMOMETER READINGS. Degrees Centigrade X 1-8 + ->- = degrees Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit — 33 , ,,, .. , Degrees —r = degrees Centigrade. 1.8 _ Reaumer X 9 , „_ t -^ ■, , . , Degrees j 1- 32 = degrees Fahrenheit. ^ (Fahrenheit — 32) 4 ., _ Degrees -^^ — = degrees Reaiimor. _ Reaumer X 5 , r-t ,- i Degrees j = degrees Centigrade. „ Centigrade X 4 j d Degrees — ■■ ^ = degrees Reaumer. CONTENTS OF CISTEENS AND TANKS. One Foot High. 4.144 eu. ft. = 1 bbl. Diam. Cu. Feet. Gallons. Barrels. 2 3.1416 23.5008 .758 21/2 4.9087 36.7196 1.184 3 7.0686 52.917 1.705 31/2 9.6211 71.92 2.32 4 12.5664 94.085 3.032 41/2 15.9043 119.04 3.837 5 19.635 146.94 4.738 51/2 23.758 177.63 5.71 6 28.2744 211.42 6.822 61/2 33.1831 248.31 8.01 7 38.4846 287.99 9.284 71/2 44.1787 330.77 10.65 8 50.265 376.34 12.13 81/2 56.745 424.70 13.70 9 63.6174 476.16 15.35 ' 91/2 70.8823 530.72 17.12 10 78.54 588.07 18.95 101/2 86.5903 647.59 20.89 11 95.0334 711.45 22.93 111/2 103.8691 776.86 25.06 12 113.098 846.61 27.29 13 132.733 993.86 32.02 14 153.938 1152.58 37.14 15 176.715 1323.08 42.64 16 ■201.062 1505.36 48.51 17 226.981 1699.42 54.77 18 254.47 1905.26 61.46 19 283.53 2122.85 68.48 20 314.16 2352.88 75.88 22 380.134 2846.11 91.81 24 452.39 3387.37 109.11 25 490.875 3675.36 118.16 To find contents of a cylinder: Multiply diameter b}' itself and then by .7854. This product multiplied by the height will give contents in cubic feet. To find capacity of casts: Add to head diameter % of the difference between head and bung diameter. Multiply this product by itself and by the length, then by .0034. The result will be in gallons. e» TANNERS' CHEMICALS MANUFACTURED BY THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY MAIN OFFICE CLEVELAND, OHIO. Hyposulphite Soda Grasselli Depilatory 1 Sulphide Soda Fused Sal Soda • Sulphide Soda Cry^als Sulphate Soda Cry^als Glauber's Salt Copperas Sulphate of Iron Tin Cry^als 1 Tri-Sodium Phosphate Aqua Ammonia 1 Bisulphite Soda, 35° 38° 40° Sulphate Zinc 1 Sulphuric Acid Muriatic Acid 1 Acetic Acid Nitric Acid SAMPLES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. 1 Orders or Inquiries Addressed to Any of tlie Points Mentioned Below Will Receive Prompt and Careful Attention. The Grasselli Chemical Company ! MILWAUKEE, WIS. CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., 60 Wall Street BIRMINGHAM, ALA. ST. LOUIS, MO. ST. PAUL, MINN. CINCINNATI, O. NEW ORLEANS, LA DETROIT, MICH. SULPHIDE OF SODIUM CRYSTALS AND CONCENTRATED CHLORIDE OF BARIUM RED ARSENIC BICHROMATES AND OTHER CHEMICALS USED IN TANNING We Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA 100 William Street 329 North Clark Street Drexel Building. 62Q ■ BOSTON CINCINNATI KANSAS CITY 120 Milk Street 9 East Pearl Street 201 Kemper Building For Prompt Delivery and Contracts of Formaldehyde Address the PERTH AMBOY CHEMICAL WORKS NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA 100 William Street 329 North Clark Street Drexel Buiidmg. 629 BOSTON CINCINNATI KANSAS CITY 120 Milk Street 9 East Pearl Street 201 Kemper Building Taitnees" and Chemists' Handbook. 167 CONVERSION OF FLUID MEASUEE U. S., INTO CUBIC CENTIMETEES. Minims. c.c. Fluid Ounces. 1 0.06 1 30.00 2 0.12 2 . 59.14 3 0.18 3 88.72 4 0.24 4 ^4: piiit 118.29 5 0.30 5 147.87 6 0.37 6 177.44 -!? 0.43 7 207.00 8 0.50 8 1/2 pint ' 236.59 9 0.55 9 266.16 10 0.61 10 295.73 11 0.67 11 325.31 13 0.74 12 % pint 354.88 13 0.80 13 384.45 14 0.86 14 414.00 15 14 drachm 0.92 15 443.06 IG 1.00 16 pint U. S. 473.11 17 1.05 17 502.75 18 1.12 18 532.32 19 1.17 19 561.90 20 1.23 20 591.47v 35 1.54 21 621.04' 30 % drachm 1.85 22 650.62 35 2.15 23 680.19 40 2.46 24 709.76 45 2.77 25 739.34 50 3.08 26 768.91 55 3.40 27 798.50 28 828.06 Fluid Drachms. 29 857.63 1 3.70 30 887.21 IV4 4.61 31 916.78 IV2 5.53 32 quart U. S. 946.35 1% 6.47 48 1419.00 2 7.39 56 1656.00 3 11.09 64 1892.00 4 15.00 72 2128.00 5 18.48 80 2365.00 G 22.18 96 2839.00 7 25.87 112 3312.00 128 gallon U. S. ■3785.00 168 Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. COFVEESIOF OF CUBIC CENTIMETERS INTO FLUID MEASURE U. S. c.c. Fluid Ounces. c.c. Minims 1000 33.81 25 405.70 900 30.43 10 162.30 800 27.05 9 146.10 700 23.67 8 129.80 600 20.29 7 113.60 500 16.90 6 97.40 473 16.00 Pint 5 81.10 400 13.52 4 64.90 300 10.14 3 48.70 200 6.76 2 32.50 100 3.38 1 16.00 75 2.53 0.5 8.10 50 1.69 0.25 4.10 30 1.00 0.06 1.00 CONVEESION OF AVOIRDUPOIS INTO GRAMS. Ounces. Grams. Pounds. Grams. 1/16 1.772 1 453.590 Vs 3.544 2 907.180 1/4 7.088 2.2 1000.000 1/2 14.175 3 1360.780 « 1 28.350 4 1814.370 2 56.700 5 2267.960 3 85.049 6 2721.550 4 113.398 7 3175.140 5 141.750 8 3628.740 6 170.070 9 4082.330 7 198.450 10 4535.920 8 226.800 15 6803.850 9 255.150 20 9071.840 10 283.500 25 11339.770 11 311.840 30 13607.760 12 340.190 35 15875.690 13 368.540 50 22679.540 14 396.890 75 34019.250 15 425.240 100 45359.00 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 169 APPEOXIMATE MEASUKEMENTS. Teacup Wineglass Tablespoon Dessertspoon Teaspoon Pail Barrel = 4 fluid ounces = 2 fluid ounces = % fluid ounces == 2 fluid drachms = 1 fluid drachms = 3 gallons U. S. = 52 gallons = 120c.c. = 60c.c. = 16c. c. = See. = 4c.c. = 11355C.C. = 187 liters. CONVERSION OP GRAMS INTO OUNCES (Avoirdupois), Grams. Oz. + Grains. Grams. Oz.+ Grains. 28.35 . . 125 4 179 29 10 150 5 127 30 25 200 7 24 31 41 250 8 358 32 56 300 10 ■255 33 72 350 12 151 34 87 400 14 48 35 103 450 15 382 36 118 500 17 279 37 133 550 19 175 38 149 600 21 72 39 164 650 22 406 40 180 700 24 303 50 334 750 26 199 60 2 50 800 28 96 70* 2 205 850 29 430 80 2 360 900 31 326 85 3 . . . 950 33 223 90 3 76 1000 35 120 100 3 230 1 oz. avoir. = 4371/2 grains. (f?'0 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. APPEOXIMATE VALUES OF FOEETGN COINS IN UNITED STATES MONEY. COUNTRY Argentine Republic. . . . Austria-Hungary Belgium Bolivia Brazil British Possessions, N. A. (except New- foundland) Cent. Am. States — Costa Rica Guatemala 1 . Honduras I Nicaragua f Salvador I Chile ....■.: Gold and Silver. Gold Gold and Silver. Silver Gold China. Colombia. Cuba. . . . . Denmark. Ecuador. . Egypt.... Finland France German Empire. Great Britain. . . Greece Haiti India. . . Italy. Japan Liberia Mexico Netherlands. . . . . Newfoundland. . Norway Persia Peru Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tripoli Turkey. . . Uruguay. . Venezuela. STANDARD Gold. Gold. Silver. Gold. . Silver. Silver Gold and Silver. Gold Silver Gold Gold Gold and Silver. Gold Gold Gold and Silver. Gold and Silver. Gold Gold and Silver. Gold Gold Silver Gold and Silver. Gold Gold Silver Silver Gold Gold Gold and Silver. Gold Gold and Silver. Silver Gold Gold Gold and Silver. MONETARY UNIT Peso Crown. . . Franc .... Boliviano. Milreis . . . Dollar. Colon. Peso. Peso ( Shanghai. . TaeK Haikwan. . ( (Customs) Peso Peso Crown , Peso Pound (100 pias- ters) Mark Franc Mark Pound Sterling. . Drachma Gourde Rupee Lira Yen Dollar Dollar Florin Dollar Crown Kran Sol Milreis Ruble.... Peseta. Crown Franc Mahbub (20 pias- ters) Piaster Peso Bolivar ■= O O u • = E -"5 $0.96.5 .20.3 .19.3 .45.1 .54.6 1.00 .46.5 .45.1 .36.5 .66.6 .74.2 .45.1 .92.6 .26.8 .45.1 .4.94.3 .19.3 .19.3 .28.8 4.80.61^ .10.3 .96.5 .32.4 .19.3 .49.8 1.00 .49 .40 2 L01.4 .26.8 . .08.3 ' .48.7 1.08 .51.5 .19.3 .26.8 .19.3 .44.3 .04.4 1.03.4 .193 Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 171 JSTUMBEE OF WIEE GAUGES EXPEESSED IN DECIMAL PAETS OF AN INCH (Bishop). Gauge No. B.&S & A. W. Gauge B. W. G. Eng. Srandard Stubs Washburn and Moen Imperial Twist Drill 7.0 .490 .500 6.0 .460 .464 5.0 .430 .432 .4.0 .460 .454 .393 .400 3.0 .40964 .425 .362 .372 2.0 .3648 .380 .331 .348 1.0 .42486 .340 .307 .324 1 .2893 .300 .283 .300 .228 2 .25763 .284 .263 .276 .221 3 .22942 .259 : .244 .252 .213 4 .20431 .238 .225 .232 .209 5 .18194 .220 .207 .212 .2055 6 .16202 .203 .192 .192 .204 7 .14428 .180 .177 .176 .201 8 .12840 .165 .162 .160 .199 9 .11443 .148 .148 .144 .196 10 .10189 .134 .135 .128 .1935 11 .09074 .120 .120 .116 .191 12 .08081 .109 .105 .104 .189 13 .07196 .095 .092 .092 .185 14 .06408 .083 .080 .080 .182 15 .05707 .072 .072 .072 .180 16 .05082 .065 .063 .064 .177 17 .04525 .058 .054 • .056 .173 18' .0403 .049 .047 .048 .1695 19 .03589 .042 .041 .040 .166 20 .03196 .035 .035 .036 .161 21 .02846 .032 ' .032 .032 .159 22 .02535 .028 .028 .028 .157 23 .02257 .025 .025 .024 .154 24 .0201 .022 .023 .022 .152 25 .0179 .020 .020 .020 .1495 26 .01594 .018 .018 .018 .147 27 .01419 .016 .017 .0164 .144 28 .01264 .014 .016 .0148 .1405 29 .01126 .013 .015 .0136 .136 30 .01002 .012 .014 .0124 .1285 31 .00893 .010 .0135 .0116 .120 172 Taistners' and Chemists' Handbook. Gauge No. B. &S. & B. W. A W. Sta Gauge S G. Eng. idard ubs Washburn and Ir Moen nperial Twist Drill 33 .00795 .0 09 .013 .( )108 .116 33 .00708 .0 08 .0 11 .( )10 .113 34 .0063 .0 07 .0 1 .( )092 .111 35 .00561 .0 05 .0 095 .( )084 .110 36 .005 .0 04 .0 09 .( )076 .1065 37 .00445 .0 085 . .( )068 .104 38 .00396 .0 08 .( )06 .1015 39 .00353 .0 075 .( )052 .0995 40 .00314 .0 07 .( )048 .098 41 .00280 i i .(. )044 .096 42 .00249 .( )04 .0935 43 .00222 .. )036 .089 44 .00197 )032 .086 45 .00176 )028 .082 46 .00157 )024 .081 47 .00139 )02 .0785 48 .00124 )016 .076 49 .00110 )012 .073 50 .00098 )01 .070 51 .00087 7 . .067 52 .00078 .0635 53 .00069 .0595 54 .00062 .055 55 .00055 .052 56 .00049 .0465 57 .00044 .043 58 .00039 .042 59 .00035 .041 60 .00031 .040 INFORMATION CONCERNING INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS mPOEMATION^ COT^CEEXTT^G Name. Aluminum Aluminum chloride... Aluminum hydrate. . . Aluminum oxide. Aluminum sulphate . Aluminum sulphate cryst Ammonia Ammonia alum Ammonia iron alum. . . Ammonium bichromate Ammonium carbonate Normal Prim Ammonium chloride. . Ammonium chrome alum Ammonium chromate . . Ammonium magnesium phosphate Ammonium nitrate Formula. Ammonium phosphate. . Ammonium sulphate. . . Ammonium sulphhydrat Ammonia sulpho- cyanide ' Antimony Antimonysulphide (Orainge) Arsenic Arsendisulphide (Real- gar (Red) . Arsenious acid (White arsenic) Arsenic acid Arsenic sulphide (Yellow) Arsenous sulphide (Yel- low) (Orpiment) . .. . Al ALC1«, 12 Aq. AL(OH)e ALO3 ALC 504)3 Al2(S04)3l8Aq. NH3 AU(S04)3(NH4).S04 +24 Aq. Fe.(S04)3(NH4)2S04 +24 Aq. (NH4)2Cr.07 (NH4).C0., Aq. (NH4)=HC03 NH4CI Cr.(S04)8(NH4)2S04 +24 Aq. (NH4)2Cr04 Mg(NH4)P04 6Aq. NH4NO3 (NH4).HP04 (NH4)-.S04 (NH4)HS NH4CNS Sb. Sb.Os As. AS2S3 As,03 AS2O5 AS2S5 AsoS^. Mol. Wt. 27.1 267 156 102 342 667 17 907.1 965 252 114.2 79.1 53.5 957 152.3 245.6 80.1 132.2 132,2 61.2 76.2 120.2 336.2 75 214.1 198 230 310.3 246.2 Color. White Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Violet Red Colorless Colorless Colorless Sp. Gr. 2.58 9.34 2.3 3.75-4.00 2.59 1.62 Gas 0.5896 Fl. 0.6234 1.63 1.712 2.36 1.586 1.586 1.52 Blue 1.736 Yellow 1.866 G OO lO ID J>- lO C2>G6 THrHrHiHT-lr-lrHTH a3,3u,0>,JBa ICOIOOIOOIOOIO ot>j>ooooaicioo 0100100>0010 tHtHC CO CO CO CO CO ^ -^ -^^ OOOOOOOO rHiHTH-r-iT—i^Hi-H-rHi— ' — "J xi^ CO GO it^J -rfi i^ ir^ J> i- t-^ CO 00 o6 auinBg OCOCOOilO COiHCO iJOOOCvJiOOiCOCOOCO co2>-q;5 0i— ico'+icot- COCOCO-riHr:t^-H-^-^^ ^ 00 (?^ CO Oi C<> lO i>0>COi>OC02>0 oqOrHo^-sHococq ^ididididididid jaiauio^jBg COJ>QOCriOTHCv?CO^ c )0 O IC O lO O 1-i tH (>^ C?>ooco OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOO 1— (-l-Hl—ll— ilHi— l-Mi— (l— 1 1— ItHt— Ii-Ht- li—li— tiH 3,ppBMX 1— i(>^co-^ic;co?>cca; tH CQ CO -vfl lO CD 2> rHrHTHT-iiHiHiHrH aiunBg f^"^-t^^>cocir^coTt^co i_^^THOOi-CCOOi>^ O'l— l03(^5CO-TilO>OCO O) CO CSi CQ CO -* G 00 05 O 1-1 CQ OO'OOOOOOO OOOOr-lrHrHi-H j313mo=iiEg )0 l-O i-O «t) lO ' -rH r-i O:? O'j CO CO -H -tH l-O lO IC KO ioidcocd?>?>coc6 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 215 o <—> <-> o O o o O O o o o O o o o o o o to o lO O lO o »o o >o o lO o »o o lO o )J0 iO lO CO CO 1^ ?- 00 00 TO TO o o T-t T-i CO CO CO CO 1—1 1—1 1—1 tH iH rH tH iH T-{ iH CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Cvi 1—1 tH tH tH iH T-H rH rH T-i rH T-i T-i rH rH T-i tH T-i T-i o ■M o> CO '^ iCi CO ?^ GO TOi O 1— 1 CO CO ^ lO CO i-- CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ TtH -* -^t^ ^ ■xH -* -* CO lO o> lO ^ ?-- ?^ CO CO TO 00 CO CO 00 TO J> rH 00 o> <:.o TO CO -^ CO GO TO TO TO TO O) CO ^ CO O J> CO GO CO TO -cH TO -cJH TO '^ •* TO ^ TO -* TO ^ 00 Oi CXi o O iH tH CO CO CO -* ^ -^ UO lO CO CO ?> tH T-l iH c^ M (^^ CO Cvi CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO o lO O lO O lO o lO o no o lO o lO o lO o »o iO "0 CO CO 1^ ^ 00 00 TO TO o o T-f rH o> c^<> CO CO T-i iH rH 1—1 T-t iH iH tH r-{ r-t CO GO CO CO CO CO CO CO o O O c-> o O O O O O o O o o o o o o CO ^ UD CO J^ OO TO o rH CO CO -* »o ZD f^ CO TO O' ^ '^ ^ -TtH -* •^ -i^ iO lO lO lO lO lO to lO UO to CO o o O o o O o O o o o o O o o o o 1-H tH 1— i iH tH 1— ) iH T-\ rH 1— 1 T-i r-t rH rH 1— 1 r^ rH T^ -o OO G r^ O T-i rH rH 'rH T-i CO rH r-t T-i rH T-i T-i tH 1— 1 rH T-i 1—1 ?:- C7^ T-i CO lO 00 ?^ 00 <» 00 00 00 ^ f- CO lO ^ r-i CO CD o CO CO lO C^ lO 00 r-t ^ i!> o CO CO TO CO no Oi o c\> CO ^ iC i> 00 TO r-t CO CO lO CO St- 00 o T-i lO <^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO i> i> ?> J> E> J> J>- 00 00 CO ^+1 ic- ':.o i^ 00 TO o T-t CO CO -* lO CO ?> 00 TO o ^ -+^ -* ■^ ^ -* ■^ ur IQ id lO iC> LO LO lO lO to CO o lO o o o o O o O o o o o o o J-J O o cni a^ o T-l (» CO -Tl lO CO (^ GO TO o T-i CO CO ^ to o o iH 1-i T— 1 tH rH r-t rH rH T—{ T-t CO Of o? o> CO (» o o o O' O' o O o O o O' o o O o o o o 1—1 1—1 1— ( ^' 1—1 1— 1 '^ r-i T-t T-i rH T-i rH rH rH rH rH 7-1 oo CTS a ■^ CO OO o> ■^ CO CO Cv? •xH CO GO T— 1 1—1 (>^ CV> (>> O-J •>^ CO CO CO CO CO -t -* ■* -* tH i-C IC ZO CO ?- 00 CO TO )C— CO J., lO ^ CO CO oo ».r7 O' CO o ^ o> CO o ■=+< 00 CO CO CO 00 T-i c^^ CO -t lO i> 00 rH CO "^ lO CO aj o T-i Oi CO lo ^^ r^. 1-H tH tH 1—1 C? o:> c^^ o? o^ o? CO CO CO CO CO CO Ci lO iH (?> CO -H i_o CO ?^ CO TO o rH CO CO -H iiO 1—1 tH tH " iH rH rH r-i rH r^ Cvj CO CO C^i Of o? 216 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. Eh < O I— I h^ ^ I— I \^ < O !^ M ^ p^ g ^3 P^ P^ ^@ O H Ph tD <1 O <^ s o I— ( o p^ o o ^ i-O 16.50 .9556 11.18 26.25 .8960 29.89 16.75 .9540 11.64 26.50 .8946 30.38 17.00 .9524 12.10 26.75 .8931 30.87 17.25 .9508 12.56 27.00 .8917 31.36 17.50 .9492 13.02 27.25 .8903 31.85 17.75 .9475 13.49 27.50 .8889 32.34 18.00 .9459 13.96 27.75 .8875 32.83 18.25 .9444 14.43 28.00 .8861 33.32 18.50 .9428 14.90 28.25 .8847 33.81 18.75 .9412 15.37 28.50 .8833 34.30 19.00 .9396 15.84 28.75 .8819 34.79 19.25 .9380 16.32 29.00 .8805 35.28 19.50 .9365 16.80 Tanneks'' and Chemists' Handbook. 229 AQUA AMMONIA— Continued. Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60° ¥., com- pared with water at 60° P. From the Specific Gravities the corresponding degrees Baume were calculated by the following formula : 140 Baume = 130. Sp. Gr. • *Baume Hydrometers for use with this table must be grad- uated by the above formula^, which formula should always be printed on the scale. Atomic weights from P. W. Clarke's table of 1901. == 16. ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE: The coefficient of expansion for Ammonia Solutions, varying with the temperature, correction must be applied according to the following table : Corrections to be added for each Corrections to be subtracted for each degree 3elow 60° F. degree above 60° F. Degrees Baume 40° F. 50° F. 70° F. 80° F. 90° F. 100° F. 14° .015° Be. .017° Be. .020° Be. .022° Be. .024° Be. .026° Be. 16° .021 u .023 " .026 C( .028 " .030 " .032 by Specific 1o by Gravity Weight Gravity Weight Gravity Weight Gravity Weight 0.9991 0.5 0.9638 26 0.9160 51 0.8581 76 0.9981 1 0.9623 27 0.9135 52 0.8557 77 0.9965 2 0.9609 28 0.9113 53 0.8533 78 0.9947 3 0.9593 29 0.9090 54 •0.8508 79 0.9930 4 0.9578 30 0.9069 55 0.8483 80 0.9914 5 0.9560 31 0.9047 56 0.8459 81 0.9898 6 0.9544 32 0.9025 57" 0.8434 82 0.9884 7 0.9528 33 0.9001 58 0.8408 83 0.9869 8 0.9511 34 0.8979 59 0.8382 84 0.9855 9 0.9490 35 0.8956 60 0.8357 85 0.9841 10 0.9470 36 0.8932 61 0.8331 86 0.9828 11 0.9452 37 0.8908 62 0.8305 87 0.9815 12 0.9434 38 0.8886 63 0.8279 88 0.9802 13 0.9416 39 0.8863 64 0.8254 89 0.9789 14 0.9396 40 0.8840 65 0.8228 90 0.9778 15 0.9376 41 0.8816 66 0.8199 91 0.9766 16 0.9356 42 0.8793 67 0.8172 92 0.9753 17 0.9335 43 0.8769 68 0.8145 93 0.9741 18 0.9314 44 0.8745 69 0.8118 94 0.9728 19 0.9292 45 0.8721 70 0.8089 95 0.9716 20 0.9270 46 0.8696 71 0.8061 96 0.9704 21 0.9249 47 0.8672 72 0.8031 97 0.9691 22 0.9228 48 0.8649 73 0.8001 98 0.9678 23 0.9206 49 0.8625 74 0.7969 99 0.9665 24 0.9184 50 0.8603 75 0.7938 100 0.9652 25 Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 243 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF METHYL ALCOHOL AT 15.5 °C. (Ure). H^hy Specific 1 "'oby Specific fc by Specific 1 ^ by Specific Weight Gravity Weight Gravity Weight Gravity Weight 1 Gravity 100.00 0.8136 82.00 .8674 69.44 .9008 53.70 .9344 98.00 .8216 80.64 .8712 68.50 .9032 51.84 .9386 96.11 .8256 79.36 .8742 67.56 .9060 50.00 .9414 94.34 .8320 78.13 .8784 66.66 .9070 47.62 .9448 92.22 .8384 77.00 .8820 65.00 .9116 46.00 .9484 90.90 .8418 75.76 .8842 63.30 .9154 43.48 .9518 89.30 .8470 74.63 .8876 61.73 .9184 41.66 .9540 87.72 .8514 73.53 .8918 60.24 .9218 40.00 .9564 86.20 .8564 72.46 .8930 58.82 .9248 38.46 .9584 84.75 .8596 71.43 .8950 57.73 .9266 37.11 .9600 83.33 .8642 70.42 .8984 56.18 .9296 35.71 .9620 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GRAPE SUGAR AT 17.5 °C. (Salomon). fo Specific Gravily « Specific Gravity fo Specific Gravity 5 10 - 15 20 1.0192 1.0381 1.0571 1.0762 25 30 35 40 1.0946 1.1130 1.1310 1.1494 45 50 55 60 1.1680 1.1863 1.2040 1.2218 344 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. SPECIFIC GEAYITY OF GLYCERINE. a Water Specific Gravity (Champion and Pellet) Be (Berthelot) ?4 Water Specific Gravity (Champion and Pellet) Be (Berthelot) 1.2640 31.2 11.0 1.2350 28.6 0.5 1.2625 31.0 11.5 1.2335 28.4 1.0 1.2612 30.9 12.0 1.2322 28.3 1.5 1.2600 30.8 12.5 1.2307 28.2 3.0 1.2585 30.7 13.0 1.2295 28.0 2.5 1.2575 30.6 13.5 1.2280 27.8 3.0 1.2560 30.4 14.0 1.2270 27.7 3.5 1.2545 30.3 14.5 1.2255 27.6 4.0 1.2532 30.2 15.0 1.2242 27.4 4.5 1.2520 30.1 15.5 1.2230 27.3 5.0 1.2505 30.0 16.0 1.2217 27.2 5.5 1.2490 29.9 16.5 1.2202 27.0 6.0 1.2480 29.8 17.0 1.2190 26.9 6.5 1.2465 29.7 17.5 1.2177 26.8 7.0 1.2455 29.6 18.0 1.2165 26.7 7.5 1.2440 29.5 18.5 1.2150 26.5 8.0 1.2427 29.3 19.0 1.2137 26.4 8.5 1.2412 29.2 19.5 1.2125 26.3 9.0 1.2400 29.0 20.0 1.2112 26.2 9.5 1.2390 28.9 20.5 1.2100 26.0 10.0 1.2375 28.8 21.0 1.2085 25.9 10.5 1.2362 28.7 kSPECIFIC GEAYITY OF SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM CHROMATB AT 19y2°C. (67°F.) (Schiff). Sp. Gr. 9'o Sp. Gr. 'fo Sp. Gr. fo 1 5p. Gr. fo 1.0080 1 1.0925 11 1.1864 21 1.2921 31 L0161 2 1.1014 12 1.1964 22 1.3035 32 1.0243 3 1.1104 13 1.2066 23 1.3151 33 1.0325 4 1.1195 14 1.2169 24 1.3268 34 1.0408 5 1.1287 15 1.2274 25 1.3386 35 1.0492 6 1.1380 16 1.2379 26 1.3505 36 1.0576 7 1.1474 17 1.2485 27 1.3625 37 1.0663 8 1.1570 18 1.2592 28 1.3746 38 1.0750 9 1.1667 19 1.2700 29 1.3868 39 1.0837 10 1.1765 20 1.2808 30 1.3991 40 BOSTON PROVIDENCE PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO ALBANY CHARLOTTE. N. C. TORONTO. CAN. 117 Hudson Street, NEW YORK Farbenfabriken of Elberf eld Company Sole Importers of the Produdls Manufadured by Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Company Elberfeld, Germany Sole Agents for the Produds Manufadured by Hudson River Aniline Color Works Albany, N. Y. Anilines, Alizarines, Dyestuffs for all purposes Specialties for Chrome Leather NIGROSINES, CHROME LEATHER BLACKS, ALIZARINES, SUBSTANTIVE SULPHON (Neutral), ACID COLORS Speciahies for Vegetable Tannage TABLE BLACKS CORIPHOSPHINE BASIC COLORS and Products Soluble in Alcohol, Acetone. Benzine, Turpentine, Etc Monopole Soap, Tetrapole 1 m FINISHES FOR LEATHER TRADE MARK THE BEST FOR BRIGHT OR DULL USED IN EUROPE AND AMERICA SUITABLE FOR THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF LEATHER We will send catalogue free. Samples free, except freight. Also JAPANNING DONE FOR THE TRADE. Send us a sample order. We can please you. Crow Blacking Company CANTON JUNCTION, MASS., U. S. A. fa" =B Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 245 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE AT 19°C. (66.2°F.) (Schiff). Sp. Gr. 6 g Z^ Na=S,03 Sp. Gr. am z NasSjOj Sp, Gr. d Sm Z NajSjO, 1.0052 1 0.637 1.0975 18 11.467 1.1986 35 22.298 1.^05 2 1.274 1.1031 19 12.105 1.2048 36 22.935 1.0158 3 1.911 1.1087 20 12.742 1.2110 37 23.572 1.0211 4 2.584 1.1145 21 13.379 1.2172 38 24.209 1.0264 5 3.185 1.1204 22 14.016 1.2234 39 24.846 1.0317 6 3.822 1.1263 23 14.653 1.2297 40 25.484 1.0370 7 4.459 1.1322 24 15.290 1.2362 41 26.121 1.0423 8 5.096 1.1381 25 15.927 1.2427 42 26.758 1.0476 9 5.733 1.1440 26 16.564 1.2492 43 27.395 1.0529 10 6.371 1.1499 27 17.201 1.2558 44 28.032 1.0584 11 7.008 1.1558 28 17.838 1.2624 45 28.669 1.0639 12 7.645 1.1617 29 18.475 1.2690 46 29.306 1.0695 13 8.282 1.1676 30 19.113 1.2756 47 29.943 1.0751 14 8.919 1.1738 31 19.750 1.2822 48 30.580 1.0807 15 9.556 1.1800 32 20.387 1.2888 49 31.218 1.0863 16 10.193 1.1862 33 21.024 1.2954 50 31.855 1.0919 17 10.830 1.1924 34 21.661 SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF CHEOMIUM CHLORIDE AT 15°C. (60°F). Sp. Gr. °Be. Gr. CroOs in Liter Sp. Gr. °Be. Gr.CroOa in Liter 1.008 1.2 5 1.148 18.6 90 1.016 2.3 10 1.164 20.2 100 1.032 4.3 20 1.180 22.0 110 1.048 6.5 30 1.197 23.8 120 1.065 8.7 40 1.213 25.3 130 1.082 10.9 50 1.229 26.8 140 1.098 12.9 60 1.245 28.4 150 1.115 14.9 70 1.261 29.8 160 1.310 16.6 80 1.276 31.2 170 246 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SULPHATE MAGKESIUM AT 15°C. (60°F.) (Gerlach). Specific Gravity Per Cent MgSO* Specific Gravity Per Cent MgSOi 1.02062 2 1.17420 16 1.04123 4 1.19816 18 1.06229 6 1.22212 20 1.08379 8 1.24718 22 1.10529 10 1.27225 24 1.12806 12 1.28802 25 sat. 1.15083 14 SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CHLOPtlDE m WATER.- t° Solubility t" t Solubility ! t° Solubility 0° 49.6 30° 93 70° 136 5 54.0 33 100 80 142 10 60.0 35 104 90 147 15 66.0 40 110 95 151 20 74.0 50 120 99 154 25 82.0 60 129 SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CAEBONATE IK CO. CONTAIlSriNO WATER. Pressure of COjE Dissolved CO5 and CaO inlL. at 16°. mg. CaCO,, mg. Pressure of CO5 Dissolved CO2 and CaO inlL. at 16°. mg. CaCOa mg. 0.000504 60.96 74.6 0.1422 533.0 0.000808 72.11 85.0 0.2538 1073 663.4 0.00333 123.00 137.2 0.4167 1500 787.5 0.01387 218.40 223.1 0.5533 1846 885.5 0.0282 310.4 296.5 0.7297 2270 972.0 0.05008 408.5 360.0 0.9841 2864 1086.0 *Buchka, Physical Tables. Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 24, SOLUBILITY OF LIME IN WATER (G-uthrie). 100 cc. of saturated lime water at 5°C. contain 0.1350 gm. of CaO. 10°C. 0.1342 15°C. 0.1320 20°C. 0.1293 25°C. 0.1254 30° C. 0.1219 35°C. 0.1161 40° C. 0.1119 50°C. 0.0981 60°C. 0.0879 70° C. 0.0781 80° C. 0.0740 90°C. 0.0696 100°C. 0.0597 SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM SULPHATE IN WATER.* CaSOi-2H20 — One Part of Salt Dissolves in Parts Water. t Parts Water t Parts Water t Parts Water QO . 415 38° 368 72° 391 18 386 41 370 86 417 24 378 53 375 99 351 32 371 SOLUBILITY OP POTASSIUM CHROMATE IN WATER. t Solubility ^ t Solubility t Solubility 0° 58.90 40° 66.98 80° 75.06 10 60.92 50 69.00 90 77.06 20 62.94 60 71.02 100 79.10 30 64.96 70 73.04 SOLUBILITY OF BROMINE IN WATER.* t Per Cent Br t Per Cent Br t Per Cent ^r 5° 10 3.600 3.327 15° 20 3.226 3.208 25° 30 3.67 3.126 *Buchka, Ph3rsical Tables. 248 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. SOLUBILITY OF ALUMINUM SULPHATE IK A¥ATER.* t Anhydrous Salt Crystalized Salt Anhydrous ' Salt Crystalized Salt 0° 10° 30° 31.3 33.5 36.15 86.85 95.8 107.35 50° 70° 100° 53.13 66.33 89.11 301.4 348.3 1133.0 SOLUBILITY" OF POTASH ALUM IF WATEE.^ t Anhydrous Salt Crystalized Salt t Anhydrous Salt Crystslized Salt 0° 3.1 3.9 60° 36.7 66.6 10 5.0 9,5 70 35.1 90.7 30 7.7 15.1 80 45.7 134.5 30 11.0 33.0 90 58.6 309.3 40 14.9 31.0 100 74.5 357.5 50 30.1 44.1 SOLUBILITY OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER. =^ t j Solubility t Solubility t Solubility 0° 38.4 40° 46.16 80° 63.93 10 33.84 50 50.60 90 68.36 30 37.38 60 55.04 100 .73.80 30 41.73 70 ^59.48 110 77.34 SOLUBILITr OF BARIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER.* t Solubility t SolubiUty t Solubility 5° 10 15 30 33.3 33.3 34.5 35.7 30° 40 50 60 38.3 40.8 43.6 46.4 70° 80 90 100 49.4 53.4 55.6 57.8 *Biichka, Ph5'Sical Tables. Tannbes' and Chemists' Handbook. 249 SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE IN WATER (Mulder). Water-Free Salt. t Solubility t Solubility t Solubility 16° 20 25 65 69 75 30° 35 40 82 89 98 45° 47 109 114 SOLUBILITY OF TARTAE EMETIC IN WATER. 100 parts of water dissolve at : 7°C. 5.36 parts of tartar emetic, 21°C. 7.94 " 31° C. 12.20 " 50°C. 18.18 " 75°C. 31.21 " ■SOLUBILITY OF POTASSIUM BICHROMATE IN WATER.* Sol ability t Solubility Allnard Kremers Allnard ! Kremers 0° 4.6 4.97 60° 45.0 50.5 10 7.4 8.5 70 56.7 30 13.4 13.1 80 68.6 73.0 30 18.4 90 81.1 40 35.9 29.1 100 94.1 103.0 50 35.0 SOLUBILITY OF COPPER SULPHATE IN WATER.* t Solubility t Solubility • t Solubility 9° 31.61 40° 56.90 80° 118.03 10 36.95 50 65.83 90 156.44 20 43.31 60 77.39 100 303.33 30 48.81 70 94.60 - All temperatures are degrees centigrade. *Buehka, Physical Tables. 250 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. SOLUBILITY OF MAOKESIUM SULPHATE IK WATER.* t Solubility t Solubility t Solubility 0° 26.9 40° 45.6 75° 61.9 5 29.3 45 48.0 80 64.2 10 31.5 50 50.3 85 66.5 15 33.8 55 52.7 90 68.9 20 36.2 60 55.0 95 71.4 35 38.5 65 57.3 100 73.8 30 40.9 70 59.6 105 77.9 35 43:3 SOLUBILITY OP SODIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER.* t Solubility t Solubility t Solubility —14.00° 32.5 15.60 35.76 59.75 37.31 —13.8 32.15 20.85 35.63 71.30 37.96 — 6.25 34.22 25.45 35.90 74.45 37.96 — 5.95 34.17 38.55 36.52 82.05 38.41 0.0 35.6 44.75 36.64 86.7 38.47 + 3.6 35.79 52.50 37.04 93.65 38.90 5.3 35.94 55.00 36.99 101.7 40.76 14.45 35.94 SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM SULPHATE IK WATER.* t Solubility t Solubility t Solubility 0° 5.02 20° 19.40 33° 50.76 10 9.00 25 28.00 34 55.00 15 13.20 26 30.00 35 50.20 18 16.80 30 40.00 40 48.80 All temperatures are degrees centigrade. *B"iichka;, Physical Tables. Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. 261 FOEMIC ACID AT 2074° (Eichardson & Allaire), 1 K^ % CH5O5 by vol. Sp. Gr. t % by vol . Sp. Gr. X >. 0-° % CH5O5 by vol. .9983 .00 1.0247 10 8.40 1.1425 60 56.13 1.0020 1 .82 1.0371 15 12.80 1.1544 65 61.44 1.0045 2 1.64 1.0489 20 17.17 1.1656 70 66.80 1.0071 3 2.48 1.0710 25 21.73 1.1770 75 72.27 J.0094 4 3.30 1.0730 30 26.37 1.1861 80 77.67 1.0116 5 4.14 1.0848 35 31.10 1.1954 85 83.19 1.0142 6 4.98 1.0964 40 35.90 1.2045 90 88.74 1.0171 7 5.81 1.1086 45 40.82 1.2141 95 94.48 1.019.7 8 6.68 1.1208 50 45.88 1.2213 100 100.00 1.0220 9 7.55 1.1321 55 51.01 TANNIC ACID SOLUTION AT 15°C. (Trammer), Sp. Gr. % Tannin Sp. Gr. % Tannin Sp. Gr. % Tanninn Sp. Gr. % Tannin 1.0040 1.0 1.0092 2.3 1.0140 3.5 1.0188 4.7 1.0044 1.1 1.0096 2.4 1.0144 3.6 1.0192 4.8 1.0048 1.2 1.0100 2.5 1.0148 3.7 1.0196 4.9 1.0052 1.3 1.0104 2.6 1.0152 3.8 1.0200 5.0 1.0056 1.4 1.0108 2.7 1.0156 3.9 1.0242 6.0 1.0060 1.5 1.0112 2.8 1.0160 4.0 1.0324 8.0 1.0064 1.6 1.0116 2.9 1.0164 4.1 1.0406 10 1.0072 1.8 1.0124 3.1 1.0172 4.3 1.0572 14 1.0076 1.9 1.0128 3.2 1.0176 4.4 " 1.0656 16 1.0080 2.0 1.0132 3.3 1.0180 4.5 1.0740 18 1.0084 2.1 1.0136 3.4 1.0184 4.6 1.0824 20 1.0088 2.2 252 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. SP. GE. OP ACETIC ACID AT 15° (Ondemans). Sp. Gr. % Sp. Gr. % Sp. Gr. % Sp. Gr. % 0.9992 1.0363 26 1.0631 52 1.0748 77 1.0007 1 1.0375 27 1.0638 53 1.0748 78 1.0022 2 1.0388 28 1.0646 54 1.0748 79 1.0037 3 1.0400 29 1.0653 55 1.0748 80 1.0052 4 1.0412 30 1.0660 56 1.0747 81 1.0067 5 1.0424 31 1.0666 57 1.0746 82 1.0083 G 1.0436 32 1.0673 58 1.0744 dv! 1.0098 7 1.0447 33 1.0679 59 1.0742 84 1.0113 8 1.0459 34 1.0685 60 1.0739 85 1.0127 9 1.0470 35 1.0691 61 1.0736 86 1.0142 10 1.0481 36 1.0697 62 1.0731 87 1.0157 11 1.0492 37 1.0702 63 1.0726 88 1.0171 12 1.0502 38 1.0707 64 1.0720 89 1.0185 13 1.0513 39 1.0712 65 1.0713 90 1.0200 14 1.0523 40 1.0717 66 1.0705 91 1.0214 15 1.0533 41 1.0721 67 1.0696 92 1.0228 16 1.0543 42 1.0725 68 1.0686 93 1.0242 17 1.0552 43 1.0729 69 1.0674 94 1.0256 18 1.0562 44 1.0733 70 1.0660 95 1.0270 19 1.0571 45 1.0737 71 1.0644 96 1.0284 20 1.0580 46 1.0740 72 1.0625 97 1.0298 21 1.0589 47 1.0742 73 1.0604 98 1.0311 22 1.0598 48 1.0744 74 1.0580 99 1.0324 23 1.0607 49 1.0746 75 1.0553 100 1.0337 24 1.0615 50 1.0747 76 1.0350 25 1.0623 51 SPECIPIC GRAVITY OP PEEROUS SULPHATE SOLU- TION AT 15°C. (59°P.). e -r D r^ , Per Cent Specific ! PS--Ce"' : FeSO. Gravily FeSO, ; .^7^^ Specific Per Cent Gravity FeSO* Per Cent FeSO* -|-7Aq. 1.0267 1.0537 1.0823 1.1124 2.811 5.784 8.734 12.277 5 10 15 20 1.1430 1.1738 1.2063 1.2391 15.834 19.622 23.672 27.995 25 30 35 40 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 253 SPECIFIC GEAYITY OF CHROMIUM SULPHATE AT 15°C. (59°F.) (Gerlach). Specific Gravity Specific Gravity Per Cent : Per Cent., Violet Modification Green Modification Crj(S04)3 Cr5(S04)3+18Ij30, 1.038 1.034 3.799 6.897 1.075 1.068 7.283 13.291 1.110 1.102 10.542 19.238 - 1.145 1.136 13.579 24.779 1.178 1.168 16.416 39.957 1.211 1.201 19.072 34.804 1.337 1.316 28.202 61.464 1.445 37.075 67.657 1.556 43.996 80.287, SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CHROME ALUM SOLUTIOI^ AT 17.5°C. (Franz). Specific Gravity Per Cent K^Crz(S04)4+24Aq Specific Gravity Per Cent K%Cri(S04)4+24Aq 1.0174 1.0342 1.0746 1.1274 5 10 20 30 1.1896 1.2894 1.4566 1.6362 40 50 60 70 ■ ' SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COPPER SULPHATE SOLU- TION AT 18°C. (65°F.). Specific Gravity Per Cent CuS04 +5A<; Specific Gravity Per Cent CuSOi +5Aq. Specific - Gravity Per Cent 1.0063 1 1.0716 11 1.1427 • 31 1.0126 2 1.0785 12 1.1501 i 32 1.0190 3 1.0854 13 1.1585 ; 33 1.0354 4 1.0923 14 1.1699 34 1.0319 5 1.0993 15 1.1738 35 1.0384 6 1.1063 16 1.1817 26 L0450 7 1.1135 17 1.1898 37 1.0516 8 1.208 18 1.1980 28 1.0582 9 1.281 19 1.3063 29 1.0649 10 1.354 20 1.3146 30 254- Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SODIUM BISULPHITE SOLU- TlOi^r AT 15°C. (59°F.). Specific Degrres Per Cent Per Cent Specific Degrees Per Cent Per Cent Gravity Baume NaHSOn SO2 Gravity Baume NaHSUa SOi 1.008 1 1.6 0.4 1.171 21 16.5 10.2 1.022 3 2.1 1.3 1.190 23 18.5 11.5 1.038 5 3.6 2.2 1.210 25 20.9 12.9 1.052 7 5.1 3.1 1.240 27 23.5 14.5 1.068 9 •6.5 3.9 1.252 29 25.9 15.9 1.084 11 8.0 4.8 1.275 31 28.9 17.8 1.100 13 9.5 5.7 1.298 33 31.7 19.6 1.116 15 11.2 6.8 1.321 35 34.7 22.5 1.134 17 12.8 7.8 1.345 37 38.0 23.6 1.152 19 14.6 9.0 SPECIFIC GEAYITY OF SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE SOLUTION AT 19°C. (66°F.) (Schiff). Specific Gravity |3 Q.Z so so 1 50 =6 o-zS D-Z 1.0052 1 0.637 1.0975 18 11.467 1.1986 35 22.298 1.0105 2 1.274 1.1031 19 12.105 1.2048 36 22.935 1.0158 3 1.911 1.1087 20 12.742 1.2110 37 23.572 1.0211 4 2.584 1.1145 21 13.379 1.2172 38 24.209 1.0264 5 3.185 1.1204 22 14.016 1.2234 39 24.846 1.0317 6 3.822 1.1263 23 14.653 1.2297 40 25.484 1.0370 7 4.459 1.1322 24 15.290 1.2362 41 26.121 1.0423 8 5.096 1.1381 25 15.927 1.2427 42 26.758 1.0.476 9 5.733 1.1440 26 16.564 1.2492 43 27.395 1.0529 10 6.371 1.1499 27 17.201 1.2558 44 28.032 1.0584 11 7.008 1.1558 28 17.838 1.2624 45 28.669 1.0639 12 7.645 1.1617 29 18.475 1.2690 46 29.306 1.0695 13 8.282 1.1676 30 19.113 1.2756 47 29.943 1.0751 14 8.919 1.1738 31 19.750 1.2822 48 30.580 1.0807 15 9.556 1.1800 32 20.387 1.2888 49 31.218 1.0863 16 10.193 1.1862 33 21.024 1.2954 50 31.855 1.0919 17 10.830 1.1924 34 21.661 Tanners' and Ghemists' Handbook. 255 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SODIUM BORATE (BORAX) SOLUTION AT 15°C. (59°F.) Specific Gravity Per Cent Na2B40, +10Aq. Specific Gravity .Per Cent +l()Aa Specific Gravity Per Cent Na2B407 +10Aq. 1.0049 1.0099 1 2 1.0149 1.0199 3 4 1.0249 1.0299 5 6 CONVERSION OF PRICE PER POUND INTO PRICE PER OUNCE: 1/16C ] Der lb . = $ 0.0000390625 per ounce Vsc ^ .000078125 3/16C := .0001171875 1/4C = .00015625 5/16C == .0001953125 %c = .000234375 a 7/16C == .0002634475 i/,c = .00029251 9/lGc = .0003315725 %c = .000370645 11/lGc = .0004097075 34c = .00046875 13/lGc = .0005078125 %c = - .000546875 15/lGc = .0005859375 Ic = .000625 2c = .00125 3c = .001875 4c = .0025 5c = .003125 6c = .00375 ^ 7c = .004375 8c = .005 9c .005625 10c = .00625 lie = .006875 12c = .0075 13c =-. .008125 14c = .00875 15c = .009375 16c .01 17c = .010625 18c = .01125 ' 19c ■ .011875 20c ^= .0125 256 Tanners" and Chemists" Handbook. PEICE IF DOLLAES PEE POUFD CONVEETED INTO MAEKS PEE KILO. ( Exchange $1.00 per 4.21 1/19 Marks: ) $ c. M.Pf. $ c. M.Pf. $ .c. M.Pf. 1/2 0.046 46 4.27 92 8.54 1 0.093 47" 4.36 93 8.63 2 0.19 48 4.46 94 8.73 3 0.28 49 4.55 95 8.83 4 0.37 50 4.64 96 8.91 5 0.46 51 4.73 97 9.00 6 0.56 52 4.83 98 9.10 7 0.65 53 4.92 99 9.19 8 0.74 54 5.01 . 1.00 9.38 9 0.84 55 5.11 1.05 9.75 10 0.93 56 5.20 1.10 10.31 11 1.02 57 ' 5.29 1.15 10.68 13 1.11 58 5.38 1.20 11.14 13 1.21 59 5.48 1.25 11.60 14 1.30 60 : 5.57 1.30 13.07 15 1.39 61 5.66 1.35 13.53 16 1.49 62 5.76 1.40 13.00 17 1.58 63 5.85 1.45 13.46 18 1.67 64 5.94 1.50 13.93 19 1.76 65 6.03 1.55 14.39 20 1.86 66 6.13 1.60 14.85 21 1.95 67 6.22 1.65 15.38 22 3.04 68 6.31 1.70 15.78 33 2.14 69 6.41 1.75 16.34 24 3.23 70 6.50 1.80 16.71 25 2.32 71 6.59 1.85 • 17.17 26 2.41 72 6.68 1.90 17.64 27 2.51 73 6.78 1.95 18.10 38 2.60 74 6.87 3.00 18.57 39 2.69 75 6.96 2.50 33.31 . 30 2.78 76 7.05 3.00 37.85 31 2.88 77 7.15 3.50 32.49 33 2.97 78 7.24 4.00 37.13 33 3.06 79 7.33 4.50 41.77 34 3.16 80 7.43 5.00 46.41 35 3.25 81 7.52 5.50 51.05 36 3.34 82 7.61 6.00 55.70 Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 257 PEICE IN DOLLAES PER POUND CONVERTED INTO MARKS PER KILO— Continued. (Exchange $1.00 per 4.21 1/19 Marks.) $ c. M.Pf. $ c. M.Pf. $ c. M.Pf. 37 3.43 83 7.70 6.50 60.34 38 3.53 84 7.80 7.00 64.98 39 3.62 85 .7.89 7.50 69.62 lo 3.71 86 7,98 8.00 74.26 41 3.81 87 8.08 8.50 78.90 42 3.90 88 , 8.17 . 9.00 83.54 43 3.99 89 8.26- 9.50 88.19 .44 4.08 90 8.35 10.00 92.83 45 4.18 91 8.45 FRANCS CONVERTED INTO DOLLARS AND CENTS. (Exchange 19.3 Cents = 1 Franc.) U - te. o Q c Q b Q -u. u "o Q 1 .193 54 10.422 800 154.40 6100 1177.30 -2 .386 55 10.615 900 173.70 6200 1196.60 3 .579 56 10.808 1000 193.00 6300 1215.90 4 .772 57 11.001 1100 212.30 6400 1235.20 5 .965 58 11.194 1200 231.60 6500 1254.50 6 1.158 59 11.387 1300 250.90 6600 1273.80 7 1.351 60 11.58 1400 270.20 6700 1293.10 8 1.544 61 11.773 1500 289.50 6800 1312.40 9 1.737 62 11.966 1600 308.80 6900 1331.70 10 1.93 63 12.159 1700 328.10 7000 1351.00 11 2.123 64 12.352 1800 347.40 7100 1370.30 12 2.316 65 12.545 1900 366.70 7200 1389.60 13 2.509 66 12.738 2000 386.00 7300 1408.90 14 2.702 67 12.931 2100 405.30 7400 1428.20 . 15 3.895 68 13.124 2200 424.60 7500 1447.50 16 3.088 69 13.317 2300 443.90 7600 1466.80 17 3.281 70 13.51 2400 463.20 7700 1486.10 18 3.474 71 13.703 2500 482.50 7800 1505.40 258 Tannees'' and Chemists' Handbook. PEANCS CONVEETED INTO DOLLAES AND CENTS- CoNTiNUED — (Exchange 19.3 Cents = 1 Franc). o u Q i. Q c Dollars c u D 19 3.667 73 13.896 3600 501.80 7900 i 1534.70 30 3.86 73 14.089 3700 531.10 8000 1544.00 31 4.053 74 14.383 3800 540.40 8100 1563.30 33 4.346 75 14.475 3900 559.70 8300 1583.60 33 4.439 76 14.668 3000 579.00 8300 1601.90 34 4.633 77 14.861 3100 598.30 8400 1631.30 35 4.885 78 15.054 3300 617.60 8500 1640.50 36 5.018 79 15.347 3300 636.90 8600 1659.80 37 5.311 80 15.44 3400 656.30 8700 1679.10 38 5.404 81 15.633 3500 675.50 8800 1698.40 39 5.597 83 15.836 3600 694.80 8900 1717.70 30 5.79 83 16.019 3700 714.10 9000 1737.00 31 5.983 84 16.313 3800 733.40 9100 1756.30 33 6.176 85 16.405 3900 753.70 9300 1775.60 33 6.369 86 16.598 4000 773.00 9300 1794.90 34 6.563 87 16.791 4100 791.30 9400 1814.30 35 6.755 88 16.984 4300 810.60 9500 1833.50 36 6.948 89 17.177 4300 839.90 9600 1853.80 37 7.141 90 17.37 4400 849.30 9700 1873.10 38 7.334 91 17.563 4500 868.50 9800 1891.40 39 7.537 93 17.756 4600 887.80 9900 1910.70 40 7.73 93 17.949 4700 907.10 10000 1930.00 41 7.913 94 18.143 4800 936.40 11000 3133.00 43 8.106 95 18.335 4900 945.70 13000 3316.00 43 8.399 96 18.538 5000 965.00 13000 3509.00 44 8.493 97 18.731 5100 984.30 14000 3703.00 45 8.685 98 18.914 5300 1003.60 15000 3895.00 46 8.878 99 19.107 5300 1033.90 16000 3088.00 47 9.071 100 19.30 5400 1043.30 17000 3381.00 48 9.364 300 38.60 5500 1061.50 18000 3474.00 49 •9.457 300 57.90 5600 1080.80 19000 3667.00 50 9.65 400 77.30 5700 1100.10 30000 3860.00 51 9.843 500 96.50 5800 1119.40 30000 5790.00 53 10.036 600 115.80 5900 1138.70 40000 7730.'00 ! 53 10.339 700 135.10 6000 1158.00 50000 9650.00 SHILLINGS AND PEKGB CONYEKTED INTO DOLLAES AND CENTS. (Exchange $4.85 per Pound Sterling.) S . and d . Cen s s. ! ^■ Cents s. d. $ and cents ■| penn'\' 1.01 cts. 1 9 42.43 cts. 3 11 94.06 cts. 1 2.03 '•^ 1 94 43.44 " 4 97.10 « 1^ pence 3.03 "• 1 10 44.45 " 4 1 99.14 a 2 4.04 a 1 104 45.46 " 4 2 1$01 C( 21 " 5.05 '' 1 11 46.47 " 4 3 1"03 (( 3 " 6.06 '' 1 114 47.48 " 4 4 1"05 (( U " 7.07 tc 2 48.50 " 4 5 ■ 1"07 a 4 " 8.08 "•■ 2 04 49.51 " 4 6 1"09 (I 41 " 9.09 '' 2 1 50.52 " 4 7 1"11 a 5 10.10 "•■ 2 14 5L53 " 4 8 1"13 a H " 11.11 vC 2 2 52.54 " 4 9 1"15 (C 6 " 12.124 "■■'' 2 24 53.55 " 4 10 1"17 cc 64 " 13.14 "' 2 3 54.56 " 4 11 1"19 cc r 14.15 " 2 34 55.57 " B 1"21 cc n " 15.16 " 2 4 56.58 " 5 1 1"23 cc 8 16.17 U 2 44 57.59 " 5 2 1"25 cc 8i " 17.18 i( 2 5 58.60 " 5 3 1"27 (( 9 18.19 cc 2 54 59.61 " 5 4 1"29 cc n - 19.20 a 2 6 60.62 " 5 5 1"31 cc 10 20.21 a 2 64 61.63 " 5 6 1 " 33 cc 104 " 21.22 a 2 7 62.64 " 5 7 1«35 cc 11 22.23 a 2 •^4 63.65 " 5 8 1 " 37 cc lU " 23.24 u 2 8 64.66 " 5 9 1"39 cc Is. (L 24.25 i( 2 84 65.67 " 5 10 1"41 cc Is. O^d. 25.26 iC 2 9 66.68 " 5 11 1"43 cc Is. 1 d. 26.27 u 2 94 67.69 " 6 1"454 cc Is. Ud. 27.28 iC 2 10 68.70 " 6 1 1"48 cc Is. 3 d. 28.29 a 2 104 69.71 " 6 2 1"50 cc Is. 21 d. 29.30 a 2 11 70.72 " 6 3 1"52 cc Is. 3 d. 30.31 a 2 114 71.73 '' 6 4 1 « 54 cc Is. 34 d. 31.32 a 3 72.74^ " 6 5 1"56 cc Is. 4 d. 32.33 a 3 1 74.76 " 6 6 1 « 58 a Is. 4+d. 33.34 a 3 2 76.78 " 6 7 1"60 cc Is. 5 d. 34.35 a 3 3 78.80 " 6 8 1 " 62 cc 1 s. 54 d. i 35.36 "• 3 4 80.82 " 6 9 1''64 cc Is. 6 d. 36.37 u 3 5 82.84 " 6 10 1"66 cc Is. 64 d. 37.38 u 3 6 84.86 " 6 11 1"68 cc Is. 7 d. 38.39 a 3 7 86.90 " 7 1"70 cc Is. 74 d. 39.40 (I 3 8 88.94 « 7 1 1"72 cc Is. 8 d. 40.41 a 3 9 90.98 " 7 2 1"74 cc Is. 84 d. 41.42 a 3 10 92.02 '' 7 3 1"76 ct .260 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. PEICE m MAEKS PEE KILO CONVEETED INTO DOLLAES PEE POUND. (Exchange 23% Cents per Mark.) M. Pf. $ c. M. Pf. $ c. M. Pf. $ c. M. Pf. $ c. 5 0.0054 2.60 0.28 5.20 0.56 7.80 0.84 10 0.011 2.70 0.29 5.30 0.57 7.90 0.85 30 0.022 2.80 0.30 5.40 o:58i 8.00 0.86i 30 0.032 2.90 0.31i 5.50 0.59i 8.10 0.87i 40 0.043 3.00 0.32i 5.60 0.60i 8.20 0.88i 50 0.054 1 3.10 0.33i 5.70 0.6U 8.30 0.89^ 60 0.065 3.20 0.341 5.80 0.62i 8.40 0.90i 70 0.075 3.30 0.35i 5.90 0.63i 8.50 0.91i 80 0.086 3.40 0.36i 6.00 0.64i 8.60 0.92+ 90 0.097 3.50 0.371 6.10 0.65f 8.70 0.931 1.00 0.11 1 3.60 0.38f 6.20 0.67 8.80 0.94f 1.10 0.12 3.70 0.391 6.30 0.68 8.90 0.95f 1.20 0.13 3.80 0.41 6.40 0.69 9.00 0.97 1.30 0.14 3.90 0.42 6.50 0.70 9.10 0.98 1.40 0.15 4.00 0.43 6.60 0.71 9.20 0.99 1.50 0.16 4.10 0.44i 6.70 0.72i 9.30 1.00 1.60 0.17i 4.20 0.45i 6.80 0.73i 9.40 l.Oli 1.70 0.18i 4.30 0A6i 6.90 0.74+ 9.50 1.02i 1.80 0.19i 4.40 0.47+ 7.00 0.75i 9.60 1.03i 1.90 0.20+ 4.50 0.48i 7.10 0.76+ 9.70 1.04i 2.00 0.2U 4.60 0.49i 7.20 0.77+ 9.80 1.05i 2.10 0.22+ 4.70 0.501 7.30 0.78i 9.90 1.06f 2.20 0.231 4.80 0.51f 7.40 0.79f 10.00 1.07f 2.30 0.24f 4.90 0.52f 7.50 0.801 2.40 0.25f 5.00 0.53f 7.60 0.81f 2.50 0.27 5.10 0.55 7.70 0.83 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 261 DISCOUNT TABLES. Discount— P er cen t. Equivalent Ne, 'Z5 .25 .75 •-25 and n .26875 .73125 25 « H and 2i .2870 .7130 25 a H (( 5 .3053 .6947 35 iC H a ■n .3236 .6764 25 « n a 10 .3419 .6581 25 a 5 .2875 .7125 . 25 u 5 C( 2i .3053 .6947 25 C( 5 (( 5 .3231 .6769 25 (I 5 i( n .3409 .6591 ;25 (I 5 a 10 .35875 .64125 25 a n .30625 .69375 25 a n a H .3236 .6764 25 ce n C( 5 .3409 .6591 25 (( n c< H .3583 .6417 25 u H (( 10 .3756 .6244 25 <( 10 .3250 .6750 25 cc 10 ii H .3419 .6581 -.25 iC 10 u 5 .35875 .64125 25 ec 10 CI n .3756 .6244 25 c< 10 a 10 .3925 .6075 , • 30 .30 .70 30. and H .3175 .6825 30 iC 2i and ..3i .3346 .6654 30 (C n i( 5 .3516 .6484 .30 a H a 7i .3687 .6313 30 a 3i cc 10 .38575 .61425 30 a 5 .335 .665 30 (C 5 « H .3516 .6484 30 u 5 u 5 .36825 .63175 30 u 5 a n .3849 .6151 30 a 5 a 10 .4015 .5985 30 (C H .3525 .6475 30 a H Cl n .3687 . .6313 30 a n a 5 .3849 .6151 30 (( n li n .4009 .5991 30 C( ^ a 10 .41725 .58275- 30 C( 10 .37 .63 30 (I 10 10 <( 5 .70075 .29925 65 10 i< 7* .7086 .2914 65 10 ii 10 .7165 .2835 70 .70 .30 70 and 21 .7075 .2925 70 H and 2i .7148 .2852 70 2-i i( 5 .7221 .2779 70 2i (( n .7294 .2706 - 70 H C( 10 .73675 .26325 70 5 .715 .285 70 5 (< 2i .7221 .2779 70 5 « 5 .72925 .27075 70 5 ee n .7364 .2636 70 5 « 10 .7435 .2565 70 H .7225 .2775 70 H « 2J .7294 .2706 70 n cc 5 .7364 .2636 70 n cc ^i- .7433 .2567 70 n ce 10 .75025 .24975 70 10 .73 .27 70 10 « 21 .73675 .26325 70 10 189 Potash soaps, analysis of 51 " alum, solubility of 248 Potassium bichromate, sp. gr. of 241 solubility of 249 chromate, sp. gr. of 244 " solubility of 247 Price per pound converted to price per ounce 255 Pyrolignite of iron, sp. gr. of 239 360 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, PAGE. Quebracho 127 wood 132 Realgar, analysis of. 18 Reagents, chemical 7 Red Arsenic, anal3'sis of 18 Remedies 205 Roofs, shingled, data for 266 Salt, analysis of 48 " solubility of 250 " sp. gr. of 240 Sampling tanning materials ■ 60 Saponification of oil 156 Scar paste 189 Seasoning recipes 187 Shellac 27 " finish 188 Shilling and pence converted to dollars, U. S 259 Silver plating paste 204 Soap, analysis of 48 " mixed • . 62 " soft 51 Soaps, potash 51 Soda ash 237 Sodium bicarbonate 56 " bichromate, sp. gr. of 241 " bisulphite ' 53 sp. gr. of 254 " borate, sp. gr. of ^ 255' " carbonate, analysis of r 55 " " sp. gr. of 237 " chloride, sp. gr. of 240 solubility of 250 " hydrate 56 " hyposulphite 56 " " sp. gr. of ■. 254 " sulphide 57 " sulphate, sp. gr. of 241 solubility of 250 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 36 1 PAGE. Sodium tliiosulphate, sp. gr. of 245 solubility of 249 Solder 198 Sole leather preservative 200 Soluble oils 144, 46 Solutions, normal 8 " standard !) Solubilities in glycerine 92 SfSining 148 Stain, black 190 Standard solutions, equivalents of 9 Stannous chloride 69 Steam, temperatures of 212 Stearine, analysis of 59 Stove polish 200 Striker, logwood 189 Sugar analysis, factor for 81 " in tanning materials 138 " in myrabolams 136 Sulphate of aluminum 17 Sulphide of soda 57 Sulphides, dehairing power of 146 Sulphite cellulose extracts 68 Sulphited extracts 67 Sulphuric acid, analysis of 16 " table of 220 Sumach 127, 182 " leaves 131 Synonyms of chemicals 141 Tables of equivalents 8 " discount . 261 Table for determination of glucose 79 Tanks, contents of 166 Tannic acid, sp. gr. of 251 Tanning materials, sampling of 60 " " vegetable, facts concerning 119 " extracts, analysis of 66 " materials 123 " " sugar in 138 " " extraction, influence of water on 140 362 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. PAGE. Tannin analysis 62 " spent, analysis of 63 " liquors, analysis of 64 " materials, classification of 109 Tartar emetic, analysis of 18 solubility of 249 sp. gr. of 239 Thermometers, comparison of 163 " conversion of 165 Tin crystals, analysis of 69 Titanium compounds, analysis of 68' Tools, to clean 203 Tragacanth, gum, analysis of 28 Turkey red oil, analysis of 46 " " " manufacture of 144 Turmeric, analysis of 23 Unsaponifiable in oils, fats and waxes 99 Valonea 128 " Smyrna 134 Greek 134 Varnishes 201 Vegetable leather, analysis of 29 tanning materials, facts concerning 119 Viscosity of oils 106 Walls, bricks in. 211 Water, fresh, analysis of 70 " boiling point of 213 table for correcting 217 " drinking, limits of impurities 107 Waterproofing 192 Wattle bark 130 Waxes 101 " analysis of 74 Weights, comparison of ' 159 Weight giving properties of myrabolams . 136 White metal 198 Wire gauges expressed in inches 171 Wool grease, analysis of 77 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 363 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS PAGE. Eimer & Amend 102 A. Klipstein & Co 108 Heller & Merz Co 114 National Aniline & Chemical Co 115 American Dyewood Co 124 Heyden Chemical Works 125 Cassella Color Co 134 F. E. Atteaux & Co 185 Berlin Aniline Works ; . . . . 146 J. B. Ford Co 147 Grasselli Chemical Co 166 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co 167 F. S. Walton Co ■. . . 186 Martin Dennis Co 187 Geisenheimer & Co 196 Carbondale Instrument Co 196 Otto Hann & Bro 197 Badische Co 224 H. A. Metz & Co 225 Farbenfabriken of Elberfeld Co 244 Crow Blacking Co 245 S. E. Tate Printing Co., Broadway, Milwaukt 5 ;COPY, DEL. TO CAT. OIV. MOV 6 i;.:3