O > Xi - - o > ■^ . v^ %/•!?:?■■.•.,/ ■■%-m^^'J' "^.-y^m-.^ -V ' %o^^ »v^^v. -._.^" -— ^ ^" ^° 1^' ^0 o f < ^^ ^, fertile though less durable than the Nashville soil. Heavy for cover its principal tracts in Overton, White, AVarren and Fentress CoUa-, ties. The green sand soil is a siliceous loam, resting upon mixed san and clay, containing carbonate of lime and numerous green pebbles o glauconite. Lime is obtained from the numerous shell heaps contained. This constituent renders the soil much more fertile, friable and produc- tive. Cotton and corn, and often wheat, grow well. The green sand giving name to this* group, contains gypsum, soluble silica, oxide of iron and carbonate of lime, all fertile ingredients, and may, in the end, as the deposit is eight miles wide and fifty miles long and quite thick, be used extensively as a fertilizer. The shaly soils of the State are usually cold, clayey, unimportant and unproductive except for grasses. The alluvial soils, in the aggregate, occupy a larger area than any other. Nine hundred square miles lie in one body in the valley of the Mississippi, and to this must be added the immense aggregate of all the creek and river bottoms of the State, a vast though indeterminate expanse. The alluvial soils differ much in charac- ter, some containing much lime, some miicli sand, some a noticeable lack of both, depending on the constituents of the surrounding highlands from which the rich washings come. These alluvial soils are the richest, most durable and productive of the State— most durable because of the constant renewal of their fertile elements drained from the adjacent hills. They are especially adapted for wheat — forty bushels not infrequently being raised upon one acre. A sandy soil is usually warm, a clayey one cold ; some are light, heavy, loamy, marly, leachy, limy, sour, sweet, marshy, com- pact, tenacious, porous, fine, coarse, gravelly or rocky, and their product- iveness not only depends upon the fertile elements such as soluble silica, lime, carbon, potash, magnesia, oxide of iron and their compounds and 26 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. other fertile matter such as nitrogen, ammonia, carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, etc., but upon climatic and other allied conditions, such as heat, cold, drouths, drainage, rains, subsoils, manures, pulverization, etc. The best condition of a soil for production is a thorough pulverization, with a subsoil of sufficient tenacity to hold fertilizers and moisture, and yet well drained of its surplus waters. The decomposing vegetable mat- ter called humus, gives wonderful richness to the soil and furnishes car- bonic acid, nitrogen and ammonia, the life-blood of plants. The sandy soils are found mainly in West Tennessee. They contain a greater or less quantity of iron compounds, clay and calcareous mat- ter, which, in some localities, give them great vigor, but where these ele- mets are lacking leave them comparatively sterile. Level lands, or those )roximately so, if well drained, do best, as they are not washed of their it food elements so readily. The soil of the Orange sand is the most iportant, and is spread over the greater portion of West Tennessee. The )ils of the Eipley and Flatwood groups embrace some fine farming land. ,nd some too much broken into hills and ridges to be convenient to work. In some localities the Flatwood group contains layers of laminated clay. which furnish a stiff soil. The sandy soils, if properly fertilized and cared for, repay the husbandman with a fair harvest. The bluff loam, or loess, covering all other formations in the belt of high lands extending from the Kentucky line to Memphis, is a fine cal- careo-siliceous earth, often ash colored, sometimes reddish or chocolate colored, and occasionally black. It contains more calcareous matter than the others, except the green sand. Carbonate of lime is sometimes found in concretions in heaps. This soil is among the best in the State, owing its valuable qualities to the lime, sand, iron, clay, etc., it contains, and to the excellent pulverulent qualities it possesses. Tobacco, cotton, wheat, oats, clover, and the grasses grow luxuriantly, while the forests are very extensive and some of the trees of enormous size. The siliceous or flinty soils are found in greatest abundance over the counties of Lawrence, Wayne, Lewis, Stewart, Montgomery, DeKalb. Cannon, Coffee, Mpore, Hickman, Humphreys, Dickson and Franklin, and are thin and poor. They have a bluish, or pale yellow subsoil so porous til at manures are lost after a few years. The natural vegetation of all kinds is scrubby and coarse, though a rank grass which grows in open woods supplies large herds of stock. Fruit trees do well. These are the "barrens," which are destitute of calcareous matter and have a porous subsoil and a leachy surface soil. Similar lands containing lime and iron and having a tenacious red subsoil a1ce much better. The soils of the Unaka region are generally thin and unproductive. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 27 though wild grasses grow well, and here and there a spot of surprising fertility appears. The mountain slopes are often covered with heavy tim- ber. The soil of the Chilhowee sandstone occupies mountainous locations is limited in extent, but in small spots furnishes gardens and vegetable fields. Blue-grass may be grown on this soil. The soil of the Clinch Mountain sandstone is thin, but potatoes and other vegetables, and grass and timber do well. The Dyestone and White Oak Mountain soils are good, though limited in area. The soil of the Cun.berland Table-land, which covers over 5,000 square miles of the State, is sandy and thin, though there are areas of moderate fertility at the foot of knobs and ridges, where fertile washings from the slopes are gathered. All the val- leys are fertile, and accordingly productive. No lime appears, all being sand, and compost soon sinks below plant roots. The yellowish red subsoil, with a thin coating of humus, is more valuable than that with less iron and little or no humus. The former, with care and proper composts, may be made highly productive ; not so the latter, which is too porous and tender, and, when uncultivated, produces nothing but shrubby trees; hardy, coarse weeds and grass, lichens and mosses. The glades and wet lands along the streams may be made valuable by drainage and by the use of alkalies to neutralize the abundant acid liberated by the decomposition of a superabundance of vegetable remains. The Coals. — The area of the coal-bearing strata amounts to 5,100 square miles, and over this vast extent of country from one to sixteen seams occur. The coal fields include the counties of Scott, Morgan and Cumberland, the greater portions of Pickett, Fentress, Van Buren, Bled- soe, Grundy, Sequatchie and Marion; considerable portions of Claiborne, Campbell, Anderson, Rhea, Roane, Overton, Hamilton, Putnam, White and Franklin, and small portions of Warren and Coffee. About 1,000 square miles of the northeastern portion of this tract consists of a series of short irregular mountain chains, breaking away from the main Cum- berland Mountain ridge, and casting heavenward numerous j^eaks of great height. The remainder of the coal tract, except certain portions in the southern part, is the true Cumberland Table-land or plateau. The upper coal measures embrace one or two principal sandstones (one of which may be a conglomerate) and an equal number of coal horizons in which one or more beds of coal may be expected. These and their ac- companying strata compose the upper plateau, and have a thickness of from 200 to 300 feet, but are not typical of the tract of 1,000 square miles, to which reference was made above. The conglomerate sandstone, upon which the upper coal measures rest, usually contains numerous small white quartz pebbles, and is sometimes a double seam, embracing 28 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. an important coal horizon. The lower coal measures consist of a series of sandstones and shales with from one to three or four coal veins, and constitute the most important division of the carboniferous period in the .■r'tate and over a considerable area the only one available as a source of coal. Excluding the ClifP rock the thickness of this division ranges from a few feet to 300. These characteristics are, in general, typical only of * the southern, western and northwestern portions of the table-land, as the northeastern portion and a strip along the eastern side, in the counties of Claiborne, Scott, Campbell, Anderson and Morgan, have a thickness of the upper coal measures, in some places of over 2,000 feet. The coal meas- ures above the conglomerate have been much denuded, particularly on the western side of the table-land, and at points where the formations are iLluch elevated, the reverse being true where the elevations are low. Where the coal measures are thickest the conglomerate is depressed and the waste by denudation is measurably compensated by the superior de- velopment, at many points, of the lower coal measures. In i;he Sewanee District, embracing parts of the counties of Franklin, Marion, Sequatchie, Grundy, Warren, Bledsoe and Yan Buren, the coal measures are approximately horizontal. The following section, the low- est strata of which are taken from the gulf of Little Gizzard Creek, about two miles south of Tracy City,^ and the higher in succession in ascending the stream to the plateau or top of the conglomerate, exhibits well the sreneral character of the formations of the coal measures in the Sewanee District : UPPER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Sandstone, the conglomerate or cap rock of the upper plateau and the uppermost stratum in this region 50 Coal (a few inches) Shale 33 Coal, outcrop i Shale, dark and clayey ^ 1 Shale, sandy 25 Sandstone 86 Shale, more or less sandy 45 Coal, main Sewanee seam 3 to 7 Shale, some of it sandy 33 Coal, outcrop 1 Shale 3 Sandstone 17 Conglomerate 70 LOWER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Coal, outcrop i to 1 Shale, overlaid with clay 10 Sandstone, clifE rock 65 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 2,9 Feet Coal, outcrop i to 1| Shale, with clay at top 8 Sandy shale 23 Sandstone, hard 78 Coal, with occasional shale 1 to 3 Sandstone, hard, local 20 Shale, iucludini^ a thin sandstone 20 Mountain limestone with archimedes 20 Below the conglomerate, in the eastern and southeastern part of the Sewanee District, there are usually four seams of coal. In Franklin County and in the southern part of Grundy one seam disappears. In the northern part of Grundy and in Warren another seam is missing, and the thickness of the lower coal measure is reduced from 360 to fifty feet, ex- clusive of the conglomerate. The coal beds are very irregular in thick- ness, being often too thin to work profitably and in some places from three to nine feet thick. The aggregate amount of coal is very great and the quality good, and the extent coincides with the Sewanee Dis- trict. The conglomerate is the cover and protector of the lower coal measures, having saved them from denudation in past ages. The Tracy City coals belong to the upper coal measures ; those of Little Fierv Gizzard to the lower measures. On Crow, Battle and Little Sequatchie Creeks are important outcrops of the lower coals. On Cave Creek in Marion County, under the Cliff rock, a coal seam nine feet thick outcrops and near in the "pocket" is five feet thick. At the old Parmelee Bank it is from seven to nine feet thick. North of Tracy City only two coa' seams of the lower measures are usually found ; those near McMinnville are thin. In Bledsoe, Van Buren, Warren and Grundy they are thin with occasional thicker spots. The conglomerate is mainly the surface rock ti-om Tracy City to Alabama, and over this expanse only occasional knolls of the upper coal measures occur : one two miles west of Tracy City, an- other about half way between Tracy City and the Nashville & Chattanooga tunnel, and another just south of the lower mines. Southeast, east and northeast of Tracy City the ridges of the upper measures often appear. The main Sewanee coal in the vicinity of Tracy City is of good quality, semi-bituminous, and contains little pyrites. It is fragile pnd is usually a four or five foot bed, and is the most reliable one west of the Sequatchie Yalley. Other seams of the upper measures are found in the Sewanee District, but are not so valuable. The Eaccoon and Walden's Kidge District embraces the portion of the table-land east of Sequatchie Valley and the Crab Orchard Mountains, and extends from Alabama to the Emery Eiver in Morgan County, compris- ing parts of Marion, Sequatchie, Hamilton, Bledsoe, Ehea, Cumberland, 2 ;0 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Roane and Morgan. At the Etna Mines and vicinity the Cliff rock be- /^omes a conglomerate, and the conglomerate (the cap of the lower meas- ures) becomes a sandstone. The following is the section at Etna Mines : UPPER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Sandstone, cap rock at Etna 75 Shale 48 Coal, good block and uniform 4 Shale with occasional thin coal 30 to 40 Coal with slate or shale 5 to 6 Shale ' 44 Coal, good block 2 to 3 Fire clay 1 to 2 Sandstone (Conglomerate of last table) 75 Coal (few inches) Shale 30 to 40 Coal (10 inches) Sandy shale 100 to 130 Conglomerate (the cliff rock of the former table where it is classed with the lower coal measures) 70 to 100 LOWER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Shale Oto 12 Coal (main Etna or Cliff vein, most important bed in the Raccoon Mountains) average .' 3 Fire clay with Stigmaria 1 to 3 Shale 5 to 20 Coal, thin i to 1 Sandstone and sandy shale ~. 80 to 120 Shale (?) Oto 5 Coal ito3 Fire clay to 2 Sandy shale and sandstone 20 to 25 Shale 15 to 20 Coal Hto3 Fire clay to 3 Shales and shaly sandstones i. .80 to 150 Mountain limestone not ascertained The above section is a typical exhibit of the measures of the Raccoon Mountain District. The upper measures are rich in coal, and it will be observed by comparison that there is one more coal seam in the lower measures than on the west slope of Sequatchie Valley, and the volume is much greater. The lower measures are well exhibited where me Ten- nessee River cuts through the AValden Range and are similar to the Etna measures. The four coals below the cliff rock outcrop on the slopes. Northward to the Emery River the sections above of the Sevvanee and Raccoon Districts may be taken a^ types of both the upper and lower measures. The main Sewanee is the principal coal, and numerous out- crops of the upper and lower measures occur on the eastern slope of the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 31 table-land. The strata are often much disturbed, doubtless by volcanic forces. The following is the section where the Crossville & Kingston Road crosses Crab Orchard Range in Cumberland County : UPPER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Sandstone, probably 100 Shale, doubtless with coal 25 to 50 Sandstone 100 to 150 Shale, probably with coal 60 Sandstone 60 Shale ' 50 Coal, main Sewanee 4 Fire clay 1 Shale 30 to 40 Conglomerate, caps the mountains 100 to 150 LOWER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Shale, possibly with coal 15 Sandstone ... 33 Shale with light coal seams 110 Sandstone 50 Shale, with impure coal 20 Mountain limestone not ascertained In this table the thicknesses are only approximately correct. Here the strata of the coal measures are folded in a great arch, and are missing at the summit, having been denuded by natural agencies. The northern coal district is made to embrace that part of the table- land lying north of Van Buren and Bledsoe Counties and west of the Crab Orchard range, and a line running through Montgomery and Huntsville, and within its limits are parts of White, Cumberland, Mor- gan, Putnam, Overton, Fentress, Pickett and Scott Counties. Here the top of the table-land is usually a flat surface, and back from the slopes appears an upper plateau. In the eastern portion of this area the Crab Orchard section above may be considered the type. On Clifty Creek in White County the following is the section: UPPER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Sandstone and conglomerate 65 Shale to 13 Coal, irregular i to 2 Fire clay to 2 Shale with sandy strata 60 Fire clay with coal traces. (11 inches) Sandstone ..40 Shale 20 Fire clay with coal traces (11 inches) Sandy shale or sandstone 25 32 HISTORY or TENNESSEE, Feet. Shale 53 Coal 3 Shale ....25 Conglomerate 60 LOWER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Shale with one or two seams of coal to 18 inches, in all 15 Mountain limestone 40 Calcareous shale not ascertained At other points in White County the lower measures are of greater importance. Generally the lower measures on the western slope of the table-land from Alabama to Kentucky present the same features, com- prising usually two, sometimes three to seven seams, often too thin for mining, but locally available and valuable. The measures under the con- glomerate in this portion of the table-land are similar to those on the western slope of the Sewanee District. In fact the measures are similar throughout the extent of the western slope and consist of shales and sand- stones and two, sometimes three, rarely more, seams of coal. Though often too thin for mining, they become thicker and valuable locally. In the valley of the Calfkiller, in Putnam County, the coals below the con- glomerate are often valuable and the general features in the counties of Putnam, Overton, Pickett, Fentress, Morgan and Scott are the same as above. Little extensive mining has been done in this part of the district, owing mainly to the lack of transportation. The following section from the mouth of Big Hurricane C:"eek, in Fentress County, is typical of the coal measures of the northern counties, UPPER COAL MEASURES, Feet. Conglomerate (overhanging cliffs) 40 Shale, doubtless with coal 51 Sandstone 6 Shale, doubtless with coal 21 Sandstone 46 Shale, doubtless with coal 50 Conglomerate (lower cliffs, main) 90 LOWER COAL MEASURES. Feet. Coal, good block to 3 Fire clay, shale and sandstone 4 Shale with laj'crs of clay ironstones 25 to 30 Mountain limestone 15 Shales, marly and variegated 100 The main conglomerate has always a coal horizon below^, consisting of shales and sandstones, and, when the cap rock of the upper plateaus is present, has one above. Outcrops of the lower measures at Buffalo Cave, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ;{3 Feutress County and near Jamestown show the coal below the conglomer- ate to be three to five feet thick, black, lustrous and excellent. Outcrops of the upper coals are not as numerous as of those below the main con- glomerate. Numerous banks of these coals have been opened, one at Little Laurel, Overton County, being four and a half feet thick and excel- lent. The northeaster!, district, embracing parts of the counties of Morgan, Anderson, Scott, Campbell and Claiborne, is traversed by numerous high ridges or mountains, in which are heavy developments of the coal depos- its, particularly the upper; and shales, coals and sandstones are piled up high above the conglomerate, which, elsewhere, is the surface rock. The carboniferous formation here is not far from 2,500 feet, and nowhere else in the State are there so many coal beds or such an aggregate mass of coal. The following is an estimated section at Cross Mountain, four miles northwest of Jacksborough. UPPEE COAL MEASURES. Ftet. Sandstone, cap of the mountains 100 Shales and sandstones 249 Coal, pure block, except a six-inch seam of black shale 6 Shales and sandstones 357 I Coal, excellent, possibly 6 feet 4 Shale and sandstones 150 to 190 Coal, outcrop 1 Fire claj', shale and sandstones 262 to 323 Coal, outcrop 1 Shale 6 Coal, outcrop, may be 6 feet 3 Shales and sandstones 323 to 398 Coal outcrop with shale three inches 3 Shales and sandstones 260 to 290 Coal '. 3 Shales, slate and sandstones 170 Coal, outcrop 1 Fire clay and shale 9 Coal with three-inch parting 5 Fire clay, shale, black slate with Stigmaria, to foot of mountain 30 The entire thickness of this section is about 2,100 feet, and an ag- gregate thickness of twenty-seven feet of coal is found. A section at Tellico Mountain shows about the same aggregate quantity of coal, several seams of which, with the conglomerate, appear in the upper part of Pine Mountain, caused by a fault in the strata. The Cross Moun- tain section above is typical of the measures of this district. Numerous banks have been opened, all presenting, in general, similar characteristics. Scores of banks could be profitably opened on Emery River. The coal of this division is usually very good block and is practicably inexhaust- 34 HI«TOJRY OF TENNESSEE. ible. When railroads reach these valuable fields, future geuerations will receive the benefit. The coal of the Etna Mines contains 74.2 per cent of fixed carbon and 21.1 of volatile matter.* The Sewanee coal gives 62 per cent of fixed carbon and 25.41 of volatile matter. The present pro- duction of coke is very great. Iron Ore. — The deposits of iron ore are of the greatest value. The outcrops where such deposits occur appear in three belts which have been named and described as folloAvs: The eastern iron region which extends through the State with and in front of the Unaka Raugfe; the Dye- stone region, which skirts the eastern base of Cumberland Table-land or Walden's Ridge from Virginia to Georgia, and extends laterally into the valley of East Tennessee from ten to twenty miles, and includes the Sequatchie and Elk Valleys; the western iron region, which occupies a belt of high lands contiguous to the western valley and a part of the valley itself, and extends from Kentucky to Alabama. The eastern region includes the counties of Johnson, Carter, Sul- livan, Washington, Greene, Cocke, Sevier, Bh^unt, Monroe, Polk and the entire eastern part of McMinu. In the valleys and coves of this vast region occur most of the iron ore deposits. The bottoms of the valleys are usually occupied by shales and slates and magnesian limestone of the Knox group, which have been so leached and weathered that ridges and knolls of clay, sand, chert and shaly debris or clay have been formed, and in these masses the iron ore has accumulated. Limonite, by far the most abundant ore of this region, contains, when pure, 59.92 per cent of metallic iron; 25.68 per cent of oxygen and 14.4 per cent of water. The source of limonite is the ferruginous chert of the lithostrotion bed. Practically the percentage of iron is less than 59.92 per cent owing to impurity. This ore occurs both as honey-comb and solid ore and some- times in ochi-eous and earthy combinations. It occurs in all sizes less than beds ten or fifteen feet in diameter. Generally the most important banks are on knolls, hills or ridges fifty to 200 feet high and often several miles long, and the deposits occur at intervals. The ores in Johnson, Carter and W^ashington Counties contain lead and zinc. These ores, in- cluding the iron, originated doubtless from the decomposed limestones which contain these elements. The iron ore is of excellent quality and the beds are so numerous that it is estimated that there is sufficient ore to supply an average of three or four extensive works to each of the counties named for a long period of years. Hematite contains 70 per cent of iron and 30 per cent of oxygen. Impurities reduce the amount of iron. The hard, solid ore of this division occurs only in a few places ♦Analysis by Prof. Pohle, of New York City. HISTOBY OF TENNESSEE. 35 and in a regular, solid bed. The ore in more or less magnetic and ex- cellent. The Dyestone ore is a stratified fossiliferous iron rock and is composed of flattened oiHitic or rounded grains and frequently contains crinoidal buttons. Magnetite, -when pure, contains 72.4 per cent of iron and and 27.6 of oxygen. It is a very rare ore, one bed being in Cocke and another in Carter County. It is associated with Saliliie and decom- posing gneissoid rocks and occurs in irregular layers, patches and wedge- shaped masses in the metamorphic group. On the west side of the valley of East Tennessee is the Dyestone iron region, which includes a portion or all of the following counties: Han- cock, Claiborne, Grainger, Campbell, Anderson, Roane, Rhea, Meigs, Hamilton, Marion, Sequatchie and Bledsoe. The ore is a distinctly strati- fied red iron stone, a variety of hematite, generally soils the fingers, but is sometimes quarried in blocks. It is highly fossiliferous and upon ex- posure becomes brownish red, though almost scarlet when first mined. This is the main ore of this region and its impurities are sandy and ar- gillaceous matters and carbonate of lime. Numerous banks have been opened. Limonite to a limited extent is found in this region. The mountain ridge containing the Dyestone ore is 150 miles long and its average thickness is over 20 inches. Upon the Cumberland Table-land occur a few beds of clay ironstones. This ore is an impure carbonate of iron and contains 41.25 percent of metallic iron, 11.78 of oxygen, 35.17 carbonic acid and 11.8 of water, etc. Practically 30 to 33 per cent of iron is obtained. It occurs in nodules and balls and is limited in quan- tity. Black band ironstone and limonite are also found scattered over the table-land. The western iron region includes part *)r all of the following coun- ties: Lawrence, Wayne, Hardin, Lewis, Perry, Decatur, Hickman, Humphreys, Benton, Dickson, Montgomery and Stewart. The belt is about fifty miles wide and over the entire extent more or less ore occurs. There appear centers where heavy deposits of great value and extent are found. These banks have a high position on the tops or edges of plateau ridges, and owe their origin very probably to the remains of decomposed sandstones before the Central Basin or the valley of West Tennessee was excavated. The banks are from a few feet to 100 feet. Limonite is al- most the only ore, though hematite occurs near Clifton, in Wayne County. Limonite occurs in irregular lumps or hollow concretions called "pots" scattered through the matrix of the debris of the strata of the siliceous group, consisting of angular fragments of half decomposed and often bleached chert and soft sandstones imbedded in clay. This is the bed of the ore. The varieties of this ore are called compact, honey-comb, pot 36 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and pipe ores and oclier, the first tliree being common. The pots vary in size from an orange to tAvo feet in diameter. Pipe ore is worked in Stew- art County. It is estimated that the best banks furnish one-fourth to one-third of the mass removed in iron ore. Its occurrence in banks is irregular — sometimes in pockets, beds, veins, strata, columns, or isolated masses often ten to twenty feet through. Some masses furnish scores of tons of ore. The beds of Hickman are most extensive and A'aluable and more than twenty banks have been opened. Those of Dickson and Stew- art are next valuable. On the eastern rim of the basin in the counties of "White, Warren, Putnam and Overton, corresponding with the deposits of the western belt, limonite of good quality is found. The percentage of pure iron varies from 44: to about 60. i^oss//.s.— The paleontological features are characteristic and import- ant. Every formation considered in this chapter, except the Unaka, contains fossils, often large, finely preserved and beautiful. As every formation contains, in the main, its own fossils, they become an import- ant factor in identifying the strata. The most fruitful source of fossils in this State are the Trenton and Nashville groups. The following is a list of the genera: Buthotrephis, Stromatopora, Stenopora, Constellaria, Tetradium, Columnaria, Petraia, Cleiocrinus, Dendocrinus, Glyptocrinus, Palseocrinus, Petraster, Ptilodictia, Ketepora, Graptolithus, Liei^tsena, Strophomena, Orthis, Skenidium, Ehynchonella, Triplesia, Avicula, Am- bonychia, Crytodonta, Ctenodonta, Modiololopsis, Holopea, Cyclonema, Subulites, Eunema, Helicotoma, Maclurea, Trochonema, Pleurotomaria, Murchisonia, Crytolites, Bellerophon, Carinaropsis, Clioderma, Conularia, Salterella, Orthoceras, Cyrtoceras, Lituites, Trocholites, Asaphus, Caly- mene, Cheirurus, Encrinurus, Illaenus, Liclias, Phacops, Dalmanites and Leperditia. Many of these are represented by a half dozen or more species. In the Niagara group occur the following genera: Astylo- spongia, Pahieomanon, Artrteospongia, Stenopora, Thecoistegites, Thecia, Heliolites, Plasmopora, Halysites, Favosites, Cyathophyllum, Petraia, Aulopora, Alveolites, Cladopora, Fenestella, Caryocrinus, Apiocystites, Pentatrematites, Saccocrinus, Platycrinus, Lampterocrinus, Cytocriniis, Eucatyptocrinus, Coccocrinus, Synbathocrinus, Posteriocrinus, Gysto- crinus, Haplocrinus, Calceola, Strophomena, Streptorhynchus, Orthis, Spirifer, Atrypa, Pentamerus, Athyris, Ehynchonella, Platyostoma, Platy- ceras, Cyclonema, Orthoceras, Ceraurus, Sphterexochus, Dal mania, Caly- mene and Bumastus. In the Lower Helderberfj formation the followincr are found: Anisophyllum, Favosites, Apiocystites, Leptaena, Stropho- mena, Strophodonta, Orthis, Spirifer, Trematospira, Nucleospira, lihynch- ospira, Leptocoelia, Pvhynchonella, Atrypa, Merista, Camarium, Eatonia,, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 37 Pentamerus, Platyostoma, Platyceras, Phacops, Dolmauia and Dalmania. Ill the Lower Carboniferous formation are found the following genera: Spirifer, Orthis, Platyceras, Granatocrinus, Agaricocrinus, Actinocrinus, Cyathocrinus, Icthiocrinus, Lithostrotion, Zaphrentis, Pentremites, Dic- cliorinus, Melonites, Hemipronites, Retzia, Rhynchonella, Productus, Conularia, Astrasa, Archimedes, Atliyris, Terebratula, Aspidodus, Clay- dodus and a few others. The Green Sand of West Tennessee, famous for its beds of fossil shells, contains the following genera so far noticed and named: Platytroehus, Corbula, Crassatella, Astarte, Yenilia, Car- dium, Trigonia, Area, Nucula, Cucullcea, Ctenoides, Pacten, Neithea, Ostrea, Oxogyra, Graphs, Anomia, Placunanomia, Scalaria, Natica, Volutilithes, Rapa, Auchura, Baculites, Enchodus, Sphymena, Ischyrhiza, Teredo, Serpula, Rostellaria, Fusus, Turritella and Delphinula. In the Ripley group are the following : Corbula, Venus, Crassatella, Cardita, Leda, Modiola, Ostrea, Gryplioea, Turritella, Natica, Fasciolaria, Nep- tunea, Callianassa, Lamna and crocodilus. In the Bluff loam of West Tennessee are Helix, Planorbis, Cyclas, Amnicola, Lymnea, Succinea. In the Knox group are Crepiceplialus. Lonchocephalus, Agnostus, Ling- ula and Pleurotomaria. The fossil fauna of Tennessee are distinct and characteristic of the strata containing them. In the main Sewanee and Jackson coal horizon occur the following: Neuropteris, Hymenophyllites, Alethopteris, Aster- ophyllites, Calamities, Stigmaria, Sigillaiia, Syrigodendron, Lepidoden- dron, Lepidostrobus, Trigonocarpum and Rhabdocarpus, and in the main Etna Sphenopteris, Hymenophyllites and Lepidodendron, and at the base of the coal measures on the Sewanee Railroad the fossil nut: Trigonocarpon. Wood and leaves are found in the Ripley group in West Tennessee. In the Orange sand appear the following genera: Quercus, Laurus, Prunus, Andromeda, Sapotacites, Eljeagnus, Salix, Jug- laus, Fagus and Ceanothus. On the west side have been found bones of the extinct Mastodon, Megalonyx, Castor and Castoroides. Meiols. — Copper ore is found at Ducktown. The siirface of the coun- try is rolling, and is about 2,000 feet above the sea. Ocoee River crosses this area. The rocks are talcose, chlorite and mica slates, and dip at high angles to the southeast. The ore deposits are great lenticular masses of metal and gangue material, occurring in long ranges or belts, which . have been improperly termed veins. These dip at high angles, and upon the surface is gossan, and below it about ten feet are the black copper ores, and further down are other zones containing more or less copper. Numerous mines have been opened since the discovery of copper in 1843. The ores and minerals found are as follows: Copper pyrites, iron pyrites, 38 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. magnetic pyrites, copper glauce, zinc blende, galena, orthoclase, albite, tremolite, actinolite, diallage, zoisite, calcite, quartz, rutile, garnet, allo- phane, alisonite, bornite, red copper, malacliite, azurite, copperas, blue- stone, black oxide (very valuable), native copper, harrisite, ralitite, limo- nite (gossan). Millions of dollars worth of copper ore have been taken out and shipped away. Nearly every county in East Tennessee contains galenite in small quantities. In Claiborne and Union Counties it occurs particularly abundant. In the latter county, on PowelFs Eiver, between Tazewell and Jacksborough, about sixteen miles from Tazewell, is one of the richest mines. The vein fills a nearly vertical fissure about twenty inches wide, in nearly horizontal rocks, and can be traced nearly a mile. The galenite is associated with zinc blende and pyrite, and occurs in sheets, two or more, having an aggregated thickness of five to ten inches. This mine is typical of the others. Near Charleston galenite was mined by the earlier races, probably Mound-Builders. Veins of galenite occur also in Middle Tennessee, but are of little importance. An important one occurs in Davidson County, near Haysborough, occurring in a gangue of barite. Galenite has also been found among the limestones of West Tennessee. Smithsonite and calamite, two zinc ores, occur in deposits and irregular veins in the dolomites of the Knox group, the most important being in Union, Claiborne and Jefferson Counties. The Steiner locality in Union County is important. The ore outcrops in a belt fifty or sixty feet wide, and runs across a low ridge. Through this ore small veins of Smithsonite and calamite ramify. Gold occurs in East Tennessee in the sands and gravels of creeks which flow over the metamorphic slates of the Ocoee group, and could doubtless be found in the quartz veins of the same group. It has been found in Blount, Monroe and Polk Counties. The most has been found on Coca Creek and vicinity, in Polk County, in a tract eight or ten miles long by two or tliree wide. Gold was first discovered in 1831. Soon afterward the field was tlioroughly explored, and up to 1853 $-16,023 in gold of this locality was deposited in the United States Mint. This gold is derived from the decomposed quartz veins, and has been washed into creek valleys. A quartz bearing gold has lately been found in AVhip-poor-will Creek, the metal appearing in grains or scales in the quartz. Lignite is found in beds in the Mississippi bluffs, and is a mass of dark grayish, laminated, micaceous sand, with lignitic, woody fragments, sticks, leaves, etc. It is also found in Carter County and a few other places. (Jrude petroleum and allied substances have been worked with profit in various places in Tennessee. Maury, Jackson, Overton, Dickson, Wilson, Montgomery, Hickman and other counties furnish it. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 39 The black shale is a great source of these oils, the richest producing from thirty to forty gallons of oil to the ton. The Spring Creek, Over- ton County, wells have yielded most. Thousands of barrels of crude petroleum have been pumped, salt mines have been worked on Calfkiller Creek, and in Anderson, Warren, Van Bm-en, Overton, Jackson and else- where. Sulphur springs occur in some localities. Nitre is found in the numerous caves of the limestones of tlie table-land. Alum is obtained from the black shale, Epsom salts is found in the caves. Gypsum ap- pears in several caves. Barite is found. Copperas was formerly exten- sively madefi'om the protoxide of iron (pyrites) thrown out at the Duck- worth copper mines, also sulphate of copper. Iron pyrites is often found. Black manganese is often found associated with limonite. Marble. — The marbles are very valuable, and are already a great source of wealth. They have been divided as follows: 1, reddish varie- gated fossilif erous marble ; 2, whitish variegated f ossilif erous marble ; 3, dull, variegated magnesian marble ; 4, black and dark-blue marbles ; 5, breccia and conglomerate marbles. The first is the most important and occurs in East, Middle and West Tennessee. Beds have been opened in Henry County, also in Benton and Decatur. In Franklin County are ex- tensive beds. In White County a clouded white marble is obtained. In the valley of East Tennessee the reddish marble occurs in Hawkins, Han- cock, Grainger, Jefferson, Knox, Roane, Blount, Monroe, McMinn and Bradley, and to a more limited extent in Meigs, Anderson, Union and Campbell. It has been extensively quarried, and is a variegated crin- oidal and coralline limestone colored grayish-white or brownish-red and .sometimes pinkish or greenish-red. The most common color is brownish- red more or less mottled with white or gray clouds or spots, due to corals. Large quantites are mined and shipped. It possesses great properties of weather durability and resistance to pressui*e. The whitish marble is a coralline, sparry gray-whitish rock, much of the white ground being mottled with pink or reddish spots. There is no superior building stone in the State than this variety. The other varieties are rarer, but all are good. From the gneiss and white quartz stones of the metamorphic group excellent mill-stones are obtained. The chert of the Knox dolo- mite furnishes fine mill-stones. The Ocoee group produces the best roofing slates. Hydraulic limestone and fire-clay abound. Sulphur, chalybeate, Epsom and alum springs abound. Sulphur springs originate in the black shale. Temperature. — It has been found, through many years' observation, that the mean annual temperature of the Valley of East Tennessee is about 57 degrees, of the Central Basin 58, and of West Tennessee 59^ to GO de- 40 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. V grees, through the central part of the State, east and west. The average annual minimum temperature of Middle Tennessee is 2 degrees, and the average maximum temperatui-e about 94 degrees. The average length of the growing season, between the last killing frost of spring and the first of autumn, is about 194 days. In East Tennessee it is a few days less. Southerly winds are most prevalent, then northerly, and easterly and westerly about the same. The quantity of rain and melted snow varies annually from 43 to 55 inches. These estimates are the best that can be given from the limited observations made in the past. Elevations. — The principal elevations above the sea are as follows, in feet: Stone Mountain range — Cat Face Mountain, 4,913; State Gap, 3,400 ; Taylorsville, 2,395 ; State line in Watauga Valley, 2,131 ; Yellow and Eoane range — Yellow Mountain, 5,158 ; Little Yellow, 5,196 ; Roane — Cold Spring, 6,132"; Grassy Ridge Bald, 6,230; High Knob, 6,306; High Bluff, 6,296 ; Bald Mountain range — -Bald Mountain, 5,550 ; Jonesborough, 1734; Big Butt range — highest points over 5,000 feet; Greenville depot, 1,581; Great Smoky range — Warm Springs, N. C, 1,335; piazza of hotel, Tennessee line on French Broad, 1,264; Indian Grove Gap, 4,288; Man Patch Ga].), 4,392; Bear Wallow Mountain, 4,659; Luftee Knob, 6,238; Thermometer Knob, 6,157; Raven's Knob, 6,230; Tricorner Knob, 6,188; Mount Guyot, 6,636; Mount Henry, 6,373; Mount Alexander, 6,447; South Peak, 6,299; highest peak of Three Brothers, 5,907; Thun- der Knob, 5,682; Laurel Peak, 5,922; Reinhardt Gap, 5,220; top of Richland Ridge, 5,492; Indian Gap, 5,317; Pack's Peak, 6,232; Mount Ocona, 6,135; New Gap, 5,096; Mount Mingus, 5,694; Bullhead group — Mount Le Coute (central peak), 6.612; Mount Curtis (west peak), 6,568; Mount Safford, 6,535; Cross Knob, 5,931; Neighbor, 5,771; Master Knob, 6,013; Tomahawk Gap, 5,450; Alum Cave, 4,971; Rood Gap, 5,271; Mount Collins, 6,188; Collins' Gap, 5,720; Mount Love, 6,443; Clingman 8 Dome, 6,660; Mount Buckley, 6,599; Chimzey Knob, 5,588; Big Stone Mountain, 5,614; Big Cherry Gap, 4,838; Corner Knob, 5,246; Forney Ridge Peak, 5,087; Snaky Mountain, 5,195; Thun- derhead Mountain, 5,520; Eagletop, 5,433; Spence Cabin, 4,910; Turkey Knob, 4,740; Opossum Gap, 3,840; North Bald, 4,711; Central Peak of Great Bald, 4,922; South Peak, 4,708; Tennessee River at Hardin's, 899; Chilhowee Mountain, 2,452; Montvale Springs, 1,293; between Little Tennessee and Hiwassee — Hangover Knob, over 5,300; Haw Knob, over 5,300; Beaver Dam or Tellico Bald, 4,266; south of the Hiwassee the elevation of the chain is reduced to 3,000 to 3,400 feet; Frog Mountain is about 4,226 feet; the Ducktown copper region is about 2,000 feet high. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 41 Along the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway the eleva- tions are as follows: Bristol, 1,678; Union, 1,457; Carter, 1,474; John- son's, 1,643; summit between Chucky and Watauga, 1,841; Jones- borough, 1,736; Limestone, 1,419; FuUens, 1,489; Greeneville, 1,381; Bull's Gap, 1,214; Russellville, 1,260; Morristown, 1,283; Strawberry Plains, 906; Knoxville, 898; Loudon, 819; Athens, 993; Hiwassee Eiver at low water, 684; Cleveland, 878; State line between Tennessee and Georgia, 837; also Clinton, 847; Chattanooga, railroad grade, 675; Tennessee River at Chattanooga, 642; Cumberland Gap, 1,636; Pinna- cle (near gap), 2,680; Elk Gap (surface), 1,702; Cross Mountain Point, 3,370; Gap, 2,875; Cove Creek, 1,041; average bottom of Elk Fork Valley, 1,200; Pine Mountain, 2,200 to 2,400; Tellico Mountain, 2,000 to 2,700; Crab Orchard Mountain, about 3,000; flat summit of Lookout Mountain, 2,154; Raccoon Mountain, back of Whiteside depot, 1,900; Tracy City, 1,847; highest ridges near Tracy City, 2,161; summit of Ben Lomond, 1,910; Tullahoma (grade), 1,070; creek at Manchester, 996; McMinville (depot), 912; Sparta, station, 945; Livingston, station, 966; Hickory Nut Mountain, about 1,400; Murfreesboro depot, 583; Nashville depot grade, 435. Nashville, low water in Cumberland, 365 ; Springfield grade, 659; Gallatin surface, 528; Franklin depot, 642; Columbia depot, 657; Mount Pleasant (creek), ()25; Palo Alto, 1,025; Pulaski, 648 ; Kingston Station, 506 ; highest point on the railroad west fi'om Nashville to the Tennessee River, 915; lowest point on the grade at the Tennessee River, 368; Grand Junction on the west side, 575; Middle- ton, 407; Moscow, 351; Germantowu, 378, Memphis, 245; low water of the Mississippi at Memphis, 170 ; Obion River on the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (grade), 287; Bolivar, 430; Medon, 420; Jackson, 459. 42 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. CHAPTER II. The Mound-Buildees— Etidences of Pre- Historic Occupation— Arguments OF Bancroft and Hildreth— Deductions of Judge Haywood— Com- parison OF Ancient Races and Customs— The Sun Worshipers— The Natchez Tribe — Classification of Earthworks — Representative Mounds of Tennessee -The "Stone Fort "—Contents of the Works— Their Great Age. AT the time of the discovery of the present State of Tennessee by white people, the larger part of it, as well as the larger part of the State of Kentucky, was unoccupied by any Indian tribe. The reason of this state of things will appear as the reader proceeds. But althougli then unoccupied there were found abundant evidences not only of the former presence of Indian tribes but of a still more dense and ancient population, possessing a higher degree of civilization, a more highly de- veloped condition of art, agriculture, warfare and religion, than anjihing of the kind pertaining to any of the aboriginal or Indian tribes, as they are called. These evidences consist of mounds of various shapes and kinds, of fortifications and of burying-grounds, of their contents, relics and re- mains still to be found throughout the valley of the Mississippi, and of the valleys of its tributaries from the Alleghany to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the great lakes, all of which relics and re- mains will be appropriately noticed in the proper connection. But from the existence and frequency of the occurrence of these mounds, the origin and history of which were at least as inexplicable to the aboriginal Iiultan tribes, as to their more intelligent and inductive successors, their erectors and constructors for want of a better name, have been by American histor- ians generally called the "Mound Builders." The most conspicuous exception to this rule is the venerable Bancroft, whose opinions, even if occasionally erronous, are eminently worthy of profound respect. To the historian and especially to the antiquarian, even if in less degree to the general student and reader, is the inquiry pertinent as to the origin of the first inhabitants of America. Bancroft many years ago wrote : " To aid this inquiry the country east of the Missis- sippi has no monuments. The numerous mounds which have been discov- ered in the alluvial valleys of the West, have by some been regarded as the works of an earlier and more cultivated race of men, whose cities have been laid waste, whose language and institutions have been destroyed, or driven HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 43 away ; but the s-tudy of the structure of the earth strips this imposing theory of its marvels. Where imagination fashions relics of artificial walls, geol- ogy sees but crumbs of decaying sandstone, clinging like the remains of mortar to blocks of green stone that rested on it ; it discovers in parallel in- trenchments, a trough that subsiding waters have ploughed through the center of a ridge ; it explains the tessellated pavement to be but a layer of pebbles aptly joined by water ; and, on examining the mounds, and finding them composed of different strata of earth, arranged horizontally to the very edge, it ascribes their creation to the Power that shaped the globe into vales and hillocks. When the waters had gently deposited their al- luvial burden on the bosom of the earth it is not strange that of the fan- tastic forms shaped by the eddies, some should resemble the ruins of a fortress ; that the channel of a torrent should seem even like walls that connected a town with its harbor ; that natural cones should be esteemed monuments of inexplicable toil. But the elements as they crumble the mountain, and scatter the decomposed rocks, do not measure their action as men measure the labor of their hands. The hunters of old, as more recently the monks of La Trappe, may have selected a mound as the site of their dwellings, the aid to their ruvTo fortifications, their watch-towers for gaining a vision of God, or more frequently than all as their burying places. Most of the northern tribes, perhaps all, preserved the bones of their fathers ; and the festival of the dead was the greatest ceremony of Western faith. When Nature has taken to herself her share in the con- struction of the symmetrical hillocks, nothing will remain to warrant the inference of a high civilization that has left its abodes or died away — of an earlier acquaintance with the arts of the Old World. That there have been successive irruptions of rude tribes may be inferred from the insulated fragments of nations which are clearly distinguished by their language. The mounds in the valley of the Mississippi have also been used ; the smal- ler ones perhaps, have been constructed as burial places of a race, of which the peculiar organization, as seen in the broader forehead, the larger fac- ial angle, the less angular figure of the orbits of the eye, the more narrow nose, the less evident projection of the jaws, the smaller dimensions of the palatine fossa, the flattened occiput, bears a surprisingly exact resem- blance to that of tlie race of nobles who sleep in the ancient tombs of Peru. Eetaining the general characteristics of the red race, they differ obviously from the present tribes of Miamis and Wyandots. These moldering bones from hillocks which are crowned by trees that have de- fied the storms of many centuries, raise bewildering visions of migrations of which no tangible traditions exist; but the graves of earth from which they are dug, and the feeble fortifications that are sometimes found in 44 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the vicinity, afford no special evidence of early connection with other continents. 'Among the more ancient works,' says a careful observer, who is not disposed to undervalue the significancy of these silent monu- ments, near which he dwells, and which he has carefully explored, ' there is not a single edifice nor any ruins which prove the existence in former ages of a building composed of imperishable materials. No fragpient of a column, nor a brick, nor a single hewn stone large enough to have been incorporated into a wall, has been discovered. The only relics which re- main to inflame curiosity are composed of earth.' Some of the tribes had vessels made of clay; near Natchez an image was found of a siibstance not harder than clay dried in the sun. These few memorials of other days may indicate revolutions among the barbarous hordes of the Ameri- cans themselves; they cannot solve for the inquirer the problem of their origin." Thus Bancroft while denying the general proposition that there was in the Mississippi Valley anteriorly to its occupation by Indians, a race of Mound Builders, as that term is generally understood, yet admits that there may have been a race who may have constructed the smaller mounds, as burial places, and Avhose general physical characteristics bore a strik- ingly exact resemblance to that of the race of nobles who sleep in the ancient tombs of Peru. But other authorities, notably Winchell, the author of "Preadamites," hold, from the evidences which they have accu- mulated, that not only was the entire Mississippi Valley inhabited by an agricultural population of greater or less density, but such population possessed an entirely different physical structure and entirely different habits and civilization than these possessed by the Indian tribes. If the latter were the descendants of the earlier race of Mound Builders suf- ficient time elapsed between them to change the stature, cranial develop- ment and pursuits. It is well established that, while the Indians pro- fessed ]io knowledge of the construction of the greater number of the mounds, they themselves built them for probably the same purpose as the Mound Builders. Another celebrated American historian, Hildreth, expresses himself with reference to the inferences to be drawn from the existence of the mounds in the following language : "These memorials consist of embank- ments of earth and stone exhibiting indisputable evidence of design and were sometimes of very great extent. Some of them were located along the brows of hills or upon the precipitous edges of ravines enclosing consid- erable table-land, and were evidently designed as works of defense. Others still more numerous, extensive and elaborate were most probably con- nected with religious ideas. In various places they present curious basso- //'^ :. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 45 reliei'os, birds, beasts, reptiles and even men; more generally enclosures of various sorts, perfect circles or squares and parallel lines of great extent, the embankments being from five to thirty feet in height, and the enclosures fi'om one to fifty or even to four hundred acres; other classes of structures connected with or separate from those just mentioned, increasing in number toward the south, conical and pyramidal structures, from a few yards to hundreds in diameter and from ten to ninety feet in height occasionally terraced like the Mexican teocallis. Some of these were for sepulchral purposes, others were doubtless mounds of sacrifice. Connected with these ancient monuments are found remnants of pottery, and weapons and utensils of stone, axes and ornaments of copper; but nothing which indicates a higher civilization than that possessed by the Indians. Yet the extent and number of these earth erections, of which there are but few traces east of the AUeghanies, which region was the most populous when discovered by Europeans, evinces the combined labor of many hands, of a kind of which no trace has ever been found among the aboriginal tribes." All Avriters on American antiquities infer fi-om the existence of these antiquities the existence of a race of Mound Builders. Accepting this conclusion as settled there still remain the puzzling problems as to whence they came, how long they remained and when and whither they went. Other authors, besides Judge Haywood, have made strong attempts at a solution from the scanty evidence at hand. His attempt, though exceedingly interesting and ingenious, lias not been generally recognized as final. He labors assiduously to sliow various similarities between the Hindoos and Egyptians, and then to show the similarities between Mexi- cans and Peruvians and the Hindoos and Persians. All of these nations called their rulers the children of the sun. The Mexicans and Hindoos both divided the people into four castes. The state of property was also the same in Persia, Egypt and Peru, one-third set apart as sacred to the God they worshiped, one-third to the sovereign and one-third to the people. The religion of the Mexicans and of the Hindoos was also similar. The Hindoos have a irimurti consisting of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. From Hindostan this idea or conception of a triune God traveled into Egypt, and thence to the Hebrew nation, Greece and Rome, and if the same deified trinity be found in America it is legitimate to refer it to the same Hindoo origin, at least until a better be assigned. * The representations of the Mexican god Hialzettipocli very strikingly resemble that of the Hindoo god Krishna. The masque of the Mexican priest is represented in Mexico. He is drawn as sacrificing a human victim, a sacrifice which all worshipers of the sun everywhere make. 3 40 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The masque represents an elephant's trunk, similar to the head so often seen portrayed in Hindostan. As no elephants exist in America it is reasonable to conclude that the 'design was brought from Asia. Various coincidences are seized upon to show the possible derivation of the relig- ion of the Mexicans from that of the Hindoos. Among the latter the conch shell is used as a symbolical representation of Vishnu, and also in the worship of that deity. The conch shell is similarly used by the Mex- icans in their worship of the god of the ocean, which they adore equally with the sun. And the little conch shells found in the graves of the ancient inhabitants of the Mississippi Valley indicate similar religious belief and ceremonies. Multitudinous ablutions are alike used by both. The sacred buildings of the Mexicans are similar to the same buildings, and the pyramids of Egypt and India and the temple of Belus. The tower of Babel and the great temple of Mexico Avere each dedicated to two divinities. The similarity of the construction of the pyramids of Mexico is worthy of notice, those in both countries being square and so built as to almost exactly face the four cardinal points of the compass; those in Egpyt being precisely coincident with the true meridian, and those in Mexico varying only by fifty-two seconds of arc. The cosmical history of the Mexicans is the same as that of the Hindoos, both believ- ing, to illustrate, that the world Avould be destroyed by a general confla- gration, and mankind having all derived it from the prophecy of Noah.* The vernacular customs of both Hindoos and Mexicans were the same both as to those relative to religion and as to those relating to the com- mon concerns of life. The titles the sun, the brother of the sun, the chil- dren of the sun, were given to the princes of Peru and of Mexico and of the Natchez, and are the same as those anciently given to the princes of Persia, India, Ceylon and China. The Mexican year consisted of 365 days, six hours, and the day began with the rising of the sun, as was like- wise the case with the Persians and Egpytians, as well as the greater j)art of the nations of Asia. The Egyptians did not know of the year consist- ing of 365 days in the time of Moses nor until 1322 B. C. In the time of Plato, 384 B. C, they discovered that a year consists of 365 days, six hours. The people of America called the constellation now universally known as the Great Bear by a name which signifies the bear, a name first given to this constellation by the Egpytians and some Asiatic people. Such facts as these afford indxibitable proof that the astronomy of the Mexicans was not of their own invention, but was learned by them from the countries wlience they immigrated. They also were familiar with certain Scriptural traditions ; as the fall of man, and the connection of the •Genesis ix: 11 to 15. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 47 serpent with tliat fall ; of a great flood overwhelming the earth from which only a single family escaped, and also of a great pyramid erected by the pride of man, and destroyed by the auger of the gods. But they have no tradition of any thing that occurred on the eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean later than the building of the tower of Babel. The Mexicans therefore could not have learned them from the writings of Moses or they would also have known of the history of Abraham and of the Israelites as well as of the facts to which such traditions relate. Hence they must have left the Old World before the writings of Moses came into exist- ence, or they must have lived for a time in some part of Asia, where, on 'j account of the prevailing idolatry, the writings of Moses could not pene- w trate, but yet where they had access to the astronomical learning of the ^f Chaldeans after 384 B. C. ^ At the time of Moses all . the civilized nations of Asia worshiped the ^ sun, as the numerous places named Baal with an affix abuudgintly testify, "^ as Baalath, Baalpeor, etc., and so far were his many and earnest injunc- -^ tions from subduing their disposition to this worship, that even Solomon, i who lived 500 years after Moses' time, and who was the wisest of princes, embraced the idolatrous worship of the sun. It is fair to presume that sun-worshipers follow the same customs all over the world. Sun-wor- shipers, wherever they are known to practice this form of idolatry, build high places, enclosing them in open courts, and upon these high places erect houses for their idols, placing the idols within the houses. Upon these high places they burnt incense to Baal, to the sun, to the moon, to the planets and to the hosts of heaven. Upon these high places they made sacrifices of human beings, even of their sons and daughters, to the sun, and made their children pass through the fire to their idols. In Scotland a ceremony used to be celebrated on the 1st of May (O. S. ), the inhabitants of a district assembling in the field, digging out a square trench, in which they built a fire and baked a cake, and then cutting the cake into as many pieces as there were persons, and blacking one with charcoal, all were thrown into a bag, out of which each person, blind- folded, drew a piece, the one drawing the black piece was sacrificed to Baal (some say made to leap through the fire three times) to propitiate him for the coming year. This is the same ceremony as was practiced by Manasseh, the sixteenth King of Judah, who made his sons pass through the fire to Moloch. Certain worshipers of the sun kept the festival of Tammuz, at the time of the summer solstice, the same time at which the southern Indians celebrated the green corn dance The Mexicans had pikes pointed with copper which appeared to have been hardened with an amalgam of tin, and they had among them car- 48 " HISTOllY OF TENNESSEE. penters, masons, weavers and founders. The Peruvians used mattocks of hardened wood and bricks dried in the sun. They had the art of smelt- ing ore. and of refining silver, of which they made domestic utensils. They had also hatchets of copper made as hard as iron, but they did not worship idols. They carried the idols of the people they conquered to their temple of the sun at Cusco. Hence the mounds upon which images have been found in the Mississippi Valley can not be ascribed to the Peruvians. The question remains, can they be ascribed to the Mex- icans or to a similar race? All the nations west of the Mississippi when they first became known to Europeans were worshipers of the sun, and were governed by despotic princes — two prominent circumstances in which they differed fi'om the Indians who lived on the Great Lakes and on the east side of the AUe- ghanies. At this time the Natchez tribe of. Indians occupied almost the entire eastern part of the Mississippi Valley south of the Ohio River, and a portion of that north of this river, and most of tlie mounds Avere the limits of their settlements. They^were governed by one man who styled himself the child of the sun, or the sun, and upon his breast was the image of that luminary. His wife was called the wife of the sun, and like him was clothed with absolute authority. When either of these rul- ers died, the guards killed themselves in order to 'attend them in the other world. They had one temple for the entire nation and when on one occa- sion it caught fire, some mothers threw their children into the flames to st-^p their progress. Some families were considered noble and enjoyed hereditary flignity, while the great body of the people were considered vile. Their great chief, the descendant of the sun, the sole object of their worship, they approached with religious veneration, and honored him as the representative of their deity. In their temples, which were constructed with some magnificence, they kept up a perpetual fire as the purest emblem of their divinity. The Mexicans and the people of Bo- gota were worshipers of the sun and moon, and had temples, altars, priests and sacrifices. The name of the Natchez melted away, and their decline seemed to keep pace with the wasting away of the Mexican em- pire. The Natchez were partially destroyed in a battle with the French, east of the Mississippi, and fifter their retreat up Red River, west of the Mississippi, they were finally conquered, their women and children re- duced to slavery and distributed among the plantations, and the men themselves sent to serve as slaves in San Domingo. Tlie Natchez were the most highly polished and civilized of any race of Indians. Tliey had an established religion and a regular priesthood. The usual distinctions created by rank were understood and observed, in HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 49 which particulars they differed from the Indians north of the Ohio and east of the Alleghanies, They were seldom engaged in any but defensive wars and did not deem it glorious to destroy the human species. They were just, generous and humane, and attentive to the wants of the needy; and it is probable they inhabited all the country from the Mississippi eastward to the Alleghanies and northward to the Ohio. In the light of more recent investigations, although Judge Haywood's line of argument is that necessarily followed by naturalists, and although the facts brought to light by him are yet as valuable as though his theory were impregnable, yet it was necessary for him to assume untenable positions in order to make it appear reasonable that the Natchez were the Mound Builders. In all probability this tribe occupied a territory much smaller than that supposed by him, viz. : the entire eastern half of the Mississippi Valley south of the Ohio River. But even if his supposition in this respect were true, there are many thousands of mounds outside of these limits, in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In this latter State the mounds appear to be of a kind peculiar to that location, being so constructed as to show they were designed to be effigies of most of the various kinds of quadrupeds known in the country, as well as fishes, reptiles and birds. Of these perhaps the most remarkable is the "Big Elephant Mound," a few miles below the mouth of the Wisconsin River, in Wisconsin. From its name its form may be inferred. It is 135 feet in length and otherwise properly proportioned. It scarcely seems prob- able that the people who constructed these mysterious mounds could have represented an elephant or a mastodon without having seen#one, and it is perhaps justly inferable that the "Big Elephant Mound" was con- structed in the days of the mastodon. If this be true it is eloquent in its ai-gumsnt for the immense age of the mounds, as geologists are gen- erally agreed that the mastodon lived not much later than the Pliocene era. Another fact attesting the great age of these most interesting relics is this: The human bones found therein, except those of a later and probably intrusive burial, are not in a condition to admit of removal, as they crumble into dust upon exposure to the air; while human bones are removed entire from British fuinuli known to belong to ages older than the Christian era, and frequently from situations much less conducive to preservation than those in the mounds, and in addition the mounds are rarely found upon the most recently formed terraces of the rivers. The selection of sites for the location of these mounds appears to have been guided by the location of soils capable of cultivation, and by accessibility to navigable streams; the same situations have since fre- quently been selected by pioneers of civilization as the centers of settle- 50 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. inent and trade. While the purpose for which some of these mounds were erected is sometimes doubtful, as is the case with the "animal mounds" in AVisconsin, a few in Ohio, and some in the valley of the Arkan- sas, yet as to many of them which have been carefully explored there is less doubt, aiid they are divided according to the uses to which they were probably devoted. All the earthworks found in Tennessee belong to one of the classes below. Mounds are numerous in West Tennessee, on the Cumberland, on both Big and Little Tennessee, on French Broad,on Duck and on the Elk. The earthworks have been classified by an eminent anti- q^uarian* as follows: ("Sepulchral. Templar. Mounds ■{ Sacrificial. I Memorial. [Observatory. Earthworks. \ ^^^,^^ ] EmWematic. I ( Symbolical. I ( Military. i Inclosures ■< Covered. ( Sacred. One of these mounds is in the immediate vicinity of Nashville, upon which Monsieur Charleville, the French trader, had his store in 1714, when the Shawanee Indians were driven away by the Cherokees and Chick- asaws. Very large burying grounds lay between fhis mound and the river ; thence westwardly and then to the creek. The great extent of the burying ground, and the vast number of interments therein, induce the belief that a population once resided there many times greater than that now occupying that portion of the State, and suggested the idea that the cemetery was in the vicinity of the mound because the mound was used for religious purposes. About fourteen miles up the Cumberland above Nashville is a mound twelve to thirteen feet high. Upon excavation ashes were found mixed with lime and substances resemblino: human bodies after beinsf burned. On Big Harpetli River, near the mouth of Dog Creek, is a square mound, 47x47 feet and 25 feet high and in a row with it two others from 5 to 10 feet high. At some distance are three others in a row parallel with the first, the space between resembling a public square. All around the bend of the river, except at a place of entrance, is a wall on the mar- gin of the river, the mounds being within the area enclosed by the wall. AVithin this space is a reservoir of water about fifteen feet square. On the top of the large mound was found an image eighteen inches long from head to foot composed of soapstone. The trees standing upon the mounds are very old ; a poplar tree was five or six feet in diameter. ^Isaac Smucker in "Ohio Statistics." HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 51 Higher up the river and within a mile of those just described is another bend in the river. In this bend, on the south side of the river, is a mound of the same size as the larger one described above. Near this mound were found a large number of pine knots. As there were then no pine woods within five or six miles it is supposed that these pine knots are the remains of the old field pines, which grew to full size after cultivation had deserted this region, and falling there decayed. The soil renewed its richness, and the present gro^vth, consisting of oaks, poplars and maples, succeeded that renewal. Allowing 250 years for the growth of the pines, 50 years for the renewal of the soil and 350 years for the I)resent growth, 650 years have passed since the commencement of the growth of the pines. Hence those pines must have begun to grow about the year 1240,. which again shows the great age of the mounds. In Sumner County, in a circular enclosure between Bledsoe's Lick and Bledsoe's Spring branch, is a wall from fifteen to eighteen inches high, with projecting angular elevations of the same height, the wall enclosing about sixteen acres. AVithin the enclosure is a raised platform from thirteen to fifteen feet above the common surface, about 200 yards from the south wall. This platform is sixty yards wide, is level on the top and joins a mound which is twenty feet square and eighteen feet above the common level. In 1785 a black oak tree three feet through was growing on the top of this mound. About 1815 there was plowed up on top of the mound an image made of sandstone. The breast was that of a female and prominent, and the color was that of a dark infusion of coffee. Near this mound was a cave, which at the time of its discovery contained a great number of human skulls, without the appearance of any other portions of the! human skeleton near them. In Williamson County, northwardly from Franklin, on the north side of Little Harpeth, are walls of dirt running north from the river. In 1821 they were four or five feet high, and from 400 to 500 yards long, the inclosure containing about fifty acres. AVithin this inclosure are three mounds standing in a row from north to south, all nearly of the same size. Within this inclosure is a large number of graves, some of the bones in which were very large. In the same county on the south side of Big Harpeth, about three miles from Franklin, is an ancient entrenchment nearly in the form of a semi-circle, containing about twenty acres. Within the inclosure made by this entrenchment and the bluff are several mounds of different shapes and sizes, fi'om six to ten feet high and fi'om ten to twelve yards wide. Besides these are other mounds nearly round and ten yards in diameter. The largest of the mounds of ,the first class is sixty-eight feet wide and 52 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 148 feet long and about ten feet high. The trees within the enclosure are as large as those of the surrounding country. In Hickman County, at the junction of Piney Eiver with Duck Riyer, is an enclosure containing twenty-fiv-e or thirty mounds, one of which is about fifteen feet high, round and somewhat raised on top, but yet flat enough to build a house on. At the base it is about thirty or forty yards across. There are numerous mounds in the bottoms? of Duck River, and caves containing human bones. In Lincoln County, near Fayetteville, below the mouth of Norris Creek, are a wall and a ditch proceeding from a point on the river circu- larly till it returns to the river, forming an enclosure of about ten acres. Within this enclosure are mounds six or eight feet high. On the outside of the wall and joined to it are angular projections about'180 feet apart and extending outward about ten feet. On one of these angular pro- jections stood a black oak tree, which, wlien cut down, exposed 260 annu- lar rings. In Warren County are numerous mounds fifteen feet high. Eight miles south from McMinnville, on Collins River, is a mound thirty feet high, with a flat top, containing about one and a half acres of ground. On either side of the mound toward the north and south is a ditch about twenty feet wide and four feet deep at present, extending parallel and terminating at each end at a high bluif. On the mounds were large stumps indicating trees of a very great age. In Roane County is a mound thirty feet high, having a flat top and a regular ascent from bottom to top. The summit contains one-fourth of an acre, and all around the summit there was a stone wall about two feet high. It is on the south side of the Tennessee River. Across the Tennessee facing the mound is a high bluff, upon which three figures are painted with black and red colors fi-om the waist upward. One of the figures is that of a female. On the French Broad River, about one mile above the mouth of the Nollichucky, is a mound thirty feet high, with old trees at the top. In the third section of the fourth range of the Tenth District of the Chickasaw Purchase are seven mounds, one of them seventeen feet high and about 140 feet across. Seven miles southwest of Hatchie River and about fifty miles east of the Mississippi, in a fertile part of the country, are three mounds enclosed by an intrenchment from ten to thirty feet wide. Two miles soutli of the south fork of Forked Deer River and about fifty miles east of the Mississippi, is a mound fifty-seven feet high and over 200 feet across. On the south side of Forked Deer River, about forty miles west of the Tennessee, is a mound about 100 rods in diameter HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ~)S at the base, the summit containing about four acres, ami in this part of the country are a great number of mounds besides. On the north bank of tlie Holston River five miles above tiie mouth of French Broad, are six mounds on half an acre of ground, irregularly scattered. The bases of these mounds are from ten to thirty feet in diameter, the largest one ten feet higli. Near these mounds on a bluff 100 feet high are painted in red colors the figures of the sun and moon, birds, fishes, etc. The contents of the mounds are sometimes of consideraV)le interest. In 1821 the Oharleville mound near Nashville was opened, and pottery of Indian fabrication was found, as also the jaw boiie of some unknown caruiverous animal, and small fragments of liones thought t(^ be human. About four feet from the summit was found a layer of charcoal about two inches thick and extending outward from the center of the mound from eight to ten feet. The inference was that a fire had been built on top of the mound, and after the fuel had been consumed, fresli dirt carried in earthen jars and laid on the ashes before they had time to blow away, the fragments of these jars being seen through every part of the mound. The object for which the mound Avas raised can only be conjectured. It could not have been for a throne for the ruler of the nation, for savaires are not thus devoted to their leaders. It could not have been for mili- tary purposes, for to be placed on the mound would be only to be more exposed to the enemy's missiles. It could not have been for a tower, for there was no narrow pass near it to be guarded. It therefore seems prob- able that it could only be for religious purposes. In the mounds near Bledsoe's Lick fCastalian Springs), in Sumner County, were found ashes, pottery ware, flint, muscle shells, periwinkles, coal, etc. In making an excavation in one of these mounds there was found two feet below the surface a layer of ashes fourteen inches thick. In proceeding doA\T2ward there were found twenty-eight layers of ashes, alter- nating with clay, the ashes being of a blackish color. At eight feet below the summit of the mound was found the skeleton of a child, the surround- ings bearing evidence of careful Inirial. The skeleton was in quite a de- cayed state. At its feet was a jug of sand-stone capable of holding about a gallon. Small pieces of decayed human bones were also found, and also the jaw-bone of some unknown animal with a tusk attached, the tusk being of the same form as that of the mastodon. There were found also the bones of birds, arrow points, and flints at the depth of eighteen feet, and pottery, some of which was glazed, isinglass, and burnt corn-cobs. At the depth of nineteen feet were found a piece of a corn-cob and some small pieces of cedar almost entirely decayed. 5-1 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Near Nashville, probably about the year 1800, there was dug up an imasre. The base of this im lije was a flat circle from which rose a some- what elongated globular figure terminating at the top with the figure of a female head. The features of the face were Asiatic, probably a resem- blance of the Mound Builders themselves. The crown of the head was covered with a cap or ornament, shaped into a pyramidal figure, with a flattened circular summit ending at the apex in a rounded button. Another image was found about twelve miles south from Nashville, of sculptured stone, representing a woman sitting with hands under her chin and elbows on her knees. It was well proportioned, neatly formed and highly polished. Two others were found near Clarksville, one of an old man the other of an old woman. In 1883 a roughish stone image was found on the farm of Dr. W. H. Garman, seven miles from Franklin, Williamson County. This is the image of a person sitting with limbs draAvn close to the body and hands upon knees, and with the features resembling somewhat the supposed appearance of the Mound Builders. This image is now in the possession of the Tennessee Historical Society at Nashville. In a cave about six miles from Carthage on the Cumberland E-iver were found a number of human skeletons, one of which was that of a female with yellow hair, and having around the wrist a silver clasp Avith letters in- scribed resembling those of the Greek alphabet. This was in 1815. But perhap the most interesting relics found in Tennessee, in the form of human skeletons, were discovered in 1811 in a cave in AVarren County, about twenty miles from McMinnville. These were of two human beings, one male the other female. They liad been buried in baskets the construc- tion of which was evidence of considerable mechanical skill. Both bodies were dislocated at the hips and were placed erect in the baskets, each, of which had a neatly fitting cover of cane. The flesh of these persons was entire and undecayed, dry and of a brown color. Around the female, next to her body, was placed a well dressed deer-skin, and next to this was a mantle composed of the bark of a tree and feathers, the bark being com- posed of small strands well twisted. The mantle or rug was aboxit six feet long and three feet wide. She had in her hand a fan made from the tail feathers of a turkey, and so made as to be opened and closed at pleas- ure. The hair remaining on the heads of both was entire, and that upon the head of the female, who appeared to have been about fourteen years old at the time of her death, was of a yellow color and a very fine texture. Hence the individuals were thought to have been of European or Asiatic extraction. "With reference to the mantles in wliich these ])odies were enclosed it may be remarked that the Florida Indians met with by De HLSTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 55 ■Soto in his wanderings "adorned themselves with mantles made of feathers, or in a textile fabric of some woody fiber," and " wore shoes and , clothing made from skins which they dressed and colored with great skill."* It appears also that certain Indians were acquainted with some kind of rude art of preserving the bodies of the dead, for, in 1528, Pamphilo de Narvaez and his company in a reconnoissance along the coast near Tampa Bay, Fla., " came upon a little Indian village, where they found some bodies in a sort of mummified condition, the sacred remains, no doubt, of the ancestors of the chiefs of the tribe, "f Thus the mantles and the mummified condition of these bodies might perhaps be considered suffi- ciently accounted for, but there remains the question of the color and fineness of the texture of the hair to be solved. Numbers of the constructions by the Mound Builders were evidently for other than sacrificial or religious purposes. On the south branch of Forked Deer River between the Tennessee and Mississippi Pivers is the appearance of what tlie people there call an ancient fortification. It is 250 yards square. The wall is made of clay and is eight feet above the general level. Trees as large as any in the surrounding county are growing on the top and sides of the wall. Within this wall is an ancient mound eighty-seven feet high, circular in form except at the top where it is square and fifty feet each way. In Stewart County, near the junction of Spring Branch with Wells Creek is a fortification about ninety feet square, with bastions twelve feet square at the opposite corners. Large white oak and liickory trees are growing on the walls and bastions. But perhaps the most interesting of all the ancient constructions in Tennessee is what is everywhere known as the "Old Stone Fort." This fort is in Coffee County, at the verge of the highlands one mile from Manchester, just above the junction of Barren Fork and Taylor's Fork of Duck Biver. The fort itself is in the form of an irregular oval. On the east and west sides of it the water falls from precipice to precipice until the fall is 100 feet in a half mile. The fort is a wonderful struc- ture. The walls are composed of boulders, conglomerate and debyis from the beds of the two streams, and earth. The embankment has a base of thirty feet and when built it was doubtless higher tliaii the men who made it. The amount of material which entered into its construction is immense, and a corresponding amount of labor Avas required to do the work. Thirty years ago the ground was very heavily timbered with poplar, chestnut and hickory, ranging from three to five feet in diameter. Trees as large as could be found anywhere in the vicinity were standing *Bryant. tibid. 56 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. immediately on the embankment, and it is manifest that at the time of the building of the fort there was not a tree nor shrub to be found in the vicin- ity. In the diagram A repre- sents the entrance into the fort, B a semi-circular embankment to cover the entrance, and C an excavation about 100 feet deep extending from one river to the other. Whether this excavation was made by man or nature can not now be known, but specula- tion favors the hypothesis that it was made by man. The an- tiquity of the fort is indubit- able. Nothing has ever been found about the fort to furnish the least clue to its origin. It could not have been, as has been suggested, the work of De Soto and his men, for in the first place they were probably much farther south when they passed its longitude, and second it would have required half a life- time to do the work, and then they would have had no use for it when made. In addition to these considerations it is shown to have been in existence before De Soto visited this country. On the 7th of August, 1819, Col. Andrew Erwin, on whose land the fort was, caused to be cut down a white oak tree. Maj. Murray and himself counted 357 annular rings in this tree, which was growing on the wall. How long it was after the building of the wall before the tree began to grow it is of course impossible to know. It may have been one hundred or a thousand years. But if no interval be allowed, which however cannot be supposed, the fort can not have been erected later than 357 years previous to 1819, or 1462, thirty years before Columbus discovered America, and seventy-eight years before De Soto made his famous tour of exploration. Thus again do we arrive at an immense age for these works, and it is also fair to presume that the fort was built when this section of the country was thickly inhabited. Many other remains and relics of great interest, especially to the anti- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. . 57 quarian, have been found within this State. Enough has been presented to show that the Mound Builders, whencesoever and whenever they may have come, were a numerous, intelligent, religious, agricultural and, to a considerable degree, a warlike people, at least so far as defensive wars are concerned ; that they occupied the country probably for many centur- ies ; that they were driven out by a race superior in numbers and probably in the art of war, but inferior in intellect; that they can scarcely have lived in this country later than 1,000 or 1,200 A. D. ; that when driven out they probably moved southward into Mexico, Central and South Am- erica, and they may possibly have been the ancestors of, or have been absorbed by, some Central American or South American race. CHAPTER III. TnE Indian Races— Dialects and Traditions— Geographical Tribal Lo- cation— French AND Spanish Settlements— Establishment of the First Fort— Sava(}e Atrocities— The Fort Loudon Massacre— Destruction OF Indian Villages and Fields—" The Beloved Toavn"— Peace and Ces- sion Treaties— Battle of Point Pleasant— Border Wapj5— Expeditions OF Rutherford and Christian— " The Lower ToWns "— SfeviER's Cam- paigns—Reservations AND Boundary Lines— Thrilling Frontier Inci- dents-Indian Affairs on the Cumberland— Robertson's Exertions— The Coldwater and Nickajack Expeditions— Treaty Stipulations— The Unicoi Turnpike Company— The Hiwassee Lands— The Western Purchase— Exodus. THE race of red men having the earliest claim to the territory now em- ])raced within the limits of Tennessee, was the Iroquois, or Confeder- acy of Six Nations, though it was for the most part unoccupied by them. The Achalaques had a kind of secondary, or perhaps it may be called permissory claim to it. In Schoolcraft's great work on the Indian races of North America is a map showing the location of the various Indian tribes in the year 1600, which, if authentic, proves that the Achalaques then occupied most of Tennessee east of the Tennessee Eiver, and also small portions of Georgia and Alabama, and a considerable portion of Kentucky. The ancient Achalaques were the same tribe or nation as tiie modern Cherokees. They have no I in their language, and hence substitute the letter r therefore, in a manner similar to that in which the modern Chinaman substitutes I for r. Then by a few other slight and obvious changes the name Cherokee is easily obtained. But the fii-st actual Indian occupants of this territory, of which history or tradition fur- 58 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. nishes any account, were the Shawanees, or Shawanoes as they were earlier known. With respect to the origin of the Shawanees it is proper to observe that they and the Algonquins are the only tribes of Indians, having a tradition of an origin from beyond the seas — of a landing from a sea voy- age. John Johnson, Esq., who was for many years prior to 1820 agent for the Shawanee.s, observes, in a letter dated July 7, 1819, that they migrated from west Florida and parts adjacent to Ohio and Indiana, where they were then located : '•The people of this nation have a tradition that their ancestors crossed the sea. They are the only tribe with which I am acquainted who ad- mit a foreign origin. Until lately they kept yearly sacrifices for their safe arrival in this country. From where they came or at what period they arrived in America they do not know. It is a prevalant opinion among them that white people had inhabited Florida who had the use of iron tools. Blackhoof, a celebrated Indian chief, informs me that he has even heard it spoken of by old people that stumps of trees covered with earth were frequently found which had been cut down with edged tools.'" About the year 1600 the Five Nations were settled near the site of Montreal, Canada, having come probably from the north or northwest. There were among them, as well as among other races, several traditions relative to the extirpation of an ancient race of people. The tradition of the Indians northwest of tlie Ohio was that Kentucky had been inhal)- ited by white people, and that they had been exterminated by war. The Sac Indians had a tradition that Kentucky had been the scene of much blood. The ancient inhabitants, they said, were white, and possessed arts of which the Indians were entirely ignorant. Col. McGee was told by an Indian that it was a current tradition among the Indians that Ohio and Kentucky had once been inhabited by Avhite people who possessed arts not understood by the Indians, and that after many severe conflicts they had been exterminated. The various sources from Avhich this tradition comes is evidence of its very general existence among the Aborigines more, perhaps, than of its truth. The Shawanees, who came from the Savannah River, whose name was once the Savannachers, and after whom the Savannah River received its name, at one time claimed the lands on the Cumberland River. This was, however, at a later period in their history, when their name had been changed from the Savannachers to the Shawanoes. The French called both the tribe and the river the Chauvanon, or Shauvanon. The Chero- kees, as was stated above, also asserted a claim to the same land, but al- ways acknowledged the superior claim of the Iroquois, who themselves HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 59 claimed tlie country by right of conquest. For many years both Shaw- nees and Cherokees maintained against each other a bloody contest for its possession ; but being so nearly equal in strength and prowess, neither could gain any decided advantage over the other. At length both na- tions, fearing the results of a continuation of the conflict, refrained from going upon the lands between the Cumberland and the Kentucky and Ohio, for which reason this beautiful section of "^he country became an immense, luxuriant park, abounding in game of every kind perfectly safe from the arrows of the savages, who fearfully observed this as a neutral ground. When this great and unusual abundance of game became known to white hunters belonging to the English and French pioneers, they soon began to resort thither for the purpose of enriching themselves with the skins and furs of the bear, the deer, the otter and the mink, to to be S(^ easily and so plentifully obtained. Gen. Robertson learned that about a century and a half before his time the Shawanees had by degrees returned to the lauds on the Cumberland, were scattered to the west- ward as far as the Tennessee, and even considerably to the north. About the year 1710, being much harassed by the Cherokees, they came to the determination to permanently leave the country. The Chickasaws were at that time occupying the country to the south- west, in the western part of Tennessee and thenorthern part of Mississippi. According to their own tradition they came from west of the Mississippi. When about to start eastward from their ancient home they were provided with a large dog as a guard and a pole as a guide. The dog would give them warning of the approach of an enemy, to defend themselves against whom they could then prepare. The pole they set up in the ground every night, and the next morning they would look at it and go in the direction it leaned. They continued their journey thus until they crossed the Mississippi River, and until they arrived on the waters of the Ala- bama where Huntsville is now located. There the pole was unsettled for several days, but finally becoming steady it leaned in a northwest direc- tion, and in consequence they resumed their journey toward the north- west, planting the pole every night as before until they arrived at the place called " Chickasaw Old Fields," where the pole stood perfectly erect. All then came to the conclusion that they had reached the promised land. In this location they remained until 183.7 or 1838, when they migrated west of the State of Arkansas. When the pole was in its unsettled condition a part of the tribe moved on eastward and joined the Creeks. They always afterward declined the invitation to reunite with the majority of their tribe, but always remained friendly until they had intercourse with the whites. The great dog was <50 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. lost in crossing the Mississippi, and the Chickasaws always believed that he fell into a large sink- hole and there remained. They said they could hear him howl at night, and so long as this continued whenever they took any scalps from an enemy they sent boys back with the scalps to throw to the doo-. In traveling from the West they have no recollection of hav- molicy of defense against the warlike Indians, Col. Grant arrived at Charleston with the British regulars (Mirl)' in 1.7<)1, and in company with a, provincial regiment raised f(U* the ])nr])oso, marcluHl for tlu^ Ch(U"okeo country. Among the field oflicors of this regiment were Middlc^ton, Laurens, Moultrie, Marion, Hu- ger and Pickens. Col. (Ji-iuit arrived with his (Command at Fort Prince George May 27, 1701. Attakullakulla, hearing of the apjn-oacli of this formidabhi army, hastened to the camp of Col. Grant, and vainly ]>roposed terms of peacu^; but knowing too wt^ll tlni story of Cherokee perfidy, tlie Colonel was deterftiined on severer measures Hum a treaty, tlie terms of Avhich were so soon forgotten. A fierce battle Avas therefore fought near the town t)f Etchowee on the same ground where a year before Montgom- ery was practically defeated. The engagement raged three hours, until the perseverance and bravery of the soldiers expelled the Cherokees from the field. After tho battle their granaries and corn fields were destroyed, and their wretclunl fainilies driven to the barrc^u niountains. Tiieir Avar- like spirit was for a time subdued, a,nd af, ilu^ eai-nest solicitation of Atta- kullakulla, the old and fi-iendly chic^f, peace was once more restored and ratified. The peace which succeeded this victory over the Cherokees brought with it a remarkable increase of population and prosperity. In 17(57, upon the application of the Cherokee nation, and at the rec- ommendation of Gov. Ti-yon, an a[)[)lication was made by North Carc^lina for the running of a dividing line lu^tween the western settlements of the Province and the hunting grounds of the Cherokees, the tribe of Indians most closely identified with the history of Tennessee. They were a formidable tribe, both with regard to numbers and to warlike prowess. The early history of this State is fall of incidents illustrative of tlieir courageous, revengeful and perfidious spirit. It had been found impos- sible to reconcile them with the Tuscaroras. AVlien tlie attempt was HISTOliY OF TENNESSEE. ()9 made the Cherokees replied: " We can not live without war. Should we make peace with the Tuscaroras we must immediately look out for some other nation with whom ^ve may he euga<^ed in our l)eloved occupation." Animated by this sentiment they were constantly acting on the offensive. In the earlier ma[)S of the country the Tennessee River is called the Cherokee, as the Cumberland was early called the Shawanee, and similarly the name of this tribe was applied to the mountains near them, the word Currahee being only a corruption of Cherokee. They had almost uni- versally been conquerors in their wars with other nations, and their coji- tinued success made them arrogant, quarrelsome and defiant. About the year 1709 they took offense at the Chickasaws and made a hostile inva- sion of their country. At the Chickasaw Old Fields the inoffensive but brave Chickasaws met them with great spirit, the result being a sanguin- ary conflict and the total defeat of the Cherokees, who retired to their own village beyond the Cumberland and the Caney Fork. This defeat, occurring about the same time with the settlement on the Watauga, doubtless contributed much to the peaceful demeanor of the Indians to- ward that infant and feeble colony, and hence to its success. One of the institutions of most Indian tribes was tlie city of refuge, which, if a murderer or other criminal could once enter, Avas a sure pro- tection against punishment so long as he remained within its limits. Chota, five miles above the ruins of Fort Loudon was the city of refuge for the Cherokees. On a certain occasion an Englishman, after killing an Indian warrior in defense of his property, took refuge in Chota and found protection there so long as he chose to remain, but was warned that if he ventured outside some Cherokee would surely kill him on the first opportunity. How long he remained in Chota is not recorded, nor what was his fate upon leaving the beloved town. The Cherokees had a profound veneration for the relics of the Mound Builders, the origin of which, however, they knew nothing; but they considered them the vestiges of an ancient and numerous race, further advanced in the arts of civilized life than themselves. Early in 1772 the authorities of Virginia made a treaty with the Cherokees by which a boundary line was agreed upon, to run west from the White Top Mountain in northern latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes. Almost immediately aftf^-ward the Watauga leases were made, which are referred to in the ch.apter on settlement, and also that of Jacob Brown. In the fall of 1774 negotiations were commenced between Richard Hen- derson & Co. and the Cherokees, which terminated in March, 1775, the treaty being held at W^atauga. At this treaty two deeds were obtained — one known as the "Path Deed," and the other as the "Great Grant." The boundaries expressed in the Path Deed were as follows: 70 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. "All that tract, territory, or parcel of land beginning on the Holston Hiver, where the course of Powell's Mountain strikes the same ; thence up the said river as it meanders to where the Virginia line crosses the same; thence westwardly along the line run by Donelson et. at to a point six English miles eastward of the Long Island in the said Holston River ; thence a direct course toward the mouth of the Great Kanawha, until it reaches the top of Powell's Mountain ; thence westwardly along the said ridge to the beginning." The Great Grant Deed contained the follow- ing boundaries: " All that tract, territory or parcel of land situated, lying and being in North America, on the Ohio River, one of the eastern branches of the Mississi])pi River, beginning on the said Ohio River, at the mouth of Ken- tucky, Cherokee or what is known by the English as the Louisa River; thence running up said river, and the most northwardly fork of the same to the head spring thereof; thence a southeast course to the ridge of Powell's Mountain; thence westwardly along the ridge of said mountain unto a point from which a northwest course will hit or strike the head spring of the most northwardly branch of Cumberland River; thence down the said river, including all its waters, to the Ohio River ; thence up the said river as it meanders to the beginning." These two purchases, or the treaty under which they were made, were repudiated by both North Carolina and Virginia, as being made by private individuals, the States themselves, however, claiming the benefit of the treaty. About the time of the commencement of negotiations be- tween Col. Henderson & Co. and the Cherokees, occurred the first battle with the Indians in which Tennessee troops were engaged. This was the battle of the Kanawha or Point Pleasant, on the Ohio River, and here they displayed that adventure and prowess which have so signally characterized them during all periods of the history of their State. The tribes of Indians engaged in the work of destruction and massacre on the Virginia frontier were the Shawanees and other northern and west- ern tribes. Lord Dunmore took immediate and vigorous measures to repress the hostilities and punish the audacity of the enemy. Four reg- iments of militia and volunteers under Gen. Andrew Lewis, who built Fort Loudon, were ordered to march down the Great Kanawha to the Ohio. While on the march down the Great Kanawha, or, as it is called now, the New River, Gen. Lewis was joined by Capt. Evan Shelby, who had raised a company of upward of fifty men for the expedition in what are now Sullivan and Carter Counties. The entire army reached and en- camped upon the present site of Point Pleasant, on the 6tli of October. Early on the morning of the 10th the camp was attacked by a large body HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 71 of Indians, and a sanguinary battle ensued which lasted the entire day, but which by skillful maneuvering and courageous fighting terminated in the evening in a total rout of the Indians, in their precipitate flight across the Ohio, and their return to their towns on the Scioto. The loss of the Indians in this hard and well-fought battle appears not to have been ascertained, but that of Gen. Lewis was twelve commissioned offi- cers killed or wounded, seventy -five non-commissioned officers killed and 141 wounded. Capt. Evan Shelby's company consisted of the following persons: James Robertson, Valentine Sevier and John Sawyer were three of the orderly sergeants ; James Shelby, John Fiudley, Henry Sparr, Daniel Mungle, Frederick Mungle, John "Williams, John Comack, Andrew Tor- rence, George Brooks, Isaac Newland, Abram Newland, George Buddie, Emanuel Shoutt, Abram Bogard, Peter Forney, AVilliam Tucker, John Fain, Samuel Fain, Samuel Vance, Samuel Hamlley, Samuel Samples, Arthur Blackburn, Robert Handley, George Armstrong, William Casey, Mack Williams, John Stewart, Conrad Nave, Richard Burk, John Riley, Elijah Robertson, Rees Price, Richard Halliway, Jarret Williams, Julius Robinson, Charles Fielder, Benjamin Graham, Andrew Goff, Hugh O'Gullion, Patrick St. Lawrence, James Hughey, John Bradley, Basileel Maywell and Barnett O'Gulliou. After the battle of Point Pleasant a treaty was made between the Indians and Lord Dunmore, by which they relinquished all their claims to lands north of tlie Ohio River, and by the treaty with Henderson & Co. the Cherokees relinquished all their claim to the land lying between the Ohio and Cumberland Rivers : hence this immense tract of maornifi- cent country was at that time entirely fi-ee from Indian occupants as claimants. Previous to the conclusion of the Henderson Treaty, a remarkable speech was made by Oconostota, a Cherokee chief, whose name has oc- curred heretofore in this history. Oconostota had fought for the reten- tion of the country by his own people and was now opposed to the treaty, and though his speech was listened to with profound attention and all the respect due to so venerable an orator, yet its counsels were not heeded, and the cession was made. In the liglit of subsequent events, however, it can scarcely be said that the cession was unwise, notwith- standing the eloquence and prophetic nature of the speech of Oconostota, for had not the cession been made in March, 1775, it would have been made at a later time and at the close of a more or less protracted and sanguinary struggle. In his speech Oconostota reminded his audi- tory of the once floui'ishing cojiditiou of his nation, of the continual en- 72 ' HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. croachments of the white people upon the consequently continually re- tiring Indian nations, who had been compelled to leave the homes of their ancestors to satisfy the insatiable greed of the white people. It was at one time hoped that these white people would not be willing to travel beyond the mountains, but now that fallacious hope had vanished, and the Cherokee lands were fast being absorbed and usurped, and the at- tempt was now being made to have those usurpations confirmed by a treaty in which the Cherokees would sign their own rights away, after the accomplishment of which the same encroaching spirit would again lead them upon other Cherokee lands, until finally the entire country which the Cherokees and their forefathers had occupied for so many centuries would be required, and the Cherokee nation once so great and formidable, reduced to a small remnant, would be compelled to seek a retreat in some far distant wilderness, there to dwell but a short time when the same greedy host would again approach with their banners of civilization, and unable to point out any further retreat for the Cherokees to seek, would proclaim the extinction of the whole race. The close of this oration was a strong appeal to his people to run all risks rather than consent to any further diminution of their territory. But when accomplished this treaty, like so many others, failed to sat- isfy a large portion of the Cherokee nation, and in the year 1776 they made great preparations for an attack on the settlements on the Watauga and Holston. Indications of these preparations became more and more evident and numerous. Jarret Williams and Robert Dews, two traders among them, from observations they had made arrived independently of each other at the conclusion that an exterminating war had been deter- mined upon. Evidence was also discovered that the Cherokees had been so influenced as to be ready to massacre all the back settlers of Carolina and Georgia. The commencement of the Cherokee hostility was the killing of two men named Boyd and Doggett, after the former of whom Boyd's Creek in Sevier County was named. John Stuart, superinten- dent of southern Indian affairs, instructed ])y the British War Depart- ment, dispatched orders to his deputies resident among the different tribes, to carry into effect the desires of the Government. Alexander Cameron, agent for the Cherokee nation, upon receipt of his instructions, lost no time in convening the chiefs and warriors; and notwithstanding efforts were made by the Americans to counteract his intrigues, Cameron was successful in enlisting the sympathies and assistance of a majority of the head men and warriors of the tribe. A formidable invasion was planned by the Cherokees, which would doulStless have been harassing and de- structive in the extreme but for the opportune assistance of Nancy Ward. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 73 who has been named the " Pocahontas of the West," and who, allied to Home of the leading chiefs, obtained information of their plan of attack and immediately thereupon communicated this information to Isaac Thomas, a trader, her friend and a true American. Mr. Thomas without delay proceeded to the committee of safety in Virginia, which adopted such measures as were practicable for the defense of the frontier. The plan of attack by the Cherokees upon the settlements was for one division of the Indians under "Dragging Canoe" to fall upon the Holston settlement, and another division under "Old Abraham" to fall upon Watauga. These divisions were to consist of 350 men each. •Dragging Canoe's" division was defeated in a "miracle of a battle" at Heaton's Station near Long Island, in which the Indians lost upward of forty in killed and the settlers, only five wounded, all of whom recovered. Among the wounded was John Findley, who was supposed by Collins and by Ramsey not to have been heard of after the attack on Boone's camp in 17(39. " Old Abraham " with his forces made the attack on the fort at Watauga, where Capt. James Robertson was in command. Capt. John Sevier was also present, and although the attack was made with great vigor the defense was successful and the Indians were driven oif with considerable loss. It was during this siege that occurred the following romantic incident: As the Indians approached the fort they appear to have taken by surprise, and almost suiTounded, Miss Catharine Sherrill, who, discovering her danger just in time, started for the fort. She was a young woman, tall and erect of stature and fleet of foot as the roe. In her flight she was closely pursued, and as she approached the gate she found other Indians in her way, doubtless confident of a captive or of a victim to their guns and arrows. But turning suddenly she eluded her pursuers and leaped the palisades at another point, falling into the arms of Capt. John Sevier. In a few years after this sudden leap into the arms of the captain she became the devoted wife of the colonel, and the bosom companion of the general, the governor, the people's man and the patriot, John Sevier, and finally the mother of ten children, who could rise up and call her blessed. Another incident not less romantic but of quite a different character connected with this attack upon Fort Watauga, is worthy of commemora- tion. No one in the fort was wounded, but Mrs. Bean was captured near Watauga, and taken a prisoner to the station camp of the Indians over the Nollichucky. After being questioned by the Indians as to the num- ber and strength of ^ the forts occupied by the white people, she was con- demned to death, bound and taken to the top of one of the mounds to be burned. It was a custom wdth the Cherokees to assign to a certain 74 HISTOIIY or TENNESSEE. woman the office of declaring what punishment should be inflicted upon great offenders, whether for instance, burning or other death, or whether they should be pardoned. The woman so distinguished was called the "beloved" or "pretty woman." At the time Mrs, Bean was condemned to death Mrs. Nancy "Ward was exercising the functions of the " pretty woman," and the question of carrying into execution the sentence against Mrs. Bean being referred to Mrs. Ward, she pronounced her pardon. A division of the Cherokees. (other than those commanded by Old Abraham and Dragging Canoe), commanded by Eaven, made a detour across the country with the intention of falling upon the frontier in Car- ter's Valley. Coming up the Holston to the lowest station, the Raven heard of the repulse at Watauga and of the bloody defeat at Long Island Flats, and hence retreated to his own towns. A fourth party of Indians fell upon the inhabitants scattered along the valley of Clinch River, and carried fire, devastation and massacre to the remotest cabin on Clinch, and to the Seven Mile Ford in Virginia, William Creswell, whose numer- ous descendants now live in Blount and Sevier Counties, was among the killed. This, as has been previously said, was about the time of the com- mencement of the Revolutionary war, and the hostilities of and invasion by the Cherokees were imputed to the instigation of British officers. The details of the conspiracy were traced to a concerted plan of Gen. Gage and John Stuart, the superintendent of Indian affairs for the southern district. The evidence appears conclusive that Mr. Stuart was engaged in arousing the resentment and in stimulating the bad passions of the sav- ages against the Americans who were struggling against aggression, and attempting to vindicate the rights of freemen. The plan of Gen. Gage and Mr. Stuart was to send a large body of men to west Florida, to pene- trate through the country of the Creeks, Cherokees and Chickasaws, and induce the warriors of those nations to join the body, and with this large force of British and Indian soldiers, invade the Carolinas and Virginia. But after the repulse of Peter Parker in the harbor of Charleston, prep- arations were immediately made by the colonists to march with an im- posing force upon the Cherokees, who at that time occupied, as places of residence or hunting grounds, the country west and north of the upper settlements in Georg-ia, west of the Carolinas and southwest of Virginia. Their country was known by three great geographical divisions, as the Lower Towns, having 350 warriors ; the Middle Settlements, having 878 warriors ;' and the Overhill Towns, having 757 warriors — a total of 1,991 warriors. Col. McBury and Maj. Jack, from Georgia, entered the Indian settle- ments on Tugalo, defeated the Indians, and destroyed their towns on HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. lO that river. Geu. Williamson, of Soutli Carolina, early in July was at the head of 1,150 men, in command of whom he encountered and defeated a large body of Esseneca Indians at Oconowee, destroyed their towns and a large amount of provisions. Burning Sugaw Town, Soconee, Keowee, Octatoy, Tugalo and Braso Town, he proceeded against Tomassee, Che- hokee and Eusturtee, at which latter place, observing a trail of the enemy, he made pursuit, overtook and vanquished 300 of their warriors, and destroyed the three last named towns. In the meantime North Carolina had raised an army under Gen. Rutherford, who, in concert with Col. Williamson and Col. Martin Armstrong, marched upon the Indians and fought an engagement with them at Cowhee Mountain, in which but one white man was killed. How many of the Indians were killed is not known, as the survivors carried off their dead. From Cowhee Mountain the army under Gen. Rutherford marched to the Middle Towns on the Tennessee River, expecting there to form a junction with Gen. Williamson. After waiting a few days they left here a strong guard and marched on to the Hiwassee towns, but all the towns were found evacuated, the warriors evidently not desiring to meet the troops under Gen. Rutherford. Few Indians were killed and few taken prisoners, but the toMais were burned and the buildings, crops and stock of the enemy very generally destroyed, leaving them in a starving condition. In this expedition of Gen. Rutherford from thirty to forty Cherokee towns were destroyed. The route pursued by this army has since been known as "Rutherford's Trace." While these movements were in progress ai> army under CoL_William Christian, of Virginia, was marching .into the heart of the Cherokee country to avenge the ravages of that nation on the settlements on the Watauga, Holston and Clinch. By the 1st of August several companies had assembled at the place of rendezvous, the Great Island of Holston. Soon afterward Col. Christian was re-enforced by about 400 North Carolina militia under Col. Joseph Williams, Col. Love and Maj. Winston. This entire army took up its march for the Chero- kee towns, about 200 miles distant. Crossing the Holston at Great Island they marched eight miles and encamped at Double Springs, on the head waters of Lick Creek. Here the army was joined by a force from Watauga, by which its strength was augmented to 1,800 men, armed with rifles, tomahawks, and butcher knives, all infantry except one company of light horse. Sixteen spies were sent forward to the French Broad, across which the Indians had boasted no white man should go. At the encampment that night, near the mouth of Lick Creek, Alexander Hardin informed Col. Christian that at the French Broad were assembled 3,000 Indians prepared to dispute his passage. Hardin was ordered into camp 7t> HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. with the spies, who, at the head of the Nollichucky, found the camps or the enemy deserted, but affording evidence that the Indians were in the neighborhood in large numbers. Col. Christian sent Hardin forward to inform the Indians that he would cross not only the French Broad, but also the Tennessee before he returned. As they came down Dumplin Creek they were met by a trader named Fallen with a flag of truce, of whom no notice was taken, in consequence of which he returned imme- diately and informed the Indians that the whites, as numerous as the trees of the forest, were marching into their country. Having arrived at the river Col. Christian ordered every mess to build a good fire and make such preparations as would lead the Indians to think that he intended to remain there several days. During the night a large detachment, under great difficulties, crossed the river near where Brabson's mill afterward stood and passed up the river on its southern bank. Next morning, when the main army crossed the river near the Big Island, marching forward in order of battle, they momentar- ily expected an attack from the Indians, but, to their surprise, found no trace of even a recent camp. It was afterward learned that after the departure of Fallen to meet Col. Christian with his flag of truce, an- other trader, by the name of Starr, who was in the Indian encampment, made a very earnest speech to the Indians, saying to them in effect that the Great Spirit had made the one race of white clay and the other of red; that he intended the former to conquer the latter ; that the pale face would certainly overcome the red man and occupy his country ; that it was useless, .therefore, to resist the onward movements of the white man, and advised an immediate abandonment of their purpose of defense, as that could only result in defeat. A retreat was made at once to their villages and to the fastnesses of the mountains. The next morning the army under Col. Christian resumed its march along the valley of Boyd's Creek, and down EUejoy to Little River, thence to the Tennessee, and on the march not an Indian was to be seen, but it was expected that on the opposite side of the Tennessee a formidable resistance would be made. Here also they were disappointed, for crossing the Little Tennessee they took possession of a town called Tamotlee, above the mouth of Tellico E-iver, and encamped in the deserted village. Next morning Great Island was taken without resistance, a panic having seized the Cherokee warriors, not one of whom could be found. But they were not for this reason to go unpunished. Their deserted towns and villages were burned and laid waste, as Neowee, Tellico and Chilhowee and others. Occasionally a sol- itary warrior was seen making his way from one town to another, but no one was taken prisoner. Such towns, however, as were known not to FROn PHOTO BfTHUSS. KOElLlill i BURS MSHmif James Robertson HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 77 have consented to hostilities, as Chota, were not destroyed. This course was pursued by Col. Christian to convince the Indians, the Cherokees, that he was at war only with enemies. Sending out a few men with flags of truce requesting a talk with the chiefs, six or seven of them imme- diately came in, and in a few days several others came forward and pi-o- posed a cessation of hostilities. This was granted to take elBPect when a treaty should be made with the whole tribe, which was to assemble the succeeding May on Long Island. A suspension of hostilities followed, applicable to all the Cherokee towns but two, which were high up in the mountains on Tennessee River. These were reduced to ashes because they had burned a prisoner named Moore, taken some time previously near Watauga. Col. Christian's troops, having conquered a peace, re- turned to the settlement. But a part of the Cherokee nation was still hostile, panted for revenge and resolved not to participate in the comtemplated treaty. However two separate treaties were made, one at Dewitt's Corner, between the In- dians and commissioners from South Carolina; the other at Long Island, between several chiefs of the Overhill Towns, and Col. Christian and Col. Evan Shelby, commissioners from Virginia, and Waightstill Avery, Jo- seph Winston and Robert Lanier from North Carolina. By the former large cessions of territory were made on the Saluda and Savannah Rivers, and by the latter Brown's line was agreed upon as the boundary between the Indians and the settlements, and the Cherokees released lands as low down the Holston River as the mouth of Cloud's Creek, but the Chicka- maugas refused to join in the treaty. At this treaty, made at Fort Hen- ry, on the Holston River, near Long Island, July 20, 1777, between North Carolina and the Overhill Indians, the following among other ar- ticles were agreed upon: Article I. That hostilities shall forever cease between the said Cherokees and the peo- ple of North Carolina from this time forward, and that peace, friendship and mutual confidence shall ensue. By the second article all prisoners and property were to be delivered up to the agent to be appointed to reside among the Cherokees, and by the third article no white man was permitted to reside in or pass through the Overhill towns without a certificate signed by three justices of the peace of North Carolina, or Washington County, Va., the certificate to be approved by the agent. Any person violating this article was to be apprehended by the Cherokees and delivered to the said agent, whom they were to assist in conducting such person to the nearest justice of the peace for adequate punishment, and the Cherokees were authorized to apply to their own use the effects of such person so trespassing. Ar- 5 78 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. tide fourth provided for the punishment of murderers, both Indians and white men, and article fifth defined the boundary line as follows : " That the boundary line between the State of North Carolina and the said Overhill Cherokees shall forever hereafter be and remain as follows : Beginning at a point in the dividing line which during this treaty hath been agreed upon between the said Overhill Cherokees and the State of Vir- ginia, where the line between that State and North Carolina, hereafter to be extended, shall cross or intersect the same ; running thence a right line to the north bank of Holston River at the mouth of Cloud's Creek, be- ing the second creek below the Warrior's Ford at the mouth of Carter's Valley ; thence a right line to the highest point of a mountain called the High Rock or Chimney Top; thence a right line to the mouth of Camp Creek, otherwise called McNamee's Creek on the south bank of NoUi- chucky River, about ten miles or thereabouts, below the mouth of Great Limestone, be the same more or less, and from the mouth of Camp Creek aforesaid, a southeast course into the mountains which divide the hunting grounds of the Middle Settlements from those of the Overhill Cherokees. And the said Overhill Cherokees, in behalf of themselves, their heirs and successors, do hereby freely in open treaty, acknowledge and confess that all the lands to the east, northeast and southeast of the said line, and ly- ing south of the said line of Virginia, at any time heretofore claimed by the said Overhill Cherokees, do of right now belong to the State of North Carolina, and the said subscribing chiefs, in behalf of the said Overhill Cherokees, their heirs and successors, do hereby in open treaty, now and forever, relinquish and give up to the said State, and forever quit claim all right, title, claim and demand of, in and to the land comprehended in the State of North Carolina, by the line aforesaid." This treaty was signed by AVaightstill Avery, William Sharpe, Rob- ert Lanier and Joseph Winston, on the part of North Carolina, and by the following chiefs and warriors, each one making his mark: Oconostota, The Old Tassel, The Raven, Willanawaw, Ootosseteh, Attusah, Abram of Chilhowee, Rollowch, Toostooh, Amoyali, Oostossetih, Tillehaweh. Queeleekah, Annakelinjah, Annacekah, Skeahtukah, AttakullakuUa, Ookoonekah, Kataquilla, Tuskasah and Sunnewauh. Witnesses, Jacob Womack, James Robins, John Reed, Isaac Bledsoe, Brice Martin and John Kearns. Interpreter, Joseph Vann. The negotiations and details of this treaty of Holston, which com- menced on the 30th of June and was concluded on the 20th of July, are of unusual interest, but too numerous and requiring too much space to be introduced into this work. And while much was hoped from the friendly and yielding disposition of the large number of chiefs and warriors in HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 79 attendance, yet as some distinguished chiefs were absent, peace and tran- quility could not be considered as absolutely assured before the views and intentions of these absent chiefs were known. Judge Friend, the Dragging Canoe, the Lying Fish and Young Tassel were among the absent ones. Dragging Canoe was chief of the Chickamaugas, who remained dissatisfied in part, at least, as the result of British intrigue. In order to counteract so far as practicable the iulluence of the British agents, Gov. Caswell directed that a superintendent of Indian affairs reside among them, and the North Carolina commissioners appointed Capt. James Robertson to that important position. Capt. Robertson car- ried, as a present from Gov. Caswell, a dog to the Raven of Chota, pro- posing and hoping for peace. Swanucah and some of the more aged chiefs were disposed to peace, but they were unable to suppress the warlike spirit of the Dragging Canoe and his hostile tribe. Some years previous to the time at which we have now arrived cer- tain families from West Virginia, desiring to reach west Florida, built boats on the Holston, and following that stream and the Tennessee reached the lower Mississippi by water. They were obliged to employ Indians and Indian traders as guides. Occasionally a boat was wrecked between the Chickamauga towns and the lower end of the Muscle Shoals, and then its crew became an easy prey to the Indians whose settlements were extending along the "rapids from year to yean The Chickamaugas were the first to settle in this locality, and usually failed to attend treaties of peace held by other portions of the Cherokee nations, and hence did not consider themselves bound by treaty stipulations entered into by the other portions of the nation. Leaving their towns near Chickamauga they moved lower down and laid the foundations of the five lower towns — Running Water, Nickajack, Long Island Village, Crow Town and Look Out. These towns soon became populous and the most formidable part of the Cherokee nation. Here congregated the worst men from all the Indian tribes, and also numerous depraved white men, all of whom for a number of years constituted the " Barbary Powers of the West.." They were a band of reckless, lawless banditti of more than 1,000 warriors. Having refused the terms of peace proffered by Col. Christian, having committed numerous atrocities upon the frontier, and being the central point from which marauding expeditions radiated for murderous and all criminal purposes, it was determined to invade their country and destroy their towns. A strong force was therefore ordered into the field by Vir- ginia and North Carolina under the command of Col. Evan Shelby, whose name is familiar to all Tennesseans in connection with the defense of the pioneers against the savages. Col. Shelby's force consisted of 80 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 1,000 volunteers from these two States, and a regiment of twelve months' men under Col. John Montgomery, this regiment having been raised as a re-enforcement to Gen. George Rogers Clarke in his expedition to Kas- kaskia, Vincennes, etc., but was temporarily diverted from that purpose to assist in the reduction of the Chickamaugas. This expedition was fitted out on the individual responsibility of Isaac Shelby. The army rendez- voused at the mouth of Big Creek, a few miles above the present location of Rogersville. From this rendezvous, having made canoes and pirogues, the troops descended the Holston as rapidly as possible, and reaching the Chickamauga towns took them completely by surprise. Upon discover- ing the approach of Col. Shelby's command the Indians fled in all direc- tions to the woods and mountains without giving battle, pursued by Shelby, and losing in killed at the hands of his command upward of forty of their warriors, most of their towns being destroyed, and about 20,000 bushels of corn being captured. They also lost about $20,000 worth of stores and goods. This success of Col. Shelby was very fortunate, as it prevented Gov. Hamilton, of Canada, from forming a grand coalition of all the northern and southern Indians, to be aided by British regulars in a combined attack upon the settlers on the western waters. After the battle of King's Mountain, in which Tennessee officers and soldiers bore such an honorable and conspicuous part, Col. John Sevier became apprehensive of an outbreak from the Cherokees, in the absence of so many men and arms, and sent home Capt. Russell to guard the frontier settlers. Information was brought in by two traders, Thomas and Harlin, that a large body of Indians was on the march to as- sail the frontier, but before the attack was made Col. Sevier himself, Avith his vigorous troops, arrived at home in time to assist in repelling the attacks of the Indians. Without losing any time Sevier set on foot an offensive expedition against the Cherokees, putting himself at the head of about 100 men and setting out in advance of the other troops. Coming upon a body of Indians he pursued them across French Broad to Boyd's Creek, near which he drew on an attack by the Indians. Se- vier's command was divided into three divisions — the center under Col. Sevier, the right wing under Maj. Jesse Walton, and the left wing under Maj. Jonathan Tipton. The victory won here by Sevier was de- cisive. The Indians lost twenty-eight in killed and many wounded, who escaped being taken prisoners. Of the white troops none were killed and only three seriously wounded. This rapid expedition saved the fron- tier from a bloody invasion, as the Indian force which he thus broke up was large and well armed. A few days after this repulse of the enemy Col. Sevier's little HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 81 army was re-enforced by the arrival of Col. Arthur Campbell with his regiment from Virginia and by Maj. Martin with his troops from Sulli- van Cou.nty. He then had at his command a body of about 700 mounted men. With this force he crossed Little Tennessee three miles below Chota, while the main body of the Indians were lying in wait for him at the ford one mile below Chota. The Indians were so disconcerted by his crossing at the lower ford instead of at the upper, and so overawed by the imposing array of so large a body of cavalry, that they made no attack, but instead, upon his approach, hastily retreated and escaped. The troops pushed on to Chota and proceeded to reduce Chilhowee, eight miles above. Every town between the Little Tennessee and the Hiwassee was reduced to ashes. The only white man killed in this expedition was Capt. Elliott, of Sullivan County. Near to Hiwassee, after it was burned, an Indian warrior was captured, and by him a message was sent to the Cherokees proposing terms of peace. At Tellico the army was met by Watts and Noonday who were ready to make terms. After passing Hiwassee Town the army continued its march southwardly until it came near the Chickamauga, or Look Out Towns, where they encamped, and next day marching into them found them deserted. They proceeded down the Coosa to the long leafed or yellow pine and cypress swamp, where they began an indiscriminate destruction of towns, houses, grain and stock, the Indians fleeing precipitately before them. Returning to Chota they held a council with the Cherokees which lasted two days. A peace was here agreed upon, after which the army, crossing near the mouth of Nine Mile Creek, returned home. The Cherokees, notwithstanding their repeated failures and chastise- ments, were still unable to repress their deep passion for war and glory and strong love of country, which continued to further aggression and hostility. They still prowled around the remote settlements committing theft and murder. Col. Sevier, therefore, in March, 1781, collected to- gether 130 men and marched with them against the Middle Settlements of the Cherokees, taking by surprise the town of Tuckasejah, on the head waters of Little Tennessee. Fifty warriors were slain, and fifty women and children taken prisoners. About twenty towns and all the grain and corn that could be found were burned. The Indians of the Middle Towns were surprised and panic stricken, and consequently made but a feeble resist- ance. During the summer a party of Cherokees invaded the settlements then forming on Indian Creek ; and Gen. Sevier, with a force of 100 men, marched from Washington County, crossed Nollichucky, proceeded to near the site of the present town of Newport, on French Broad, crossed that river, and also the Big Pigeon, and unexpectedly fell upon the trail 82 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. of the Indians, surrounded their camp, and by a sudden fire killed seven- teen of them, the rest escaping. This was on Indian Creek, now in Jeffer- son County. In the spring of 1782 settlements were formed south of the French Broad. Of this intrusion the Cherokees complained, and Gov. Martin wrote to Col. Sevier in reference thereto, asking him to prevent the en- croachments complained of, and to warn the intruders off the lands re- served to the Indians, and if they did not move off according to warning he was to go forth with a body of militia and pull down every cabin and drive them off, "laying aside every consideration of their entreaties to the contrary." Notwithstanding the efforts of a part of the Cherokee nation in the in- terest of peace, it continued impossible to restrain the majority of the warriors. They could plainly see that the white man was steadily en- croaching upon their hunting grounds and reservations, and that there was no remedy, at least there was no remedy but war. Treaty lines were but a feeble barrier against the expansive force of the settlements. Unless this feeble barrier could be made as strong as the famous Chinese wall, and as the Raven expressed it at the treaty of Holston, be as "a wall to the skies." it would not be out of the power of the people to pass it; and so long as it was not out of their power to pass it it served only as a tem- porary check upon their advance, and as a means of tantalizing the red proprietors of the soil into a false sense of security of possession, of rais- ing his hopes of retaining the beautiful and beloved home of his ances- tors, only to dash them cruelly to the ground in a few short weeks or months at most. Even the Indians most peacefully disposed complained that there was no line drawn according to promise in former treaties which should serve as a boundary between the two races. However, in May, 1783, the western boundary of North Carolina was fixed by the Legislature of that State as follows : "Beginning on the line which divides this State from Virginia, at a point due north of the mouth of Cloud's Creek; running thence west to the Mississippi ; thence down the Mississippi to the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude ; thence due east until it strikes the Appalachian Moun- tains ; thence with the Appalachian Mountains to the ridge that divides the waters of the French Broad River and the waters of the Nollichucky River ; and with that ridge until it strikes the line described in the act of 1778, commonly called Brown's Line; and with that line and those sev- eral water-courses to the beginning." There was reserved, however, a tract for the Cherokee hunting grounds as folloM^s: HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 83 "•Begiiiiiing at tlie Tennessee River where the southern boundary of North Carolina intersects the same, nearest the Chickamauga Towns; thence up the middle of the Tennessee and Holston Rivers to the middle of French Broad River, which lines are not to include any islands in said river, to the mouth of Big Pigeon River ; thence up the same to the head thereof; thence along the dividing ridge between the waters of Pigeon River and Tuskejah River to the southern boundary of this State." About this time occurred the unfortunate killing of Untoola, or Gun Rod of Citico, a Cherokee chief, known to the whites as Butler. It was when attempts were being made to revive peaceful relations between the white and Indian populations. The aged and wise among the Cherokees could clearly see the futility of continuing hostilities with the whites, and their councils had at length prevailed over the inconsiderateness and rashness of the young men and warriors. But Butler was one of the ■ a !S a a) u 3 All other free per- sons. Slaves. Total Popula- tion. Yeas. Nays. Jefferson Hawkins 1706 2666 1567 2721 2013 1803 628 585 728 1382 380 2225 3279 2203 2723 2578 2340 1045 817 695 1595 444 3021 4767 3350 3664 4311 3499 1503 1231 1192 2316 700 112 147 52 100 225 38 273 6 1 19 776 2472 446 2365 978 777 129 183 992 1076 398 7840 13331 7638 11573 10105 8457 3578 2816 3613 6370 1941 714 1651 560 1100 873 715 261 476 96 316 534 Gieene 495 Kuox 128 Washington Sullivan 145 125 Sevier 55 Blount 16 Davidson 517 Sumner Tennessee 58 231 Totals 16179 19994 29554 973 10613 77262 6504 2562 I, William Blount, Governor in and over the Territory of the United States of Amer- ica, south of the River Ohio, do certify that the schedule is made in conformity with the schedules of the sheriffs of the respective counties in the said Territory, and that the .schedules of the said sheriffs are lodged in my office. Given under my hand at Knoxville November 28, 1795. William Blount. The Territory being thus found to contain more than the number of inhabitants required by the ordinance to authorize the formation of a State government, Gov. Blount issued the following proclamation : William Blount, Governor in and over the Territory of the United States of America, south ^of the River Ohio, to the people thereof: Whereas by an act passed on the 11th of July last, entitled " An act providing for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the Territory of the United States of America south of the River Ohio," it is enacted "' that if upon taking the enumeration of the people in the said Territory as by that directed, it shall appear that there are 60,000 inhabitants therein, counting the whole of the free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years and excluding Indians not taxed and adding three-fifths of all other persons, the Governor be authorized and requested to recommend to the people of the respective counties to elect five persons for each county, to represent them in convention to meet at Knoxville at such time as he shall judge proper for the purpose of forming a constitution or permanent form of government." And, Whereas, upon taking the enumeration of the inhabitants of said Territory, as by the act directed, it does appear that there are 60,000 free inhabitants therein and more, besides other persons; now I, the said William Blount, Governor, etc., do recommend to the people of the respective counties to elect five persons for each county, on the 18th and 19th days of December next, to represent them in a convention to meet at Knoxville on the lltli day of January next, for the purpose of forming a constitution or permanent form of government. And to the end that a perfect uniformity in the election of the members of the conven- tion may take place in the respective counties, I, the said William Blount, Governor, etc., do further recommend to the sheriffs or their deputies, respectively, to open and hold polls of election for members of convention, on the 18th and 19th days of December, as .aforesaid, in the same manner as polls of election have heretofore been held for members 212 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. of the General Assembly; and that all free males twenty one years of age and upward, be considered entitled to vote by ballot for five persons for members of convention, and that the sheriffs or their deputies holding such polls of election give certificates to the five persons in each county having the greatest number of votes, of their being duly elected members of convention. And I, the said William Blount, Governor, etc., think proper here to declare that this recommendation is not intended to have, nor ought to have, any effect whatever upon the present temporary form of government; and that tlie present temporary form will con- tinue to be exercised in the same manner as if it had never been issued, until the conven- tion shall have formed and published a constitution or permanent form of government. Done at Knoxville November 38, 1795. William Blount. By the Governor, Willie Blount, Pro. Secretary. In accordance with the suggestions of this proclamation, elections were held in each of the eleven counties in the Territory, for five mem- bers of the convention from each county. These members met at Knox- ville, January 11, 1796. Following are the names of the members who appeared, produced their credentials and took their seats: Jefferson County — Joseph Anderson, George Doherty, Alexander Outlaw, William Roddye, Archibald Roane. Hawkins County — James Berry, William Cocke, Thomas Henderson, Joseph McMinn, Richard Mitchell. Greene County — Elisha Baker' Stephen Brooks, Samuel Fra- zier, John Galbreath, William Rankin. Knox County — John Adair, Will- iam Blount, John Crawford, Charles McClung, James White. Wash- ington County — Landon Carter, Samuel Handley, James Stuart, Leroy Taylor, John Tipton. Sullivan County — William C. C. Claiborne, Rich- ard Gammon, George Rutledge, John Rhea, John Shelby, Jr. Sevier County — Peter Bryan, Thomas Buckingham, John Clack, Samuel Wear, Spencer Clack. Blount County — Joseph Black, David Craig, Samuel Glass, James Greenaway, James Houston. Davidson County — Thomas Hardeman, Andrew Jackson, Joel Lewis, John McNairy, James Robert- son. Sumner County — Edward Douglass, W. Douglass, Daniel Smith, D. Shelby, Isaac Walton. Tennessee County— James Ford, William Fort, Robert Prince, William Prince, Thomas Johnson. The convention was organized by the election of William Blount, pres- ident; William Maclin, secretary, and John Sevier, Jr., reading and en- grossing clerk. John Rhea was appointed door-keeper. On motion of Mr. White, seconded by Mr. Roddye, it was ordered that the next morn- ing's session commence with prayer, and that a sermon be delivered by Rev. Mr. Carrick. In the act providing for the enumeration of the in- habitants of the Territory, it was provided that each member of the con- vention should be entitled to receive the same wages as a member of that session of the Assembly — $2.50 per day. The convention on the second day of its session adopted the following resolutions : HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 218 Resohfd, That economy is an admirable trait in any government and that, in fixing the salaries of the officers thereof, the situation and resources of the country should be attended to. Resolved, That ten shillings and sixpence, Virginia currency, per day to every member is a sufficient compensation for his services in the Convention, and one dollar for everj'^ thirty miles they travel in coming to and returning from the Convention, and that the members pledge themselves each one to the other that they will not draw a greater sum out of the public treasury. After substituting $1.50 for 10s. 6d. in the second resolution, botli resolutions were unanimously adopted. It was then resolved tliat the con- vention appoint two members from each county to draft a constitution, and that each county name its members, and accordingly the following individuals were named as members of the committee. Blount County— Daniel Craig and Joseph Black. Davidson County — Andrew Jackson and John McNairy. Greene County— Samuel Fra- zier and William Rankin. Hawkins County — -Thomas Henderson and ■William Cocke. Jefferson County — Joseph Anderson and William Boddye. Knox County — William Blount and Charles McClung. Sulli- van County — William C. C. Claiborne and John Rhea. Sumner Countv — D. Shelby and Daniel Smith. Sevier County— John Clack and Sam- uel Wear. Tennessee County — Thomas Johnson and William Fort. Washington County — -John Tipton and James Stuart. On motion of Mr. McMinn, the sense of the coiivention was taken as to whether a declara- tion of rights be prefixed to the constitution, which being decided in the affirmative the committee was directed to present as early as practic- able a declaration or bill of rights to be thus prefixed. k. bill of rights was consequently prepared, but later in the session it was decided by the convention to affix it to the constitution as the eleventh arti- cle thereof. On the 18tli of January an important (juestion was presented to the • convention by Mr. Outlaw, as to whether the Legislature should consist of two houses. This question being decided in the affirmative, another question was raised by Mr. McNairy as to whether the two houses in the Legislature should be of equal numbers and of equal powers. This ques- tion, being decided in the affirmative, was the next day reconsidered on motion of Mr. McXairy, and amended so as to read as follows: Li b>u of the words ''two houses," insert "one House of Representatives," and that no bill or resolution shall be passed unless by two thirds of the whole number of members present. Tl].is proposed form of the legisla- tive branch of the government was, upon reflection, no more satisfactory than "two houses of equal numbers and powers," and on the 20th of Jan- uary the convention again resolved itself into committee of the whole on this question; and Mr. Robertson, chairman of the committee, reported 214: HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. that "the Leofislature shall consist of two branches, a Senate and a House of Represenatives, organized on the principles of the constitution of North Carolina, to be elected once in two years ; and that the members of each house be elected by the same electors, and that the qualifications of the members of each house be the same, until the next enumeration of the people of the United States, and then to be represented by members, re- taining the principle of two representatives to one senator ; provided the ratio shall be such as that both shall not exceed forty until the number of the people exceed 200,000, and that the number shall never exceed sixty." Although in the report of the proceedings of the convention no further reference is made to discussions upon this part of the constitution, yet on January 30, when the draft of the constitution was considered in com- mittee of the whole, this clause is found to have undergone considerable change. It was then provided that the General Assembly should consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, the former to consist of one and the latter of two members from each county, to continue thus for sixteen years from the commencemeat of the second session, and after that representation should be apportioned according to numbers in such manner that the whole number of senators and representatives should not exceed thirty-nine until the number of free white persons should be 200,000, and after that (preserving the same ratio of two representatives to one senator) the entire number of senators and representatives should never exceed sixty. As finally adopted on February 4, 1796, this portion of the constitution assumed the following form: ARTICLE I. Section 1. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General As- sembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, both dependent on the people. Sec. 2. Within three years after the first meeting of the General Assembly, and with- in every subsequent term of seven years, an enumeration of the taxable inJiahitanis shall be made in such manner as shall be directed by law. The number of representatives shall at the several periods of making such enumeration be fixed by the Legislature, and appor- tioned iiii'ong the several counties according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each, und shall never be less than twenty-two, nor greater than twenty-six, until the number of taxable inhabitants shall be 40,000; and after that event at such ratio that the whole num- ber of representatives shall never exceed forty. Sec. 3. The number of senators shall at the several periods of making the enumera- tion before mentioned be fixed by the Legislature, and apportioned among the districts, formed as hereinafter directed, according to the number of taxable inhabitants in each, and shall never be less than one-third, nor more than one-half of the number of representa- tives. Sec. 4. The senators shall be chosen by districts, to be formed by the Legislature, each district containing such a number of taxable inhabitants as shall be entitled to elect HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 215 not more than three senators. When a district shall be composed of two or more counties they shall be adjoining, and no county shall be divided in forming a district. Thus was concluded perhaps the most important part of the work of the convention. It is doubtless more curious than profitable to reflect upon what would have been the consequences to the people of the State had either of the earlier propositions been adopted — ^to form a Legislature consisting of two houses of equal power and numbers, or of "one House of Representatives." It is an interesting study, however, to note the varying forms this subject assumed in the minds of those primitive con- stitution builders, illustrating as it does the general principle that the wisest form or course is seldom that first suggested to the mind. There are other features in this constitution, declared by JefPerson to be the "least imperfect and most republican" of the systems of government adopted by any of the American States, worthy of especial comment. Several of its features or principles had previously been enacted into laws by North Carolina. So far as those laws are concerned these principles had their origin in the demands of the times, or the necessities of the people ; and experience, that great teacher of the wise legislator, had de- termined their wisdom by demonstrating their adaptability to the ends they were designed to subserve. This adaptability being thus clearly proven by experience, the principles were embodied in the constitution for the purpose of conferring upon the people with certainty the benefits to be derived from their operation, and of placing them beyond the power and caprice of Legislatures ; for it is worthy of remark that the present, no matter how much confidence it may possess in its own wisdom and in that of the past, has very little respect for that of the future. One of these principles was enacted into a law, in 1777, by the Legislature of North Carolina, as follows: "That every county court shall annually se- lect and nominate a freeholder, of suifficient circumstances, to execute the ofl&ce of sheriff, who shall thereupon be commissioned by the governor, or commander-in-chief, to execute that office for one year." The Con- stitution of Tennessee, Article VI, Section 1, reads as follows: "There shall be appointed in each county, by the county court, one sheriff, one coroner, one trustee, and a sufficient number of constables, who shall Laid their offices for two years. They shall also have power to appoint one register and one ranger for the county, who shall hold their offices during good behavior. The sheriff and coroner shall be commissioned by the governor." In 1784 the Legislature of North Carolina passed the fol- lowing law: Whereas, It is contrary to the spirit of the constitution and the principles of a gen- uine republic that any person possessing a lucrative office should hold a seat in the Gen- eral Assembly; 216 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Therefore, he it enacted, etc., That from and after the present session of the General As- sembly, every person holding a public office of profit, either by stated salary or commis- sions, shall be and they are hereby declared to be incapable of being elected a member to serve in the General Assembly, or to enjoy seats therein." This principle was embodied in the constitution of Tennessee in the followino^ form: "No person, who heretofore hath been or hereafter may be a collector or holder of public monies, shall have a seat in either house of the General Assembly." The next section was of similar import. In the year 1785 North Carolina passed the following law: "That from and after passing of this act the several county courts of pleas and quarter sessions within this State shall have, hold and exercise jurisdiction in all actions of trespass in ejectment, formedon in descender, remainder and reverter, dower and partition, and of trespass quare clausitm f regit, any law to the contrary notwithstanding," etc. The constitution of Tennessee, Article Y, Section 7, provides that "the judges or justices of the inferior courts of law shall have power in all civil cases, to issue writs of certiorari, to remove any cause or a transcript thereof from any inferior jurisdiction into their court, on sufficient cause supported by oath of affirmation." North Carolina enacted in 1780 that the public tax on each and every poll should equal the public tax on 300 acres of land. The constitution of Tennesee, Article I, Section 26, pro- vides that "no freeman shall be taxed higher than 100 acres of land, and no slave higher than 200 acres on each poll." But perhaps the most re- markable feature of this constitution was that respecting the tax to be levied on land, in the following language: "All lands liable to taxation in this State, held by deed, entry or grant, shall be taxed equally and uniformly in such manner that no 100 acres shall be taxed higher than another, except town lots," etc. It is not certain whence this idea was derived. It is not to be found in the constitution of North Carolina, nor in that of any of the other States. It probably originated in the Territorial Legislature of 179-1, in which, as will be seen by reference to the preceding pages, the most se- rious contest occurred over the question of what the tax should be upon eac]} too acres of land, whether 12i cents, 18 or 25 cents, the decision beitig finally in favor of 25 cents. The idea of taxing lands according to quantity instead of according to value was probably derived from the fact of the equal value of the lands at that time, and was suggested to the constitutional convention of 1796 by the course pursued by the Ter- ritorial Legislature of 1794. At any rate it was embodied in the fii'st constitution of this State, where it remained an anomalous feature, work- ing greater and greater injustice, as lands became more and more un- equal in value, until the adoption of the constitution of 1834, when the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 217 principle was adopted of taxing lands as well as other property according to their value. With reference to the qualifications of electors the constitution of Tennessee provided that "Every freeman of the age of twenty-one years and upwards possessing a freehold in the county wherein he may vote, and being an inhabitant of this State, and every freeman being an in- habitant of any one county in this State six months immediately pre- ceding the election, shall be entitled to vote for members of the Gen- eral Assembly for the county in which he may reside." This was a step considerably in advance of the provisions of the North Carolina constitu- tion, which required an elector to be a freeman, a resident of the county twelve months, and to be possessed of a freehold of fifty acres in the county in which he resided, to qualify him to vote for senator. To be qualified to vote for representative he was required to have been a resi- dent of his county twelve months, and to have paid public taxes. But it will be observed that under both these constitutions colored men, if free, could vote. Then in reference to the qualifications of ofl&ce-holders, the constitu- iion of Tennessee provided, like that of North Carolina, that no clergy- man or preacher of the gospel should be eligible to a seat in either house of the General Assembly. With regard to the religious qualification of office-holders in general, it is interesting to note the advance made in public opinion during the twenty years from 1776 to 1796. In the North Carolina constitution it was provided that "No person who shall deny the being of God, or the truth of the Protestant religion, or the divine authority of either the Old or New Testament, or who shall hold religious principles incompatible with the freedom or safety of the State, shall be capable of holding any office or place of trust or profit in the civil de- partment of this State." The constitutional convention of Tennessee, when discussing this question, evidently had the constitution of North Carolina before them, and were determined to improve upon that instru- ment. When the first draft of the constitution was presented, January 30, 1796, no reference was made to religious qualifications for office- holders ; but on February 2, Mr. Doherty moved, and Mr. Roan seconded the motion, that the following be inserted as a section in the constitution : "No person who publicly denies the being of God, and future rewards and punishments, or the divine authority of the Old and New Testaments, shall hold any office in the civil department in this State;" which was agreed to. Mr. Carter then moved, and Mr. Mitchell seconded the motion, that the words "or the divine authority of the Old and New Testaments" be struck out, which being objected to, the yeas and nays were called for, 218 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. and resulted in an affirmative victory by a vote of twenty-seven votes to twenty-six. Afterward the word " publicly " was struck out, and tliis section of the constitution was adopted in the following form: "No person who denies the being of God, or a future state of rewards and punish- ments, shall hold any office in the civil department of this State." One or two features of the bill of rights are deemed worthy of notice in this connection. The twenty-ninth section^ adopted through the efforts of William Blount, was as follows: "That an equal participation of the free navigation of the Mississippi is one of the inherent rights of the citizens of this State ; it cannot, therefore, be conceded to any prince, potentate, power, person or persons whatever." Section 31 was as follows: " That the people residing south of French Broad and Hols- ton, between the rivers Tennessee and Big Pigeon, are entitled to the right of pre-emption and occupation in that tract." It is stated that the name "Tennessee" was suggested as the name of the State by Andrew Jackson, the members from the county of Tennessee consenting to the loss of that name by their county, on condition that it be assumed by the State. The president of the convention was instructed to take the constitu- tion into his safe keeping until a secretary of State should be appointed under it, and then to deliver it to him. The president was also instructed to send a copy of the constitution to the Secretary of State of the United States; and he was also instructed to "issue writs of election to the sheriffs of the several counties, for holding the first election of members of the General Assembly and a governor, under the au- thority of the constitution of Tennessee, to bear teste of this date.'' (February 6, 1790.) On the 9th of February a copy of the constitution was forwarded to the Secretary of State, Mr. Pickering, by Joseph McMinn, who was instructed to remain at the seat of the Federal Gov- ernment long enough to ascertain whether members of Congress from Tennessee would be permitted to take their seats in Congress. Mr. White, who was then territorial delegate in that body, was urged by- Mr. McMinn to apply for the admission of Tennessee into the Union. In response to the application of Mr. White, Congress at length passed, the following act, receiving the State of Tennessee into the Union: Whereas, By the acceptance of the deed of cession of the State of North Carolina, Congress are bound to lay out into one or more States the territory thereby ceded to the United States. Be it enacted, etc., That the whole of the territory ceded to the United States by the State of North Carolina shall be one State, and the same is hereby declared to be one of the United States of America, on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever, by the name and title of the State of Tennessee. That until the next general census the said State of Tennessee shall be entitled to one representative in the House of HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 219 Representatives of the United States; and in all other respects as far as they may be applicable, the laws of the United States shall extend to and have force in the State of Tennessee, in the same manner as if that State had originall}^ been one of the United States. Approved June the 1st, 1796. Jonathan Dayton, George Washington, Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. President of the United States. Samuel Livermore, President of the Senate, pro. tern. Writs o£ election were issued by the president of the convention to the sheriffs of the several counties, requiring them to hold the first elec- tion of members of the General Assembly, and governor of the State, The Legislature thus elected assembled at Knosville March 28. The Senate was constituted as follows : From Tennessee County, James Ford ; from Sumner County, James Winchester; from Knox County, James White; from Jefferson County, George Doherty; from Greene County, Samuel Frazier; from Washington County, John Tipton; from Sullivan County, George Eutledge ; from Sevier County, John Clack ; from Blount County, Alexander Kelly; from Davidson County, Joel Lewis; from Hawkins County, Joseph McMinn. The Senate was organized by the election of James Winchester, speaker; Francis A. Ramsey, clerk; Nathaniel Buckingham, assistant clerk ; Thomas Bounds, door-keeper. The House of Representatives was composed of the following gentlemen: Blount County, Joseph Black and James Houston; Davidson County, Seth Lewis and Robert Weakley; Greene County, Joseph Conway and John Gass; Hawkins County, John Cocke and Thomas Henderson; Jefferson County, Alexander Outlaw and Adam Peck; Knox County, John Crawford and John Manifee; Sullivan County, David Looney and John Rhea; Sevier County, Spencer Clack and Samuel Newell ; Sumner County, Stephen Cantrell and William Mont- gomery; Tennessee County, William Fort and Thomas Johnson; Wash- ington County, John Blair and James Stuart. James Stuart was chosen speaker; Thomas H. Williams, clerk; John Sevier, Jr., assistant clerk, and John Rhea, door-keeper. The two houses being thus organized met in the representatives chamber, to open and publish the returns of the election in the several counties for governor. From these returns it appeared that "citizen John Sevier is duly and constitutionally elected governor of this State, which was accordingly announced by the speaker of the Senate, in pres- ence of both houses of the General Assembly. On the same day a joint committee was appointed "to wait on his Excellency, John Sevier, and request his attendance in the House of Representatives, to-morrow, at 12 o'clock, to be qualified agreeably to the constitution of the State of Tennes- ■220 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. see." Gov. William Blount was requested to be present at tlie quali- fication of the governor elect, and on March 30, "both houses having convened in the representative chamber, the several oaths prescribed for the qualification of the governor were duly administered to him by the honorable Joseph Anderson." After his inauguration Gov. Sevier presented the following address: Oentlemen of the. Senate and House of Representatives: The high and honorable appointment conferred upon me by the free suffrage of my countrymen, fills my breast with gratitude, which, I trust, my future life will manifest. I take this early opportunity to express, through you, my thanks in the strongest terms of acknowledgment. I shall labor to discharge with fidelity the trust reposed in me; and if such my exertions should prove satisfactory, the first wish of my heart will be gratified. Gentlemen, accept of my best wishes for your individual and public happiness; and, rely- ing upon your wisdom and patriotism, I have no doubt but the result of your deliberations will give permanency and success to our new system of government, so wisely calculated to secure the liberty and advance the happiness and prosperity of our fellow citizens. John Sevier. The duty of electing United States Senators for Tennessee still re- mained unperformed. The mode adopted at that time was as follows: The following message was sent by the House to the Senate: "This House propose to proceed to the election of two senators to represent this State in the Congress of the United States; and that the Senate and House of Representatives do convene in the House of Representatives for that purpose to-morrow at 10 o'clock; and do propose Mr. William Blount, Mr. William Cocke and Mr. Joseph Anderson, as candidates for the Senate." The Senate replied by the following message: "We concur with your message as to the time and place for the election by you proposed, and propose Dr. James White to be added to the nomin- ation of candidates for the Senate." On the next day the names of Jo- seph Anderson and James White were withdrawn, leaving only William Blount and AVilliam Cocke as candidates, who were thereupon duly and constitutionally elected the first United States senators from Tennessee. Addresses were prepared by committees appointed for that purpose to William Blount as retiring governor, and as senator elect, and to William Cocke as senator elect, to which both these gentlemen appropriately replied. William Maclin was elected Secretary of State ; Landon Carter, treasurer of the districts of Washington and Hamilton, and William Black, treasurer of the district of Mero. John McNairy, Archibald Roane and Willie Blount, were elected judges of superior courts of law and equity. This election occurred April 10. John McNairy and Willie Blount declined the appointment, and Howell Tatum and W. C. C. Claiborne were com- missioned in their places respectively. John C. Hamilton was appointed attorney for the State, in place of Howell Tatum, appointed judge. 'J ^ JOHN Sevier HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 221 On the 14tli of April a curious piece of legislation was attempted in the House of Eepresentatives : "The bill to preclude persons of a certain description from being admitted as witnesses, etc., was then taken up, to which Mr. Gass proposed the following amendment: 'That from and after the passing of this act, if anj person in this State shall publicly deny the being of a God and a future state of rewards and punishments, or shall publicly deny the divine authority of the Old and New Testa- ments, on being convicted thereof, by the testimony of two witnesses, shall forfeit and pay the sum of dollars for every such offense, etc' The foregoing amendment being received the question was taken on the amended bill which was carried. "Whereupon the yeas and nays were called upon by Mr. Johnson and Mr. Gass, which stood as follows: Yeas: Messrs. Blair, Black, Conway, Clack, Crawford,* Gass, Houston, Johnson, Looney, Montgomery, Newell, Outlaw, Peck and Weakly — 14. Nays: Messrs. Cantrell, Cocke, Fort, Henderson, Lewis, Manifee, Khea — 7. Mr. Lewis entered the following protest: "To this question we enter our dissent, as we conceive the law to be an inferior species of per- secution, which is always a violation of the law of nature, and also that it is a violation of our constitution. Setli Lewis, John Cocke, William Fort, John Ehea, Stephen Cantrell, John Manifee, Thomas Henderson." On the IGtli of April this question came up in the Senate, where the following proceedings were had: "Ordered that this bill be read, which being read was on motion rejected." On the 22d of April, both houses of the General Assembly being convened in the representatives' chamber, proceeded to ballot for four electors to elect a President and Vice-Pres- ident of the United States, when the following gentlemen were chosen: Daniel Smith, Joseph Greer, Hugh Neilson and Joseph Anderson. Attor- neys-general were also similarly elected on the same day ; for Washing- ton District, Hopkins Lacey; Hamilton District, John Lowrey; Mero District, Howell Tatum. The above mentioned action of the General Assembly, in electing four electors, was in accordance with a law passed by which it was provided that the General Assembly should, from time to time, by joint ballot, elect the number of electors required by the constitution of the United States. The error was in supposing that the State was entitled to two representatives in Congress as well as two Senators, and in accordance with this supposition an act was passed April 20, 1796, dividint^ the State in two divisions, the first to be called the Holston Division, and to be composed of the districts of Washington and Hamilton ; the second to be called Cumberland Division, to be composed of Mero District ; each of which divisions should be entitled to elect one representative to Cono-ress. 222 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. When it was learned that Tennessee was entitled to only one representa- tive in Congress, Gov. Sevier convened the Legislature in extra session to meet on the 30th of July for the purpose of making an alteration in the act directing the mode of electing representatives to Congress; "for by a late act of Congress the intended number of our representatives is diminished, of course it proportionably lessens our number of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States." In accordance with the necessities of the situation and the recommendations of the governor, the Legislature on the 3d of August, passed the following law: "Be it enacted, etc. : That an election shall be held at the respective court houses in each county in this State on the first Tuesday in October next and on the day next succeeding, to elect one representative to represent this State in the Congress of the United States. " In an act passed October 8 provision was made for the election of elec- tors for the districts of Washington, Hamilton and Mero, one for each dis- trict. William Blount and William Cocke were again elected senators to Congress, and under the act providing for the election of electors of President and Vice-President, the State was divided into three districts, Washington, Hamilton and Mero, and three persons from each county in each district were named to elect the elector for their respective districts. The electors named in the act were to meet at Jonesborough, Knoxville, and Nashville, and elect an elector for each district, and the three elec- tors thus elected were to meet at Knoxville on the first Wednesday in December, "to elect a President and Vice-President of the United S bates, pursuant to an act of Congress. Andrew Jackson was elected representative from Tennessee to the Congress of the United States, and when that body assembled at Philadelphia, December 5, 1799, Mr. Jack- son appeared and took his seat. On the 31st of January, 1797, an act was passed by Congress giving effect to the laws of the United States within the State of Tennessee. By the second section of this act the State was made one district, the district court therein to consist of one judge who was required to hold four sessions annually, three months apart, and the first to be held on the first Monday of April, the sessions to be held alternately at Knox- ville and Nashville. This judge was to receive an annual compensation of $800. By the fourth section of this act, the entire State of Tennessee was made one collection district, the collector to reside at Palmyra, "which shall be the only port of entry or deliver}^ within the said district of any goods, wares and merchandise, not the growth or manufacture of the United States; and the said collector shall have and exercise all the powers which any other collector hath, or may legally exercise for col- lecting the duties aforesaid; and in addition to the fees by law provided. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 223 shall be paid the yearly compeusatiou of one hundred dollars." At the election of August, 1797, John Sevier was again elected governor ; and a Legislature, consisting of eleven senators and twenty-two representa- tives from the thirteen counties then in existence, was chosen, Grainger and Hawkins sent Joseph McMinn, Senator, and Eobertson and Mont- gomery sent James Ford. James White was elected speaker of the Sen- ate; George Koulstone, principal clerk; and N. Buckingham, assistant clerk ; James Stuart was elected speaker of the House ; Thomas H. Will- iams, clerk; Jesse Wharton, assistant clQi'k, and John Ehea, door-keeper. On the 3d of December, 1798, the second session of the Second Gen- eral Assembly convened at Knoxville. James Eobertson was elected senator in place of Thomas Hardeman, who had resigned. William Blount appeared from Knox County in place of James White, resigned. William Blount was elected speaker of the Senate, George Eoulstone, clerk, and N. Buckingham assistant clerk. It was at this session of the Legislature that the number of senators was increased to twelve and the number of representatives to twenty-four by a law passed January 5, 1799. Section 2 of the act provided that there should be four sen- ators and eight representatives from Washington District. Washington and Carter Counties were made one senatorial district, and Sullivan, Greene and Hawkins Counties each had one senator, while Carter and Hawkins Counties each had one representative, and Washington, Sulli- van and Greene each had two. Hamilton District was divided as fol- lows : Knox and Grainger each had one senator, Blount and Sevier had one, and Jefferson and Cocke one ; Knox and Grainger had two representa- tives each, while the other counties in the district had one each. Mero District — Davidson County had two senators and three representatives; Sumner County one senator and three representatives; and Eobertson and Montgomery Counties one senator from both counties and one rep- resentative from each. The first session of the General Assembly elected according to the provisions of this act began at Knoxville, September 16, 1799. Alexander Outlaw was chosen speaker of the Senate, and John Kennedy, clerk. William Dickson was chosen speaker of the House, and Edward Scott, clerk. The first constitution of Tennessee had been so wisely constructed as to subserve its purj^ose for forty years without urgent necessity being felt for its revision. But in 1S33, in response to a demand in various directions, for its amendment, the Legislature passed an act, under date of November 27, providing for the calling of a convention. The act pro- vided that the convention should consist of sixty members, who should be elected on the fii'st Thursday and Friday of March following, and that 224 HISTOBY OF TENNESSEE. it should meet at Nasliville on the third Monday of May. The conven- tion having assembled May 19, 1834, Willie Blount, of Montgomery County, was made temporary chairman, and immediately afterward Will- iam B. Carter, the delegate from Carter County, was elected president. Mr. Carter, in the course of his speech acknowledging the honor con- ferred upon him, said "the great principle which should actuate each indi- vidual in this convention is to touch the constitution with a cautious and circumspect hand, and to deface that instrument, formed with so much wisdom and foresight by our ancestors, as little as possible, and should there be in that sacred charter of liberty some articles or features of doubtful policy, prudence requires that we should better let it remain than to launch it into a sea of uncertainty when we cannot perhaps better its condition." The Rev. James C. Smith, of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church of Nashville, pronounced a solemn and appropriate prayer. William K. Hill was made secretary of the convention, and William T. I. Morrow assistant secretary, the latter by a yea and nay vote of fifty-one to nine. Ministers of the gospel and editors of Tennessee newspapers were admitted to seats within the bar of the house. Various committees were appointed, each committee to bring forward amendments on some specific department of the constitution — the first the Bill of Rights, the second the Judicial Department, the third the Legislature, etc. The Bill of Rights in the new constitution remained substantially the same as in the old. Its position was changed from that of the eleventh article to that of the first, and the first change was in the seventeenth section, from which is the following sentence: "Suits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as the Legislature may by law direct, provided the right of bringing suit be limited to citizens of this State," the proviso being omitted. In the nineteenth section the sentence " and in all indictments for libels the jury shall have a right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court, as in other cases," the word " criminal " was inserted in the last phrase, so as to cause it to read "as in other criminal cases." Section 26, reading that "the freemen of this State shall have a right to keep and bear arms for the common defense," was changed so as to read that "the free white men," etc. Section 31, describing the boundaries of the State, was amended by the following additional words: "And provided also that the limits and jurisdiction of this State shall extend to any otiier lands and territory now acquired or that may hereafter be acquired by compact or agreement with other States or otherwise, al- thougli the land and territory are not included within the boundaries hereinbefore designated." HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 225 In the constitution proper, Article I in the old constitution became Article II in the new, and two new sections were prefixed thereto. These new sections provided that the government should be divided into three distinct departments, Legislative, Executive and Judicial, and that no person belonging to one of these departments should exercise any of the powers belonging to either of the others except in certain specified cases. Section 4 of this second article provides that an enumeration of the qualified voters should be made every ten years, commencing in 1841, instead of an enumeration of the taxable inhabitants every seven years, and Section 5 provides that representatives shall be appointed according to the number of qualified voters instead of the taxable inhabi- tants, and the number of representatives was limited to seventy-five until the population of the State became 1,500,000, and after that event the number should never exceed ninety-nine, and the number of senators was limited to one-third of the number of representatives. Under the old constitution no man was eligible to a seat in the General Assem- bly unless he possessed, in his own right, at least 200 acres of land. From the new constitution this requirement was omitted. Section 20, Article I, of the old constitution limited the pay of legislators to $1.75 per day, and no more than that sum for every twenty-five miles of travel to and from the place of meeting. This was changed in the new consti- tution so that each member was allowed $4 per day, and $4 for every twenty-five miles of travel to and from the seat of government. In the old constitution the governor was required to possess a free- hold estate of 500 acres of land, and to have been a citizen of the State four years. In the new constitution he was required to be at least thirty years of age, to be a citizen of the United States, and to have been a citizen of Tennessee at least seven years next preceding the election, the property qualification being omitted. The article on the qualifications of electors was changed so as to read "every free white man of the age of twenty-one years, being a citizen of the United States, and of the county wherein he may offer to vote six months next preceding the day of election, shall be entitled to vote for members of the General Assem- bly and other civil officers for the county or district in which he may re- side; provided that no person shall be disqualified from voting at any election on account of color who is now by the laws of this State a com- petent witness in the courts of justice against a white man. A free man of color shall be exempt from military duty in time of peace, and also from paying a free poll tax." Section 3 of article IX was entirely new, and read: "Any person who shall fight a duel, or knowingly be the bearpr of a challenge to fight a duel, or send or accept a challenge for 226 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. that purpose, or be an aider and abettor in fighting a duel, shall be de- prived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this State." The new constitution established a supreme court for the State, and pro- vided that this court should consist of three judges, one of whom should reside in each of the three grand divisions of the State, the concurrence of two of whom was necessary in every case to a decision. It also pro- vided for their term of office and salary. The above are the principal changes made in the old constitution by the convention of 1834. Its labors terminated August 30, after passing an ordinance for an election to be held on the first Thursday and Friday of March, 1835, on the question of adopting the constitution it had pre- pared. A curious provision of this ordinance was as follows: "That no person shall be deemed a qualified voter in said election except such as are included within the provisions of the first section of the fourth arti- cle of the amended constitution," according to which only free white men were allowed to vote. Thus the convention itself assumed the right and exercised the power of adopting for the people a portion of the con- stitution, the whole of which it was preparing to submit to them for their ratification or rejection. This proceeding was doubtless extra-judicial, but was defensible, if at all, on the ground that the free colored men who had hitherto exercised the right of suffrage, would most probably -vote against their own disfranchisement, and thus, perhaps, render doubtful the fate of the constitution. The amended constitution was submitted to the people March 5 and 6, and was ratified by them by a vote of 42,666 for the constitution to 17,691 against it. According to the census of 1830 there were then in the State 4,511 free colored per- sons, or about 900 who, under the old constitution, were entitled to vote, which number had probably increased to 1,000 at the time of the adop- tion of the amended constitution. The session of the convention lasted about three months and its delib- erations were characterized by great earnestness, patriotism and intelli- gence. The future good of the State was kept constantly in view, and the care and caution and even jealousy with which proposed changes were scrutinized are sufficiently indicated by the method adopted in their discussion — each section being read, considered and voted upon four times before finally disposed of. But its crowning work was its estimate placed upon the value of education, and provision made for the perpetu- ity of the fund for the support of common schools. This estimate is clearly and forcibly expressed in the following language: "Knowledge, learning and virtue being essential to the preservation of Republican institutions, and the diffusion of the opportunities and advantages of HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 227 education tliroughout tlie different portions of the State being highly- conducive to the promotion of this end, it shall be the duty of the Gen- eral Assembly in all future periods of this Government to cherish litera- ture and science." The provision made for the perpetuity of the common school fund, and the development of the educational facilities under the new constitution are discussed and set forth in the chapter on education. In 1853 this constitution was so amended as to provide for the elec- tion of the judges of the supreme court by the qualified voters of the State at large, and of the judges of the inferior courts by the qualified voters of the district to which such judges were assigned. An attorney- general for the State and attorney for the districts and circuits were to be elected in the same manner instead of by the Legislature. Before the conclusion of the civil war, a convention met at Nashville, January 9, 1865, and completed its labors on the 26th of the same month. By this convention the following amendments were framed and submitted to ihe people That slavery and iavoluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, are hereby forever abolished and prohibited throughout this State. The Legislature shall make no law recognizing the right of property in man. Other amendments were made abrogating certain features of the constitution of 1834, so as to make it consistent with the above amend- ments, and also declaring treasonable, unconstitutional, null and void, the declaration of independence of Tennessee, and the ordinance dis- solving the Federal relations between Tennessee and the United States -of America, passed and promulgated May 6, 1861. The present constitution was prepared by a convention held in Nash- ville January, 1870, and which ended its labors February 23, 1870. The first change made was in Article I, Section 4, which in the constitu- tion of 1834 reads: "No religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- cation to any office or public trust under this State." In the constitution of 1870 this section reads, " No political or religious test, other than an oath to support the constitution of the United States and of this State, shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under this State." Section 5 of this article, "That elections shall be free and equal," was amended by adding the following words: "And the right of suffrage, as heretofore declared, shall never be denied to any per- son entitled thereto, except upon conviction by a jury of some infamous crime, previously ascertained and declared by law and judgment thereon by a court of competent jurisdiction." Section 6, reading "That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate," was amended by adding 228 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. "and no religious or political test shall ever be required as a qualifica- tion for "jurors." Section 8, "That no free man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges," etc., was amended by omitting the word "free." Section 18 was amended so as to read: "The Legislature shall pass no law authorizing imprisonment for debt in civil cases." In the legislative department of the constitution, important changes were made. Counties and incorporated towns were forbidden to lend their credit to, or to become stockholders in, any incorporation, except upon a three-fourths majority of the vote cast at an election upon the question, and the credit of the State was forbidden to be given to any company, incorporation or municipality. No bonds of the State can be issued to any railroad company, which at the time of its application for the same is in default in payment of interest upon the State bonds previously loaned to it, or that previously to such application shall have sold any State bonds loaned to it at less than par. In the executive department the principal change made was in conferring upon the governor the veto power. The qualifications of electors were so changed as to confer the suffrage on every male person of the age of twenty-one years, resident in the' State one year and in the county six months who had paid his poll tax. The supreme court was changed so as to consist of five judges instead of three, of whom not more than two may reside in any one of the grand divisions of the State. The judges themselves are required to elect one of their own number chief justice. One of the miscellaneous provisions of the present constitution is as follows: "The Legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries for any purpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery tick- ets within this State." A provision was also inserted under which each head of a family is entitled to a homestead of the value of |1,000, ex- empt from sale for debt, except for public taxes and the purchase price of the homestead, which may be retained by the widow and minor chil- dren so long as occupied by them. The intermarriage of white persons with negroes or mulattoes, or persons of mixed blood descending from a negro to the third generation inclusive, is prohibited under this consti- tution. The vote on the ratification of this new constitution was taken March 26, 1870, and resulted as follows: For the constitution, 98,128; against it, 33,872. In East Tennessee, 15,678 ; against it, 17,155. Middle Tennessee, 48,503; against it, 7,190. West Tennessee, 33,917; against it,. 9,527. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 229 CHAPTER VIII.* Growth and Development— Imperfect Agricultural Methods— Produc- tions FOR Market— Supply for Home Consumption— Adoption of Im- proved AgrioulturXl Implements— Comparison of the Tiiuee Grand Divisions of the State in Crops and Progress— The Staple Products— The Great Range of Productions and the Reason— Fruit, Grain, To- bacco, Cotton, Peanuts, Hay, Hemp, Flax, Sorghum, Live-Stock and Miscellaneous Products— Introduction of the Cotton-Gin— Purchase of the Patent by the Legislature— The Labor Question and the cost of Production — Fertilization and Statistics. TENNESSEE is so happily situated geographically and topographic- ally that her fields yield in greater or less abundance nearly every product of the temperate zones, and it is doubtful if any other State in the Union possesses equal agricultural resources. Yet the condition of agriculture in the State has not been so prosperous as the nature of the soil, the variety of the products and the salubrity of the climate should insure. This is due partly to the agricultural methods, which have been in the main quite primitive, and partly to the fact that in Middle and West Tennessee especially, the attention of farmers has been directed to one or two crops to the almost utter exclusion of all others. It is true that before the war these farmers were the most thriving in the State and that many of their farms were in a high state of cultivation and improve- ment, but this mode of agriculture could succeed and prove profitable only under a well regulated and well disciplined system of slave labor. The great civil convulsion which overturned the social system of the South wrought most disastrous changes among the land owners and farmers, and many years have been required for them to recover from the effects, and to adapt themselves to the new condition of society. There is a widely marked and striking difference in the three divis- ions of the State in the economical management of the farmers. The most distinguishing characteristic of the average farmer in East Tennes- see is the effort which he makes to supply what may be required for his own consumption. It is not uncommon on a small farm to see a patch of cotton, which the women of the household work up into cloth ; a spot given to tobacco for home consumption; a field of sorghum, from which ♦Compiled from Killebrew's "Resources of Tennessee," "Revised Hand Book of Tennessee " census and other reports, and collected by the writer from numerous original and reliable sources. ' 230 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. syrup is made for domestic use ; a few acres of wheat are raised for flour ; corn and oats or hay to feed the stock, which usually consist of a few sheep, to supply wool for winter clothes ; cows, from which a consider- able revenue is derived by the manufacture of butter, and a brood-mare or two, from which the farmer rears his mules and horses for farm use. Besides these an abundance of the staple vegetables and of all kinds of poultry are raised. A few bee-hives and an apple and peach orchard are the necessary adjunct to nine-tenths of the farms in East Tennessee. The most striking fact in the farming operations of that division is that no money crop is raised. Tobacco, cotton, corn and hay are all grown in small quantities, not so much for sale as for use. The amount of money realized by the average farmer of East Tennessee is exceedingly small, and yet the people in no portion of the State live so well or have their tables so bountifully furnished. Many a farmer, who lives like a lord at his table, does not realize $200 in money from his farm in a year, and this comes mainly from the sale of feathers, chickens, eggs, dried fruit and occasionally a few cattle or mules. Indeed, with their strict habits of economy, they have but little use for money. The wool and cotton, by the patient industry of the female members of the family, are wrought into cloth. A few hides from the beeves are tanned and made into shoes. Salt, coffee and sugar comprise almost the sum total of pur- chases, while a few dollars are required to meet the demands of the tax- gatherer. The use of improved machinery, except in the valley lands, is impos- sible on the farms in East Tennessee ; consequently the implements are very inexpensive, and are frequently made at the neighboring blacksmith shop. The valley farms, however, are usually supplied with all the ma- chinery to be found upon the best farms in the other portions of the State. The growing of corn and wheat for a long period in East Tennes- see, without proper rotation, resting or clovering, has. greatly impaired the fertility of the soil ; yet there is no better land anywhere for clover, and the rich, red ferruginous subsoils, resting in the valleys on the lime- stone rock, are susceptible of being kept up to a high point of fertility if properly managed. Although a small minority of the farmers are content to plant, wox'k and gather their crops just as did their fathers and grandfathers before them, under the lead of a few intelligent farm- ers, and the inspiration of the East Tennessee Farmers' Convention, great changes for the better have been wrought within the past few years. Improved breeds of cattle, sheep and hogs, and better methods of cultiva- tion have been pretty generally introduced. When this spirit of progress and improvement shall have become general, East Tennessee will rival HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 231 any other portion of the Union in the variety and wealth of its agricult- ural products. Unlike his brother in East Tennessee, the farmer of the middle division, especially in the Central Basin and the richer portions (5f the Highlands, aims to have in addition to the food crops, a "money crop" of either tobacco, cotton or peanuts. His anxiety is greater to secure the former than the latter, for his domestic habits are not such as to enable him to dispense with money to the same extent as the farmer of East Tennessee. As a usual rule, except in places remote from town, he does not manufacture his clothes at home, but buys them. He does not pay as much attention to the smaller industries, nor is his every day table supplied with such a variety of food. Milk and butter he usually pro- duces in abundance for home consumption, but unless in the dairy busi- ness he does not aim to produce a surplus for market. While his orchards may cover more acres, his orchard products are less remunera- tive. Fowls are raised in large quantities, but the money for them belongs to the housewife, and does not enter into his bills receivable. His thoughts center in his money crops, and everything, even the appear- ance of his farm, must yield to the imperative demands of such crops. He feels no disajjpointment at having no corn or pork to sell. He aims to make a supply. If there is a surplus he rejoices, if not, he remains contented. He knows and appreciates the value of labor-saving machinery, and his farm is usually well supplied with the best of implements. His work-stock are the best his purse will enable him to buy. He also inherits a love for a good saddle horse. He rejoices in a good cotton- gin, or tobacco screw, gin house or tobacco barn, and will take infinitely more pains to exhibit these than he will his dwelling, although his dwelling may be tasteful and elegant in its surroundings. He is fond too of a good stable, with a bounteous supply of provender, though stables and everything else must yield to the exactions of his "money crop." If a stock raiser, everything is subordinated to that, it being the "money crop." The possession of a heavy purse once a year is the dream of his existence. Energetic, thoughtful, intelligent and pains- taking, he prospered under a different condition of things. He prospers yet, when able to take the front row or to carry on his farm in a system- atic and orderly manner. He is not so careful of his land now as before the war ; he does not value it so highly. He can be tempted to rent out fields that in the regular order should be rested. Sometimes his clover seed runs short, and he prefers to let the unsown fields lie fallow rather than to incur further expense. He is not so particular about having his fence corners clean as formerlv. He is in a manner disheartened because he 232 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. can rely upon no regular supply of labor. His enthusiasm is greatly chilled by the course of events, and yet he will confess that in a good season with good hands his profits are as great and as satisfactory as ever. * The farms in Middle Tennessee, as a general thing, are much better improved than in the other divisions. The dwelling houses are good, many of them elegant, some of them princely. Stock raising and cotton growing in this central basin are the favorite branches of industry. Fine stock, horses, cattle, hogs and sheep of the most approved breeds are to be found in every county. On the Highlands surrounding the basin, peanuts, tobacco, wheat and fruits are the favorite crops. The average farmer of lower West Tennessee aspires to be a planter. He loves to see many broad acres in cultivation. He is ambitious, industrious, care- less and energetic. He cares for nothing so much as to see his cotton fields flourishing. He does not try to raise his supplies, but stoutly maintains that he can buy them cheaper than he can make them. Debt has no such terrors for him as for the East Tennessee farmer. He will stake his all upon the prospects for cotton; chicken, eggs, butter, corn, wheat, hay, meat — all these are little things and cotton will buy them. Cotton is the great mogul of all the crops. It controls all and buys all. Land, teams, tools are as nothing, compared with the lordly bales rolled out from the gin house. Gullies may wash, fences may.rot, houses may fall to decay, but cotton must be raised. A big crop of cotton will buy fresh fields with virgin soil elsewhere. Taking care of land and resting it may do for the farmer elsewhere, but time is too valuable to be wasted in this way by the average West Tennessee farmer. He can and does spend money for fertilizers, and they are used where the cotton crop will get the full benefit. He will crop out his land, or rent it out, payable in cotton, but rarely in money. He is inclined to be more cosmopolitan than his brothers of the other divisions, yet he cherishes a high regard for his State, but would cherish it still more, if it would produce more cotton. In the more northern counties of West Tennessee, however, the average farmer is very much like the Middle Tennessee farmer. He has his money crop, but he takes an interest in working supplies enough for home consumption. He is careful of his soil, and feeds and nurses it with clover. He takes great delight in his corn crop until his tobacco plants begin to press him, then the corn must stand second in his affec- tions. He loves his hay fields, but his tobacco fields better. He is fond of rich soil and studies the aptitudes and capacities of the different vari- eties, and plants his various crops so that each may have the most con- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 233 genial soil. There is no better farmer in the State than the farmer of northern West Tennessee. He raises a surplus of all food crops, but pays little attention to the smaller industries. He is fond of good stock, especially good hogs, which his magnificent corn crops enable hi'm to rear in great quantities. He keeps up his improvements and has a lively faith in the future of the State. The many varieties of soil and the difference of elevation gi^e to Ten- nessee a very wide range in its agricultural products. Assuming that an elevation of 333 feet is equivalent, so far as temperature is concerned to one degree of latitude, it will be seen that the highest clime of the Unakas in the East differ from the low lands of the Mississippi by near- ly fifteen degrees of latitude ; the one having a semi-tropical climate and the other that of Canada. The soils do not differ less than the climate. Upon them can be grown the sweet potato of the South and the Irish potato of the North, both in remunerative quantities, and of excellent quality. Peaches that attain their luscious sweetness in a sunny climate find in the State a congenial home, where they are brought to their high- est perfection. Apples, upon the elevated lands, bear as profusely and ripen as deliciously as in the great apple growing region of Ohio or Michigan. Grapes of many varieties bear in unsurpassed luxuriance up- on the sunny slopes and rich hills in every part of the State. Plums, apricots, pears, nectarines and cherries flourish and yield in pro- fusion. Even the fig, in sheltered places, may be brought to maturity in the open air. Those more common, but not less useful fruits, the blackberry, raspberry and the dewberry are indigenous throughout the State. In the woods and in the fields, on poor soil and on rich, covering 'the mountain tops and flourishing in the alluvial bottoms, the blackber- ry bush supplies a rich, healthy and delicious fruit, and in quantities sufficient to supply ten times the present population. So numerous and so excellent are the berries, that pickers are sent out from Cincinnati and from other northern towns to gather and ship the fruit. The rasp- berry and dewberry grow wild, and yield abundantly. The cranberry- grows wild in the elevated swampy places of Johnson County, and but for want of facilities for transportation could be made a source of great profit. Of the great staple products, corn should, perhaps, be ranked first, although as a "money crop" it is subordinate to both cotton and tobacco. Tennessee now ranks ninth as a corn growing State. In 18-40 she stood first. The average annual production of this cereal is not far from 50,000,000 bushels. The great central basin of Middle Tennessee, the rich valleys of East, and the low lands of West Tennessee raise enor- mous crops of this grain and the quality is greatly superior to that grown 234 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. in hio-lier or lower latitude. The grain matures earlier than in the North and dries thoroughly, fitting it to make a superior quality of meal, and it is noted for its freedom from rot. The average yield per acre for the State is about twenty-three bushels; but this average is low, due to the pernicious habit in some parts of the State of planting the same land year after year in this exhaustive crop without manure. Among the best farmers, those who practice rotation and clovering, the average yield is not far from forty bushels. The rent paid for some of the bottom lands on the upper Tennessee, is twenty and sometimes thirty bushels of corn per acre, and the yield often reaches seventy-five, and in some rare instances, 100 bushels per acre. Of the cereals, wheat ranks next in importance to corn. The usual quantity of wheat raised varies from 5,000,000 to 10,000,000 bushels, with a large average yield per acre. About 1,000,000 acres are sown annually. The best wheat growing portions of the State are to be found in the upper counties of the valley of -East Tennessee, the counties ly- ing on the north side of the Highland Rim, the northern counties of West Tennessee, and the rolling lands of the central basin. The average yield in these regions is not far from fifteen bushels. Though the yield of wheat is far from being what a thorough preparation of the land and early seeding could make it, yet the excellence of the berry compensates in some degree for the scantiness in the yield. The flour made of Tennes- see wheat commands in every market a superior price. It has been esti- mated that at least one-half of the fiour exported to Brazil and other inter-tropical countries is manufactured from Avheat grown south of the Ohio and Susquehanna Rivfers. There is a peculiarity in the flour which enables it to resist damp, and it remains fresh and sweet when flour made from wheat grown in high latitudes becomes sour and worth- less. It also has the capacity of absorbing more water, and retaining it in the baking process, giving a greater number of pounds of bread for a given number of pounds of flour. All the nutritive elements are fully developed in the wheat of Tennessee, and, maturing a month earlier than the wheat crop of New York, it commands a ready market at good prices. The annual production of oats in Tennessee amounts to about 5,000,- 000 bushels. The best authorities put the yield at sixteen bushels per acre, but the primitive methods employed in separating the straw from the grain leave a large portion of the latter adhering to the straw. Twenty-five bushels per acre can be grown upon any soils in any j^ortion of the State that have not been impoverished by bad tillage. Even upon the thin, barren, flat lands that are found in some portions of Lewis, Lawrence, Coffee and other counties, oats grow with a prodigal luxuri- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 235 ance, as also upon the sand-stone soils o£ the Cumberland Table-land. Upon the richer valley and bottom lands fifty bushels per acre are not an extraordinary yield, and seventy-five have been made. Greene, Hawkins, Knox, Sullivan, Roane, Wasliington and Blount Counties in East Ten- nessee ; Davidson, Wilson, Montgomeiy and Sumner in the middle divis- ion, and Obion, Dyer and Gibson in West Tennessee furnish the best soils for oats. • While the number of acres devoted to barley in the State does not exceed 5,000, it is yet one of the most profitable crops grown by the farmer. The average yield per acre is about eighteen bushels. About one-third of all that is grown in the State is raised in Davidson County. It flourishes well in the high valleys and coves in Johnson and Carter Counties, and would grow well in all the rich valley lands of East Ten- nessee. The black lands of the central basin yield very large crops, twenty-five to thirty -five bushels being quite common. Rye is not considered a productive crop in Tennessee. Farmers rarely sow it, except for winter or early spring grazing, a use to which it is admirably adapted. It is used also to some extent as a fertilizer, and as it grows with vigor where corn, oats and wheat fail, it supplies a great Avant Tipon the thin and worked soils. The amount of land in the State devoted to rye is about 25,000 acres, which gives a yield of about 220,000 bushels, or about nine bushels per acre. This yield is doubtless largely diminished in consequence of the excessive grazing to which it is subjected. The largest rye-growing counties are Marshall, Lincoln, Rutherford, Bedford and Davidson in Middle Tennessee, and Johnson and Carter in East Tennessee. West Tennessee raises but little rye, yet its soil and climate would insure an abundant yield. Only a small amount of buckwheat is grown by the farmers of Ten- nessee. About GO, 000 bushels is the average crop of the State, grown principally in Johnson, Carter, Washington and Perry Counties. It is not a remunerative crop, yielding only about seven bushels per acre. From the early settlement to the present time, sweet potatoes have formed one of the leading articles of food. They grow well in all thoroughly drained soils of the State, and where the land is friable and moderately fertile. Bottom lands are not usually the best for the growth of this vegetable ; the tendency of such places is to produce an enormous growth of vines at the expense of the tubers ; nor does cold, clayey land suit them. The flavor is greatly improved in a soil with a small adniix- ture of sand or fine gravel. When grown upon very rich land they are apt to be sappy and insipid. The annual yield is about 1,200,000 bushels, or 100 bushels per acre. The counties raising the greatest 236 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. quantities are Shelby, Obion and Gibson in West Tennessee; Davidson, Wilson and Montgomery in the Middle Division; and Knox, Bradley and Anderson in East Tennessee. Irish potatoes are not grown in sufficient quantities in the State to supply the home demand, although when planted upon suitable soils and well worked, the yield is prolific. Upon land moderately fresh and well fertilized, the yield can be brought up to 400 bushels per acre. Yet the statistics of this crop shows an average yield of only seventy-seven bushels, and the entire production 1,122,000 bushels. This vegetable grows well in every division of the State, and especially is it brought to perfection in the more elevated portions. Even the Cumberland Table- land, though yielding sparsely of the leading crops, produces the Irish potato in profusion. ' Of the "money crops," perhaps the most important is tobacco. In the production of this plant Tennessee stands third among the States, Kentucky being first and Virginia second. The average yield per acre is between 700 and 800 pounds, although as much as 1,200 and even as high as 1,800 can be grown on the best soils in favorable seasons. Grown in some of the soils of Kentucky and Tennessee, it acquires a peculiar richness. Tough, thick, gummy and leathery in its character, it has the capacity of absorbing water, which makes it peculiarly adapted to the manufacture of strips for the English market; the tobacco known as the " Clarksville tobacco," and which grows on the rich red soils of Stewart, Montgomery, Robertson, Cheatham and Dickson Counties, is capable of absorbing 33 per cent of its weight in water. It is prepared for the English market by pulling out the main stem and packing it in hogs- heads as dry as possible. These "strips" are watered after reaching the English market, and inasmuch as the duty on tobacco is about 72 cents per pound, every pound of water absorbed by the strips is 72 cents in the pocket of the importer, and he is thus enabled to sell per pound at the same price at which he buys and still make a handsome profit. It is this peculiar property that gives the Clarksville tobacco such a high rank among the English dealers. The upper parts of Sumner, Trousdale and Smith, all of Macon, Clay and Jackson, and parts of Overton, Putnam, Wilson and DeKalb, raise a kind of tobacco not well suited for the manufacturer. ' It is large, leafy, coarser than the Clarks- ville tobacco, and is deficient in the active principle. It is principally consumed in the French and Spanish markets, a small quantity going to Italy and Germany. Obion, Dyer, Henry, Weakley and Benton Counties raise a very fine manufacturing leaf. It is, indeed, the finest article for that purpose groAvn west of the Alleghany Mountains. It is rich, silky, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 237 mild, of a light color, and some of it rivalling the brilliant colors of the fading hickory leaf. It is especially valued for bright and mottled wrappers. All "of this tobacco is consumed in the United States, none being exported on account of its high price and scarcity. This tobacco is not well adapted for stemming purposes, and even if it were, the price is too high to make its use in this manner profitable. Coffee, Warren, Moore, Lewis, Lawrence, Wayne, Hickman, Humphreys and Dickson, raise small quantities of light, mild tobacco. Nearly every county in East Tennessee grows enough for home consumption, and but little more. The quality of tobacco differs widely from that grown in the other divis- ions of the State. It is smaller and lighter, and not so rich in nicotine. The stronger tobaccos of Middle and West Tennessee contain as high as six per cent of that alkaloid, while that grown in East Tennessee does not contain above three per cent. It, however, is preferred by many on this account, being milder, pleasanter and more agreeable. The history of tobacco cultivation in Tennessee dates back to its ear- liest settlement. The pioneers who settled in the fertile valleys of the Watauga, Nollichucky, and Holston Rivers, raised tobacco for their own consumption; and those who planted colonies on the Cumberland during the last two decades of the eighteenth century brought seed from North Carolina and Virginia, and began its culture. Although grown for many years in a small way, it was not until about 1810 that tobacco began to form one of the great staples of the State. By 1820 7,000 hogsheads were annually sent in flat-boats to New Orleans and exchanged for coffee, sugar, salt and other commodities. The extinguishment of Indian titles in West Tennessee, in 1818, added immensely to the available area for cultivation. Prices were generally low, but the cost of production was scarcely appreciable. It is estimated that during the decade from 1820 to 1830, the actual cost of growing tobacco did not exceed $1 per 100 pounds. From 1830 to 1840 the culture was widely extended. In the latter year Henry County, in West Tennessee, heads the list, reporting a yield of 9,479,065 pounds, over 1,000,000 pounds more than any county at the present time produces. Smith County came next, with 3,017,012 pounds; Sumner, 2,615,000; Montgomery, 2,549,984; AVilson, 2,313,000; Eobertson, 1,168,833; Williamson, 1,126,982; Rutherford, 1,084,000; and Stewart, Jackson and Davidson, 993,495, 859,336, and 334,394 pounds, respectively. The entire yield for the State in that year was 29,- 550,442 pounds, nearly 200,000 pounds more than was reported in the census of 1^80. The prices which prevailed in 1837 were very low, and many planters shipping to New Orleans were brought into debt for freight and charges. During the next two years the prices increased, and from 4 to 238 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 10 cents per pound was frequently paid. In 1839 the prices were higher than for several succeeding years. From 1841 to 184G the prices ranged fi-om 2 to 8 cents, but in the latter year, on account of the Mexican war, the price fell to from 1 to 3 cents. In 1850 fair prices again prevailed. About 1834 dealers began to put up factories in Clarksville, and to pur- chase leaf tobacco. Several establishments for making " strips " sprang up shortly thereafter, and in 1840 the number of stemmeries had consid- erably increased. This gave renewed animation to the industry, millions of pounds of tobacco being annually bought in Clarksville, and prepared for the English trade. ^ The first effort to establish a market for the sale of tobacco in Clarks- ville was made in 1842, but it was difficult to persuade such planters as still adhered to the practice of pressing the tobacco and shipping it to- New Orleans, to consent to sell in Clarksville. It was not until Febru- ary, 1845, that warehouses for the inspection and sale of tobacco in casks were erected, and for the year ending September 1, 1845, 900 hogsheads were reported sold. Three or four warehouses were opened in 1846, and since that time they have been increased both in size and number. With the exception of Louisville, Clarksville opened the first inspection ware- house in the West. Nashville also was a point where some business was done in tobacco as early as 1835. In 1840 the receipts amounted to 4,000 hogsheads, and for the next ten years remained stationary, varying from 4,000 to 5,000 hogsheads annually. About 1850 two tobacco stemmeries were put up, which prepared from 125 to 150 hogsheads of strips; considerable leaf tobacco was also shipped to the New Orleans market. From 1850 to 1860 the trade increased somewhat, reaching from 7,000 to 8,000 hogs- heads, the weight of the hogshead being increased about twenty per cent. During the war the tobacco trade in Nashville "was suspended, and did not greatly revive until 1872. Paris, Henry County, is also a tobacco- market of some importance. In 1880 it contained six factories, only three of which were in operation. These factories during that year put up about 208,000 pounds. In Clarksville, while the amount of sales varies somewhat with the success or partial failure of each crop, there is always a considerable amount sold loose to the factories for the manufacture of strips. In 1879 the number of hogsheads of strips was less than for many years. In that year five factories in operation reported an aggregate production of 544 hogsheads or 680,000 pounds of strips, although the usual amount ranges from 800 to 2,000 hogsheads. Springfield, in Robertson County, does a considerable business in stemminfj, and also in the manufacture of HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 239 plug tobaccos. Nearly every town iu the tobacco-growing region, espe- cially if it be on the railroad, contains one or more dealers who buy leaf tobacco, put it into hogsheads, and ship it to Clarksville, Nashville or Louisville. Cotton is another of the great staple products of Tennessee. Its cult- ivation, however, is mainly restricted to a comparatively small area, eighty-four per cent of the entire amount being produced in West Ten- nessee, and only one per cent of it in that portion of the State east of the Central Basin. In 1879 the county in the State having the highest total production was Shelby, with 46,388 bales. The county having the highest average production per acre was Lake, with 1,059 pounds of seed cotton. These counties of West Tennessee produce the best cotton grown in the State, and the farmers give to this staple almost their entire atten- tion. The uplands yield a very desirable article much sought after by the spinners of New England and Great Britain on account of its clean- ness. At the London exposition in 1851, the cotton raised by Col. John Pope, of Shelby County, received the medal as the best cotton known to the world. Lincoln, Rutherford, Giles, Williamson and Maury are the principal cotton-growing counties of Middle Tennessee, although it is produced to some extent in the whole of the Central Basin. The five counties mentioned in 1879 produced over 43,000 bales. The following are the counties of Tennessee producing the greatest quantity of this staple, together with the number of bales and the average yield per acre for 1879 the weight of the bales averaging about 475 pounds : Production Average bales in bales. per acre. Shelby 46, 388 . 50 Fayette 39,221 .43 Tipton 21,415 .56 Haywood 23,092 .46 Gibson 19, 372 .53 Madison 19,257 .42 Hardeman 18,937 .42 Lauderdale 13,250 .50 Giles -...13,802 .44 Rutherford 12,414 .38 Carroll 11,505 .43 Henderson 9,469 .42 McNairy 9,419 .41 Crockett 9,320 .52 Maury 8,912 .41 Dyer 8,564 .59 Weakley 7,576 .49 Henry 5,516 .42 Hardin 5,345 .42 Williamson 4,538 .38 2-10 HISTOltY OF TENNESSEE. Obion 4,225 .58 Lincoln 3,486 .39 Lake 2,412 .74 Decatur 2,169 .39 Benton 1,801 .37 Marshall ' 1.721 .37 Davidson 1,333 .41 Hickman 1,302 .42 "Wilson 1,372 .40 Wayne 1,207 .37 The remaining counties each produced less than 1,000 bales. Al- though the average yield per acre is one-half greater than that of Ala- bama, and equal even to that of Mississippi, it could be greatly increased with proper management. The estimated cost of production per acre, as furnished by eleven cotton growers in as many different counties, varies from 14.05 to ,^16.90 with an average of ,|11.43. This cost can be ma- terially reduced by cultivating less land and cultivating it better, employ- ing less labor and thus increasing its efficiency, restoring the exliausted elements to the soil and thus keeping up its fertility, and by producing home supplies. It is probable that the cultivation of cotton for home consumption was begun with the first settlement of the State, but the amount raised must have been quite small. The first cotton grown west of the moun- tains by American settlers was planted by Col. John Donelson in 1780, on the east side of Stone's River, opposite Clover Bottom. Before the close of the Indian war fields of half an acre or an acre of cotton were to be seen at most of the "improvements" or settlements. The entire care of this crop at that time, from the planting of the seed to the slow and laborious process of seeding the cotton, devolved upon the women and children of the hoiisehold. The invention of the gin by AVhitney, in 1793, added impetus to the culture of cotton, although it was not until some time after that the machines came into general use. On October 22, 1803, the Gejieral Assem- bly of Tennessee passed an act, of which the following is the preamble : WiiEUKAs, It is proposed by Russell Goodricli, the agent of Elijah Whitney, the in- ventor and patentee of a machine for the cleaning of cotton from the seeds, commonly called the saw-gin, and Phineas Miller, the assignee of one moiety of the patent right to said machine, to sell to the State of Tennessee, the sole and exclusive right of making, using and vending the said machine within the limits of this State, and Wheueas the culture of cotton is increasing in this State, and, from the invention and use of said machine, likely to become a valuable staple article of exportation, it is expedient that the State of Tennessee do purchase from the said Miller and Whitney their patent right to the making, using and vending of the said new invention on the terms and conditions hereinafter mentioned, that is to say, that there shall be levied and collected by the State of Tennessee on each and every said gin which shall be used in the State from the passing of this act, thirt3'-st'ven and one-half cents upon each and every HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 241 saw or circular row of teeth, which shall be used in said ^ins in each and every year, for the term of four years, which tax, when collected, is to be paid to the said Miller and Whitney or their order, first deducting the sheriff's usual commission of six per cent for collecting from year to year for the term aforesaid. The first payment to be made on the first day of November, 1804, and the last payment on the first day of November, 1807. The total amount paid by the State for the use of the gin. in the counties of Middle Tennessee, or Mero District, was ^4,517.49, after deducting the sheriff's commission of $288.35. Gins were used in ten counties as follows: Davidson, twenty-four; Sumner, nine; Williamson, six; Montgomery, five; Kobertson, five; Smith, five; Stewart, one; Dickson, one ; Wilson, four, and Rutherford, four. The following statis- tics show the rapid increase in the production of cotton in Tennessee from the beginning of the century: The crop for the ye:ir 1801 was estimated at 1,000,000 pounds, and for 1811, at 3,000,000 pounds. Ten years later it bad increased 20,000,000 pounds; in 1828, to 45,000,000 pounds, and in 1833, to 50,000,000 pounds. These amounts were only estimated how- ever, and for the last two or three periods, were undoubtedly placed too high, as the census of 1840 reports the crop for the previous year at 27,- 701,277 pounds. The crop for the next four decennial years was as follows: 1849, 194,532 bales; 1859, 290,464 bales; 18P,9, 181,842 bales, and for 1879, 330,621 bales. The great peanut growing region of the State embraces the counties of Perry, Hickman and Humphreys, and portions of Dickson and Lewis. The cultivation of this crop was introduced into this section by Jesse George, of Hickman County. The seeds came from North Carolina, and were given to him by some relatives, who were passing through the county on their way West. These he planted, and finding the county so well adapted to their growth he ventured to raise peanuts for market. Obtaining a good price for these he was stimulated to a larger planting. His neighbors caught the infection and Humphreys soon became famous for the richness and superiority of its peanuts. The entire production of this crop in the region mentioned above reached, in the year 1872, 680,000 bushels; of the'se Hickman raised 200,000 ; Humphreys, 250,000; Perry, 200,000, and Dickson, 30,000. The excessive production of that year reduced the price so low that the crop in 1873 was diminished to 110,000 bushels. The prices paid th.e Nashville and Cincinnati markets vary from 60 cents to $2.25 per bushel, according to production and demand. The average yield is about forty bushels per acre. The best soils for peanuts are those which are well drained, and have a large quan- tity of intermingling gravel. One of the most important crops of Tennessee, and one to which it is peculiarly adapted, is that of hay. Although its production is small in 242 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. comparison with its value to the farmer, it has steadily increased for the past fifty years, as is evidenced by the following figures taken from the census reports: In 1839 there were produced 31,233 tons; in 1849, 74,- 091 tons; in 1859, 143,499 tons; in 1869, 116,582 tons, and in 1879, 186,698 tons. The average yield per acre is not far from one and one-fourth tons. No State is more abundantly supplied with water-courses, and the hay crop of Tennessee might be made to rival that of any other State in the Union. But the hay growing regions are not confined to the low land bordering the streams ; on the northern slopes of the ridges of East Ten- nessee and on the rolling lands of the Central Basin, timothy grows with a surprising luxuriance, and upon the flat lands of the Highland River and in the sandy lands of "West Tennessee, herd grass finds a fitting soil and irrows to a heisjlit almost incredible. Knox, Greene, Sullivan, Wash- int^ton and Davidson are among the best hay growing counties in the State, Greene ranking first and Davidson second. While the average yield of hay for the State is small, instances are given where meadows favoral)ly located have yielded, for a period of ten years in succession, from two to three tons per acre. Of the many varieties of grasses there is scarcely one but that in some portion of the State can be grown with profit. Timothy is the best grass for hay making, and it improves all pastures when it is mixpd with other grasses. It does best in limestone land, in which the crop often amounts to two tons of hay per acre, which rarely sells for less than $20 per ton. Blue-grass is a perennial, and is essentially a pasture grass. It grows but on limestone lands, and to it Kentucky and several other States owe a large portion of their wealth. Much of the lands of East- ern and Middle Tennessee produce as fine blue-grass as can be grown anywhere, and it will ultimately cover all the limestone hills of the State. Several of the counties of West Tennessee will also produce good blue-grass. Indeed but little land exists in the State which, under proper management, will not grow this grass profitably, and there is no reason why Tennessee should not rival Kentucky in its production, Herd's-grass, or red top, is a hardy perennial, and is devoted to both pasture and meadow. For making meadow in swampy land it is regarded as superior to any other grass. It produces a deep, tough sod of roots that make a firm surface, even in muddy places, and yields a ton and a half of hay of good quality per acre. In well drained upland it yields fair crops of hay, but is not equal to clover and timothy. This grass finds a most congenial soil throughout West Tennessee, in many places attaining the height of five feet. It is probably better adapted to all the soils of the State than any other grass. It flourishes upon the slopes HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 243 and in the valleys of East Tennessee, and yields abundantly upon the sandstone soils of the Cumberland Table-land, as well as on the rolling surface of the Highland River. In the Central Basin, too, it is second only to red clover and timothy as a meadow grass. Orchard-grass, also a perennial, makes hay and pasture of the best quality. It grows best on limestone lands, but makes good meadows on any rich soil. It is difficult, however, to get this grass well sodded and to keep it in full possession of the ground. Some of the good points of this grass are its adaptability to every variety of soil, its rapid growth, its ability to resist drought and its power to grow in the shade. Red clover is the most valuable of all the grasses. It not only makes excellent hay and pasturage, but is, also, the great fertilizer of land. It grows best on rich limestone lands, but may be made to prosper on any land which is not extremely sandy. It finds a congenial soil in the clayey lands of the valleys of East Tennessee, on the red soils of the Highland Rim and on the limestone loams of the Central Basin. Probably three- fourths of the land in the State will grow clover remuneratively. Besides the common red clover several other species are grown with suc- cess, the two most important of which are alsike clover and crimson clover. The former is a perennial and is hardier than red clover, but its yield is less. The latter is an annual, and is chiefly valuable as a green food. Of the annual grasses cultivated in Tennessee the most important is millet, of which there are many varieties. The first millet cultivated in the State was of the kind commonly termed Tennessee Millet. In a few years the Hungarian grass became popular, and later the Missouri millet became the favorite. At the close of the war the German variety was introduced, and soon superseded all others. These grasses all grow best in limestone soils, but prosper on any soil that is rich enough, and there is probably more hay made from them in Tennessee than from any other kind of grass. There are many other valuable grasses which could be profitably grown in the State, but which have not been very generally introduced. Several wild or indigenous grasses grow spontaneously, one of which is the barren, or prairie grass. It covered all the prairie lands when the country was first settled by white people. It springs up about the 1st of April, grows to the height of two feet, and affords good pas- turage from April to the 1st of August, when it becomes hard and woody so that stock refuse to eat it. Wherever the forest is not so dense as to exclude the light and heat of the sun, on the streams and table- lands of the Cumberland Mountains and on the sandy, flinty and siliceous "flat woods" of the whole State, this grass still holds possession, and is •a blessing to the inhabitants of all lands which are deficient in lime . 24:4 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Another indigeneous perennial grass is known as nimble will. On limestone lands where the forest has been thinned out, it grows up to the heio-ht of about fifteen inches and forms a dense mat, affording good pasturage for five or six months in the year. White clover is a spontaneous growth over nearly the entire State, and is luxuriant in limestone soils. Next to blue-grass it is one of the most valuable grazing plants, and is to the pasture what red clover is to the meadow. It is a hardy perennial, and withstands drouth and con- stant grazing. Crab-grass is an annual of some value for fall pasturage, but is a troublesome pest among growing crops, especially during wet seasons. When the farm is kept under a rotation of crops, however, and tilled only once in four or five years, the crab-grass is soon exterminated and better- grasses take' its place. In addition to the crops already mentioned there are grown in partic- ular localities hemp, broom corn, flax, sorghum and rice. All the garden vegetables are raised in abundance. Peas, beans, onions, lettuce, cab- bage, turnips, radishes, salsify, celery, cucumbers, butterbeans, toma- toes, squashes, melons, carrots, beets, egg-plant, asparagus and many oth- ers are found in almost every garden. The cultivation of hemp is chiefly confined to the counties of East Tennessee. The total crop in the State for 1859 was 2,243 tons, of which Claiborne County produced nearly one-half. The other counties produc- ing it in any considerable quantities during that year were Greene, Haw- kins, Cannon and Anderson. In 1869 Hancock County ranked first and Johnson second, the crops for these counties being 290 and 207 toHS respectively. The census reports for 1880 show no return from the hemp crop in Tennessee. The raising of flax is also confined mainly to East Tennessee, and its production in that locality is somewhat decreased. In 1859 the State produced 164,294 pounds of fibre and 9,362 bushels of seed. The reports- for 1879 show a total production of only 19,601 pounds of fibre, and 787 bushels of seed, Claiborne County ranking first, having produced nearly one-fourth of the entire amount. Sorghum is now grown in considerable quantities in every county of the State. Since its introduction about thirty years ago, the production of the staple has steadily and rapidly increased, and it is now one of the most valuable crops raised. The entire production of sorghum for 1859 amounted to 706,668 gallons. The counties producing the greatest quantities were Knox, 51,027 gallons; Blount, 38,594; McMinn, 27,252,. and Washington, 20,898. In 1879 the State produced 3,776,212 gallons.. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 245 Lincoln County ranked first with a production of 142,357 gallons, and Maury County second, with a production of 137,195 gallons. Wilson, Giles and Rutherford each produced more than 100,000 gallons. Some maple sugar is also produced in many counties of the State, although the bulk of it is furnished by East Tennessee. In 1859 there was produced 115,620 pounds of sugar and 71,372 gallons of molasses, of which latter article Sevier County produced more than one-half. In 1879 only 31,296 pounds of sugar and 3,688 gallons of molasses were produced, Grainger County ranking first and Fentress County sec- ond in sugar with a production of 3,040 and 2,415 pounds respectively. Wilson County ranked first, and Sullivan County second, in the produc- tion of molasses. There has never been sufficient attention paid by the farmers of Ten- nessee to the preservation of the fertility of the soil. Land has, hith- erto, been so easily obtained that, leaving the future out of consideration, it has been cheaper to buy new land than to preserve the old. But the spirit of improvement which, during the past twenty years, has man- ifested itself in every industry in the South, has developed better systems of cultivation, and a more intelligent appreciation of the value of fertil- izers. All the stable manure and other refuse matter upon the farm is now carefully saved by the best farmers, and is returned to the field for the benefit of the future crops. On account of the small amount of stock kept upon the average farm, the supply of stable manure is insufficient, and recoui'se to other fertilizers becomes necessary. Of the green crops used for this purpose, here as nearly everywhere else, clover holds the leading place. As there is but little land in the State that will not pro- duce clover, no difficulty is experienced in preserving the fertility of the soil, and in restoring fertility where it has already been impaired. The native or southern pea is also used to some extent as a fertilizer. Recently the use of artificial or commercial fertilizers has been intro- duced, and is rapidly becoming general. They are more largely used in the cultivation of tobacco and wheat than any other crop. The amount of these fertilizers used in the State in 1885 was estimated at from 10,000 to 12,000 tons, as against about 3,000 tons in 1882. The most extensive fertilizer manufactory in the State is the I^ational Fertilizer Company, with headquarters at Nashville. The company was organized in 1882 with D. C. Scales as president, and W. G. Sadler as secretary and superintendent. Their factory is located about three miles from the town, and has a capacity of 10,000 tons per annum. About 25 per cent of these products are sold in Tennessee, the remainder being distributed among the other Southern States. The bone phosphate which forms the 246 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. base of their fertilizer is obtained from the phosphate rock beds of South Carolina. The chemical substances, with the exception of sulphuric acid, are imported from Europe. The company manufacture all of the latter substance which they use. It is generated by the action of acids upon what is commonly known as "iron pyrites," which contains about 45 per cent of sulphur. The rock containing the pyrites is obtained in quantities of several hundred tons at a time, from the quarries of Georgia, Illinois and Wisconsin. The Memphis Fertilizer Company utilizes the refuse from the cotton-seed oil mills as cotton-seed hull ashes and cotton-seed meal, which, when mixed with acid phosphates, make an excellent fertil- izer, especially for cotton. There are also two or three firms in the State engaged in the manufacture of pure bone dust. Tennessee, taking the twelfth rank in the sisterhood of States in the number of her population, aggregating 1,542,359, according to the last census, takes the thirteenth position in point of the value of her live- stock upon farms, aggregating in value $43,651,470. With only 8,496,556 acres of improved land, there is about one -third of the area of the entire State, or a little more than five acres to each inhabitant, actu- ally available and employed. According to the tenth census there are for each 100 acres eighty so employed ; only three horses, three and sixth- tenths milch cows, five and six-tenths of all other cattle, eight sheep and twenty-five swine. Considering the vast area unemployed and unre- claimed, embracing as it does much of the best lands of the State for the production of the cereals and cultivated grasses, together with the magnifi- cent climate and admirably watered valleys, so well adapted to stock- growing, notwithstanding the aggregate value of live-stock making a large item in the wealth of the State, the percentage appears very low when compared with her real capacity for the development of this great interest. But the State is yearly attracting greater attention among those engaged in stock raising, and she is certainly destined to occupy a foremost place in this most important branch of husbandry. Tennessee, while possessing fewer horses according to population than many other States, is second to none in the fine quality of this kind of stock. For the past three-quarters of a century this branch of stock hus- bandry, has received the attention of many of the most enlightened minds of the State, whose time, means and zeal have been devoted to the pro- duction of the highest type of the equine race. As early as 1790 many good horses were T)rouglit into East Tennessee, and through the influence of Gen. Jackson, who was one of the leaders of the turf, many of them were afterward brought to Middle Tennessee. Since that time some of the finest imported horses ever brouglit to this country have been owned HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 247 in the State, and in the hands of skillful breeders have made Tennessee horses renowned throughout America. Although a few central counties, as Davidson, Sumner, Giles, Maury, Rutherford and others, have hitherto devoted the greatest amount of attention to the breeding of the finest horses, there are many counties which vie with them in the number and value of their stock. In 1880 there were fourteen counties of the State owning over 5,000 horses, Wilson with 9,166 ranking first, and Ruther- ford with 9,005 occupying the second place. These figures include only the horses owned upon farms. Not so much attention has been paid to the heavy draft horse as to the roadster, the high prices obtained for the latter making it more profitable to the breeder. The mules raised in the State are nearly equal in number to the horses, and many of the States further south look to Tennessee for their supply of these animals. In 1880 Maury County owned 8,301 mules; Shelby, 7,094; AVilson, 6,336; Fentress, 5,602, and six other counties between 4,000 and 5,000 each. Next in importance, if second to any other, is the cattle interest of the State. Yet, if the natural advantages and capabilities of the State are taken into consideration, this branch of stock husbandry is developed to a very limited extent. During the war this interest suffered more severely than almost any other, and it has required nearly two decades to recover from its effects. In 1860 the number of cattle of all kinds in the State aggregated 764,732; in 1870, 607,038, and in 1880, 783,634; an increase over 1860 of less than 20,000. The improvement in quality, however, has been great. Notwithstanding, some few of the improved breeds of cattle were introduced as early as 1834 by importations from England and elsewhere, nothing like a general interest was manifested in the introduction of improved breeds, or for the general distribution of the more economic and valuable variety of cattle, until within the last two decades. Since the war, however, the spirit of improvement has awak- ened the farmers of the State to a higher appreciation than was ever before had of the superiority of good stock over bad or indifferent. Many very valuable Short Horns have been brought into Middle and West Tennessee from Kentucky, and the Lime-stone Basin has become noted for its good cattle. In East Tennessee several very promising herds of Jerseys have been introduced into various sections of the valley, and the interest in stock-breeding is fast becoming general. Some excellent herds of Ayrshires, Devons and Holsteins are owned in various parts of the State, but the greatest number are found in the middle divis- ion. In the rougher and more mountainous regions, the native breeds, •on account of their natural hardiness and endurance, will undoubtedly continue to be raised more largely than any other. 248 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. There is no State in the Union that in climate, physical features, and productions excels Tennessee in the proportion of her territory adapted to the successful prosecution of the important industry of wool-growing. The vast plateaus and extensive ridges and valleys of the eastern division of the State seem almost to have been formed especially for the production of wool, while the table-lands of the middle and western division are scarcely to be excelled for grazing purposes. Notwithstanding these great natural advantages, the aggregate number of sheep in Tennessee accord- ino- to the last census was only 673,117, a decrease of 204,606 in ten years. This diminution in the number of sheep kept is largely owing to the fact that there is practically no legal protection for the property of the flock owner from the ravages of vicious dogs. Many sheep are annually killed by these depredators, and farmers are thereby discour- ao-ed from what would otherwise be one of the most profitable depart- ments of husbandry. But while the number of sheep in the State has lar*Telv decreased, it is probable that the valuation of the flocks is fully equal to, if it does not exceed, that of ten years ago. This improvement in the quality of the stock is evidenced by the fact that although the num- ber of sheep in 1880 was one-fourth less than in 1870, the wool clip of the former year exceeded in amount that produced in 1870 by nearly one-half. The pioneer in the breeding of fine sheep in Tennessee was Mark 11. Cockrill, of Davidson County. At the great London exhibition held in 1819-50, where every nation in the world was represented, he was awarded the grand medal for the finest specimen of wool exhibited. Af- ter making a careful study of the wool of every country, he fearlessly maintained that the peculiar climate and soil and protecting agencies of Tennessee, would make it the best wool-growing region under the sun. and he proved it by wresting the premium for the finest fleece from the assembled wool-growers of the world. Yet with this example before th^m, the majority of farmers, if they raised any sheep at all, were content with the half -wild animal which may still be found roaming at large in som 3 sections of the State. In late years, however, many counties have, introduced in addition to the Merino, the Cotswold, Southdown and Lei- cester, all of which have proved profitable. The adaptation of the soil of Tennessee to Indian corn renders it one peculiarly fitted for the growth of swine, and in 1850 she took first rank as a hog-growing State. The following figures show the number of hogs reported in the State at the beginning of each decade from 1840. 1840, 2,926,607; 1850, 3,104,800; 1860, 2,347,321; 1870, 1,828,690; 1880, 2,160,495. This industry became well nigh annihilated during the civil war, but owing to the rapid reproduction of this animal, the State is now HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 249 producing as many hogs as in 18G0. Swine are probably more suscepti- ble of rapid improvement, by judicious care and breeding, than almost any other class of domestic animals. Hence in renewing their herds, many of the more enterprising farmers, recognizing the importance of introducing improved breeds, made large importations of Berkshires, Poland China, Essex, Jersey Beds, and other standard varieties. These importations have since continued, and such is the perfection to which the hogs of the State are bred, it is questionable if finer specimens are to be found in any other portion of the United States, or in Europe. More or less poultry is raised or allowed to breed on all farms in Tennessee, but as a general rule the fowls receive but little attention. In East Tennessee, however, the raising of poultry for market is growing into an industry of considerable importance. The value of this interest is usually under-estimated. In 1880 there were over 16,000,000 dozen eggs produced, and the number of fowls in the State exceeded 5,000,000. The natural aptitude of the soils of Tennessee for the production of valuable grasses has already been noticed. That it has natural ad- vantages for the economical production of butter and cheese would almost follow as a necessary consequence. Yet so little have the dairy interests been developed that in 1879 Tennessee, compared with the other States of the Union, stood fourteenth in the amount of butter made upon farms, and twenty-third. in the production of cheese, while in the amount of milk sold to butter and cheese factories she stood the twenty-fifth, the amount being only 1,006,795 gallons. With natural advantages equal to those of the great dairy States, New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, Tennessee has not until very recently produced butter and cheese in sufficient quantities to supply the home demand. Within the past few years, however, the establishment of creameries has given the industry a decided impetus, and in many counties, it bids fair to become the most profitable branch of husbandry. The Tennessee Creamery Company, with headquarters in Nashville, and operating in Middle Tennessee, has done much toward the development of the dairy business in that section. The prices paid for milk by these creameries are fully one-third more than are paid in New York and Pennsylvania, yet they are able to com- pete successfully in the markets with the butter makers of any other State. The following was written by a Avell known authority upon the subject: "Tennessee has many eminent advantages as a dairy State. It can make butter as cheap or cheaper than any other State, because good grazing lands are cheaper ; because it is the most southern State that grows a variety of grasses and forage jDlants ; because the climate is mild, and cows have access for a longer period to those succulent grasses 250 HISTOllY OF TENNESSEE. which are so promotive o£ the heavy flood of milk, and consequently winter dairies can be carried on for a greater length of time," That the dairy interests of Tennessee are rapidly advancing is evident from the fact that the butter production for 1879 was double that of 18G9, and it is safe to say that the increase during the present decade will be corre- spondingly great. From the first settling of the State it has been the custom of a large majority of the farmers to secure a few colonies of bees as a necessary adjunct to a well stocked farm, but it was not until the introduction of improved hives, artificial swarming, movable combs and extractors that it was pursued as a separate vocation. At present there are many per- sons who engage in this business almost exclusively, and whose profits are satisfactory. In the year 1850 tlie number of pounds of bees-wax and honey reported for Tennessee was 1,036,572; in 1860, the amount of bees-wax was 98,882 pounds, and of honey, 1,519,390 pounds; in 1870, 51,685 pounds of bees-wax, and 1,039,550 pounds of honey. The decrease for 1870 is doubtless due to the effect of the war. In 1880 the amount of honey reported was 2,130,689 pounds, and of wax 86,421 pounds, which places Tennessee first among the States of the Union in apiarian products. These results are due not only to the increased number of bees kept, but to the improved methods of handling them and to the introduction of Italian bees, which were first brought into the State in the year 1866. Tennessee has the best climate and the greatest variety of food for bees of any State, having all the forage j^lants of both the North and the South, while it has some that are not found in either. The climate, too, is especially adapted to bee culture, being a medium one with mild and short winters and agreeable summers. Perhaps no industry in Tennessee has made greater advancement in the past twenty years tlian that of grape growing, the admirable adapta- tion of the soil and climate to which Avas in a great measure unknown or neglected until since the close of the war. One of the first efforts to grow grapes in the State was made by P. F. Tavel, a Swiss, who came to Stewart County in 1844. The varieties he planted being imported failed to do well, and the attempt Avas abandoned under the impression that the climate was not propitious for the culture of the fruit. Some ten years later a few enterprising persons in various parts of the State, after in- specting the vineyards around Cincinnati, were induced to plant a few vines of the Isabella and Catawba varieties. Among these early pioneers in grape growing were James Clark and Rebecca Dudley, of Montgom- ery County, who, long before wine making in Tennessee was thought possible, planted and successfully managed several acres of vines, and HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 251 made wine that by reason of its excellence and flavor soon became famous throughout the country. The varieties they planted, however, were not suited to the latitude, and the frequent failures of their vineyards in- duced the belief that Tennessee could never be made a grape growing State. For a time they even were discouraged, but eventually came to the conclusion that the failures arose rather from the unsuitableness of the varieties than from the nature of the location, soil or climate. Act- ing upon this belief some new kinds, among which were the Ives Seedling and Concord, were planted and were found to thrive so well that the old vineyards were abandoned. Since that time grapes have been very suc- cessfully and profitably grown in nearly every section of the State. Several different varieties are planted, but for wine the two above named predominate. From the days of the earliest settlers, even among the Indians, excel- lent apples have been grown in Tennessee, and there is scarcely a county in the State that, with proper cultivation, will not produce them abun- dantly. The most favorable localities for apples, as well as other of the larger fruits, are the river lands of Middle Tennessee, the great plateau of West Tennessee and the hillsides of the eastern division. These localities are equal to the most favored regions of New York and Pennsylvania. Until within the 'past few years the raising of apples has been mainly confined to the supply for domestic purposes. Most of the old orchards are stocked with native varieties, but new and improved late varieties are now being introduced, and the acreage of orchards is rapidly increasing. Several extensive orchards have recently been planted on the river lands in Rob- ertson County, and also by the Ruby community, in Morgan County. Of the cultivated berries the strawberry is the most largely raised, and it grows with vigor and productiveness in every portion of the State. The planting and crops of these berries in the vicinity of Chattanooga is said to have doubled annually for the past five years. The shipments of them for the season of 1882 aggregated 143,822 pounds; for the sea- son of 1884, 457,846 pounds, and for the season of 1885, 814,574 pounds. Nearly all portions of "West Tennessee, but more especially the northern counties, are unsurpassed for the production of this fruit, and large and annually increasing quantities are shipped to the cities of the North. With the advantages of soil, climate and transportation facilities the possibili- ties of this business are unlimited. The cultivation of raspberries, blackberries and dew-berries has not been extensively engaged in on account of the luxuriance and perfection with which they gi'ow in the wild state. Berries of the finest flavor and of large size grow wild along the fence-rows, in ''old fields"' and in the 252 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. forest. For the production of all kinds of small fruits Tennessee stands superior to any other State in the Union. From the following lists of exports* from Madison County for 1884 some idea of the extent of the fruit growing industry in West Tennessee may be obtained: Apples, 8,000 barrels; pears, 3,000 barrels; peaches, 2,500 crates; plums, 550 crates; strawberries, 22,000 crates; other fruits, 10,000 crates. The shipments from Chattanooga for the same season were, in pounds: Peaches, plums, and pears, 86,115; blackberries, 208,208; rasp- berries, 2,465; strawberries, 457,816; and grapes, 16,733. Tie shipment of peaches for the season of 1885 amounted to 446,266 pounds. CENSUS BEPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION WITH THE RELATIVE RANK OF TENNESSEE. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. PPvODUCTS. Amount Rank Amount Rank Amount Rank Amount Bank Amount Rank Wheat (Bushels) 4,569,692 44,986,188 7,035,678 304,320 4,809 17,118 1,904,370 (Pounds) 27,701,277 29,550.432 (Tons) 31,233 6 1 6 12 21 15 1,619,386 52,276,223 7,703,086 89,137 2,737 19,427 1,067,844 2,777,716 (Bales) 194,532 20,148,932 13 5 8 15 24 18 16 6 5 4 21 11 19 4 14 5,459,268 52,089,926 2,267,814 257,989 25,144 14,481 1,182,005 2,604,672 296,464 43,448,097 143,499 10,017,787 1.35,575 1,519,300 115,620 (Gallons) 74,372 706,663 5^305,1)03 290,882 126,335 102,158 249,514 413,060 773,517 2,347,321 $60,211,425 6,795,337 S271. 358,985 13 6 17 16 21 24 21 6 8 3 22 15 22 5 17 9 6 IS 9 1 7 10 15 11 4 C 9 8 6,188,916 41,343,614 4,51,3,315 223,335 75,068 77,437 1,124,337 1,205,683 181,842 21,465,452 116,582 9,571,069 142,240 1,039,550 134,968 4,843 1,254,701 $571,520 247,254 102,903 63,970 243,197 336,529 826,783 1,828,690 $55,084,075 6,843,278 S218,743,747 13 7 13 17 22 16 22 8 8 3 24 13 18 5 18 18 6 21 11 2 5 12 11 12 5 9 9 12 7,331,-353 62,764,429 4,722,190 156,419 30,019 33,434 1,354,481 2,369,901 330,621 29,365,052 186,698 17,886,369 98,740 2,130,689 31,296 3,688 3,776,212 $919,844 266,119 173,498 27,312 303,900 452,462 672,789 2,160,495 8 43,651,470 8,496,556 8206,749,837 18 Corn 9 Oats 16 Rye 21 29 21 25 Sweet Potatoes j Cotton 5 7 3 9 5 Hay 74,091 (Pounds) 8,139,585 177,681 tl, 036, 572 158,557 26 Butter 14 22 1 20 IS 2 Value ol' Orchard 852,894 270,636 75,303 86,255 250,456 414,051 811,591 3,104,800 829,978,016 5,175,173 S97,851,212 19 7 1 4 7 14 9 1 5 8 9 16 Number 341,409 5 14 2 14 13 Other Cattle 15 741,593 2,926,607 7 1 16 7 Value of all Live Stock 13 Acres of Improved 14 Value of Farms 14 ♦Estimated. tWax and honey combined. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 253 CHAPTER IX. Growth and Development Concluded— The Timber Interests— Kind and Quantity of Native Wood — Manufactories — Iron Products and Ship- ments—The Early Furnaces— The Present Enormous Returns— Min- eral Companies— [RON Manufactures — The Coal Consumption and Ex- ports—The Marble Quarries— Quality, Quantity and Market— The Yield of Copper Ore— The Production of Flour, Cotton and Woolen -les and staves for sugar hogsheads and molasses barrels. Set in the ground it resists decay for a great while, which makes it a valuable timber for fencing. The pine is one of the most abundant, and at the same time one of the most valuable of the forest growths of the State. There are two species, the white and the yellow. The latter grows in considerable quan- tities in the vicinity of Knoxville, and in many of the parallel ridges in the valley of East Tennessee. It is also found in extensive forests in the Cumberland Table-land, and forms considerable belts in Hardin and Lawrence Counties. Patches are found on the south hill-sides of Wayne, and in less quantities in several counties of the Highland Rim and West Tennessee. It abounds on poor soils, those usually of sandstone, but often on red clay with gravel. It takes possession of abandoned old fields, and grows with rapidity when the soil is too sterile to produce other vegeta- tion. In the regions where it abounds it forms the principal timbers for domestic purposes. The white pine is not so abundant as the preceding ; it is distributed in greater or less quantities over the slopes of the Unaka Mountains, and is found locally on the Cumberland Table-land. It grows to a larger size th.an the yellow pine, and makes a quality of lumber highly prized on account of its lightness and comparative freedom from resinous exudations. There are several varieties of poplar, known locally as blue, white and yellow poplar, the last named being the most valuable as a timber tree. This grows upon rich soils almost everywhere. The finest specimens in the State are to be found in Obion and Dyer Counties, West Tennessee, and in Maury and Macon, in Middle Tennessee. Trees twenty and twenty- five feetin circumference, and from sixty to seventy feet to the first limb, are often met with. The wealth of poplar timber is very great in almost every part of the State, and millions of feet are annually shipped by river and HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 257 rail. It is more used in the construction of houses than any other wood ; the studding and clap-boards, sills and joints, rafters and shingles, in a large proportion of frame buildings being made from this timber. The sycamore, plane or cotton-wood is found growing on the margins of streams in nearly every section of the State. It grows with rapidity, and is troublesome on account of the sprouts that it sends up from the stump. The wood is used in cabinet shops, and makes a beautiful article of furniture. Only as a firewood is it regarded with any favor by the farmer, as it does not split, and speedily decays when exposed to the weather. Two very different species of trees are commonly called gum ; both are quite abundant in Tennessee. The black gum is usually found upon rich, moist soils, and grows to a considerable size where the soil is favor- able to its growth. It is a valuable timber for hubs, and is much used for that purpose on account of the difficulty with which it splits. The sweet gum is found in wet marshy places in every part of the State. Large quantities of it are manufactured into plank, which is used for coarse work; it is cheaper than poplar but decays much more rapidly. The linden or bass-wood, is abundant in the blue grass region of the Central Basin, and in some localities in East Tennessee. As a timber tree it is chiefly valuable for making firkin staves. Black or yellow locust, flourishes iipon the slopes of the Highland and Cumberland Mountains, and also upon the sides of the Unakas. It is also found upon the north sides of Clinch and Powell Mountains, and grows upon the glady places of the Central Basin, where no other tree will survive. This tree rarely attains a greater size than one foot in diameter and a height of thirty or forty feet ; but it grows with rapidity and in ten years makes good posts or railroad ties. There are three species of maple found in Tennessee, the sugar- maple, the red flowering maple and the white maple. The first abounds in the coves of the mountains and on the rich bottoms of the streams. It formerly covered a large portion of the Central Basin, and was the chief reliance of the early settlers for sugar. The wood of this tree has a remarkable beauty. One variety of it, the bird's-eye maple, has an exquisite appearance, the fibres being contorted into little knots resem- bling the eye of a bird. This timber is still quite abundant in nearly every part of the State, and is yearly becoming more valuable. The red flowering maple grows in wet soils and on the marshy margin of streams, and in such localities is quite plentiful in every division of the State. The wood is hard and close grained. It is valuable for cabinet work, the most beautiful varieties selling higher than mahogany. 258 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Of the elm there are also three species, the white elm, the' slippery elm and the wahoo witch, or cork elm. The first is widely distributed iu considerable quantities throughout the State, and is by far the largest of the elms, attaining in favorable localities as much as 100 feet in height and 5 feet in diameter. The other two varieties are, perhaps, as widely distributed, but are not so abundant as the white elm. None of the species are of much value for either timber or fuel. Cotton-wood is confined almost exclusively to the alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi in West Tennessee. It grows very large, towering high in the air, darkening the landscape with its thick foliage. The wood is white, soft and easily cut. Its chief value is for fuel, being used in great quantities by the steam-boats that ply on the Mississippi. Of the firs there are two species found in the State, the balsam fir and the black fir or spruce. Some of the highest mountain peaks are covered with the former variety, which is seldom met with at a lower elevation than 4,000 feet. The dark foliage of the tree has given the name to the Black Mountains of North Carolina, and makes the charac- teristic feature of many .of the highest peaks of ,the Unakas. Being in- accessible it is 'rarely made into lumber, though the trunks often reach 100 feet in diameter. The black fir is found in the same localities. As a shrub sassafras is found in every portion of the State, but most abundantly in the valley of East Tennessee and upon the Highland Eim. It is a great pest to the farmer, sometimes covering a field with sprouts almost as thickly and continuously as if sown. These shrubs upon their soil never reach the dimensions of a tree, and rarely attain a size sufficient for fence-stakes. In West Tennessee, however, the sassafras is one of the largest trees of the forest. A specimen of this species was found in Obion County which measured sixty inches in diameter, exclusive of the bark. The wood is soft, brittle and close grained, and is used for house studding and to some extent for the manufacture of furniture. The trees mentioned constitute the great bulk of the timber in Ten- nessee, but there are many other varieties which have a special interest. Among them are the buck-eye, mulberry, wild cherry, dogwood, tupelo, pecan, catalpa, cucumber, laurel, holly, hornbeam, box elder, chinqua- pin, crab apple, hackberry, v/illow, birch and persimmon. The development of the manufacturing and other industrial enter- prises in Tennessee since the close of the civil war has been almost unprecedented, and especially is this true of the lumber business. No trade during the past twenty years has exhibited a more uniform and substantial growth than that embraced in the manufacture and distribu- tion of lumber, and no industry with the exception of iron, gives employ- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 259 ment to a greater number of persons and requires a larger investment of capital. The principal center of this industry in the State is Nashville, which now ranks fifth in the importance as a lumber market, and third in size as a manufacturing center. The annual value of her lumber pro- duction amounts to about $5,000,000. The annual shipments of rough and manufactured lumber reach nearly 120,000,000 feet. It is sent to nearly every city in the United States, and large quantities are exported to London, Liverpool, Hamburg, and other European points. Although during later years considerable amounts have been received by rail, the chief supply of logs and lumber is received by the Cumberland Eiver, one of the greatest logging streams for its length in the world. The chief lumber staple of Nashville is the yellow poplar, although that ■city stands at the head of all Southern cities as a hard-wood market, and has the largest trade in black walnut lumber of any market in the United States. It is also the distributing point for the famous Tennessee red cedar. The beginning of this industry in Nashville may be said to date from 1840, when the first steam saw-mill was erected. From that time until the war the lumber operations were confined almost exclusively to the local trade. The only shipments of any consequence were red cedar rafted to Memphis, Helena and New Orleans, and consisting mostly of railroad ties. Within the past ten years the business has developed wonderfully, and the volume of capital invested is annually increasing. In 1870 there were but three saw-mills and six planing-mills. There are now within the limits of the city thirteen saw-mills, twelve planing- mills and thii'ty-five firms engaged in the lumber trade. The second city in importance as a lumber center is probably Chat- tanooga. The mills in that city now cut annually from 14,000,000 to 20,000,000 feet of lumber, while those in the country tributary to it cut not less than 100,000,000 feet more. Of this latter product about 30,000,000 feet is handled by Chattanooga dealers, and used by her wood- working establishments. Large amounts of pine, both yellow and white, as well as nearly all the varieties of hard wood are manufactured into lumber and shipped to Northern cities. In addition to the plow and other agricultural implement manufactories which consume a large amount of lumber there are in Chattanooga nine establishments engaged in manufacturing chair furniture, pumps, handles, and wooden jvare, which represent in the aggregate an investment of over $350,000. These factories gives employment to more than 500 hands, and turn out annually manufactured products to the value of $500,000. Few of these establishments date their existence back of 1870, and the majority of them have been put into operation the present decade. 260 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Memphis is also a lumber center of importance. Its mills are sup- plied by raft from the Mississippi, Arkansas and Tennessee Rivers, and saw large quantities of cypress, ash, poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. This industry in Knoxville also is developing rapidly, and that city, situated as it is in one of the finest timber regions in the world, will in a few years, no doubt, rival any other point in the State, especially in the manufacture of pine and hard-wood lumber. Every county in the State manufactures lumber in greater or less quantities. According to the last census the number of saw-mills in Tennessee was 755, representing an investment of capital to the amount of $2,004,500, and making $3, 7 44, 90 5 worth of products annually. Could a report of this industry be obtained at the present time these figures would be largely increased. The following table exhibits the condition in 1880 of the manufactures which are altogether or very largely dependent upon timber for raw material : No. ofEstab- Value of lishments. Capital. Products. Agricultural implements 33 $161,030 f 183,116 Boxes 3 33,500 46,000 Coffins, caskets, etc 37 40,485 75,900 Carriages and wagons ." 51 715,050 1,253,731 Cooperage 53 36,350 153,375 Sash, doors and blinds 8 183,500 268.230 Wooden ware 3 99,430 347,350 Furniture 85 511,250 954,100 The making of white oak staves for the European market has grown to be quite an important industry. The number annually shipped from the lower Tennessee River, and made in Hardin, Wayne, Perry, Hum- phreys and Stewart Counties is over 1,500,000. About one-half of the quantity is shipped out of the Cumberland. In their rough state they command at New Orleans usually from $80 to $150 per thousand. The industry of first importance to Tennessee, and for which she has resources unexcelled by any State in the Union, is the manufacture of iron and its manipulation into forms of utility. Although this indus- try, as it now exists, has grown up in the past twenty years, its history dates back into the last century. The first settlers of Tennessee erected iron works within its limits soon after the close of the Revolution. A bloomary was built in Washington County in 1790, and another at Eliza- bethton, on Doe River in Carter County, about 1795. Wagner's bloom- ary, on Roane Creek, in Johnson County, is said to have been built in the same year. A bloomary was also erected on Camp Creek, in Greene County, in 1797. Two bloomaries in Jefferson County, the Mossy Creek Forge, ten miles tnorth of Dandridge, and Dumpling Eorge, five miles HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 261 west of "Dandridge, were built in the same year. At about tlie sanie time, if not earlier, David Ross, the proprietor of iron works in Campbell County, Va., erected a large furnace and forge at the junction of the two forks of the Holston River, in Sullivan County, near the Virginia line, on the great road from Knoxville to Philadelphia. It is said that boats of twenty-five tons' burden, could ascend to Ross' iron works, and that at Long Island, a short distance above on the Holston, boats were built to transport iron and castings, made in considerable quantities at these works, with other produce, to the lower settlements and to New Orleans. A bloomary was built about 1795 below the mouth of the Watauga, and another at the same time about twenty-five miles above the mouth of French Broad River, and thirty miles above Knoxville. In what is now known as Middle Tennessee, iron was also made during the last decade of the last centurj-. A few years after the founding of Nashville, iron ore was discovered about thirty miles west of the future city. Between 1790 and 1795 Cumberland Furnace was erected on Iron Fork of Barton's Creek, in Dickson County, seven miles northwest of Charlotte. This furnace was rebuilt in 1825, and is still in operation. This county, with Stewart and Montgomery Counties, afterward became very prominent in the manufacture of charcoal and pig-iron. The first furnace in Montgom- ery County was probably on Yellow Creek, fourteen miles southwest of Clarksville, built in 1802. The enterprises of these early iron workers assume a picturesque aspect, when viewed in connection with the primi- tive methods of manufacture which were employed by them, and which, in some portions of East Tennessee, have been continued to the present day. Their charcoal furnaces were blown through one tuyere with wooden tubs, adjusted to attachments which were slow in motion, and which did not make the best use of the water-power that was often insufficiently supplied by mountain streams of limited volume. A ton or two of iron a day in the shape of pigs or castings was a good yield. The bloomaries, with scarcely an exception, were furnished with a trompe or water-blast in a small stream with a suitable fall supplying both the blast for the fires and the power which turned the wheel that moved the hammer. Of cast iron cylinders, steam power, two tuyeres, and many other improvements in the charcoal-iron industry, these people knew but little. They were pioneers and frontiersmen in every sense; from the world of invention and progress they were shut out by mountains and streams and hun- dreds of miles of unsubdued forests. It is to their credit, and it should not be forgotten, that they diligently sought to utilize the resources which they found under their feet, and that they were not discouraged from undertaking a difficult task, because the only means for its accom- 262 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. plisliment of which they had any knowledge were crude in conception and often very difficult to obtain. The iron industry of Tennessee, however, made steady progress after the opening of the present century. Both furnaces and bloomaries mul- tiplied rapidly. In 1850 there were enumerated over 75 forges and })loomaries, 71 furnaces, and 4 rolling-mills in the State, each of which had been in operation at some period after 1790. Of the furnaces, 29 were in East Tennessee, and 42 in Middle and West Tennessee. Of the latter, 14 were in Stewart County, 12 in Montgomery, 7 in Dickson, 2 in Hickman, 2 in Perry, 2 in Decatur, 2 in Wayne, and 1 in Hardin Coun- tv. The furnaces in East Tennessee were mainly in Sullivan and Car- ter Counties, Sullivan having 5, and Carter 7 ; but Johnson, Washington, Greene, Cocke, Sevier, Monroe, Hamilton, Claiborne, Campbell, Grainger and Union Counties, each had 1 or 2 furnaces, while Eoane County had 3. The forges and bloomaries were mainly located in East Tennessee. Johnson County contained 15, Carter 10, Sullivan 6, Washington 3, Greene 10, Campbell 7, Blount 4, Eoane 7, Khea 3, and a few other counties 1 and 2 each. Nearly all of these were bloomaries. In West Tennessee there were less than a dozen refinery forges, and 1 or 2 bloomaries. These forges were mainly employed, from about 1825 to 1860, in the manufacture of blooms for rolling-mills, many of which were sold to mills in the Ohio Valley. Most of the furnaces, forges and bloom- aries enumerated have been abandoned. There still remain in the State 20 charcoal furnaces and about the same number of forges and bloom- aries. Cumberland Rolling-mill, on the left bank of the Cumberland River, in Stewart County, was built in 1829. It was, probably, the first establishment of the kind in the State, and was the only one as late as 1856. Since the close of the civil war, Chattanooga has become the most prominent iron center in Tennessee, having several iron enterprises of its own, and others in its vicinity. In 1854, Bluff Furnace was built to use charcoal, and at the beginning of the war, in 1861, the erection of the Vulcan Rolling-mill, to roll bar iron, was commenced. This mill was not finished in 1800, when it was burned by the Union forces. It was rebuilt in 1866. In 1864 a rolling-mill, to re-roll iron rails, was erected by the United States Government, under the supervision of John Fritz, superin- tendent of the Cambria Iron Works. In 1809 it was purchased by tlie Roane Iron Company, who at once put in puddling furnaces and began making iron rails. This company, the year previous, had purchased a large tract of land about seventy miles north of Chattanooga, in Roane County, and had built a small furnace with a capacity of about 9,000 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 263 1 tons per year. The business was successful, and the company soon be- gan the erection of another and larger furnace, which was put in blast in 1872. Working capacity of the two, about 20,000 tons annually, which have since been doubled. The first open-hearth steel made in any Southern State, was made by this company, by the Siemens-Martin process, at Chattanooga, June 6, 1878. The Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company own three furnaces situated at Cowan and South Pittsburg, which have a combined capacity of about 75,000 tons. The one at the former place was built in 1880, and those ut South Pittsburg, in 1879 and 1881. Other furnaces which are more or less tributary to Chattanooga as a center are Oakdale, in Roane County, capacity, 21,000 tons; Citico, in that city, 35,000 tons; Dayton, in Rhea County, 70,000 tons, making an aggregate capacity of over 225,000 tons. In 1880 the total production of the blast furnace of the State was reported at only 17,873 tons, show- ing an increase of little less than 500 per cent during the past six years. The grand aggregate of iron and steel manufactured in Tennessee accord- ing to the last census was 77,100 tons, valued at $2,274,253. ^ The cap- ital invested in this industry amounted to $3,681,776, and was distribu- ted among forty-three establishments. The six leading counties in the order of production were Hamilton, 35,645 tons; Marion, 17,958 tons; Roane, 12,000 tons; Knox, 4,181 tons; Dickson, 2,400 tons, and Stewart, 1,800 tons. The number of establishments engaged m the manufacture of ma- chinery, nails, car-wheels and other articles using iron as raw material, is annually increasing. The capital invested in this branch of the iron industry in Chattanooga amounts to over $500,000, and the annual prod- uct of iron to over $800,000. Knoxville, also, has a considerable amount of capital invested in manufactories of this class. The Knoxville Car- AVheel Company in 1880, with a capital of $101,000, was turning out an average of thirty-five car-wheels per day. The Knoxville Iron Company was incorporated in 1864, and in 1880 had a capital stock }>aid in of $230,000. It employs 250 hands, and has a capacity of 200 kegs of nails per day. It has eight puddling furnaces, four trains of rollers, and thirty nail machines. Besides nails the company makes railroad spikes, boat spikes, street rails and light T rails. The Knoxville Foundry & Machine Company had an invested cap- ital in 1880 of $45,000, and employed forty hands. This company man- ufactures mill machinery, castings, steam engines, boilers, saw-mills, der- ricks and other machinery of that class. Nashville and Memphis are not very extensively engaged in iron manufacturing. In 1880 the number 264 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. of foundries aud macliine shops in tlie former city was thirteen, with a capital of 5^143,300, and an annual production of $487,451. The extent of this business in Memphis does not differ materially fi'om that in Nashville. As great and important as are the iron resources of Tennessee, they would be of little value were it not for the vast bodies of coal which lie adjacent. Previous to 1850 but very little coal was mined, and that was mostly used in blacksmithiug. The pioneer in the coal business of Ten- nessee was Henry H. Wiley, of Anderson County, a native of Yirginia, and a land surveyor by profession. He opened a mine on Poplar Creek, and for many years during the winter months boated coal down to Hunts- ville and Decatur, Ala. He hauled the coal four miles to a point below the junction of the four forks of Poplar Creek, where it was put in boats, floated out that stream to the Clinch, then into the Tennessee, and thence to its destination. This mine was opened in 1852. Other mines, how- ever, had been opened several years previous, one or two as early as 1840, but these had been worked merely for local supply-. One of the first opened was at what is known as the Tracy City Mine, now the most ex- tensive in the State. The seam of coal at this place was discovered by some boys himting a rabbit ; the animal ran under the root of a tree, and in digging it out the coal was found. They reported the discovery to their father, Ben Wooten, and he, thinking it might be of some value, got out a grant for 500 acres covering the opening. The Wooten Bros, afterward opened the seam, and for many years hauled the coal down the mountain to the blacksmiths in the valley, and some was sent ta Nashville. In 1852 Eoorman Johnson, John Cryder, S. F. Tracy and others, of New York, came to Tennessee looking for opportunities for in- vestment. They were shown this property and soon after purchased it. A company was then formed under the name of the Sewanee Mining Company, which had a paid in capital of |400,000. In 1854 the con- struction of a railroad from the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to the mines was commenced, but was not completed until 1859, when the com- pany found themselves $400,000 in debt. They were sued by both the New York and Tennessee creditors. The latter, represented by A. S. Colyar, obtained the first judgment, bought in the property and re-organ- ized the company under the name of the Tennessee Coal & Railroad Com- pany, with Colyar as president. In 1802 the mines were abandoned by the company, but were taken possession of by the United States troops, and for some time were worked for the use of the army. At the close of the war a compromise was effected with the New York creditors, and, with P. A. Marbury as general manager, operations were recommenced.. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 265 In 1868 the manufacture of coke in pits on the ground was begun, and during the year 5,377 bushels were shipped. In 1873 the company fore- saw that to make a great and profitable business the manufacture of coke must form a large part of their business, and that that coke must be a good iron-making fuel. A small furnace was erected on the mountain, and this experiment satisfactorily tested. During that year .the ship- ment of coke amounted to 62,175 bushels. The erection of the Chatta- nooga Iron Company's furnace gave great impetus to the enterprise, and in 1874 the coke shipment increased to 619,403 bushels. The next year the entire property was sold to Cherry, O'Connor & Co., who in 1880 be- gan the erection of a furnace at Cowan, which was finished in July, 1881. In the early part of the following year the property was sold to John H. Inman and others, Tennessee parties retaining a one-third interest. The name was changed to the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company. The first coal shipped from this mine since the war was in June, 1866, and shipments for remainder of the year amounted to 9,240 tons. In 1870 they amounted to 47,110 tons of coal and 413 tons of coke; in 1875, to 109,100 tons of coal and 16,160 tons of coke; in 1880, to 114,- 170 tons of coal and 64,440 tons of coke; 1883, 126,784 tons of coal and 101,090 tons of coke; 1884, 152,307 tons of coal and 100,935 tons of coke. For several years about one-half of the labor employed in these mines has been that of convicts. The company have a very large tract of land, 25,000 acres of which is underlaid with the Sewanee seam of co^l, ranging from two to seven feet in thickness. The Rockwood mines, owned by the Roane Iron Company, are located in Roane County, ninety-two miles above Chattanooga. This remarkable body of coal was discovered in 1840 by William Green, an employe of John Brown. Green and "William Brown soon after entered, the land, and began mining the coal for local purposes. This was continued until 1867, when the property was purchased by a company, of which Gen. John T. Wilder was vice-president and manager. As has been stated, the company erected two blast furnaces, and to supply them began the manufacture of coke. This latter branch of their business has steadily increased until they now have 180 ovens. The Etna mines are situated in Marion County, fourteen miles from Chattanooga in what is known as Raccoon Mountain. They were first opened in 1852 by an Eastern company working under a lease from Rob- ert Cravens and the Boyce and Whiteside estates. Since that time they have been operated by several different companies and individuals with varied success and reverses. The present company was organized in August, 1881, under the name of the Etna Coal Company. The mines 266 HISTOllY OF TENNESSEE. now operated are owned by the company, tlie estate consisting of about 3,000 acres, extending from the Nashville, Chattanooga & 8t. Louis Eail- way to the Tennessee Kiver. The veins worked are known as the Kelly and Oak Hill. From the Kelly Mine a coke is made for foun- dry use exclusively, while that from Oak Hill is used for blast fur- naces. The former mine was originally opened for general domestic use and the product was sold largely in Nashville, Chattanooga and else- where, but its superior qualities for blacksmith use and for the manufac- ture of coke soon caused the trade to drift almost exclusively into that channel. In 1880 about one-fourth of the entire output was coked, the remainder being sold to blacksmiths throughout the South. In 1884 the company had sixty-four coke ovens, and the output from January 1 to November 1 was coal, 41,205 tons, and coke, 533,436 bushels. The Soddy Cave Company's mines are located on the Cincinnati Southern Eailway, twenty-one miles from Chattanooga, at Eathburn Stn- tion. This mine was opened in 1867 by an association of Welshmen on the co-operative. plan. It proved a failure, and the mine went into the hands of a receiver. The present company took charge in 1877, and the business has since steadily increased. They have 150 coke ovens. Their output from ten months preceding November 1, 1884, was 96,000 tons of coal, of which 32,000 tons were converted into coke. They ship to Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas. The Walden's Eidge Coal Company is a corporation with the same stock holders as the Soddy Company. They operate a mine on Eooky Creek, nine miles farther up the railroad, having begun in 1883. Two seams are worked, the lower for coking exclusively, and the upper for steam and domestic purposes. In 1884 thirty-five coke ovens were in operation, producing 404,949 bushels of coke annually. These mines were worked as far back as 1843, but little coal except for blacksmithing was consumed at that time. The first coal mined here for shipment was by Thomas A. Brown and John Baxter, of Knoxville, in 1866. The coal lands at Coal Creek, in Anderson County, are owned by the Coal Creek Consolidated Mining Company. There are now six mines being worked at that place, of which two are operated by the above com- pany and the remainder leased to the Knoxville Iron Company, the Coal Creek Coal Company, the New Eiver Coal Company, and H. B. and Joel Bowling. The Coal Creek mines were first opened for shipping coal upon the completion to that place of the Knoxville & Ohio Eailroad, in 1870. The shipments in 1871 amounted to 36,000 tons; in 1875, 62,- 369 tons; in 1880, 150,000 tons; and in 1882, 200,000 tons. The Knox- ville Iron Company operates a mine about one and one-half miles from HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 267 the main track of the Knoxville & Ohio division of the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. They employ about 150 convicts and thirty-four laborers. During the year 1882 the company shipped 98,645 tons of coal to various markets in southwest Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. For the first ten months of 188-4 their output amounted to 204,978 tons. The Dayton Coal & Iron Company's mines are located in Rhea County, Tenn., and are owned by English capitalists. These mines have been recently opened, and are designed mainly to supply coke for the blast furnaces which have been built. The Standard Coal & Coke Company is composed of Tennessee cap- italists who own about 1,400 acres of land, underlaid by a seam of coal four and one-half feet thick. Their mine is situated near Newcomb Station, in Campbell County. They employ 175 men, and produce about 350 tons of coal per day. The Poplar Creek mines are located in Morgan County. These mines are all small. They are operated by the following companies: Poplar Creek, Mount Carbon, Winter's Gap, Eureka and Oliver. The Glum Mary Coal & Coke Company is located in Scott County, on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. The Tobler, Crudup Coal & Coke Company was incorporated in 1881. They own 7,000 acres of land in Hamilton County, and put out about 200 tons of coal daily. One of the most promising fields of industrial activity in East Ten- nessee, is the development of the wonderful marble quarries in the vicin- ity of Knoxville. These marbles have obtained a reputation second to no other in the United States, and it is said that when they come into com- petition with foreign marble, they are greatly preferred and sell for a much higher price. The varieties are almost innumerable, and are of the most exquisite colors. Their solidity, durability and susceptibility of polish make them unequaled for building and monumental purposes. Although nearly fifty years have elapsed since the first marble quar- ry was opened, "the business is still in its infancy, but is now developing rapidly. The Hawkins County marble was the first quarried, and it is said that it was brought to notice by the favorable expression with reference to it by Dr. Troost, the first State geologist. In 1838 the Rogersville Marble Company was formed for the pur- pose of sawing marble and establishing a marble factory in the vicinity of Rogersville. Orville Rice was elected president, and S. D. Mitchell secretary. The company operated to a limited extent for several years, 268 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE, erected a mill and sold several thousand dollars worth of marble annual- ly, which was mostly distributed in East Tennessee. In 1844 the com- pany sold out to the president, Kice, who on a moderate scale carried on the business for many years. He sent a block of the "light mottled strawberry variety" to the "Washington monument. This was called the "Hawkins County Block," and bears thb inscription "From Hawkins County, Tennessee." Another block of one of the best varieties was sent by act of the Legislature, which was called the "State Block." These blocks attracted the attention of the building committee of the National Capitol, who, although they had numerous specimens from all parts of the Union before them, decided in favor of the East Tennessee marble. An agent was sent out by them to ascertain whether or not it could be ob- tained in quantity, who upon examination found the supply apparently inexhaustible. As a result of these circumstances, an extensive quarry af- fording an excellent material has been opened near Mooresburg, Hawkins County, and is now known as the old Dougherty Quarry. From this was obtained marble for probably one-half of the ornamental work in the Cap- itol at Washington. The balustrades and columns of the stairs leading up to the House and Senate galleries, the walls of the marble room and other parts of the building are made from it. It has since been used in the United States Treasury building, the State-house at Columbia, S. C, and many of the finest buildings in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and Cincinnati. The stone from this quarry has not been used for general construction on account of the high price which it commands for orna- mental work. In 1852 James Sloan opened a quarry about two miles north of Knox- ville, near the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. It was from this quarry that the variegated marble used in the capitol at Nash- ville was obtained. The first quarry in the vicinity of Concord was opened in the lands of William T. Smith by S. L. King, 185(3. He also constructed a small mill on Lime Creek, where some marble was sawed. Col. John Williams also opened a quarry previous to the war, a few miles northeast of Knoxville, from which marble of the gray variety was obtained. The most extensive quarry in Tennessee, and one of the oldest now in operation in the vicinity of Knoxville, was opened by the United States Government in 18G9 to procure stone for the construction of the custom house and postoffice buildings at Knoxville. A considerable quantity of this marble was also used in the State Capitol at Albany, New York. The quarry is located at the junction of the French Broad and Holston Rivers, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 269 and the stone is carried by boat four miles to Knoxville. This marble is susceptible o£ a high polish, and when so polished has a pink tinge and shows dark wavy lines running through it. It is highly esteemed for mantels and table-tops, because it is not easily stained. It is also largely used for cemetery work, and' tombstones which have been exposed for thirty years do not show the slightest signs of disintegration or wear. Morgan & Williams operate two quarries within two miles of Knox- ville, one of them producing a white marble, and the other a pink mate- rial known as Knoxville marble. The former was used in the construc- tion of the custom house at Memphis, and the shaft of the Lee monument at New Orleans is made of it. The supply of this marble is practically inexhaustible. The total capital invested in the marble business in Knox County in 1884 was estimated at $250,000, and the number of men employed at 300. The following were the quarries in operation at that time: the Cross Cut Marble Company, Morgan & "Williams, John M. Eoss, Craig & McMullen, T. P. Thomas & Co., E. H. Armstrong & Co., H. H. Brown & Co., Harvey & Smith, Franklin Marble Company, Beach & Co., C. B. Ross & Co., and the Lima & East Tennessee Marble Company.* The only ones using machinery are the Knoxville Marble Company and Morgan & Williams. The former has five steam drills, seven steam derricks, and runs a saw-mill with two gangs of saws. Morgan & Williams have three steam channeling machines, and a mill with one gang of saws. In Knoxville Beach & Co. and the Crescent Marble Company have mills for sawing and machinery for polishing. There is a demand for a greater amount of capital in this branch of the business. The amount of marble in Hawkins County is very great, and its va- riegated varieties possess greater brilliancy than those of any other sec- tion. The business of quarrying has not increased in the same propor- tion as in Knox County, on account of the poor facilities for transporta- tion. The quarries in operation in 1884 were Prince & Co., Chestnut & Chestnut, John Harnn & Co., Chestnut & Fulkerson, James White, the Dougherty Quarry, Joseph Stamps and the Baltimore Marble Com- pany. The business at none of these quarries is carried on very exten- sively, and but little machinery is used. For the year ending June 30, 1881, there was shipped from such of these quarries as were operat- ing 20,000 cubic feet of marble, all of which was of the finest grade for ornamental purposes, and was worth on an average ^4 per cubic foot upon the cars. The chief markets of this marble are Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, Boston and other Northern cities. The amount of Hand Book of Tennessee.' 270 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. marble shipped over the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad for the year ending June 30, 1871, was about 7,000 cubic feet, of which Hawkins County furnished all but about 350 cubic feet. For the year ending June 30, 1881, the amount shipped over the same railroad was about 80,000 cubic feet, valued at ^240,000. Of the entire amount Knox County furnished not far from 5(3,000 cubic feet. Hamblen County produces marble of good quality, but chiefly for local use. Extensive beds of excellent marble exist in Bradley County on the Hiwassee River, above Charleston, at which machinery has lately been erected and preparations made for work on a large scale. South of Cleveland, near the Georgia line, is the quarry of Patrick & Smith, fi'om which a beautiful grade of pink marble is obtained. Although mar- ble in greater or less quantities and of various kinds is found in several other counties of the State, no quarries of importance are now in opera- tion in any of them. Concord, in Knox County, has recently become the center of a large number of quarries, there being no less than eight companies operating in that vicinity, all of which have been organized since 1880. The Li- ma & East Tennessee Marble Company, operating the Red Triangle Quarry, was organized in 1882, and made their first shipment in June of that year. Their marble, light and dark variegated, is remarkably sound, and meets with a ready sale in the cities of the North. The Con- cord marble quarries, operated by Brown, Godfrey & Co., were opened in 1881. They employ an average force of 150 hands, and make large shipments, principally to New York and Boston. Woods & Stamps began operations in 1884, and work a large force of hands. The Juniata Marble Company made their first opening in February, 1883. Their quarries are situated in Blount County, near Louisville. The company employ about thirty-five hands, and have machinery in operation for sa-wing the marble into slabs. The Great Bend Marble Company, Kin- kaid & Co. and the Cedar Bluff Marble Manufacturing & Railway Company, all opened quarries during 1885. The number of men now employed in the marble business in East Tennessee is estimated at 2,000. The shipments from the various sta- tions in 1885 aggregated 1,250 car loads, worth from $250 to $300 each. There were also manufactured at home about 100 car loads. The ship- ments for 188G will not fall short of 1,500 car loads. Although suspended at the present time, the mining of copper was carried on extensively for many years in Polk County. The discovery of the ore was made in 184:3, but none was mined until 1847, when a Ger- man named Webber, securing a lease, took out ninety casks of ore and HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 271 shipped tlaem to the Revere Smelting Works near Boston. The results not proving satisfactory, he suspended operations and gave up his lease. A year or two later John Caldwell, upon petitioning the Legislature, obtained the passage of a law under which he secured a lease of a section of school land near Ducktown. In May, 1850, he began mining in the woods, and during the year sunk two shafts, from both of which he obtained copper. The next year in connection with S. Congdon, the agent of the Tennessee Mining Company, he opened what was afterward known as the Hiwassee Mine. For the first two or three years the ore was carried out of the mountains on mules, but in 1853 a wagon road was completed at a cost of $22,000. In 1855 there were fourteen mines in operation, and over $1,000,000 worth of ore was shipped to the North. Three years later a number of the companies united under the name of the Union Consolidated Copjjer Company, but the war coming on soon after nothing of importance was then accomplished. In 1866 operations were again commenced and were rapidly extended. Up to June 1, 1873,. this company had taken out 8,476,872 pounds of ingot copper, worth an average of 26 cents per pound. At that time they employed 562 men and ran sixteen furnaces. The whole value of their property was $474,- 549.30. In 1873 there was one other large company operating near Ducktown, known as the Burra Burra Copper Company. It ran nine furnaces and employed 158 men, paying out for wages $60,000. It also consumed 10,192 cords of wood and produced 917,329 pounds of ingot copper, valued at $192,639. In 1878 the consolidated company entered into litigation with Capt. Raht, the superintendent, which caused a stoppage of operations, and since that time but little has been done by any of the companies. The property of the consolidated company was purchased during, the latter part of 1884 by a company from New York, who has not yet put it into operation. The Hour-milling industry of Tennessee in 1880 ranked above all, other industrial enterprises both in the amount of capital invested and in the value of its products. At that time there were 990 flour and grist- mill establishments in the State having an aggregate capital of $3,595,- 585, and putting out annually products to the amount of $10,784,804. These amounts were slightly exceeded by one other Southern State, Virginia, but the growth of this business in Tennessee during the past six years has made her the leading milling State of the South. Although no other industry is so thoroughly distributed over the State, Nashville is the flour-milling center of Tennessee. Tlie growth of the business in that city during the past ten years has been wonderfully rapid. In that 272 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. time the four leading mills have been built, and the production raised from 500 to 1,800 barrels per day, while the capital invested has increased from 1100,000 to |G00,000. The amount of wheat used annually by these mills reaches 2,340,000 bushels, of which a large portion is grown in Tennessee. Beside^ Davidson County there were in 1880 five counties in the State the value of whose mill products amounted to over $300,000 each. They were Knox, with a production of $114:,017; Henry, $365,372; Bed- ford, $359,208; Maury, $311,067, and AVilliamson, $301,270. Among the first settlers of Tennessee, Indian corn was used exclu- sively for bread. This was due to the small amount of labor re- quired in its cultivation, and to the ease with Avliich it could be prepared for use. Previous to the erection of the first rude mill, the only machin- ery used in the preparation of corn for hominy or meal was the mortar and pestle, the former usually consisting of the stump of a tree hollowed out for that purpose. ■ The first mill erected in Tennessee was built be- fore 1775 on Buffalo Creek, in Carter County, and belonged to Baptist McNabb. At about the same time another mill was built by Matthew Talbot on Gap Creek. The first mill west of the Cumberland Mountains was a corn-mill and hominy-pounder built at Eaton's Station in 1782; a dam was made across the small creek which empties into the Cumber- land at the foot of the high land on which the station was located, and by the construction of a race by the side of the branch, sufficient fall of wa- ter Avas obtained to turn a pair of rudely cut stones. The hominy-pounder was an extremely primitive piece of machinery. "A trough was made twelve feet long and placed upon a pivot, or balance, and was so dug out that by letting the water run in at one end of the trough, it would fill up so as to overcome the equipoise, when one end would descend, and, the wa- ter rushing out, the trough would return to its equilibrium, coming down at the other end with considerable force, when a pestle or hammer was made to strike with force sufficient to crack the grains of corn." This process proving too slow a Mr. Cartwright constructed a wheel upon which was fastened a number of cow's horns in such a way that as each horn Avas filled by water its weight turned the wheel so that the next horn was presented to receive its supply, and thus the wheel was kept in constant revolution. To a crank was attached the apparatus for corn- cracking, and by the revolution of the wheel many little blows Vf ere made upon the corn placed in the mortar. This mill-seat, water-wheel and hominy-block was the property of James and Heyden Wells, the earliest millers in Middle Tennessee. * ' A little later Casper and his brother ♦Putnam. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 273 George Mansker erected a rival establishment within a mile of Mans- ker's station. Larger and better equipped mills were erected by Freder- ick Stump and John Buchanan. Stump's mill was on White's Creek and Buchanan's on Mill Creek, two miles south of Nashville. The many streams in all parts of the State afforded abundant Avater-power, and af- ter the beginning of the present century there was no lack of mills. Those on Red Biver were especially numerous, and had a wide reputa- tion for the good quality of their flour. Within the past few years the introduction of the more expensive roller-mills has had a tendency to drive out some of the smaller establishments, and the number of mills is decreasing somewhat. The manufacture of cotton into various goods has long been an indus- try of considerable importance in Tennessee, but it has never attained the proportions which her natural advantages would justify. The rais- ing of cotton began to assume considerable proportions during the first decade of the present century, but its manufacture, except in a domestic way, was not attempted until a few years later. In a report of the cotton- mills of the United States in 1810, only one is mentioned in Tennessee, and that was a horse-mill. The Tennessee Gazetteer published in 1834, in enumerating the manufactories in the State, mentions two "spinning factories" at Knoxville and Paris, each, and one at Athens; two cotton factories at Murfreesboro and one at Franklin and Statesville, each. The last two are designated as "extensive." There was also a rope and bag- ging factory at Lebanon. In 1840 the number of cotton factories in the State had increased to thirty-eight, representing a capital of $463,240, and operating 1(),813 spindles. Of the whole number twenty-five were in Middle Tennessee, eight in East Tennessee and five in the western division. The counties having more than $30,000 invested in this busi- ness were Wilson, $05,000; Williamson, $48,000; Lawrence, $47,000; Madison, $50,000 and Franklin $33,100. The census of 1860 reported thirty factories with 29,850 spindles and 243 looms, and representing a capital of $965,000. At this time Lawrence County stood first, having one- fifth of the whole number of factories, and more than one-fifth of the capital invested. Owing to the effects of the civil war the next decade shows a slight decrease in the number of factories and the quantity of the product. From 1870 to 1880 quite a large amount of new capital was invested in cotton manufacturing, but the greatest increase has been within the past five years. In that time the business has increased about 130 per cent. The largest factory in the State, and perhaps in the South, is operated by the Tennessee Manufacturing Company at Nashville. Thev have over $1,000,000 invested; run 850 looms and 30,000 spindles, and 274 HI8T0EY OP TENNESSEE. turn out products to the amount of nearly $1,000,000 annually. Tlie goods manufactured consist principally of sheetings, shirtings, grain bags and cotton plaids. Nashville has two other factories, both of which were established in 1881, and represent a combined capital of $340,000. Their production consists largely of carpet warps, twines and rope. The Columbia Cotton-mills, established in 1884, operate 6,500 spindles and 174 looms, and manufacture sheeting, bags and yarn. The Pioneer Mill at Mount Verd, McMinn County, put into operation in 1881 at an outlay of $200,000, runs 5,272 spindles and 132 looms. The Trenton Manu- facturing Company organized in 1884, with a capital stock of $00,000, use 3,200 spindles and 100 looms in the manufacture of white goods. The Brookside Cotton-mills, of Kuoxville, began operations in March, 1886, employing 200 hands. Other factories of less capacity have been erected since the beginning of this decade, but the above are sufficient to illus- trate the rapid growth of this industry. With the advantage of abun- dant water-power, cheap fuel, and close proximity to the raw material, it is only a question of time when Tennessee will rival, if not excel. New Eng- land in the manufacture of cotton goods. The capital invested in the manufacture of woolen goods is less than one-half that represented by the cotton factories, but it is distributed among a much greater number of establishments, many of whicli are of small capacity and run only a portion of the year. The woolen-mills of the State, as reported in 1880, numbered 100, representing an aggregate investment of $418,464. The annual productions are val- ued at $620,724, and consisted principally of the following goods: Jeans, 644,036 yards; linsey, 94,493 yards; satinets, 23,300 yarels; flan- nels, 18,450 yards; cloths, cassimeres and similar goods, 8,440 yards; blankets, 2,387 yards; tweeds, 3,000 yards, and shawls 1,000 yards. There was also one establishment engaged in the manufacture of mixed tex- tiles, having a capital of $35,000, and producing goods to the value of $79,000 annually. Since the beginning of this decade the manufacture of woolen goods has more than doubled, several of the largest factories in the State having been put into operation within the last four years. The Nashville Woolen Mill Company, with a capital of $78,000, began business in 1882. They employ 100 operatives, who turn out products to the amount of $150,000. The Jackson Woolen Manufacturing Com- pany, having an invested capital of $50,000, began business in 1884, and operate forty-seven looms. The Knoxville Mills, which began busi- ness in 1885 with a capital of $180,000, operates 104 looms. Previous to 1880 the largest woolen-mill in the State was the one at Tullahoma, which represents a capital of $90,000, and runs eighty-five HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. " 275 looms. Previous to the war the business consisted almost exclusively in wool-carding, which was carried on by small establishments involving an outlay of only a few hundred, or at most a few thousand dollars. The following is a list of these "carding machines," as reported in the census of 1840. It is evidently incomplete: Capital Value of Number. Invested. Products. Wilson 6 $3,750 |6,000 Sumner 5 4,650 2,050 Rutherford 5 6,000 3.400 Jefferson 3 1,200 360 Grainger 3 1,500 700 Hawkins 1 2,000 Coffee 1 4,000 1,000 McNairy 1 1,400 30 Knox 1 800 450 Dickson 1 300 300 Totals 27 $25,600 $14,290 In 1860 the number of these establishments had increased to sixty- nine, and the capital invested to $82,300. During the year previous they carded 460,665 pounds of wool, making 4-60,000 pounds of rolls, valued at $219,772. At that time Tennessee had over one-third of this business in the Southern States, and was excelled by only three States in the Union. The only mill reported which contained a loom was located in Sumner County. This mill used 10,000 pounds of wool and manufact- ured 18,000 yards of cloth. Fifty years ago gunpowder was manufactured in a small way in many of the counties of this State. The capital invested amounted to but little, and the product was correspondingly small. Of these estab- lishments, in 1840, Claiborne and Overton Counties had two each, and Campbell, Carter, JefPerson, Sullivan. Giles and Warren one each. The capital represented ranged from $25 to $900, and the product from 160 to 6,000 pounds, tlie aggregate production reaching 10,333 pounds. About 1845 the Sy<^amore Manufacturing Company located in Cheatham County, erected a large mill for the manufacture of gunpowder, which they continued to operate until the war. At the close of hostili- ties the company was organized under a charter, with a capital of $100,- 000, which has since been increased to $300,000. In 1874 the entire machinery of the Confederate Powder Works, at Augusta, Ga., were purchased by the company, and the capacity of their mills was increased to 100,000 kegs of powder per year. The manufacture of paper was begun in Tennessee at a comparatively early date, and has been continued by one or more mills to the present time. One of the first establishments of this kind was erected at Paper- 2TG HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, ville, a little village on a brancli o£ the Holston River, iu Sullivan Coun- ty. In 1840 the number of paper-mills in the State was six, located one in each of the following counties: Grainger, Knox, McMinn, Sullivan, Davidson and Sumner. They represented an aggregate capital of $103,- 000, and their annual products were valued at $60,000. In 1860 the number of mills had decreased to two, and the amount of capital invested to $28,000. Their annual product was 200,000 pounds of paper, valued at $14,500. The manufacture of leather and boots and shoes is a pioneer in- dustry. Among the early settlers nearly every farmer had a vat, or more frequently merely a trough, in which was tanned the leather to make the boots and shoes for his household. Later numerous small tanneries were erected, which endeavored only to supply the local demand. In 1840 there were 454 of these establishments, of which East Tennessee had 225; Middle Tennessee, 164; and the western division, 65. The entire capital invested in the business was $484,114, of which Middle Tennessee had a little more than one-half. The aggregate products were 133,547 sides of sole-leather, and 171,339 sides of uppers, of Avhich Montgomery County produced nearly one-sixth. In 1860 the number of tanneries was reported at 265, with a capital of $851,780, and an annual production of leather to the value of $1,142,246. The estimated amount of capital invested in the making of boots and shoes was $214,- 512, and the productions were valued at $395,790. In 1870 the number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of leather was 396, repre- senting capital to the amount of $705,665, and turning out products to the value of $1,851,638. According to the census of 1880 there were 113 establishments engaged in the manufacture of curried leather, whose product amounted to $546,427, and 147 establishments manufacturing tanned leather to the amount of $1,504,6(50 during the year. The larg- est tannery in the State is located at Chattanooga, and is ■ operated by Fayerweather & Ladew. The products from this establishment amount to little less than $1,000,000 per annum. Nashville has several tanner- ies, all of which do a good business. The Hall & Ordway Manufactur- ing Company are erecting an extensive establishment at that place to supply their factory, as well as to meet a large foreign demand. This firm operate the only shoe manufactory in the State, and are the j^ioneers in that business. The company was organized in November, 1885, and began business the first of the following January. They have a capacity of 700 pairs of shoes per day, but already contemplate increasing it to 1,000. They employ from 100 to 350 hands. Their materials, except the findings and uppers, which come principally from Boston and New HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 277 York, are obtained from Tennessee tanneries, and tlieir trade is rapidly extending over tlie entire South. Tlieir success in this business is a sure precursor of numerous other establishments of the kind, as Nashville al- ready has the largest boot and shoe trade of any city of its size in the United' States. It is also said by experienced shoemen that Tennessee leather, on account of the superior quality of the bark and the purity of the water used in its manufacture, is superior to that of any other State. The manufacture of whisky in Tennessee dates back nearly to the advent of the first colonists. As early as 1785 Col. James Eobertson, learning that the establishment of distilleries in the Cumberland settle- ments was under contemplation, secured the passage of an act by the Leg- islature of North Carolina, prohibiting the distillation of spirituous liq- uors. in Davidson County. The prohibition, however, proved of but lim- ited duration, and there was soon considerable domestic manufacture and increased consumption. For the first fifty or sixty years of the present century, there was scarcely a county in the State that was not more or less extensively engaged in the manufacture of whisky. It was usually made in small distilleries with a capacity of thirty or forty gallons per day. In 1840 the number of distilleries reported in East Tennessee was ()0(3, producing for that year 314:,4:4:5 gallons of whisky. The counties producing the most were McMinn, Claiborne, Hawkins, Greene, Roane and Marion. The whole number of "still-houses" in Middle Tennessee Avas 668, and the number of gallons of whisky produced, 695,769. Lin- coln, Bedford, Davidson, Maury and Robertson produced the greatest quan- tities. The first named county had 87 distillers and manufactured 128,180 gallons of whisky. This county and Robertson have long enjoyed the reputation of producing the best whisky in the State, if not in the United States. This is largel}^ due to the fact that it is manufactured by men of long experience in the business, and the materials used are of superior quality. These two counties now produce a large part of the whisky made in the State. The largest distillery in Tennessee is that of Charles Nelson, near Greenbrier, in Robertson County. This establishment in the year 1885 produced 379,125 gallons, more than one-third the entire production for the State, and about 82 per cent of the production in Rob- ertson County. During the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1885, there were 90 registered grain distilleries in the State, of which 55 were in opera- tion, and 238 fruit distilleries — all in operation. The total revenue for the year paid by the former was ^802,515.74, and by the latter $73,- 849.55. The materials used by the grain distilleries were as follows: rye, 26,063 bushels; corn, 181,899 bushels; mill feed, 5,581 bushels j 278 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. wheat, 49 bushels; and malt, 12,717 bushels. The following is the inter- nal revenue collected upon distilled liquors in Tennessee for each year from 1864 to 1885: 1864, $602,705.93; 1865, $1,605,263.41; 1866, $3,381,840.56; 1867, $3,349,459.91; 1868, $3,717,010.04; 1869, $1,255,- 781.12; 1870, $1,470,859.57; 1871, $874,221.65; 1872, $766,840.20; 1873, $644,480.76; 1874, $664,717.18; 1875, $861,645.28; 1876, $596,- 713.67; 1877, $897,181.73; 1878, $844,485.08; 1879, $908,924.44; 1880, $1,003,735.86; 1881, $1,146,763.64; 1882, $997,728; 1883, $1,173,890.29; 1884, $1,249,975.96; 1885, $1,057,189.43. The total tax collected for the twenty-one years amounts to $29,071,413.31. The manufacture of cotton-seed oil is an industry of great impor- tance, both in the amoiint of capital invested and the value of the prod- ucts. Memphis is the center of this business, although there are sev- eral other towns which have extensive oil-mills. In that city there are eleven mills, but all are not run on full time. The magnitude of this branch of business is indicated by the fact that nearly $1,000,000 is annually paid out for cotton seed by the Memphis mills alone. It also gives employment to fully 600 hands, and affords to river and railway commerce nearly $350,000 in freight. The receipts of cotton seed in Memphis during 1885 were 58,000 tons, from which there was a yield of 45,000 barrels of oil, 22,000 tons of oil cake, 26,000 bales of regius and 200 tons of ashes. The last article is used in the manufacture of fer- tilizers. A mill to manufacture oil from cotton seed was established in Jackson about seven years ago, and has grown to be one of the largest establishments of the kind in the State. It gives employment to about 150 hands, and runs day and night. In 1883 a company was organized to engage in the business at Trenton, and during the summer large build- ings were erected, into which was put the most improved machinery. When first put into operation, the mill consumed 750 bushels of cotton seed, making 500 gallons of oil and 9,000 pounds of meal or coke. Within the past year the capacity of the mill has been doubled. Nashville has two mills, the first of which was built in 1868. Each consumes from 5,000 to 6,000 tons of cotton seed yearly. Their com- bined annual product is estimated at 400,000 gallons of oil and 2,100 tons of meal. The oil is used in the manufacture of soap and candles, and in the adulteration of lard and other oils. It is also said to be used to some extent in the manufacture of oleomargarine. The growth of the manufacturing interest of the State since 1850 is shown in the following table: HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 279 Year. No. Estab- lishments. Capital Invested. Hands Employed. 1850 .... 1860 .... 1870 .... 1880 .... 2,887 2.572 5,317 4,326 $6,527,729 14,426,261 15,595,295 20,092,845 12,039 12,528 19,412 22,445 Wages Paid. $2,247,492 3,370,687 5,390,630 5,254.775 Value of Mater- ials. Value of Produce. $5,166,886 9,416,514 19,657,027 23,834,262 $9,725,608 17,987,225 34,362,636 37,074,886 The agency which has been most effective in placing the vast natural resources and advantages of Tennessee before the world, and in inaugu- rating a better system of farming, is the Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics and Mines, established by act of the Legislature in December, 1871. With the limited appropriations granted to this bureau, not one-fifth as much as is expended for that purpose by some States of the Northwest, it has succeeded in the past ten years in bringing into the State millions of dollars of capital and thousands of families. The commissioners of this department have been men of untiring energy and practical busi- ness ability, and to them are largely due the results which have been ob- "feined. J. B. Killebrew, the secretary of the bureau, and the first com- missioner, published numerous works on the agricultural and industrial interests. His work on the " Eesources of Tennessee " is one of the most thorough and complete publications of the kind ever made. The work of the bureau under his administration proved very effective. A committee, appointed in 1879 to investigate its affairs, reported not less tlian 8,000 immigrants, and about $9,000,000 capital had been intro- duced into the State through its instrumentality. In 1881 the com- missioner reported that during the preceding two years there had been added not less than' $5,000,000 to the wealth of the State, and 7,000 immigrants to its populatioii. From 1881 to 1883 the bureau was under the direction of es-Gov. Hawkins, and since that time the office of com- missioner has been filled by Maj. A. J. McWhirter, who is thoroughly alive to the interests of the State. In 1883 an exhibit of the natural resources and agricultural products of Tennessee was made at the South- ern Exposition, held at Louisville, Ky., and the Mechanics Institute Fair, held at Boston, Mass. A more extensive exhibit was made at the Industrial and Cotton Centennial of New Orleans in 1884-85, and also in the following year. The profits derived from these exhibits have been great and are manifested in the rapid development of the manufac- turing and mining interests of the State, as well as the increase in the number of farms. The population of Tennessee, as reported by the last census, was 1,5-12,359. It is now estimated by the best statisticians at 1,850,000, a gain of over 300,000, or 20 per cent in six years. The in- crease in wealth has been proportionately great. 280 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. CHAPTER X. State Institutions— The Location of Legislative Sessions— Final Estab- lishment OF the Capital— Construction of the State-house— Descrip- tion of the Style of Architecture— The Jackson Statue— The State Library— The Deaf and Dumb School— The Tennessee School for the Blind— The Tennessee Hospital for the Insane — The State Peniten- tiary—The Historical Society— The Medical Society— The State Board of Health— The Agricultural Bureau — The Grand Lodges of Masons, Odd Fellows, Knights of Honor, United Order of the Golden Cross, American Legion of Honor, Knights of Pythias, Knights and Ladies of Honor, Ancient Order of United Workmen, Royal Arcanum AND Grand Army of the Republic. PREYIOUS to the year 1843, the seat of government of the State had not been definitely fixed. The Territorial Assembly met in Knoxville, in 1794-95; also the Constitutional Convention in 1796. In 1807 the Legislature convened on September 21, at Kingston, but tAvo days later adjourned to Knoxville. Nashville was the place of meeting in 1812, 1813, 1815; Knoxville again in 1817; then Murfreesboro, from 1819 to 1825, inclusive. The session of 182(3 was held in Nashville, as have been all succeeding ones. Section 2 of the schedule to the constitu- tion of 1834 declared tliat the seat of government should be determined upon within the first week after the commencement of the session of the General Assembly in 1843. That body convened on Monday, October 1, of that year, and the first subject to engage its attention was the location of the capital. Almost every town in the State, having any pretension at all to eligibility or convenience of position, had its advocates. Thus the following places were successively voted upon : Woodbury, McMinn- ville, Franklin, Murfreesboro, Kingston, Lebanon, Columbia, Sparta, Gallatin, Clarksville, Shelbyville, Harrison, Chattanooga, Cleveland, Athens, Knoxville and Nashville. On Thursday, October 4, the Senate voted to locate the seat of government at Kingston, Roane County, and the House at Murfreesboro. But finally, on the Saturday following, Nashville was agreed upon by both houses, and became the capital of the State. This result is mainly attributable to the liberality of the town selected, the corporation having purchased Campbell's Hill, at a cost of $30,000 and donated it to the State as a site for the capitol building. An interesting anecdote is told in connection with this property. Many years previous, Judge Campbell had sold a cow and calf to a neighbor, who, subsequently determining to remove from the country, notified his cred- HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 281 itor that a rifle and Cedar Hill was all lie had to give for the debt. The Judge accepted them, thinking that the sum he might be able to sell the gun for would be all that he would realize for the cow and calf; besides the four acres, which he sold to the city, he disposed of several lots to individuals, and retained the one upon which his residence was built, opposite the south front of the capitol.* Previous to this time the meetings of the Legislature in Nashville had been held in the Davidson County Court House, but the build- ing had become too small for the constantly increasing membership of that body, and the building of a capitol was a necessity. Now that the seat of government had become fixed, no obstacle lay in the way of be- ginning the work, and on January 30, 1844, an act was passed milking the first appropriation for that purpose, $10,000. Gov. William Carroll, "William Nichol, John M. Bass, Samuel D. Morgan, James Erwin and Morgan W. Brown were appointed commissioners, to whom were added, May 14, 1844, James Woods, Joseph T. Elliston and Allen A. Hall. John M. Bass was appointed chairman March 31, 1848, andheld the posi- tion until March 31, 1854, when Samuel D. Morgan was appointed. April 20, 1854, John Campbell, John S. Young and Jacob McGavock were appointed commissioners by Gov. Andrew Johnson. By act of February 28, 1854, R. J. Meigs and James P. Clark were appointed commissioners, and John D. Winston was appointed by the governor. The following governors of the State were cx-officio commissioners: James C. Jones, Aaron V. Brown, Neill S. Brown, William Trousdale, William B. Camp- bell, Andrew Johnson and Isham G. Harris. Clearing of the ground for the site was begun about January 1, 1845 ; foundations were dug and nearly finished by the 4th of July, on which day the corner-stone was laid in the southeast corner of the building with imposing ceremonies. An eloquent oration was delivered on the occasion by the Hon. Edwin H. Ewing. On the 20th of May previous William Strickland, the designer of many of the finest public buildings in Philadelphia, was appointed archi- tect, and fi'om this time the building was carried on regularly and steadily without error or interruption till the time of his death, April 7, 1854. His funeral ceremonies were conducted in Representative Hall, and he was entombed in a recess, which he had prepared about a year before, in the wall of the north basement portico. After the death of Mr. Strickland the work was for several years carried on by his son, W. E. Strickland. The last stone of the tower was laid July 21, 1855, and the last stone of the lower terrace March 19, 1859. This completed the *" Old Times in Tennessee." 282 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. stoue work. The building was first occupied by the Legislature October 3, 1853. For several years the greater portion of the efficient convict labor was employed in quarrying the stone for the capitol, and after its completion the same kind of labor was used in improving the grounds. The entire cost to the State of the building and grounds up to 1859 amounted to $900,500. The $30,000 paid for the site by the city, added to the amount expended in completing the grounds, makes a total cost of something over $1,000,000. The following description of the building is taken from the architect's report and other sources: "The State-house is parallelogram in form, 112x239 feet, with an eleva- tion of 64 feet 8 inches above an elevated terrace walk which surrounds it, or 74 feet 8 inches above the ground. Eising through the center of the roof is the tower, 3G feet square and 80 feet high. The main idea of the elevation of the building is that of a Greek Ionic temple erected upon a rustic basement, which in turn appears to rest upon a terraced pavement. The building has four fronts, each graced with a noble por- tico. The end porticoes, north and south, are each composed of eight magnificent Ionic columns ; the side porticoes, east and west, are composed each of six columns. These columns, twenty-eight in all, are each 4 feet in diameter, 33 feet high, and rest upon the entablature of the basement. This entablature is supported by a rusticated pier, rising through the basement story under each column of the portico above. The end porticoes are capped by an entablature, which is continued around the building, and above which is a heavy pediment. The side porticoes are capped by the entablature and double blocking courses. The build- ing inside is divided into three stories: the crypt, or cellar; the base- ment, or first floor; and the main or second floor. The crypt is used for the State arsenal and for furnaces, etc. " The basement story is intersected by longitudinal and tra*nsverse halls of wide dimensions, to the right and left of which large and com- modious rooms are appropriated to the use of the governor, the comp- troller, the treasurer, the secretary of state, register of lands, superin- tendent of weights and measures and keeper of public arms, superin- tendent of public instruction, and the commissioner of agriculture, sta- tistics and mines. There is also an archive room, which is 34 feet square, and a supreme court room, which is 35x52 feet, 8 inches. From the great central hall the principal story is approached by a double flight of stairs, the hand-railing of which is of East Tennessee marble. The lon- gitudinal hall of this floor is 128 feet 2 inches long by 24 feet 2 inche.'; wide, while the dimensions of the transverse hall are the same as that of the basement. This story is divided into three apartments: representa- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 283 tive liall, the senate chamber and the library. The main floor of repre- sentative hall, 61x97 feet, is flanked on the east and west sides by eight committee rooms, 16 feet 8 inches square. Above these rooms are the public galleries, each of which is fronted by eight columns of the Eoman Ionic order, 2 feet 8 inches in diameter, and 21 feet 10 inches hiofh. The shaft of each column is of one block of stone surmounted by exceedingly graceful and elaborate capitals, the device of the archi- tect. The speaker's stand and screen wall are composed of red, white and black Tennessee marble. The chandelier is one of the largest and most elaborate in the country. It possesses the merit of being original in style and novel in design, though it is not graceful nor altogether pleasing to the eye. The senate chamber is of an oblong shape from 35 to 70 feet, having pilasters of the Ionic order with a full entablature, and is surrounded on three sides by a gallery 10 feet 9 inches wide sup- ported by twelve columns of variegated East Tennessee marble. This room also has a chandelier, similar in design to that of the representa- tive hall, though smaller and of better proportions. Immediately opposite the senate chamber are the rooms containing the state library. The main room is 35 feet square, with two smaller rooms on each side. From the main room a spiral stairway of iron leads to the two galleries above, the lower one of which extends entirely around the room, and the upper one on two sides. "Above the center of the building through the roof rises the tower supported by four massive piers 10 or 12 feet built from the ground. The design of the tower, which is one of the finest features of the entire structure, is a modified reproduction of the "Choragic Monument of Lysicrates," or, as it is sometimes called, the "Lantern of Demos- tlienes." The tower is composed of a square rustic base, 36 feet square and 42 feet high, with a window in each front. Above this the lantern or round part of the tower rises 26 feet 8 inches in diameter by 37 feet high. It consists of a circular cell with eight beautiful three-quarters fluted Corinthian columns attached around its outer circumference with alternate blank and pierced windows between each two columns in each of the two stories of the cell. The columns have each a very elaborate and beautifully wi'ought capital of the purest Corinthian style, and above all a heavy entablature. The column shafts are 2 feet 6 inches in diameter by 27 feet 8 inches high, and capital 4 feet high. The roof and iron finial ornament are together 34 feet high above the last stone of the tower, making the whole height of the edifice above the ground 206 feet 7 inches, or over 400 feet above low water mark in the Cumberland Kiver. 284 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. "The roof of the building is constructed of rafters composed of wrouo-ht iron ties and braces, trussed in sections, and joined together by cast iron plates and knees. The greatest span of these rafters is over Eepresentative Hall, a distance of sixty-five feet. The whole is sheathed and covered with copper. The walls of the building for the founda- tion are 7 feet thick; those of the superstructure 4 feet and 6 inches. All of the inside walls are laid with rubble stone ; the terraces, pave- ments and the round part of the tower, chiseled; the outer walls of the first story and the square part of the tower, rusticated work and tooled. The material of the building is of a stratified fossiliferous lime- stone of slightly bluish-gray tint with cloud-like markings. It was pro- cured within half a mile west of the building in a quarry opened by the State on the grounds of Samuel Watkins. Stones have been quarried from this place, weighing in their rough state, fifteen or twenty tons, and thirty and more feet long. One of the terrace stones of the building is S feet 3 inches by 14 feet, and the cap stones of the terrace buttresses are 5 feet 10 inches by 15 feet 11 inches, the heaviest weighing probably eight or ten tons. The stone may be considered both as to durability and beauty of appearance when worked well, equal to any building stone in" the country. Nearly all the materials, in addition to the stone, used in the construction of the building, were produced in Tennessee, and the work was mainly done ])y Tennessee workmen — a magnificent monument to the mechanical skill and the resources of the State." One of the most interesting objects to be seen upon Capitol Hill is the magnificent equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson. So long ago as the session of the General Assembly* of 1845-4(3, the idea was conceived of erecting at the capitol in Nashville a statue in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson, w^hose death took place June 8, 1845 ; and an act was passed the 2d of February, 1846, appropriating the sum of $7,500, "when a suffi- cient sum shall be subscribed by the people in connection therewith to complete said monument." Commissioners were appointed in the sixth section of said act to receive any voluntary contributions, control the dis- bursements of all funds, contract with an American sculptor or artist, and superintend the erection of said statue. For various reasons no further action was taken in the matter for many years though, it was by no means forgotten. Early in the month of January, 1879, Gen. Marcus J. "Wright, of Washington City, addressed a letter to the vice-president of the Tennessee Historical Society, suggesting that Clark Mill's eques- trian statue of Gsn. Jackson was on sale, expressing the hope that Ten- nessee could be induced to make the purchase and tendering his services ♦Report of the Legislative Committee ol" the Jackson Statue. --i-^rf^} FOUESTKIAN STATUE OF GEN. JACKSON, AT NASHVILLE. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 285 to aid in the negotiation. A correspondence ensued between Gen. Wright and the vice-president, and then papers, with a letter from Mills sti[)ulating the price, were laid before the society. There was a discus- sion of plans for obtaining the requisite funds to make the purchase, but nothing definite was agreed upon and the vice-president was instructed to communicate for the society with Gen. Wright and also to con- fer with the governor of the State as to the policy of applying to the General Assembly for an appropriation. After due deliberation, the time was not deemed opportune to invoke the assistance of the State, and the society did not care to have any future prospect clouded by a denial of favorable legislation. At a meeting held July 1, 1879, the sub- ject was again brought up. Various plans for raising the money were proposed, none of which, however, commanded that assurance of success whicli warranted immediate action, and the measure was indefinitely post- [loned. At a subsequent meeting of the society and of the citizens of Nashville to make arrangements for the centennial anniversary to be cel- ebrated in 1880, an enthusiasm was aroused which spread through the entire community. There was a pause in the pursuit of individual in- terests and the moment given to an unselfish and patriotic inspiration. Memories of the past seem to rise spontaneously in the public mind, and it doubtless occurred to more than one that the conjuncture of circum- stances was favorable for the acquisition of the Jackson statue. Such a thought did certainly occur to a venerable and patriotic citizen of Nash- ville, Maj. John L. Brown, who, early after the meeting in December, ex- pressed his intention to try to raise, by voluntary subscriptions, the money necessary for the purchase. He wrote to Senator Harris and Maj. Blair, of Washington City, to make inquiry as to the cost of the statue, which was found to be $5,000. Several letters written by Col. Bullock on the subject of the purchase were published, and gave renewed impetus to the movement. Maj. Brown, continuing his efforts, secured the appointment of the president and secretary of the Historical Society with himself as "a committee for the purchasing of the statue for the State of Tennessee." Every means and appliance was used to further the enterprise, and by the 18th of March, 1880, the list of subscribers had so increased that success being in sight the Centennial board of directors incorporated a committee of seven members, to be known as the committee for the purchase and dedication of the equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson, of which Gen. G. B. Thurston became chairman. The subscription soon aggregated an amount near or quite $5,000, which justified the consummation of the purchase. 286 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. On the 20th of May, 1880, in the presence of a vast assemblage of people, the statue was unveiled with appropriate and impressive ceremonies. Hon. John F. House was the orator of the day, an original ode written by Rev. F. W. E. Paschau was sung, prayer was offered by Rev. T. A. Hoyt, and a prize poem, by Mrs. Bowser, was read by Dr. G. S. Blaekie. A grand military procession paraded tlie street, in which several United. States officers, including Gen. Buell, Gen. Pennypacker and others, together with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Gen. Cheatham and others of the old Confederate Army, participated. Clark Mills, the sculptor, was an invited guest, and in speaking of the statue stated that it is a tripli- cate of the one standing in front of the President's house in Washington, which was not only the first equestrian statue ever self-poised on the hind feet, but was also the first ever modeled and cast in the United States. " The incident selected for representation in this statue occurred at the battle of New Orleans, on the 8th of January, 1815. The com- mander-in-chief has advanced to the center of the lines in the act of review. The lines have come to present arms as a salute to their com- mander, who acknowledges it by raising his chapeau four inches from his head according to the military etiquette of that period. But his restive horse, anticipating the next evolution, rears and attempts to dash down the line, while his open mouth and curved neck show that he is being controlled by the hand of his noble rider." The statue was first placed on a temporary pedestal of wood, fronting northward, with the head of the horse turned toward the Capitol. April G, 1881, an appro- priation of $2,000 was made for the purpose of placing a marble or granite base under the statue, which was accordingly done about three years later. For some years previous to 1854 the State Library consisted entirely of donations from the General Government and from other States of the Union, and of the State's own publications. Counting a large number of duplicates, there were aboiit 10,000 volumes, but only about 1,500 or 2,000 separate works. The books were kept in a room which was devot- ed to that purpose, in the Davidson County Court House, and which formed a kind of passage-way or ante-room to the governor and secre- tary of states' office, and the Representative Chamber.* It was conse- quently open all day, and even at night. On account of this negligence a large number of the law reports of the various States were misplaced, lost or stolen. In 1853, when the Legislature first met in the Capitol, the books were removed to that place, and by an act of January 20, 1854, the secretary of State was constituted ex officio librarian, with instruc- tions to keep the library open at least one day in the week. *The Legislature then met in the Court House, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 287 By the active eiuleavors of a few enlightened men who knew the great need of a State Library, the Legislature was induced to insert two sections referring to the library into the general appropriation bill of 1854 It appropriated ^5,000 to purchase a library, and K J. Meigs was appointed a commissioner to j^rocure books. A very excellent se- lection of books was made, and they were placed in the north ante-room of the library, the larger room not having been fitted up at that time. March 1, 1856, ^500 per annum was appropriated to make additions to the library, and R. J. Meigs was appointed librarian at a salary of $500. With the exception of the years from 1861 to 1868, from that time until 1879 annual appropriations varying from $500 to $2,500 were made for the purchase of additional books. Since 1871, however, no new books have been added, except those obtained by exchange with other States. The library now contains about 35,000 volumes of well-selected standard works, but in recent literature it is very deficient. For the past eight years this institution has been under the manage- ment of Mrs. S. K. Hatton, and her daughter. Miss Emma Hatton, the assistant librarian, and too much praise can not be accorded them for the fidelity and courtesy with which they have discharged their duties. The Tennessee Deaf and Dumb School owes its origin to the benevo- lent impulses and the prompt and persistent action of Gen. John Cocke, of Grainger County, while a member of the senatorial branch of the General Assembly. On December 20, 1843, a bill providing for the es- tablishment in Nashville of an institution for the blind, being on its third reading before the Senate, Gen. Cocke moved to amend by the addition of a section providing for the appropriation of $2,000 for putting into operation at Knoxville, a deaf and dumb school. After the substitution of $1,000 for $2,000 the amendment was adopted, and then the entire bill was rejected by a vote of eleven to thirteen. On the following day the vote was reconsidered, and other amendments were adopted. The vote on Gen. Cocke's amendment was reconsidered by a majority of three, but it was again adopted by a majority of one, and the bill was finally passed in the Senate December 21, 1843. The bill then went to the House, where on its third reading it was rejected by a majority of three, but the vote was subse- quently reconsidered, and the bill in the form in which it had left the Senate was passed January 29, 1844. The governor appointed, to constitute the first board of trustees, Messrs. R. B. McMullen, Joseph. Estabrook and D. R. McAnally, who met at Knoxville, July 27, 1844, and organized by electing Mr. McMullen, president, and Mr. McAnally, secretary. These gentlemen immediately went to work with characteristic zeal, 288 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. opening correspondence with officers of similar institutions in other States, obtaining information as to the number and situation of the deaf mutes in this State, selecting a suitable building in which to open the school, and securing the services of a competent instructor for the pupils. Rev. Thomas Mclntire, a former teacher in the Ohio Deaf and Dumb SchooJ, was made the first principal, and under his charge the exercises of the school were begun in what was known as the Churchwell House, in East Knoxville, in June, 1845. By an act passed January 31, 1846, the General Assembly recognized the existence of the institution, incorpo- rated it, made better provision for its support, and added Messrs. T. Sul- lins, J. H. Cowan and Campbell Wallace to its board of trustees. It now became a leading object of the board to procure means for the erection of more appropriate buildings for the purposes of the school, and measures tending to that end were promptly undertaken and vigor- ously prosecuted. The board issued circular letters to the benevolent throughout the State, applied to Congress for a donation of public lands, established several local agencies, and fortunately placed in the position of manager of a general soliciting and collecting agency,* Col. John M. Davis, of Knox County. These efforts met with gratifying success, and over $4,000 was contributed by individuals. This sum, supplemented by appropriations made by the Legislature, enabled the trustees to erect a large and commodious building, at a cost of about $20,000. As origin- ally built it consisted of a main building 25x79 feet and three stories high, Avith two wings of the same size as the main building, altogether formijig a main front to the south of 100 feet, and east and west front of 129 feet each. The grounds belonging to the institution were obtained at different times by gift and purchase. They now embrace about eight acres lying in a rectangular form, entirely surrounded by streets, and are handsomely improved. The original site, consisting of two acres, was donated by Calvin Morgan, of Knoxville, and the remaining six acres were purchased at a cost of about $G,000. After becoming permanently established in the new building the school -rapidly increased, both in numbers and efficiency. During the first session the number of pupils in attendance was nine, while in 1857 the number had increased to eighty. In the year 1861 the school was among the largest institutions of the kind in the country, and received a liberal support from the State. The whole building had been refur- nished in a creditable manner, and the grounds were highly ornamented. But the war came. The school was disbanded, and the buildings were taken possession of by the military authorities, and were used by the con- *Coiilpiled from a report by Thomas L. Moses. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 289 tending armies in turn for hospital purposes. In 1866 tlie buildings were turned over to the trustees in a badly damaged condition, and after some repairs had been made the school was again opened December 3 of that year. Owing to the financial embarrassment of the State the appropriations to the institution for some time were scarcely adequate to supply its wants, and it required the exercise of the strictest economy on the part of its management to maintain the school. In 1873, however, the appropriation of ,^10,000 placed it upon a firm financial basis, and since that time it has been in a most prosperous condition. A few years ago a new chapel was erected and other improvements made, so that at present the institution can comfortably accommodate 125 pupils. In the fall of 1881 a school for colored mutes was opened in a rented house in East Knoxville, about one mile from the main building. The school numbered ten pupils, and was taught by Matt R. Mann, the pres- ent teacher, and a former pupil of the institution. Two years later a substantial brick building, with twenty-seven acres of land, situated about a mile east of the town, was rented for the use of the school. The number of pupils in this department in 1884 was seventeen. The white ]:)upils for the same time numbered about 100. On December 24, 1882,- Mr. J. H. Ijams, who had been principal of the school for sixteen years, died, and Thomas L. Moses was elected to fill the vacancy, which posi- tion he still holds. This noble charity is well managed, and too much praise cannot be awarded to the patient, conscientious teachers, who have dedicated their lives to the work of educating these unfortunate children. The first school for the education of the blind in America was opened in Boston 1832. So favorable were the results obtained, that the subject was agitated throughout the country, and within the next twenty years nearly every State had made some provision for the education of her sightless children. In 1843 an exhibition was given in one of the churches of Nashville, showing the ability of the blind to read by the sense of touch. A good audience was assembled, to a majority of whom, the method of reading by the fingers was something new and surprising. An enthusiastic interest was awakened. The Legislature was petitioned for aid to establish a school, and $1,500 was appropriated by that body annually for two years. With this sum, increased by private subscrip- tions, a house was rented and furnished and the school opened. Mr. James Champlin, who had given the exhibition, was selected as the first teacher. He proved to be incompetent, and in a few months thereafter W. H. Churchman was elected principal. The pupils then numbered about fifteen. In 1846 a charter nominating J. T. Edgar, R. B. C. Howell*, J. T. 290 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. "Wlieat and A. L. P. Green, as a board of trustees, was granted to the school, and the annual appropriations for the next two years was increased to $2,500. The household and domestic department was placed under the control of Mrs. John Bell, Mrs. William H. Morgan, Mrs. Matthew "Watson and Mrs. Joseph H. Marshall, all of whom had taken a deep in- terest in the institution from the first. After serving as principal of the school less than two years, Mr. Churchman resigned the position to en- ter upon a broader field of labor in Indiana, and Mr. E. W. Wlielan, of Philadelphia, was elected to take his place, which he retained until May, 1849, when he was succeeded by Jacob Berry, also of Philadelphia. In little more than a month Mr. Berry died of cholera, also the matron, steward, and several of the most promising pupils. Mr. Whelan volun- teered in the midst of suffering and death to take charge of the school temporarily. His offer was accepted, and after holding the position a short time he was succeeded by Mr. Fortescue, who resigned in about two months. These frequent changes in the managemant of the school and still more the fatal visitation of cholera within the household, hin- dered its growth and retarded the improvement of the pupils. In November, 1850, J. M. Sturtevant was engaged to superintend the school. He took charge of it the following January, and for many years very acceptably performed the duties of the office. In 1852 a lot was purchased from the University of Nashville, and an appropriation was made for the erection of a building upon it. By the following January a house sufficiently spacious to meet the requirements of the school was completed. Additions were afterward made, and the grounds gradually improved until June, 1861, the whole cost of buildings and grounds hav- ing been, up to that time, about $25,000. In November of that year the building was demanded for the accommodation of the sick and wounded Confederates. The trustees refused to give it up, and on the 18th of the month the immates "were summarily ejected." The pupils who had no homes were distributed to private residences, and the furniture was stored away. After the Federals took possession of Nashville, in February, 1862, they continued to use it as a hospital until November, when by order of J. St. Clair Morton, Chief Engineer of the Army of the Ohio, the build- ing, together with all surrounding improvements, was entirely destroyed. At the close of the war a few of the pupils were collected and the school was reorganized. In October, 1872, Hon. John M. Lea, for $15,000, pur- chased the Claiborne residence with about seven acres of land, for the purpose of donating it to the Tennessee School for the Blind, to which it was conveyed immediately after the purchase. The Legislature of 1873 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 291 acknowledged the excellence o£ the location and the munificence of the gift by appropriating $40,000 for the erection of a building "commen- surate with the wants of a first-class institution." A competent architect was employed, and it was decided to erect a wing on both the north and south sides of the mansion, giving when completed, an entire front of 205 feet. To do this required additional appropriations. The next Gen- eral Assembly added $30,000 and the Legislature of 1879 set apart $34- 000 for the use of the school, a portion of which, it was provided, might be expended in improvements upon the building. About three years ago provision was made for the admission of colored pupils, and a sepa- rate department was established for them. Although there are many larger institutions of the kind in this coun- try, with more costly buildings and grounds, yet in excellence of manage- ment and thoroughness of results, it is unexcelled. In addition to a literary education the boys are taught some simple mechanical trade, and the girls are instructed in sewing, and bead and other ornamental work. Much attention is also given to music, some of the graduates of that departmeii^ having become excellent teachers. The school is now under the superintendency of Prof. L. A. Bigelow, and in December, 1884, had an enrollment of sixty-nine pupils, eight of whom were colored. October 19, 1832, the Legislature passed an act to establish a lunatic hospital in this State, to be located in Davidson County, near Nashville, Francis Porterfield, Joseph Woods, Henry R. W. Hill, James Roane, Felix Robertson and Samuel Hogg were appointed commissioners to pur- chase a site and to erect a building, for which purpose $10,000 were appropriated. A small tract of land, about one mile from the city, was obtained, and the erection of the building begun. From some cause the work progressed very slowly, and the asylum was not ready for occu- pancy until 1840. Three years later there were only thirteen patients in the institution, which up to that time had cost the State over $56,000. In 1847 the well-known philanthropist, Miss D. L. Dix, visited Ten- nessee, and finding the accommodations for the insane inadequate, me- morialized the Legislature, and aroused the representatives of the people to take action upon the subject. It was decided to dispose of the old hospital and grounds and to erect new buildings on some more favorable site. The old grounds were too small, the water supply insufficient, the location unhealthy, and the arrangement of the building itself not good. By authority of the legislative act the governor appointed nine com- missioners to purchase a new site. They selected a large farm about six miles from Nashville, on the Murfreesboro pike, one of the healthiest 292 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. localities in the State. Dr. John S. Young was employed as superin- tendent and A. Heiman as architect of the building to be erected. Before entering upon their work they visited various asylums in the North and East for the purpose of perfecting their plans. Butler Asy- lum, of Providence, R. I., was finally chosen as a model, with a slight change in the architecture. In 1849, with an appropriation of $75,000, the work of erection began, and in April, 1852, the patients were removed from the old hos- pital. Two years later two large wings were added, making the whole building capable of accpmmodating 250 patients. During the entire process of erection Miss Dix, who has made a study of buildings of this character, lent her aid and assistance, and so highly was this apprecia- ted that a room was especially fitted up for her to occupy whenever she chose to visit the institution.* The Tennessee Hospital for the Insane is of the castellated style of architecture, with twenty-four octagonal towers of proportionate dimensions, jjlaced on the corners of the main building and its wings, while from the center of the main building rises a larger octagonal tower, twenty-five feet above the roof, and sixteen feet in diameter. A range of battlements from tower to tower surrounds the whole edifice, following the angles of the several projections, giving a fine relief to it from any point of view. The extreme length of the main building and its wings from east to west is 405 feet and 210 feet from north to south. There are two airing courts in this area, each about 150 feet square. The height of the main building from the ground to the top of the main tower is eighty-five feet. The center, right and left of the main building are four stories high without the basement; the interven- ing ranges and the wings are three stories high. Its interior arrange- ment and structure are in accordance with the most approved plans. In all the minutise of detail, the comfort, convenience and health of the patients have been very carefully studied. The ventilation of the build- ing is a decided feature in its construction. It is carried on by means of a centrifugal fan seventeen feet in diameter, driven by a steam-engine. The air is conducted through subterranean passages to the central cham- bers in the basement, and thence through the steam-pipe chambers into vertical flues passing through the entire building. The quantity of air discharged may be carried up to 70,000 cubic feet per minute to each occupant. Thus a constant supply of pure fresh air may be kept up during the most oppressive weather. The means of heating the build- ing are no less complete. The series of vertical flues before alluded to are constructed in the longitudinal walls of the halls, starting from a coil ♦History of Davidson County and the Architect's Report. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 293 of pipe or hot-air chambers in the basement story, from the halls and rooms of the different stories near the floor. By this arrangement the air supply is constant without reference to any external condition of weather or temperature. Water is pumped by the engine from a reser- voir to a tank in the center of the building, and from thence distributed by pipes to other parts of the institution. Soon after the war suit- able quarters removed from the main building were erected by the State, at a cost of about $25,000, for the accommodation of the colored insane. The grounds now include 480 acres, and the entire property is valued at about $400,000. This admirably managed charity has been under the superintendency of Dr. John H. Calleuder for several years, and has accomplished a vast amount of good in extending the most helpful and tender ministra- tions to the suffering insane. In December, 1884, the whole number of patients in the institution was 412, of whom a few were colored. The annual cost per patient for the two years previous was $178.68. In 1883 the superintendent, as he had done in many previous reports, urged upon the Legislature the necessity of providing more accommodations for the insane of the State. At that session $80,000 was appropriated for the East Tennessee Insane Asylum, to be erected near Knoxville upon the property known as Lyon's View, which the State had purchased for that purpose some time before. Agreeably to the provision of the act mak- ing the appropriation the governor appointed R. H. Armstrong, J. C. Flanders and Columbus Powell, all of Knoxville, to constitute a board of directors, who promptly organized and elected W. H. Cusack, of Nash- ville, architect, and Dr. Michael Campbell, of Nashville, superintending physician of construction. The board of directors, with the superintend- ing physician and architect, after visiting some of the most famous asy- lums in the country, adopted a plan embracing the latest improvements, both sanitary and architectural. The asylum consists of nine buildings, including an administration building, chapel, kitchen, laundry, boiler- house and engine-house. The main front is 472 feet long. The wards consist of 174 rooms that will accommodate from 250 to 300 patients. In 1885 the original appropriation had been exhausted, and an additional sum of $95,000 was granted by the Legislature for the completion of the buildings. The asylum was ready for occupancy March 1, 1886, and a transfer of the patients belonging to East Tennessee was made. No more beautiful and desirable spot could have been chosen for an insane asy- lum than Lyon's View. Within four miles of the city of Knoxville, high in elevation, commanding a full view of the river and the adjacent heights with their attractive scenery, the location possesses in itself all the 294 HISTOliY OF TENNESSEE. requirements that could possibly be desired in an institution designed for the comfort, care and cure of the unfortunate insane.* The asylum itself is one of the most stately and best equipped in the country, and stands an honorable monument to the munificent charity of Tennessee. Even with these two large asylums it was found that not all of this unfortunate class, who are peculiarly the wards of the State, could be accommodated, and an appropriation of $85,000 was made for the erec- tion of a similar institution in West Tennessee. John M. Lea, John H. Callendar and W. P. Jones were appointed commissioners to select a site and superintend the construction of the buildings. These commissioners, after spending several weeks in visiting and carefully examining several places, selected a point between three and four miles northwest of Boli- var, in Hardeman County. The structure will be of brick with white stone trimmings. Its length will be 750 feet, with a depth of 40 feet. The central or main portion of the building will be five stories high, and will be occupied by the oJEfices and domestic apartments of the officers. On either side of the main building are to be two sections four stories high, separated from each other by fire-proof walls. Between the tiers of rooms will be large corridors, and above each corridor lofty flues, all so arranged as to secure perfect ventilation and sufficient light. The building will cost over $200,000, without the furnishing, and will accom- modate 250 patients. Previous to the adoption of the penitentiary system, the severity of the penal laws of the State tended rather to increase than to decrease the number of crimes committed. As the means of punishment were limited to the whipping-post, stocks, pillory, county jail, the branding-iron and the gallows, the penalties were either lighter than could prove effective, or else in severity out of all proportion to the offense committed. In either case the result was the same, the severe penalty frequently pre- venting conviction. The penalty, as expressed in the following act passed October 23, 1799, is an example of the punishments inflicted for crimes of that character: Be it enacted, "That from and after the passage of this act any person who shall be guilty of feloniously stealing, taking or carrying away any horse, mare or gelding, shall for such offense suffer death without benefit of clergy." For some years after the organization of the State many of the penal laws remained the same as before its separation from North Carolina. In 1807 an act was passed by the General Assembly fixing a somewhat lighter penalty for several felonies. For grand larceny, arson and malicious prosecution, the penalty for the first offense was the infliction upon the bare back of a number of lashes, not to exceed thirty-nine, *Gov. Bate. I HISTOKY- OF TENNESSEE. 295 imprisonment in the county jail for a term not to exceed twelve months, and to "be rendered infamous, according to the laws of the land." For the second offense, the penalty was death. The penalties for forgery and perjury were even more severe. In the earlier days of civilization such punishments would have been deemed mild, but at the time in which these laws were passed, the growth of humanizing influences rendered their cruelty apparent, and not infrequently the culprit escaped convic- tion more on account of the sympathy of the judge and jury than from a lack of sufficient evidence against him. This fact was recognized, and the successive governors in nearly every message urged upon the General Assembly the necessity of establishing a penitentiary. In 1813 an act was passed requiring the clerk of each county court to keep a subscrip- tion list for the purpose of permitting persons "to subscribe a Ay amount they may think proper for erecting a penitentiary." This plan of raising money for that purpose was not a success, as four years later the total sum subscribed amounted to only ^2,173.40, a great part of which the committee appointed to investigate the matter thought could not be col- lected. In 1819 Gov. McMinn again brought the subject before the Legislature. In his message he says: "Notwithstanding some fruitless attempts have been made toward establishing a penitentiary in this State, yet I think it my duty to bring the subject before you, and with an earnest hope that in your wisdom and in your love of humanity and jus- tice you will lend your aid in commencing a work which will do lasting honor to its founders." Nothing more, however, was done until October 28, 1829, when the act providing for the building of the penitentiary became a law. The ground selected for the site of the institution con- tains about ten acres, and is situated about one mile southwest of the court house in Nashville. Contracts for the building were let in April, 1830, and work was immediately begun, under the supervision of the architect, David Morrison. The rock used in its construction was quarried upon the ground, and so vigorously was the work prosecuted that a proclamation was issued by the governor January 1, 1831, an- nouncing the penitentiary open to receive prisoners. At the same time the revised penal code went into effect. The following description of the building as it originally appeared is taken from a Nashville paper issued December 7, 1830: "The principal front of the building presents a southern exposure, is 310 feet long, and consists of a center and two wings. The former, slightly projecting, is composed of brick embel- lished with cut stone dressing, 120 feet long, 32 feet wide, and three stories high. It contains the warden and keeper's apartments, two in- firmaries, an apartment for confining female convicts, and sundry other 296 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. rooms for the use of the establishment. In surveying the front of the center building, the most conspicuous feature that strikes the eye is a large gateway in the center 23 feet high, 14 feet wide, the piers and arch being formed of large blocks of well-polished white stone, and filled by a massive wrought iron port-cullis weighing nearly a ton. The wings are constructed of large blocks of well-dressed lime stone, the wall being 4 feet thick and 33 feet high, pierced with narrow, grated windows corre- sponding in height with those of the center. On the center of the build- ing, and immediately over the gateway above described, rises a splendid Doric cupola that accords with the noble proportions of the whole. In the rear of the building a wall 30 feet high incloses an area of 310 square feet. At each angle of the wall is a tower for the purpose of viewing tile establishment." The entire cost of the building was about $50,000. In 1857 the west wing was added at a cost of $36,000, and in 1867 two large workshops, known respectively as the east and west shops, were built. The first prisoner received into the institution was W. G. Cook, from Madison County. It is stated that he was a tailor, and was convicted of malicious stabbing and assault and battery. He stabbed a man with his shears, and assaulted him with his goose.* He was made to cut and make his own suit, the first work done in the peni- tentiary. In June, 1833, the cholera began its ravages among the in- mates. Its progress was so rapid that in a few days business was entirely suspended, and an extra force of nurses and physicians was employed. Out of eighty-three convicts not one escaped the disease, and nineteen of the number died. The following year the disease again broke out, but was not so destructive in its results as before. While the number of prisoners was small, they were employed by the State under the supervision of appointed officers, in the manufacture of various articles of trade. In 1833 they were classified under the follo^\'- ing departments: shoe-makers, coopers, stone-cutters, tailors, chair-mak- ers, hatters, blacksmiths, wagon-makers, carjjenters and brick-layers. Other departments were afterward added and some of the above dropped, the aim of the State being to employ as far as possible the convicts upon such work as would come into the least competition with private manu- facturers. This system was employed with more or less success until 1866, when the inspectors reported that for the previous thirty-three years the insti- tion had cost the State an average of $15,000 per year. The Legislature at that session passed an act establishing a board of three directors, who were authorized to lease the prison, machinery and convicts to the high- *Warden's Report, 18S4. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 297 est bidders for a term of four years. The lease was made to the firm of Hyatt, Briggs & Moore, afterward Ward & Briggs, at 40 cents per day for each convict. It was agreed upon the part of the State to provide the necessary guards to preserve discipline. The firm entered upon the fulfill- ment of the contract. In May, 1867, 300 convicts joined in an attempt to escape, and created great excitement. Quiet was restored without bloodshed, but the mutinous spirit was not quelled, and the following month they succeeded in setting fire to the east shops, which were de- stroyed. A difiiculty then arose between the State and the lessees. The latter refused to pay for the labor and claimed damages from the State for this failure to preserve discipline and for the losses occasioned by the fire. The lease was terminated by mutual agreement July 1, 1869, and the matter compromised by the State paying the lessees $132,200.64 for the material on hand, and in settlement of the damages claimed by them. In December, 1S71, provision was again made for leasing the prisoners and shops. The contract was taken by W. H. Cherry, Thomas O'Con- nor, A. N. Shook and Gen. W. T. C. Humes, under the firm style of Cherry, O'Connor & Co. The second lease was taken December 1, 1876, by Messrs. Cherry, O'Connor, A. N. Shook and William Morrow, under the old firm name, with M. Allen as superintendent of the works. The lease system has proven highly satisfactory. Instead of requiring al- most yearly appropriations for its support, the institution now pays an annual revenue to the State of $101,000. The present lease, which is for six years, began January I, 1884, the Tenpessee Coal, Iron & Eail- road Company being the lessees. The headquarters of this company are at Tracy City, where about one -third of the prisoners are worked in the mines, and where a large and commodious prison has been erected. There are also branch prisons at the Inman mines in Marion County, and Coal Creek in Anderson County. A few prisoners are worked in marble works at Kuoxville. About 40 per cent of the entire number are at the main prison, where they are worked under a sub-lease by Cherry, Morrow & Co. The firm is engaged exclusively in the manufacture of wagons. The shops are equipped with all the latest improved machinery, enabling them to turn out about fifty finished wagons per day. In the manufact- ure of their wagons they begin with the raw material, making their own bent-work, iron-work, castings, thimbles and skeins. Their goods are sold throughout the South and Southwest, and also in several of the Northern and Western States. Under the present lease system the State is relieved from all expense of transportation and guarding of prisoners. The only officers connected 298 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. with the institution who are paid by the State are the warden, superin- tendent, physician and chaplain. The number of convicts in the main prison and branches, December 1, 1884, was 1,323; in 1880, the number was 1,241; in 1870, 613; in 1857, 286, and in 1839, 154. During the late war the penitentiary was converted into a military prison, and at one time there were as many as 2,400 inmates. Two fires, the former quite destructive, occurred within the past five years. December 4, 1881, the various workshops and ma- chinery belonging to the State and the lessees, were destroyed by fire, only the main building and cells escaping destruction. At the time over 700 convicts were within the walls, and it became necessary to turn them all out into the space in front of the prison; yet, so well were they man- aged, that only six escaped. The shops were immediately rebuilt by the State, and the lessees put in new machinery. On January 12, 1884, the east end of the blacksmith shop was discovered to be on fire, and as the second story was used as a paint shop it threatened to prove very de- structive. It was, however, soon brought under control. The loss to the State was about ^3,300, which was fully covered by insurance. *Many years ago a society for the collection and preservation of his- torical papers, relics, antiquities, etc., existed in Nashville, j- It did not accomplish much, but its very organization showed the tendency of the minds in the city noted for scholarly attainments to endeavor to rescue from oblivion the history of a people remarkable for patriotism, chivalry and intelligence. After it had ceased to exist for a considerable time several public-spirited citizens met in the library-rooms of the Merchants' Association, to reorganize an historical society. This was in May, 1849, and the organization was effected by the election of Nathaniel Cross as president; Col. A. W. Putnam, vice-president; William A. Eichbaum, treasurer; J. R. Eakiu, corresponding secretary, and W. F. Cooper, re- cording secretary. This society did not exist many years, but was again brought to life in 1857, and at the May meeting elected the following officers: A. AV. Putnam, president; Thomos Washington, vice-president ; W. A. Eichbaum, treasurer; R. J. Meigs, Jr., corresponding secretary; Anson Nelson, recording secretary, and John Meigs, librarian. Contri- butions of valuable manuscripts, newspapers and relics poured in from all parts of the State, as well as a few from other States. A public anniversary meeting took place on the 1st of May, 1858, in Watkin's Grove. An immense procession of old soldiers of the war of 1812, the Creek war, the Mexican war, the officers and cadets of the Western Military Institute, the Shelby Guards, the Nashville Typo- *Prepared by Anson Nelson, Esq., recording secretary. tXhe Tennessee Antiquarian tiociety, organized July 1, 1820. Discontinued in August, 1822. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 299 graphical Union, the Philomathean Society, the teachers and pupils of the Nashville Female Academy, the superintendent, teachers and pupils of the public schools of Nashville, citizens on horseback, in carriages and buggies, and citizens on foot marched from the public square to Watkin's Grove, when a collation was served in excellent style to all present. The Hon. James M. Davidson, of Fayetteville, was the orator of the day. Judge T. T. Smiley read an historical account of the services of the Third Tennessee Eegiment in the war with Mexico. Gov. William B. Camp- bell and Eev. Dr. C. D. Elliott delivered eloquent addresses. Bands of music were distributed along the line of the procession, and the whole city made it a holiday occasion to commemorate the organization of the "provisional government" at Robertson's Station, now Nashville, May 1, 1780, and the formation of the society May 1, 1849. At the annual celebration, May 1, 1859, Randal W. McGavock, mayor of Nashville and a grandson of Hon. Felix Grundy, presented a full length portrait of Judge Grundy, painted by Drury. John M. Bright, of Lincoln, delivered an eloquent oration on the life, character and public services of the renowned statesman and jurist. The exercises took place in the hall of the House of Representatives, in the presence of as many people as could obtain admittance. In September, 1859, a committee, consisting of Hon. Thomas Wash- ington, Col. A. W. Putnam and Rev. Dr. R. B. C. Howell, was appointed to urge the council of the city of Nashville to adopt suitable measures for the removal of the remains of Lieut. Chandler, formerly paymaster in the United States Army, from their place of interment in the Sulphur Spring Bottom, to Mount Olivet Cemetery. The committee accomplished their purpose, and on the 23d of September the remains were exhumed, after having lain in the grave for nearly sixty years. The occasion was marked by appropriate exercises, Hon. E. H. East delivering a patriotic address. In October, 1859, at the request of the society, Lieut. M. F. Maury, the distinguished scientist, delivered his celebrated lecture on the geog- raphy of the sea. In January, 1860, the society received from Egypt the fine Egyptian mummy now in the Capitol, sent by J. G. Harris of the United States Navy. After the meeting in September, 1860, the society ceased active operations until several years after the war. Many articles were lost during the war, but the small collection of coins was preserved intact. In 1874 the society reorganized by electing the following officers: Dr. J. G, M. Ramsey, president; Dr. R. C. Foster, vice-president; Dr. John H. Currey, treasurer ; Gen. G. P. Thurston, corresponding secretary ; 300 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. Anson Nelson, recording secretary, and Mrs. P. Haskell, librarian. On June 16, of that year, the society held a called session at Knoxville, the home of the President, who presided on that interesting occasion. The Eecording Secretary exhibited the original commission of Maj. -Gen. Israel Putnam, on parchment, issued June 19, 1775, signed by John Hancock, President, and Charles Thompson, Secretary of the Continental Congress. The society has also in its possession a vest worn by "Old Put," in the Pevolutionary war. In October, 1874, the society decided to participate in tlie fourth annual exposition of Nashville, and on the evening of October 6, the anniversary of the battle of King's Mountain, the He v. T. A. Hoyt deliv- ered an address giving the history of that important battle. The address was also delivered to a large audience in Knoxville. The centennial anniversary of the signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independ- ence, May 20, 1775, was celebrated by the society at the Nashville Fair Grounds, Ex-Gov. Niell S. Brown delivering the oration. At the May meeting in 1875, several delegates were appointed to attend the centen- nial of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence in Charlottsville, N. C, only one of whom attended — Hugh L. Davidson, of Shelby ville. At the annual meeting in May, 1876, John M. Lea was elected vice-presi- dent, vice E. C. Foster; and J. B. Lindsley, librarian, vice Mrs. Haskell. The office of treasurer was attached to that of the recording secretary; the other offices remained the same as before. The National Centennial was duly celebrated by the society in the hall of the House of Representatives, Dr. John H. Callender, reading the Declaration of Independence. An elegant historical centennial address, written by Dr. Kamsey, president of the society, was read by Bev. T. A. Hoyt. Other exercises appropriate to the occasion were rendered. In 1878 the society commenced agitating the subject of celebrating the centennial of Nashville, and appointed a committee on that subject, who afterward reported a program for the exercises. Subsequently the idea expanded, and finally the society appointed a committee to wait upon the mayor and urge him to request the city council to call a public meeting to take action in the matter. This was done, and an enthusiastic interest was aroused. Various committees were appointed, an exposition was inaugurated, the orators chosen by the Historical Society were ap- proved, a grand civic procession for the 24:th of April provided for, and many other matters arranged to give eclat to the occasion. All of this was most successfully carried out, and the most sanguine expectations of the Historical Society were more than realized. On April 11, 1884, Dr. J. G. M. Bamsey, the distinguished president of the society, died at his HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 301 home in Knoxville. A delegation of members, numbering eleven, went from Nashville to be present at the funeral obsequies which took place on the 13th, and were attended by a very large number of the citizens of Knoxville and the surrounding country. At the next annual meeting in May Hon. John M. Lea was elected to the office made vacant by the death of Dr. Bamsey, The society is indebted to the trustees of Watkins' Institute for the use of a large and elegant room in that building, for the exhibition of its books, manuscripts and relics, of which it has a great number. Among the most interesting relics may be mentioned the musket of Daniel Boone, the veritable "Old Betsey;" the sword of Gov. John Se- vier, and one of the pistols presented to him by the State of North Caro- lina ; the sword of Col. Dupuyser, of the British Army, taken from him at the battle of King's Mountain; the red silk sash worn by Gen. Ferguson, when he was killed at King's Mountain ; one of the chairs used by Gen. Nathaniel Greene ; also one used by President Fillmore ; the sword, coat and epaulette of Capt. Samuel Price, worn in the battle of Frenchtown, Raisin River, Mich. ; the pitcher used at the treaty of Hopewell ; three ■canes formerly belonging to President Polk, one in the form of a ser- pent, one bearing the electoral vote cast for him for President, the other a hickory cane from the Hermitage; the first greenback $5 note issued by the United States; the portfolio used by Henry Clay in the United States Senate ; over thirty battle-flags used by Tennessee soldiers in different wars from 1812 to 1865. Among the manuscripts of the society are an old book in an excellent state of preservation, kept in Nashville by a merchant in 1795; the jour- nals of Gov. William Blount from 1790 to 1796 ; the proceedings of the courts martial during Jackson's campaign in 1813, kept by Col. William White, acting judge-advocate; journal of Capt. John Donelson and com- panions while on their voyage from Holston River down the Tennessee, up the Ohio and Cumberland to what is now Nashville in 1779-80. The society also possesses portraits of Prof. Priestly, Dr. Gerard Troost, Dr. Phillip Lindsley, Hon. Felix Grundy, Dr. J. G. M. Ramsey, Anson Nelson, Dr. Felix Robertson and his parents, Henry Clay, Davy Crockett and many others, besides portraits of all the governors of the State with the exception of two, Roane and McMinn. Among the old and rare books are a copy of the Polydori Vergil II, in Latin, bound in vellum, printed in 1611; a copy of Cicero's "Discourse on old age," printed by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1744; "Dioscoridis Mat. Med.," bound in parchment, printed in 1552; copies of the Bible printed in 1678 and 1757, respectively. •U)2 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The present officers of the society are Hon. John M. Lea, president r Ex-Gov. James D. Porter, first vice-president ; Capt. Albert T. McNeal, second vice-president; Joseph S. Carels, treasurer; James A. Cart- wrio-ht, corresponding secretary; Anson Nelson, recording secretary; Eobert T. Quarles, librarian. The Medical Society of Tennessee* was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, passed January 9, 1830, one hundred and fifty-four physicians from the various counties of the State being named in the charter. Certain powers and privileges were granted, among which was the power to appoint boards of censors, for the three divisions of the State, to grant licenses to applicants to practice medicine within its limits. The first meeting of the society was held in Nashville May 3, 1830, and its organization completed by adopting a constitution, by-laws and a code of medical ethics, and by electing officers for two years. These were James Koane, of Nashville, president; James King, of Knoxville, vice-prsident ; James M. "Walker, of Nashville, recording secretary; L. P. Yandell, of Kutherford County, corresponding secretary, and Boyd McNair, of Nash- ville, treasurer. Prof. Charles Caldwell, of Transylvania University, being iii town at the time, was elected an honorary member of the society, and a committee was appointed to extend him an invitation to visit the meeting. The censors appointed for Middle Tennessee were Drs. Doug- lass, Stith, Hogg and Estill; for East Tennessee, Drs. McKinney and Temple; and for the western division of the State, Drs. Young and Wil- son. The code of ethics was the same as that adopted by the Central Medical Society of Georgia in 1828. After adopting a resolution con- demning the habitual use of ardent spirits and recommending total ab- stinence, except when prescribed as a medicine, the society adjourned. The second assembling of the society took place in Nashville May 2, 1861. Sixty members responded at roll-call, and fifty-four were added during the session, constituting the largest meeting ever held. Dr. John H. Kain, of Shelbyville, the first orator appointed, delivered the anni- versary discourse before the society on "Medical Emulation." Dr. Yandell having been called to a professorship in the Transylvania Uni- versity, resigned his office in the society, and delivered an address which was ordered to be published. He was subsequently elected an honorary member, and though he became a citizen of another State, no one ever served the society more faithfully, or contributed more to advance its in- terests. A premium of $50 was offered at this meeting for the best essay on "The use and abuse of calomel," which two years later was awarded to James Overton, M. D. of Nashville. Dr. James G. M. ♦Condensed from its history, furnished by Paul F. Eve, M. D., in 1S72. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 303 Bamsey, of Knoxville, sent liis essay on tlie topography of East Ten- nessee, and Dr. Becton read liis own on the topography of Rutherford County. This session was one of the most enthusiastic and interesting ever held. By invitation of the governor, the society Adsited the peni- tentiary, then just erected. The third convocation of this body took place in Nashville, where it continued to meet until 1851, when it con- vened at Murfreesboro. Many of these sessions were very interesting, and several valuable contributions were added to medical literature. The limited facilities for travel, however, rendered it impossible for members from distant parts of the State to attend without losing a large amount of time and experiencing considerable inconvenience; consequently the number in attendance was frequently very small. At the third session a committee was appointed to ask the Legisla- ture to repeal the law making it a penitentiary offense to exhume a human body for the purpose of dissection, but this, as was the case with several other petitions presented by the society, the Legislature refused to grant. At the meeting in 1843 the society decided to establish a museum at Nashville for the mutual improvement of its members. Subsequently a committee was appointed to solicit from the Legislature a donation for the museum and a library, but the request was not granted. Upon the establishment of the medical department of the University of Nashville the museum wias transferred to that institution. At the session of the society held in Murfreesboro, in 1851, the code of ethics adopted by the American Medical Association in 1847 was substituted for the one heretofore governing this body. The society met at Murfreesboro again in 1852, but the following year convened at Nashville. The complete catalog of the membership of the society up to that time was 307. In 1857 twenty-five delegates were appointed to the American Medical Association, which assembled in Nashville the following year. The thirty-second annual meeting of the Tennessee Medical Society was held in the Masonic Hall at Murfreesboro April 2, 1861. The attendance was small, only eleven members being present at roll-call. Owing to the unsettled condition of the country no more meetings were held until April 20, 1866, when seven members as- sembled at Nashville. Dr. Robert Martin was elected president, and Dr. Nichol re-elected vice-president. But little business was transacted, and after the appointment of several committees preparatory to the next meet- ing, the society adjourned. From that time until the present, meetings have been held annually. In 1871 the society convened at Pulaski; in 1874 at Chattanooga; and in 1878 at Memphis. In 1872 a committee of 304 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. nine, three for each grand division of the State, was appointed for the purpose of forming and encouraging local societies. Two years later Drs. J. B. Lindsey, J. J. Abernethy and P. D. Sims were constituted a committee to examine the workings of the various State medical societies and report, at the next annual meeting, such amendments and by-laws as might tend to strengthen the society. This was accordingly done, and at the next meeting the constitution as revised by the committee was adopted after a full and free discussion. Since 1874 delegates have been appointed to each annual meeting of the American Medical Association, and in 1876 Drs. Paul F. Eve, Yan S. Lindsley, D. C. Gordon, W, P. Jones, J. H. Yan Deman, W. C, Cook, Thomas Menees, F. Bogart, J. B. Buist, S. S. Mayfield, H. J. Warmouth and A. Blitz were appointed delegates to the International Medical Congress. The forty-seventh annual meeting was held at Knoxville, beginning April 6, 1880. The local attendance was quite large, and a number of delegates from Middle Tennessee were present, but the western division of the State was not so largely represented. Among the notable features of this meeting was the election of the first female doctor to membership, she being regularly delegated from the Knox County Medical Society, of which she was an accepted member. The lady was Mary T. Davis. In 1881 two meetings were held. At the date of the regular meeting on April 5, the society was convened in the supreme court room of the capitol, and the committee on arrangements reported that acting under the authority of the president, and at the request of a number of physi- cians of Knoxville, notices of an adjourned meeting had been sent out. Therefore, after having received the governor's signature to the bill, which had just passed the Legislature, requiring the registration of the births, deaths, and marriages* in the State, the society adjourned to meet on May 10, 1881. At that time the continental exposition was in prog- ress, and the meeting was well attended. The next year the society assembled at Casino Hall, in Memphis, on May 9. The attendance was not large, but the session proved an inter- esting one. Among its social features was a very pleasant excursion on the steamer " Benner," given by Dr. R. W. Mitchell, of the National Board of Health. The fiftieth annual meeting was held in Nashville, be- ginning April 10, 1883. One of the pleasing incidents of the session was an address by Gov. Bate. On April 8, 1884, the society again con- vened at Chattanooga just two years after its former meeting in that city. The session was in every respect one of the most successful ever held. Several amendments to the constitution were adopted, one of which abol- *This law was repealed by the next Legislature. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 305 » ished the boards of censors, and established in lieu a judicial council composed of the ex-presidents of the society. Fifty dollars was appropri- ated to assist in the erection of a monument to the memory of Dr. J. Marion Sims. The fifty-second annual meeting was held in the hall of Representatives in the State Capitol, April l-t to 16, 1885. Several inter- esting papers were read, and considerable business of importance was transacted. The last meeting of the society was held in Memphis, on the first Tuesday in April, 1886. The present officers are Thomas L. Mad- din, M. D., of Nashville, president; Drs. S. T. Hardison, J. E. Black and G. W. Drake, vice-presidents, for Middle, West and East Tennessee, respectively; Dr. C. C. Eite, secretary and Dr. Deering J. Eoberts, treasurer The subject of preventive medicine has been for several years attract- ing more and greater attention, especially from the occurrence of fre- quent epidemics throughout the Union. The necessity of some organ- ized and co-operative efforts* on the part of persons clothed with au- thority to take such steps as may be deemed sufficient to protect the country from the rapid spread of epidemics, became so apparent that many of the States organized State Boards of Health, and such powers were delegated to them as were thought proper to effect the purpose of their creation. This idea reached material development in this State in 1866, when the first board of health in Tennessee was organized at Nashville. Soon after a similar organization was formed for the city of Memphis, since which time local boards of health have been established in all of the larger towns and most of the smaller ones in the State. All are pro- ducing good fruit by developing an intelligent public sentiment and a growing interest in regard to the value and importance of sanitary science as applied not only to communities, but also to individuals, households and persons. In April, 1874, a committee was appointed by the State Medical Society to prepare and to present to the State Legisla- ture at its next session a bill providing for the establishment of a State Board of Health. This bill passed the House but was lost in the Sen- ate. Two years later another -bill was presented, which, after much ex- planation, finally passed with the section of the bill providing for an ap- propriation of funds stricken out, thus securing the organization simply of the "State Board of Health of the State of Tennessee," without any executive power or means with which to carry out any of the more practical objectsfor which it was established; consequently they were compelled to *From the Eeports of 1880 and 1884. 306 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. content themselves with acting as an advisory body only, notwithstanding the western and southern portions of the State as far east as Chattanooga were, during the summer of 1878, swept by a most disastrous epidemic of yellow fever. They issued advisory circulars through the secular press upon the lesser epidemics, such as scarlet fever and diphtheria, which appeared in difPerent localities through the State, and otherwise gave timely counsel to the people, and created, as opportunity afforded, an interest in the subject of public hygiene. Two years subsequently the Legislature passed an amendatory act, which was approved by the gov- ernor, March, 1879, giving the board additional powers and making a small appropriation of money, which enabled them to obtain an office and pay their secretary a salary.' The first meeting of the board was held April 3, 1877, in the office of the Secretary of State, the following members appointed by the governor being present: Drs. J. D. Plunket, T. A. Atchison, James M. Safford, of Middle Tennessee; E. M. Wight, of East Tennessee, and El. B. Maury, of West Tennessee. Dr. J. D. Plunket, to whose exertion the board largely owed its existence, was chosen president, and Dr. J. Berrien Lindsley was appointed secretary pro fern. Committees were appointed on vital statistics, hygiene of schools, prisons, geological and topographical features of Tennessee in relation to disease, and epidemic, endemic and contagious diseases. The first annual meeting of the board was held in Memphis, April, 1878, concurrently with the meeting of the State Medical Society. Lit- tle business of importance was transacted. The office of vice-president was created, and Dr. J. M. Safford was elected to that position. Follow- ing this meeting came the epidemic of yellow fever of 1878, yet the board was powerless to do aught to stay its dreadful ravages. A reign of terror existed, and, though badly needed, there was no guide, no head of power. The experience of that terrible season taught even the law- makers that a State Board of Health with enlarged powers and increased facilities was a necessity. Therefore March 26, 1879, an amendatory act was passed giving the board power to declare and enforce quaran- tine, and to prescribe rules and regulations to prevent the introduction of yellow fever and other epidemic diseases. The act also required the governor to appoint two additional members of the board connected with the commerce and transportation of the country, and appropriated $3,000 to defray expenses. Hon. John Johnson, ex-mayor of Memphis, and Col. E. W. Cole, of Nashville, were chosen as the new members of the board. At the second annual meeting Dr. Lindsley resigned his posi- tion as secretary, and Dr. W. M. Clark was elected to fill out the unex- HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 307 pired term. lu auticipatiou of the reappearance of the yellow fever in 1879, the board issued 10,000 copies of an address urging the people of the State to organize local boards of health to co-operate with the State Board. In consequence of Ihis action many local boards were formed, and the State Board was thus enabled to carry on, with but little diffi- culty, its plans for staying the progress of the epidemic which followed. Since that time no widespread epidemic has visited the State, and the work of the board has been directed to the improvement of the sanitary condition of the jails, penitentiaries, etc., the education of the people in sanitary science, and the collection of valuable vital statistics. The board as constituted at the present time is as follows: J. D. Plunket, president; James M. Saiford, vice-president; J. B. Lindsley, secretary; G. B. Thornton, P. D. Sims, Daniel R Wright, David P. Hadden and E. W. Cole. As early as 1834 or 1835 the Tennessee Agricultural and Horticul- tural Society was organized, and annual fairs were held for a few years. The officers elected at the meeting held October 13, 1835, were Dr. Phil- lip Lindsley, president; Drs. John Shelby and Felix Eobertson, vice- presidents; H. Petway, treasurer, and Joseph T. Dv>^yer, secretary. In 1840 the society established a paper called the Tennessee State Agricul- tm'alist, of which Tolbert Fanning was installed as editor. Drs. Girard Troust and John Shelby were liberal contributors to its columns. In 1842 the Tennessee State Agricultural Society, including members from most of the counties of Middle Tennessee, was incorporated with an auth- orized capital stock of ^100,000. December 18, 1851, several of the leading agriculturalists of the State, prominent among whom were Mark R. Cockrill, W. G. Harding, Wil- loughby Williams and Tolbert Fanning, secured the re-incorporation of the society, with authority to organize two auxiliary societies, one for each of the other two divisions of the State. These societies served to create an interest in improved methods of agriculture, and during the session of 1853—54 the subject was presented to the Legislature. The result was the organization of the Tennessee State Agricultural Bureau, consisting of the governor, ex-officio president, one member from each grand division of the State, five members from Davidson County, and one member from each of the county societies organized. It was made the duty of the bureau to investigate all such subjects relating to the improvement of agriculture as it might think proper, and to encourage the establishment of county agricultural societies. For the support of the bureau, it was provided that when $1,000 had been raised by contri- butions of individuals and placed out at interest, the bureau should be 308 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. entitled to receive from the treasury of the State the sum of $500, Each county society was also to receive $50 from the State when $300 had been contributed by individuals. It was found difficult for the county societies to comply with the latter proviso, and in 1856 the act was ameuded and a bounty of $200 granted to each society without re- quiring any individual contributions. At the same time $30,000 was appropriated for the purchase of suitable grounds for the biennial fairs to be held at Nashville, and State bonds to that amount were issued. A tract of land containing thirty-nine acres, lying on Brown's Creek, was purchased from John Trimble for the sum of $17,750. The work of fitting up the grounds was immediately begun, and by October they were sufficiently improved to admit of holding the annual fair upon them. The fair of that year, however, was not so successful as previous ones,, owing to unfavorable weather, and to the excitement incident to the presidential campaign than in progress. The improvements of the grounds was completed during the following year, and from the secre- tary's report it appears that the entire cost of the grounds and improve- ments exceeded $30,000. The sixth and last annual fair was begun on October 10; 1859, and continued six days. This was one of the most successful fairs held. The number of people in attendance on the second day was estimated at 10,000, to which assemblage an elaborate and instructive address was de- livered by Lieut. M. F. Maury. In the reports made by the officers of the society much regret is ex- pressed at the lack of interest in making creditable exhibits of stock and other farm products. But the greatest good derived from these annual fairs came from the addresses delivered by scientific men like Lieut. Maury. They served to give the farmer a broader idea of his profession and to awaken him to the fact that there is a science of agriculture. During the war, as a matter of course, the agricultural societies were suspended, and but little effort has since been made to revive them. In 1870 the old fair grounds of the State Agricultural Society were sold by a committee appointed by the Legislature, consisting of the secretary of state, comptroller and treasurer. In December, 1871, an act was passed authorizing the governor to appoint two citizens from each grand division of the State, as commis- sioners of agriculture, to constitute a bureau of agriculture. They were required to meet once each year, and were allowed to appoint a secretary, at a salary of $600 per year. The Legislature of 1875 abolished this department, and in its stead established the Bureau of Agriculture, Sta- tistics and Mines, to be under the control of a commissioner appointed HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 309 by the governor. It is made the duty of the commissioner to collect specimens of all the agricultural and mineral products of the State; to analyze and inspect fertilizers sold in the State; to study the insects in- jurious to crops; to study the diseases of grain, fruit and other crops, and to collect statistics bearing upon these subjects. He is also allowed to employ a chemist and geologist to assist him in his researches. At the .same time a bureau of immigration was established for the purpose of encouraging immigration to the State. Two years later the duties of this office were imposed upon the Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics and Mines, which had been placed under the control of J. B. Killebrew, as commissioner, a man of great ability, and untiring energy. He did much to make known the immense natural resources of the State; he wrote and published works on "Wheat Culture," " Tennessee Grasses and Cereals," "The Mineral Wealth of the State," "Sheep Husbandry,"' and an extensive work entitled "The Resources of Tennessee," all admirably well written. For the past three years the bureau has been under the efficient management of A. J. McWhirter. The first charter issued to a Masonic Lodge in Tennessee was grant- ed in accordance with a petition received by the Grand Lodge of North Carolina, December 17, 1796. The lodge was organized in Nashville, and was known as St. Tammany, No. 1. The Grand Lodge of North Carolina continued its authority over Tennessee until 1812. During the same period a charter was issued to one lodge in this State by the Grand Lodge of Kentucky, and a dispute arose between these two grand lodges in regard to their jurisdiction. In 1805 the Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina was directed to write to the Grand Lodge of Kentucky, and request them to call in all dispensations or charters granted to lodges in Tennessee. The request was not complied with, and two years later it was renewed with the warning that, if it were not heeded, all communication between them would cease. The difficulty, however, was not settled until a separate Grand Lodge for Tennessee was. established. On December 11, 1811, a convention, consisting of representatives from all the lodges in Tennessee, met at Knoxville. Resolutions favor- ing the formation of a separate grand lodge were passed, and an address to the Grand Lodge of North Carolina prepared. This address was re- ceived by the Grand Lodge at its next meeting in December, 1812, and ' the petition for a separate grand lodge granted. Accordingly Grand Master Robert Williams called a convention to meet in Knoxville, on December 27, 1813, at which time a charter, or deed of relinquishment, from the Grand Lodge of North Carolinia was presented. This charter 310 HISTOBY or TENNESSEE. is still on file iu the archives of the Grand Lodge, and is said to be the only charter of the kind in the United States. The officers installed the first meeting were Thomas Claiborne, Grand Master; George Wilson, Deputy Grand Master; John Hall, Se- nior Grand Warden ; Abraham K. Shaifer, Junior Grand Warden ; Thom- as McCarry, Grand Treasurer and Senior Grand Deacon; Edward Scott, Grand Secretary and Junior Grand Deacon. At the meeting held in July following a controversy arose as to whether the subordinate lodges could work under their old charters. It was finally decided to allow them to do so until new charters could be granted The constitution as originally adopted provided that the meetings of the Grand Lodge should be held at the place where the Legislature con- vened. In 1815 this was amended, and Nashville was permanently fixed as the place of meeting. Quarterly meetings of the Grand Lodge were held until October, 1819, when they were abolished. At a called meet- ing on May 4, 1825, Gen. La Fayette, who was then visiting Nashville, was elected an honorary member of the Grand Lodge, and during the day was introduced to the lodge by Gen. Jackson. The Grand Master delivered an address of welcome, to which Gen. La Fayette replied. An eleo-ant oration was then delivered by William G. Hunt, J. G. W., after which a banquet terminated the exercises. At the annual meeting held in October, 1825, Gen. Samuel Houston presented a memorial concerning a difficulty which had arisen between him and another member of Cumberland Lodge, No. 8. Upon hearing the case the committee completely exonerated Gen, Houston from all charo-es of unmasonic conduct, but two years later he was suspended by his lodo-e. He appealed to the Grand Lodge, but the decision of the subordinate lodge was not reversed. The chief grounds of his suspen- sion was his having fought a duel with another Mason, Gen. White. The constitution and by-laws of the Grand Lodge were amended in 1822, and ao-ain in 1830. In 1845 a new constitution was adopted. October 6, 1858, the corner-stone of the Masonic Temple at Nashville was laid with the usual ceremonies. Since that time but little of general interest has transpired in the proceedings of the Grand Lodge. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, the order was active in relieving the suffering, and over |24,000 was contributed for that purpose. In 1885 the Grand Lodge had jurisdiction over 409 subordinate lodges with a membership of 15,268. The following is a complete list of the Past Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge : Thomas Claiborne, 1813; Eobert Searcy, 1815; Wilkins Tannehill, 1817; O. B. Hays, 1819; Wilkins Tannehill, 1820; Andrew Jackson, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 311 1822; WilkinsTaiinehilL 1824; Matthew D. Cooper, 1825; William E. Kennedy, 1827; Hugh W. Duulap, 1829; Archibald Yell, 1831; Dudley S. Jennings, 1832; Harry L. Douglass, 1833; Benjamin S. Tappan, 1831; J. C. N. Eobertson, 1836; Philander Priestly, 1837; Samuel Mc- Manus, 1838; George Wilson, 1810; Wilkins Tannehill, 1811; John Novell, 1813; Edmund Dillahunty, 1841; William L. Martin, 184G; Hardy M. Burton, 1848 ; Kobert L. Caruthers, 1849 ; Charles A. Fuller, 1850; A. M. Hughes, 1852; John S. Dashiell, 1854; Thomas McCulloch, 1856; John Frizzell, 1858; James McCallum, I860*; A. M. Hughes, 1863; Thomas Hamilton, 1864; Joseph M. Anderson, 1866; Jonathan S. Dawson, 1868; John W. Paxton, 1869; John C. Brown, 1870; W. M. Dunaway, 1871; D. E. Grafton, 1872; James D. Richardson, 1873; Andrew J. Wheeler, 1874; J. C. Cawood, 1875; E. Edmundson, 1876; A. V. AVarr, 1877 ; George C. Connor, 1878 ; Wilbur F. Fowler, 1879 ; Q. T. Irion, 1880; N. S. Woodward, 1882; N. W. McConnell, 1883; B. E. Harris, 1884; H. M. Aiken, 1885; Thomas O. Morris, 1886. The following is a list of the present grand officers: Thomas O. Morris, Nashville,' M. W. Grand Master; Caswell A. Good- loe. Alamo, E. W. Deputy Grand Master ; H. H. Ingersoll, Knoxville, E. W. Senior Grand Warden; John T. Williamson, Columbia, E. W. Junior Grand Warden ; William H. Morrow, Nashville, E. W. Grand Treasurer ; John Frizzell, Nashville, E. W. Grand Secretarj^; Eev. C. H. Strickland, Nashville, E. W. Grand Chaplain; H. W. Naff, Bristol, Wor. Senior Grand Deacon; H. P. Doyle, Dyersburg, Wor. Junior Grand Deacon; P. H. Craig, Waynesboro, AVor. Grand Marshal; N. A. Senter, Hum- boldt, Wor. Grand Sword Bearer; A. C. Eobeson, Athens, Wor. Grand Steward; M. P. Prince, Minor Hill, Wor. Grand Pursuivant; Ewin Burney, Nashville, Wor. Grand Tyler. The Grand Council of Tennes- see Eoyal and Select Master Masons was organized October 13, 1847, with the following officers: Dyer Pearl, T. I. Grand Master; William E. Hodge, G. Prin. C. of Work ; Joseph F. Gibson, Grand Treasurer ; Charles A. Fuller, Grand Eecorder. Since that time the following have filled the chair of Grand Master: John S. Dashiell, 1849; Henry F. Beaumont, 1850; John P. Campbell, 1851-52; James Penn, 1853; Jonathan Huntington, 1854; L. Hawkins, 1855; Edward W. Kinney, 1856; Eobert Chester, 1857; H. M. Lusher, 1858; Jonathan Huntington, 1859; John H. Devereux, 1860; John Frizzell, 1861; William Maxwell, 1865; John McClelland, 1866; William H. McLeskey, 1867; David Cook, 1868; W. F. Foster, 1869; A. V. Ware, 1870; James McCallum, 1871; A. P. Hall, 1872; E. *No meetings held in 18(U and 1862. 312 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. » Edmundsou, 1873; W. R. Shaver, 1874; H. M. Aiken, 1875; B. R Haller, 1876; Bradford Nicliol, 1877; B. R. Harris, 1878; George H. Morgan, 1879; Ewin Burney, 1880-82; William Matthews, 1883; P. C. Wright, 1884 The Grand Chapter was organized April 3, 1826, with the following officers: William G. Hunt, Grand High Priest; Wilkins Tannehill, Deputy Grand High Priest; Ed H. Steele, Grand King; Dyer Pearl, Grand Scribe; Moses Stevens, Grand Treasurer; and Charles Cooper, Grand Secretary. The following have been the Grand High Priests: William G. Hunt,* 1826; William G. Hunt,* 1827; Moses Stevens,* 1828; Wilkins Tan- nehill,* 1829; William G.Dickinson,* 1830; Hezekiah Ward,* 1831 Hezekiah Ward,* 1832; Jacob F. Foute,* 1833; Moses Stevens,* 1834 T. S. Alderson,* 1835; Dyer Pearl,* 1836; Benjamin S. Tappan,* 1837 Benjamin S. Tappan, 1838; Moses Stevens,* 1839; Edmund Dillahunty,* 1840; Edmund Dillahunty,* 1841; Henry F. Beaumont,* 1842; James H. Thomas,* 1843; Dyer Pearl,* 1844; Dyer Pearl,* 1845; Dyer Pearl,* 1846; P. G. Stiver Perkins,* 1847; P. G. Stiver Perkins,* 1848; Charles A. Fuller,* 1849; A. M. Hughes, 1850; A. M. Hughes, 1851; J. M. Gil- bert, 1852; Edward W. Kenney,* 1853; Edward Kenney,* 1854; Solomon W. Cochran, 1855; Solomon W. Cochran, 1856; Robert I. Chester, 1857; Robert S. Moore,* 1858; Roberts. Moore,* 1859; W. H. Whiton, 1860; Jonathan Huntington,* 1861 ; John Frizzell, 1865; Jonathan S. Dawson, 1866; Townsend A. Thomas, 1867; William Maxwell, 1868; John W. Hughes, 1869; William H. Armstrong, 1870; A. J. Wheeler,* 1871; John W. Paxton,* 1872; Joseph M. Anderson, 1873; Wilbur F. Foster, 1874; Algernon S. Currey, 1875; H. M. Aiken, 1876; John S. Pride, 1877; Benjamin F. Haller, 1878; Joe H. Bullock, 1879; Gideon R. Gwynne, 1880; W. E. Eastman, 1882; James D. Richardson, 1883; David J. Pierce, 1884; William S. Matthews, 1885; Bradford Nichol, 1886. The following is a list of the present grand officers : Bradford Nichol, Nashville, Grand High Priest; John E. Pyott, Spring City, Deputy Grand High Priest; Lewis R. Eastman, Nashville, Grand King; N. F. Harrison, Germantown, Grand Scribe; N. S. AVoodward, Knoxville, Grand Treasurer; John Frizzell, Nashville, Grand Secretary; Rev. H. A. Jones, Memphis, Grand Chaplain; Charles Buford, Pulaski, Grand Captain of the Host; J. W. N. Burkett, Jackson, Grand Principal Sojourner; John B, Garrett, Nashville, Grand Royal Arch Captain; James R. Crowe, Pulaski, Grand Master Third Yeil; J. T. Williamson, ♦Deceased. HISTOHY OF TENNESSEE. 313' Columbia, Grand Master Second Veil; John H. Ferguson, Dayton, Grand Master First Veil; Ewin Burney, Nashville, Grand Sentinel. The Grand Council of the order of High Priesthood for Tennessee was organized October 9, 1860, by Thomas Ware, of Kentucky, Grand President j^^'o iom. The officers installed were Robert S. Moore, Grand President; John M. Morrill, Vice Grand President; Jonathan Hunting- ton, Grand Chaplain; John Frizzell, Grand Treasurer, and John McClel- land, Grand Becorder. The following is a lisi of the Grand Presidents from the organization : Robert S. Moore, 1860; John McClelland, 1861; John S. Dashiell, 1864; John Frizzell, 1866; John Bell, 1867; John W. Paxton, 1868; J. M. Gilbert, 1869; John McClelland, 1870; Wilbur F. Foster, 1871; Wilbur F. Foster, 1872; A. J. Wheeler, 1873; Morton B. Howell, 1874; John B. Morrisj 1875; George S. Blackie, 1876; E. Edmundson, 1877; Gideon R. Gwynne, 1878; Benjamin F. Haller, 1879; George S. Blackie, 1880; Henry M. Aiken, 1882; Bradford Nichol, 1883; Bradford Nichol, 1884; Bradford Nichol, 1885; D. J. Pierce, 1886. October 12, 1859, the four commanderies of Knights Templar and appendant orders in Tennessee, working under charters from the Grand Encampment of the United States, assembled in Nashville for the pur- pose'of organizing a Grand Commandery for Tennessee. Twenty-six Sir Knights were present. The officers chosen and installed were Charles A. Fuller, Grand Commander; A. M. Hughes, Deputy Grand Com- mander; Lucius J. Polk, Grand Generalissimo; M. Whitten, Grand Captain General ; W. H. Horn, Grand Treasurer ; W. H. Whiton, Grand Recorder, Jonathan Huntington, Grand Prelate; J. J. Worsham, Grand Senior Warden; A. S. Currey, Grand Junior Warden; Thomas McCuUoch, Grand Standard Bearer; J. H. Devereux, Grand Sword Bearer; Henry Sheffield, Grand Warden; M. E. De Grove, Grand Sentinel. Annual meetings have since been held with the exception of three years during the war. The number of subordinate commanderies in 1885 was 14, with a membership of 813. The following is a list of the Past Grand Commanders: Charles A. Fuller, Lucius J. Polk, J. J. Worsham, A. S. Underwood, John McClel- land, John Frizzell, Dr. J. M. Towler, A. D. Sears, George S. Blackie, J. B. Palmer, George Mellersh, M. B. Howell, H. M. Aiken, AV. R. But- ler, E. R. T. Worsham, W. F. Foster, George C. Connor, Joseph H. Fussell, B. F. Haller, W. D. Robison, W. P. Robertson, G. R. Gwynne, J. B. Nicklin. The Grand Commandery in 1886 assembled at Tullahoma and elected the following officers: Henry C. Howsley, Grand Commander; Charles 314 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, Mosby, Deputy Grand Commander ; G. B, Wilson, Grand GeneralissiuK » : W. C. Smith, Grand Captain General; Eev. J. J. Manker, Grand Pre- late; Joseph H. Bullock, Grand Treasurer; W. F, Foster, Grand Recorder; N. S. Woodward, Grand Senior Warden; Dr. Robert Pillow, Grand Junior Warden; T. O. Morris, Grand Standard Bearer; H. C. Cullen, Grand Sword Bearer; D, J. Chandler, Grand Warden, and Ewin Burney, Grand Captain of the Guard. The first lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows was in- stituted in Nashville on the evening of June 1, 1839, and was 'known as Tennessee Lodge No. 1. This lodge is still in existence. The next year, 1840, a second lodge was organized at Nashville. The Grand Lodge of Tennessee was instituted under authority of a charter issued by the Grand Lodge of the United States August 10, 1841, by C. C. Trabue, Special Deputy Grand Sire. The first grand officers elected and installed were Timothy Kezer, Grand Master; R. A. Barnes, Deputy Grand Master; W, H. Calhoun, Grand Warden; William P. Hume, Grand Secretary; George R. Forsyth, Grand Treasurer. At the next meeting, August 24, the constitution and by-laws of the Grand Lodge of Ohio was adopted. New charters were granted to the two lodges al- ready organized, and in October a charter was also granted to Columbia Lodge No. 3, the first instituted under authority of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee. On January 2, 1843, Grand Lodge Hall, over the postoffice. at the corner of Union and Cherry Streets, was dedicated with appropri- ate ceremonies. Soon after a committee was appointed to purchase the old Nashville theater, which was done at a cost of nearly $10,000. In order to raise the necessary money to pay for the building and fit it up, an association was formed and incorporated by an act of the Legislature, under the name of the Odd Fellows Hall Association, with an authorized capital stock of $20,000, divided into shares of $25 each. Stock was taken by individuals and also by subordinate lodges. In January, 1850, the committee appointed to fit up the hall reported the work finished, and the entire cost of the building to be about $30,000. This amount proved to be greater than the lodge could raise, and the following year the property was sold under a decree of the chancery court for $9,500. This sale was set aside by the supreme court, and in March, 1853, the hall was sold to E. H. Childress and P. AV. Maxey for $12,350. The lodge still owed $3,000, and they were obliged to sell other property to sat- isfy this debt. This, however, did not put an end to the financial difficul- ties, and in 1857 the indebtedness of the lodge amounted to over $7,000. During the war many subordinate lodges were suspended, the Grand Lodge was cut off from communication with the Grand Lodge of the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 315 United States, and the order throughout the State was badly disorganized. But within a few years after the cessation of hostilities prosperity re- turned, old lodges were revived and a large number of new ones insti- tuted. In 1885 the number of subordinate lodges was 122, with a mem- bership of 3,302. During the year benefits to the amount of |12,599.78 were paid, and the total revenue from all sources was ^26,31:5.11. Since 1853 the Grand Lodge has owned no hall, but has held its meetings in the halls of subordinate lodges at various places, Nashville, Knoxville, Memphis and Chattanooga. The following is a list of the Grand Masters, with the year in which they were elected: Timothy Kezer, 1841; J. G. Harris, 1842; W. F. Tannehill, 1843; James E. Shelton, 1844; William H. Calhoun, 1845; W. S. McNairy, 184(3; G. P. Smith, 1847; W. K. Poston, 1848; W. S. Howard, 1849; W. M. Blackmore, 1850; Robert Stark, 1851; George W. Day, 1852; Constantine Perkins, 1853; E. A. Raworth, 1854; George Robertson, 1855; E. D. Farnsworth, 1856; A. A.Barnes, 1857; Robert Hatton, 1858; Benjamin Johnson, 1859; M. D. Cardwell, 1860; J. D. Danbury, 1861; H. C. Hensley, 1862; E. D. Farnsworth, 1863; William Wood, 1864; M. C. Cotton, 1865; O. F. Prescott, 1866; William H. McConnell, 1867; Hervey Brown, 1868; M. R. Elliott, 1869; J. R. Prescott, 1870; James Rodgers, 1871; J. L. Weakley, 1872; A. M. Burney, 1873; H. T. Johnson, 1874; H. P. Sehorn, 1875; George B. Boyles, 1876; S. D. J. Lewis, 1877; Charles M. Carroll, 1878; E. G. Budd, 1879; R. D. Frayser, 1880; E. B. Mann, 1881; James H. Crichlow, 1882; C. F. Landis, 1883; James G. Ayde- lotte, 1884; Halbert B. Case, 1885. The Grand Encampment of Tennessee was organized at Nashville July 21, 1847, by T. P. ShafPner, of Louisville, Ky. The first ofiicers elected and installed were George W. Wilson, Grand Patriarch ; Donald Cameron, Grand High Priest ; N. E. Perkins, Grand Senior Warden ; C. K. Clark, Grand Junior Warden ; G. P. Smith, Grand Scribe ; John Col- tart, Grand Treasurer; C. G. Weller, Grand Inside Sentinel; Charles Smith, Grand Outside Sentinel. The constitution and by-laws of the Grand Encampment of Maine was adopted. At this time there were five subordinate encampments in the State, the first of which was Ridgely Encampment, No. 1, organized at Nashville. In 1849 the num- ber of encampments had increased to ten, with a membership of eighty- three; in 1873 the encampments numbered twenty -nine, and the mem- bers 867. The present membership is about 300, divided among fifteen encampments. The order of the Knights of Honor was introduced by the organiza- tion of Tennessee Lodge, No. 20, at Nashville, on May 6, 1874, witk 316 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. a membersliip of fifteen. The Grand Lodge of Tennessee was organized in Nashville by Supreme Director Dr. A. E. Keys, of Mansfield, Ohio, July 3, 1875, at which time D. B. Gaily was elected Grand Dictator, and W. H. Trafford Grand Reporter. The constitution and by-laws of the Supreme Lodge was adopted for the government of the Grand Lodo-e until a permanent constitution could be prepared, which was done at an adjourned meeting held in October, 1875. Since the organization of the first lodge in the State, the growth of the order has been steady. By January 1, 1878, the membership had reached 3,814; in 1880 it was 5,527, and in 1885, 6,858. The financial condition of the order has been equally prosperous. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1878 much was done by tlie order to alleviate suffering. Dr. D. F. Goodyear, Grand Treasurer, of Memphis, with other members of the relief committee, remained in that city and distributed contributions, which were received from all parts of the State and of the United States, to the amount of nearly $15,000. The number of deaths for that year was 167, of which 131 were caused by yellow fever. The amount of benefit for the year reached $334,000. The following is a list of the Grand Dictators : D. B. Gaily, of Nash- ville; L. A. Gratz, of Knoxville; John W. Childress, of Murfreesboro ; E. Smithson, of Pulaski; J. Bunting, of Bristol; J. P. Young, of Mem- phis; W. E. Baskette, of Murfreesboro; Creed E. Bates, of Cleveland; Warner Moore, of Memphis;?. E.. Albert, of Chattanooga, and others. The Grand Reporters have been W. H. Trafford, 1875-76; L. A. Gratz, 1877 ; Ben K. PuUen, 1878-83, and W. M. Johnson, 1884. Meetings of the Grand Lodge are held at Nashville in April of each year. The Grand Lodge, Knights and Ladies of Honor of Tennessee, was organized in the hall of Harmony Lodge, at Nashville, April 7, 1879, under a dispensation from the Supreme Protector, by D. B. Gaily. The orcranization was effected by the election and installation of the follow- ing officers: Ben K. Pullen, Past Grand Protector; D. B. Gaily, Grand Protector; Mrs. Josephine Mackenzie, Grand Yice-Profcector; George F. Fuller, Grand Secretary; George F. Hager, Grand Treasurer; A. A. Allison, Grand Chaplain; Mrs. Ada McCullough, Grand Guide; Miss Jessie M. Dorris, Grand Guardian ; Mrs. D. J. Sanders, Grand Sentinel, and W. E. Ladd, W. H. Taylor and J. A. Kellogg, Trustees. The con- stitution of the Grand Lodge of Missouri was adopted, and Nashville was fixed as the permanent place of meeting. The first annual meeting was held April 12 and 13, at which time the Grand Protector reported that twelve new lodges had been established, making a total of thirty-eight lodges in the State, with a membership of about 1,200, At this session FIRST CHAPEL. RESIDENCE OF MAJOR FAIRBANKS. 1 ^ THOMPSON HALL, UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 317 Ben K. PuUen was elected Grand Protector, but refused to serve, and F. Smith son was chosen in his place. The latter failed to perform the duties devolving upon the office, and a called meeting was held Septem- ber 30, 1880, to elect a Grand Protector to fill out the unexpired term. A. A. Allison, of Fidelia Lodge, No. 155, of Gallatin, was chosen to the office. A second special session of the Grand Lodge was held in Knights of Pythias Hall in Nashville, December 12 and 18, 1881. After the reports of several committees, and that of the Grand Pro- tector had been received, an animated discussion arose as to the pow- ers of the Grand Lodge at this special session. The Grand Protect- or finally decided that any business offered could be transacted, and new officers were elected. D. B. Gaily was chosen Grand Protector, and Mrs. E. E. De Pass, Grand Vice-Protector. The Secretary reported a total membership of about 1,500, distributed among forty-two working lodges. The first biennial ^ession of the Grand Lodge was held April 2, 1883. But little except routine business was transacted. The Secre- tary reported forty-one lodges in working order, with an aggregate mem- bership of 1,650. The Protector reported that up to that time there had been paid to the families of deceased members in Tennessee benefits to the amount of over $80,000. At this meeting B. J. F. Owen was elected Grand Protector, and Mrs. J. E. Jordan, Grand Yice-Protector. April 13, 1885, the Grand Lodge convened in second biennial session at Nashville, and was opened in due form. The Grand Protector re- jjorted forty-five lodges in the State, with about 1,800 beneficiary mem- bers. He also reported that the State had drawn benefits to the amount of $116,873.65, and paid in assessments $73,908.15. After business of a miscellaneous character was transacted the following officers were elected : George E. Hawkins, Grand Protector; Mrs. Dosie Brooks, Grand Vice- Protector; George Fuller, Grand Secretary; E. A. Campbell, Grand Treasurer; Mrs. Olive Peacock, Grand Chaplain; Mrs. Josephine Mac- kenzie, Grand Guide ; I. C. Garner, Grand Guardian, and J. T. Macken- zie, Grand Sentinel. W. L. Grigsby was elected representative to the Supreme Lodge, with W. R. Kendall as alternate. The lodge holds its next biennial session in April, 1887. On May 9, 1876, fourteen ladies and gentlemen met in the city of Knoxville and resolved, after a preliminary discussion, to apply for a charter under the laws of Tennessee, that they might organize an order to be known and styled the United Order of the Golden Cross, together with provisions for the pecuniary relief of sick or distressed members, and the establishment of a benefit fund from which should be paid to the friends of deceased members a sum not to exceed $2,000. The charter 20 318 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. was granted, and on July 4, 1876, the Supreme Commandery was organ- ized. The first Subordinate Commandery organized was Peace No. 1, at Knoxville, on July 11. The order increased quite rapidly, and on May 10, 1877, a called meeting of the Supreme Commandery of the World was held at Knoxville for the purpose of organizing a Grand Commandery for the State of Tennessee. The members present were J. H. Morgan, Su- preme Commander; Addie Wood, Supreme Vice-Commander; Isaac Emory, Supreme Prelate; D. H. Weaver, Supreme Keeper of Records; William Wood, Supreme Treasurer; R. A. Brown, Supreme Herald; C. J. Gochwend, Supreme Warden of the Inner Gate; E. W. Adkins, Su- preme Warden of the Outside Gate ; Harvey Clark, Supreme Post Com- mander; W. R. Cooper, Mary Adkins, Maggie P. Morgan, M. E. Weav- ers and A. M. Emory. An election of grand officers was held, which re- sulted as follows: E. E. Young, P. G. C. ; A. J. Baird, G. C. ; A. M. Emory, G. V. C. ; S. H. Day, G. P. ; George W. Henderson, G. K. of R. ; E. W. Adkins, G. T.4 J. A. Ruble, G. H. ; Addie Wood, G. W. I. G. ; W. J. Fagan, G. W. O. G. J. C. Flanders was elected Representative to the Supreme Commandery for one year, and George B. Staddan for two years. The whole number of third degree members reported at this time was 317. Both the first and second annual sessions of the Supreme Com- mandery were held in Knoxville, but ihe growth of the order was rapid in the other States, and the third session, was held at Washington, D. C. The Grand Commandery held its first annual meeting in Cleveland, Tenn., on April 16, 1878, at which time A. J. Baird was chosen Grand Com- mander, and Addie Wood, Grand Yice-Commander. Seven new lodges were organized during the preceding year, which increased the member- ship to 598. The second annual session and all succeeding ones have been held at Nashville. At the meeting in 1880 it was decided to hold biennial instead of annual sessions, and accordingly the next convention of the Grand Lodge occurred on April 18, 1882. Two sessions have since been held. The Grand Commanders elected since 1878 have been S. H. Day, 1879; J. H. W. Jones, 1880; R. G. Rothrock, 1882; C. S. McKenna, 1884 and R. A. Campbell, 1886. The other officers at pres- ent are E. J. Roach, G. V. C. ; W. W. Ownby, G. P. ; George B. Stad- dan, G. K. of R. ; E. W. Adkins, G. T. ; Belle McMurray, G. H. ; J. L. Webb, G. W. I. G. ; D. S. Wright, G. W. O. G. The membership in 1880 was 766; in 1882, 1,036; and on January 1, 1884, 1,114 The influence of this order is always for good, and no person not pledged to total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors is admitted to membership. The order of the Knights of Pythias was introduced by the estab- lishment of Holston Lodge, No. 1, at Knoxville, Tenn., in March, 1872. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 319 Soon after lodges were established at Chattanooga, Nashville, Memphis, and other points throughout the State. The Grand Lodge was organized at Nashville, April 2, 1872, by Supreme Chancellor, Samuel Read, of New Jersey. There were present representatives from six lodges : Hol- ston Lodge, No. 1, of Kuoxville; Damon Lodge, No. 2, of Chattanooga; Myrtle Lodge, No. 3, of Nashville ; Bayard Lodge, No. 4, of Murfreesboro ; Tennessee Lodge, No. 5, and Memphis Lodge, No. C, both of Memphis. The first Grand Chancellor was Calvin McCorkle, of Knoxville. The rep- resentatives to the Supreme Lodge elected at the same time are "W. Brice Thompson, of Nashville, and W. R. Butler, of Murfreesboro. Since the organization of the Grand Lodge the chancellors have been T. S. Jukes, of Memphis ; Alexander Allison, of Knoxville ; W. P. Robertson, of Jack- son ; J. J. Atkins, of Knoxville ; B. H. Owen, of Clarksville ; H. S. Reyn- olds, of Memphis: R. L. C. White, of Lebanon; E. S. Mallory, of Jack- son; R. J. Wheeler, of Nashville; W. C. Caldwell, of Trenton; W. R. Carlile, of Chattanooga; George S. Seay, of Gallatin; L. D. McCord, of Pulaski, and M. M. Niel, of Trenton, the present incumbent. H. S. Reynolds, was chairman of K. of P. Relief Committee at Mem- phis during the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, and remained in the city, discharging his duties, until he fell ill and died of the disease. In recog- nition of his noble work and sacrifice of his life the Supreme Lodge of the World, by special dispensation, placed his name on the roll of Past Grand Chancellors in the following words: "The name of Brother Reyn- olds is placed upon the list of Past Grand Chancellors, though he died during his term as Grand Chancellor; but he died nobly at his post of duty, and immortalized his name in the annals of Pythian Knighthood.'' There are at present twenty-six lodges in the State, with an aggre- gate membership of 2,012. Financially the order is in excellent con- dition, there being on hand in the treasuries of subordinate lodges on December 31, 1885, the amount of $5,513.04: cash, while the value of lodge furniture and real estate is estimated at $21,597. The Grand offi- cers, elected at Clarksville, in May 1886, are as follows: Sitting Past Grand Chancellor, George E. Seay, of Gallatin; Grand Chancellor, M. M. Neil, of Trenton; Grand Vice-Chancellor, Henry W. Morgan, of Nashville; Grand Prelate, G. B. Wilson, of Clarksville; Grand Keeper and Recorder of Seals, R. L. C. White, of Lebanon ; Grand Master of Ex- chequer, W. A. Wade, of Milan ; Grand Master of Arms, T. C. Latimore, of Chattanooga; Grand Inner Guard, E. L. Bullock, of Jackson; Grand Outer Guard, W. G. Sadler, of Nashville; and representatives to the Supreme Lodge, George E. Seay, of Gallatin, and R. L. C. White, of Lebanon. ^20 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The Grand Council of the American Legion of Honor was organized at Nashville, August 3, 1882, by Deputy Supreme Commander Michael Brooks. Past Commanders from ten councils throughout the State were present, and the following Grand officers were elected: George F. Hager, Past Grand Commander, Nashville ; S. H. Day, Grand Command- er, Cleveland ; George F. Fuller, Grand Vice-Commander, Nashville ; W. Z. Mitchell, Grand Orator, Memphis; Frank Winship, Grand Secretary, Pulaski ; Frank A. Moses, Grand Treasurer, Knoxville ; J. Eadomsky, Grand Guide, Nashville ; E. G. Buf ord, Grand Sentry, Pulaski ; W. Z. Mitchell, George F. Hager and Julius Ochs, Grand Trustees. George F. Hager was also chosen representative to the Supreme Council. The growth of this order in Tennessee as in other States, has been rapid, and owing to its careful and economical management it is in a splendid condition financially. There are now in the State sixteen sub- ordinate councils with a membership of about 900. The Grand Council now holds biennial sessions. The following are the present officers: George F. Hager, Grand Commander, Nashville; Joseph Wassaman, Grand Yice-Commander, Chattanooga; W. Z. Mitchell, Grand Orator, Memphis; Alexander Allison, Past Grand Commander, Knoxville; F. C. Kichmond, Grand Secretary, Knoxville; F. A. Moses, Grand Treasurer, Knoxville; John T, Rogers, Grand Guide, Cleveland; Samuel Strauss, Grand Chaplain, Chattanooga; Henry Benzing, Grand Warden, Nash- ville ; L. Williams, Grand Sentry, Cleveland. W. Z. Mitchell, Memphis ; John B. Everitt, Nashville; Henry Benzing, Nashville, Grand Trustees. The Ancient Order of United Workmen originated in Meadville, Penn., in October, 1868. The first lodge organized in Tennessee was Ten- nessee Lodge, No. 2, instituted at Nashville, November 26, 1876. When this lodge was organized it was supposed that Lodge No. 1 had been formed at Memphis, but this was found to be a mistake, and consequent- ly there has been no lodge of that number in the State. On February 22, 1877, representatives from six subordinate lodges met in Nashville, and organized a Grand Lodge with the following officers: Dr. G. Schiff, Past Grand Master Workman ; John W. Childress, Grand Master W^ork- raan; John M. Brooks, Grand Foreman; D. W. Hughes, Grand Overseer; Thomas H. Everett, Grand Recorder; J. M. Barnes, Grand Receiver; P. R. Albert, Grand Guide; C. A. Thompson, Grand Watchman; Dr. G. Schiff, John Frizzell and John W. Childress, Supreme Representatives. According to the provisions of the constitution adopted, the meetings of the Grand Lodge are held at Nashville on the third Tuesday in January. Annual sessions were held until 1883, when biennial sessions were sub- stituted. In 1878 the number of subordinate lodges was thirteen, with a HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 321 membership of 742. There are now in the State fifty-four lodges and 1,900 members. The A. O. U. W. is said to be the oldest beneficiary- secret society in this country. It embraces in its membership men 61 every vocation, profession and occupation, employes and employers, workers of all classes. It has no connection with any religious sect or political party, but is designed to promote mental and social improve- ment and mutual assistance. The amount paid in benefits in Tennessee since its introduction into the State is over $562,000. The order of Royal Arcanum originated in Massachusetts, where the Supreme Council was incorporated November 5, 1877. The first council established in Tennessee was Nashville Council, No. 98, organized May 22, 1878, with twenty-eight charter members. During the next eight- een months councils were organized at Memphis, Knoxville, Chatta- nooga, Tracy City, Shelbyville, Edgefield, South Nashville, and a second lodge in Nashville. On February 20, 1878, official notice was received that a dispensation to form a Grand Council of the Eoyal Arcanum for the State would be granted upon the assembling of a sufficient number of Past Regents to constitute the same at Pythian Hall, Nashville, on March 9, following. In accordance with this notice a meeting was held at which were present twelve Past Regents, representing seven subordinate councils. The following officers were elected: A. B. Tavel, Grand Re- gent; W. Z. Mitchell, Grand Vice-Regent; A. M. Shook, Grand Orator; J. B. Everett, Past Grand Regent; I. K. Chase, Grand Secretary; T. H. Everett, Grand Treasurer; R. A. Campbell, Grand Chaplain; W. C. Dibr- rell. Grand Guide ; T. M. Schleier, Grand Warden ; W. P. Phillips, Grand Sentry. Supreme Regent J. M. Swain then proceeded at once to in- stall the Grand officers, after which he pronounced the Grand Council legally instituted. A constitution was adopted, and the first session was closed. Since that time meetings of the (jrrand Council have been held in Nashville in March of each year. Although the growth of the order in the State has not been rapid, it has been remarkably well managed, and is now one of the most prosperous of the beneficiary societies. The number of members in Tennessee January 1, 1880, was 54:9. January 1, 1886, it was 1,106, distributed among twelve subordinate councils. Since that time Hermitage Council has been organized in North Nash- ville, with twenty-three charter members. Of the Widows' and Ophans' Benefit Fund there was received, in the six years from 1880 to 1885 in- clusive, $105,383.01, while for the same period there was disbursed $168,000. The following have been the Grand Regents elected since the first meeting: W. Z. Mitchell, 1881; Charles Mitchell, 1882; L. A. Gratz, 322 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 1883; Joseph Towler, 1884; H. W. Morgan, 1885; David Douglas, 1886. The Grand Secretary, up to 1885, was Irvine K. Chase. Since that time the office has been filled by Thomas Taylor. On the 27th of February, 1882, George H. Thomas Post, No. 1, Grand Army of the Eepublic, was organized at Nashville. At the out- set the Post was very weak, numbering only sixteen charter members. May 1, 1883, the Provisional Department of Tennessee and Georgia was formed, with four posts and a membership of 136. The posts at that time, besides the one mentioned, were Lookout, No. 2, at Chattanooga; Memphis, No. 3, and Lincoln, No, 1, at Nashville. The Department of Tennessee and Georgia, comprising the States of Tennessee, Georgia and Alabama, was organized February 26, 1881, under special order No. 4, from national headquarters. The following were the department officers elected : Department Commander, Edward S. Jones, Post 1 ; S. V. Department Commander, S. S. Garrett, Post 3; J. Y. Department Commander, Newton T. Beal, Post 17 ; Medical Director, Frank Weise, Post 1; Department Chaplain, W. J, Smith, Post 3; Assistant Adjutant- General, James Chamberlin, Post 1 ; Acting Assistant Adjutant-General, Charles W. Norwood, Post 2 ; Assistant Quartermaster-General, Henry Trauernicht, Post 1; Department Inspector, Henry E. Hinkle, Post 6; Judge Advocate, L. A. Gratz, Post 14; Chief Mustering Officer, J, T. Wolverton, Post 7 ; Council of Administration, Edward M. Main, Post 1 ; T. B. Edgington, Post 3; Peter Martin, Post 4; A. B. Wilson, POst 8; Samuel Long, Post 17. The first annual encampment was held at Chat- tanooga February 26 and 27, 1885, at which time the Department Com- mander reported twenty-eight posts on the rolls, numbering 989 members in good standing. The department now numbers fifty posts, having an aggregate membership of nearly 2,000. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 323 CHAPTEE XI. State Institutions— Early Management of the Finances— The Creation of THE State Debt— The Bonds Refunded— The Question of Repudiation —Measures to Liquidate the Indebtedness— The State Banks— The In- ternal Improvement Era— State Railroad Stock— Improvement of Navigable Water-courses— The Turnpike Companies —Illustrative Receipts and Disbursements— Internal Railway Projects— The Intro- duction OF Steam Water-craft— Catalog of State Officers— Elec- tion Returns— Formation of Counties— Population by Decades— Sta- tistics, Etc. HAD it been possible to maintain the primitive simplicity of the early government, little difficulty would have arisen concerning its financial management. The expenditures and receipts were very evenly balanced, the former consisting mainly in defraying the expenses of legislation. In the Territorial Assembly of 1794 Mr. Donelson, fi-om the committee appointed to estimate the expenses for that year, reported the probable expenditures at $2,890. The rates of taxation, as fixed at this session, were 124^ cents on each white poll; 50 cents on each black poll; $1 for each town lot, and 25 cents on each 100 acres of land. The Council had strongly urged that a tax of 12^ cents upon land was suffi- cient, but after considerable discussion, and several offers to compromise on their part, they were forced to yield to the House, which stood firm for the rate fixed. The following is a detailed account of the expenses of the Legislative Council and House of Representatives for the session beginning August 25, 1794, and ending September 30, 1794. The per diem allowance for each member and each clerk was $2.50, and for each door keeper $1.75. All were allowed for ferriages, and $2.50 for each twenty-five miles of travel. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL. Griffith Rutherford, 37 days, 323 miles, 4 ferries $125 70 John Sevier, 37 days, 200 miles, 2 ferries 112 16f Stockley Donelson, 37 days, 130 miles, 4 ferries 105 83J James "Winchester, 15 days, 312 miles, 4 ferries 69 70 Parmenas Taylor, 37 days, 102 miles, 2 ferries 102 86| G. Roulstone, clerk, 37 days 92 50 Stationery and engrossing 47 50 William Maclin, clerk, 37 days, 380 miles, 4 ferries 131 50 Stationery and engrossing 47 50 Christopher Shoat, doorkeeper, 37 days 64 75 Thomas Bounds, doorkeeper, 34 days, 12 miles 60 70 John Stone, house rent 10 00 $970 71t 324 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. HOUSE OF EEPRESENTATIVES, David Wilson, 37 days, 310 miles, 4 ferries $124 00 James White, 37 days, 370 miles, 4 ferries 130 00 James Ford, 37 days, 420 miles, 4 ferries 135 00 William Cocke, 17 days, 100 miles, 2 ferries 52 33 J- Joseph McMinu, 37 days, 170 miles, 2 ferries 109 83^ George Rutledge, 37 days, 240 miles, 2 ferries 116 83J^ Joseph Hardin, 37 days, 150 miles, 2 ferries 107 60| Leroy Taylor, 35 days, 200 miles, 2 ferries 107 66| John Tipton, 26 days, 218 miles, 2 ferries 86 91| George Doherty, 37 days, 60 miles, 2 ferries 98 66| Samuel Wear, 37 days, 60 miles, 2 ferries 98,66f Alexander Kelly, 30 days, 25 miles, 2 ferries 77 66| John Baird, 31 days, 30 miles : 80 50 H. Lacy, clerk, 20 days, 100 miles, 2 ferries 60 33^ B. Harle, clerk, 37 days, 150 miles, 2 ferries 107 66^ W. L. Lovely, clerk, 14 days, 200 miles, 2 ferries 55 66^ Richard Mynat, doorkeeper, 37 days, 40 miles 68 75 Stationery and engrossing 102 00 James White, hoiise rent 5 00 $1,700 16| The tax levy made at this session proved amply sufficient. The joint committee appointed to settle with the treasurer of Washington and Hamilton Districts for the following year reported the finances to be in a very flattering condition. "Your committee beg leave to observe that the moneys arising from the tax levied by the last General Assembly very much exceeded their most sanguine expectations, and that such will be the state of the treas- ury department, that the next tax to be levied may be very much les- sened, and then be fully commensurate and adequate to defray every ex- penditure and necessary contingency of our government." At that time the drawing of lotteries was not an uncommon mode of raising money for the erection of public buildings and the support of public enterprises of all kinds. There seems to have been no thought of any immoral tendency in the promotion of these lotteries, as schools and churches frequently instituted them. The following is taken from the journal of the Assembly of 1794: "A bill to authorize the drawing of a lottery in the District of Mero for raising a fund for erecting a district gaol and stocks in Nashville; endorsed, read the third time, and passed." One of the first acts passed after the organization of the State gov- ernment was that establishing a treasury for the districts of Washing- ton and Hamilton, and another for Mero District. The treasurer of Mero District was ordered to turn over to the other treasury each year all the money remaining on hand, within six days after the meeting of the General Assembly. This plan was followed until the seat of government HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 325 ■was changed. While located at Nashville or Murfreesboro the transfer of funds was reversed, and the treasurer of East Tennessee reported to the treasurer of the other division of the State. After the settlement of West Tennessee another treasury was established, and the balance of money remaining on hand in each of the other districts at the end of the year was delivered to the treasurer of Middle Tennessee. In 1836 the three treasuries were consolidated, and the first State treasurer elected At the same time the office of comptroller was created. The following is the report of the Committee on Finance at the first General Assembly in 1796: Receipts by the treasurer of Washington and Ham- ilton Districts $6,380 63 Disbursements 5,838 03 Balance in the treasury $ 543 60 Receipts by the treasurer of Mero District $4,900 S7{'^ Disbursements 2,297 33J Balance in the treasury $3,603 08^^ Whole amount on hand $3,145 Q^f^ The first treasurer of Mero District was Howell Tatum ; of the dis- tricts of Hamilton and Washington, Landon Carter. The expenses of the first General Assembly were $2,351.70. For the two years 1805 and 1806 the total amount of revenue collected was $36,181.72. The dis- bursements for the same period were $30,110,18, and the balance re- maining in the treasury was $8,253.19. For the years 1817 and 1818 the receipts were $118,008.17^, the disbursements $62,689.31, and the balance remaining in the treasury $83,183.35^. These amounts do not include the money set apart for the use of school and academies. In the settlement for 1825-26 an item of $3,826.50 is charged for the expenses of Gen. Lafayette, a large amount for such a purpose at that time, show- ing that the State entertained the French hero of the Revolution in a fitting manner. The following is an itemized account of the expendi- tures for the years 1829 and 1830: Legislature $40,965 20 Executive 5,687 50 .Judges 46,004 60 Attorney-general 1,909 00 Militia 708 88 Public printing 12,445 18 Criminal prosecutions 23,041 86 County Commissioners 1,913 27 Sheriffs' releases 3,843 98 Treasurers' commissson 5,374 74 Enumeration 31 86 326 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Solicitors : $3,518 05 Revenue paid out 3,487 53 Wolf scalps 2,676 00 Miscellaneous 18,171 20 $169,277 85 The receipts for the same period were $175,986 52 Up to this time tlie government had been economically administered, and was fi-ee from debt. But it seems impossible for any State to emerge fi-om the simplicity of the pioneer organization to the full development of a great commonwealth without incurring liabilities beyond its power to meet at the time they are incurred, and it requires the wisest and most careful management not to overstep the limits beyond which it is impos- sible to recover. Tennessee has been peculiarly unfortunate in this re- gard. Drawn into the extravagant schemes of the internal improvement era, she was almost overwhelmed by the losses and disasters of the civil war, and still further embarrassed by the rash and inconsiderate legisla- tion of the reconstruction period; and it is only during the present ad- ministration that the question, how to preserve the honor and credit of the State, and yet work no hardship to the taxpayer, seems to have been solved. The first indebtedness of the State was incurred in 1833, when ^500,- 000 of bonds were issued for stock in the Union Bank. Under the acts providing for internal improvements and the State Bank the bonded in- debtedness rapidly increased. In his message to the Legislature in October, 1839, Gov. Polk presents the following statement of the financial condition of the State: "The whole public debt, exclusive of the internal improvement bonds authorized to be issued by the last General Assembly, and exclusive of the State's portion of the Federal revenue held on deposit, amounts only to the sum of $1,763,666.62^. To meet this the State owns $646,600 of stock in the Union Bank," $1,000,000 in the Bank of Tennessee, and $263,666. 66§ in internal improvement compa- nies, chartered previous to the last session of the General Assembly. The internal improvement bonds which have been issued under the act of the last General Assembly bearing an interest of 5 per cent amount to $899,580, making the whole public debt of the State of every de- scription, exclusive of the Federal surplus revenue which she holds on deposit, $2, 666, 166. 66 1." The amount of the surplus revenue received by the State was $1,353,209.55, none of which was ever returned to the General Government. The repeal of the internal improvement laws in 1840 stopped the issue of bonds to new companies, but as it did not interfere with work already begun bonds to a considerable amount Avere afterward issued HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 327 under those laws, so that the liabilities of the State had increased by- October, 1843, to $3,269,416.66. During the nest eight years the growth of the debt was not so great. The only appropriations made except for the necessary expenses of the government, were for the erection of the capitol, two issues of bonds being made under acts of 1848 and 1850. The comptroller's report for 1851 shows the total indebtedness to be $3,651,856.66, an increase of less than $400,000 in eight years. The General Assembly of 1851-52 passed an act directing the Gov- ernor to purchase, for the State, 500 acres of land belonging to the estate of Andrew Jackson, including the mansion and tomb. This was accord- ingly done at a cost of $48,000, for which bonds were issued. During the same year $30,000 of bonds were also issued to the agricultural bureau. Additional capitol bonds were issued in 1852, 1854, 1856 and 1860, making the entire amount for that purpose, $866,000. These bonds with the previous issues, which had not been taken up or canceled, amounted to $3,896,606.06, which constituted what was known as "the State debt proper," at the opening of the war. This debt bore an annual interest of $212,388.25. At the same time the bonds loaned and endorsed to the various railroad companies under the internal improvement sys- tem, established by the Legislature of 1851-52, amounted to $13,959,000, the interest upon which was paid by the companies. This was the finan- cial condition of the State in 1861. There were issued to railroads im- mediately after the war, bonds to the amount of $14,513,000, making the entire liabilities of the State, including unpaid interest, over $35,000,000. The settlement of th^ enormous debt from that time until the present has been paramount to all other questions of legislation. For the his- tory of this subject since the war, this volume is largely indebted to the very thorough resume by Gov. Bate in his message to the Legislature of 1883. The first act to provide for the funding of the State's indebted- ness was passed November 23, 1865. It authorized and instructed the governor to issue 6 per cent coupon bonds to an amount sufficient to pay off all the bonds and interest past due as well as that to fall due during the two following years. Under this act there were funded $4,941,000 of bonds. A similar act passed in 1868 provided for the funding of bonds maturing during the years 1868, 1869 and 1870, and under it were issued $2,200,000 of bonds bearing 6 per cent interest. Under an act of 1852 and its amendments which provided for the substi- tution of coupon bonds for those without coupons, there were issued $697,000 of bonds known as "renewals." In 1873 the Legislature passed another act known as "the funding act" under which various classes and kinds of bonds were funded, and 328 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. bonds issued for past due interest upon tliem amounting to $6,641,000. So objectionable was this to the people that at the ensuing Legislature all provisions for the payment of interest under this act were repealed. An act to fund the State debt in bonds at 100 cents on the dollar and 3 per cent annual interest, was passed by the Forty-second General Assembly, and became a law on April 6, 1881. Before this was in full operation it was thrown into the courts by injunction, and finally declared by the supreme court unconstitutional and void; hence no bonds were issued under this act. The same General Assembly was convened in a third extraordinary session, and its labors during this extra session on May 19, 1882, resulted in the passage of what is known as the " 60-6 act," authorizing the issue of bonds at the rate of 60 cents on the dollar for the old bonds and the past due interest upon them, payable in thirty years, bearing interest as follows: The first two years 3 per cent : the next tw^o years 4 per cent; then 5 per cent for two years and 6 per cent for the remainder of the time. It was also enacted that the funding- should cease after January 1, 1883, leaving all bonds not so funded un- provided for. The act went into effect immediately after its passage, and before it expired by limitation there had been funded under its pro- visions $13,706,812.77, nearly one-third of which was made up of coupons. None of these five funding acts were satisfactory to both the people and the creditors. During the entire discussion of this subject there has been much difference of opinion as to the State's moral and legal obligation to pay the debt in full. Many have held that the State should pay the debt in full without regard to the manner in which it was contracted. The sentiments of these persons are expressed by Gov. Por- ter in a message to the Legislature: "The settlement of this debt is paramount to all questions of legisla- tion that can engage the attention of the General Assembly ; it involves the honor and good name of the State, the credit and honor of every one of its citizens. It is a liability that was voluntarily contracted, and whether it was wisely created or not cannot now be a question. I hold and have always believed that in the light of moral and legal duty, as a question of commercial honor and State pride, the best settlement of the debt for Tennessee would he tcj pay the entire debt according to the terms of the contract." Gov. Hawkins expresses the same opinion. He says: "I am free to declare that to my mind there can be no well founded question as to the moral and legal obligation of the State for the ultimate payment of the bonds." A large part of those who entertained no doubts as to the va- lidity of the entire debt considered its payment in full an impossibility, HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 329 and that taking into consideration the great loss m revenue to the State occasioned by the war, it would be no dishonor to make the best terms possible with the owners of tjie bonds. This class in general supported the " 60-6 act," and considered it an equitable settlement of the debt. Others held that the bonds issued to railroad companies, under the act of 1852, formed no part of the State's liabilities, and that the owners of the bonds should look to the companies for their payment. Another class, and the one which was in the majority, held that the liabilities of the State should be resolved into two parts. The " State debt proper," and the railroad debt for which the State had pledged its "faith and credit." They asserted that the "State debt proper" in 1882 consisted of the following bonds: Capitol bonds iS!493,000 Hermitage bonds 35,000 Agricultural Bureau bonds 18,000 Union Bank bonds 125,000 Bank of Tennessee bonds ' 214,000 Bonds issued to various turnpike companies 741,000 Hiwassee Railroad bonds 280,000 East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad bonds 144,000 Memphis & La Grange Railroad bonds 68,000 Total $2,118,000 These bonds with the unpaid interest, exclusive of the interest which accrued from April 12, 1861, to May 26, 1865, it was held, should be funded dollar for dollar, and that the new bonds should bear the same rate of interest which the original bonds surrendered bore. It was contended that the State, as a matter of right and equity, was entitled to a large abatement of the remainder of the de])t. The grounds for this were that it was never intended that the State would be called upon to pay the bonds issued to railroad companies; that a large part of those bonds were issued "by authority of legislative acts passed and en- forced immediately after the war, and by Legislatures elected at a time when more than one-half, if not three-fourths of all the citizens of Ten- nessee who had been voters were disfranchised ;" and that the purchasers of the bonds so issued on account of this irregularity in State govern- ment at the time of their issuance and sale bought them at greatly re- duced prices. It was therefore considered equitable to creditors and the State alike to fund this part of the debt with the unpaid interest, ej:clu- sive of that which accrued during the war, 50 cents on the dollar and 3 per cent interest. The only exception was that the bonds, no mat- ter of what issue, held by literary, educational, and charitable institu- tions; also those owned by Mrs. James K. Polk should be funded dollar for dollar at 6 per cent interest. 330 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. This plan of settlement was embodied in the platform adopted by the Democratic State Convention in June, 1882. Upon that platform the canvass was made, and at the ensuing election a large majority of the votes were cast in its- favor. Thus sanctioned by the people the Governor reviewed the plan in his message to the Legislature, and a bill in accord- ance with its provisions was passed March 15, 1883. At that time, ac- cording to the closest calculation, the entire indebtedness of the State including principal and interest amounted to 128,786,066.39. Of this sum the State debt proper bonds and other bonds to be funded at 6 per cent made up $2,783,150, leaving $26,002,916.39 to be funded at 50 cents on the dollar and 3 per cent interest. This makes the total bonded indebtedness of the State,* under operation of the act of 1883, about $15,784,608.19. The funding board consisting of the governor, comptroller and treasurer began its work in July, 1883, and on March 8, 1886, bonds to the amount of about $19,000,000 had been funded. Since this plan of settlement is stamped with the approval of the majority of the citizens and taxpayers, and as the progress of funding evidences the acquiescence of the creditors of the State, it is probable that the question has been definitely settled. Should all the bonds be presented for funding, the State will ultimately have to pay $492,399 interest anniially. The decisions of the courts making the State liable for the payment of the notes of the old Bank of Tennessee have added nearly $1,000,000 to the debt within the past two years. An act of the Legislature of 1883 provides for the issue of treasury certificates to take the place of bank notes. It also directs that $200,000 of these certificates should be taken up annually in the payment of taxes. No steps have yet been taken toward paying the bonded indebtedness, but it will un- doubtedly be a question for next Legislature. The bonds issued under the funding act of 1883 are made payable in thirty years and redeem- able at the pleasure of the State. With a continuation of the present prosperous and healthy growth, and with wise and economical manage- ment of the government, the State, at the expiration of the thirty years, will have no debt to refund. After the passage of the ordinance of secession, in May 6, 1861, the Governor was authorized to issue $5,000,000 of bonds bearing 8 per cent interest payable in ten years. Only two-fifths of these bonds were sold, the remaining three-fifths being held as contingent, subject to the orders of the Governor and the Military and Financial Boards. The following month the act was amended and the Governor authorized to issue treasury notes in denominations of from $5 to $100 bearing 6 per cent interest in lieu of the $3,000,000 of bonds. *Gov. Bate. Message of January 12, 1885. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 331 The first bank in whicli tlie State became a stockholder was incorpor- ated by an act of the General Assembly, November 20, 1811, under the- name of the "President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the State of Tennessee." The charter provided that the capital stock should not exceed $400,000, divided into shares of $50 each. Subscriptions- for stock were opened on January 1, 1812, in Knoxville, and in the fol- lowing counties: Sullivan, Carter, Washington, Greene, Cocke, Jefferson, Hawkins, Sevier, Blount, Grainger, Claiborne, Anderson, Campbell, Eoane, Rhea and Bledsoe, to each of which were assigned 440 shares. The State became a stockholder to the amount of $20,000, but reserved the right to withdraw at the end of ten years. The s^^bscriptions were payable in gold or silver, and divided into eight equal installments. As soon as $25,000 was paid in the stockholders met in Knoxville and elect- ed officers, except one director, who was named by the governor. The main liank was located at Knoxville, with branches in Clarksville, Columbia and Jonesboro. No notes of less denomination than $5 could be issued until 1815, when the limit was reduced to $1. The bank was chartered for a period of thirty years, but continued only until 1828. when it began to close up its aff'drs. which was accomplished about three years later. During the year 1820 the people of Tennessee, ijj common with those of the other Western States, experienced their first financial panic, and so disastrous were the consequences that Gov. McMinn convened the Legislature in extra session to provide some means of relief. Accord- ingly, on July 26 of that year, an act was passed "to establish a bank of the State of Tennessee, for the purpose of relieving the distresses of the community, and improving the revenues of the State." The capital stock was fixed at $1,000,000, in bills payable to order or bearer, to be issued on the credit and security of the borrower, and the whole to be warranted by the State on the proceeds of the sales of public lands. The treasurers of East and West Tennessee were ordered to deposit all the public moneys in the bank, and the governor was authorized to issue stock bearing 6 per cent interest, to an amount not exceeding $250,000. A branch bank was established at Knoxville, to which was allowed four- tenths of the capital stock. An agency was also established in each county in the State formed previous to the year 1819. The president and directors, ten in number, were elected on a joint ballot of the Leg- islature. The officers were instructed to put the bank into operation by the 15th of the next October, and to issue $500,000 in bills of denomi- nations of not less than $5 nor more than $100. Provision was after- ward made for the issue of $75,000 in fractional notes. Accordins" to 332 ' HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. the charter either the Nashville Bank or the bank at Knoxville, or both, too-ether with their branches, could consolidate and incorporate them- selves with the State bank, but this they were unwilling to do. The bank began business at the appointed time, and at first seemed to meet the expectations of its founders, but its capital having been dis- tributed over the State, large amounts were lost by the defalcations of the county agents, and to add still further to its embarrassment, the cashier of the main bank, Joel Parrish, in 1832, was found to have per- mitted overdrafts to the amount of about ^80,000, the greater part of which was lost. On account of the number of branches, or agencies, this bank was sometimes referred to as the " Saddle Bags Bank." Gov. Carroll, in his message to the Legislature in 1833, discussed the subject at considerable length, and advised the closing of the bank, wisely add- ing that " the establishment of banks for the purpose of relieving the people from pecuniary distress, is, in most cases, ruinous to those who avail themselves of such relief." In conformity with the recommendation of the Governor, the Leg- islature, during the session, passed an act abolishing the bank, and pro- viding that its funds should be deposited in the Union Bank, then just incorporated. The capital stock of the latter bank was limited to $3,- 000,000, of which the State subscribed $500,000, in her own bonds, due in fifteen, twenty, twenty-five and thirty years, bearing 5 per cent inter- est. In consideration of this support the bank agreed to pay annually to the State a bonus of one-half of 1 per cent on the capital stock paid in. The bank began business March 4, 1833, and from that time until the civil war was one of the leading monetary institutions of Ten- nessee. Its stock was mainly held by Eastern capitalists, over 16,000 shares having been taken in Philadelphia. In 1846 the president of the Bank of Tennessee was authorized to dis- pose of the State's stock in the Union Bank, then amounting to $646,000, provided he could obtain for it an amount sufficient to pay off the bonds issued to the bank. This could not be accomplished, and the State still had $125,000 of those bonds when the bank went out of existence. The Planter's Bank, contemporary with the Union Bank, did an equally ex- tensive business, but received no aid from the State. In 1817 a petition for the location of a branch of the United States Bank at Nashville was signed by a number of the leading men of the State and forwarded to Washington, but before it was considered, the Gen- eral Assembly passed a law forbidding the opening of such a bank in Tennessee. Ten years later the law was repealed and the bank, with a nominal capital of $1,000,000, was established. It continued to do busi- HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 333 ness until 1832 when President Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the United States Bank necessitated the closing of its doors. Stock banks, like the Union and Planters, were established to take its place, and a dis- astrous system of over-banking and consequent over-trading Avas the result. The contraction in the currency and the great depression in business following the panic of 1837, induced the Legislature to establish the Bank of Tennessee. By an act passed January 19, 1838, this institution was chartered in the name and for the benefit of the State, and for the sup- port of which the faith and credit of the State were pledged. The capital stock was fixed at ^5,000,000, to be raised and constituted as follows: The whole of the common school fund, the proceeds of the sale of the Ocoee lands, the surplus revenue on deposit with the State, and an addi- tional sum in specie or funds convertible into specie raised on the credit of the State, sufiicient to make up the ^5,000,000. The Governor was authorized to issue bonds to the amount of $2,500,000, due in thirty years, bearing 6 per cent interest, payable semi-annually. The act al- so provided tliat the bonds should not be sold at less than their par value, and it was with the greatest difficulty that any of them were dis- posed of, the "faith and credit" of all the "Western States at that time, be- ing at a very low ebb. The American Life Insurance & Trust Com- pany of New York finally purchased two-fifths of the bonds, and the re- mainder were held by the bank for several months, when they were or- dered to be canceled. The location of the branch banks was left to the directors, who created considerable dissatisfaction in distributing them. The places chosen were Eogersville, Athens, Columbia, Shelbyville, Clarksville, Trenton, and Summerville. Another at Sparta was afterward created. The bank went into operation in the early part of 1838 with a capital of $1,000,000 derived fi'om the sale of bonds and $90,893.71 of school fund. By April 1, 1839, this had been increased to $2,073,356.15 by the addition of the surplus revenue, and the proceeds of the Ocoee lands. The redemption of notes in specie had been suspended by the other banks of the State in 1837. January 1, 1839, a general resumption of specie payments took place, but the movement was found to be premature, and in the follow- ing October another suspension occurred. At that time the Legislature had just assembled, and Gov. Polk devotes nearly the whole of a long message to a discussion of the financial difficulties. He states that the banking capital of the State exceeds $10,000,000, and discourages any attempt to increase it. He refers to the recent suspension of specie pay- ments as a matter of great regret, and adds that "the only substantial 21 334 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and permanent relief is to be found in habits of economy and industry, and the productive labor of our people." In compliance with a resolution adopted by the next General Assem- bly, the banks on January 1, 1843, once more be^an the redemption of their notes in specie, and the succeeding ten years were the most pros- perous in their history. Especially was this the case Avith the Bank of Tennessee, which was carefully managed, and was looked upon with pride by the citizens of the State. The Legislature of 1851-52, how- ever, began the ruinous policy of granting charters to a large number of banks, the most of which were founded upon fictitious capital. Each is- sued its paper to any extent that it" could be disposed of, at no matter how great a discount. The volume of currency thus unduly expanded, the credit of the old banks was impaired and their profits reduced. This extravagant system of over-banking, which had invaded every State in the Union, culminated in the panic of 1857, in which tlie experiences of twenty years before were renewed. Gov. Johnson foresaw this result, and in his message to the Legislature in 1853 he advised the gradual closing up of the business of the State bank. This advice he renews in his messages of 1855 and 1857. In the last he gives a report from the directors of the bank in which they state that they have come to the con- clusion with great unanimity, "and from a settled conviction, that the best interests of the State require it, that the Bank of Tennessee should be put into liquidation and its concerns closed at as early a period as the convenience of the citizens will allow." These recommendations were disregarded by the Legislature. Had they been acted upon, and the bank closed up, a large reduction of the State debt would have been effected. In October, 1857, the Bank of Tennessee suspended specie payment and began to curtail its business. The other banks did likewise. This was continued until 1861, when the exigencies of war required an in- crease in the circulating medium, and a law was passed compelling them to reverse their policy. Accordingly large issues of new notes were made, the circulation of the State bank, on September 1, 1862, reaching $4,710,666. When the Federal occupation of the State became imminent the banks were given permission to carry their assets into other States. The Bank of Tennessee was transferred to Georgia, and its specie deposited at Atlanta, where it afterward fell into the hands of the United States authorities. After the removal of the bank from Nashville its assets, to the amount of over $8,000,000, were converted into Confederate bonds, coupons and treasury notes, which of course became valueless upon the restoration of peace. Gov. Brownlow, in his message of 1865, advised HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 335 the closing up of all existing banks, declaring them insolvent, and se- verely criticising their management previous to the war. In February, 1866, an act " to wind up and settle the business of the Bank of Ten- nessee " was passed. Six directors were appointed for this purpose, who were instructed to receive in payment for debts due the bank .United States currency, or notes of the bank issued prior to May 6, 1861. The notes issued after that date were known as "New Issue" or "Torbett Is- sue," from the name of the president, G. C. Torbett, elected May 9, 1861. These were declared utterly void. In May, 1866, by appointment of the chancery court, S. Watson be- came the trustee of the bank, and then began a series of litigations ex- tending over a period of twenty years. The act closing the bank gave the school fund the preference in the distribution of assets over all other creditors. The depositors secured a decision of the supreme court against the validity of this act, and the holders of the " New Issue" de- manded the redemption of their notes, also obtained a favorable decision. The assets of the bank were not sufficient to redeem these notes, and the State is compelled to receive them for taxes. The amount of the "New Issue" has not yet been definitely determined, but it is not far from. $1,000,000, treasury certificates having already been issued for nearly that amount. According to the constitution adopted in 1870, the found- ing of a bank by the State is prohibited. Section 31, Article 2, reads as follows: "The credit of the State shall not be hereafter loaned or given to, or in aid of any person, association, company, corporation or munici- pality. Nor shall the State become the owner in whole, or in part, of any bank, or a stockholder with others in any association, company or municipality." In 1875 some effort was made to amend the constitution and estab- lish another State Bank. Comptroller Burch in his report in 1874 ad- vocated this measure. He proposed that the State issue $5,000,000 of bonds, which he thought could be sold at 90 per cent. This would yield $4,500,000 as the capital stock of the bank, and an issue of notes could then be made to the amount of $13,500,000, on the basis of $3 circula- tion to $1 of capital. This scheme received but little support, and it is not pi'obable that so long as the present system of national banks is maintained, the people of Tennessee will care to renew their experience with State banks. The early pioneers depended upon trails and streams for their routes of travels, but with the growth of the settlements better means of com- munication became a necessity. Streams that were navigable for canoes and small boats might be entirely unfit for commercial purposes until 336 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the obstructions which had accumulated for centuries were removed. The narrow trails winding through the forest over hills and down deep ravines were impassable to the vehicles of civilization. So early as November, 1785, the General Assembly of North Carolina adopted measures for the better protection of the Cumberland settle- ments, which from their isolated position were peculiarly exposed to Indian depredations. It was enacted that 300 men should be embodied for the protection of those settlements, and that when assembled at the lower end of Clinch Mountain the troops should cut and clear a road from that point by the most eligible route to Nashville, making the same ten feet wide and fit for the passage of wagons and carts.* Dur- ing the year the road, as directed in the act, was opened. Hereafter, instead of by the long and circuitous route through the wilderness of Kentucky, the people from the Atlantic section reached the Cumberland through the new road which ran by the way of the Crab Orchard and the Flat Bock. Two years later the road was found insufficient for the pur- poses of the vast immigration which was pouring into the country. Ac- cordingly at the representation of the members from Davidson and Sumner Counties the General Assembly of North Carolina authorized the militia officers of these counties to appoint two or more persons to examine, survey and mark out the best and most convenient way from the lower end of Clinch Mountain to the settlement of Cumberland, and to order out the militia of these counties to cut and clear the ro^d so marked. The regiments were ordered to be divided into classes and parts of classes, beginning with the first, and so on in rotation, till the road should be cut. A tax was also assessed to defray the expense of opening the road. Under the provisions of this act the old road was widened and cleared, and a road leading into it was soon afterward cut fi-om Bledsoe's Lick. The following year provision was made for still further improving these roads, and also for exploring the route making a road through the wilderness lying between the Cumberland settlement and the Holston counties. From this time, as the exigencies of the country demanded, other roads and channels of communication were opened, and as the country still further filled up and developed the question of internal im- provement became one of the most important topics for the legislators. Under that head were included the construction of roads, the improve- ment of rivers and harbors, and later the building of railroads. For several years after the adoption of the United States Constitution there was much difference of opinion as to the right of the National Govern- ment to appropriate money for this purpose, the Federalists as a party * Kamsey. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 337 favoring it, and the Eepublicans advocating the opposite policy. The opinion of the former finally prevailed, and a system of internal improve- ment was inaugurated. The General Government, however, undertook only works of national importance, while those of a more local nature were left to the individual States. The agitation of this subject after the organization of the State was begun as early as 1801, during the administration of Gov. Sevier, who, as well as all the governors succeeding him to 1837, made it a special point in their messages to the Legislature to urge the* adoption of meas- ures for the construction of highways and the improvements of the navigable streams. The delay in making appropriations for this purpose was occasioned by the opinion prevalent among the farming community that it would be to the exclusive interest of the commercial class.* Gov. Carroll, in his message to the Legislature of 1829-30, after review- ing the work done by the General Government and some of the other States, asks: "With these bright examples before us, does it become Tennessee to be idle?" The Legislature undoubtedly thought that this interrogatory deserved a negative answer, as they appropriated $150,000 for removing the obstructions in streams, and for other improvements. Six commissioners were elected to constitute a board of internal improve- ments, with power to appoint a civil engineer to superintend the work; $30,000 was to be used in West Tennessee, and the remainder divided equally between the other two divisions of the State. The constitution of 1834 declared that a well regulated system of internal improvements is calculated to develop the resources of the State, and to promote the happiness and prosperity of the people, there- fore it ought to be encouraged by the General Assembly. In 1836, in compliance with the above section of the constitution, a general system of internal improvements was established. The act provided that when two-thirds of the capital stock of any company, organized for the purpose of constructing any railroad or macadamized turnpike within the limits of the State, had been subscribed, the Governor, in behalf of the State, should subscribe the remaining one-third, and issue bonds bear- ing 5^ per cent interest; therefore with the founding of the Bank of Tennessee a more extended system was adopted. Under this scheme the State became subscriber for one-half of the stock in all rail- road and turnpike companies, provided that the whole amount of stock taken by the State had not reached $1,000,000. The profits arising from the State stock, in the various companies, was set apart to constitute a fund for the redemption of the bonds issued. In addition to the above ♦McMinn in his message to the Legislature in 1817. •338 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. $300,000 was appropriated for improving the navigation of rivers, to be divided equally among the three divisions of the State. Under these acts there were issued to the various turnpike companies bonds to the amount of nearly ^1, 500,000, and to railroads, about $800,000. By the latter part of 1839 a reaction had set in against the internal improvement schemes. It was found that the State was becoming heavily involved in debt, and that the results were not commensurate with the outlay. Many of the improvements were of permanent value and general importance, but the law was open to abuse, and charters were frequently granted for local and unimportant work. The profits arising from these companies were small, and the bonds issued to them still form a part of the State's indebtedness. Had the charters been granted with greater discrimination, and the work placed imder efficient superin- tendency, the results would have been more satisfactory. In January, 1840, all the laws authorizing the Governor to subscribe stock on behalf of the State in internal improvement companies were re- pealed. This, however, was not to interfere with any work heretofore commenced and carried on in good faith. The governor, comptroller and attorney-general were constituted a board to examine the reports of special commissioners, and to decide upon the policy of completing any work already begun. This board was afterward made to consist of the comptroller, secretary of state and the president of the Bank of Ten- nessee. No more aid was granted to corporations by the State until 1852, when the Legislature again passed an act creating a general system of internal improvements. It provided that when railroad companies had graded a certain amount of track, that bonds, to an amount not exceed- ing $8,000 per mile (afterward increased to $10,000), should be issued to equip the roads. For the security of this loan, the State held a lien upon the road and its iranchises. The companies were required by the act and its amendments to provide for the payment of the coupons on the bonds as they matured, and also a sinking fund to pay the bonds themselves. This, at the time the bonds were issued, it was thought the companies would be able to do ; and it is probable, had the war between the States not occurred, the public expectation would have been realized. * In any case, it appeared as if the State's investment was sufficiently se- cured, since the lien which was held upon the roads was in the nature of a first mortgage, and took precedence over all other claims. But the general depreciation in values, and the unproductive character of much of the property rendered the sale of the roads, at anything like their actual cost, impossible. From the statement of Gov. Bate, it appears that *Governor Bate. '~~' HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 339 twelve railroads, to whicli $20,502,684 of bonds had been issued, were sold under judicial proceedings instituted by tlie State, with a loss to the State of $13,804,684 The following are the roads with the respective ■amounts annexed to each, which made up the sum of this loss. Amt. issued Amt. for which to road. road sold. Memphis, Clarksville & Louisville $3,953,793 $1,700 000 McMinuville & Manchester 1,091,578 'sOo'oOO Nashville & Northwestern 4,541,129 3 400000 Edgefield & Kentucky 3',08l!429 "'gOO.'oOO Knoxville& Kentucky 3,816,176 350,000 Cincinnati. Cumberland Gap & Charleston 1,657,308 300,000 Winchester & Alabama l,79o[536 30o!oOO Rogersville & Jeflferson 533,013 23,000 East Tennessee & Western North Carolina 448,000 20^000 Tennessee & Pacific 1,220,530 SOO^OOO Knoxville & Charleston 816.500 150,000 Southern Railroad Company 553,790 Totals $20,503,684 $6,698,000 Loss on sale $1,3,804.684 Under the various internal improvement laws there was granted, or loaned to railroad companies, bonds to the amount of over $29,000,000, for the whole of whicli the State became responsible. If the amount which the State received from these roads is alone considered, the in- vestment must be regarded as a gigantic failure, but the benefits result- ing indirectly from these roads should not be overlooked. Gov. Hawkins, in discussing this subject, used the following language: "Subsequent re- sults demonstrate the wisdom and foreisght of the projectors of this grand system of internal improvement in our State. Under the encourage- ment which was thus given, various railroads were projected and con- structed within the borders of our State. As rapidly as the several com- panies could meet tlie conditions of the law, the bonds were issued, placed upon the market and sold. Our State immediately, as if awak- ened to a new life, took rapid strides in prosperity. The aggregate value of taxable property in the State, as shown by the comptroller's report for 1855, was $219,012,051.81. In 1861 it had increased to $368,202,050, a gain of $149,189,998 in six years." No bonds were granted to railroad companies after 1867, and the constitution of 1870 forbids the loaning or giving of the credit of the State to any corporation or company, although it reaffirms the section of the old constitution which declared that a well regulated system of inter- nal improvement is calculated to develop the resources of the State and to promote the happiness and prosperity of the people, therefore it ouo-ht to be encouraged. The constitution of 1870 also prohibits the State 340 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. from becoming a stockholder in any company. This, however, does not interfere with the rights of counties or incorporated towns to vote aid to railroads or other enterprises of a like character. Previous to May 26, 1886, the principal railroads of the State, with the exception of the Illi- nois Central system and the Mobile & Ohio, were five feet gauge. The question of reducing them to a conformity with the standard gauge had been agitated for several years, but nothing in this direction was done until the spring of 1886, Avhen a convention of railroad officials was held in Atlanta, G"a., and the matter taken up in earnest. It was decided by the convention to adopt the gauge of the Pennsylvania Road, which is four feet and nine inches, and during the last week in May the change was made. The Mobile & Ohio Road changed its gauge in the fall of 1885. The following table shows the receipts and disbursements of the State government from 1837: Year. Receipts. Disbursements. Balances. October 1 1887 $ 281,596 63 533,930 73 543,739 79 473,033 01 576,943 71 710,907 61 790,695 53 1,004,004 94 1.202,047 04 1,035.715 22 1,451,175 87 1,848,094 88 129,991 38 1,098,970 55 3,508,586 91 5,.S86.537 56 1 156,159 82 429,758 61 470,748 75 623,737 27 506,688 40 643,314 33 803,436 66 933,431 35 1,218.387 04 1,154,807 79 1,502,519 04 1,704,287 61 130,670 15 1,128,986 86 2,948,652 68 5,858,004 06 3,142.282 01 2,432,858 00 3,290,158 41 4,715,795 12 1,661,869 79 1,400,316 47 1,584,633 33 1,765,072 38 $ 75,437 31 October 1 1839 116,599 43 October 1 1841 189,590 47 October 1 1843 38,875 21 October 1 1845 109,829 52 October 1 1847 177,381 73 October 1 1849 153,198 11 October 1 1851 332,771 80 October 1 1858 206,431 80 October 1, 1855 87,839 23 October 1 1857 36,496 06 October 1 1859 180,303 33 October 1, 1865* October 1, 1866 October 1, 1867 589,950 54 October 1 1869 28,649 43 October 1 1871 3,590,926 95 2,420,091 17 3,618,703 53 4,536,422 76 2,000,883 64 1,144,349 82 1,870,224 02 2,194,886 98 159 44 October 1, 1871, to December 3, 1873 January 1 1873 to December 20, 1874 159 44 328,704 55 December 20 1876 139,332 19 December 20 1878 478,346 04 December 20 1880 . 222,424 39 December 20 1882 508,015 08 December 20, 1884 645,214 83 ♦From May to October 1. The history of railroad enterprises in Tennessee is one of singular and absorbing interest. The movement toward awakening public in- terest in railroad construction, occurred as early as the year 1835, when in the language of Gov. Cannon, " the spirit of internal improvement was abroad in the land." During that year Col. Robert T. Hayne, of South Carolina, whose debate with Daniel Webster on the Foster reso- lutions gave him a world wide reputation, visited Nashville, and in an able address advocated the construction of a railway from Memphis to Knoxville, thence to Charleston, S. C, so as to connect the sea-board- with HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 341 the Mississippi Eiver, the great inland route of navigation. No attempt however, was made to put the plan into operation. A second effort was made the next year by William Armour, repre- sentative to the Legislature from Shelby County, to unite the Mississippi with the sea-board by constructing a line "from the most eligible point on said river, as near the center of the State as practicable, to the Tennessee Kiver ; thence near the center of the State to a point on the Virginia line." October 10, 183(3, a convention was held in the Federal court room at the capitol for the purpose of discussing the subject of internal improvement. Sixteen counties was represented, and Col. Eobert Allen was chosen chair- man. The session lasted four days, during which time a resolution advocat- ing the construction of the above road was adopted. The subject was pre- sented to the Legislature, which was in session at that time, and ^15,000 was appropriated for surveying a route for the " Central Eailway." Albert M. Lea was appointed chief engineer, with instructions to survey the line through the State, and to estimate the cost of both a single and double-tracked railway ; also, the comparative cost of a turnpike over the same route through Middle and East Tennessee. His estimate placed the cost of a single-tracked road from Perryville, on the Tennessee Kiver, to the Virginia line, at $0,421,718.60, and for the the entire distance, 500 miles, at $7,841,718.60. A double-tracked road over the same route, he thought would cost $11,154,968.60. He also estimated the receipts and expenditures of such a road. Through Middle and East Tennessee he placed the number of passengers to be carried at an average of 100 jjer day each way, which at 5 cents per mile would produce a yearly income of $1,370,575. The same number of tons of freight, at 6 cents per mile, would produce $1,644,690, a total of $3,015,265. The cost of carrying the passengers at ^ cent per mile, and freight at 1 cent per mile, would amount to $696,565, which added to the cost of repairs, $659,298.11 makes a total annual expenditure of $1,355,863,11, leaving a net revenue of $1,659,401.49. The estimates for West Tennessee are made on" the same scale, except that the rate for carrying freight is fixed at 3 cents per mile, and the amount of business is placed at only one-half that of the other division of the State. The net earnings of this part of the road would thus amount to $214,615.96. These estimates both as to the construction and operation of such a road, would scarcely coincide with those of an experienced railroad oper- ator of to-day, and they serve to illustrate how little was then known about such enterprises. Railroads were projected on a grand scale, but seemingly with little regard to the demands of the trade and commerce of sections through which they were to pass, or the comparative cost of 342 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. construction over a less direct route. The engineer of tlie above road strongly advocated its construction, but the great financial crash of that year rendered a successful movement in that direction impossible. During the same year that the Central Eoad was projected a charter was procured for the Hiwassee Railroad, through the influence of Gen. James H. Eeagan, representative to the Legislature fi-om McMinn County. The charter required that stock amounting to $600,000 should be subscribed within two years. On July 4, 1836, a railroad convention composed of delegates from all the Northern States, Maryland and the Southern States met in Knoxville ; Eobert T. Hayne, of South Carolina, was made president. The convention adopted measures for the construc- tion of a road from Cincinnati or Louisville, through Cumberland Gap, up the French Broad Eiver and on to Charleston. This route was not satisfactory to the delegates from Georgia and lower East Tennesse. The delegates from McMinn County, one of whom was T. N. Vandyke, brought to the notice of the Georgia delegation the Hiwassee charter. Upon a conference it was decided that by adopting this route, a road fi'om Knoxville, through Georgia to Charleston, could be put into opera- tion before the work would commence on the Cumberland Gap route, and it was agreed that the McMinn County delegation should go home, open books and secure subscriptions, while the members from Georgia should procure a charter from their State, and meet at the State line. The delegates from McMinn, upon their return home, set immediately to work, but it was a new enterprise and one not well understood by the people. The taking of stock advanced so slowly that, in order to j)revent the forfeiture of the charter, six residents of McMinn County, Gen. Nathaniel Smith, Onslow G. Murrell, Ashbury M. Coffey, James H. Tyffe, Alexander D. Keys and T. N. Vandyke, agreed to subscribe each $100,000. Upon examination of the subscription books, it was found that $120,000 of stock had been taken, so that the subscription of the six men named had to be reduced to $80,000 each. These men refused to permit an organization of the company until they could distribute their stock in such a manner that the stockholders could meet the calls without embarrassment. This was accomplished within a year, and an organization was effected with Solomon P. Jacobs as president and Ash- bury M. Coffey secretary and treasurer. J. C. Trautwine, of Philadel- phia, was engaged as chief engineer. The road was surveyed and ground was broken two miles west of Athens, in 1837, being the first work ever done on a railroad in the State. With the exception of a few intervening gaps, the road was graded from the State line to Loudon, and a bridge built over the Hiwassee Eiver. Meantime it was ascertained that HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 343 3(500,000 was iij sufficient to build the road, and upon application to tlie Legislature, the State agreed to subscribe stock to the amount of $G50,000 in 5 per cent State bonds to be paid upon call jjar/ ixissu, with the payments of the individual stockholders. The financial embar- rassments of 1837 compelled a suspension, and the company was forced • to execute a deed of trust, authorizing the sale of the road. The State riled a bill enjoining the trustees from acting under the deed, and sought to amend the charter. The suit was carried to the supreme court and finally decided against the State. The debts amounted to about $130,000, and the sum due from the State upward of $80,000, but by skillful management the debts were all compromised and liquidated by the creditors taking one-half of the debt in 5 per cent State bonds, and the remainder in the stock of the company at par. After various unsuc- cessful attempts to procure money to complete the road, the company finally made a contract with Gen. Duff Green, who agreed upon certain conditions to build the road from Dalton, Ga., to Knoxville. Gen, Green after doing a considerable amount of work failed and surrendered his contract. The company then entered into a contract with William, Grant & Co., who finished the road from Dalton to the Hiwassee Biver. J. G. Dent & Co. built the road from there to Loudon in 1852, and in 1850 the portion from Loudon to Knoxville was completed. Throuo-h repeated failures, delays and litigations the name "Hiwassee" became so obnoxious that in 1848 it was changed to East Tennessee & Georgia. In 1852 the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad was chartered. The portion of this road in Tennessee extended from Knoxville to Bris- tol on the Virginia line, and formed a connecting link between the two great systems of roads those in the Northeast, and those of Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. It was completed in 1858, and later was consolidated with the East Tennessee & Georgia, under the name of the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia. The first railroad chartered by the Legislature was the La Grange & Memphis. The company was incorporated in December, 1835, and was soon after organized. Subscriptions to the amount of $250,000 were made by individuals, and, in accordance with the act of 1835, the gov- ernor subscribed $125,000 on behalf of the State. The road was located in September following, and during 1837 the grading of the track was begun. Owing to financial embarrassments and inexperience on the part of the management, the work progressed slowly, and after dragging along for several years, was finally abandoned, February 2, 1846, a charter was granted to the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, authorizing tt capital stock of $800,000, and under the persevering efforts of Ex- Gov. 344 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. James C. Jones, the first president, Col. Sam Tate, Joseph Lenow, Minor Meriwether and others, was brought to a successful completion in 1857. In constructing the road the old road bed of the La Grange & Memphis was purchased and utilized. The Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad was constructed simultaneous- ly with the building of the Memphis & Charleston. This enterprise originated with Dr. James Overton, a man of remarkable sagacity and undaunted resolution. During a contest for legislative honors in 1843, he advocated the building of a road from Nashville to Chattanooga to connect with the Western Atlantic, a road chartered about ten years pre- vious to that time. He failed to enlist any considerable support in what was then looked upon as a visonary scheme, and on account of his en- thusiastic advocacy of the project, he was dubbed " old Chattanooga.'* Although the efforts of Overton were barren of any immediate results, yet they served to direct public attention to the advantages of railroads. About 1845 the depression which had prevailed so long in business cir- cles began to be relieved. The growing trade of Nashville demanded other outlets than that afforded by the Cumberland River.- Otiier por- tions of the State began to awaken to the necessity of providing better means of transportation, and in this they were stimulated somewhat by the action of Georgia in chartering a road to run from Augusta to Chat- tanooga. The subject was brought before the Legislature, and under the pressure of influential citizens of Nashville, an act was passed December 11, 1845, to incorporate "a railroad from Nashville on the Cumberland River, to Chattanooga on the Tennessee River." The internal improve- ment laws having been repealed, no State aid was granted to this road at that time, but an act passed by the next Legislature authorized the may- or and aldermen of Nashville to subscribe $500,000 to the enterprise. This measure met with considerable opposition, and a bill was filed in chancery to enjoin the subscription to the road or the issuing of bonds by the corporation. On appeal it was taken to the supreme court, and finally decided at the December term, 1848. The opinion delivered by Judge Torley decided that the Legislature of Tennessee had the consti- tutional power to authorize the corporation of Nashville to take stock in the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, and that the making of this road was a legitimate corporate purpose of the corporation, acting under the au- thority of the act; thus sustained by the court's decision, the city voted the $500,000 to be expended in the construction of the road. During the two years previous the subject had been thoroughly canvassed through- out the city and a strong public sentiment had been enacted in favor of the enterpriser. Most prominent among those to whom this result was HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 345 due was Vernon K. Stevenson, and upon the organization of the compa- ny in 1848 he was elected its -president, which position he held until the breakinof out of the civil war. In addition to the amount obtained from the corporation of Nashville, he secured a subscription of an equal amount from Charleston, S. C, $250,000 from the Georgia Railroad & Banking Company, and $30,000 from the corporation of Murfreesboro. which enabled him with the private subscriptions that were afterward re- ceived, and the aid which the State rendered by endorsing the company's bonds, to enter upon the work of construction. The first passenger train on the road was run out as far as Antioch, April 13, 1851, and the first through train ran into Chattanooga January 18, 1853. In 1869 the company leased the Nashville & North- Western Railroad for a term of six years, but before the lease expired, a two-thirds interest in the road was purchased from the commissioners appointed by the Legislature and the chancery court to sell delinquent railroads in the State, individ- uals in Tennessee and New York taking the other one-third. Subse- quently the directors of the Nashville & Chattanooga bought the one- third interest held by individuals, and that company now owns the en- tire road from Chattanooga to Hickman, Ky., together with its branches. The name of the consolidated road is the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis. The Nashville & North-Western was chartered as early as 1852, but subscriptions to it were secured with difficulty, and the work of construc- tion was not begun for several years. When the war opened only a lit- tle over thirty miles had been graded, and only that jDortion between Nashville and Kingston Springs was in operation. During the war the United States Government, for military purposes, built the road to the Tennessee River at Johnsonville. At the close of hostilities application was made to the Legislature for the amount due the road under the then existing laws. This was granted, and the road was completed during the latter part of 1868. The Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad has several branches. The Winchester & Alabama, and the McMinnville & Manchester were both chartered in 1850, but neither was completed for several years. In 1872, upon their failure to pay the interest on the bonds issued by the State in aid of their construction, they were sold to the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. The Tennessee & Pacific, another branch, was projected to run from Nashville to Knoxville, but financial embarrassments checked its progress, and it was completed only to Lebanon, a distance of thirty-one miles. It was incorporated in 1866, and work of construc- tion was becfun in 1869. 346 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, One of tlie largest corporations in the South at the present time is the Louisville, Nashville & Great Southern Railroad. The lines forming this system were built under separate charters, and afterward consoli- dated. The road connecting Louisville and Nashville, which forms the main stem, was chartered in 1851, and was opened for business in 1859, the j&rst train through from Louisville having passed over the bridge into Nashville on September 28 of that year. The Memphis branch, extending from Bowling Green, Ky., to Memphis, embraces the Memphis & Ohio, and the Memphis, Clarksville & Louisville Railroads. The former was chartered February 4, 1852, under the name of the Nashville & Memphis Railroad. Two years later, by Legislative authority, the name was changed to the Memphis & Ohio, and in May, 1860, the road was completed from Memphis to Paris. In 1871, in order to prevent the sale of the road by the State the Louisville & Nashville Company loaned to the Memphis & Ohio State bonds sufficient to pay off its debt to the State, and the two roads were then consolidated. The Mem- phis, Clarksville & Louisville Railroad received its charter January 28, 1852, and the road was opened in September, 1801. July 1, 1865, the company having defaulted on the interest on the State bonds loaned to them, a receiver was appointed, and the road continued to be operated by receivers from that time until 1871, when it was purchased by the Louis- ville & Nashville Company for the sum of $1,700,000. The Edgefield & Kentucky Railroad, extending from Nashville to Guthrie, Ky., was chartered February 13, 1852, and finished in 1860. This road formed a part of the Evansville, Henderson & Nashville Road which was not entirely completed until 1872. The line was then consol- idated with the Nashville, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad into what was known as the St. Louis & Southeastern. Li 1879 the Louisville & Nash- ville Company purchased the whole line, and it is now operated as the St. Louis division of that company's system. Another important division is the Nashville & Decatur. This was formed in 1866 by the consolidation of the Tennessee & Alabama, the Tennessee & Alabama Central, and the Central Southern Roads. The Tennessee & Alabama was chartered in 1852 to run from Nashville by the way of Franklin to the Alabama State line, in the direction of Florence, but in 1858 the company asked authority to terminate the road at Mt. Pleasant, which request was granted. In 1853 the Central Southern Railroad Company was incorporated for the pur- pose of constructing a line from Columbia, Tenn., to the Alabama State line in the direction of Decatur. This line was completed November 20, 1860. May 4, 1871, the consolidated roads were leased by the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad Company for a period of thirty years. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 347 Tlie Mobile &, Ohio Eailroad extends from Mobile, Ala., to the Ohio River at Cairo, entering Tennessee from the south near Corinth, Miss. It was originally" projected to strike some point on the Tennessee River, and run thence to the mouth of the Ohio. The company was organized in Alabama, and in 1848 received a charter from Tennessee. At the time of its inception this was the greatest railroad enterprise that had been inaugurated on either continent; and it was not until 1859, after many- years of the most persistent effort, that the road was completed. During the war the road suffered greatly, and at the close of the conflict it was a splendid wreck. Sixty-five per cent of its original cost was lost ; but by skillful and economical 'management, the road in a few years was put into a prosperous condition. The indebtedness to the State was paid off, and in 1870 the coiiJ^any resumed the payment of interest on all classes of its bonds. On January 29, 1858, the Tennessee Legislature authorized the Miss- issippi River Railroad to be constructed from Memphis to the Kentucky State line in the direction of Cairo. The work of grading was not com- menced until 1869, and was then soon after suspended. In 1871 it was consolidated with the Paducah & Gulf Railroad, a Kentucky corporation, under the name of the Memphis & Paducah. The whole line was after- ward sold under mortgage, and reorganized as the Memphis, Paducah & Northern. It is now known as the Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern, extending from Cecilia, Ky., by way of Paducah to Memphis, a distance of about 345 miles. Another important road in West Tennessee forms a part of a great system extending from Chicago to New Orleans and known as the Chi- cago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, the entire length of which is about 1,700 miles. The part in Tennessee was chartered as two separate companies, the Mississippi Central, and the New Orleans, Jackson & Northern. These roads were consolidated in November, 1877. Running arrangements were then made with the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany by which the entire system is practically placed under one manage- ment, though operated by two charters. One of the most important roads passing through Tennessee is the Cincinnati Southern, extending fi'om Cincinnati to Chattanooga. The company was incorporated by the General Assembly of Ohio in 1869, and received a charter from the Legislature of Tennessee January 20, 1870. The road was completed and opened for business in 1880, and now forms a part of the system known as the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific. Several other roads besides those mentioned have been constructed and are now successfully operated, but the greater number of them are narrow gauge roads, or are of but limited extent. 348 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. . The General Assembly, in March, 1883, passed an act for the regula- tion of railroad companies, to prevent unjust discrimination in tariffs and rates, and to this end provided for the appointment of a railroad commission to consist of three persons, one for each grand division of the State. To this commission was given general supervision of all railroads in Tennessee, with power to revise all tariffs of charges for transportation, and to reduce the rate of charges if in any case they were found to be unjust or to discriminate against any person, corporation or locality. It was made the duty of the several companies operating rail- roads in the State to make annual returns of their business to the com- missioners in such manner as the latter might prescribe. In April, 1883, the governor appointed John H, Savage, J. A. Tur- ley and G. W, Gordon as commissioners, who immediately qualified and entered upon the discharge of their ojficial duties. Letters were ad- dressed to the representatives of the various railroads requesting them to make out and deliver to the commission for revision a schedule of the rates of charges for transportation. This several of the companies re- fused to do, and two of the leading roads obtained from John Baxter, United States Circuit Judge, an order restraining the commissioners from interfering in any way with the tariffs of their roads. After the motion for an injunction was heard Judge Baxter pronounced certain sections of the act creating the commission unconstitutional, and granted the injunctions. The cases were then appealed to the Federal Supreme Court, and were then pending when the Legislature of 1885 convened. Gov. Bates in his message advised that the commission bill of 1883 be not repealed, but that it be revised and made to conform to the constitu- tion. The bill, however, had never been very popular, and it was re- pealed and the commission abolished. The following figures show the growth of railroads in Tennessee: In 1850 there was no road' in opera- tion; from 1850 to 1860 1,253 miles of railroad were constructed; the decade which follows shows an increase of only 239 miles, making a total in 1870 of 1,492 miles; in 1880 there were 1,872 miles of com- pleted road, with an assessed valuation of $16,375,894.50. The comp- troller's report for 1885 places the whole number of miles of road at 2,094.5, with an assessed valuation of $34,350,170.84. The history of steam-boat navigation on the Western rivers dates back to 1812. In the winter of that year the steamer "Orleans," built at Pittsburgh, made the first trip from that city to New Orleans. The suc- cess of this venture revolutionized river navigation and efforts were at once made to place steam-boats upon the Mississippi and all of its navigable tributaries. The message of Willie Blount to the Legislature 350 HISTOBY OF TENNESSEE. Tiie orator of the day delivered an address of welcome to the commander of the ''Hover," Capt. Newman, who, with his ofl&cers, was feasted and toasted the next day at Brownsville^. The first steam-boat to pass up- the Forked Deer was the "Grey Eagle," in 1836. STATE OFFICEES. Governors.— Willi&m Blount, 1792-96; John Sevier, 1796-1801 r Archibald Eoane, 1801-03; John Sevier, 1803-09; Willie Blount, 1809- 15; Joseph McMinn, 1815-21; William Carroll, 1821-27; Samuel Hous- ton, 1827-29 ^ William Hall, 1829 ^ ; William Carroll, 1829-35; New- ton Cannon, 1835-39; James K. Polk, 1839-4:1; James C. Jones, 1841-45; ;^aron V. Brown, 1845-47 ; Neill S. Brown, 1847-49 ; William Trousdale, 1849-51; AVilliam B. Campbell, 1851-53; Andrew Johnson, 1853-57; Isham G. Harris^ 1857-625; Andrew Johnson^, 1862-65; William G. Brownlow, 1865-68; D. W. C. Senter, 1868-71; John C. Brown, 1871-75; James D. Porter, 1875-79; Albert S. Marks, 1879-81; Alvin Hawkins, 1881-83; William B. Bate, 1883. Secretaries of State. — William Maclin, 1796-1807 ; Robert Houston, 1807-11; William G. Blount, 1811-15; William Alexander, 1815-19; David Graham, 1819-30; Thomas H. Fletcher, 1830-31; Samuel G. Smith, 1831-33; David Graham, 1833-35; Luke Lea, 1835-39; John S. Young, 1839-47; W. B. A. Eamsey, 1847-55; F. N. W. Burton, 1855-59; John E. E. Eay, 1859-62; A. J. Fletcher, 1865-70; Thomas H. Butler,. 1870-73; Charles N. Gibb, 1873-81; David A. Nunn, 1881-85; John Allison, 1885. Treasurers. — William Black, Mero District, 1796-99; Landon Carter, Washington and Hamilton Districts, 1796-1800; Eobert Searcy, Mero District, 1799-1803 ; John Maclin, Washington and Hamilton Districts, 1800-03; Thomas Crutcher, West Tennessee, 1803-29 ; Thomas McCorry, East Tennessee, 1803-13; Matthew Nelson, East Tennessee, 1813-27; Thomas Crutcher, Middle Tennessee, 1829-36; Miller Francis, East Ten- nessee, 1827-36 ; James Caruthers, Western District, 1829-36 '' ; Miller Francis, 1836-43 ; Matthew Nelson, ia43-45 ; Eobert B. Turner, 1845-47 ; A. Dibrell, 1847-55; G. C. Torbett, 1855-59; W. F. McGregor, 1859; E. L. Stanford, 1865-67; John E. Henry, 1867-68; James E. Eust, 1868-70; W. Morrow, 1870-77; M. T. Polk, 1877-1883 ^ ; Atha Thomas, 1883-85; J. W. Thomas, 1885. Comptrollers of the Treasury.— F. K. Zollicoffer, 1843-49; B. H. 1 MSS. in possession of Tennessee Historical Society. 2 Resigned in April, 1829. 3 Served out the un- expired term of Gov. Houston. 4 Governor of the Confederate State Government to March 4, 1862. 5 Robert L. Caruthers was elected in 1863 by the Confederate Army, but did not take his seat. 6 Military Governor, . 7 Treasuries consolidated. 8 Absconded January 5, 1883. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 351 Shepparcl, 1849-51; Arthur R. Crozier, 1851-55; James C. Luttrell, 1855-57; James T. Dunlap, 1857-61; Joseph S. Fowler, — 18G 5; S. W. Hatchett, 1865-661 ; G. W. Blackburn, 1866-70; E. E. Pemiebaker, 1870-73; W. W. Hobbss, 1873; John C. Burch, 1873-75; James L. Gaines, 1875-81; James N. Nolan, 1881-83; P. P. Pickard, 1883. Librarians. — W. B. A. Ptamsey^, 1851-56; Retiu-n J. Meigs, 1856-61; Joseph S. Fowler, 1861-64*; A. G. Gattinger, 1864^695; Dr. Wharton, 1869-71; Mrs. Paralee Haskell, 1871-79; Mrs S. K. Hatton, 1879. Commissioners of Agriculture, Statistics and Mines. — J. B. Killbrew, 1875-81; Alvin W. Hawkins, 1881-83; A. J. McWhirter, 1883. State Geologists. — Gerard Troost, 1831-50; James M. Safford, 1854^. Superintendents of Public Instruction. — Robert H. McEwen, 1836- 40; E. P. Currin, 1840-44'' ; John M. Fleming, 1873-75; Leon Trousdalo, 1875-81; W. S. Doak, 1881-82; G. S. W. Crawford, July 1, 1882-83; Julia A. Doak, May 23 to July 1, 1882 »; Thomas H. Paine, 1883. Judges, Territorial. — David Campbell, 1790-96; Joseph Anderson, 1791-96; John McNairy, 1790-96. Superior Court of Law and Equity. — John McNairy, 1796^; Willie Blount, 179610 ; Archibald Eoane, 1796-1801; Howell Tatum, 1797-98; W. C. C. Claiborne, 1796-97; Ancbew Jackson, 1798-1804; Hugh L. White, 1801-07; John Overton, 1804-10; Thomas Emmerson, 1807ii; Parry W. Humphreys, 1807-10; Samuel PowelL 1807-10. Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals. — George W. Campbell, 1809-11; Hugh L. White, 1809-14; John Overton, 1811-16; William W. Cooke, 1815-1613; Archibald Eoane, 1816^3; Eobert Whyte, 1816-34; John Haywood, 1816-261*; Thomas Emmerson, 1818-22; Jacob Peck, 1822-34; William L. Brown, 1822-34; John Catron, 1824-34; Henry Crabb, 1827 1 ^ ; Nathan Green, 1831-34. Supreme Court. — William B. Turley, 1834-50; William B. Eeese, 1834-48; Nathan Green, 1834-52; Eobert J. McKinney, 1848; A. W. O. Totten, 1850-55; Eobert L. Caruthers, 1852-41; William E. Har- ris, 1855-58; Archibald Wright, 1858; William F. Cooper, 1861; Samuel Milligan, 1865-68; J. O. Shackleford, 1865-67; Alvin Hawkins, 1865-68; Horace H. Harrison, 1867-68; Henry G. Smith, 1868-69; George Andrews, 1868-70; Andrew McClain, 1869-70; Alvin Hawkins, 1869-70; Alfred O. P. Nicholson, 1870-76; James W. Deaderick, 1 Elected in May, 1865. T. R. Dillon was elected April 25, but was found to be ineligible. 2 From January to May. 3 Secretary of State; ex o^oio Librarian. 4 Acting. 5 Appointed Aug. 14, lSG-1. 6 After the death of Gerard Troost, no geologist was appointed until February, 1854. 7 Office abolished January 12, 1844 ; created again 1871 and state treasurer made superintendent, ex officio. 8 Acting. 9 Declined the ap- pointment. 10 Appointed in April, re.signed in September. 11 Resigned during the year. 12 Died July 20, 1816. 13 The vacancy had been tendered to Samuel Powell, Enoch I'arsons, George Duffield and John Williams, but all declined. 14 Died December 22, 182G. 15 Died the same year. 352 HISTOllY OF TENNESSEE. 1870; Peter Turney, 1870; Thomas A .K Nelson, 1870-71; John L. T. Sneecl, 1870-78; Thomas J. Freeman, 1870; Robert McFarland, 1871-84; J. B. Cooke, 1884; W. R Cooper, 1878. Court of Bcferccs.—Ail!iashYi\le,W. L. Eakin, 1883-86; W. C.Cald- well, 1883-86; John A. Tinnon, 1883-86. At Knoxville, John Frizzell, 1883-85; John L. T. Sneed, 1883-85; R. T. Kirkpatrick, 1883-85. At Jackson, David L. Snodgrass, 1883-85; John Bright, 1883-85; John E. Garner, from April to July, 1883; E. L. Gardenhire, 1883-85. AUorney-Generals. — George S. Yerger, 1835-39 ; "VV. H. Humphreys, 1839-51; William G. Swann, 1851-53; John L. T. Sneed, 1853-58; John W. Head, 1858-61; Horace Maynard, 1863-65; Thomas H. Cald- well, 1865-70; Joseph B. Heiskell, 1870-75; B. J. Lea, 1875. Bej)rcsentcdivcs. — IV Congress, 1796-97, Andrew Jackson; V Con- gress, 1797-99, William C. C. Claiborne; VI Congress, 1799-1801, same; VII Congress, 1801-03, William Dickson; VIII Congress, 1803-05, George W, Campbell, AVilliam Dickson and John Rhea; IX Congress, 1805-07, same; X Congress, 1807-09, George AV. Campbell, John Rhea and Jesse Wharton; XI Congress, 1809-11, Pleasant M. Miller, John Rhea and Robert Weakley; XII Congress, 1811-13, Felix Grundy, John Rhea and John Sevier; XIII Congress, 1813-15, John H. Bowen, New- ton Cannon, Felix Grundy*, Thomas K. Harris, John Rhea, Parry W. Humphreys and John Sevier; XIV Congress, 1815-17, William G. Blount, Bennet H. Henderson, James B. Reynolds, Samuel Powell, Isaac Thomas and Newton Cannon; XV Congress, 1817-19, William G. Blount, Thomas Claiborne, Samuel Hogg, Francis Jones, George W^ L. Marr and John Rhea; XVI Congress, 1819-21, Robert Allen, Henry H. Bryan, Newton Cannon, John Cocke, John Rhea and Francis Jones; XVII Congress, 1821-23, Robert Allen, Henry H. Bryan,f Newton Can- non, John Cocke, Francis Jones and John Rhea; XVIII Congress, 1823 -25, A. R. Alexander, Robert Allen, John Blair, John Cocke, Samuel Houston, Jacob C. Isacks, James B. Reynolds, James T. Sandford and James Standifer; XIX Congress, 1825-27, A. R. Alexander, Robert Al- len, John Blair, John Cocke, Samuel H^ouston, Jacob C. Isacks, John H. Marable, James C. Mitchell and James K. Polk; XX Congress, 1827-29, John Bell, John Blair, David Crockett, Robert Desha, Jacob C. Isacks, Pryor Lea, John H. Marable, James C. Mitchell and James K. Polk; XXI Congress, 1829-31, John Bell, John Blair, David Crockett, Robert Desha, Jacob C. Isacks, Cave Johnson, Pryor Lea, James K. Polk and James Standifer; XXII Congress, 1831-33, Thomas D. Arnold, John *Resigned in 1814. fls said not to have taken his seat. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 353 Bell, John Blair, William Fitzgerald, William Hall, Jacob C. Isacks, Cave Johnson, James K. Polk and James Standifer; XXIII Congress, 1833-35, John Bell, John Blair, Samuel Bunch, David Crockett, D«,vid ^Y. Dickinson, William C. Dunlap, John B. Forester, William M. Inge, Cave Johnson, Luke Len, Bailie Peyton, James K. Polk and James Stan- difer; XXiy Congress, 1835-37, John Bell, Samuel Bunch, William B. Carter, William C. Dunlap, John B. Forester, Adam Huntsman, Cave Johnson, Luke Lea, Abraham P. Maury, Bailie Peyton, James K. Polk, Ebenezer J. Shields and James Standifer; XXV Congress, 1837-30, John Bell, AVilliam B. Campbell, William B. Carter, Richard Cheatham, John W. Crockett, Abraham P. Maury, Abraham McLellan, James K. Polk, Ebenezer J, Shields, William Stone, Hopkins L. Turney, C. H. Williams and Joseph L. Williams; XXVI Congress, 1839-41, John Bell, Julius AV. Blackwell, Aaron V, Brown, William B. Campbell, William B. Carter, John AY. Crockett, Meredith P. Gentry, Cave Johnson, Abraham McLellan, Hopkins L. Turney, Harvey M. AVatterson, C. H. AVilliams and Joseph L. AA^illiams; XXVII Congress, 1811-43, Thomas Arnold, Aaron V. Brown, Milton Brown, Thomas J. Campbell, AVilliam B. Camp- bell, Eobert L. Caruthers, Meredith P. Gentry, Cave Johnson, Abraham McLellan, Hopkins L. Turney, Harvey M. AVatterson. C. H. AVilliams and Joseph L. Williams; XXVIII Congress, 1843-45, John B. Ashe. Julius AV. Blackwell, Aaron V. Brown, Milton Brown, Alvan Cullom, D. AV. Dickinson, Andrew Johnson, Cave Johnson, George AV. Jones, Joseph H. Peyton and AA^illiam T. Senter; XXIX Congress, 1845-47, Milton Brown, Lucien B. Chase, William M. Cocke, John H. Crozier, Alvan Cullom, Edwin H. Ewing, Meredith P. Gentry, Andrew Johnson, George AV. Jones, Barclay Martin, Frederick P. Stanton; XXX Congress, 1847- 49, Washington Barrow, Lucien B. Chase, AA'illiam M. Cocke, John H. Crozier, Meredith P. Gentry, William T. Haskell, Hugh L. AV. Hill, An- drew Johnson, George AV. Jones, Frederick P. Stanton and James H. Thomas; XXXI Congress, 1849-51, Josiah M. Anderson, AndreAv Ew- ing, Meredith P. Gentry, Isham G. Harris, Andrew Johnson, George W. Jones, John H. Savage, Frederick P. Stanton, James H. Thomas, Albert G. AVatkins and C. H. AVilliams; XXXII Congress, 1851-53, AAllliam M. Churchwell, AVilliam Cullom, Meredith P. Gentry, Isham G. Harris, An- drew Johnson, George W. Jones, AVilliam H. Polk, John H. Savage, Frederick P. Stanton, Albert G. AVatkins and C. H. AVilliams ; XXXIII Congress, 1853-55, Robert M. Bugg, AVilliam M. Churchwell, AVilliam Cullom, Emerson Etheridge, George AV. Jones, Charles Ready, Samuel A. Smith, Frederick P. Stanton, Nathaniel G. Taylor and Felix K. ZoUi- coffer; XXXIV Congress, 1855-57, Emerson Etheridge, George W. 354 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Jones, Charles Ready, Thomas Rivers, John H. Savage, Samuel A. Smith, William H. Sneed, A. G.-Watkins, John V. Wright and Felix K. ZolMcoffer; XXXV Congress, 1857-59, John D. C. Atkins, William T. Avery, George W. Jones, Horace Maynard, Charles Ready, John H. Savage, Samuel A. Smith, A. G. Watkins, John V. Wright and Felix K. Zollicoffer; XXXVI Congress, 1859-61, William T. Avery, Reese B. Brabson, Emerson Etheridge, Robert Hatton, Horace Maynard, Thomas A. R. Nelson, James M. Quarles, William B. Stokes, James H, Thomas and John V. Wright; XXXVII Congress, 1861-(33, George W. Bridges,* Andrew J. Clementsf and Horace Maynard; XXXVIII Congress, 1863- C5, vacant; XXXIX Congress, 1865-67, Samuel M. Arnell, William B. Campbell, Edmund Cooper, Isaac R. Hawkins, John W. Leftwich, Hor- ace Maynard, William B. Stokes and Nathaniel J. Taylor; XL Congress, 1867—69, Samuel M. Arnell, Roderick R. Butler, Isaac R. Hawkins, Hor- ace Maynard, James Mullins, David A. Nunn, William B. Stokes and John Trimble; XLI Congress, 1869-71, Samuel M. Arnell, Roderick R. Butler, Isaac R, Hawkins, Horace Maynard, William F. Prosser, Will- iam J. Smith, William B. Stokes and Lewis Tillman; XLII Congress, 1871-73, John M. Bright, Roderick R. Butler, Robert P. Caldwell, Abra- ham E. Garrett, Edward L. Galladay, Horace Maynard, William W Vaughan and W. C. Whitthorne; XLIII Congress, 1873-75, John D. C. Atkins, John M. Bright, Roderick R. Butler, William Crutchfield, Hor- ace H. Harrison, Barbour Lewis, Horace Maynard, David A. Nunn, Ja- cob M. Thornburgh and W. C. Whitthorne; XLIV Congress, 1875-77, John D. C. Atkins, John M. Bright, William P. Caldwell, G. G. Dibrell, John F. House, William McFarland, Haywood T. Riddle, Jacob M. Thornburgh, W. C. Whitthorne and Casey Young; XLV Congress, 1877 -79,. J. D. C. Atkins, John M. Bright, W. P. Caldwell, George G. Dib- rell, John F. House, James H. Randolph, W. M. Randolph, H. T. Rid- dle, J. M. Thornburgh, W. C. Whitthorne and Casey Young; XLVI Congress, 1879-81, R. L. Taylor, L. C. Houk, George G. Dibrell, Ben- ton McMillin, John M. Bright, John F. House, W. C. Whitthorne, John D. C. Atkins, Charles B. Simonton and Casey Young; XL VII Congress, 1881-83, A. H. Pettibone, Leonidas C. Houk, George G. Dibrell, Ben- ton McMillin, Richard Warner, John.F. House, W. C. Whitthorne, John D. C. Atkins, Charles B. Simonton and William R. Moore ; XL VIII Congress, 1883-85, A. H. Pettibone, L. C. Houk, George G. Dibrell, Benton McMillin, Richard Warner, A. J. Caldwell, John M. Taylor, Rice A. Pierce, Casey Young and John G. Ballentine; XLIX Congress, 1885-87, A. H. Pettibone, L. C. Houk, J. R. Neal, Benton McMillin, *Took his seat February 25, 1803. fTook his seat January 13, 1862. HI8T0KY OF TENNESSEE. 355 James D. Kichardson, A. J. Caldwell, J. G. Ballentine, J. M. Taylor, P. O. Glass and Zachariah Taylor. Senators. — IV Congress, 1796-97, William Blount and William Cocke; V Congress, 1797-99, William Blount S William Cocke, Joseph Anderson, Andrew Jackson-, Daniel Smith; VI Congress, 1799-1801, Joseph Anderson and William Cocke; VII Congress, 1801-03, same; VIII Congress, 1803-05, same ; IX Congress, 1805-07, Joseph Ander- son and Daniel Smith; X Congress, 1807-09, same; XI Congress, 1809-11, Joseph Anderson, Daniel Smith ^ and Jenkin Whiteside^; XII Congress, 1811-13, Joseph Anderson and George W. Campbell; XIII Congress, 1813-15, Joseph Anderson, George W. Campbell^ and Jesse Wharton; XIV Congress, 1815-17, George W. Campbell and John Williams; XV Congress, 1817-19, George W. Campbell e, John Will- iams and John H. Eaton; XVI Congress, 1819-21, John H. Eaton and John Williams; XVII Congress, 1821-23, same; XVIII Congress, 1823-25, John H. Eaton and Andrew Jackson; XIX Congress, 1825-27, John H. Eaton, Andrew Jackson '" and Hugh Lawson White ; XX Con- gress, 1827-29, John H. Eaton and Hugh L. White; XXI Congress, 1829-31, John H. Eaton », Hugh L. White and Felix Grundy; XXII Congress, 1831-33, Felix Grundy and Hugh L. White; XXIII Congress, 1833-35, same; XXIV Congress, 1835-37, same; XXV Congress, 1837-39, Hugh L. White, Felix Grundy » and Ephraim H. Foster; XXVI Congress, 1839-41, Hugh L. Whitei«, Felix Grundy ^S Alex- ander Anderson and A. O. P. Nicholson ; XXVII Congress, 1841-43, A. O. P. Nicholsoni2; XXVIII Congress, 1843-45, Ephraim H. Foster and Spencer Jarnagin ; XXIX Congress, 1845-47, Spencer Jarnagin and Hopkins L. Turney ; XXX Congress, 1847-49, John Bell and Hopkins L. Turney; XXXI Congress, 1849-51, same ; XXXII Congress, 1851-53, John Bell and James C. Jones; XXXIII Congress, 1853-55, same; XXXIV Congress, 1855-57, same; XXXV Congress, 1857-59, John Bell and Andrew Johnson; XXXVI Congress, 1859-61, Andrew Johnson and A. O. P. Nicholson ; XXXVII Congress, 1861-63, Andrew Johnson^^. XXXVIII Congress, 1863-65, vacant; XXXIX Congress, 1865-67, Joseph S. Fowler and David T. Patterson; XL Congress, 1867-69, same; XLI Congress, 1869-71, William G. Brownlow and Joseph S. Fowler; XLII Congress, 1871-73, William G. Brownlow and Henry Cooper; XLIII Congress, 1873-75, same; XLIV Congress, 1875-77, James E. Bailey, Henry Cooper, Andrew Johnson ^^ and David M. Key^^; 1 Expelled for high misdemeanors, July 8, 1797. 2 Resigned in 1798. 3 Resigned in 1809. 4 Resigned in 1811. 5 Resigned in 1814. 6 Resigned in 1818. 7 Resigned in 1825. 8 Resigned in 1829. 9 Resigned in 1838. 10 Resigned in 1840. 11 Died December 19, 1840. 12 Other seat vacant. 13 Other seat vacant. 14 Died July 31, 1875. 15 Appointed pro tern, in place of Andrew Johnson. 356 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. XLV Congress, 1877-79, James E. Bailey and Isham G. Harris; XL VI Congress, 1879-81, same;XLYII Congress, 1881-83, Isham G. Harris and Howell E. Jackson; XLYIII Congress, 1883-85, same; XLIX Con- gress, 1885-87, sama GUBERNATOEIAL ELECTION EETUENS. 1815, Kobert Weakley, 6,028 ; Joseph McMinn, 14,980 1. 1817, Eob- ert C. Foster, 15,460; Joseph McMinn, 28,402. 1819, Enoch Parsons, 8,079; Joseph McMinn, 33,524. 1821, Edward Ward, 7,294; William Carroll, 31,029. 1823, No opposition; William Carroll, 32,597. 1825, no opposition; William Carroll. 1827, Newton Cannon; Samuel Hous- ton^. 1829, no opposition; William Carroll, 57,551. 1831, no opposi- tion; William Carroll. 1833, no opposition; William Carroll, 51,184. 1835, Newton Cannon, 42,795; William Carroll, 35,247. 1837, Newton Cannon, 52,660; — Armstrong, 32,695. 1839, Newton Cannon, 50,841;, James K. Polk, 52,899. 1841, James C. Jones, 53,58(); James K. Polk, 50,343. 1843, James C. Jones, 57,491; James K. Polk, 52,692. 1845. Ephraim H. Foster, 56,646; Aaron V. Brown, 58,269. 1847, Niell S. Brown, 61,372; Aaron V. Brown, 60,004. 1849, Niell S. Brown, 60,350; William Trousdale, 61,740. 1851, William B. Campbell, 63,333; Will- iam Trousdale, 61,673. 1853, Gustav A. Henry, 61,163; Andrew John- son, 63,413. 1855, Meredith P. Gentry, 65,343; Andrew Johnson, 67.- 499. 1857, Robert Hatton, 59,807; Isham G. Harris, 71,178. 1859, John Netherland, 68,042; Isham G. Harris, 76,073. 1861, Isham G. Harris, 70,273 (Confederate); W. H. Polk, 37,915. 1865, William G. Brownlow, 23,222 (Republican) ; William B. Campbell, 25. 18()7, Will- iam G. Brownlow, 74,034; Emerson Etheridge, 22,250. 1869, T>. W. C. Senter, 120,234; — Stokes, 55,046. 1870, W. H. Wisener, 41,500; J. C. Brown, 78,979. 1872, A. A. Freeman, 84,089; John C. Brown. 97,700. 1874, Horace Maynard, 55,847; James D. Porter, 105,061; — Brooks, 222. 1876, George Maney, 10,436; James D. Porter, 123,740; Dorsey B. Thomas, 73,693^; W. F. Yardley, 2,165^. 1878, E. M. Wight, 42,328; A. S. Marks^ 89,018; E. M. Edwards, 15,196^. 1880. Alvin Hawkins, 102,969; John V. Wright, 79,191; S. F. Wilson, 57,- 4246; R. M. Edwards, 3,6415. 1^82, Alvin Hawkins, 90,660; William B. Bate, 118,821; Joseph H. Fussell, 4,599 ^ John R. Bealey, 9,572^ 1884, Frank T. Ried, 125,276; William B. Bate, 132,201; W. J. Bu- chanan, 636 5. 1 Also Jesse Wharton, 5,918; Robert f. Foster, 3,626, and Gen. Johnson, 2,417. 2 Houston's majority 12,000. 3 Independent Democrat. 4 Indepenaent Republican. 5 Greenback. 6 "Low Tax" Democrat. 7 "State Credit" or "Sky-blue" Democrat. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 357 The following table shows the total number and amount of bonds is- sued by the State from 1832 to 1881, the rate of interest, and the purpose for which they were issued. Number. Rate Amount. Union Bank of Tennessee *Bank of Tennessee Kashville, Jlurfreesboio & Shelbyville Turnpike Company Gallatin Turnpike Company Chambers & Purdy Turnpike Company Franklin A Columbia Turnpike Company Columbia Central Turnpike Company NaslivillcA Charlotte 1'uiuiiike Company Fayetteville&.Shelbyville Turnpike Company I'elhara & Jasper Turnpike Company Columbia, Pulaski & Elkton Turnpike Company Clarksvillft & Russellville Turnpike Company Forked Deer Turnpike Comijany Big Hatchie Turnpike Company Gallatin & Cumberland Turnpike Company Nolensville Turnpike Company AshportTurniiike Company Fulton Turnpike Company Lebanon & Sparta Turnpike Company NashvilleA Kentucky Turnpike Company Ceulriil. "Southern Kailroad ('ompany , Memphis & Ohio Ilailroad Company INlississippi & Tennessee Itailroad Company Winchester & Alabama Railroad Company Memphis, ClarksvilleA Louisville Railroad Company Edgefield & Kentucky Railroad Company Rogersville & Jefferson Railroad Company Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company Knoxvi!le& Kentucky Railroad Company Cincinnati, Cumberland ( iap & Charleston Railroad Company. Knoxville A Charleston Railroad Company Nashville & Northwestern Railroad Company NashvilleA Chattanooga Railroad Company Tennessee & Paftiilc Railroad Company Mississippi Central Railroad Company Southern Railroad Company (Southwestern) East Tennessee & Western North Carolina Railroad Company. f.Mineral Home Railroad Company Evansville, Henderson & Nashville Railroad Company Nashville & Decatur Railroad Company Louisville, Cincinnati & Charleston Railroad Company Capitol bond? Agricultural Bureau bonds Murfreesboro & Manchester Turnpike Company Harpeth Turnpike Company Cumberland & Stone's River Turnpike Company Lebanon & Nashville Turnpike Company Jefferson Turnpike Company Carthage AHartsville Turnpike Company Carthage & Rome Turnpike Company Carthage, Alexander & Red Sulphur Turnpike Company Dyersburg05<- HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 439 consolidated schools. The permanent school fund of the State, as recog- nized by the constitution, was declared to be $1,500,000, to which was added the unpaid interest amounting, January 1, 1873, to $1,012,500. For the entire amount, $2,512,500, a certificate of indebtedness was is- sued, signed by the governor, under the great seal of the State, and de- posited with the comptroller of the treasury. Interest is paid on this amount at the rate of 6 per cent, the payments being made on the 1st of July and the 1st of January each year. To the permanent state fund is added from time to time the proceeds of all escheated property, of all property accruing to the State by forfeiture, of all lands sold and bought in for taxes, of the personal effects of intestates having no kindred en- titled thereto by the laws of distribution, and donations made to the State for the support of public schools, unless otherwise directed by the donors. The annual school fund is composed of the annual proceeds of the permanent school fund, any money that may come into the state treasury for that purpose from any source whatever, the poll tax of $1 on every male inhabitant of the State subject thereto, and a tax of 1 mill on the dollar's worth of property subject to taxation. This last tax, together with the poll tax, is paid over to the county trustee in the county where collected, and distributed- to each school district, according to scholastic population. When the money derived from the school fund and taxes imposed by the State on the counties is not sufficient to keep up a public school for five months in the year in the school districts in the county, the county court may levy an additional tax sufficient for this purpose, or submit the proposition to a vote of the people ; and a tax to prolong the schools beyond the five months may also be levied. This tax must be levied on all property, polls and privileges liable to taxation, but shall not exceed the entire State tax. Taxes so levied by the county are col- lected in the same manner as other county taxes, and paid over to the county trustee for distribution. The State treasurer and county trustee are required to keep the school moneys separate from State and county funds. All school moneys in the treasury on the first Monday in October and April of every year, are apportioned by the comptroller among the several counties according to the population. The warrant for the amount due each county is drawn in the favor of the county trustee. The money received by him he is required to report immediately to the county superintendent and to the directors of each school district. The law further provides for schools in incorporated cities and towns, the boards of mayor and aldermen of which are authorized to levy and collect an additional tax to that imposed by "the general provisions of the 440 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. school law, upon all taxable polls, privileges and property within the cor- porate limits. Where such schools are established authority is given for the appointment of a board of education. The law also requires the governor to appoint a State Board of Education consisting of six mem- bers, holding their office for a term of six years, two retiring each year. The governor is ex officio president of the board. The principal duty of this board is to provide for and manage the State Normal School. The law went into effect immediately after its passage, and extraordin- ary efforts for the multiplication and elevation of the public schools were made during the succeeding year. John M. Fleming was appointed superintendent of public instruction, and made his first report in Decem- ber, 1874. From this report it is found that in 1873 there were thirty- six counties which levied no property tax, and thirty-two which levied no poll tax. The remaining counties levied a poll tax of from 5 cents to $1, and property tax from 2|^ to 30 cents. Sixty-five counties levied no privi- lege tax. The tax levies for 1874 were about the same as for the year before. The total amount of school money received by the counties for the year ending August 81, 1874, was $998,459.10, of which $205,951.53 ,was from the State, $522,453.17 from the counties, $112,636.17 from dis- tricts, and $97,418.23 from other sources. During the same time $34,- 300 was received from the Peabody Fund, and distributed among sixty- two schools. The scholastic population in 1874 numbered 420,384, of which 103,856 were colored. The number of white teachers employed was 4,630, colored 921.* The average number of months taught during the year for the State was 3.85, The average pay of teachers per month was $33.03. Thus a State school system was once more inaugurated, and this time with better prospects of success, yet many difficulties and considerable opposition were yet to be overcome. The financial distress of the State rendered retrenchment in the State expenditures a necessity, and many persons friendly to the cause of popular education, in their desire to extricate the State from her difficulties fav(^red the reduction of the appropriation for schools. In 1877 the Legislature went so far as to pass an act abolishing the office of county superintendent and practi- cally abolished that of the state superintendent also. This false step was arrested only by the governor's veto. The superintendent's report for the year ending August 31, 1880, shows a marked improvement not only in the number of schools, but also in the character of the instruction afforded. The scholastic population at that time numbered 544,862, of whom 290,141 were enrolled in the *Marion County not reporting. HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 441 public schools, and 41,068 in private schools. The number of teachers employed was white, 3,506, and colored 1,247. The aggregate receipts from all sources for school purposes amounted to $930,734.33. Out of the ninety-four counties in the State only ten failed to levy a school tax. The census reports of 1880 present conclusive evidence of increased efl&ciency in the schools of the State. During the preceding decade the increase in the number of white illiterates was only eleven and four- tenths per cent, while the increase in white population was twenty-one and seven-tenths per cent. This in contrast with the report of 1870 is a gratifying improvement. The following statistics for the year ending August 31, 1885, afford still further proof that the public schools throughout the State are steadily advancing. The scholastic population numbered 609,028, of whom 156,143 were colored; 7,214 teachers taught in 6,605 schools, with an aggregate enrollment of 373,877, and an average daily attendance of 150,502 white, and 41,901 colored pupils. Total amount of school money received, including the balance on hand at the beginning of the year, was $1,308,839.17. The number of school- houses in the State was 5,066, of which 289 were erected during the year. A great improvement in the character of the houses is noticed. While ten years before a large part of the houses built were logs, out of 289 built in 1880 only fifty-nine were of that kind. The estimated value of school property at that time was $1,375,780.86. The following table shows the average number of days in which the schools were in session for each year since the establishment of the present system : 1874 77 1880 68 1875 67 1881 86 1876 71.9 1882 73 1877 70 1883 78 1878 77 1884 78 1879 69 1885 80 For the past three years the office of superintendent of public in- struction has been filled with marked ability by Thomas H. Paine, who is doing much to sustain and advance the educational interests of the State. Although the condition of the public schools is not entirely sat- isfactory, the progress that has been made during the past ten years has assured their permanency. Heretofore one of the greatest impediments to efficient schools has been the lack of competent teachers, but this ob- stacle is gradually being removed. The normal schools are annually sending out increased numbers of trained teachers, while institutes and associations are doing much to improve those already in the work. It can hardly be expected, however, that the best results will be attained until the school revenue is in some way sufficiently increased to furnish 442 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. the youtli of the State an average of more than seventy-five days of school in a year. During the winter of 1884-85 an educational exhibit was made at the World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans, This department was placed under the direction of Prof. Frank Goodman, of Nashville, who by energy and persistency succeeded in presenting an exhibit which did not suffer in comparison with any other State. All the leading colleges, seminaries and high schools in the State were represented. In the early part of this chapter the history of Cumberland College was traced to the election of Dr. Priestly as president of the board of trustees in 1810. The exercises of the institution were conducted by him until 181G, when they were suspended and so continued until his re- election for a second term in 1820. The college was then re-opened, but was soon compelled to suspend again on account of the death of Dr. Priestly, which occurred in February, 1821. The institution tli^en re- mained closed until the autumn of 1821, when Dr. Phillip Lindsley, who had just refused the presidency of Princeton College, was prevailed up- on to take charge of it. At that time, of the 240 acres originally granted to the college, only about six remained. This formed the old college campus and included the site of the present medical college. In 1825 a farm of 120 acres near the college was purchased at $60 per acre. Por- tions of this land were soon after sold for about $17,000, leaving thirty acres. Dr. Lindsley reorganized the institution, and it was opened for the winter session of 1824-25 with thirty-five students. It was his aim and desire to make Nashville the great educational center of the South- west. He planned the building of a university to consist of several colleges, like those of Oxford and Cambridge, Accordingly on November 27, 1826, the Legislature passed an act to incorporate the trustees and offi- cers of Cumberland College under the name of the University of Nash- ville. The following is the preamble to the act: Whereas, it is represented to be the wish of the trustees of Cumberland College to erect several additional halls and colleges besides that heretofore known and still to be known by the name of Cumberland College on their grounds near Nashville, and to estab- lish additional schools thereon, and by a union of the whole to build up a university and thereby to enlarge their sphere of operations and increase their means of usefulness. This change, however, proved to be only in name, as the university continued with the same departments and under the same organization as the college. The number of students gradually increased until the summer of 1836, when the attendance reached 126. From that time until 1850, when the institution was suspended, the attendance decreased. This was owing in a great measure to the large number of similar insti- tutions which had been established in the State. In an address delivered HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. MS in 1847, Dr. Lindsley says: "When this college was revived and reor- ganized at the close of 1824, there were no similar institutions in actual operation within 200 miles of Nashville. There were none in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Middle or West Tennessee. There are now some thirty or more within that distance, and nine within fifty miles of our city." A report on the university made in 1850 by a committee consisting of L. P. Cheatham, F. B. Fogg, E. H. Ewing, John M. Bass and R. J. Meigs, has the following concerning the attendance: "During the whole of this time (1824-50) the number of students has been larger than that of any other institution in Tennessee, when the following facts are taken into consideration. There is no preparatory school attached to the uni- versity, and the students have usually been members of the college classes proper. Most students when they come to enter the University of Nashville, come to enter the junior class, and usually two-thirds of the whole number of students are members of the junior and senior classes." The whole number of regular graduates with the degree of Bachelor of Arts from 1813 to 1824 were 18; from 1824 to 1850, 414. The total number of students matriculated in the regular college classes during the latter period was 1,059. Dr. Lindsley was a thorough scholar, and under his management the college maintained a high standard. "Under its influence grew up a cultivated, liberal community; through its influence and by the efforts of the young men sent forth to engagO in and to encourage education, sprang up twenty colleges within fifty miles of Nashville, to divide, dis- tract and compete with the university, and at the "same time to accom- plish much good. It was the inevitable conflict of localities which had to demonstrate that every village cannot be a seat of learning. It pre- pared the soil in which great institutions take deep root and flourish — the soil which has developed the public school system and attracted hither Vanderbilt University, the Normal School, and brought here the risk, Tennessee Central and Baptist Normal and Theological Colleges to engage in the great work of the elevation of the Afiican race of America."* The university exercises were suspended in 1850, the old college building being transferred to the medical department, which was then organized. For several years previous the organization of a medical department of the university had been under contemplation. So early as 1843 a committee of the board of trustees reported it advisable to at once establish a medical school. The subject continued to be agitated *H. M. Doak. 444 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. by medical men, but nothing definite was accomplished until the latter part of 1850, when an address was presented to the trustees of the uni- versity by prominent physicians of Nashville asking privilege to establish a medical department with entire independence of management. This was granted. The Jboard then elected the following corps of instructors: John M. Watson, M. D., obstetrics and diseases of women and children; A. H. Buchanan, M. D., surgery; W. K. Bowling, M. D., institutes and practice of medicine; C. K. Winston, M. D., mafcria medica and phar- macy; Eobert M. Porter, M. D., anatomy and physiology; J. Ber en Lindsley, M. D., chemistry and pharmacy. Winston was chosen presi- dent of the faculty, and Lindsley, dean. A lease of the university build- ing was made for a term of twenty-two years, which has since been twice extended, the last time in 1875, making the lease expire in October, 1905. The first class, numbering thirty-three, was graduated in February, 1852. The institution immediately took rank with the first medical schools in the United States, both as to the excellence of its training, and the number of students. In 1857 there were 137 graduates, and in 1861, 141. Its alumni in 1880 numbered 2,200. In 1874 the Vanderbilt University adopted the faculty of the medical department of Nashville University with the agreement that students matriculating in the former institution shall be graduated under its auspices, and receive its diploma, while the matriculates of the latter shall be graduated as before. In 1853-54 a portion of the land still remaining was sold and new buildings were erected a short distance from the old college. In the fall of the latter year the literary department was re-opened with an attend- ance of forty pupils, and three graduates at the end of the year. In 1855 it was vinited with the Western Military Institute, of which Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson was superintendent. It was conducted on the military plan until the breaking out of the civil war, when the buildings were used as a hospital. After the close of the war the trustees of the university located the Montgomery Bell Academy in the buildings of the literar}' department of the university. This school was founded by the bequest of Montgom- ery Bell, a prominent iron manufacturer, who left ^20,000 for that pur- pose. "By the will of the founder, gratuitous instruction is given to twenty-five boys, not less than ten nor more than fourteen years of age, 'who are uukble to support and educate themselves, and whose parents are unable to do so,' from th^ counties of Davidson, Dickson, Montgomery and Williamson, Tennessee." The academy continued to occupy a portion of the university building until 1881, when a separate building was W^V1]0 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE, ^ 445 erected for it, to make room for the increasing attendance of the normal college. This latter institution was the re-habilitation in a more vital form of the literary and scientific departments of the university, giving them a larger and more comprehensive sphere in the direction of popular educa- tion in the South. Its establishment was accomplished through the aid granted by the trustees of the Peabody Fund, whose aim it had been from the first to assist the cause of education in the South by providing trained teachers rather than by direct support of schools. Ifc was there- fore .determined to establish one or more thoroughly equipped normal colleges. In 1867 Dr. Lewis proposed to give $2,000 to aid a normal school in Tennessee, if one should be established. For various reasons this could not then be accomplished, but $800 and $1,000 was granted to Fisk University and the Lookout Mountain school, respectively, both of which organized normal departments. In 1873 a bill for the establishment of a State normal school was presented to the Legislature, and passed three readings in the Senate and two in the House, but was defeated for want of time at the close of the session. This bill made provision for supplementing $6,000 annually from the Peabody Fund by an appopriation of an equal amount from the treasury of the State, At the next session of the General Assembly a similar bill was introduced, but it failed in the Senate. A bill without an appropriation clause was then prepared ; this became a law in March, 1875. It merely provided for the appointment of a State board of education with authority to establish a normal school or schools, but without any means of accomplishing it. The University of Nashville, however, promptly tendered to the board its buildings, grounds and funds, with the exception of those appropriated to the medical college; which propo- sition the trustees of the Peabody Fund supplemented by an offer of $6,000 a year for two years. These offers were accepted. With a temporary fund of $1,200 thus secured the normal college was formally opened by the State board of education at the capital Decem- ber 1, 1875, with Eben S. Stearns, LL.D., as president, assisted by a corps of teachers of the highest qualification. Although the school opened late in the season and the project was wholly new to most of the .people, no less than fifteen candidates presented themselves for examina- tion, and before the first term of ten weeks had closed forty-seven had been admitted. At the end of the school year the number had increased to sixty. It continued to grow in popularity and flourished beyond ex- pectation. The State, however, failed to make any appropriation for its support. 28 446 HISTOBY OF TENNESSEE. In his report in 1879 Dr. Sears says of the institution: "The fnnds on which we relied for its support from the State, and in part, also, from the university, have failed us. Besides, as a part of the college building is still occupied by the Montgomery Bell Academy, which is in charge of the university trustees, the normal college has already out- grown its narrow accommodations, and its numbers are rapidly increasing. Kepresentations of our necessities were made during a visit of three weeks last year, both to the same board of education and to the trustees of the university, neither of which felt authorized to give any hope of relief. Since that time the Legislature has met and declined to make any appropriation. It has, therefore, become a serious question whether some change, possibly involving a removal, shall not be made, to secure ample accommodations and better support for the future." The State of Georgia was desirous of securing the normal college, and made liberal offers to the trustees of the Peabody Fund. Arrangements for the transfer of the institution had been nearly completed, when the trustees of the University of Nashville made the following proposition: To remove the Montgomery Bell Academy and turn over the buildings occupied by it to the normal school ; Ito appropriate $10,000, to be raised by mortgage on the property, or otherwise, and to be expended in im- provements or the purchase of apparatus ; and to appropriate the interest on $50,000 of Tennessee bonds held by the university, provided enough be reserved to pay the interest on the $10,000 borrowed. The citizens of Nashville also raised by subscription a fund of $4,000 as a guarantee that the Legislature of 1881 should make an appropriation for the benefit of the college. These efforts prevented the removal of the institution and secured its permanent location at Nashville. On April 6, 1881, $10,000 was appropriated for its support by the General Assembly. It was provided that one pupil for each senatorial flistrict in the State should be admitted upon proper recommendation, and that such pupil shall receive at least $100 per annum for two years out of the funds of the school; $2,500 was at the same time appropri- ated for scholarships for colored students. Two years later this amount was increased to $3,300, and that part of the former act requiring a portion of the annual appropriation to be used in paying scholarships was repealed. The colored students are educated in the normal depart- • ments of Fisk University, Eoger Williams University, Knoxville College and the Central Tennessee College. The normal school is now known as the Tennessee State Normal College of the University of Nashville, the chancellor of the university being the president of the coUege. The college buildings, situated in the center of the campus sixteen acres HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 447 in extent, are among the finest and best appointed in the South. The college proper is a stone structure, having a center building and two •wings about 225 feet front and 110 feet depth in the center, and 60 feet depth in each of the wiugs. The building is two stories high. An ele- gant chancellor's residence was added a few years ago. Since its organization the institution has been under the direction of Dr. Stearns, who has conducted it with signal ability, and has retained the implicit confidence of all interested in its success. The following is the present faculty: Eben S. Stearns, D.D., LL.D., president; Julia A. Sears, L.I. ; Lizzie Bloomstein, L.L; Benjamin B. Penfield, A.M.; Mary L. Cook, L.I., B.A. ; Julia A. Doak, John L. Lampson, A. M. ; Willianj C. Day, Ph.D.; John E. Bailey, teacher of vocal music; Mary E.W, Jones, lady director of gymnasium; George H. Hammersley, gentlemaij director of gymnasium ; Hon. William B. Eeese, lecturer on common and civil law; Julia A. Sears, librarian. The first State board of education consisted of Gov. Porter, ex officio president; J. B. Lindsley, secretary: Edwin H. Ewing, Samuel Watson, R. W. Mitchell, L. G. Tarbox and J. J. Reese. The present board is as follows: Gov. William B. Bate, ex officio president; Dr. J. Berrien Lindsley, secretary and treasurer; Hon. W. P. Jones, M. D., Supt. F. M. Smith, Prof, Frank Goodman, Hon. Leon Trousdale, Hon. Thomas H, Paine. The establishment of East Tennessee College* in the place of Blount College has already been noticed. The trustees of the new institution met in 1808 and organized, retaining Carrick as president. His term of service, however, was short, as he died the following year. No immediate steps were taken to supply his place, nor was anything done toward the erection of a new college building, from the fact, doubtless, that the trustees had no available funds and that there was no iramediate prospect of realizing a revenue from the land grants. Lotteries were popular institutions in Tennessee at that time, and the Legislature of 1810 author- ized a lottery scheme for the benefit of East Tennessee College, appoint- ing Hugh L. White, Thomas McCorry, James Campbell, Robert Craig- head and John N. Gamble trustees for the purpose. The trustees put forth an advertisement in which they "flatter themselves that the scheme will be satisfactory to all who wish to become adventurers with a view to better their circumstances. When the object to be attained by the lottery is considered, it is believed every individual will be anxious to become an adventurer. It is not designed to retrieve a shattered fortune, nor to convert into cash at an extravagant price property that is *Condensed from the historical sketch by Col. Moses White. 448 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. of no use, but it is intended to aid the funds of a seminary of education, where youth of the present and succeeding generations may have their minds prepared in such a manner as to make them ornaments to their families and useful to their country as will enable them to understand their rights as citizens, and duties as servants of the people." This scheme proved a failure. A sufficient number of tickets were not sold, and no di'awing occurred. Meanwhile, Hampden Sidney Academy had been established for Knox County, and its trustees, by private subscription, had succeeded in raising sufficient funds to justify effecting an organization. However, it was not until January 1, 1817, that the academy opened its doors for the reception of pupils. In Octo- ber, 1820, the trustees of East Tennessee College decided to put that institution into operation again, and an agreement was entered into whereby the academy and college were united, D. A. Sherman, the principal of the academy, becoming president of the college. He was a graduate of Yale, of the class of 1802, and for several years afterward a tutor in that institution. During his presidency of the college, he was assisted by Daniel E. Watrous, James McBath and David S. Hart, the last named, the first graduate of East Tennessee College, taking his de- gree in 1821. Mr. Sherman, on account of failing health, withdrew from the college in 1825, and Samuel E. Kodgers and James McBath contin- ued the exercises as tutors in charge for one year. In 1826 tJie trustees, having obtained permission to select another and more eligible site than the Poplar Spring, purchased of Pleasant M. Miller, for the sum of ^600, Barbara Hill, so named, in honor of Barbara Blount, the daughter of William Blount. They proceeded to erect the center college building and three one-story dormitories back of the college, so arranged as to make a square of the campus. The trus- tees then succeeded in securing as president the Rev. Charles Coffin, of Greeneville College, a man of great worth and elegant classical attainments. About this time considerable popular opposition toward colleges was manifested, and those institutions suffered accordingly. Dr. Coffin, how- ever, prosecuted his labors for several years in the face of the greatest difficulties and embarrassments, with unremitting energy and assiduity, but popular prejudice increased. In 1832, worn down with excessive labor and anxious care, he was compelled to resign the presidency, and the next year was succeeded by James H. Piper, of Virginia, an alumnus of the college of the class of 1830. At the end of one year he resigned the presi- dency in despair. It is said that he was the ambitious youth who aspired to carve his name above that of the father of his country, on the natural bridge. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 449 He was immediately succeeded by Joseph Estabrook, a graduate of Dartmouth. He at once secured a corps of able assistants, and soon suc- ceeded in raising the college from almost total prostration to a respecta- ble rank among the educational institutions of the country. In 1837 the college was organized into regular classes, and the first catalogue was published. By an act of the Legislature in 1840, the name of East Ten- nessee College was changed to that of East Tennessee University, and greater power and more extended privileges were granted. Soon after the sale of a part of the land belonging to the institution enabled the trustees to make some important and long needed improvements. They contracted with Thomas Crutchfield, Esq., of Athens, who had built the main edifice, to erect the two three-story dormitories, and the two houses and appurtenances on the right and left slopes, originally intended to be used as dwellings by the professors, but which an increasing demand for room has required to be appropriated to other purposes. The final set- tlement of the commissioners, James H. Cowan and Drury P. Armstrong, with the contractor, July, 1848, exhibits as the total cost of the improve- ment the sum of $20,965.18. . At this time the college was just entering upon a decline, which was hastened by the resignation of President Estabrook, in 1850. This de- cline was due to the same causes that compelled the suspension of the University of Nashville — the multiplication of colleges and denom- inational schools throughout Tennessee and the entire South. The trustees, appreciating the necessity, called into requisition the great name and extensive personal popularity of the Hon. W. B. Reese, who had a short time before resigned his seat upon the supreme bench. Judge Heese assumed the presidency in the fall of 1850, but even his great learning, industry, and influence were not sufficient to stay the decline: and after having graduated an even dozen students, he resigned at the end of the third year of his presidency. The trustees experienced con- siderable difficulty in securing a satisfactory successor. Bev. George Cook was finally elected and accepted. He was a native of New Hamp- shire, a graduate of Dartmouth, and had been for several years the prin- cipal of a flourishing female seminary in Knoxville. As a majority of the professors had resigned with the president, the vacancies had to be filled, and the formal opening of the university was postponed from the fall of 1853 until the beijinnino^ of the summer session of 1854. The cholera prevailed with considerable violence and fatality in Knoxville in the following September, and the fear of its recurrence deterred the stu- dents from returning at the opening of the winter session. An attempt was then made to organize a medical department, but a 450 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. sufficient number of competent physicians could not be obtained to fill the chairs. After this failure an agreement was entered into with the Western Military Institute to consolidate that institution with the uni- versity, but Nashville offered greater inducements, and it went there. President Cook next recommended the establishment of an agricultural department, but before the result of his last proposition was learned, he resigned in despair in ,1857. During the following year the exercises of the university were suspended, and another unsuccessful attempt was made to establish a medical department. On the 20th of March, 1858, the head of Burritt College, Van Bureu County, Tenn., was elected, president of the^ university, and under his charge the university was formally reopened in September following. At the close of his second year he resigned, and the vacancy thus caused was filled by the election of Rev. J. J. Ridley, of Clarksville. Owing to the untiring efforts of the retiring president the next session opened with a largely increased attendance. The first important action taken by the new president was to secure the adoption of a resolution extending gra- tuitous education to candidates for the ministry of all religious denom- inations. A military department was again organized and rigid discipline adopted in the management of the university. But just as the institu- tion was again in successful operation the civil Avar came on. Students enlisted and instructors resigned. In a short time general demoraliza- tion pervaded the whole institution. A portion of the university build- ings was soon demanded by the military. On February 7, 1862, the president unconditionally resigned. The buildings and grounds were used by the Confederates and Federals in turn ; and after the close of the war the United States Government paid to the trustees, in the way of rents and damages, the sum of $15,000. July 10, 18()5, the board of trustees, as a preparatory step toward reorganizing the university and resuming exercises therein, unanimously elected the Rev. Thomas Humes president, who at once addressed him- self to the task before him. The university buildings, in consequence of their having been occupied for several years by the array, were not in a condition to be used for college purposes. Without waiting for the nec- essary repairs to be made, in the spring of 18(56 President Humes resumed exercises in the biiildings of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum. In September, 1867, the work of instruction was resumed in the college buildings. In accordance with the provisions of an act of Congress, approved' Jiily 2, 1862, making endowments for industrial colleges to the several HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 451 States, the Legislature of the State in January, 1869, appropriated, upon certain conditions, the agricultural fund to East Tennessee Univer- sity. In June, 1800, the trustees organized the Tennessee Industrial College, and in September of the same year it went into operation. Its endowment from the United States was invested in 396 State of Tennes- see bonds of $1,000 each, bearing 6 per cent interest, the payment of which for several years was much delayed. Notwithstanding this serious obstacle, the success of the institution was very gratifying. A fine farm situated about three-fourths of a mile from the university was purchased for its use; new buildings were erected, and an excellent chemical labor- atory was provided and equipped. In 1879 the name of East Tennessee University was changed, by an act of the Legislature, to the University of Tennessee. At the same time the governor was authorized to appoint a board of visitors to the university, three from each grand division of the State, and other legislation connecting the university intimately with the public school system of the State. Since that time a full university organization has been adopted. The courses of ' instruction have been enlarged and multiplied, and the university now offers excellent advan- tages for both general and special study. ^ The medical department was organized as the Nashville Medical Col- lege in the summer of 1876. It was founded by Drs. Duncan Eve and W. F. Glenn, who drew from the faculty of the medical department of the University of Nashville and Vanderbilt University Drs. Paul F. Eve, T. B. Buchanan, George S. Blackie, TV. P. Jones and J. J. Abernethy. The first session of this institution commenced on March 5, 1877, and was attended with brilliant success from the first. In the spring of 1879 a dental department was established, being the first dental school in the South. During the same year an overture was received from the trust- ees of the University of Tennessee to become their medical department, and such an agreement was effected. The following is the present faculty: Hon. William P. Jones, M. D., president of faculty, professor of mental diseases and public hygiene; Duncan Eve, M. D., dean of the faculty, professor of sur- gery and clinical surgery; William F. Glenn, M. D., professor of physi- ology, geni to-urinary and venereal diseases; J. Bunyan Stephens, M. D,, professor of obstetrics and clinical midwifery; Deering J. Eoberts, M. D., professor of theory and practice of medicine and clinical medicine; Paul F. Eve, M. D., professor of general, descriptive and su:*-gical anat- omy; William D. Haggard, M. D., professor of gynecology and diseases of children; Woodford M. Vertrees, M. D., professor of materia medica and therapeutics- William E. McCampbell, M. D,, professor of medical 4:52 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. cliemistiy and toxicology; William G. Brien, M. D., LL. D,, professor of medical jurisprudence; John G. Sinclair, M. D., professor of diseases of the eye, ear and throat; James Y. Crawford, M. D., D. D. S., professor of prophylactic dentistry and oral surgery; Paul F. Eve, M. D., William E. McCampbell, M. D., demonstrators of anatomy. At the close of the session of 1882-83 Dr. Humes resigned the pres- idency of the university. The trustees thereupon determined to leave the presidency unfilled for the ensuing year, and gave power to the faculty to elect from their body a chairman clothed with the authority and charged with the duties of a president. So satisfactory was this arrange- ment that it has since been continued. The following are the faculty and officers of the university: Eben Alexander, B. A., chairman of the faculty; Hunter Nicholson, A. M., professor of natural history and ge- ology; Eben Alexander, B. A., professor of ancient languages and litera- ture; Samuel B. Crawford, M. A., professor of military science and com- mandant of cadets; Bodes Massie, A. M., D. L., professor of English and modern languages; John W. Glenn, A. M., professor of agriculture, horticulture and botany; William Albert Noys, Ph. D., professor of chemistry and mineralogy; William W. Carson, C. E., M. E., professor of mathematics; William Everett Moses, B. S., adjunct professor of chem- istry; Samuel B. Crawford, M. A., adjunct professor of mathematics; Thomas Oakley Deaderick, M. A., adjunct professor of ancient lan- guages; William Gibbs McAdoo, M. A., adjunct professor of English and history; Lewis Conner Carter, C. E., instructor in applied mathe- matics; John Newton Bogart, M. A., instructor in sub-collegiate classes; William Isaac Thomas, M. A., instructor in modern languages and nat- ural history; Gustav Robert Knabe, Mus. D., instructor in vocal and instrumental music; Hunter Nicholson, A. M,, librarian; Robert James Cummings, farm superintendent; Hon. John L. Moses, president of the board of trustees ; Robert Craighead, secretary and treasurer. Trustees : Hon. William B. Bate, governor of Tennessee, ex officio; Hon. John Alli- son, secretary of State, ex officio; Hon. Thomas H. Paine, superintend- ent of public instruction, ex officio; Rev. Thomas W. Humes, S. T. D., Hugh L. McClung, William K. Eckle, Hon. O. P. Temple, Frank A. K Scott, Robert H. Armstrong, Hon. John Baxter*, B. Frazier, M. D., William Rule, S. H. Smith, M. D., R. P. Eaton, M. D., H. L. W. Mynatt, Charles M. McGhee, Hon. D. A. Nunn, Edward J. Sanford, W. A. Hen- derson, Esq., Hon. J. M. Coulter, Rev. James Park, D. D., James D. Cowan, C. Deaderick, M. D., John M. Boyd, M. D., Hon. John L. Moses, Hon. George Brown, A. Caldwell, Esq., John M. Fleming, Esq., J. W. ♦Deceased. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 453 Gaut, Samuel J, McKinney, William Morrow, M. D., William B. Eeese, Esq., Moses White, Esq., Hon. W. C. Whitthorne, Samuel B. Luttrell, Robert Craighead, James Comfort, Esq., J. B. Killebrew. By an act of Congress, passed in 1846, extinguishing the title to the unappropriated lands south and west of the congressional reservation line, it was required that $40,000 arising from the sale of said lands be set apart for the endowment of a college to be located at Jackson. According- ly, the institution known as West Tennessee College was chartered in . Before the war it was a prosperous and successful institution, under the administration of able and accomplished presidents and professors, and many of the most distinguished citizens of the State claim West Tennes- see College as their alma mater. In 1865, immediately after the close of the war, Dr. William Shelton was elected president of the college, with B. W. Arnold as professor of ancient languages, and B. L. Arnold as professor of mathematics and natural science. Under the administra- tion of Dr. Shelton and his faculty of instruction, West Tennessee Col- lege was built up to a high degree of prosperity, so that it had a larger number of students than at any previous period in its history. In 1869 the entire faculty resigned, and a new faculty was employed, with Rev. E. L. Patton as president. In August, 1874, the buildings, grounds, and endowments of West Tennessee College, estimated at $90,000, were donated to the trustees of the Southwestern Baptist University, on con- dition that an interest bearing endowment of $300,000 be raised for the university within a period of ten years from the time of transfer. A meeting of the Tennessee Baptist Convention was immediately called, the plan accepted, and preliminary steps were taken toward obtaining a charter under the name of the Southwestern Baptist University. On September 14, 1874, the academic department of the new institution was opened, and at the beginning of the next school year the collegiate de- partment was organized. Under the new name and management the university has been eminently prosperous, and now ranks as one of the best institutions in the State. 454: HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. CHAPTER XIV. History of the Early Wars— The Military Training of the " Volunteer State "—The Tories of East Tennessee— The Part Borne by the State IN THE Revolution— The Brilliant Strategy and Prowess of Sevier AND Shelby— Actions at King's Mol^ntain and Elsewhere— The War of 1812— Jackson's Campaigns against the Creeks— The Memorable Battle AT NE\t Orleans — The Seminole War — Its Hardships and Long Contin- uance — Tennesseeans Concerned in the Achievement of the Independ- ence OF Texas— The War with Mexico— The Volunteers— Sketch of the Campaigns. ALTHOUGH a peace-loving and law-abiding people, Tennessee lias acliieved a record in all the wars of the Government or State that is the pride of descendants and the admiration of all beholders. What with the Indian wars, and what with the Revolution, the beginning of the present century finds the inhabitants of the State comparatively a war- like people. The settlers of the mountain region of East Tennessee found it necessary to defend themselves against the Indians at a very early date. Fort Loudon was built by the British, one mile above the mouth of the Tellico River, in 1756. Stimulated by French influence, the Cherokees attacked this fort in 1760, and starved it into surrender on August 8th of that year. The garrison consisted of between 200 and 300 Scotch Highlanders, who surrendered on the promise of Oconos- tota that they should be allowed a safe return to the Carolinas. They were followed, and on the second day were overtaken and cut to pieces, except a few, and a fence built of their bones. Other forts were built, which served the colonists a good purpose during the troublous times of the Revolution, not only against the British Tories, but against the Indians, whom British intrigue stirred up to revolt. The hardy mountaineers of East Tennessee were not numerous, but were in- tensely loyal to the cause of independence, and were the terror of Tories and British. Owing to danger from the Indians the mountaineers dared not leave home but for a short time. In 1777 a party of forty men went to Boonesborough, Ky., for the relief of the settlement then besieged by the Indians. The condition of the people became so desperate that Capt. Logan and a select party undertook the perilous journey of 200 miles through an enemy's country to ask relief of the pioneers of Tennes- see. The appeal was not in vain, for in a short time 100 riflemen* were on their way with supplies to relieve the beleaguered garrison. The fall HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. -i55 of Charleston on May 12, 1780, exposed the whole of the Carolinas and Tennessee to the attacks of the British and the Indians. On March 19, 1780, John Sevier, colonel of Washington County mil- itia, under a call of Samuel Rutherford, united with John Willson, Will- iam Trimble, James Stinson, John McNabb, Jonathan Tipton and Godfrey Isbell in raising 100 men. The captains of Col.' Sevier's regi- ment were McNabb. Sevier, Hoskins, Bean, Brown, Isbell, Trimble, Willson, Gist, Stinson, Davis, Patterson and Williams. A similar call was made upon Isaac Shelby, colonel of Sullivan County, who was then absent surveying lands in Kentucky, but a message brought him hur- riedly home. Fortunately for these commanders their forces were not ready soon enough, in consequence of which they were not in the disastrous defeat at Camden. Many who before this time were pretended friends now became open enemies to the country. It was determined by the British commander, Cornwallis, to carry the war into the Whig settle- ments beyond the Alleghanies and thence conquer and lay waste North Carolina as he had South Carolina, and advance into Virginia. Col. Sevier soon issued another call for volunteers, and in a few days found himself at the head of 200 men. Col. Shelby, who received word of the impending danger on the IGth of June, was in command of 200 men in the first part of July. The forces of Sevier and Shelby arrived at Col. McDowell's camp at Cherokee Ford on Broad River, about the same time. Col. Moore, who was assembling a large body of Tories, took post at a strong fort built by Gen. Williamson on the Pacolet River. The successes of the British led many disaffected to his standard. The rapid advance of the main force of the British led Col. McDowell to strike a blow at once. Cols. Sevier, Shelby and Clarke were detached with 600 men to attack Moore forthwith. These riflemen took up their line of march at sunset and by daylight had marched twenty miles and had surrounded the fort. Lines were deployed and ready to assault; Col. Shelby sent William Cocke to demand the surrender of the fort. Moore refused and declared he would defend the place to the last ex- tremity. The American lines Avere drawn closely around the fort and anxiously awaited the order for assault, when a second demand was made, intimating that if they were compelled to assault it might be difficult to restrain the mountaineers from acts of violence. Moore acceded to the terms of surrender on condition that the garrison should be paroled not to serve again during the war. The forces surrendered, consisting of ninety-three Loyalists and a British sergeant-major, who was the drill- master. Besides the men, there was a large supply of arms and other supplies. Col. Ferguson, who commanded the British, determined to 456 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. crush the forces of McDowell. The only hope of the latter was to annoy and cut off straggling forces of the enemy, now amounting to about 6,000 men. Ferguson's plan was to surprise McDowell. Cols. Shelby and Clarke, with 6)00 men, were attacked at Cedar Springs in August by a large British force. They maintained the fight for half an hour, when Ferguson's whole force arrived and compelled the Americans to with- draw, taking with them twenty prisoners, including two British officers. The American loss was ten or twelve killed and wounded, including CoL Clarke, who received a sabre cut in the neck. The next stroke of the Americans was at a band of 400 or 500 Tories en- camped on the south side of the Enoree River at Musgrove's mill, about forty miles distant from the Americans. Ferguson's main force lay be- tween the Americans and their prize. Col. McDowell, the American com- mander, detached Cols. Shelby, Clarke and Williams, of South Carolina, to surprise and capture these Tories. They started on the 18th of August, and after a hard night's ride reached the object of their search. In the march they had been compelled to make a detour of several miles to avoid Ferguson's men. About a half mile from the enemy's camp they met a patrol and a skirmish ensued and the enemy gave way. It was now learned that the enemy had received a re-enforcement of 600 regu- lars. The Americans were in a dilemma. To fight these seemed des- perate ; to retreat was impossible, being worn as they were. The sound of drums and bugles indicated the advance of the British. Capt. Inman was sent forward to fight the advancing line and retreat at discretion. He met the British gallantly and retreated slowly to within range of the main forces. These maintained their ground for more than an hour; just as the Americans were about to give way Col. Ennes, the British com- mander, was wounded; nearly all of his subalterns had already been killed or wounded. The British gave way. Capt. Inman was killed "while gallantly leading his men; only six or seven others were lost. The British regulars fought bravely, but over 200 A\^ere captured. The next point the Americans aimed at was Ninety-Six, thirty miles away. At the moment of starting a message was received from Col. McDowell, stating that Gen. Gates had been overwhelmed at Camden, and advising the Americans to save themselves as best they could. The 200 prisoners, the spoils of the victory, were divided among the men, giving one to each of the three Americans. Thus encumbered they started for their mountain fastnesses, and by a ride of all that day, the following night and the next day, arrived at a place of safety, not, how- ever, without having been pursued by a strong force under Maj. Dupois- ter, sent by Ferguson. Their forces were for a time scattered. The HI8T0KY OF TENNESSEE. ' 4:57 near approacli of the British and threatening of Ferguson to cross the mountains to attack the Tennesseeans in their homes, called them together again. News reached Col. Shelby of the danger in August, and he immediately rode fifty or sixty miles to consult with Sevier. In two days they determined to raise all the forces they could, and if possible surprise Ferguson in his camp. They appointed September 25 as the day of meeting, and Sycamore Shoals on the Watauga as the place. The whole fighting population of the district was considerably less than 1,000, and at least half of these were deemed necessary to guard the forts and the frontier. Only the strong and vigorous were allowed to go. The whole population met at the camp on the Watauga. Here they were met by Col. Campbell, of Virginia, with 400 men. Col. Sevier took 240 from Washington County, Col. Shelby the same number from Sullivan County; also a great many Whig refugees were assembled under Col. McDowell. Steadman, who served under Cornwallis, says: " The enemy was composed of the wild and fierce inhabitants of Kentucky and other settlements beyond the Alleghanies, who had assembled fi*om different places and with different objects. They were under such leaders as Cleveland, Shelby, Sevier, Branden and Lacey; the men were well mounted on horseback and armed with rifles, and each carried his own provisions in a wallet, and were not encumbered by wagons." Each man, each officer set out with his trusty Deckhard on his shoulder. A shot-pouch, a tomahawk, a knife, a knapsack and a blanket completed his outfit. The earth was his bed, the heavens his covering, the moun- tain stream gave him drink and the forests yielded him food. These men started in rapid movement along mountain paths toward Gilbert Town where Ferguson was encamped. The desertion of two men caused them to change their course a little. When nearing the foot of the moun- tains they fell in with others bent on doing the British mischief. Some of these men were well armed, some not; some were on foot and some mounted. This motley crew chose a leader of their own and determined to attack the British. Ferguson became alarmed at this " inundation of barbarians and dogs of mankind," and called loudly for the loyalists to rally to his standard. On October 4 the Americans reached Gilbert Town to find that Fer- guson had decamped and was earnestly soliciting Cornwallis for re-en- forcements. It was soon agreed among the American commanders to select the best men, horses and arms and follow Ferguson with all speed. Nine hundred and ten men out of nearly 3,000 were chosen to lead the pursuit, the others to follow as rapidly as possible. Several bands of Tories offered tempting baits for these brave mountaineers, but these they 458 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. did not care to disturb, well knowing if the British regulars were dis- posed of the Tories would be an easy prey. For thirty-six hours these men rode with but one hour's rest, and the day of battle was hot and so wet that the men were compelled to wrap their guns with their blankets or hunting-shirts to keep them dry. The men were now within three miles of the British camp. It was learned the British intended to join Cornwallis next day, and the Americans determined not to allow the chance for victory to slip, so without food or rest they prepared for the onset. The touch-holes of their guns were cleaned and fresh priming was put in, bullets were examined and a plan of the battle was hastily formed. Ferguson had taken post on an eminence, which in loyalty to his sovereign he called King's Mountain. The Americans dismounted and began the attack. Their plan was to surround the mountain. Cols. McDowell, Shelby, Sevier and Campbell passed to the right, and Ham- bright, Chronicle, Cleveland and Williams to the left, so as to join the wings in the rear of the rpountain. All things being ready, they raised the Indian war-whoop and advanced upon the enemy. The battle was of the most desperate character. As the British regulars charged bayonets, the Americans, by an understanding, slowly yielded on that side, but ad- vanced on the other, and then the British were called to resist the great pressure elsewhere, when the Americans again advanced their lines. The Americans fought as only American mountaineers could fight, the British regulars with the desperation of despair. Prodigies of valor were performed by Sevier, Shelby and, in fact, all the officers and men. No less valorous was Ferguson of the British. Courting danger and disdaining death, he seemed everywhere present. Twice was the white flag raised and twice pulled down or cut down by his own hands. He had sworn that all the rebels out of could not drive him from his position, and no band of banditti could intimidate him or the Brit- ish regulars. The fight continued hot and desperate. At last Ferguson fell, and the animating spirit of the British was gone. Dupoister, second in command, seeing resistance useless, raised the Avhite flag. In the hour's engagement the enemy lost 225 killed and 180 wounded, and 700 prisoners and all their stores. Not one of the Brit- ish escaped. The prisoners were more numerous than the whole force to guard them. The loss to the Americans was 1 colond, 1 major, 1 captain, 2 lieutenants, 4 ensigns and 19 privates killed ; and 1 major, 3 captains, 3 lieutenants and 53 privates wounded. In Col. Shelby's regiment from Sullivan County his brother Moses was wounded in a bold attempt to storm the enemy. The captains of his regiment were Elliott, Maxwell and Webb. The Washington County troops were HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 459 commanded by Col. Sevier, whose captains were his brothers Valen- tine and Robert Sevier, Joel Callahan, George Doherty and George Eus- sell ; lieutenant, Isaac Lane. Capt. Robert Sevier was mortally wounded in the engagement. There were four privates o£ the Sevier family present, Abraham and Joseph Sevier ; also James and Joseph Sevier, sons of Col. Sevier. Swords were voted to Cols. Sevier and Shelby by the State of North Carolina in honor of the signal victory. Steadman quotes Gen. Bernard, an officer under Napoleon, as saying: "The Americans, by their victory in that engagement, erected a monument to perpetuate the memory of the brave men, who had fallen there; and the shape of the hill itself would be an eternal monument of the military genius and skill of Col. Ferguson in selecting a position so well adapted for defense ; and that no other plan of assault but that pursued by the mountain men, could have succeeded against him." The effect of this victory could not be over-estimated. The Sabbath following the battle was employed in the solemn burial of the dead and rapid retreat to the remaining forces of the army. The wagons of the enemy were burned, the badly wounded were left on the ground and the able bodied were compelled to carry the arms they had surrendered. The prisoners were turned over to Gen. Greene at Hillsboro and Col. Sevier and most of the militia, returned to defend their homes against the Indians. Soon after followed the victory of Gen. Morgan over Tarleton at Cowpens, scarcely less decisive then the one at King's Mountain. The Legislature of North Carolina, Gov. Caswell of the same State and Gen. Greene, all besought Cols. Shelby and Sevier to come to the relief of the State, that was now (1781) invaded by the British under Cornwallis, and the country laid waste by the tories. Neither of the leaders, Shelby or Sevier, could go, as it took them and the militia to de- fend the settlements of Watauga and Nollichucky against the Cherokees. A few only were engaged at Guilford Court House on March 15, 1781. It is thought if these men could have gone in force the same fate would have befallen Cornwallis at that place that awaited him at Yorktown. On the advance of Gen. Greene into South Carolina the forces of Shelby and Sevier were again called upon, and they assembled at Fort Granby in the last of August, 1781. They were well on their way when it was learned that Cornwallis and the main British forces had left North Car- olina and taken post at Yorktown, Va. The various successes led the Americans — Shelby and Sevier — to believe their services would no longer be needed, in consequence of which they again returned home. The battle of Eutaw Spring was fought in the absence of the gallant Tennes- see mountaineers, and they wei'e not permitted to gain new laurels. The 460 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. straits to wliich Cornwallis had been reduced by the allied armies led Gen. Greene to believe that he contemplated a retreat through the Caro- linas. Gen. Greene, on September 16, again called upon Col. Sevier for assistance. Shelby was also called upon and responded with his reo-i- ment. Sevier raised 200 men from "Washington County. On October 19 Cornwallis surrendered his whole force, and thus danger from that quarter was no longer apprehended. At the request of Gen. Greene the forces of Shelby and Sevier joined the forces under Gen. Marion. Notwithstanding these men had been enrolled for only sixty days they proceeded into South Carolina. It was learned that a force of several hundred Hessians stationed at Monk's Corner was in a state of mutiny. The main force of the British was at Ferguson's Swamp, eight or ten miles away on the main road leading to €harleston. It was determined to surprise the British force. Cols. Shelby and Sevier asked to be a part of the detachment of 500 or 600 men to be sent against it. Col. Mayhem commanded the forces, consist- ing of 180 of his own dragoons, a few militia and the men under Shelby and Sevier. The march began in the morning and a long march brouo-ht them two miles below tlie post they intended to attack, on the evening of the second day. In gaining this post they had avoided the main British force and were now between the Hessians and Charleston. The men rested on their arms till daylight the next morning, when they ap- peared before the British post and Col. Mayhem sent a messenger demanding the immediate surrender of the place. Answer was returned in a few minutes that the post would be defended to the last extremity. Shelby then asked permission to go himself and demand the surrender. He told the British commander that if they were compelled to storm the post, every soul within would be killed, as the mountaineers would soon be upon them with their tomahawks. The British officer inquired of Shelby if he had any artillery, to which he replied that he had guns that would blow them to atoms in a minute. The British offi- cer then gracefully yielded and threw open the gates, and the Ameri- cans marched up and took possession. At this moment another strong post was discovered 500 or 600 yards distant. It was a brick house surt roundedby a strong abatis and defended by 100 soldiers and from 40 to 50 dragoons. These made a demonstration as if to attack the Americans, who deployed and boldly advanced toward the British and demanded a surrender. This post also surrendered without resistance. Although well fortified, 150 men capitulated. Ninety of the prisoners we'^-e mounted behind their captors and were taken to Marion's camp sixty JUiles distant; the remainder were paroled and the post and supplies de- Andrew Jackson HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 461 stroyed. The Americans reached camp next morning at 3 o'clock. Before day it was reported that Stewart with the whole British force was in a few miles of camp. Shelby and Sevier's men were to interfere and retreat at discretion. A report spread that Marion had received a large re-enforcement of riflemen. The British became alarmed and fled in dis- order almost to Charleston. About the 28th of November Shelby left the army to take a seat in the Legislature of North Carolina, of which he was a member. Col. Sevier remained with the mountain men. Little more was done until peace ended the strife. The troops of Shelby and Sevier "came home enriched with no spoils, stained with no dishonor, enriched only by an imperishable fame, an undying renown and an un- questionable claim to the admiration and gratitude of their countrymen and of posterity." Hard upon the war with the British and Tories came the war with the Cherokees. The second struggle for independence, that of 1812, was the occasion of the Creek war. As soon as there was a prospect for hostilities, Great Britain sent her emissaries among the Indians to induce them to "dig up the hatchet." Tecumseh, the great Shawanee chieftain, with about thirty of his warriors visited the Southern Lidians in his efforts to unite all the various tribes in one grand union against the whites. He estab- lished among the Southern Indians the custom of celebrating the scalp and war dance before battle. The speech of Tecumseh, his power of organization, and the message of the prophet, Tecumseh' s brother, stirred the Creeks to a frenzy, and caused them to plunge into a religious war, neither asking nor giving quarter. Numerous outrages had been commit- ted, and the massacre of Fort Mimms, on August 30, 1813, spread alarm throughout Tennessee. A meeting was called in Nashville of which Rev. Mr. Craighead was made chairman and Gen. Coffee was a member. This meeting urged the Legislature to call out the militia to take ven- geance upon the Creeks. That body responded at once, and on September 13, 1813, a call was made for 3,500 volunteers in addition to 1,500, who had already hastily entered the field and appropriated $300,000 to defray the expenses of the war. Gov. Blount commissioned Gen. Cocke to command the troops from East Tennessee, and Gen. Jackson those from West Tennessee (now called Middle Tennessee). Although suffer- ing from the wounds received in the encounter with the Bentons, Gen. Jackson issued one of his characteristic addresses to the people on Sep- tember 25, ordering the men to rendezvous at Fayetteville on October 4. On September 26 Gen. Coffee was sent to Huntsville in advance of the main body for the purpose of protecting the citizens of the valley of the Tennessee against the threatened attack by the Indians. Gen. Jackson 29 462 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. himself did not arrive at Fayetteville till the Tth, owing to liis disability. He, however, sent liis aid, Maj. Reid, in advance to read his orders and to put the men under discipline. On the 11th a dispatch was received by Jackson that 1,000 Creek warriors were approaching to attack Huntsville. News was received at 1 o'clock, and at 3 the army was in motion. By a forced march the army reached Huntsville, a distance of thirty -two miles, in about five hours. On their arrival the rumor was found to be untrue, but the army continued its march, but more leisurely to Ditto's Landing, on the Tennessee. Jackson's forces consisted of two brigades; one of volunteers under Gen. William Hall, and the other of militia under Gen. Isaac Roberts. Jackson marched up the river to Thompson's Creek, cutting out roads as he went. He v/as greatly dis- appointed at not receiving supplies that were to be sent from East Ten- nessee. The low stage of the water above prevented, but this was not indicated below and led to some bitterness. Jackson built and entrenched a camp, and called it Fort Deposit. While awaiting supplies he drilled his men. and wrote letters to Gov. Blount, Judge Hugh L, White, and other prominent men urging the necessity of rapid movements. The army was reduced to the greatest straits, and it was with great difficulty that discipline was maintained. Col. Coffee was sent to scour the country for supplies, and returned in a short time with a quantity of corn. Gen. Jackson broke camp at Fort Deposit October 25, and advanced into the country and built Fort Strother. He learned that the friendly Indians at Two Islands of the Coosa were in danger, and went to their rescue. He learned there was a large body of Indians at Tallushatches, thirteen miles distant, on the south side of the Coosa; thither he sent Col. Coffee with 1,000 mounted men to attack them. They were piloted by friendly Indians. The Indians were sur- prised and defeated with great slaughter The attack began on the morning of the 3d. Col. Allen, who commanded the right wing, managed to get to the rear of the Indians. They fought with the desperation of despair, and not a warrior was captured. They left 180 warriors upon the field, and doubtless more were killed. A number of women and children were killed and 81 were captured. The Indians fired their guns and then used bows and arrows. Jackson's loss was 5 killed and 41 wounded; among whom were Capts. Smith, Bradley and Winston. An Indian infant was found upon its dead mother's breast. The other women refused to nourish it. Gen. Jackson had the child cared for and took it into his own family. Young Lincolyer was given a practical education, and found a warm friend in the General and his family. He was taken away by con- sumption at the age of seventeen. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 463 Gen. Jackson began again with great energy and next struck the In- dians at Talladega, about thirty miles from his camp, at Fort Strother. Here he left his sick and wounded with a small guard, having made the place as secure as possible. He expected a junction of a part of the force of Gen. Cocke, who was operating in concert with him with the East Tennessee troops. Gen. White, with a brigade of these troops, had arrived at Turkey Town, twenty-five miles from Jackson's camp. These were or- dered by Gen. Jackson to join him in the advance upon Talladega. When near Fort Strother White received an order from Gen. Cocke to join him. Jackson advanced upon Talladega on December 8, and when within six miles of the place he learned that White had been ordered to join Gen. Cocke. His sick and wounded men being in danger, he determined to fight alone the next morning. Talladega was a fortified place, and was filled with friendly Indians who were being besieged by the hostile Creeks. It was for their relief that the battle was fought. The Indians were on the point of starvation. One disguised as a hog crept through the hostile lines, and brought Jackson word as to their condition. Scouts brought him information as to the number and position of the enemy. The march was resumed at 4 o'clock on the morning of the 9th; when within a mile of the enemy the line of battle was formed. Hall's brigade was on the right and Koberts' on the left, and Coffee's cavalry covered the wino-s,, with a portion in the rear for reserve. When Capt. Deaderick's men arrived within eighty yards of the enemy they rose and with a yell opened fire and began an advance. Some of the militia under Gen. Rob- erts began to give way, frightened by the terrible yells of the Indians. Tlie reserve under Col. Dyer boldly advanced and restored the line, when the militia again returned to the fight. A general advance along the whole line was now made. The Indians were slaughtered unmercifully ; a gap in the lines alone allowed any to escape. They lost 280 killed ; Gen. Coffee says 299. The loss of the whites was 15 killed and 85 wounded. The Indians numbered 1,000; Jackson's forces numbered about 2,000, not more than half of whom were engaged. Great was the joy of the besieged Indians when they were relieved. Jackson now returned to Fort Strother, but to find no supplies. A week's starvation brought the army to a state of mutiny. The troops threatened to march home in a body, but Jackson persuaded them to de- lay two days longer, in which case, if there were no supplies, he would allow them to go. The time came but no supplies. The men started home but Jackson went with them. On the way provisions were met with, but it required the utmost firmness to force them to return. There was a difference of opinion as to when the term of enlistment expired. *464 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. The lOth of December was set as the time for their departure for home. Col. William Martin was commander of one of the mutinous regiments. Gen. Jackson had the men brought out in front of the army, with men on either flank and the artillery in front, ready to fire in case the men moved. After a sharp dispute between Gen. Jackson and Col. Martin the matter was dropped for the time being. Gen. Cocke joined Gen. Jackson's forces at Fort Strother with 2,000 East Tennessee troops on December 13, 1813. The time of the men having expired, all except about 800 were discharged. In the meantime Gen. Coffee, Col. Carroll and Eev. Gideon Blackburn had been very active in raising recruits for the army to support Gen. Jackson at Fort Strother. The new troops were under Cols. Higgius and Perkins and amounted to about 900 men; there v;ere two spy companies under Capts. Eussell and Gordon and one artillery company under Lieut. Eobert Armstrong. Besides these there was a body of the old riflemen under Gen. Coffee. A large force of friendly Indians accompanied the expedition. The force started on the 13th of January. The object was not only to defeat the Indians, but particularly to keep up the spirits of the men. On the 20th they en- camped at Enotochopco, twelve miles from Emuckfau Creek, near a bend in the Tallapoosa. On the 21st Jackson found himself in the vicinity of a large force of Indians. The army encamped in a hollow square, ready to receive a night attack which was made upon them. The expected at- tack fell upon Jackson's left before day, but the line was maintained till sunrise, when re-enforcements were sent to their relief. A charge along the whole line drove the Indians two miles. The friendly Indians joined vigorously in the pursuit. An effort was made by Gen. Coffee to burn their fortifications, but did not succeed. An attack was made upon Jackson's right, which was sustained by Gen. Coffee and some friendly Indians. This was only a preliminary to a heavy assault upon the left which Jackson had anticipated and for which he was prepared. After a yigorous fight the Americans were able to sustain their lines, when a chare-e was made and the Indians were driven a mile, Avith a loss of for- ty-three killed. The loss of the whites was four killed, including Maj. Alexander Donelson. Gen. Coffee was wounded in the last charge. Fearing for the sick and wounded, Gen. Jackson began his movement ' for his return to Fort Strother. On the 23d he arrived again at Enotochoi)- co Creek, where it was evident that the Indians were meditating a night attack. He crossed the stream a short distance below the intended ford to avoid an ambuscade that had been laid for him. "While the artillery was crossing the Enotochopco the Indians suddenly fell Tipon the rear guard, they having detected Jackson's movement. Nearly the whole line HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 405 was thrown into confusion; a part, however, remained firm, and Capt. Eussell's spy company was sent to assist till the artillery could be placed in position, when it opened upon the Indians with grape, which held them in check. Col. Higgins soon led his regiment across the stream. A charge along the whole line drove the enemy two miles. The Indians left twenty-six dead upon the field. Among the American killed were Capts. Hamilton and Quarles. Jackson now returned to Fort Strother, Avhere the men whose time had expired were discharged with flattering encomiums by the General. A dispute arose between Gen. Jackson and Gen. Cocke as to the latter's action in the campaign. Crimination and recrimination followed. Gen. Cocke was arrested and brought to Nashville for trial, but was tri- umphantly acquitted. In March Gen. Jackson was made major-general. He was now re-enforced by 2.000 men from East Tennessee, under Gen. George Doherty. Seventeen hundred men joined him from West Ten- nessee (Middle Tennessee), under Gen. Thomas Johnson; another regi- ment of East Tennesseeans, under Col. John Brown; Gen Coffee's caval- ry, under Col. Dyer, and the Thirty-ninth Infantry, under Col. John Williams. The whole force amounted to nearly 4,000 men, about 1,000 of which were friendly Indians, under Maj. Mcintosh, a half-breed. The supplies for the expedition were collected at Fort Deposit and hauled to Fort Strother. Most rigid discipline was enforced by Jackson. The execution of John Woods, a lad of eighteen, who had belonged to the army but a few weeks, was considered harsh. His offense was a refusal to obey an order from a superior, and his execution took place March 14, the day the army started. On the 26th Jackson reached Cedar Creek, where Fort William was built. The Indians had concentrated their forces at a bend in the Talla- poosa, from its shape called Tohopeka — horseshoe. Here they had col- lected about 900 of their warriors and about 300 women and children. They had been well supplied with weapons by the British. They had been taught that this was holy ground, and to tread upon it would be death to the whites. The space enclosed about 100 acres, and the dis- tance across the neck was only about 350 yards, which had been pretty well fortified by logs and brush. The place was fifty-five miles south of Jackson's camp. Toward this Jackson put his column in motion, and after eleven days arrived on March 27. The cavalry under Coffee and some of the friendly Indians surrounded the place from the river, and the main force attacked from the peninsula, first by artillery, but were compelled to charge. Col. L. P. Montgomery was first to leap upon the works, but was killed; Ensign Houston (Gen. Sam Houston) was shot 466 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. with an arrow in the thigh, but after several attempts tore it out and continued to fight. The friendly Indians slipped across and cut loose the boats of the enemy, which were tied next to the town. No Indian asked for quarter; 557 dead were left upon the peninsula, and about 200 more were killed by Gen. Coffees' men and Indians at the river and in the woods. Only a few escaped under cover of the night. An Indian chief lay under the water and breathed through a long reed till darkness gave him a favorable opportunity to escape ; 4 warriors only surrendered besides 400 women and children. Jackson lost 25 killed, among whom wereMaj. Montgomery, who was of the Thirty-ninth Regulars, and Lieu- tenant Somerville; the wounded amounted to 105. The loss to the the friendly Indians was 29 killed and 54 wounded. Jackson sunk his killed in the river to prevent their being scalped by the Indians, and re- turned to Fort Williams with his sick and wounded. On April 7 he started for the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, their "Holy of Holies." Most of the Indians were destroyed and their power was for- ever broken. Among the chiefs who came in to surrender was William Weatherford, an intelligent half-breed, who had planned the attack upon Fort Mimms. He rode boldly into the American lines and up to Gen. Jackson's quarters. He was mounted upon a magnificent charger, and carried with him a large buck, which he presented to the General. With the bearing of a king he said: "I am in your power; do with me as you please. I am a soldier. I have done the white people all the harm I could; I have fought them, and I have fought them bravely. If I had an army I would fight you longer and contend to the last, but I have none ; my people are all gone. I can now do no more than weep over the misfortunes of my nation. All I ask is for the women and children." He was treated with great civility, and lived to show his good faith after- ward. Fort Jackson, in addition to Fort William, was built to protect the conquered country, the former near the junction of Coosa and Talla- poosa. A treaty was signed at Fort Jackson on August 9, 1814, by which the Indians ceded all the lands east of the Tombigbee and west of the Coosa to the United States. The time of enlistment of the men having expired, they were discharged. Many of the Creeks never joined in the treaty, but their power being broken they joined the Seminoles, with whom a war was waged later. The burning of the Hillibee towns by Gen. Cocke made that tribe the most furious and implacable of foes. They were thought to be kindly disposed but for this unfortunate act. The Creeks or Muscogees were the most powerful of the Southern In- dians, and before the war their limits extended from the Chattahoochee on the east to the Tombigbee on the west; from the Tennessee on the HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 467 north to Florida on the south. Among them was a tradition that they "came out of the ground." Gen. Jackson determined to reach the cause of the war, and strike at both the Spanish and the British. The threatened condition of the gulf ■coast led him to urge forward new lines from the States. On September 10 a British fleet of ninety guns and a large land force of Spanish and Indians made an attack upon Fort Boyer at Mobile Harbor, but met with a bloody repulse. The levies under Gen. Coffee left New Orleans October 1 to join Jackson at Mobile. Jackson determined to reduce Pensacola, and determined to take possession of the forts there. The march for the place began on November 2, and the vicinity of Pensacola was reached on the 6th. A flag of truce was sent to the Spanish gover- nor demanding the surrender of the forts to the Americans, to prevent the British from using them to the detriment of the Americans. The flag was fired on and compelled to return. Another effort was made the next day by sending a Spanish corporal to the governor with a letter demanding possession of the forts. A very polite note was sent to Jack- son, stating that the firing upon the flag had been done by the British. Jackson then demanded the surrender of the forts within an hour. This was refused. Jackson then sent a force of 500 men to draw the fire of the British fleet, while with the remaining force he attacked the Spanish in the streets and forts. The white flag was soon displayed, and the British fleet was driven off. Fort Barrancos, fourteen miles west, was abandoned and blown up by the British the next day to prevent its cap- ture. Jackson then hastened to Mobile to ward off a threatened attack on that place, but the place being relieved, he hurried on to the defense of New Orleans on November 22, where he arrived on December 1. Gen. Coffee moved with the cavalry toward the Mississippi, striking that at Baton Rouge. After suffering almost untold hardships from rains, cypress swamps and other difficulties from traveling through an unin- habited country of pine forests, he reached there with his men and horses in a sad plight. Jackson himself turned to New Orleans on horseback, which he reached after an eight days' ride. Sickness and the hardships of the campaign had almost reduced him to the grave. He was agree- ably entertained at breakfast at Mr. J. K. Smith's on the morning of his arrival. The accomplished Mrs. Smith was greatly disappointed in his appear- ance. She saw nothing in him but "an ugly old Kentucky flat-boat man," instead of "your grand general with his plumes, epaulettes and long handsome mustache." To oppose the British forces, consisting of over 10,000 soldiers and 50 heavy war vessels of 1,000 guns and 10,000 4:QS HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. sailors, tlieir officers being in gay uniform and fresh from the war with Napoleon, Jackson had only about 2,000 men dispirited and poorly clad. Re-enforcements were hurried forward from every quarter. The new levies from Tennessee, under Gen. Carroll, were sent down the river ; not more than one in ten were armed when they started. The high stage of the river enabled them to make rapid progress. Fortunately they fell in with a vessel that was loaded with arms, and they were thus supplied. So many went for the defense of New Orleans that the venerable Peter Cartwright said his congregation was small, but he deemed it best that they should go with Gen. Jackson. The danger being so imminent Jackson sent a message to Gen. Coffee, who was now at Baton Rouge, 129 miles away, to hurry with all speed with his riflemen, who now num- bered 1,250. Leaving about 300, who could not travel so rapidly, he started with the remainder and marched fifty miles the first day. Here he left 400 or 500, but with the remainder he marched seventy miles, which brought him within four miles of headquarters. He himself rode on and reported orders. The others came on in due time. These were dressed in hunting shirts, copperas-dyed pantaloons made by wife, mother or sister. They wore slouched woolen hats ,or coon-skin caps, adorned with a fox tail. They carried a knife and a tomahawk in a leather belt. Their hair and whiskers were long and unkempt. Such was their appearance that the British declared them to be a posse comifatus. Gen. Carroll's men arrived in season. A night attack was planned by Jackson upon the British, on December 23, at Gen. Yillere's plantation. The cavalry was led by Gen. Coffee and the infantry by Jackson. It was only a partial success; Coffee and CoL Lauderdale both distinguished themselves. The American loss was 24 killed, 115 wounded and 74 prisoners. The British loss was estimated at 400. The British attacked the Americans on December 28, and after a seven hours' bombardment drew off. In this engaijement the Americans lost 7 men killed and 10 wounded; among the killed was Col. Henderson, of Tennessee. On January 1 there was an engagement between the British and the Tennessee troops, in which there were 11 killed and 23 of the latter wounded. On the 8th of January, 1815, was fought the battle that will ever be memorable for the great disjjarity of losses if nothing more. The British attacked in heavy columns and with great determination, and were met by the Americans with great spirit. Gens. Packenham and Gibbs, of the British, were both mortally wounded. A regiment of Scotch Highlanders charged in front of Gen. Carroll's Ten- nesseeaus and left 544 of their number on the field. Maj. Wilkinson mounted the American works and fell mortally wounded. His admiring HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 469 enemies bore him tenderly within the works and said: "Bear up, dear fellow, you are too brave to die." In twenty-five minutes' time the Brit- ish lost 700 killed, 1,400 wounded and 500 prisoners. The American loss was but 8 killed and 7 wounded. The British, disconcerted, returned to •their ships and in a few days sailed away. Peace came and Jackson and his men received the plaudits of the nation for a victory that was useless, yet none the less brilliant. On March 15 he dismissed his men with: "Go, then, my brave companions, to your homes; to those tender connections and those blissful scenes which render life so dear, full of honor and crowned with laurels which shall never fade." Whether the British had promised their soldiers, as is generally believed, the license of " beauty and booty " or not, the Americans believed it and so fought. Trouble began with the Seminole Indians in 1817. The name Sem- inole is said to mean vagrant, reckless, and they are supposed to have sprung from the Creeks. The Seminoles, Creeks and escaped negroes began ravages in Georgia. The difficulty grew out of the treaty of Ghent made with Great Britain at the close of the war of 1812. By that treaty it was stipulated that the previous boundaries should be con- firmed, and the Creeks being allies of Great Britain claimed their old boundaries, thus not recognizing the treaty made between them and Gen. Jackson. This the American Government refused to grant. Gen. Gaines sent Col. Twiggs from Fort Scott to Fowltown, thirteen miles distant, to demand of the chief some Indians who had been committing depredations. The party was fired upon, when the fire was returned and a woman and two warriors were killed and the town burned by order of Gen. Gaines. Supplies were brought up the Appalachicola, by permis- sion from the Spanish, to forts in the Creek country. On November 30, as Lieut. Scott was proceeding up the river with a boat of supplies, forty soldiers, seven women and four children, he was fired on by a party of concealed Indians, and every one (except four who leaped out and swam ashore) was killed and one woman was carried off. Gen. Jackson was sent to conduct the war. He was instructed by the Secretary of War, Mr. Calhoun, to call on the adjacent States for such additional troops as he might need. He was not long in construing this order to mean Tennessee. He issued a call and set January 11, 1818, as the day of rendezvous at Fayetteville. Two regiments of 1,000 men assembled under Cols. Dyer and Williamson, and a body of 100 men under Capt. Dunlap; the whole were under Inspector-Gen. Hayne. Jackson himself left Nashville on January 22 and joined his forces. He started with twenty days' rations. He experienced the same difficulties as in 1813-14. Supplies were ordered to be shipped from New Orleans to Fort Scott^ 470 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, where he arrived on March 9, a distance of 450 miles, with 1,100 hungry men. This was accomplished in forty-six days. Before arriving at Fort Scott he was joined by Mcintosh, now a brigadier-general in the United States Army, with 2,000 Indians. Perceiving the Spanish were giving aid to the Indians, Jackson de- termined to capture Fort St. Mark's, a Spanish fort. He left Negro Fort, now rebuilt and called Fort Gadsden, on March 26, and arrived before St. Mark's April 7. On his way he destroyed several Indian towns. On the 8th Jackson entered St. Mark's, and hauled down the Spanish flag and ran up the American flag, notwithstanding the protest of the Spanish governor. Here was captured Alexander Arbuthnot, a Scotch trader, who was aiding the Indians. On his way to St. Mark's Capt, McKeever, of the navy, who was going to the assistance of Jackson, lured the prophet Francis and his head chief on board his vessel by displaying an English flag, and held them as prisoners. They were executed by Gen. Jackson for being at the massacre at Fort Mimms. On the 11th he started for the Suwanee Old Towns, 107 miles distant. After a tiresome march through snows and bogs he arrived to find the towns deserted, the Indian chief. Bowlegs, and his warriors having fled. Here was cap- tured R. C. Ambrister, an Englishman of rank, who had been suspended from the army for sending a challenge for a duel. He was assisting the Indians against the Americans. Jackson returned to St. Mark's on the 26th. A court martial was called to try Arbuthnot and Ambrister, which ended in two days in their conviction. The sentence was approved by Jackson and they were executed, the former having been hung and the latter shot. Jackson returned to Fort Gadsden, where he remained a few days, when he started for Pensacola. The Indians were committing depredations in that vicinity, and were receiving protection from the Spaniards. Jackson seized the place in spite of the governor's protest, and placed thereon an American garrison. The execution of Ambrister and Arbuthnot and the invasion of Spanish territory came near involving the United States in war with England and Spain. Fort Gadsden, form- erly called Negro Fort, was built about seventeen miles above the coast, on the Appalachicola, by Col. Nichols during the war of 1812, and was a store-house for the Indians. After the war the Indians neglected it and Garij'on took possession of it with several hundred runaway negroes. They refused to allow supplies to go up the river, when it was de- termined to destroy the fort. It was surrounded by settlers and friendly Indians, but they were unable to make any impression on it. A gun- boat was ordered up the river to assist in its destruction. This was in 1816. The fort was defended by ten or twelve cannon, and had stored HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 471 in the magazine 700 barrels of powder. A red-liot shell fired from the gun-boat lodged in the magazine and a terrific explosion followed. Of 334 inmates only three were unhurt. The explosion is said to have been felt for 100 miles. A treaty was signed at Moultrie Creek Septem- ber 18, 1823, by which the Seminoles were to be kept in the interior, and were paid the sum of $5,000 a year for twenty years. The pressure of the whites upon the Indians to take possession of their rich lands led to frequent difficulties, and not unfrequently were persons killed by the Indians. To avoid these growing evils it was de- termined by the Government if possible to send the Seminoles to a reser- vation west of the Mississippi River. The Indian chiefs were sent to the Indian Nation to examine the situation and report. Arriving there in the winter they were not favorably impressed, but were at last induced to sign a treaty. Through the influence of Col. Gadsden this treaty was made at Payne's Landing, May .9, 1832, by which it was stipulated that the Indians, for a small consideration, should within three years move to a new reservation west of the Mississippi River. Osceola and other chiefs bitterly opposed this. Gen. Thompson, who had wronged Osceola, was killed December 23, 1835, and on the same day Maj, Dade and 110 men were waylaid and massacred in Wahoo Swamp. Volunteers were called for in June, 1836, the apportionment of Tennessee being 2,000, more than double the number offered. The East Tennessee troups ren- dezvoused at Athens and elected R, G. Dunlap brigadier-general over their brigade. Troops of Middle Tennessee assembled at Fayetteville, the old place of rendezvous. Here met the companies of Capt. Rodgers, of Warren County ; Capts. Jetton and Yoakum, of Rutherford ; Turney and Roberts, of Franklin ; Terry, of Bledsoe ; Cronck, of Williamson ; Henry, of Robertson; Grundy, Washington and Battles, of Davidson; and Trousdale and Guilt, of Sumner. These were organized into a brigade, of which Robert Armstrong was elected general; Washington Barron, adjutant; A. M. Upsham, inspector-general, and W. G. Dickson, sur- geon. Of the First Regiment A. M. Bradford was colonel ; T. H. Cahal, lieutenant-colonel; Goff, first major; Powhatan Gordon, second major. Of the Second Regiment W. Trousdale was colonel ; J. C. Guilt, lieutenant-colonel ; — — - Meddow, first major ; W. L. Washington, sec- ond major, and J. P. Grundy, adjutant. The force moved in due time following near Jackson's old route to the Creek Nation. The army was little encumbered by baggage, as what little was carried was placed upon Sumter mules and the necessity of wheeled vehicles was in a great measure avoided. The army moved from Huntsville by way of Elyton, Montgomery, to Watumpka or Camp 472 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. -v^ Jordan, wliere it remained till the 1st of September. It then crossed the Coosa at Fort Meigs, the Appalachicola at the confluence of the Flint and Chattahoochee, thence by way of Qiiincy, Marietta to Tallahassee. From Tallahassee the army moved through the wilderness to the Suwa- nee Old Towns, thence to Fort Drane. On October 13, a battle was fought on the Withlacoochee with no great loss on either side. The forces were compelled to withdraw for supplies but returned, and another engagement was fought on November 13 near the same place. Bat- tles were fought at the Wahoo Swamp on the 18th and 21st of Novem- ber, Osceola, Sam Jones, and Alligator are said to have been present on the side of the Indians. After a stubbornly contested engagement, the Indians retreated into their fastnesses. This was the last fighting done by the Tennesseans. The army marched to Tampa Bay, thence by ship to New Orleans, and from there went home. The war was finally brought to a close by Gen. Taylor. With 600 regulars he left Fort Gardner, and on December 19 gained the most decisive victory of the war at Lake Okechobee. He was made a brigadier-general for his success at Oke- chobee, and on the resignation of Gen. Jessup the whole conduct of the war was entrusted to him. His policy was to carry out the stipulations of the existing treaty. As fast as a sufficient number of Indians were captured or gave themselves up, they were sent to the reservation. By 1839 he had sent 1,900 to their future homes. The war could not be said to be closed till 1842, with a loss of 1,466 lives by disease, such as yellow fever and other diseases pecular to that climate, and by Indian bullets and scalping knives, and an expense of $10,000,000. Texas was early an inviting field for adventurous speculators and per- sons seeking homes. Many, after the Creek and Seminole wars, went there from a spirit of adventure alone. The disturbed condition of that unfortunate republic, with its periodical revolutions, compelled those living in Texas to protect themselves against the aggressions of the Mex- ican Government. Among the most .distinguished men living in Texas was Gen. Sam Houston, of Tennessee, who had won renown in the Creek war, also had been distinguished as a political leader. The settlers of Texas were largely American, and the tyranny of Mexico led them to rev- olution. Many old friends and companions in arms of Houston flocked to his standard, he at this time being at the head of the revolution. Af- ter varying turns of fortune, a decisive victory was gained at San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, which resulted in the complete discomfiture of the Mexican forces and the capture of Santa Anna, the Mexican president. "While a prisoner, he signed with the Texans their treaty of independ- ence. The State maintained its independence for ten years, though after HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 473 the release of Santa Anna, he disavowed the act done by himself, on the ground of its being done while a prisoner of war. Texas made applica- tion for admission into the American Union. This was bitterly opposed by the Mexican authorities on the ground that she had never acknowl- edged the independence of Texas, and that Texas was still a part of the Mexican Government. This became a question in American politics. The elections of 1844 were favorable to the issue of the Texan admission. Mexico claimed sovereignty not only over all Texas, but particularly that part lying between the Nueces and the Rio Grande Rivers. A threatened invasion of this territory on the part of the Mexican authorities, led the American Government to send Gen. Taylor with a large force of United States troops into the disputed territory to take post at Corpus Christi, at the mouth of the Nueces. After some negotiations fot peace, on March 8, 18-4P), Gen. Taylor advanced to Point Isabel, thence in a few days to the point on the Rio Grande opposite Matamoras. On his arrival there Ampudia notified Gen. Taylor that his forces must quit the territory be- tween the Rio Grande and the Nueces within twenty-four hours, or risk the consequences. Taylor's communications with Point Isabel, his base of supplies, were threatened by Mexican cavalry. He went with his main force to open communications, and in his absence, his works at Matamoras were attacked and Maj. Brown was killed. In honor of him the American work was called Fort Brown. On May 8 Gen. Taylor in his return to Matamoras encountered Gen. Ampudia at Palo Alto. An engagement ensued and the Mexicans were forced to retreat with a loss of 600 men. The American loss was 6 killed and 44 wounded. Another battle was fought on the 9th at Resaca de la Palma, in which the Mexicans were again defeated, with a loss of 1,000 men, the American loss being only 110. On the announcement of these enofao-ements, it was stated that American blood had been shed on Amer- can soil. The President declared that war existed between the United States and Mexico, and called for 50,000 volunteers. Congress immediately appropriated $10,000,000 for carrying on the war. The apportionment of volunteers for Tennessee was 2,000, and Gov. A. V. Brown called for that number. It was finally agreed to accept 2,400 men, 1,600 ijifantry, and 800 cavalry. Such was the spirit for volunteering, that ifc became a question, not as to who must go, but who may go. It was remarked that a draft would be necessary to compel men to stay at home. The State was divided into four military districts : one in East, two in Middle and one in "West Tennessee. The volunteers of the middle division consisted of the Harrison Guards — Captain R. C. Foster ; Lieutenants A. Heiman and 474 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, George Maney; the Nashville Blues — Captain B. F. Cheatham; Lieuten- ants "William R. Bradfute, and E. Eastman ; Shelbyville Guards — Captain Edward Frierson ; Lieutenants J. L. Scudder and G. W. Buchanan ; the Polk Guards — Captain K A. Bennett; Lieutenants J. M. Shaver and Patrick Duffey; Tenth Legion — Captain S. R. Anderson; Lieutenants William M. Blackmore and P. L. Solmon; Union Boys — Captain W. B. Walton; Lieutenants Samuel High and C.W. Dixon; Dixon Spring Guards — Captain L. P. McMurray ; Lieutenants W. Bradley and James Lanahan ; Lincoln Guards — Captain Pry or Buchanan ; Lieutenants A. L.Fulton and J.V. Myers. La wrenceville Blues — Captain A. S. Alexander; Lieutenants James Burkitt and G. H. Nixon. Hickory Guards — Captain J. Whit- field; Lieutenants J. B. Easley and L. P. Totty. Richland Guards — Captain H. Mauldin; Lieutenants W. P. Davis and W. H. McCrory. Mountain Blues — Captain A. Northcutt ; Lieutenants E. M. Mercer and J. J. Hill. These men rendezvoused at the race course near Nashville. The regiment was organized June 3, 1846; William B. Campbell, of Smith County, colonel ; Samuel R. Anderson, of Sumner County, lieutenant-col- onel; Richard Alexander, of Smith County, first major, and Robert Far- quharson, of Lincoln County, second major; Adolphus Heiman was made adjutant; Dr. McPhail, surgeon, and W. D. Morris, assistant sur- geon. These companies were constituted the First Regiment. Before leaving for the seat of war a beautiful flag was presented to the regi- ment by Miss Irene C. Taylor, in behalf of the young ladies of the Nash- ville Female Academy. On the 4th and 5th of June they left Nashville for New Orleans. The Second Regiment was ordered to assemble at Camp Carroll, near Memphis, on June 15, 1846. These men were sworn into the service by Gen. Hay. The forces consisted of the Tennessee Guards, Capt. H. P. Maney; Avengers, Capt. T. P. Joues; Memphis Rifle Guards, Capt. E. F. Ruth; Gaines Guards, Capt. M. B. Cook. In addition to these were the following cavalry companies : Fayette Cavalry, Capt. J. Lenow, and the Eagle Guards, Capt. W. N, Porter. From East Tennessee came the Knoxville Dragoons, under Capt. Caswell; Claiborne Blues, Capt, Evans, and the Rhea County Cavalry, Capt. Waterhouse. The infantry companies from this section were Capt. Standifer, from Hamilton ; Capt. Lowery, from McMinn ; Capt. McCown, from Sevier, and Capt. R. L. Kilpatrick, from Anderson, instead of Capt. Barnett, of Sul- livan. The oflicers of the Second Tennesse were J. E, Thomas, colonel; R. D. Allison, lieutenant-colonel, and Richard Waterhouse, major. The cavalry of this division moved by way of Little Rock, Fulton, San Antonio and joined Gen. Taylor at Matamoras. Each regiment and company was given an ovation on their departure. The First Regiment, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 475 consisting of twelve companies, embarked at New Orleans on June 17, and arrived on the Brazos early in July, and were stationed at Camargo till August 29, when the rest of the men were called to assist in the capt- ure of Monterey. The hot weather and climatic causes made a worse havoc in the ranks than Mexican bullets. The regiments were soon sadly depleted before seeing any active service. The First Kegiment was attached to Gen. Quitman's brigade and the Second to Gen. Gideon J. Pillow's brigade. The line of march for Monterey was taken up on Sep- tember 7, and on the 19th the army was within five miles of the city. The 20th was employed in preparing for battle. The American forces consisted of about 6,000 troops, the city was defended by about 10,000 Mexicans. The battle was fouhgt on the 21st. The city was strongly fortified and stood at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. The points of defense were Taneria and the Black Fort on the east and Bishop's Palace on the west. The Tennessee troops were to the left on the east. -Their eager- ness to measure strength with their enemies was intense. The guns from Fort Taneria greeted them with both musketry and artillery fire and the bloody work began. They were within eighty yards of the works before they fired on the Mexicans, although they were suffering terribly. As the fire of the Americans opened the fire of the Mexicans slackened. A rush was made for the parapets and the flag of the First was the first planted on the battlements of Monterey. Of 350 men in the charge 105 were lost. Among these 26 were killed, 77 were wounded and 2 were missing. From private to colonel every man acted gallantly. The city of Monterey capitulated on the 25th. After the surrender of the city an armistice of four months followed, during which time efforts for peace were made. The truce having ended a large portion of Taylor's men were withdrawn and given to Gen. Scott, who was meditating a descent upon Vera Cruz. The movement began December 14 In the meantime the two Tennessee regiments had been placed in the brigade of Gen. Pillow. On December 14 the troops started for Tampico, the place of embarkation. They were finally landed at Vera Cruz on March 9, 1847, and approaches were begun. The siege guns opened on the city on the 22d, and continued till the 27th. On the 26th a detachment of six companies of the First and Second Tennessee Kegiments was as- signed the duty of assaulting a barricade defending Madeline Bridge. The battalion was led by Col. Haskell. Capt. Foster was the first to leap upon the work. The place was carried with little loss. The city of Vera Cruz and the strong castle of San Juan de UUoa surrendered on the 29th. Gen. Scott's army began its march toward the City of Mexico April 9, and on the 18th, his progress was disputed at Cerro Gordo. In 476 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the assault that followed the Tennesseeans were on the left of the line. The assault w^as vigorous but the Second, entangled in the chapparal in front of the works, suffered terribly. The loss in the two regiments was 79, 8 being from the First and the remainder being from the Second. Gen. Pillow was among the wounded. The army then moved forward to Jalapa. The time of service of the Tennesseeans having expired the remaining portion of the regiments were sent to New Orleans, where they were mustered out. Gen. Scott moved his army on to Pueblo, where he was compelled to await re-enforcements to fill his much depleted ranks. A call was made on Tennessee for two additional regiments, the Third and the Fourth, and a battalion of six companies called the Fourteenth. Capt. B. F. Cheatham was largely instrumental in raising the Third. It was composed of the companies of Capt. Chambliss, from Giles and Mar- shal Counties, Capt. Solomon, of Sumner ; Capt. Whitfield, of Hickman ; Capts. Trigg and Bradf ute, of Davidson ; Capt. CoUyer, of Franklin ; Capt. Douley, of Kutherford and Coffee ; Capt. ,of De Kalb ; Capt. Anderson, of Coffee, and Capt. Lef tnick of Maury and Lewis Counties. Capt. Cheatham was elected colonel of the Third and it was mustered into the service on October 8, 1847. Their place of rendezvous was about two and a half miles from Nashville on the Nolensville pike. The Fourth Eegiment Avas composed of the companies of Capt. H. Dill, of McMinn ; Capt. C. J. Flagg, of Blount; Capt. E. Oliver, of Anderson; Capt. J. B. Collins, of Bradley ; Capt. E. Thomason, of Grainger ; Capt. J. C. Vaughn, of Mon- roe; Capt. J. J. Reese, of Jefferson; Capt. G. W. Bounds, of Hawkins; Capt. G. W. Kenzie, of Meigs; Capt. McClellan, of Sullivan; Capt. "VVaterhouse, of Rhea, and Capts. Parson and Council, of Knox. Capt. Waterhouse, of Rhea, was elected colonel. The remaining forces of the State rendezvoused at Camp Carroll or Carrollton under Col. Trousdale. These forces were all taken to New Orleans by boat, thence by vessel to Vera Cruz. Here they were formed into a brigade, but did not arrive at the City of Mexico until the work of capture was done. However, Gen. Pillow paid a visit to Tennessee in the summer of 1847, and returned in July and joined Scott's army at Pueblo. He was in the advance upon the City of Mexico and engaged in the battles of Churubusco, Chapulte- pec, Molino del Ray and the seige of the city. He was one of the com- missioners to negotiate the surrender. Some very distinguished men were developed by this war ; among them may be mentioned Govs. Trous- dale and Campbell, and Gens. B. F. Cheatham and Pillow. On settle- ment of the Mexican question the soldiers of Tennessee returned to their homes to enjoy the full measure of praise their valor upon the field had won. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 477 CHAPTER XV. Federal Military History — Cause of the Loyalty of East Tennessee — Ar- raignment OF THE General Assembly and of the Executive by the Union Conventions— The Concentration of the Confederate Forces at Knoxville— Organization of the Unionists— The Helpless Situation of Loyal Citizens— Active Military Operations— Selected Illustrative Correspondence— The Execution of the Bridge Burners— Arrest of THE Union Leaders— An Outline of the Principal Military Move- ments— Burnsides' Occupation— Siege of Knoxville— The Concluding Skirmishes — Sketches of the Regiments. •N O fact connected with the late civil war, abounding in striking events and gigantic achievements, is more remarkable than the number of troops furnished by Tennessee to the Federal Army. It is scarcely credible that a State with a voting population of only about 140,000, raising nearly 100,000 troops for the Confederate Army, should also have furnished 30,000 men to fight for the Union. It becomes still more remarkable to consider that a very large proportion of this 30,000 came from a division of the State, having a male population between the ages of twenty and fifty, of only 45,000; and that unlike the volunteer from the Northern States, the Union soldier from Tennessee was not tempted to enlist by a munificent State bounty, nor impelled by the force of public opinion, but on the contrary, to do so, he was forced to escape from an enemy's watchful guard at night and, leaving his home and all he held dear to the mercy of a hostile foe, make his way across the bleak and cheerless mountains, to the Union camps in Kentucky. For an explanation of this remarkable adherence to the Union on the part of the people of East Tennessee, it is necessary to look to the origin of the war. As many as have been its alleged causes, all may be traced to the one prime cause, slavery ; all others were the result of or incident to slavery, as has been shown by Dr. Draper, in his history of the war. The difference in climate, soil and physical features between the North and the South, through its effect upon the growth of slavery, was a remote agency in producing strife between the two sections. On the other hand, the dissimilarity in character, occupation and political sentiments of the people was largely the result of their different systems of labor. It is true, the difference in character of the original colonists was a more or less important factor, but its effect was not great. East Tennessee was settled by the same class of people as that part of the State west of the Cumberland Mountains, and at one time the people 30 4:78 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. of the two sections were homogeneous ; but owing to the peculiar topogra- phy of the former, however, slave labor was not very profitable, and com- paratively few slaves were owned — the proportion of the free men be- ing about as one to twenty. The same divergence of interest grew up be- tween East Tennessee and the middle and western divisions of the State, as between the North and South as a whole. Consequently upon all ques- tions of political and domestic economy. East Tennessee was usually identified with the Northern States. Since 183G, as a whole, it had been strongly "Whig, and in some sections for many years, a strong aboli- tion sentiment had existed; when therefore, it was proposed to sacrifice the Union to perpetuate slavery, the majority of the people of East Tennessee joined with the freemen of the North, to prevent its consum- mation. They foresaw that should a Confederacy of the slave States be- come established, the person who owned no slaves, as a factor in politics and in society, would be a cipher. It is undoubtedly true that the great body of the people did not see this result, but their leaders did, and per- haps in no State were the masses more submissive to leadership than in Tennessee. In addition to this the State, as a whole, had always been intensely patriotic. The readiness with which she had come to the defense of the country, when threatened by an alien or a savage foe, had won for her the name of "The Volunteer State." It was the greatest of Tennesseeans who said: " The Union! It must and shall be preserved." Even the ma- jority of those who joined in the support of the Confederacy, did so, only when they felt it to be their highest duty, and it was with no feigned grief that they left the old " stars and stripes," to rally around a new and strange flag. As has been stated, the preponderance of Union sentiment in Tennessee was in the eastern division of tlie State, yet at the election in 18G0 the majority for the "Union" electors was quite large throughout the State. Even after the secession of South Carolina and other more Southern States, the entire State remained firmly for the Union, as was shown by a vote of 24,749 for, to 91,803 against calling a convention. But after the attack upon Fort Sumter, and the call for troops by Presi- dent Lincoln, which worked such a change in the sentiment of the people of this State, the stronghold of the Unionists was in East Tennessee. At the election held in June, to vote on the question of separation or no separation, while the total number of votes in the State against that meas- ure was 47,274, 32,9G2 of them were cast in East Tennessee.* This result was due in a great measure to the position taken by the political leaders Andrew Johnson, T. A. R. Nelson, William G. *See elsewhere for the full returns of these elections. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 479 Brownlow, Horace Maynard, Connolly F. Trigg, William B. Carter and others, who took a determined stand against secession and did all in their power to prevent Tennessee from going out of the Union. To determine the relative amount of influence exerted by each individual would be^ an impossibility. Mr. Johnson has by many been accorded the credit for the loyalty of East Tennessee, and it was in part due to his influence. He was very popular with the Democracy of the State, and especially of his congressional district, and his powerful pleas for the Union carried many of his party with him. But with the Whig element he could have had but little influence, since he had advocated the election of Breckin- ridge at the preceding presidential election, and had otherwise rendered himself obnoxious to them. In fact, as has been stated, the Whio-s of East Tennessee were naturally attached to the Union, and diametrically opposed to the principles of the extreme Democracy, which had inaug- urated the Eebellion. It, therefore, required only the eloquence and zeal of the old leaders Nelson, Maynard, Brownlow and others to fire them with an enthusiasm for the Union and the " old flag," which not even the hardships of four years of war served to abate. On the 30th of May preceding that election, about 500 delegates, representing nearly every county in East Tennessee, assembled at Knoxville in pursuance of the following call: The undersigned, a portion of the people of East Tennessee, disapproving the hasty and inconsiderate action of our General Assembly, and sincerely desirous to do, in the midst of the trouble which surrounds us, what will be best for our country, and for all classes of our citizens, respectfully appoint a convention to be held in Knoxville on Thursday, the 30th of May inst. ; and we urge every county in East Tennessee to send dele- gates to this convention, that the conservative element of our whole section may be repre- sented, and that wise and judicious counsels may prevail — looking to peace and harmony among ourselves. F. S. Heiskell, John Williams, W. H. Rogers, John J. Craig, S. R. Rogers, John Baxter, Dr. W. Rogers, O. P. Temple, W.G. Brownlow, * Joan Tunnell, C. F. Trigg, [and others.] C. H. Baker, David Burnett, The convention met at Temperance Hall, and was called to order by Connolly F. Trigg, upon whose motion John Baxter was chosen tempo- rary president, and John M. Fleming, temporary secretary. Prayer was offered by Eev. Thomas W. Humes, after which Thomas A. R. Nelson was chosen president, and John M. Fleming, secretary. After addresses by the president and Gen. Thomas D. Arnold, and the appointment of a general committee representing the various counties, the convention adjourned to meet the next morning. On the next day the committee, through their chairman, Col. Trigg, submitted their report which, after considerable debate, was amended and finally adopted. The following 480 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. are some of tlie resolutions, wliicli were preceded by a preamble of con- siderable length: We, therefore, the delegates here assembled, representing and reflecting, as we verily believe, the opinions and wishes of a large majority of the people of East Tennessee, do resolve and declare: First. That the evil which now afflicts our beloved country in our opinion is the legitimate result of the ruinous and heretical doctrine of secession; that the people of East Tennessee have ever been, and we believe still ai"e opposed to it by a very large majority. Second. That while the country is upon the very threshold of a most ruinous and desolating civil war, it may with truth be said, and we protest before God, that the people (so far as we can see) have done nothing to produce it. * ** * * * * * * Sixth. That the Legislature of the State, without having first obtained the consent of the people, had no authority to enter into a " military league" with the " Confederate States" against the General Government, and by so doing to put the State of Tennessee in hostile array against the government of which it then was and still is a member. Sucli legislation in advance of the expressed will of the people to change their governmental relations was an act of usurpation, and should be visited with the severest condemnation of the people. Seventh. That the forming of such "military league," and thus practically assum- ing the attitude of an enemy towards the General Government (this, too, in the absence of any hostile demonstration against the State) has afforded the pretext for raising, arm- ing and equipping a large military force, the expense of which must be enormous, and will have to be paid by the people. And to do this, the taxes, already onerous enough, will necessarily have to be very greatly increased, and probably to an extent beyond the ability to pay. Eighth. That the General Assembly by passing a law authorizing the volunteers to vote wherever they may be on the day of election, whether in or out of the State, and in offer- ing to the "Confederate States" the capitol of Tennessee, together with other acts, have exercised powers and stretched their authority to an extent not within their constitutional limits, and not justified by the usages of the country. Ninth. That government being instituted for the common benefit, the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind. Tenth. That the position which the people of our sister State of Kentucky have assumed in this momentous crisis, commands our highest admiration. Their interests are our interests. Their policy is the true policy, as we believe, of Tennessee and all the bor- der States. And in the spirit of freemen, with an anxious desire to avoid the waste of the blood and the treasure of our State, we appeal to the people of Tennessee, while it is yet in their power, to come up in the majesty of their strength and restore Tennessee to her true position. Eleventh. We shall await with the utmost anxiety the decision of the people of Ten- nessee on the 8th day of next month*, and sincerely trust that wiser counsels will pervade the great fountain of freedom (the people) than seem to have actuated their constituted agent. Twelfth. For the promotion of the peace and harmony of the people of East Ten- nessee, it is deemed expedient that this convention should again assemble, therefore: Resolved, That when this convention adjourns, it adjourns to meet again at such time and place as the president or vice-president in his absence may determine and publish. After the adoption of the above resolution an eloquent and effective address was delivered by Andrew Johnson. This convention was com- *Beference luaile to the election to be held Juue 8, 18G1. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 481 posed of representative men of East Tennessee, men of influence and ability. They foresaw the result of the coming election, but not wishing to anticipate it by any act, made provision for a future meeting. The number of delegates in attendance is evidence of the intense interest in the question before the people; 5,000 copies of the proceedings of the convention were printed and distributed over the State, but it was of lit- tle avail in stemming the tide of secession which swept over Middle and West Tennessee. The leaders in those divisions, with few exceptions, notably among whom was Emerson Etheridge, had been carried away by it. So strong was the influence that such men as Niell S. Brown, Judge E. L. Caruthers, Felix K. Zollicoffer and many others, who at the previous election had voted against a convention, were now amono- the strongest advocates of disunion. The election on the 8th of June re- sulted as shown elsewhere, and three days later Judge Nelson issued a call for the East Tennessee Convention to meet on the 17th of that month at Greeneville. Delegates from all of the counties except Rhea assembled at the appointed time, and continued in session four days. Their labors resulted in the preparation of the declaration of grievances, of which the following is an extract, and the adoption of the resolutions succeeding: We, the people of East Tennessee, a^^ain assembled in a convention of our delegates make the following declaration in addition to that heretofore promulgated by us at Knox- ville on the 30th and 31st of May last. So far as we can learn, the election held in tiiis State on the 8th day of the present month was free, with but few exceptions, in no other part of the State than East Tennessee. In the larger part of Middle and West Tennessee no speeches or discussion in favor of the Union were permitted. Union papers were not allowed to circulate. Measures were taken in some parts of West Tennessee in defiance of the constitution and laws which allow folded tickets, to have the ballots numbered in such a manner as to mark and expose the Union voter!" A disunion paper, The NasJiville Gazette, in urging the people to vote an open ticket, declared that "a thief takes a pocket-book or effects an entrance into forbidden places by stealthy means; a Tory, in voting, usually adopts pretty much the same mode of pro- cedure." Disunionists in many places had charge of the polls, and Union men when vot- ing were denounced as Lincolnites and abolitionists. The unanimity of the votes in many large counties where but a few weeks ago the Union sentiment was so strong, proves be- yond a doubt that Union men were overawed by the tyranny of the military law, and the still greater tyranny of a corrupt and subsidized press. Volunteers were allowed to vote in and out of the State in flagrant violation of the constitution. From the moment the election was over, and before any detailed statement of the vote in the different counties had been published, and before it was possible to ascertain the result, it was exultingly proclaimed that separation had been carried by from fifty to seventy-five thousand votes. This was to prepare the public mind to enable the secessionists to hold possession of the State, though they should be in the minority. The final result is to be announced by a disunion governor, whose existence depends upon the success of secession, and no provis- ion is made by law for an examination of the votes by disinterested persons, or even for contesting the election. For these and other causes we do not regard the resul t of the election expressive of the will of the majority of the people of Tennessee. , No effort has been spared to deter the Union men of East Tennessee from the expres- sion of their free thoughts. The penalties of treason have been threatened against them, 482 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and murder and assassination have been openly encoura,i?ed by leading secession journals. As secession has thus been overbearing and intolerant while in the minority in East Ten- nessee, nothing better can be expected of the pretended majority than wild, unconstitu- tional and oppressive legislation, an utter contempt and disregard of law, a determination to force every Union man in the State to swear to the support of a constitution he abhors, to yield his money and property to aid a cause he detests, and to become the object of scorn and derision as well as the victim of intolerable and relentless oppression. In view of these considerations, and of the fact that the people of East Tennessee have declared their fidelity to the Union by a majority of about 20,000 votes, therefore we do resolve and declare First. That we do earnestly desire the restoration of peace to our whole country, and most especially that our own section of the State of Tennessee should not be involved in civil war. Second. That the action of our State Legislature in passing the so-called "Declaration of Independence," and in forming the "Military League" with the Confederate States, and in adopting other acts looking to a separation of the State of Tennessee from the Government of the United States, is unconstitutional and illegal, and, therefore, not bind- ing upon us as loyal citizens. Third. That in order to avert a conflict with our bi-ethren in other parts of the State, and desiring that every constitutional means shall be resorted to for the preservation of peace, we do, therefore, constitute and appoint 0. P. Temple, of Knox; John Netherland, of Hawkins, and James P. McDowell, of Greene, commissioners, whose duty it shall be to prepare a memorial and cause the same to be presented to the General Assembly of Ten- nessee, now in session, asking its consent that the counties composing East Tennessee and such counties in Middle Tennessee as desire to coperate with them, may form and erect a separate State. Fourth. Desiring in good faith that the General Assembly will grant this our reason- able request, and still claiming the right to determine our own destiny, we do further re- solve .that an election be held in all the counties of East Tennessee, and such other coun- ties in Middle Tennessee adjacent thereto as may desire to co-operate with us, for the choice of delegates to represent them in a general convention to be held in the town of Kingston, at such time as the president of this convention, or in case of his absence or in- ability, any one of the vice-presidents, or in like case with them the secretary of this con- vention may designate, and the officer so designating the day for the assembling of said convention shall also fix the time for holding the election herein provided for, and give reasonable notice thereof. Fifth. In order to carry out the foregoing resolution the sheriffs of the different counties are hereby requested to open and hold said election or cause the same to be done, the coroner of such county is requested to do so, and should such coroner fail or refuse, then any constable of such county is hereby authorized to open and hold said election or cause the same to be done, and if in any county none of the above named officers will hold said clectitm, then any justice of the peace or freeholder in sucli county is author- ized to hold the same or cause it to be done. The officer or other person holding said election shall certify the result to the president of this convention or to such officer as may have directed the same to be holden, at as early a day thereafter as practicable, and the officer to whom said returns may be made shall open and compare the polls, and issue certificates to the delegates elected. Sixth. That in said convention, the several counties shall be represented as follows: The county of Knox shall elect three delegates; the counties of Washington, Greene and Jefferson two delegates each, and the remaining counties .shall each elect one delegate. Twenty thousand copies of the proceedings of this convention, to- gether with tlie proceedings of the session at Knoxville, were ordered to be published in pamphlet form for general distribution. The excite- HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 483 ment in East Tennessee soon became intense. The proceedings of this convention, together with speeches denunciatory of the new government, fanned the ah-eady glowing fires of insurrection among the Unionists. Brownlow's Knoxville Whig, a paper which had a very large circulation in this part of tne State, did much to arouse the people. Every number contained articles filled with the bitterest invective against the "bogus Confederacy." Landon C. Haynes, a Confederate leader, in writing to L. P. Walker, Confederate Secretary of War, concerning the condition of affairs in East Tennessee, on July 6, 1861, said: "Thomas A. R. Nelson, William G. Brownlow, Connolly F. Trigg and William B. Carter are the leaders. Moral power cannot -longer be relied on to crush the rebellion. No man possesses that power. Bell had more than any other man, but he is as helpless as a child." Three days later Secretary Walker requested Gov. Harris to send immediately two regiments to East Tennessee, which was accordingly done, and on July 26, "Gen. ZoUi- coffer was ordered to assume command of that district, to preserve peace, protect the railroad and repel invasion." On August 26 he issued Gen- eral Order No. 11, in which he states: "The following are the names of the Lincoln leaders in Johnson County : Lewis Veuable, of Laurel Creek ; Northington, hotel-keeper at Taylorsville ; K. R. Butler, of Taylorsville, representative of the county; John G. Johnson and J. W. Merrick, cap- tains of Lincoln companies. Joseph P. Edoms, of Elizabethton, Carter County, and A. Evans, of Washington County, are also among the ring- leaders of them." On July 10, 1861, Judge Nelson issued a proclama- tion for an election to be held on the 31st of August, to choose delegates ■as provided in the resolutions of the Greene ville Convention. Owing to succeeding events, however, this election did not take place. At the election held the first week in August, Horace Maynard, Thomas A. R. Nelson and G. W. Bridges were elected representatives to the United States Congress by the Unionists, who refused to vote for representatives to the Confederate Congress. A day or two later Judge Nelson started for Washington, by the way of Cumberland Gap, but was arrested in Lee County, Va., and taken to Richmond. He was soon after paroled and returned to his home. At about the same time Bridges was arrested in Morgan County, and was also released upon taking the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. During the summer and early fall Union men were quietly organiz- ing and drilling. In most places this was done secretly, but in some localities the Union sentiment was so unanimous that there was no need of concealment. Singly and in squads they began crossing the moun- tains into Kentucky, where they were organized into companies and regi- 484 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. ments. Those who remaine'd behind were constantly urging and expect- ing an advance upon East Tennessee by the Federal troops, and they held themselves in readiness for a general uprising when that should take place. John F. Fisk, in writing to R. Buckner, on September 22, 1861, says: "The mountaineers will whip Zollicoffer as soon as they get ammunition. By all means send them lead, lead, lead! " "William B. Carter wrote to Gen. Thomas on October 27 and earnestly called for an advance upon East Tennessee, In speaking of Zollicoffer' s forces he said: "Zollicoffer has 6,000 men all told; 1,000 of them are sick, 600 or 800 are not arrived; 1,600 of the 6,000 are at Cumberland Gap, the balance beyond the Gap." This force proved to be too small to sup- press the constantly growing power of the Unionists and the leading Confederates in East Tennessee began to call for re-enforcements. Gen. A. S. Johnston, on November 4, 1861, sent a despatch to Secretary Ben- jamin, in which he said: '" Herewith I transmit for your information a letter from Gov. Harris, inclosing one from Mr, C. Wallace, imparting information in regard to the political sentiments of the people of East Tennessee, which he represents as extremely hostile to the Confederate Government, and that there is among them a large and well-armed force ready to act at an opportune moment. I have already ordered Stanton's and Murray's regiments and some cavalry companies from their stations in Fentress, Overton and Jackson Counties to Jamestown to join some cavalry companies at that place, thence to report and await the orders of Gen. Zollicoffer, who has been notified." The letter referred to above was written at Knoxville, October 29, and is as follows: Dear Governor: I don't like to meddle in things that are in keeping of men so much more vigilant and wise than I, but I am constrained by the circumstances about mo to be- lieve that Zollicoffer and the railroads of East Tennessee are in a dangerous condition at present. I am well aware that the views of the "original panel" in East Tennessee are not much heeded abroad, but I am well satisfied that there is to-day a larger Lincoln force, well armed in East Tennessee, than Zollicoffer has of Southern men under his command-, * * There is no giving way in the hostile feeling in East Tennessee. This you may rely on, and time will convince you. Truly your friend, C. Wallace. On November 1 Col. W. B. Wood, commanding the post at Knox- ville, wrote to Secretary Benjamin: " There can be no doubt of the fact that large parties, numbering from twenty to a hundred, are every day passing through the narrow and unfrequented gaps of the mountains into Kentucky. I do not believe that the Unionists are in the least recon- ciled to the Government, but, on the contrary, are as hostile to it as the people of Ohio, and will be ready to take up arms as soon as they be- lieve the Lincoln forces are near enough to sustain them," These opinions proved to be well founded, and on the night of the 8th of HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 485 November the excitement cnlminated in the burning of three or four raih'oad bridges on the road between Bristol and Chattanooga. This created great alarm, and more vigorous measures were adopted to subdue the Unionists, and crush out the insurrection against the Confederate Government. Many arrests were made, not only upon charges of com- plicity in the bridge burning, but for encouraging the Unionist move- ment. Col. D. Leadbetter was immediately ordered to East Tennessee with an engineer corps to repair and protect the railroads. Letters and despatches from all points in East Tennessee were poured in upon the Confederate authorities, all telling of the imminent danger from a gen- eral uprising of the Unionists. Maj. T. J. Cannon, stationed at Loudon, wrote: "The LTnion feeling of this country is very bitter, and all they want, in my opinion, to induce a general uprising, is encouragement from the Federal authorities by the introduction or'advance of Lincoln armies. They have a great many arms, and are actually manufacturing Union flags to receive the refugee Tennesseeans when they return. They are getting bold enough to avow their purpose." Col. Wood wrote from Knoxville to Adjt.-Gen. Cooper: "Five hundred Union men are now threatening Strawberry Plains, fifteen hundred are assembling in Ham- ilton County, and there is a general uprising in all the counties. The whole country is now in a state of rebellion. I learn from two gentle- men just arrived that another camp is being formed about ten miles from here, in Sevier County, and already three hundred are in camp. They are being re-enforced fi*om Blount, Eoane, Johnson, Greene, Carter and other counties." The writer of the letter of which the following is an extract, advised the removal of the Union sympathizers from East Tennessee: JoNESBORO, Tenn., November 12, 1861. His Excellency Jefferson Davis: Sir: Civil war has broken out at length in East Tennessee. In the late election scarcely a so-called Union man voted. Neither Mr. Nelson nor any of the released men who had been sworn to be faithful to the Southern Confederacy voted upon the occasion, and there appeared a simultaneous assault upon our line of railroads from Virginia to the Georgia line. In this county the secession strength is about equal to the Union force, but our force is much weakened by five volunteer companies now in the service. In Carter and Johnson Counties, northeast of this, the Union strength is not only as formidable but it is as violent as that of any of the northwestern counties of Virginia. Had they the power not a sessionist would live in this region. The hostile element in those counties, and also in Greene, is so strong that I give it as my firm conviction that it will neither abate nor be conciliated. They look for the re-establishment of the Federal authority with as much confidence as the Jews look for the coming of Messiah, and I feel quite sure when I assert it that no event or circumstance can change or modify their hope. * * We will crush out the rebellion here in a week or ten days, but to prevent its recurrence should be a matter of anxious consideration. * * There are now camped in and about Elizabeth- 486 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ton, iu Carter County, some twelve or fifteen hundred men armed with a motley assort- mentof guns, in open defiance of the Confederate States of America, and who are awaiting a movement of the Federal troops from Kentucky to march forward and take possession of the railroad. These men are gathered up from three or five counties in this region, and com- prise the hostile Union element of this section, and never will be appeased, conciliated or quieted in a Southern Confederacy. I make this assertion positively, and you may take it for what it is worth. We can and will in a few days disperse them, but when will they break out again? I am satisfied the only hope for our quiet and repose, and our co-opera- tion without hindrance in the present revolution, is the expatriation, voluntarily or by force, of this hostile element. I am respectfully your obedient servant, A. G. Graham. Gov. Harris telegraphed President Davis that lie should send immedi- ately about 10,000 men into East Tennessee. November 20, 1861, Col. Wood wrote to Secretary Benjamin: "The rebellion in East Tennessee has been put down in some of the counties, and will be effectually sup- pressed in less than two weeks in all the counties. The camps in Sevier and Hamilton Counties have been broken and a large number of them made prisoners. Some are confined in jail at this place and others sent to Nashville. In a former communication I inquired what I shall do with them. It is a mere farce to arrest them and turn them oyer to the courts. Instead of having the effect to intimidate, it really emboldens them in their traitorous conduct. We have now in custody some of their leaders, Judge Patterson, the son-in-law of Andrew Johnson, Col. Pick- ens, the senator from Sevier, and others of influence and some distinc- tion in their counties. These men have encouraged this rebellion, but have so managed as not to be found in arms. Nevertheless, their actions and words have been unfriendly to the Government of the Confederate States. The influence of their wealth, position and connection has been exerted in favor of the Lincoln government, and they are the persons most to blame for the trouble in East Tennessee. They really deserve the gallows, and, if consistent with the laws, ought speedily to receive their deserts ; but there is such a gentle spirit of reconcilation in the South, and especially here, that I have no idea that one of them will re- ceive such a sentence at the hands of any jury impaneled to try them. * * I have to request at least that the prisoners I have taken be held, if not as traitors, as prisoners of war. To release them is ruinous ; to convict them before a court at this time next to an impossibility ; but if they are kept in prison for six months it will have a good effect. The bridge-burners and spies ought to be tried at once, and I respectfully re- quest that instruction be forwarded at as early a day as practicable, as it needs prompt action to dispose of the cases." The following reply was received: HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 487 War Department, Richmond, November 25, 1861. Colonel W. B. Wood: Sir: Your report of the 20th instant is received, and I now proceed to give you the desired instruction in relation to the prisoners of war taken by you among the traitors of East Tennessee. First. All such as can be identified in having been engaged in bridge-burning are to be tried summarily by drum-head court-martial, and, if found guilty, executed on the spot 5)y hanging in the vicinity of the burned bridges. Second. All such as have not been so engaged are to be treated as prisoners of war, and sent with an armed guard to. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, there to be kept imprisoned at the depot selected by the Government for prisoners of war. Whenever you can discover that arms are concentrated by these traitors, you will send out detatchments to search for and seize the arms. In no case is one of the men known to have been up in arms against the Government to be released on any pledge or oath of alle- giance. The time for such measures is past. They are all to be held as prisoners of war. Such as come in voluntarily, take the oath of allegiance and surrender their arms, are alone to be treated with lenienpy. Very vigilant execution of these orders is earnestly urged by the Government. Your obedient servant, J. P. Benjamin, Secretary of War. P. S. Judge Patterson (Andy Johnson's son-in-law), Colonel Pickens and other ring- leaders of the same class, must be sent at once to Tuscaloosa to jail as prisoners of war. At this time John son, Maynard, Etheridge, Meigs, and most other Union leaders throughout Tennessee had left the State. William G. Brownlow, whose newspaper had been suppressed about the 1st of No- vember, had sought personal safety by retiring to the mountains. On December 4, he received notice from the commander of the department, that should he return and deliver himself up, he would be given a pass- port to go into Kentucky accompanied by a military escort. He accord- ingly returned, but was immediately arrested and placed in jail upon the charge of treason. He was kept in confinement at the jail until January 1, 18G2, when he became sick, and afterward at his home under guard until March 3, when he was sent with a military escort to Nashville. On No- vember 30, 1862, three men : Henry Frey, Jacob M. Henshaw and Hugh A. Self, were tried at Greeneville by drum-head court-martial, for bridge burning, and sentenced to be hung. The sentence with respect to the first two, was executed on the same day ; that of Self was commuted to imprisonment. On the same day Col. Leadbetter issued the following conciliatory proclamation : Greeneville, East Tenn., November 30, 1861. To THE Citizens of East Tennessee: So long as the question of Union or Disunion was debatable, so long you did well to debate it and vote on it. You had a clear right to vote for Union, but when seces- sion was established by the voice of the people, you did ill to disturb the country by angry words and insurrectionary tumult. In doing this you commit the highest crime known to the laws. Out of the Southern Confederacy no people possesses such elements of prosperity and happiness as those of Tennessee. The Southern market which you have hitherto enjoyed, only in competition with a host of eager Northern rivals, will now be 488 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. shared with a few States of the Confederacy equally fortunate politically and geographi- cally. Every product of your agriculture and workshops will now find a prompt sale at hi'1-h prices, and so long as cotton grows on Confederate soil, so long will the money which it brings flow from the South through all your channels of trade. At this moment you might be at war with the United States, or any foreign nation, and yet not suffer one- tenth part of the evil which pursues you in this domestic strife. No man's life or property is safe; no woman or child can sleep in quiet. You are deluded by selfish demagogues, who care for their own personal safety. You are citizens of Tennessee, and your State one of the Confederate States. So long as you are up in arms against these States can vou look for any thing but the invasion of your homes and the wasting of your substance? This condition of things must be ended. The Government demands peace and sends troops to enforce order. I proclaim that any man who comes in promptly, and gives up his arms will be pardoned on taking the oath of allegiance. All men taken in arms against the Government will be transported to the military prison at Tuscaloosa, and be confined there during the war. Bridge burners and destroyers of railroad tracks are ex- cepted from among the pardonable. Tliey will be tried by drum-head court-martial and hung on the spot. j) Leadbetter, Colonel Commanding. Col. Leadbetter evidently did not understand the steadfast loyalty of the Unionists of East Tennessee, or he would have saved himself the trouble of issuing this proclamation. Very few took advantage of the proffered clemency. Meanwhile Brig. -Gen. W. H. Carroll had been placed in command at Knoxville, and on December 11, he issued a proc- lamation declaring martial law, and suspending the writ of habeas corpus. On the same day C. A. Haun, who had been confined in the jail at that place, was hanged on the charge of bridge burning. About a week later Jacob Harmon and his son, Henry Harmon, were hanged on a similar charge. These vigorous measures had the effect of driving many of the Unionists to Kentucky, and of silencing the most of the remainder for the time being. In December, 1861, Gen. George B. Crittenden was assigned to the command of the Confederate forces in a portion of East Tennessee, and southeastern Kentucky, which included tlie troops then at Mill Springs under Gen. Zollicoffer, who had been stationed at that point to prevent Gen. Schoepf from penetrating Tennessee. The latter was stationed at Somerset on Fishing Creek, a small tributary of the Cumberland. Jan- uary 18, 18C3, Gen. Thomas, with the remainder of his forces came up, and in the battle which ensued on the following day Gen. Zollicoffer was killed, and his force driven back in great confusion. In this action the First and Second Union Eegiments of Tennessee Infantry, under Gen. S. P. Carter, took a conspicuous part, fighting with great spirit against, among others, several Tennessee regiments on the Confederate side. By the death of Gen. Zollicoffer the forces in East Tennessee lost a valuable officer, and on February 25, 1862, Gen. E. Kirby Smith was assigned to the command of the troops in that district. He arrived HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 489 at Knoxville on March 0, and on the following day reported to the War Department that the troops then in East Tennessee numbered less than 8,000 effective men, 4,000 of whom were at Cumberland Gap, 2,000 at Knoxville, and the remainder distributed over neighboring counties. In a report a few days later he refers to the capture, without the fire of a gun, of a large number of two companies of the First East Tennessee Confederate Cavalry, near Jacksboro, and states that, in his opinion, "East Tennessee troops can not be trusted, and should be removed to some other field." On March 28, 1862, an expedition was sent into Morgan and Scott Counties to chastise the Unionists, who had been gathering there in considerable force. A skirmish took place near Montgomery, lasting about thirty minutes, in which the Unionists were dispersed with a loss of fifteen killed and a large number of wounded. During the latter part of the same month. Gen. George AV. Morgan was assigned to the command of an expedition against Cumberland Gap. His force con- sisted of four brigades, under the command of Gens. Carter, Spears, and Baird, and Col. DeCourcy. Carter's brigade consisted of the First, Second and Fourth (Union) Tennessee,* Third and Nineteenth Kentucky, and the Forty-ninth Indiana, all infantry. Spear's brigade consisted of the Third, Fifth, and Sixth (Union) Tennessee Infantry. The two other brigades contained no Tennessee regiments. After considerable pre- liminary skirmishing a general advance was made about the 10th of June, and on the 18th the post was evacuated by the Confederates with- out firing a gun. Gen. Morgan remained at Cumberland Gap until the 17th of the September following, when he was forced to retreat or be cut off from his line of supplies, as Gen. Stevenson with a force estimated at 20,000 had taken position in front of the Gap, and Gen. Smith with a still larger force was at Barboursville, Ky. After an arduous march of several days he reached the Ohio Eiver at Wheelers- burg. In his report of the evacuation and retreat Gen. Morgan compli- mented the gallantry of the Sixth Tennessee. He says: " We resumed the march from Manchester, Ky., on the 21st. The enemy's cavalry ap- peared on our rear and endeavored to cut off one of our trains, but was gallantly repulsed by the Sixth Tennessee under Col. Cooper, who had before rendered good service in attacking the enemy's force near Big Creek Gap." Several of the regiments had been poorly equipped, especially the Second and Fourth Cavalry, both of which regiments had been organized at Cumberland Gap. Consequently, several weeks were spent in equip- ping and refitting, and in recovering from the demoralization incident *Col. Robert Johnson afterward re-enlisted, and the Fourth was organized as First Tennessee Cavalry. 490 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. to SO long and difficult a retreat. As soon as this liad been accomplished, they were ordered to report to Rosecrans at Nashville. The battle of Stone's River was fought almost immediately after their arrival at that place, and was participated in by Gen. Spear's brigade, including the Third, Fifth, and Sixth Tennessee Infantry, and a portion of the Third Cavalry, then not fully organized; also by Carter's brigade, including the First and Second Tennessee Infantry. The Second and Fifth Ten- nessee Cavalry were also actively engaged, with the exception of the First and Fourth Regiments of cavalry, which did not arrive until after the battle; these included all the Tennessee regiments which had then been mustered into service. But to trace the movements and record the achievements of Tennessee troops in all the numerous campaigns, raids and battles in which they participated would require a volume ; therefore only a few of the most important, and especially those of East Tennessee, will be noted. The troops of no other State were more active, untiring and intrepid. Their service was chiefly performed within their own State and the territory immediately surrounding it. As this was disputed ground from first to last "eternal vigilance" was required of the troops within its borders, and it seems to have fallen to the lot of the Tennessee regiments to do more than their share of the arduous work of scouting, raiding and skirmishing. Indeed the mounted infantry regiments, all of which were organized dur- ing the last eighteen months of the war, saw no other kind of service. The campaign for the deliverance of East Tennessee was entered upon in August, 1863, simultaneously with the advance of Rosecrans upon Chattanooga. Gen. Burnside's army, numbering about 18,000 men, consisted of the Twenty-third and Ninth Army Corps, together with new troops raised in Kentucky. The Tennessee troops Avere attached to the Twenty-third Corps, and included the First, Second and Eighth Regi- ments of Infantry, the Ninth Cavalry, and the Eighth and Tenth East Tennessee Cavalry, afterward consolidated and known as the Eighth Tennessee Cavalry. By the use of pack mules Gen. Burnside succeeded in pushing his army across the mountains west of Cumberland Gap, and after a tedious and difficult march approached Knoxville. The first regiment, the Sixty-fifth Indiana, entered the town on the 3d of September. The small Confederate force which had previously occupied the post had been quietly evacuating it for several days, moving supplies and railroad equipments to the South. About three days later Gen. Burnside with the main part of the army arrived, and soon after detachments were stationed at various places along the railroad. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 491 Col. DeCourcy with his brigade had ah-eady been ordered to Cum- berland Gap, which place he reached on September 8, and on the follow- ing day received its surrender. About the 1st of October a considerable force of Confederates from Virginia entered upper East Tennessee and threatened the left wing of Burnside's army. Nothing was done by the latter, however, until Oc- tober 10, when an advance in force was made. The enemy were encoun- tered at the village of Blue Springs, and after a spirited skirmish were driven back. During the succeeding night they retreated, and the next day were pursued by Gen. Shackleford and driven back into Virginia. On the 22d of October Gen. Burnside began concentrating his force at Loudon to meet Longstreet, who with a force of 20,000 men was approaching from Chattanooga. Sis days later the Union troops were withdrawn from the south side of the river at Loudon, and the next morning marched to Lenoirs, where they went into camp. There they remained until the morning of November 14, when the entire force was ordered under arms, as Longstreet was at last coming, and had thrown his advance across the Tennessee six miles west of Loudon. No fighting, however, was done, except by the cavalry, until two days later. Mean- while Burnside had fallen back to Campbell's Station, closely followed by Longstreefs infantry, who were hastening up to cut his line of retreat. Here he resolved to make a stand in order to protect his wagon trains, which were straggling in toward Knoxville. A battle ensued which lasted nearly all day, and which has been rated as the decisive battle of the campaign. Longstreefs veterans made two furious assaults, but were repulsed each time by Burnside's infantry and artillery. About 5 o'clock the former withdrew, and as soon as it was dark the Union Army resumed its retreat to Knoxville unmolested. Capt. O. M. Poe, chief engineer of the Army of the Ohio, had already selected the lines of defense, and th& next day the work of fortification was carried forward with the utmost rapidity not only by the troops, but by citizens impressed into service, so that by the morning of the 18th the city was strongly fortified. Had Longstreet pushed on his forces to Knoxville during the night of November 17, and been ready to make an attack the next morning, while the retreating troops were demoralized, and the town without the* protection of a single rifle pit, he could have captured the entire force without so much as a skirmish. During the next day his advance was considerably impeded by the Federal cavalry under Gen. William P. Sanders, who was unfortunately killed on the evening of the same day just outside of the earthworks, afterward named Fort Sanders in honor of his memory. Longstreet immediately invested the town, but made 492 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. no attack until Sunday, November 29, eleven days after the beginning of the siege. He had evidently intended to starve Burnside into a sur- render, but learning that Sherman was coming from Chattanooga, decid- ed to make an assault. His delay had given the besieged time to strengthen their defenses, and proved fatal to his hopes of success. At daylight on the 29th the famous "Barksdale Brigade," composed of Mississippi troops, made an attack upon Fort Sanders, then under command of Gen. Ferrero, but was repulsed with a loss of about 1,100 killed and 300 taken prisoners, while the Union loss was only 8 killed, 5 wounded and 30 prisoners. Fort Sanders, on the southwest part of town, was the strongest point in the fortifications. A deep ditch had been dug all around it, and in front of this trees had been cut down, and telegraph wires stretched from stump to stump about eight inches from the ground, in order to trip the men and break the lines.* These served their intended purpose, but the charge was made by veterans, and they pushed on, filled the ditch, climbed uj) the parapet and planted three Confederate flags on the top. The fort would then, undoubtedly, have been taken had it not been for the action of Lieut. Benjamin, commander of the battery. The guns could not reach those in the ditch, and he, taking the shells in his hand, cut the fuse, and lighting them with his cigar threw them over the parapet, when they exploded, doing terrible execution, f The assault was not renewed, and on the following Friday, December 4, the last of Longstreet's troops withdrew from in front of the city. The next day Sherman sent a despatch to Burnside from Maryville, say- ino- that he was at that point with 25,000 men, and would leave them there unless needed at Knoxville. In a short time he returned with his forces to Chattanooga, leaving the Fourth Army Corps under Gen. Gran- ger to re-enforce the garrison at Knoxville. Gen. Longstreet retreated slowly up the north bank of the Holston Eiver, followed by the Ninth and Twenty-third Corps, under Gen. Parke, and about 4,000 cavalry. As soon as the former had learned that Sher- man had returned to Chattanooga with the main part of his command, he turned upon his pursuers, then at Bean's Station, and administered to them a decided defeat. Owing to the inclemency of the weather, however, and the bad condition of both armies, active operations were soon after suspencjed. Longstreet went into winter quarters at Morristown and Kussellville, and Gen. Foster, who had succeeded Gen. Burnside in *Thisplan was suggested to the engineer by Mr. J.B. Hoxie, of Knoxville, who had been master mechanic on the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad. Upon the occupation of Knoxville Burnside made him a mem- ber of his statf, and placed him in charge of transportation, in which position he rendered valuable assistance. t History of the Twenty-first Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 493 command of the Army of the Ohio, withdrew the greater part of his forces to Knoxville. When Burnside retreated to Knoxville a portion of his command was stationed in detachments at various points above that city and were con- sequently shut out during the siege. Among these detachments were several Tennessee regiments. The Tennessee troops that participated in ihe defense of Knoxville were the Eighth Infantry and the Eighth and Ninth Cavalry, and others. During the June previous to the siege Gen. Sanders, with about 2,000 men, including the First Tennessee Infantry, made a successful raid into East Tennessee from Kentucky. He reached Knoxville on the evening of June 20, 1863. The next day he planted a battery on the north side of the town and began an artillery duel with the Confederates on the opposite ridge, during which only one person was injured. Pleasant M. McClung was shot, it is said, by the last gun fired by San- ders' men. Gen. Buckner, in command of the post, was absent with his life guard, leaving only Kain's artillery and parts of two Florida regi- ments to defend it. Had Gen. Sanders made an immediate assault he could probably have captured the town. During the day, however, a Virginia regiment arrived and Sanders retreated to Strawberry Plains and Mossy Creek and thence back into Kentucky. February 9, 1864, Gen. J. M. Schofield superseded Gen. Foster in command of the Army of the Ohio. No movement of importance was made until April, when. Gen. Longstreet having gone to rejoin Lee in Virginia, preparations were made for the Georgia campaign. The Ninth Corps having been returned to the Army of the Potomac, Gen. Schofield was assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Corps, and O. O. Howard succeeded Gen. Granger in command of the Fourth Corps. About the last of April, 1864, after tearing up the railroad for a consid- erable distance above Bull's Gap, the entire force, with the exception of small garrisons at Knoxville and Loudon, moved to join Sherman. The Tennessee Infantry, which participated in this campaign, formed a part of the Twenty-third Corps, and included the Third and Sixth Regiments, Cooper's brigade; Fifth Regiment, Manson's brigade, and the First and Eighth Regiments, brigade. The history of the Georgia campaign and the part performed by the Twenty-third Corps is too well known to require mention here. October 31, 1864, Gen. Schofield, who was at Resaca with the Twenty-third Corps, was ordered by Gen. Thomas to Pulaski. He arrived at Nashville November 5, and was immediately sent to Johnsonville. Finding that the enemy had already retreated he left a force for the defense of that part and moved to join the Fourth 594 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. furious engagement, where the right wing of Rosecranz was routed from the field. It moved back to Tullahama, and was here consolidated with the Twenty-eighth Regiment. ( See sketch of the twenty-eighth. ) The One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regi- ment was organized at Memphis in 1860, before the war broke out, and was reorganized soon after the fall of Sumter with Preston Smith, colonel. Seven comj)anies were raised in Memphis, one in Henry County, one in McNairy County, and one in Hardeman County. It first marched to Randolph in May, 18G1, and after various movements marched north and participated in the battle of Belmont, and afterward moved south into Kentucky, and after the surrender of Fort Donelson to northern Missis- sippi, and in April fought at bloody Shiloh with severe loss. It was then at Corinth until the evacuation, then marched north with Bragg on the Kentucky campaign, fighting at Richmond, Ky., with great loss, and at Perryville, October 8. It marched south with the army, reaching Murfreesboro where, December 31, it was hotly engaged, losing over a third of those engaged. It retreated to Chattanooga, thence to Chick- amauga, where it fought in that great battle in September, and later at Missionary Ridge. It wintered at Dal ton, and in 18G1, in the Georgia campaign, fought in all the principal battles down to Atlanta, losing in the aggregate many valuable men. It marched north with Hood and invaded Tennessee, fighting at Franklin, Nashville and elsewhere, and re- treating south out of the State. It marched to the Carolinas, partici- pated in the action at Bentonville, and surrendered in April, 1865. In addition to the above organizations there were about twenty cav- alry regiments whose movements it has been almost impossible to trace. About eighteen battalions of cavalry were in the Confederate service from Tennessee. Many of the battalionSj which had first served as such and perhaps independently, were consolidated to form regiments. Aside from this there were numerous independent cavalry companies or squads organized in almost every county of the State to assist the Confederate cause. The leading cavalry organizations of the State served mainly with the commands of Gens. Wheeler, Wharton and Forrest. The artillery organizations of the State were so often changed, and have left such obscure records, that no attempt will be made here to trace their movements. They were in nearly all the artillery duels of the Mis- sissippi department. The following is an imperfect list of the Tennes- see batteries: Colms' Battery, Capt. S. H. Colms; Appeal Battery, Capt. W. N. Hogg; Bankhead's Battery, Capt. S. P. Bankhead; Barry's Bat- tery, Capt. R. L. Barry; Belmont Battery, Capt. J. G. Anglade; Brown's Battery, Capt. W. R. Marshall; Burrough's Battery, Capt. W. H. Bur- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 595 roughs; Games' Battery, Capt. W. W. Carnes; Scott's Battery, Capt. W. L. Scott; Miller's Battery, Capt. William Miller; Kice's Battery, Capt. T. W. Rice; Kain's Battery, Capt. W. C. Kain; Anglade's Battery, Capt. J. G. Auglade; Mebane's Battery, Capt. J. W. Mebane; Wright's Battery, Capt. E. E. AVright; Morton's Battery, Capt. J. W. Morton; Jackson's Battery, Capt. W. H. Jackson; Freeman's Battery, Capt. S. L. Freeman; Hoxton's Battery, Capt. Lewis Hoxton; McAdoo's Battery, Capt. J. M. McAdoo; Huwald's Battery, Capt. G. A. Huwald; Krone's Battery, Capt. F. Krone; Taylor's Battery, Capt. J. W. Taylor; Dismnkes' Battery, Capt. P. T. Dismukes; Griffith's Battery, Capt. K P. Griffith; Maney's Battery, Capt. F. Maney; Calvert's Battery, Capt. J. H. Calvert; El- dridge's Battery, Capt. J. W. Eldridge; McClung's Battery, Capt. H. L. McClung; Tobin's Battery, Capt. Thomas Tobin; Stankienry's Battery, Capt. P. K. Stankienry; Bibb's Battery, Capt. R. W. Bibb; Wilson's Battery, Capt. W. O. Williams; Fisher's Battery, Capt. J. A. Fisher; McDonald's Battery, Capt. C. McDonald; Ramsey's Battery, Capt. D. B. Ramsey; Keys' Battery, Capt. T. J. Keys; Porter's Battery, Capt. T. K. Porter; Baxter's Battery, Capt. E. Baxter; Humes' Battery, Capt. W. T Humes; Jackson's Battery, W. H. Jackson; Lynch's Battery, Capt. J. P. Lynch, and others. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY CORPS AT BOWLING GREEN, KY., OCTOBER 28 1861, GEN. A. S. JOHNSTON, COMMANDING.* First Division, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee. Infantry: First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Hindman — Second Arkansas Regiment, Lieut. -Col. Bocage; Second Arkansas Regiment, Col. A. T. Hawthorn; Arkansas Battalion, Lieut. -Col. Marmaduke. Second Brigade, Col. P. R. Cleburne — First Arkansas Regiment, Col. Cleburne; Fifth Arkansas Regiment, Col. D. C. Cross; Seveiith Mississippi Regiment, Col. J. J. Thornton; Tennes- see Mountain Rifles, Col. B. J. Hill. Third Brigade, Col. R. G. Shaver — Seventh Arkansas Regiment, Col. Shaver; Eighth Arkansas Regiment, Col. W. R. Patterson; Twenty-fourth Tennessee Regiment, Col. R. D. Allison; Ninth Arkansas Regiment, Lieut. -Col. S. J. Mason. Cavalry — Adams' Regiment and Phifer's Battalion. Artillery — Swett's, Trigg's, Hubbard's and Byrne's Batteries. Second Division, Brig. -Gen. S, B. Buckner. Infantry: First Bri- gade, Col. Hanson — Hanson's, Thompson's, Trabue's, Hunt's, Lewis' and Cofer's Kentucky regiments. Second Brigade, Col. Baldwin — Four- teenth Mississippi, Col. Baldwin; Twenty-sixth Tennessee Regiment, Col. Lillard. Third Brigade, Col, J. C. Brown — Third Tennessee Reg- *Taken from the oflScial report. 496 HISTGKY OF TENNESSEE. McClung*'s battery captured with a loss to the enemy of about 300 killed, wounded and captured." From this time nothing but scout and guard duty was done until November 9, when the brigade assembled at Bull's Gap, where two days later it was confronted by the Confederates under Gen. Breckinridge, by whom, on the 12th, an unsuccessful assault was made. At nightfall on the following day the brigade withdrew from the Gap. After having pro- ceeded about ten miles an attack was made upon the rear, causing a stampede among the pack-mules and wagon-trains, and producing the greatest confusion. The artillery and several hundred men were captured, and the remainder of the force di-iven back to Strawberry Plains and thence to Knoxville. As soon as the report of Gillem's defeat reached Gen. Thomas he ordered Gen. Stoneman from Louisville, to take com- mand of the forces in East Tennessee. The latter immediately ordered Gen. Burbridge to march with all his available force in Kent'icky, by the way of the Cumberland Gap, to join Gillem. At the same time Gen. Ammon, who had been co-operating with Gen. Gillem, received a re-en- forcement of 1,500 men from Chattanooga, and at once occupied Straw- berry Plains. Having quickly concentrated the commands of Gens. Burbridge and Gilem at Bean's Station, on the 12th of December Gen. Stoneman started for Bristol, his advance under Gillem striking the enemy under Duke atKingsport, killing, capturing, or dispersing the whole command. The entire force then pushed on to Wytheville, meeting and completely rout- ing the enemy under Yaughn, at Marion, Ya. Having destroyed a large amount of supplies of all kinds at Wytheville, Gen. Stoneman turned his attention to Saltville and its important salt works, which were captured and destroyed.* The command then returned to Knoxville, where it arrived on December 29, having marched an average of forty-two miles every twenty-four hours since its departure. It remained in camp until March 21, when such portion as was mounted joined Gen. Stoneman upon his great raid. The vote for governor, at the election March 4, 18G5, indicates the relative strength of the regiments at that time. It was as follows: Eighth, 884; Ninth, 606; Thirteenth, 259; Battery E, 79. After the close of hostilities many Confederates who returned to their homes in East Tennessee suffered violence at the hands of Union men in retaliation for outrages committed at the beginning of the war. This soon ceased, however ; and at the present time there is no place perhaps in the United States where there is a more fraternal spirit existing be- tween the Unionist and the ex-Confederate than in East Tennessee. Ten- *Iii his report of the expedition, (Jen Stoneman gives the Thirteenth Teunessee Cavalry the honor oi having acted the most couspicuous part in the capture of Saltville. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 497 nessee furnished about 30,000 troops to the Federal Army. They were mustered as follows: Eight regiments of infantry, eight regiments of mounted infantry, thirteen regiments of cavalry and five battalions of light artillery. But in addition to these regiments there were also en- listed, within the limits of the State, about 17,000 colored troops, the precise number of which cannot be ascertained, as they were enrolled as United States troops without regard to State boundaries. The State also contributed to the Federal Army a large number of efficient officers. In addition to those colonels and lieutenant-colonels who from time to time commanded brigades, Tennessee furnished the following brigadier-generals: Samuel P. Carter, Joseph A. Cooper, Al- van C. Gillem, James G. Spears, William B. Campbell and Andrew Johnson, the military governor, the first three of whom were also major- generals by brevet. The colonels who were brevetted brigadier-gener- als were William J. Smith, George Spalding and James P. Brownlow. Gov. Johnson, upon the organization of the State government in 1862, appointed Alvan C. Gillem adjutant-general, a position which he contin- ued to hold until the election of Gov. Brosvnlow, when he was succeeded by James P. Brownlow. On August 1, 1864, Lieut. Edward S. Rich- ards was appointed assistant adjutant-general. The first Union regiment of Tennessee Infantry was organized by Col. Pt. K. Byrd, at Camp Dick Robinson, Ky., in August, 1861. The other regimental officers at that time were James G. Spears, lieutenant- colonel; James T. Shelley, major; Leonard C. Houk, quartermaster; Ed- ward Maynard, adjutant; Robert L. Stanford, surgeon; William A. Rog- ers, assistant surgeon, and Samuel L. Williams, chaplain. This regi- ment was first under fire in the engao'ement at Wild Cat, and was after- ward present at the battle of Mill Springs. It also assisted in the capt- ure of Cumberland Gap, where it remained until the evacuation of that post by Gen. Morgan. It then retreated with the remainder of the com- mand to Ohio, and thence went on an expedition up the Kanawha Valley. Returj^ing, it went by the way of Louisville to Nashville, arriving in time to participate in the battle at Stone River, after which it returned to Lexington, Ky. It then entered East Tennessee under Burnside's command and was present at the siege of Knoxville. During the winter of 1864 it was stationed at Kingston, and in the spring entered upon the Atlanta campaign, participating in all of the engagements until just pre- vious to the surrender of the city, when the greater portion of the regi- ment was discharged on account of the expiration of their term of service. While at Cumberland Gap a detachment of this and the Second Reg- iment, consisting of sixty-nine men, led by Capt. Meyers and Lieut. 498 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Rogers, captured au important outpost of the Confederates without the loss of a man. For this exploit a complimentary notice was read on dress parade, by order of Gen. Morgan. The Second Union Tennessee Volunteer Infantry was recruited and organized at Camp Dick Robinson, Ky., with James P. Carter* as colo- nel; D. C. Trewhitt, lieutenant-colonel; M. Cleaveland, major; A. Neat, surgeon; D. A. Carpenter, lieutenant and adjutant; George W. Keith, quartermaster, and W. J. Keith, commissary sergeant. The regiment was mustered into service to date from the 28th of September, 1861, and on the 18th of October following marched to meet the Confederate forces under Gen. ZoUicoffei. From that time until the evacuation of Cum- berland Gap by the Federal forces under Gen. George W. Morgan in Sep- tember, 18G2, the regiment was employed in eastern Kentucky, partici- pating in the battles of Mill Springs and many lesser engagements. It then marched through northeastern Kentucky, crpssed into Ohio and thence entered the Kanawha Valley, W. Va. Returning by the way of Point Pleasant, Ohio, it went from there to Louisville by river, thence by land to Murfreesboro, where it was engaged in the battle of Stone's Riv- er. It remained there until March 10, 1863, when it returned to Ken- tucky for the purpose of being mounted, which was done about June 1, 1863. It remained in Kentucky, participating in various minor engage- ments with the Confederate forces under Pegram and Scott, until July 4, when it started in pursuit of Gen. Morgan in his raid through Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio, and was present at his capture. It then returned to Stanford, Ky., and joined the force under Gen. Burnside for the cam- paign in East Tennessee. In was in the advance of Burnside' s forces at Wolf Creek and Loudon, Tenn., and was present at the surrender of Cumberland Gap by the Confederate Gen. Frazier. It also took the ad- vance of the column which moved into upper East Tennessee from Knox- ville, and brought on and participated in the battle of Blue Springs. After pursuing the retreating forces to Abingdon, Va., and destroying a large amount of stores, it returned to Rogersville, Tenn., where, on No- vember 6, 1863, the regiment was captured by Gen. Jones. One hun- dred and seventeen men, most of whom had been captured, but soon af- ter made their escape, reported at Knoxville and were on duty there during the siege up to the 31st of November. Soon after the remnants of the regiment were gathered up and were detailed, as provost guards, to duty at Sevierville, Maryville, Clinton and Maynardsville. In Sep- tember, 1864, the garrison at Maryville, consisting of twenty-eight men, was captured. The remaining detachments were then ordered immedi- *Besigned March 2, 1864; succeeded by J. M. Melton. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 499 ^tely to Lee's Ferry, on the Clinch Eiver, to harrass Wheeler's forces, who were then on a raid through East Tennessee. After this exj)edition the regiment returned to Knoxville, where, on October 6, 1864, it was mustered out of service, there being at that time only 106 of the orig- inal number. The Third Union Kegiment of Tennessee Infantry was organized at Flat Lick, Ky., by Col. Leonidas C. Houk and Lieut. John C. Childs in March, 1862. The other field and staff officers were William Cross, major; Daniel M. Kay, adjutant; John D. Lewis, quartermaster; Will- iam A. Eodgers, surgeon ; John P. Blankinship, assistant surgeon ; Will- iam F. Dowell, chaplain; John L. Shipe, sergeant-major; Elijah W. Adkins, quartermaster-sergeant. It remained near Flat Lick until June, then, with Spear's Brigade, went to Cumberland Gap, but was subse- quently ordered to London, Ky. Here the regiment was divided, five companies under Col. Houk remaining at that place, and the other five companies under Lieut. -Col. Childs going to Eichmond. Houk having been attacked by a superior force under Gen. Scott retreated ^to Cumber- land Gap, and subsequently, with Morgan, to Ohio. The five companies under Childs while on their way to rejoin Houk at Loudon, were attacked by Scott's cavalry at Big Hill, and the greater part of the command captured. The remainder made their way to Eichmond, Ky., where, on August 23, 1862, all but about 100 were taken prisoners and paroled. The few who escaped retreated to Louisville, and were temporarily attached to the Third Kentucky Infantry, with which command they took part in the battle of Perryville. They were then ordered to Gallipolis, Ohio, where the regiment was reunited. It then went to Nashville, and thence to Murfreesboro. In April, 1863, Col. Houk and Lieut. -Col. Childs resigned, and the regiment then stationed at Carthage was placed under the command of Maj. William Cross, who, a short time after, was commissioned colonel. In August the regiment left Carthage, and marched by the way of Alexandria and McMinnville to a point on the Tennessee Eiver below Chattanooga. It remained in the vicinity of Chattanooga until November, when it proceeded to Knoxville to the relief of Burnside. April 26, 1864, it left Strawberry Plains to enter upon the Atlanta campaign, in which it took an active part. After the surrender of Atlanta it was ordered to Johnsonville, thence to Duck Eiver, and finally to Columbia. Before reaching the latter place, however, the approach of Hood forced it back to Nashville, which it reached by the way of Charlotte and Clarksville, arriving in time to participate in the battles before that city. After pursuing the enemy to Clifton, Tenn., it returned to Nashville, and was there mustered out February 23, 1865, 500 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the regiment at that time numbering about 3^0 of the original com- mand. During its existence it numbered 990 enlisted men. The Fourth Union Eegiment of Tennessee Infantry was recruited under the direction of Col. Daniel Stover, of Carter County, Tenn., at Louisville, in the spring of 1863. It was composed wholly of exiles from East Tennessee, who were brought out of the Confederate lines by officers and pilots sent in for that purpose. May 29 the regiment left Louis- ville, and was mustered into service in the following June. September 9, 1863, under the command of Maj. M. L. Patterson, it marched to McMinnville, Tenn., where, on the 3d of October, after two hours' hard fighting against a greatly superior force under Gen. Wheeler, it was captured and paroled. Maj. Patterson, with forty men, returned to Nashville, and, the remainder of the regiment, with few exceptions, returned to their homes in East Tennessee. Upon the arrival of Maj Patterson in Nashville a court of inquiry was appointed to examine into the circumstances connected with the surrender of the post at McMinn- ville, which resulted in his complete exoneration from all charges. He then proceeded to Camp Nelson, Ky., to reorganize the regiment, where many of the soldiers reported immediately for duty, the paroles being invalid, having been given in violation of the cartel. January 20, 1861^ the regiment was assigned to the First Brigade, Third Division, Twenty- third Army Corps. On the withdrawal of Gen. Schofield's army from upper East Tennessee, the regiment was sent to Loudon, and three com- panies, under Maj. Reeves, to Kingston, Maj. Patterson having been promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy, was detached to command the bri- gade with headquarters at Loudon. The regiment remained there until November, 1864, when the troops were ordered to Knoxville. Lieut. - Col. Patterson was then put in command of a brigade consisting of the Fourth Tennessee and Third North Carolina Infantry for an expedition to Paint Rock, N. C, to cut off the retreat of the Confederates from Gen. Stoneman. This expedition ended about January 10, 1865. The reo-. iment remained in upper East Tennessee and vicinity until July, whL it was ordered to Nashville to be mustered out. Col. Stover, who organ- ized the regiment, was early attacked by consumption and saw no serv- ice in the field. The Fifth Union Regiment of Tennessee Infantry was organized at Barboursville, Ky., by Col. James T. Shelley, of Roane County, in March, 1862. As a part of Spear's brigade it participated in the operations around Cumberland Gap during the summer of 1862, also in the retreat from that place, and subsequently in the battle of Stone River. It was present at Chickamauga, and took an active part in the battle of Mission HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 501 Ridge. In tlie Georgia campaign it formed a part o£ Manson's brigade, and with the remainder of the Twenty-third Corps returned to fight Hood before Nashville. The oro;anization of the Sixth Union Reo^iment of Tennessee Infant- ry was begun in the early part of March, 1862, by Col. Joseph A. Cooper, at Barboursville, Ky., and, like most of the other regiments from Tennessee, was composed mainly of Unionist refugees. On April 23, four companies being completed, a lieutenant-colonel, Edward May- nard, was appointed. By May 1 three other companies were completed and the following field and staff officers had been appointed: William C. Pickens, major; Henry H. Wiley, quartermaster; William Cary, quar- termaster-sergeant; Ayres Maupin, surgeon, and Henry W. Parker, adjutant. The regiment actively participated in the opening movements of tlie Seventh Division of .the Army of the Ohio, under Gen. G. W. Morgan, in the vicinity of Cumberland Gap, where it remained until September 17, 1862, when it took up the line of march in Morgan's fa- mous retreat to the Ohio River. After being refitted it remained at Gal- lipolis, Ohio, until November 11, when the brigade to which it was attached was ordered to Nashville. During the battle of Stone River it was detailed as an escort for an ammunition train for Rosecrans' army. A short distance from Nashville it was attacked by the Confederate cav- alry under Wheeler, who was immediately repulsed with considerable loss. It remained at Murfreesboro until April, 1863, when it was at- tached to the First Brigade, Second Division, Fourteenth Army Corps, and from that time until September, was employed in drilling and scout- insT in the vicinities of Carthao-e, Alexandria and McMinuville. About September 10, it Crossed the mountains and moved toward Chattanoo- ga, arriving in time to participate in the close of the battle of Chicka- mauga, as a part of Granger's reserve corps. The regiment was then stationed on the river above Chattanooga until it joined the forces that moved to the relief of Burnside at Knoxville. It was engaged in the campaign of East Tennessee during the following winter. In April, 1864, having been transferred to the Second Division, Twenty-Third Army Corps, Department of the Ohio, it moved to join Sherman in his campaign to Atlanta. In this it took an active part, losing heavily at Resaca. After the capture of Atlanta the brigade was ordered to report to Gen. Thomas at Nashville, and was located at Johnsonville and Duck River until the advance of Hood compelled a retreat. The regiment reached Nashville by the way of Charlotte and Clarksville, and partici- pated in the battles around that city on the 15th and 16tli of December. It was then transferred to North Carolina and joined Sherman's forces 502 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. at Goldsboro, where it remained until March 3, 1805. The regiment was then returned to Nashville and was mustered out on April 27, 1865, having served a few days over three years. The Seventh Union Regiment of Tennessee Infantry was never or- ganized, and the companies raised for it were transferred to other reg- iments. The Eighth Union Regiment of Tennessee Infantry was recruited from East Tennessee exiles and refugees at Nichols ville, Lexington, Camp Dick Robinson and other points in Kentucky, by Col. Felix A. Reeve, assisted by John B, Brownlow and H. H. Thomas. The work of recruiting was begun in the fall of 1862, but owing to the fact that sev- eral cavalry regiments, which were more popular with the foot-sore refu- gees, Avere proposed at the same time, volunteers for infantry service were not numerous, and it was not until August 1863, that the regiment numbering about 700 men was organized. It was then assigned to the Second Brigade, Second Division, Twenty-Third Army Corps, Depart- ment of the Ohio, and was present at Knoxville during the siege of that place. In April, 1864, it marched to join Sherman on his Atlanta cam- paign, in which it took a very active part, participating in every engage- ment. At Utowah Creek, near Atlanta, it was in the advance, and about 100 men of the regiment were killed and wounded in less than fifteen minutes. The Eight Regiment also bore an honorable part in the bat- tles of Jonesboro, Ga., and Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, Tenn. In January, 1865, with the remainder of the Army of the Ohio, it was transferred to North Carolina, where it participated in the actions at Fort Anderson, Town Creek and Wilmington. Col. Reeve resigned command of the regiment in July, 1864. The major of the regiment when organized was George D. La Vergne, who was promoted to lieu- tenant-colonel in October, 1863, in place of Isham Young, resigned. The Ninth Union Regiment of Tennessee Infantry was never mus- tered into service, it being transferred and merged into other regiments before it was completely organized. The Tenth Union Regiment of Tennessee Infantry was organized at Nashville, about July, 1862, and was at first known as the First Tennes- see Governor's Guards. It was recruited partly in Nashville, and partly in Rutherford, Wayne, Hardin and Lawrence Counties, and was com- posed of a mixture of Americans, Irish and Germans. Until the sum- mer of 1863 the regiment did provost guard duty at Nashville, being encamped first at Fort Gillem, and afterward upon the Capitol grounds. It was then ordered out to guard the Nashville & North-western Rail- road, where it remained until the spring of 1864. During the following HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 503 year the regiment was divided up considerably, detachments being de- tailed for various purposes. In the spring of 1865 it was ordered to Knoxville, at which place and at Greeneville, it remained until about July, when it was returned to Nashville and mustered out. It was commanded at first by Col. A. C. Gillem, and afterward by Col. James W. Scully. The First Union Eegiment of Tennessee Cavalry was organized at Camp Dennison, Ohio, November 1, 1862, with Kobert Johnson as col- onel; James P. Brownlow, lieutenant-colonel; James O. Berry and Will- iam E. Tracy, majors; Pleasant M. Logan, surgeon; James H. Jones, assistant surgeon; John P. Hotsinger, chaplain; Charles H. Bentley adju- tant; John H. James, quartermaster: McK. C. Williams and Franklin Highbarger, sergeaiit-majors. The regiment was then ordered to Ten- nessee, and in the organization of tlie cavalry, Department of the Cumber- land was united with the First Brigade, First Division. The ensuing sum- mer, with the forces of Gen. Ptosecrans, it entered on the campaign which resulted in the occupation of Tullahoma and Chattanooga, participating in engagements at Rover, Middleton, Guyer' s Gap, Shelby ville and Cow- an's Station. After an expedition through northern Alabama and Geor- gia under Lieut. -Col. Brownlow, it reached Chickamauga, and participated in the three days' battle of September 18-20, 1863. It was then sent in pursuit of Gen. Wheeler, going by the way of McMinnville, Shelby- ville and Murfreesboro, a detachment being sent to Sparta. The regi- ment afterward proceeded to Kingston, Knoxville, Strawberry Plains, New Market, Dandridge and Mossy Creek. At the last two places engage- ments with the Confederate cavalry, in greatly superior force, were had, but by gallant charges under skillful leadership the regiment succeeded in escaping with little injury. It then remained in that vicinity until April, 1864, when it began a march to Resaca, Cassville, Dallas and Pine Mountain, Ga., and thence to a raid on the Macon Railroad, where an engagement occurred. After some hard fighting it reached the Chatta- hoochee River on August 1, and while crossing the stream was attacked by the enemy, who succeeded in taking a large number of prisoners. Col. Brownlow reached Marietta two days later with a few men and there was joined by the more fortunate fugitives. During Gen. Wheeler's raid through Middle Tennessee the regiment was in engagements with him at La Vergne, Franklin and Campbellsville, and followed him upon his re- treat to Florence. It then returned to Pulaski and had a skirmish with Gen. Forrest, after which it continued to scout along the Tennessee until after the defeat of Hood, when it went in pursuit of his forces. After a reconnoissance as far as Corinth, in January, 1865, the regiment returned to Nashville, where it was mustered out June 14, 1865. °^^ HISTOEV OF TENNESSEE. The Second Umou Eegimeat of Teanessee Cavalry was organized at Cumberland Gap m the months of August and September, 18C2, under Col. D. M Bay and Lieut-Col. W. E. Cook, and was comp;sed of loyal citizens of Kno.., Blount, Sevier and surrounding counties, numbering in the aggregate about 1,175 men. Shortly after the organization of the regiment Gen. Morgan began his retreat to the Ohio Kiver, and the Sec- ond Cavalry, although dismounted, rendered efficient service in protect mg the flank and rear of the retreating column. Not long after its ar- rival at Gal ipohs, Ohio, it was ordered to Louisville where it was mounted and armed, and pushed on to join Eo.secrans at Nashville It arrived in time to participate in the battle of Stone Eiver, where it lost several officers and men. From that time until the 2.3d of June 1S63 with the remainder of the Federal cavalry under Gen. Stanley, itwas em- ployed on he front and flanks of Eosecrans army, doing severe duty. At the latter date it moved with the army from Murfreesboro to Tullahoma pursuing Bragg aorcss the Cumberland Mountains. About July 10 it was ordered to report to Gen. Sheridan for special duty, and was em- ;3loyed m the vicinity of Bridgeport, Alabama, and Chattanooga until the early part of September, when it rejoined the cavalry command under Gen. Stanley and participated in the battle of Chickamauga. After do mgsome escort duty it was ordered to Washington and Kingston, and assisted m the defense of the latter place against Gen. Wheeleit It was then ordered to Nashville, hastily refitted, and forwarded to Gen Will lam S. Smith at Memphis for an expedition into Mississippi, 'in the Ztpl y'^;" V /r;*-"'?*"' ""'^ "^"'^ ■" engagements at Okolona, T\ est Point, Tallahatchie Elver and elsewhere. On its return io Nash viUe m March, 18G4, Col. Eay having resigned. Maj. W. F. Prosser was commissioned heuteuant-colonel and placed in command. In the June folWang the Second, Third and Fourth Eegiments of Tennessee Cavalrv with Battery A of the First Tennessee Light Artilery, were ordered io JNorth Alabama and remained on duty in that district until the end of the year In the numerous engagements with the Confederate cavalry dur- ing that time the Second Cavalry displayed great gallantry, and received the commendation of all the general officers unde^ whom ^it served In the pursuit of Hood's retreating army the command to which it was at- tached marchecl 280 miles in seven days and nights of unusually sev^il weather, and during that time were engaged in six different actions capt- uring a large number of prisoner^ and material of every description on7utvT7 ","''■' ^^fr^'""^" ^^"'^ '""^'^'■«'' °"'' «-Wiment was on duty at \ icksburg and New Orleans The organization of the Third Union Eegiment of Tennessee Volun- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 505 teer Cavalry was commenced at Cumberland Gap, by Maj. William C. Pickens, of Sevier County, acting under authority from Gov. Johnson. The first recruits were received August 10, 1862, and at the evacuation of that post by Gen. Morgan, only one company had been completed. This company shared in the retreat to Ohio and thence went to Louis- ville, where it was joined by the recruits of Companies B, C, D and E. These companies were ordered to Nashville as guards for government stores, arriving December 24, 1862, when they were temporarily attached to Gen. Spears' brigade. They were then ordered to the front and parti- cipated in the battle of Stone Eiver. On January 27, 1863, the five companies were mustered into service at Murfreesboro, and the remain- der of that year was spent in scouting and skirmishing with the enemy through various parts of Middle Tennessee. During that time four more companies were recruited and mustered into service. About De- cember 25, 1803, the regiment under the command of Lieut. -Col. Duff G. Thornburgh was attached to a brigade of cavalry under Col. D. M, Eay, of the Second Tennessee Cavalry, and marched upon the expedi- tion into Mississippi, participating in all the engagements of that cam- paign. While at CoUiersville, Tenn., in February, 1864, Lieut-Col. Thornburgh turned over the command of the regiment to Maj. John B. Minnis, and soon after tendered the resignation of his command, which was reluctantly accepted. The regiment returned to Nashville in March and remained there until April 10. From that time until September, as a whole or in detachments, it was engaged in scouting or skirmishing. On September 21 and 25, 1861. the entire regiment with the exception of 15 officers and some 200 men, were captured at Athens and Sulphur Brook Trestle, by the Confederates under Gen. Forrest. The captured officers were exchanged December 15. The privates were exchanged at Jackson, Miss., and on April 27, following, the steamer ''Sultana," having them with a large number of other trooj^s on board, blew up near Mem- phis, killing instantly 174 members of the regiment and mortally wound- ing a number of others. The remainder of the regiment was mustered out June 10, 1865. The Fourth Union Eegiment of Tennessee Cavalry was organized from East Tennessee refugees, at Cumberland Gap, in July, 1862. and entered the field under the command of Lieut. -Col. J. M. Thornburirh. After leaving that place it followed the course of the other regiments of Gen. Morgan's command, and reached Nashville January 26, 1863. At that place and Murfreesboro, it did post and scout service during the remainder of the year. It then went with Gen. Smith on his expedition into Mississippi, returning to Nashville March 18, 1864. On June 19 506 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. it was ordered to Decatur, Ala., and in July marched with. Gen. Eousseau on his raid through Alabama, reaching Marietta, Ga., on the 23d of that month. It then accompanied Gen. McCook on a raid south and west of Atlanta, in which it lost nearly all its horses and arms in crossino- the Chattahoochie Eiver. On the 10th of August it returned to Decatur, Ala., and was assigned to post and scout duty under Gen. Granger until the 19th of that month, when it was ordered to Nashville. On Novem- ber 27, it advanced to meet Gen. Hood, and participated in nearly all the battles of that campaign. It was then ordered to the Gulf Department and accompanied Gen. Canby through the Mobile campaign, after which it went to Baton Rouge. It arrived at Nashville June 12, 1865. Com- pany C, was detached from December, 1863, to April, 1861, for duty at the headquarters of the Twelfth Army Corps at Tullahoma. The other companies served without intermission with the regiment. The Fifth Union Regiment of Tennessee Cavalry was recruited and organized in Middle Tennessee by Col. William B. Stokes acting under authority from Gov. Johnson, in July, 1862. It was made up at Nash- ville principally, the recruits coming in from various counties in squads. It was first known as the First Middle Tennessee Cavalry, but was sub- sequently changed to the Fifth Tennessee. The regiment was in various battles and skirmishes during the latter part of 1862, actively partici- pating in the battle of Stone River from first to last, closing the fio-ht on the Manchester pike on Monday evening, January 5, 1863. From that time until the close of the war the regiment was employed mainly in detachments, in the eastern part of Middle Tennessee. One battalion was stationed at Shelbyville for some time, and did good service in a number of battles and skirmishes, for which it received high compliments from its superior officers. The other portion of the regiment under Col. Stokes was stationed at Carthage, and had frequent skirmishes; since among other duties, it was required to carry the mail from that point to Gallatin. A portion of the regiment was in the battle of Lookout Mountain under command of Capt. Cain and Lieut. Carter. A post, also, was at Chickamauga and Chattanooga under Lieuts. Robinson and Nel- son. The regiment was subsequently ordered to Sparta, Tenn., to break up the guerrilla bands which infested that region. The guerrilla chiefs Hughes, Bledsoe and Ferguson declared a war of extermination against Col. Stokes' command, and then began a series of skirmishes and battles m which no quarter was given on either side. After completely subdu- ing the guerrillas the regiment was ordered to Nashville, where, under the command of Lieut. -Col. William J. Clift, it participated in the bat- ties in front of that city. Upon the removal of the regiment to Nashville HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 507 Col. Stokes was assigned to the command of the forces at Carthage, ■where he remained until honorably discharged in April, 1865. The Sixth Union Regiment of Tennessee Cavalry was partially recruited and organized at Bethel, W. Va., and was mustered into service November 13, 1862, under the command of Fielding Hurst. It entered upon arduous scouting duty in that region, and did valuable service in destroying guerrilla bands. It was subsequently ordered West, and, upon the retreat of Gen. Price from Corinth, it went in pursuit, captur- ing 250 prisoners without the loss of a man. While on this campaign it was also engaged with the enemy at Salem and Wyatt, Miss. It returned to West Tennessee in June, 1863, and was there employed in scouting and skirmishing until the following spring, when it entered upon a campaign in north Mississippi and Arkansas. November 26 it went to Nashville to participate in the memorable battle in front of that place, where it acquitted itself with credit. Dui'ing its existence it mus- tered nearly 1,600 enlisted men. The Seventh Union Regiment of Tennessee Cavalry was recruited in Carroll County and vicinity, and was mustered into service November 14, 1862, under the command of Lieut. -Col. I. R. Hawkins, of Huntingdon. Nothing could be obtained of the movements of this regiment except that it was captured March 21, 1861. The Eighth Union Regimenf of Tennessee Cavalry was raised and commanded by Col. S. K. N. Patton, of Washington County, Tenn. It was composed of two fractions of regiments known as the Eighth and Tenth East Tennessee Cavalry. The Eighth Regiment was begun in Kentucky in June, 1863, under Lieut. -Col. Thomas J. Capps, and was first known as the Fifth Regiment East Tennessee Cavalry. It saw some active service in the field in both Kentucky and Tennessee under Gen. Burnside ; was at the surrender of Cumberland Gap ; took an active part in the fights at Blountsville and Rheatown; was beseiged in Knoxville, and rendered material aid in defending that post. The Tenth Regiment had its origin in East Tennessee in September, 1863, by authority granted to Col. S. K. N. Patton by Gen. Burnsides. It saw some active service in East Tennessee under Gens. Shackleford and Wilcox, Cols. Casement and Harney during the fall of that year. In December, 1863, it was sent to Camp Nelson, Ky., in charge of prisoners. February 6, 1861, these two fractions were consolidated by order of Gov. Johnson. Col. Patton completed the regiment, and assumed command of it at Columbia in the April following. It remained there and at Franklin guarding the railroad until June 19, when it was ordered to Gallatin, where it remained doing similar duty until September. It was then or- 508 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. dered to East Tennessee, where it joined command with the Ninth and Thirteenth Kegiments, and during the remainder of the year was almost continuously engaged in marching and fighting. On March 21, 1865, such portions of the command as were mounted, joined Gen. Stoneman on his raid into Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. The command was finally reunited, and went into camp at Lenoir's Station in June, 1865. It was mustered out of service at Knoxville, September 11, 1865. The Ninth Union Regiment of Tennessee Cavalry was organized at Camp Nelson from East Tennessee refugees in the early part of 1863, with Joseph H. Parsons, of Knox County, as colonel. It assisted in the capture of Cumberland Gap, after which it escorted the prisoners to Lexington, Ky. Returning to Knoxville, it remained there until after the siege of that place. It was then detailed to escort prisoners to Camp Nelson, from which place it was ordered to Nashville, where it arrived in January and remained until about May 1. It was stationed at Gallatin from that time until August, when it v/as constituted a portion of the brigade known as the "Governor's Guards," under the command of Gen. Gillem, which then entered upon a campaign in East Tennessee. It par- ticipated with great gallantry in all the battles of that campaign, and at Bull's Gap a large portion of the regiment was taken prisoners. A large part of the Eleventh Cavalry having also been captured it was consoli- dated with the remainder of the Ninth. On March 21, 1865, it entered upon the raid through Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia under Gen. Stoneman. It returned to Tennessee in May, and was mus- tered out at Knoxville in September, 1865. The organization of the Tenth Union Regiment of Tennessee Cav- alry was begun at Nashville under the supervision of Col. G. AY. Bridges. Companies A, B, C, D, E, H and I were organized during the fall of 1863 and in the winter of 1864, and after having been organized into a regiment, were attached to the command of Col. George Spalding, Sec- ond Brigade, Fourth Division of Cavalry. During the summer and fall of 1864 it was engaged in arduous duty in Tennessee. About the close of the year it was sent to northern Alabama to watch the movements of Hood's army, and had an engagement with a largely superior force at Florence. Overpowered by numbers it was compelled to fall back to Nashville, where it was transferred "to Gen. Hatch's command, and par- ticipated in the numerous engagements attending Hood's raid into Ten- nessee. On the first day's battle before Nashville it lost seventy in offi- cers and men. The leader, Maj. William P. Story, was badly wounded, and the command devolved upon Maj. James T. Abernathy. At the close ■of the campaign the regiment was sent to New Orleans, where it remained FttoK pmm Br rmss. KoeuEiNSGiCFS msumiE WiLLIAIV! G.BrOWNLDW HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 509 until June 10, 1865. Companies F and G of this regiment were not or- ganized until February, 1865. Company Kwas organized in June, 1865. Company L was never fully organized. It numbered fifty-one men, and was stationed as a guard on the Nashville & Northwestern Kailroad. Sixty-three men comprising Company M were mustered into service in October, 1864, under William H. Hampton as first lieutenant. They served during the campaign against Hood as provost guard and escort company. Company A was detached from its regiment on April 26, 1864, and assigned to duty at Springfield, Tenn., where it remained until August, after which it was with Gen. Gillem in his campaign in East Tennessee. The recruiting for the Eleventh Union Begiment of Tennessee Cav- alry was begun at Camp Nelson, Ky., where the greater part of five companies was raised. August 16, 1863, Isham Young, Reuben Davis and J. H. Johnson, the last two of whom had already organized the above companies, were commissioned by Gov. Johnson to raise a regiment of cavalry to be designated the Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry, and by Oc- tober 21 all the companies except Company M, which numbered only forty-six men, had been filled and organized. On that date Col. Young received his commission, and the organization of the regiment, then at Knoxville, was completed, with E. A. Davis, lieutenant-colonel; James H. Johnson, first major; Alexander D. Rhea, second major, and Edward Black, third major. The regiment remained at Knoxville until after the siege, when it was ordered to upper East Tennessee. There five compan- ies, under Maj. Black, were sent to Morristown, and the remaining five companies, under the command of Lieut. -Col. Davis, were stationed at Cumberland Gap. They did scout duty along the Virginia line until February, 1864, when nearly the entire command was captured. The remainder of the regiment remained in East Tennessee until consolidated with the Ninth Regiment. The Twelfth Union Regiment of Tennessee Cavalry was organized by companies, the first of which was mustered into service August 24, 1863. February 22, 1864, six companies had been mustered, and George Spalding was commissioned lieutenant-colonel. The regiment was then assigned to Gen. Gillem's division, and was placed on guard duty on the Nashville & Northwestern Railroad, where it remained until April, 1864. During the remainder of the year the regiment was in active service al- most continuously. It was one of the most efficient regiments in oppos- ing Wheeler on his raid through Middle Tennessee, and had several se- vere engagements with portions of his command. In the latter part of yepfcember it marched to contest the approach of Gen. Forrest, with 510 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. whom it was several times engaged with considerable loss. It was also active in the campaign against Hood, participating in the battles at Law- renceburg, Campbellsville, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. From Nashville the regiment was in the advance in pursuit of Hood, and fired the last shot at the enemy as he crossed the Tennessee River at Bain- bridge. February 8, 1865, the regiment went into camp at Eastport, Miss., where it remained until May 11. It was then transferred from the Second to the First Brigade under the command of Bvt. Brig. -Gen. George Spald- ing, who had been commissioned colonel upon the completion of the regiment, August 16, 1864, and ordered to St. Louis. It was there re- mounted and refitted and sent to Fort Leavenworth, at which place, after having performed some escort and scout duty through northern Kansas and southern Nebraska, it was mustered out October 7. It returned to Nashville, and was there finally paid and discharged October 24, 1865. The Thirteenth Union Regiment of Tennessee Cavalry was organized by Col. John K. Miller, of Carter County, at Strawberry Plains, Tenn., in September, 1863. It was not fully equipped, however, until it reached Camp Nelson, Kentucky, in the month of December. It was there mounted, and soon after ordered to Nashville, where it remained until the spring of 1864. It was then ordered to Gallatin, where it did post duty until August 4, when it was attached to what was known as the "Brigade of Governor Guards," commanded by Gen. Gillem. With this command it operated in East Tennessee against the Confederate cavalry under Gens. Morgan, Vaughn and Breckinridge; and under Lieut-Col. William H. Ingerton acted a conspicuous part in the killing of Morgan and the rout and capture of his force at Greeneville, Tenn. Morgan was killed by Andrew Campbell, of Company G, of this regiment. This regiment formed a part of the command under Gens. Stoneman and Gil- lem, which did such signal service in southwestern Virginia in Decem- ber, 1864, and was also with the former general on his raid in the spring of 1865, participating with credit in the engagement at Salisbury, N. C. In June, 1865, it returned to Knoxville, moved from there to Lenoir's Station, then to Sweetwater, and finally back to Knoxville, where it was mustered out September 5, 1865. Bradford's battalion of Union Tennessee Cavalry was raised by Maj. W. F. Bradford in December, 1863, and January, 1864. It consisted of four companies organized at Union City, Tenn., and was at first incor- rectly designated the Thirteenth Cavalry. It remained at Union City until February 3, 1864, when it was ordered to Fort Pillow, where it arrived on the 8th. Recruiting at that point did not progress very rap- idly, and it was not until April 1 that the fifth company was ready for HISTOKY OP TENNESSEE. 511 muster into the United States service. Before this was done, however, the fort was captured, and it together with the other four companies was nearly annihilated. With the capture of Fort Pillow the history of this battalion terminates. Hardly a nucleus of the command remained after the massacre. Only three commissioned officers were left, and two of them died soon after. A little detachment of men, who at the time of the fight were absent from the several companies on duty, were on August 18, 1864, consolidated in one company designated as Company A of the Fourteenth Tennessee Cavalry. This company on February 14, 1805, was consolidated with the Sixth Tennessee Cavalry, and was known as Company E. The First Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was organ- ized by Lieut.-Col. Abraham E. Garrett in the early part- of 1864, although a portion of the companies were not completed until the end of the year. The regiment served principally in the northeastern part of Middle Tennessee, where it had frequent and severe encounters with, guerrillas. The Second Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was recruited principally in the vicinity of Wayne, Hardin, and Perry Coun- ties. Company A was mustered October 2, 1863, and by February 1, 1864, the date of the organization of the regiment, seven companies had been completed. Two more companies were added in April, and Com- pany K in June. John Murphy was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in Febriiary, and promoted to colonel upon the completion of the regiment. The Third Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was a three months' regiment, and was never fully organized. The recruiting of the Fourth Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was begun in August, 1864, and the last company was mustered into service the February follomng. Its members were principally from the eastern portion of Middle Tennessee. It was placed under the com- mand of Joseph H. Blackburn, who was commissioned lieutenant-colonel November 26, 1864. The Fifth Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was- recruited and organized in the fall of 1864, at Cleveland, Tenn., by Col. Spencer B. Boyd, and Lieut. -Col. Stephen Beard. He was chiefly engaged in scouting through lower East Tennessee, northern Georgia, Avestern North Carolina and northern Alabama. It had frequent encoun- ters with Gate wood's and other guerrillas, one of which occurred at Spring Place, Ga., and another at Ducktown, Polk Co., Tenn. The regi- ment was mustered out at Nashville in July, 1865. The Sixth Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was or- 512 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ganized in Hamilton County, October 24, 1864, with George A. Gowin as lieutenant-colonel ; William H. Bean, major ; Eli T. Sawyers, adjutant, and William Eogers, quartermaster. It was employed for some time by Gen. Steadman, in scouting the Cumberland Mountains in Tennessee and northern Georgia, after the guerrilla bands which infested that re- gion, and had several severe engagements with the bushwhackers. In March, 1865, the regiment was turned over to the commander of the de- partment, and was soon after placed under Gen. Judah, commanding at Decatur, Ga., where it continued its scouting iintil the surrender of the Confederate Army. It was then ordered to Eesaca. On June 18, 1865, it was ordered to Nashville, and on the 30th of that month was mustered out. The Seventh Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was recruited during the latter part of 1864 in Anderson, Knox, Campbell, McMinn, Meigs and Monroe Counties. It was organized at Athens, Tenn., in the spring of 1865, with the following field and staff officers: James T. Shelley, colonel; James J. Dail, lieutenant-colonel; Oliver M. Dodson, major; George W. Ross, quartermaster; James R. Gettys, ad- jutant; Enoch Collins, assistant surgeon; Rufus Thompson, sergeant- major; John T. Rider, quartermaster-sergeant; James H. Baker, com- missary-sergeant; T. L. Farrell, hospital steward. During the greater portion of its service it was stationed at Athens, and was actively em- ployed in hunting gvierillas, with whom it had frequent engagements. The Eighth Union Regiment of Tennessee Mounted Infantry was not organized until April, 1865. It was recruited in the vicinity of Macon and Smith Counties, and was under the command of Lieut-Col. William J. Cleveland. Having been organized so late the regiment saw but little service. Five Batteries of Light Artillery were also organized, but after the most persistent effort little could be learned concerning their movements. All were recruited and organized during 1863 and the early part of 1864. A few men were also recruited for Battery F, but the company was not completed, and they were transferred to Battery A, in April, 1864. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 513 CHAPTER XVI. CONFEDEKATE MILITARY HISTORY — YiEWS OX THE QUESTIONS OF STATE SOV- EREIGNTY AND Secession — The Eefusal to Hold a State Convention — The Great Lack of Munitions of War— The Consideration of the Question of Coercion — The Excitement Attending the Surrender of Fort Sumter— The Refusal to Furnish Federal Troops— The Extra- ordinary Celerity of Defensive Measures— Gov. Harris and the General Assembly — The Organization of the Militia — The Act of Secession — The Provisional Army Bill — The Military League— The Adoption of the Confederate Provisional Constitution — Military Appointments — The June Election — The Manufacture of Ordnance, etc.— Soldiers' Aid Societies — The Transfer of the State Forces to THE Confederate Service— Sketch of the Field Campaigns— The Neu- trality Question — Federal Invasion of the State — Compulsory Evac- uation — Official Army Muster Eolls— The Horrors and Hardships OF Internecine War — General Movements of the Great Armies — Sketch of the Principal Engagements — Outline of PtEGiMENTAL Serv- ice—Close OF THE War. AMAJOEITY of the people of Tennessee, prior to the fall of Fort Sumter and the call of President Lincoln for 75,000 volunteers, was warmly in favor of maintaining the Union of the States so long as it could be done without infringing the sovereign rights of any State. It had for years been the settled conviction of many Tennesseeans that the individual States of the Union were sovereign under the constitution and would not, so long as their rights were not invaded, take any steps to sever their connection with their sister States ; but they claimed the right, as a nec- essary consequence of the doctrine of State sovereignty,* to withdraw peaceably and establish a separate and independent government, when- ever it was demonstrated that their rights, liberties or institutions were in danger of limitation or abrogation. But notwithstanding these views, and notwithstanding the bitter hostility of the abolitionists of the North to the institution of slavery, the citizens of Tennessee looked with moist- ened eyes at the "Stars and Stripes," and remembered the ties of many bloody battles of the past in a common cause which bound the "Volun- teer State" to the Federal Government. The utterances for maintaining the Union were widespread and sincere. As soon, however, as the South- ern States began to enact ordinances of secession, and the severe views of the North in newspapers and public assemblies on the subject of coer- cion became known, many expressed the opinion that the only course for *"I have for many years advocated, as an essential attribute of State Sovereignty, the right of a State to secede from the Vnion."— Speech 0/ Jefferson Davis upon leaving the United States Senate. S14 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Tennessee to pursue was to sever her relations with the Union, and, as ^ means o£ security, enter into a league with the Confederate Government. Others opposed this course except as a last resort, while still others, particularly in East Tennessee, discountenanced every movement toward secession. Tennessee thus became a sea over which surged the wild waves of tumultuous emotions and conflicting opinions. As early as February 27, 18G0, the governor of Tennessee transmitted to the Legislature a special message, enclosing resolutions from the States of South Carolina and Mississippi, proposing a conference among the Southern States for the purpose of taking into consideration the relation of these States to the Federal Government. In the discussion of this proposal, the greatest divergence of opinion was developed in the Gen- eral Assembly. The ideas of the times on State relations were under- going a revolution. In November, 1860, Tennessee gave John Bell, the constitutional Union candidate for the Presidency, a plurality of 4,657 votes, vv^hich result was regarded as showing in a measure, the strength of the party which favored the Union. In December, 1860, Gov. Harris called a special session of the General Assembly to be held at Nashville, commencing January 7, 1861. In his message, among other important statements, the Governor said: "Previous to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, each State was a separate and independent Government — a complete sovereignty within itself — and in the compact of union, each re- served all the rights and powers incident to sovereignty, except such as were expressly delegated by the constitution to the General Government, or such as v/ere clearly incident and necessary to the exercise of some ex- pressly delegated power." After reciting at length the grievances of the South over the questions of slavery, state sovereignty, etc., he recom- mended the passage of an act calling for an election to determine whether delegates chosen at such election should meet in convention at the State capital, to ascertain the attitude of the State toward the Federal Govern- ment. As it was instinctively felt, if not positively understood, that the convention might follow the example of South Carolina and enact an ordi- nance of secession, it came to be recognized by tacit admission that those who should vote "convention," would favor disunion and vice versa, and, therefore, intense interest was felt in the result. The discussion of the question whether such a convention should be held, was conducted Avith fiery energy in the Legislature. On the 9tli of January a resolution introduced against holding such a convention was lost by a vote of sixty-six to five. On the 19th of January, a bill was passed calling for an election to be held February 9, 1861, to determine whether *uch a convention should be held, and to select the necessary dele- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 515 gates. It was also provided that the convention, if decided upon, should meet on the 25th of February "to adopt such measures for vindi eating the sovereignty of the State and the protection of its institutions as shall appear to them to be demanded;" and it was further provided that no act of the convention, severing the State from the Federal Union, should have any binding force until ratified by a majority of the qualified voters of the State. The election was duly held, but the result was against holding the convention by a majority, according to the best ac- counts, of over 60,000.* This was considered a strong victory for the Unionists. The General Assembly at this session, pursuant to the recommenda- tion of Gov. Harris to reorganize the militia of the State, passed an act for the formation of all white male inhabitants between the ages of eighteen and forty-five into companies, regiments, brigades and divisions ; assigned numbers to the regiments of all the counties of the State, and made ample provision for musters, etc. This was thought necessary "in view of the present excited state of the public mind and unsettled condi- tion of the country." The militia of the State, with the exception of a few volunteer companies in the thickly settled localities, had been disor- ganized by the recent repeal of the law requiring drills and public parades, so that the State was practically without military organization or equipment. There was not an arsenal or piece of ordnance in the State, and the poverty of the quantity of public arms was shown in the following report: Nashville, January 4, 1861. His Excellency, Isham G. Harris, Governor op Tennessee. Sir : In obedience to your order I have the honor of submitting the following report •of the number, character and condition of the public arms of the State. There are now on hand in the arsenal 4,152 flint-lock muskets, in good order; 2,100 flint-lock muskets, par- tially damagted; 2,228 flint-lock muskets, badlj'- damaged; 185 percussion muskets, in good order; 96 percussion rifles, in good order; 54 percussion pistols, in good order; 350 Hall's carbines, flint-lock, badly damaged; 20 cavalry sabres, with damaged scabbards; 132 cavalry sabres, old patterns, badly damaged; 50 horse artillery sabres, in good order; 1 twelve-pound bronze gun, partially damaged; 2 six-pound bronze guns, in good order; 1 six-pound iron gun, unserviceable, and a large lot of old accoutrements mostly in bad or- der. Since having charge of the arms I have issued to volunteer companies, as per order, 80 flint-lock muskets; 664 percussion muskets; 230 rifle muskets, cadet; 841 percussion rifles; 228 percussion pistols; 170 cavalry sabres; 50 horse artillery sabres. The above arms were issued with the necessary accoutrements, with but small exceptions, and of them the 80 flint-lock muskets, 50 horse artillery sabres and 14 cavalry sabres have been returned to the arsenal. Respectfully, John Heriges, Keeper of Public Arms. *The newspapers published in Nashville at the time gave the majority at nearly 14,000 ; Greeley in The American Conflict, gay e it aX,(>l,{)bi; the returns in the office of the Secretary of State give it at nearly 9,000; while in the new and excellent work entitled Military Annals of Tennessee it is given at "nearly or quite 40,000." The majority is as various as the different accounts. 516 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The Assembly also passed a joint resolution asking the President o£ the United States and the authorities of each of the Southern States to "reciprocally communicate assurances" to the Legislature of Tennessee of their peaceable designs ; and also passed a resolution expressing pro- found regfret as to the action of the Leo^islature of New York in tenderins: men and money "to be used in coercing certain sovereign States of the South into obedience to the Federal Government," and directing the Governor of Tennessee to inform the executive of New York "that it is the opinion of this General Assembly that whenever the authorities of that State shall send armed forces to the South for the purpose indicated in said resolutions (passed by the New York Legislature) the people of Tennessee, uniting with their brethren of the South, will, as one man, resist such invasion of the soil of the South at any hazard and to the last extremity." The expression of these resolutions was tantamount to the sentiment of secession, and illustrates the position of the Legislature and of the Executive. Time passed and the Southern States one after another adopted or- dinances of secession.* Finally, early in February, 1861, seven of them, represented by delegates, met in convention at Montgomery, Ala., and established a Confederate States Government. This action was not lost upon those in Tennessee who favored a separation from the Federal Gov- ernment, and who redoubled their efforts to induce Tennessee to follow the example of those States which had seceded from the Union. All felt that momentous events were transpiring, though few who knew the wis- dom of calmness and moderation could successfully resist the wild and impetuous spirit of the hour. In the inaugural address of President Lincoln many saw coercion, an invasion of the sacred rights of state sover- eignity, and a direct menace to slavery foreshadowed, and advocated the immediate passage of an ordinance of separation. Others sought dili- gently and vainly for a compromise that would preserve both the Union and the rights and established institutions of the South. The masses in the State were loth to dissolve the Union under which they had lived and loved so long, and were, in a great measure, in darkness as to the real is- sues pending and the real course to pursue. In this bewildering and doubtful maze of governmental relations, wherein a clear head and strong will could direct public action, Isham G. Harris, governor of Tennessee, proved to be the right man in the right place. This was the state of pub- lic affairs when the startling news came that Fort Sumter had surren- ♦Ordinances of secession were a. FOR Other Purposes. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That im- mediately after the passage of this act the governor of this State shall, by proclamation, direct the sheriffs of the several counties in this State to open and hold an election at the various voting precincts in their respective counties, on the 8th day of June, 1861. That said sheriffs, or in the absence of the sheriffs, the coroner of the county shall immediately advertise the election contemplated by this act. That said sheriffs appoint a deputy to liold said election for each voting precinct. And that said deputy appoint three judges and two clerks for each precinct, and if no officer shall from any cause, attend an}' voting precinct to open and hold said election, then any justice of the peace, or in the absence of a justice of the peace, any respectal)le freeholder may appoint an officer, judges and clerks to open and hold said election; said officers, judges and clerks shall be sworn as now required by law, and who, after being so sworn, shall open and hold an election, open and close at the time of day, and in the manner now required by law in elections for members to the General Assembly. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That at said election the following declaration shall be submitted to a vote of the qualified voters of the State of Tennessee, for their ratification or rejection: Declar.\tion op Independence and Ordinance Dissolving the Federal Relations between the State of Tennessee and the United States op America. First, We, the people of tlie State of Tennessee, waiving any expression of opinion as to the abstract doctrine of secession, but asserting the right as a free and independent people, to alter, reform or abolish our form of government in such manner as we think proper, do ordain and declare tliat all the laws and ordinances by which the State of Tennessee became a member of the Federal Union of the United States of America are hereby abrogated and annulled, and that all obligations on our part be withdrawn therefrom; and we do hereby resume all the rights, functions and powers which by any of said laws and ordinances were conveyed to the Government of the United States, and absolve ourselves from all the obligations, restraints and duties incurred thereto; and do hereby henceforth become a free, sovereign and independent State. Second, We furthermore declare and ordain that Article X, Sections 1 and 2 of the constitution of the State of Tennessee, which requires members of the General Assembly, and all officers, civil and military, to take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States (be and the same are hereby abrogated and annulled, and all parts of the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, making citizenship of the United States a qualifi- cation for office, and recognizing the Constitution of the United States) as the supreme law of the State, are in like manner abrogated and annulled. Third, We furthermore ordain and declare that all rights acquired and vested under the Constitution of the United States, or under any act of Congress passed in pursuance thereof, or under any laws of this State and not incompatible with this ordinance, shall remain in force and have the same effect as if this ordinance had not been passed. *Report of Gen. S. R. Anderson, who, April 2C, 1861, had been appointed by Gov. Harris to oversee the organization of the volunteer militia forces of West Tennessee. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. . 521 Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That said election shall be by ballot; that those voting for the declaration and ordinance shall have written or printed on their ballots "Separa- tion," and those voting against it shall have written or printed on their ballots "No Sepa- ration." That the clerks holding said election shall keep regular scrolls of the voters, as now required by law in the election of members to the General Assembly; that the clerks and judges shall certify the same with the number of votes for "Separation" and the number of votes "No Separation." The officer holding the election shall return the same to the sheriff of the county, at the county seat, on the Monday next after the elec- tion. The sheriff shall immediately make out, certify and send to the governor the num- ber of votes polled, and the number of votes for "Separation" and the number "No Sep- aration," and file one of the original scrolls with the clerk of the county court; that upon comparing the vote by the governer in the office of the secretary of State, which shall be at least by the 24th day of June, 1861 — and may be sooner if the returns are all received by the governor — if a majority of the votes polled shall be for "Separation" the governor shall by his proclamation make it known and declare all connection by the State of Ten- nessee with the Federal Union dissolved, and that Tennessee is a free, independent gov- ernment, free from all obligations to or connection with the Federal Government; and that the governor shall cause the vote by counties to be published, the number for "Sepa- ration" and the number "No Separation," whether a majority votes for "Separation" or "No Separation." Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That in the election to be held under the provisions of this act upon the declaration submitted to the people, all volunteers and other persons connected with the service of the State, qualified to vote for members of the Legislature in the counties where they reside, shall be entitled to vote in any county m the State where they may be in active service, or under orders, or on parole at the time of said election; and all other voters shall vote in the county where they reside, as now required by law in voting for members to the General Assembly. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted. That at the same time and under the rules and regula- tions prescribed for the election herein before ordered, the following ordinance shall be submitted to the popular vote, to wit: An Ordinance for the Adoption of the Constitution of the Provisional Govern- ment OF THE Confederate States of America. We, the people of Tennessee, solemnly impressed by the perils which surround us, do hereby adopt and ratify the constitution of the provisional government of the Confed- erate States of America, ordained and established at Montgomery, Ala., on the 8th day of February, 1861, to be in force during the existence thereof, or until such time as we may supersede it by the adoption of a permanent constitution. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That those in favor of the adoption of said provisional constitution and thereby securing to Tennessee equal representation in the deliberations and councils of the Confederate States shall have written or printed on their ballots the word "Representation," those opposed the words "No Representation." Sec. 7. Be it further enacted. That in the event the people shall adopt the constitu- tion of the provisional government of the Confederate States at the election herein or- dered, it shall be the duty of the governor forthwith to issue writs of election for dele- gates to represent the State of Tennessee in the said provisional government. That the State shall be represented by as many delegates as it was entitled to members of Congress to the recent Congress of the United States of America, who shall be elected from the several congressional districts as now established by law, in the mode and manner now prescribed for the election of members to the Congress of the United States. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted. That this act take effect from and after its passage. W. C. Whitthorne, Speaker of the House of Representatives. B. L. Stovall, Speaker of the Senate. Passed May 6, 1861. 522 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. The following military bill was also passed: An Act to Raise, Organize and Equip a Provisional Force and for Other Purposes. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Oeneral Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That it shall be the duty of the governor of the State to raise, organize and equip a provisional force of vol- unteers for the defense of the State, to consist of 55,000 volunteers, 25,000 of whom, or any less number which the wants of the service may demand, shall be fitted for the field at the earliest practicable moment, and the remainder of which shall be held in reserve, ready to march at short notice. And should it become necessary for the safety of the State, the governor may call out the whole available military strength of the State. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That in the performance of this duty, the governor shall take charge of the military, direct the military defense of the State, organize the different arms, and with the concurrence of the military and financial board, hereinafter provided for, control the military fund, make contracts for arms, ordnance, ordnance stores, pro- cure material for the construction of arras, employ artificers, organize one or more armor- ies for the construction of arms, and do all other things necessary for the speedy and effi- cient organization of a force adequate for the public safety. And he shall organize a military and financial board, to consist of three persons of which he shall be ex officio president, and who shall discharge such duties as he may assign them in effecting the ob- jects and purposes of this act, and appoint such number of clerks as may be necessary under such rules and regulations as they may adopt. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That the force provided for by this act, shall be organ- ized into regiments, brigades and divisions, and the whole to be commanded by the senior major-general, who shall immediately enter upon the duty of organizing the entire force for the field, the force authorized by this act, shall be mustered into service for the pe- riod of twelve months, unless sooner discharged. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted. That the staff of said force shall consist of one adju- tant-general, one inspector-general, one paymaster-general, one commissary-general, one quartermaster-general and one surgeon-general with such number of assistants of each as the wants of the service may require; and that the rank of quartermaster-general, inspec- tor-general, adjutant-general and commissary -general shall be that of colonel of cavalry, and the rank of their assistants shall be that of lieutenant-colonel and major of infantry and captain of cavalry, all of whom shall be appointed l)y the governor, subject to the confirmation of the General Assembly in joint session; Provided, That the governor may fill vacancies in said offices, occurring when the Legislature may not be in session, and the appointees shall at once enter upon the discharge of their duties, subject to the con- firmation of the Legislature when thereafter in session. There shall likewise be appointed by the governor, subject to like confirmation, one ordnance oflicer, with the rank of col- onel of infantry, who shall take charge of the ordnance bureau of the State, direct the construction of arms, under the governor and military and finance board, receive or reject the same, certify the fulfillment of contracts, and have the general supervision of the arm- ory of the State, with such assistants as the service may require, not exceeding three, who shall have the rank and pay of captain of infantry. The members of the militarj' and financial board shall be nominated by the governor and confirmed bythe General Assembly. Sec. 5. Be it further enacted. That there shall be organized by the governor, a med- ical department, consisting of the surgeon-general, and two other surgeons, the members of which department shall be nominated by the governor and confirmed by the General Assembly, who shall examine all applicants for surgeon and assistant surgeon, and certify their qualifications to the governor for commission in said service, and which department shall be subject to field service as other surgeons of the army. And the said department are hereby directed, other things being equal, to recommend from volunteer forces such regimental surgeons and assistants as the service may require. Sec. 6. Be it further enacted. That tliere shall be two major-generals, and such number of brigadier-generals as the proper and efiicient command of said force may re- quire, who shall be nominated by the governor and confirmed by the General Assembly, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 523 with power to appoint their own staff; and a chief of engineers with such assistants as the service may require, to be nominated and confirmed in the same manner. Sec. 7. Be it furtlier enacted, That the senior major-general shall immediately enter upon the duty of organizing the whole force for the field. Sec. 8. Be it further enacted. That the governor be authorized to determine the field of duty which the safety of the State may require, and direct said forces accordingly. Sec. 9. Beit further enacted. That for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the governor of the State is hereby authorized to issue and dispose of five million dollars of the bonds of the State of Tennessee, similar in all respects to the bonds of the State heretofore issued, except that they shall not have more than ten years to run for maturity, and bear interest at the rate of eight per cent per annum, payable semi-annually at such point as may be therein designated; Provided, That three millions of said bonds shall be held as a contingent reserve fund, and not used unless in the opinion of the governor, by and with the concurrence and advice of the military and financial board, the exigencies of the service and the public safety imperatively demand it; and said bonds shall be in denomina- tion of not less than one hundred, or greater than one thousand dollars. Sec. 10. Beit furtlier eneicted, That the public faith and credit of the State is hereby pledged for the payment of the interest on said bonds and the final redemption of the same; and that an annual tax of eight cents on the one hundred dollars qn the property, and one-half cent upon the dollar on the sales of merchandise or invoice cost, whether bought in or out of the State of Tennessee, which said one-half of one per cent is to be in lieu of the one-fourth of one per cent now levied, be assessed and set apart, and held sacred for the payment of the,interest on said bonds, and the creation of a sinking fund for their final redemption; Provided, that no more of said tax than is sufficient to pay the interest on said bonds shall be collected, until the expiration of two years from the issuance of the same, and that the whole amount of said sinking fund shall from time to time, as the same may accumulate, be used by the governor in the purshase of said bonds; Provided, They can be had at a price not exceeding par rates. Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That banks and branches purchasing said bonds from the governor, shall have the privilege of classing the bonds so purchased, in the classifica- tion of their assets, as specie funds; and that the banks of the State are hereby authorized to invest their means in said bonds; Provided, That the State shall have the right to pay said bonds so purchased and held by said banks in their own notes; and individuals own- ing said bonds, having purchased the same previously of the State, shall hold the same free from taxation, either State, county, or otherwise. Sec. 13. Be it further eneicted, That in order to save expenses, so much of the act of the late extra session of the Legislature, as requires the supervisor to make monthly pub- lications of bank movements, be, and the same is hereby repealed. Sec. 13. Be it further enacted. That when peace shall be restored to the country, or the present danger pass away, that the governor of the State, or other rightful authority, under which said force may be at the time acting, shall issue a proclamation declaring the fact, and shall thereafter discharge the forces raised under this act, and from and after which this act shall cease to be in force. Sec. 14. Be it fiirther enacted, That the county courts of this State are empowered to assess and collect a tax on property and privileges in their respective counties; to provide a fund for the relief and support of families of volunteers whilst in actual service, when, from affliction or indigence, it may be necessary; Provided, That the said fund thus raised shall, in all cases, be expended for the benefit of the families of volunteers residing in the county where the same is raised; and the revenue collector, for collecting said tax, shall receive no compensation— and the same shall be paid by him, under order of the county court, to the persons to whom the same may be appropriated. Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That the county courts be authorized to issue county scrip anticipating the tax necessary in effecting the objects of the preceding section. Sec. 16. Be it further enacted. That the county courts of this State are authorized and empowered to appoint and raise semi-annually a home guard of minute men, whose 524 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. term of service shall be three months, in their respective limits, to consist of companies of not less than ten for each civil district, whose officers, when elected by the companies' re- spectively, shall be commissioned by the county courts, and whose duty it shall be to pro- cure a warrant from some justice of the peace, and arrest all suspected persons, and bring them before the civil authorities for trial; to see that all slaves are disarmed; to prevent the assemblages of slaves in unusual numbers; to keep the slave population in proper sub- jection, and to see that peace and order is observed. The Home Guards or Minute Men shall be armed and equipped by each county at its own expense, and a tax may be assessed and collected for the purpose, as well as to compensate those engaged in this branch of duty, if, in their discretion, compensation should be made. The Home Guard shall assemble in their respective districts to take precautionary measures at least once in each week at the call of the commanding officer, and shall be momentarily ready for service at his call. Persons engaged in this branch of duty shall, upon failure to obey the call to duty by the commander, forfeit not less than one dollar, nor more than five for each offense, to be collected in the name of the chairman of the county court, before any jus- tice of the peace, to be applied by the county court in defraying the expenses of this branch of the public service, unless such failure was the result of sickness or other good cause. A general commander shall be appointed for each county by the several county courts, whose duty it shall be, vvrhen necessary, to take charge of all the Home Guard or Minute Men in his county and direct their operations. And the county court is author- ized to issue county bonds or scrip for the purpose of raising money immediately to meet the expenses contemplated by this section. Sec. 17. Be it further enacted, That the property of all volunteers raised under the provisions of this act shall be exempt from execution and other civil process whilst in act- ual service; but this section shall not apply to the Home Guards. Sec. 18. Be it further enacted, That the governor, in raising the volunteers provided for in this act, shall have the discretion to accept into the service volunteer companies ten- dered from other States and from the Confederate States, if, in his opinion, the exigencies of the service or the public safety requires it. Sec. 19. Be it further enacted. That each regiment of infantry shall consist of one colonel, one lieutenant-colonel, one major and ten companies; each company shall con- sist of one captain, one first lieutenant, two second lieutenants, four sergeants, four cor- porals, two musicians, and not less than sixty-four nor more than ninety privates; and to each regiment there shall be attached one adjutant, to be selected from the lieuten- ants, and one sergeant-major to be selected from the enlisted men of the regiment by the colonel. The regiment of cavalry shall consist of one colonel, one lieutenant- colonel, one major and ten companies, each of which shall consist of one captain, one first lieutenant, two second lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, one farrier, one blacksmith, two musicians and sixty privates. There shall be one adjutant and one ser- geant-major, to be selected as aforesaid. Sec. 20. Be it further enacted. That each regiment shall elect its own colonel, lieu- tenant-colonel and major, and that each company shall elect its captain, its lieutenants, sergeants and corporals. Regimental musicians shall be appointed by the colonel, and the company musicians by the captains of companies. The colonel shall appoint his staff from his command. Sec. 21. Be it further enacted. That the pay of major-general shall be three hundred dollars per month; of brigadier-general two hundred and fifty dollars per month. The aid-de-camp of a major-general, in addition to his pay as lieutenant, shall receive forty dollars per month, and the aid-de-camp of a brigadier-general shall receive, in addition to his pay as lieutenant, the sum of twenty-five dollars per month. The monthly pay of the officers of the corps of engineers shall be as follows: Of the colonel two hundred and ten dollars; of a major, one hundred and sixty-two dollars; of a captain, one hundred and forty dollars; lieutenants serving with a company of sappers and miners shall receive the pay of cavalry officers of the same-grade. The monthly pay of the colonel of the corps of artillery shall be two hundred and ten dollars; of a lieutenant-colonel, one hundred and HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 525 eighty-five dollars; of a major, cue hundred and fifty dollars; of a captain, one hun- fdred and thirty dollars; of a first lieutenant, ninety dollars; of a second lieutenant, eighty dollars; and the adjutant shall receive, in addition to his pay as lieutenant, ten dollars per month. Ofiicers of artillery serving in the light artillery, or performing ord- nance duty, shall receive the same pay as officers of cavalry of the same grade. The monthl}^ pay of the infantry shall be as follows: Of a colonel, one hundred and .seventy-five dollars; of a lieuteuant-colonel, one hundred and seventy dollars; of a ^major, one hundred and fifty dollars; of a captain, one hundred and thirty dollars; of a first lieutenant, ninety dollars; of a second lieutenant, eighty dollars; the adju- tant ten dollars per month in addition to his pay as lieutenant. The monthly pay of the ofiicers of cavalry shall be as follows: Of a colonel, two hundred dollars; of a lieu- tenant-colonel, one hundred and seventy-five dollars; of a major, one hundred and fifty- two dollars; of a captain, one hundred and thirty dollars; of a first lieutenant, ninety dol- lars; of asecond lieutenant, eighty dollars; the adjutant, tendoUarsper month in addition to his pay as lieutenant. The pay of the officers of the general staff, except those of the medical department, shall be the same as ofiicers of the second grade. The surgeon-gen- eral shall receive an annual salary of twenty-five hundred dollars, which shall be in full of all pay and allowance. The pay per month of the major-general's staff shall be the same as ofiicers of the same rank in the infantry service. The monthly pay of surgeon shall be the same as that of major of cavalry, and the pay of assistant surgeon shall be the same as the pay of first lieutenant of cavalry, and the rank of surgeon shall be that qf major of cavalry, and that of assistant surgeon the same as of the first lieutenant of cavalry. Sec. 23. Be it further enacted, That the pay of ofiicers as herein established shall be in full of all allowances, except forage for horses actually in service, and the necessary traveling expenses while traveling under orders; Provided, that officers shall not be enti- tled in any case to draw forage for a greater number of horses, according to grade, than as follows: The major-general, five; the brigadier-general, four; the adjutant and inspec- tor-general, quartermaster-general, commissary-general, and the colonel of engineers, ar- tillery, infantry and cavalry, three each. All lieutenant-colonels, and majors, and cap- tains of the general's staff, engineer corps, light artillery and cavalry, three each. Lieu- -tenants serving in the corps of engineers, lieutenants of light artillery, and of cavalry, two each. No enlisted man in the service of the State shall be employed as a servant by any officer of the army. The monthly pay of the enlisted men of the army of the State shall be as follows: that of sergeant or master workman of the engineer corps, thirty dol- lars; that of corporal or overseer, twenty dollars; privates of the first-class, or artificers, seventeen dollars, and privates of the second class, or laborers and musicians, thirteen dol- lars. The sergeant-major of cavalry, twenty-one dollars; first sergeant, twenty dollars; sergeants, seventeen dollars; corporals, farriers and blacksmiths, thirteen dollars; music- ians, thirteen dollars, and privates, twelve dollars. Sergeant-major of artillery and in- fantry, twenty-one dollars; first sergeants, twenty dollars each; sergeants, seventeen dol- lars; corporals and artificers, thirteen dollars; musicians, twelve dollars, and privates, eleven dollars each. The non-commissioned officers, artificers, musicians and privates serving in light batteries shall receive the same pay as those of cavalry. Sec. 23. Be it further enacted, That each enlisted man of the army of the State shall receive one ration per day, and a yearly allowance of clothing; the quantity and kind of each to be established by regulation of the military and financial board, to be approved by the governor. Rations shall generally be issued in kind, unless under circumstances rendering a commutation necessary. The commutation value of the ration shall be fixed by regulation of the military and financial board to be appointed by the governor. Sec. 24. Be it further enacted, That all the officers in the quartermaster's and com- missary departments shall, previous to entering on the duties of their respective offices, give bonds with good and sufficient security, to the State of Tennessee, in such sum as the military and financial board shall direct, fully to account for all moneys and public prop- erty which they may receive. Neither the quartermaster-general, the commissary-gen- 33 526 nisTOEY OF Tennessee. eraljlnor an other or either of their assistants, shall be concerned, directly or indirectly, in the purchase or sale of any articles intended for, making a part of, or appertaining to pub- lic supplies, except for and on account of the State of Tennessee; nor shall they, or either of them, take or apply to his or their own use, any gain or emolument for negotiating any business in their respective departments other than what is or may be allowed by law. The rules and articles of war established by the laws of the United States of America for the government of the army are hereby declared to be of force, except wherever the words ■' United States" occur, "State of Tennessee" shall be substituted therefor; and except that the articl<>s of war numbers sixty-one and sixty- two arc hei'eby abrogated, and the following substituted therefor: Akt. 61. Officers having brevets or commissions of a prior date to those of the corps in which they serve, will take place on courts martial or of inquiry, and on boards detailed for military purposes, when composed of different corps, according to the ranks given them in their brevet or former commissions, but in the regiment, corps or company to which such oflicers belong, they shall do duty and take the rank, both in courts and on boards, as aforesaid, which shall be composed of their own corps, according to the commis- sion by which they are there mustered. Art. 63. If upon marches, guards or in quarters, different corps shall happen to .I'oin or do duty together, the officer highest in rank, according to the commission by which he was mustered in the army, there ou duty by orders from competent authority, shall command the whole, and give orders for wiiat is needful for the service, unless otherwise directed by the governor of the State, in orders of special assignment providing for the case. Sec. 35. Be it further enacted. That all mounted non-commissioned officers, privates, musicians and artificers shall be allowed forty cents per day for the use and risk of their horses; and if any mounted volunteer shall not keep himself provided with a serviceable horse, such volunteer shall serve on foot. For horses killed in action, or that die from injuries received in the service, or for want of forage, volunteers shall be allowed com- pensation according to their appraised value at the date of mustering into the service. Sec. 86. Be it further enacted. That the military board shall procure for the service a supply of the army regulations of the United States, and provide by regulation a badge to designate the grade of officers in the service, and such flags and banners as may be necessary. Sec. 27. Be it further enacted, That the pay of volunteers who have been enrolled for service before the passage of this act, if actuallj' mustered into service, shall be counted from the time of their enrollment; and the commanding officer of artillery may appoint recruiting officers to muster into service recruits to be assigned to companies afterward, who shall receive pay and subsistence from time of enrollment. Sec. 28. Be it further enacted. That any ten companies, with the requisite number of men, offering themselves in a body, shall be mustered into service as a regiment, may immediately organize by electing their field officers, and be commissioned by the governor. The seniority of captain shall be fixed by the brigadier-general regularly in command; Provided, that in all cases where regiments shall have previously organized and elect- ed their officers, such organization and election may be treated by the governor as good and valid. Sec. 29. Be it further enacted, That each of the members of the military and finan- cial board shall receive compensation at the rate of fifteen hundred dollars per annum. Sec. 30. Be it further enacted, That officers of artillery, from colonel to captain inclusive, shall be nominated by tlie governor and confirmed by the General Assembly. Sec. 31. Be it further enacted, That all persons against whom indictments or pre- sentments for misdemeanors may be pending, and who have enlisted under this act in the service of tlie State, the same may be dismissed in the discretion of the judge before whom the same is pending, as well as for forfeitures against the defendant and his- securities. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 527 Sec. 33. Bo it further enacted, That the keeper of the public arms be, and he is hereby directed to make suitable and propei- arrangements for the convenience and pro- tection of the arsenal of the State; and that for the expenses incurred for such purposes, the sum of twelve hundred dollars is hereb}^ appropriated, for which the comptroller will issue his warrant upon the treasury, upon the certificate of such keeper, and approved of by the military board. Sec. 83. Be it further enacted, That the municipal authorities of all incorporated towns in this State be authorized to borrow money by issuing the bonds of such corpora- tion, or otherwise, for the military defense of such town; and in all cases where cori)orate authorities of said towns have already issued their bonds for the purpose aforesaid, the same is hereby declared legal and valid. Sec. 34. Be it further enacted, That to enable the county court to carry into effect without delay the provisions of the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth section of this act. the chairman of the county court is empowered to assemble at any time the members of the quarterly court, who, when assembled, shall have all the powers exercised by them at the regular quarterly sessions. SEd. 35. Be it further eneicted, That the corporate authorities of towns and cities are hereby empowered and authorized to levy a military tax upon personal and real estate, not to exceed the one-half of one per cent, and on privileges not greater than one-half the amount now paid to the State; such money to be raised shall be used for military purposes under the direction of the authority so levying and collecting the same. Sec. 36. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the inspector-general of the State, to be appointed under this act, and such assistants as the governor may appoint to muster into the service of the State of Tennessee each company and regiment after the same are inspected, at such times and plac'es as the governor shall designate, and when said troops are so mustered into the service of the State, they shall be subject to all the rules and articles of war as adopted by this act. Sec. 37. Be it further eneicted, That it shall be the duty of each captain upon being mustered into the service to furnish a complete roll of the officers and men in his companj' to the inspector-general, who shall file one copy of the same in the adjutant-general's office, and one copy to be delivered to the colonel of each regiment then formed, and it shall be the duty of the adjutant-general to furnish blank forms to the captains of com- panies. Sec. 38. Be it further enacted, That the governor, by and with the consent of the military and financial board or bureau, shall be authorized to purchase and carry on any manufactory or manufactories of gunpowder, which may be deemed necessary for the iise of the State, purchase or lease any interest in any lead, saltpetre, or other mines, and work the same for the use of the State, and may also in the name of the State make con- tracts for the manufacture of fire-arms or any other munitions of war, to be manufactured in the State, and make such advancements in payment for the same as may be deemed advisable to insure the ready and speedy supply thereof for the use of the State. Provided, that when such contract is made or entered into the individual or company making the sa-me shall give bond and security for the repayment thereof, if the arms or other muni- tions of war for v^hich such advancement may be made shall not be furnished within the time agreed upon for their delivery, or shall not be of the character contracted for. Sec. 39. Be it further enacted, That for the purpose of aiding in supplying the State with arms for the public defense, that the act of January 30, 1861, incorporating the Mem- phis Arms Company, be and the same is hereby confirmed, and the corporators declared to be entitled to exercise all the rights and privileges intended to be given by said act; and it \s further enacted, that M. Clusky, John Overton, Robert C. Brinkley, Sam. Tate, M. J. Wicks, Roberson Topp, William R. Hunt, Fred. W. Smith, J. E. R. Ray, Moses White and Ed. Munford be added to the list of corporators. Sec. 40. Beit further enacted. That the governor and all other authorities having charge of finances in the movement contemplated by this act shall make full reports to 528 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the General Assembly of the State to the amount expended, as well as the various pur- poses for which such expenditures may have been made. Sec. 41. Be it further enacted, That this act take effect from and after its passage. W. C. Whitthorne, Speaker of the House of Representatives. B. R. Stoval-l, Speaker of the Senate. Passed May 6, 1861. A true copj'. J. E. R. Ray, Secretary of State. On the 7th of May the following message was communicated to the Legislature : * Executive Department, Nashville, May 7, 1861. Oentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives: By virtue of the authority of your joint resolution, adopted on the 1st day of May, inst., I appointed Gustavus A. Henry, of the county of Montgomery; Archibald O. W. Totten, of the county of Madison, and Washington Barrow, of the county of Davidson, "commissioners on the part of Tennessee, to enter into a military league with the authori- ties of the Confederate States, and with the authorities of such other slave-holding States as may wish to enter into it; having in view the protection and defense of the entire South against the war that is now being carried on against it." The said commissioners met the Hon. Henry W. Hilliard, the accredited representa- tive of the Confederate States, at Nashville, on this day, and have agreed upon and ex- ecuted a military league between the State of Tennessee and the Confederate States of America, subject, however, to the ratification of the two governments, one of the dupli- cate originals of which I herewith transmit for your ratification or rejection. For many cogent and obvious reasons, unnecessary to be rehearsed to you, I respectfully recommend the ratification of this League at the earliest practicable moment. Very Respectfully, IsHAM G. Harris. Convention Between the State of Tennessee and the Confederate States op America. The State of Tennessee, looking to a speedy admission into the Confederacy estab- lished by the Confederate States of America, in accordance with the Constitution for the provisional government of said States, enters into the following temporary convention, agreement and military league with the Confederate States, for the purpose of meeting pressing exigencies affecting the common rights, interests and safety of said States and said Confederacy. First, until the said State shall become a member of said Confederacy, according to the constitution of both powers, the whole military force and military oper- ations, offensive and defensive, of said State, in the impending conflict with the United States, shall be under the chief control and direction of the President of the Confederate States, upon the same basis, principles and footing as if said State was now, and during the interval, a member of said Confederacy, said force, together with that of the Confed- erate States, to be employed for the common defense. Second, the State of Tennessee will, upon becoming a member of said Confederacy under the permanent constitution of said Confederate States, if the same shall occur, turn over to said Confederate States all the public property acquired from the United States, on the same terms and in the same manner us the other States of said Confederacy have done in like cases. Third, what- ever expenditures of money, if any, the said State of Tennessee shall make before she becomes a member of said Confederacy, shall be met and provided for l)y the Confed- erate States. This convention entered into and agreed in the city of Nashville, Tennes- see, on the seventh day of May, A. D. 1861, by Henry W. Hilliard, the duly authorized commissioner to act in the matter of the Confederate States, and Gustavus A. Henry, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 529 Archibald O. W. Totten and Wasliington Barrow, commissioners duly authorized to act in like manner for the State of Tennessee, the whole subject to the approval and rati- fication of the proper authorities of both governments, respectively. In testimony whereof the parties aforesaid have herewith set their hands and seals, the day and year aforesaid; duplicate originals. [seal.] Henry W. Hilliard, Commissioner for the Confederate States of America. [seal,.] Gustavus a. Henry, [seal.] a. W. O. Totten, [seal.] Washlngton Barrow, Commissioners on the Part of Tennessee. Immediately upon receiving the report of tlie commissioners the Legislature passed the following joint resolution: Whereas, A military league, offensive and defensive, was formed on this the 7th of May, 1861, by and between A, O. W. Totten, Gustavus A. Henry and Washington Barrow, commissioners on the part of the State of Tennessee, and H. W. Hilliard, commissioner on the part of the Confederate States of America, subject to the confirmation of the two governments ; Be it therefore resolved by the General Assembly of the State ofTennessee, That said league be in all respects ratified and confirmed; and the said General Assembly hereby pledges the faith and honor of the State of Tennessee to the faithful observance of the terms and conditions of said league. The following is the vote in the Senate on the adoption of the league : Ayes: Messrs. Allen, Horn, Hunter, Johnson, Lane, Minnis, McClellan, McNeilly, Payne, Peters, Stanton, Thompson, Wood and Speaker Stovall — 14. Nays: Messrs. Boyd, Bradford, Hildreth, Nash, Richardson and Stokes — 6. Absent and not voting: Messrs. Bumpass, Mickley, New- man, Stokely and Trimble — 5. The following is the vote in the House: Ayes: Messrs. Baker, of Perry; Baker, of Weakley; Bayless, Bicknell, Bledsoe, Cheatham, Cow- den, Davidson, Davis, Dudley, Ewing, Farley, Farrelly, Ford, Frazier, Gantt, Guy, Havron, Hurt, Ingram, Jones, Kenner, Kennedy, Lea, Lock- hart, Martin, Mayfield, McCabe, Morphies, Nail, Pickett, Porter, Eich- ardson, Roberts, Sheid, Smith, Sowell, Trevitt, Vaughn, Whitmore, Woods and Speaker Whitthorne — 42. Nays: Messrs. Armstrong, Bra- zelton, Butler, Caldwell, Gorman, Greene, Morris, Norman, Russell, Sen- ter, Strewsbury, White, of Davidson; Williams, of Knox; Wisener and Woodward — 15. Absent and not voting: Messrs. Barksdale, Beaty, Bennett, Britton, Critz, Doak, East, Gillespie, Harris, Hebb, Johnson, Kincaid, of Anderson ; Kincaid, of Claiborna ; Trewhitt ; White, of Dick- son; Williams, of Franklin; Williams, of Hickmati, and Williamson — 18. The action of the Legislature in passing the ordinance of secession, in adopting the provisional constitution of the Confederacy, in passing the army bill and in ratifying the league between Tennessee and the Confederate Government, all subject to adoption or rejection by the peo- ple of the State, and all done amid great excitement within a few days, 530 HISTORY or TENNESSEE. met the heartiest and wildest reception from all portions of the State. The only opposition encountered was in East Tennessee ; but the Gov- ernor, as commander-in-chief of the provisional army, determined to occupy that portion of the State immediately with troops in the hope of subjecting it to the Confederate cause. As soon as possible, by virtue of the authority vested in him by the army bill, he made the following military appointments, all of which were ratified by the General As- sembly : Executive Department, Nashville, May 9, 1861. Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Bepresentatives: I have nominated and herewith submit for your confirmation the following gentlemen: For major-generals, Gideon J. Pillow, Samuel R. Anderson. For brigadier-generals, Felix K. Zollicoffer, Benjamin F. Cheatham, Robert C. Foster, third; John L. T. Sneed, W. R. Caswell. For adjutant-general, Daniel S. Donelson. For inspector-general, William H. Carroll. For quarter-master general, Vernon K. Stevenson. For commis- sary-general, R. G. Fain. For paymaster-general, William Williams. For surgeon- general. Dr. Paul F. Eve. For assistant surgeon-generals. Dr. Joseph C. Newnan, Dr. John D. Winston. For assistant adjutant-generals, W. C. Whitthorne, James D. Porter, Jr., Hiram S. Bradford, D. M. Key. For assistant inspector-generals, J. W. Gillespie, James L. Scudder, John C. Brown, Alexander W. Campbell. For assistant quartermas- ter-generals, Paulding Anderson, George W. Cunningham, Samuel T. Bicknell, George W. Fisher, Thomas L. Marshall, Thomas Peters, John G. Finnie, W. P. Davis, J. H. Mc- Mahon. For assistant commissary-generals, Calvin M. Fackler, John L. Brown, Miles Draughn, Madison Stratton, James S. Patton, W. W. Guy, P. T. Glass. For assistant paymaster-generals. Claiborne Deloach, William B. Reese, Jr., Thomas Boyers. For lieutenant-colonel of artillery, John P. McCown. For military and financial board, Neill S. Brown, James E. Bailey, William G. Harding. ^ By reference to your act of the 6th of May, and the army regulations, it will be seen that there are additional nominations j-et to be submitted, the number of which it is im- possible for me to determine until it is ascertained, with at least some degree of certainty, the number of troops that it may be necessary to call into active service. I have, there- fore, nominated the heads of departments with such assistants as I considered necessary to the work of immediate organization, leaving the developments of the future to deter- mine the additional appointments it may be proper to make. Very Respectfully, IsHAM G. Harris. Later the following appointments were made : Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Bepresentatives: Under the act of the General Assembly of the 6th of May, 1861. I have made the fol- lowing nominations for the consideration and confirmation of the General Assembl3% to wit: On the 10th instant — Dr. B. W. Avent, surgeon-general, vice Dr. Paul F. Eve, re- signed. On the 10th instant — For surgeon of Col. Preston Smith's regiment. Dr. Emmett Woodward and Dr. Richard Butt, assistant-surgeon. On the 15th instant— For surgeon of Col. J. Knox Walker's regiment. Dr. James D. Lindsay. On the 17th instant — For .surgeon of Col. George Maney's regiment. Dr. William Nichol and J. R. Buist, assistant- surgeon. On the 17th instant — For surgeon of Col. John C. Brown's regiment, Dr. Samuel H. Stout. On the 13th instant — For captains of the artillery corps, Arthur N. Rutlcdge, Marshall T. Polk, William H. Jackson, Andrew Jackson, .Jr. On the 17th in- stant—Reuben Ross, James H. Wilson, Smith P. Bankhead, Robert M. Russell. On the 17th instant — For colonel commandant of the artillery corps, John P. McCown. For HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 531 lieutenant-colonel, Milton A. Haynes. For major, Alexander P. Stewart. On the IStli instant — For captain of ordnance, Moses H Wright. On the 16th instant — For assistant adjutant-generals, Pallok B. Lee and Adolphus Hieman. On the 15th instant — For as- sistant inspector-general, Henry Wall, vice John C. Brown, declined, Jo. G. Pickett and C. H. Williams. On the 16th instant — For major of engineer corps, B. R. Johnson. For the captains of said corps, W. D. Pickett, Montgomery Lynch and W. A. Forbes. On the 16th instant — For assistant quartermaster-general, Jesse B. Clements, vice Paul- ding Anderson, declined, John L. Sehon, E. Foster Cheatham, James Glover, John W. Eldridge, A. J. Vaughn, JohnS. Bransford, John S. Hill, A. L McClellan, Nathan Adams, H. T. Massengale, John W. Gorham, Frank M. Paul, S. H. Whitthorne., On the 17th in- stant — For assistant commissary-generals, Frank W. Green, John R. Wood, Daniel P. Cocke, John W. Crisp, O. B. Caldwell, Lee M. Gardner, William C. Bryan, Jerome Rid- ley, William H. Stover, R. H. Williamson, John D. Allen, Albert G. Firing, G. W. Me- nees, Samuel E. Barbee. The rank of the various appointees will be determined upon the issuance of commissions, after confirmation by the General Assembly. In the meantime they will enter upon the duties of their respective positions as they may be ordered to do by their superior officers. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the [l. s.] great seal of the State to be affixed at the department at Nashville, this the 18th of May, 1861. IsHAM G. Harris. By the Governor: J. E. R. Rat, Secretary of State. After the passage of the army bill the formation and thorough discipline of regiments for the field rapidly took place. Memphis and Nashville became stirring military centers. Every county seat was a camp. Almost every pursuit was dropped except the popular art of making war. As a result great progress was made, and soon more than the number of volunteers called for were ready, and as fast as they could be supplied with arms were mustered into the provisional army of Ten- nessee. Herculean efforts were made to supply the regiments as fast as possible with arms, and calls were issued by the authorities for guns of any description that could be used with effect — shot-guns, flint-lock and percussion rifles, squirrel and bear guns, pistols, etc. On the 18th of June the Legislature again met, pursuant to the call of the Governor, who, in his message, recommended that, owing to the difficulty of con- verting the bonds ordered issued under the army bill of May 6 into money, three-fifths ($3,000,000) of the amount ($5,000,000) should be issued in treasury notes in lieu of an equivalent amount of such bonds ; that the interest on the internal improvement bonds of the State, pay- able in New York, should be made payable at Nashville, Charleston or New Orleans ; and that all necessary legislation to regulate the currency of the State should be made. He also submitted a statement of the progress made in placing the State in an attitude of defense. Twenty- one regiments of infantry had been organized and were in the field ; ten artillery companies were in progress of completion; enough cavalry companies to form a regiment were also well advanced, and an engineers 532 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. corps was nearly ready for service. Besides these three regiments from the State were with the Confederate Army in Vii'ginia, and a small squad was with the army at Pensacola. In addition, many of the militia regi- ments were as ready for the field as several which had been accepted and mustered in. In accordance with the provisions of the act of May 6 an election was held throughout the State June 8, for the people to decide upon the question of secession or separation, and the question of representation in the Confederate States Congress, and the adoption of the provisional constitution of the Confederate Government. It was well assured at the start that both "separation" and "representation" would carry by hand- some majorities, and this assurance was well sustained as the returns began to come in. The following proclamation by the Governor officially announced the result: PROCLAMATION. To all whom these Presents shall come — Greeting : Whereas, Bj^ an act of the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, passed on the 6th of May, 1861, an election on the 8th of June, 1861, was held in the several counties of the State in accordance therewith, upon the Ordinance of Separation and Representa- tion; and also, whereas, it appears from the official returns of said election (hereto ap- pended) that the people of the State of Tennessee haye in their sovereign will and capac- ity, by an overwhelming majority, cast their votes for "Separation," dissolving all political connection with the late United States Government, and adopted the provisional government of the Confederate States of America: Now, therefore, I, Isham G. Harris, governor of the State of Tennesse, do "make it known and declare all connection of the State of Tennessee with the Federal Union dis. solved, and that Tennessee is a free, independent government, free from all obligation to, or connection with, the Federal Government of the United States of America. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the [li.s.] great seal of the State to be affixed at the department in Nashville, on this, the 24th day of June, A. D.. 1861. Isham G. Harris. By the Governor: J. E. R. Ray, Secretary of State. OFFICIAL ELECTION RETURNS. EAST TENNESSEE. COUNTIES. Anderson Bledsoe Bradley Blount Campbell Carter Claiborne Cocke \ Grainger Greene Hamilton Separa- Eepre- No No tion. sentat'n. Sep'n. Rep'n. 97 97 1,278 1,278 197 186 500 455 507 505 1,882 1,380 418 414 1,766 1,768 59 60 1.000 1,0(10 86 86 1.343 1,343 250 246 1.243 1,247 518 517 1,185 1,185 586 582 1,492 1,489 744 738 2,691 2,702 854 837 1,260 1,271 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 533 COUNTIES. Hancock Hawkins. . . Jefferson. . . Johnson Knox McMinn Marion Meigs Monroe Morgan Polk Scott Sequatchie. . Rhea Roane Sevier Sullivan . . . . Washington. Totals Separa- Repre- J , No tion. sentat'n. Sep'n. 279 278 630 908 886 1,460 603 597 1,987 111 111 787 1,226 1,214 3,196 904 892 1,144 414 413 600 481 478 267 1,096 1,089 774 50 50 630 738 731 317 19 19 521 158 151 100 360 336 203 454 486 1,568 60 60 1,528 1,586 1,576 627 1,023 1,016 1,445 14,780 14,601 33,933 No Eep'n. 680 1,463 1,990 786 3,801 1,152 601 368 775 632 319 531 100 317 1,580 1,538 637 1,444 33,963 MIDDLE TENNESSEE. COUNTIES. Bedford .... Cannon Cheatham . . , Coffee Davidson.. . . DeKalb Dickson Fentress . . . . Franklin . . . . Giles Grundy Hardin Hickman . . . Humphreys.. Jackson Lawrence.. . . Lewis Lincoln Macon Marshall Maury Montgomery Overton Robertson. . . Rutherford. . Smith Stewart Sumner Van Buren. . Warren Wayne White Williamson. . Wilson Totals Separa- tion. 1,595 1,149 703 1.276 5,635 833 1,141 128 1,652 3,458 528 498 1,400 1,043 1,483 1,124 323 2,912 447 1,643 2,731 2,631 1,471 3,839 2,392 1.249 1,839 6,465 308 1,419 409 1,870 1,945 2,329 58,265 Repre- sentat'n. 1,544 1,145 697 1,368 5,573 833 1,133 130 1,650 3,464 528 493 1,400 1,042 1,480 1,122 216 2,893 446 1,638 2,693 2,630 1,471 3,835 2,377 1,247 1,889 6,441 808 1,400 861 1,867 1,918 3,398 57,858 No No Sep'n. Rep'n. 737 737 137 118 55 59 36 88 403 441 643 655 72 75 651 657 1 11 5 9 9 1,051 1,052 3 3 714 710 75 64 14 17 9 697 697 101 104 58 78 33 • 39 864 365 17 13 73 93 676 675 99 73 69 83 13 13 12 15 905 905 121 121 38 35 353 361 8,398 8,298 534 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. WEST TENNESSEE. COUNTIES. Benton Carroll Decatur. . . . Dyer Fayette Gibson Hardeman. . Haywood. . . Henderson. . Henry Lauderdale. McNairy Madison. . . . Obion Perry Shelby Tipton Weakley. , . , Totals Separa- tion. 967 310 811 1,364 1,999 1,526 930 801 1,746 763 1,318 2,754 2,996 780 7,132 943 1,189 ReprS' sentat'n. 29,127 796 952 293 779 1,364 1,954 1,508 924 790 1,734 759 1,365 2,751 2,957 779 7,127 941 1,189 28,962 No Sep'n. No Rep'n. 228 226 1,349 1,351 550 537 116 133 23 23 286 219 29 50 139 143 1,013 1,013 317 317 7 586 591 20 21 64 88 168 169 5 5 16 18 1,201 1,200 6,117 6,114 MILITARY CAMPS. CAMPS. Camp Davis, Va Camp Duncan, Tenn.. . Harper's Ferry, Va Fort Pickens, Fla Fort Harris, Tenn Camp De Soto, Tenn.. . Hermitage Camp, Va. . . Camp Jackson, Va Fort Randolph, Tenn.*. Total Separa- Repre- No . tion. sentat'n. Sep'n. 506 506 00 111 111 00 575 575 00 737 737 00 159 159 00 15 15 00 16 16 00 622 622 00 3,598 3,598 00 00 6,339 6,339 No Rep'n. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ♦Reported. AGGREGATES. DIVISIONS. Separa- tion. Repre- sentation. No Sep'n.^ 32,923 8,298 6,117 0,000 No Rep'n. East Tennessee 14,780 58,265 29,127 6,339 14,60'l 57,858 28,962 6,339 32,962 Middle Tennessee 8,298 West Tennessee 6,114 Military Camps 0,000 « 108,511 47,338 107,760 47,374 47,338 47,374 Majorities 61,173 60,386 The Confederate Congress had, May 17, anticipated the action of Tennessee in separating herself from the Federal Government, and had, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 535' before adjournment, and before the result of the election of June 8 be- came known, passed the following act: An Act to Admit the State of Tennessee into the Conpedekacy, on a Certain Condition. The State of Tennessee having adopted measures looking to an early withdrawal from the United States, and to becoming, in the future, a member of this Confederacy, which measures may not be consummated before the approaching recess of Congress; therefore. The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact. That the State of Tennes- see shall be admitted a member of the Confederate States of America, upon an equal foot- ing with the other States, under the constitution for the provisional government of the same, upon the condition that the said constitution for the provisional government of the Confederate States shall be adopted and ratified by the properly and legally consti- tuted authorities of said State, and the governor of said State shall transmit to the Presi- dent of the Confederate States, before the reassembling of Congress after the recess aforesaid, an authentic copy of the proceedings touching said adoption and ratification by said State of said provisional constitution; upon the receipt whereof, the President, by proclamation, shall aunouuce the fact, whereupon and without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of said State of Tennessee into the Confederacy, under said Constitution for the provisional government of the Confederate States, shall be considered as complete; and the laws of. this Confederacy shall be thereby extended over said State as fully and completely as over the States now composing the same. HOWELL COBB, Approved May 17, 1861. President of the Congress. Jefferson Davis. The following was the provisional government of the Confederate States of America: Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, president; Alex- ander H. Stephens, of Georgia, vice-president. Cabinet Officers: Kobert Toombs, of Georgia, secretary of state; C. G. Memminger, of South Carolina, secretary of the treasury ; L. P. Walker, of Alabama, secretary of war ; S. B. Mallory, of Florida, secretary of navy ; J. H. Reagan, of Texas, postmaster-general ; J. P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, attorney- general. Congress: Hon. Howell Cobb, of Georgia, president; J. J. Hooper, of Alabama, secretary. Standing Committees: Executive De- partment—Stephens, Conrad, Boyce, Shorter, Brooke ; Foreign Affairs — Rhett, Nisbet, Perkins, Walker, Keitt; Military Affairs — Bartow, Miles, Sparrow, Kenan, Anderson; Naval Affairs — Conrad, Chestnut, Smith, Wright, Owens; Finance — Toombs, Barnwell, Kenner, Barry, McRae; Commerce— Memminger, Crawford, DeClouet, Morton, Curry; Judiciary — Clayton, Withers, Hale, Cobb, Harris; Postal — Chilton, Boyce, Hill, Harris, Curry; Patents — Brooke, Wilson, Lewis, Hill, Kenner; Territo- ries — Chestnut, Campbell, Marshall, Nisbet, Fearne; Public Lands — Marshall, Harris, Fearne ; Indian Affairs — Morton, Hale, Sparrow, Lewis, Keitt; Printing — Cobb, Harris, Miles, Chilton, Perkins; Accounts — Owens, Crawford, Campbell, DeClouet, Smith; Engrossment— Shorter, Wilson, Kenan, McEae, Bartow. The ratification of the governor's military appointments had no 536 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Booner been made by the Legislature than the assignment of officers to their commands was officially announced. Prior to this, on the 25th of April, Gov. Harris had directed Gen. S. R. Anderson to proceed to Memphis to organize the various volunteer forces at that point and throughout West Tennessee. He remained at Memphis, engaged in active and valuable military work, until about May 3, when he trans- ferred the completion of the organizations there to Gen. J. L. T. Sneed and returned to Nashville. On the 3d of May ten companies at Nash- ville were mustered into the State service and became the First Tennessee Regiment, commanded by Col. George Maney. About the same time another regiment, which became the First Confederate Tennessee, was organized at Winchester, with Pet^r Turney, colonel. By the 5th of the same month 171 companies had reported themselves ready for the field to the adjutant-general. On the 9th of May Gov. Harris appointed his staff as follows: James W. McHenry, adjutant-general; David R. Smithy quartermaster-general; John H. Crozier, inspector-general; John V> Wright, first aide-de-camp; Preston Smith, second aide-de-camp;, Gideon J. Pillow, senior major-general, was placed in command of the provisional army of the State, with headquarters at Memphis. Samuel R. Anderson, junior major-general, was assigned to the command of the Department of Middle Tennessee, with headquarters at Nashville, and, May 14, appointed William A. Quarles and Granville P. Smith his aides- de-camp and W. C. Whitthorne, his assistant adjutant-general. On the 17th Brig. -Gen. R. C. Foster, by order of Gen. Anderson, took, command of the forces at Camp Cheatham, Robertson County, and about the same time Brig. -Gen. F. K. ZoUicoffer was assigned to the command of the militia at Camp Trousdale, Sumner County, and Brig. -Gen. W. R. Caswell to the command of the forces of East Tennessee with head- quarters at Knoxville. Gen. B. F. Cheatham was assigned to command at Union City, and Gen. John L. T. Sneed at Randolph. The military and financial board appointed by the governor under the army bill consisted of Neill S. Brown, William G. Harding and James E. Bailey. Gov, Harris was ex-officio a member of this board. The members were appointed immediately after the passage of the army bill, and soon had established in active working order all the military departments created by that instrument. Although no formal call was issued by the gover- nor for troops until June 21, the rapid mustering of militia for the pro- visional army and the concentration at important points and along the northern boundary of the State, were steadily, yet informally, pursued by virtue of the popular belief that the State was in imminent danger of invasion. May 19 the Nashville Pairiot stated that up to that date about HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 537 25,000 volunteers liad been tendered the governor. On the 20th of May Gen. Pillow at Memphis ordered reprisals taken of Northern prop- erty passing that city on the river, railroads or otherwise, and required all vessels and shipments to be examined with the view of ascertaining the ownership of cargoes, etc. About May 22 Gen. Zollicoffer succeeded in securing, via Chattanooga, several thousand stands of arms from the Confederate Government. Two days later news was received at Mem- phis that 15,000 Federal troops were on the eve of departing down the river from Cairo to capture and sack the former city, which report occasioned great bustle and excitement. By the 25th of May about 17,000 stands of arms had been received by the State authorities from the Confederate Government. Three days later several six-pound cannons, which had been manufactured by Ellis & Moore, Nashville, were tested and found serviceable. By the 29th there were encamped at Knoxville between twenty-five and thirty companies, and from them Col. Church- well's regiment had been organized. Eight or ten companies had been rendezvoused at Chattanooga and vicinity and were encamped there ready for service. Late in May the county court at Memphis appropri- ated $12 for the wife and $6 for each child, per month, of each volunteer who should enter the Confederate service. At this time Whitfield, Bradley & Co., of Clarksville, were making serviceable cannon. At the election of June 8 Tennessee troops to the number of 737 polled their votes for "separation" at Pensacola, Fla. Early in June much had been done with the means at hand, to place the State in an attitude of defense. Five or six batteries were posted along the Mississippi River, from Memphis to the Kentucky line, commanding the leading strategic points, and consisting of mortars, columbiads and twenty- four and thirty-two pounders, and were manned by a corps of ten fairly well organized companies of Tennessee artillery, under the command of Cols. J. P. McCown and M. A. Haynes. About 15,000 volunteers were concentrated at Memphis, Jackson and other principal points in West Tennessee, and were under the command of Maj.-Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, of the provisional army. Considerable action had been taken to pre- pare defenses along or near the northern boundary of the State, to be in readiness for any invasion from the North. The importance of construct- ing fortifications along the Tennessee and the Cumberland Rivers, as wqll as along the Mississippi, had been seriously considered, and energetic steps had been taken in that direction. The concentration of Federal forces at Cairo, 111., late in April, had aroused the apprehension of the authorities of the State and of the Confederate Government, that an ad- vance of the enemy was contemplated down the Mississippi, and doubt- 538 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. lessly up the Tennessee and the Cumberland Rivers, It was deemed im- portant to have the militia in such a state of readiness that it could be called into the field at a moment's warning, and Gov. Harris, June 21, issued General Order, No. 1, to that effect. June 3 Gen. Anderson, in command of the Department of Middle Tennessee, called for 2,000 rifle- men, the companies to furnish their own rifles, and for five companies of cavalry, all to furnish their own double-barreled shot-guns. June 1 the Confederate law which prohibited the exportation of cotton, except through Southern ports, came into operation, and Gen. Pillow, commander at Memphis, ordered that none should be sent North through Tennessee or out of Tennessee. Pursuant to the provisions of the army bill, home guards were organized, and a committee of safety appointed in al- most every county of the State. Early in June the city authorities of Memphis had, at their own expense, purchased commissary, quarter- master and ordnance stores and armament for fortifications along tlie Mississippi, and an agent was appointed by the Legislature to settle with them for such expense. The strategic importance of the location of Mem- phis was early recognized by the authorities of that city, who received great praise for their prompt action to secure control of the Mississippi. Early in June a force of about 8,000 Mississippians, under the command of Maj.-Gen. Clark, passed northward through West Tennessee, to co- operate with the latter State against the threatened advance southward of the Federals from Cairo. On the 27th of June the military bill was amended. The bonds to be issued under the act of May 6, were exempted from taxation, and fur- ther an ample provision was made for the organization, equipment and discipline of volunteers and militia. Provision was made for the support of the families of such volunteers as should become insane in the service ; and all moneys or property owing by citizens of the State to citizens of any non-slave-holding State were declared non-collectable during hostil- ities between Tennessee and the Federal Government; that such moneys could be paid into the State treasury and upon the cessation of hostilities should be refunded with interest. It was enacted, June 27, that treasury notes to the amount of $3,000,000, in whole or in part, in lieu of the $3,000,000 of the bonds authorized to be issued under the act of May G, should be circulated, and that such notes should bear interest not to ex- ceed 6 per centum. Jnly 1, it was made lawful for the banks of the State to receive and pay out the treasury notes of the Confederate Government, and State officers were required to receive such notes in payment of money due the State. Banks were required to increase their circulation, to withold dividends due stockholders in non-slave-holding States while the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 539" ■war continued ; and it was made unlawful to pay either interest or principal of the bonds of the State held by citizens in non-slave-holding States un- til the war should cease; or for bank officers to remove the assets of stockholders of non-slave-holding States from Tennessee. These provis- ions were deemed necessary in view of the probable future scarcity of money to carry on civil and military affairs. The authorities were not unmindful of the trials and tribulations of their Revolutionary fathers, and made care- ful estimates of chances to carry the State safely through the storm of war. June 28 it was enacted that the authorities of Giles County might assess and collect a tax for the manufacture of fire-arms, gunpowder and other munitions of Avar. June 28 the inspector of the State penitentiary was authorized to borrow of the State bank $10,000, to be used in the purchase of material for making shoes, hats and army accoutrements. June 29 it was "resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee that the governor be authorized and requested to place at the disposal of the Confederate States the volunteer forces of the State of Tennessee, the same to be mustered into the service of said states subject to the rules and regulations adopted by the Confederate authorities for the govern- ment of the Confederate Army; and that in making the arrangements therefore we shall have in view the placing of the defense of the State under the immediate control an ddirection of the President of the Con- federate States." Within a few weeks after the formation of militia companies had commenced, the women of the State organized in all the leading cities to secure contributions of all kinds of supplies for camp, field and hospital. By the 19th of June the society at Nashville, comprising 231 ladies, had collected and sent to camp 4,745 pieces of wearing apparel, etc. Organ- izations at Memphis had done nearly as well. During the early months of the war the societies were often reorganized, and the result of their la- bors was highly appreciated by the sweltering militia in the various hot and uncomfortable camps. August 12 the State Soldier's Aid Society was formed at Nashville, with branches throughout Middle Tennesseee. From that date until October 1 the society sent to the various camps over fifty large boxes of supplies of all descriptions, and collected in cash $1,834.20. Nashville, Clarksville, Franklin, Pulaski, Columbia, Mur- freesboro, Springfield, Harpeth and other cities donated the money and supplies. Mrs. F. G. Porter, of Nashville, was president of the State Society. A flourishing society at Memphis accomplished almost as much good as the one at Nashville. August 22 Gov. Harris issued a procla- mation to the women of the State to permanently organize for the cold weather, which had the happy effect of multiplying the societies in all 540 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. directions and supplying necessities to many a poor soldier boy during the cold winter of 1861-62. On the 6th of July Gov. Harris issued a proclamation calling for 3,000 volunteers to meet the requisition of the Confederate Government on the State of Tennessee. About the middle of July, pursuant to the offer of the Tennessee Legislature, the Confederate Government accepted the transfer of the provisional army of Tennessee to the Confederacy, and issued directions to have the troops received and mustered in. About this time Gens. Gideon J. Pillow, S. E. Anderson and D. S. Donelson were commissioned brigadier-generals in the Confederate States Army. July 12 Dr. S. McKissack, of Maury County, bought $3,000 worth of Confederate Government bonds at par, the first purchase made in the State. Gens. B. F. Cheatham and F. K. Zollicoffer were commissioned brigadier-generals of the Confederate States Army about the 20th of July. About this time Gen. S. R. Anderson succeeded Gen. Caswell in command of the Confederate forces in East Tennessee. Col. Jo Pickett was his chief of staff. The following is the report of the military and financial board to Gov. Harris, bearing date July 18, 1861: Quartermaster-general's department $918,775 94 Commissary-general's department 522,456 03 Paymaster-general's department 399,600 00 Medical department 8,500 00 Ordnance department 362,045 91 Contingencies 12,513 03 Total $2,223,890 91 July 26 Gen. Pillow left Memphis with part of the troops designed for the contemplated campaign northward, moving to Randolph, thence to New Madrid, Mo., where he was joined by Gen. Cheatham with a force from Union City. On the 31st of July Gov, Harris issued a gen- eral order that the officers of the provisional army should muster their command for the inspection of representative military men of the Con- federacy authorized to effect the transfer of the troops, and should pre- pare revised rolls of their companies and regiments to be handed to the Confederate inspector, which acts would operate as a transfer of the State forces to the Southern army. By the 7th of August the transfer was completed. This almost stripped the State of its defensive army, whereupon Gov. Harris issued a call for 30,000 volunteers to serve as a "Reserve Corps of Tennessee." On the 1st of August the State voted on the question of the adoption of the permanent constitution of the Confederacy and gave a majority of about 30,000 in its favor. Col. Heiman commanding the troops at Fort Henry on the Tennessee, issued an order to seize all property of the North passing down the river. Au- BATTLE OF SH ILOH, April 6, j862. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 541 gust 1 Gov. Harris was re-elected over liis Union competitor, W. H. Polk, of East Tennessee, by a majority of about 30,000. August 22 Gen. Foster, who had succeeded Gen. Anderson in command of the post at Nashville, ordered that thereafter no person would be permitted to leave Tennessee without a passport. About this time there were several bloody encounters in East Tennessee between Federal and Confederate residents. About the middle of September Gen. Foster resigned his command at Nashville. At this time, also, the Confederate Government called upon Tennessee for 30,000 volunteers. During the summer and autumn of 1861 great advancement was made in mustering regiments for the field and in preparing arms, ord- nance and equipments. By the 17th of July the factories at Nashville were manufacturing 100,000 percussion caps daily, and two foundries at Memphis were molding strong and serviceable cannons. A little later muskets and cannons, shot and shell, saddles and harness, knapsacks, etc., were manufactured in considerable quantity at Nashville. There were cannon factories at Memphis, Clarksville, Murfreesboro, Lebanon, Pulas- ki, Shelbyville, Franklin and elsewhere, and small-arm factories on a limited scale were scattered throughout the State. The Governor's mes- sage to the Legislature October 7, 1861, summed up the military record of the State: In about two months 30,000 volunteers had been placed on the field, many having been declined; the provisional army had been transferred, July 31, to the Confederacy; a total of thirty-eight regiments of infantry, seven battalions of cavalTy and sixteen artillery companies had been raised; all supplies necessary had been furnished by the "Mili- tary and Financial Board," despite the blockade of the Southern ports and the almost utter lack of sources of supplies at home; factories had been so encouraged that by the 1st of October 250 guns were made weekly in the State and 1,300,000 percussion caps; and lead and powder com- panies, particularly the latter, had done a creditable part in preparing the State for war. The Governor submitted the following report of military expenses prior to October 1 : Quartermaster-general's department $1,657,706 65 Commissary-general's department. . . . , 627,064 87 Paymaster-general's department 1,104,800 00 Medical department 24,761 21 Ordnance department 990,291 20 Recruiting service 723 25 Advance on gun, saltpeter and powder contracts, etc 456,826 08 Advance to Gen. Pillow for the Missouri campaign 200,000 00 Contingent expense 31,850 59 Total $5,094,023 85 34 " HISTOEY OF TE.NKESSEH All army supplies had been transferred to the Confederate Govern- ment, which assumed the payment of all Tennessee military obligations ftoperty had depreciated to such an extent as to make it appear neces- sary to raise the rate of taxation, which was accordingly done In No- vember strong Union forces began to concentrate at Elizabethton, near Bristol, and at Strawberry Plains in East Tennessee, and several skir- mishes occurred On the 19th of November the Governor issued a procla- J^,nst r 7r\ '" "'P™'" ^ "'^ '•"1™^' °f ««"• Albert Sidney Johnston Confederate commander of the Department of Tennessee, whose leacquartei-s were at Memphis, and whose clear discernment of st;ate.ic ait detected the coming advance of the Federals down the Mississippi and up the Tennessee and the Cumberland Rivers. At this time Jit difficulty was experienced by the Confederate Government in furnishin.. been 3 1 7T-- ^'"^ *^°™™"' "^°"S'^ I'^^-'^- »-«°- hal inX N *'?"<' ''""^P^^^'We to arm the "Reserve Corps," and accord- ngly November 2, issued an appeal to the citizens of the State to de- liver to their county clerks "every effective double-barreled shot-gun and sporting rifle which they may have, to be immediately shippel to the ai-senal at Nashville, Knoxville or Memphis, where the same will be val- ued by a competent ordnance officer and the value paid to the owner by portant 1 f ^°™™""^"^ I "g« y- to give me your aid in the im- portant work of arming our troops, with which we can repel the inva- ders,- but If you refuse prepare to take the field, for I am resolved to ex- haust all resources before the foot of the invader shall pollute the soil of Tennessee. But although almost every citizen possessed a fire-arm of some kind, many hesitated, in view of probable personal needs of defense at home withm a short time, to transfer their guns,and large numbers did not During the summer and autumn of 1861 it became apparent to ob- servant Tennes.seeaus that should the State be invaded by the Federal Army the advance would come via the Mississippi, or the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, or south from Louisville. Ky., toward Nashville, or through Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee. To be in readiness to repel these advances masses of the provisional army were concentrated at Memphis, Randolph, Union City and elsewhere in West Tennessee- ^orts Henry and Donelson were constructed on the Tennessee and the Cumberland Rivers in Stewart County, and could be garrisoned, if neces- sary, on short notice by large forces of infantry, and several regiments werestahonedat or near Clarksville; a few thousand troops ^ere lo- cated at Camp Cheatham, in Robertson County, and at Camp Trousdale HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ^43 in Sumner County, to guard the approaches from Louisville or Cincin- nati to Nashville and Middle Tennessee; and a considerable force was concentrated at Knoxville to guard Cumberland Gap or other routes that might pour the enemy upon East Tennessee, and to bind that portion of the State, which had strong Federal following, to the cause of the South. Ma j. -Gen. G. J. Pillow, at Memphis, commanded the provisional army of the State, with Maj.-Gen. S. K Anderson second in command at Nash- ville Bri«-.-Gen. B. F. Cheatham was stationed at Union City; Brig.- Gen. John L. T. Sneed at Randolph; Brig. -Gen. R. C. Foster at Camp Cheatham; Brig. -Gen. Felix K. ZoUicoffer and later, senior Col. John C Brown,'at cLp Trousdale, and Brig. -Gen. W. R. Caswell and later, Gen. S. R. Anderson at Knoxville. Later, Gen. ZoUicoffer assumed com- mand at Knoxville and Gen. Foster at Nashville. The State seceded June 8, 1861, and as soon as the returns estab- lished the fact of secession beyond doubt, Gov. Harris, although he did not formally transfer the army to the Confederacy until July 31, na lono-er hesitated to place the forces of the State under the command of officers appointed by the Confederate Government. July 13, under appointment of President Davis, Maj.-Gen. Leonidas Polk took com- mand of the forces along the Mississippi, with headquarters at Mem- phis About the same time Gideon J. Pillow, Samuel R. Anderson and Daniel S. Donelson, and a few days later B. F. Cheatham and F. K Zol- licoffer were commissioned brigadier-generals of the Confederate Army. Gens Pillow and Cheatham were assigned to commands m West Tennes- see Gen ZoUicoffer in East Tennessee, and Gen. Anderson was trans- ferred to the field in Virginia. On July 26 Gen. Pillow, under ordei^ from Gen Polk, moved north fi^om Memphis to Randolph with a considerable force, and a few days later advanced to New Madrid and was joined by Gen Cheatham from Union City with additional troops. About Septem- ber 1 it was communicated to Gen Polk that Gen. Grant^ with a large bodv of troops at Cairo, intended an advance upon Columbus and other points; whereupon, September 7, he moved a large force, soon afterward increased to nearly 10,000 men, and occupied that city and vicinity This movement met with a prompt demand from Gov. Magoffin o Kentucky for the immediate removal of the Tennessee troops, to which Gen. Polk responded agreeing to do so provided the Bame requirement was placed upon the Fe^leral troops which, under Gen. Smith Sep ember 6, had oc- cupied Paducah and advanced under Gens. Grant, /l-rman McCook Thomas and others far into Kentucky. Th.s reply of Gei. ^ol^ -eU^ approval of the Confederate Congress, and was sustained by Gen. Albert ^Ly Johnston, who, upon the earnest reques. of Gen. Polk, was ap- 544' HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. pointed, September 10, to succeed him in command of Department No. 2. The demand to withdraw was also made upon Gen. ZollicofPer, who, Sep- tember 10, had advanced five or sis regiments across the line to Cumber- land Ford, in Kentucky, or on the way, and who, with Gen. Polk, had pro- tested against compliance until the Federal forces, advancing across Ken- tucky, should likewise be withdrawn. The South respected the declared neutrality of Kentucky until bodies of Federal troops were permitted to concentrate within her borders with the manifest intention of invading Tennessee and the territory farther south ; but when it became certain that such neutrality was working serious injury to the cause of the South, the State having been occupied from east to west by rapidly accumulat- ing Federal forces, the demands of Gov. Magofiin were rightly dis- regarded, and the Confederate troops were not withdrawn. Soon the ru- mors of war became so alarming that all consideration of the neutrality question was voluntarily abandoned. On September 18, Gen. S. B. Buck- ner with 4,500 troops took possession of Bowling Green, Ky., and im- mediately sent forward a force of 500 to occupy Munfordville. On Oc- tober 11 Maj.-Gen. William J. Hardee assumed command of the force at Bowling Green, which, by October 19, had been increased to 9,956 men. Brig. -Gen. Lloyd Tilghman was placed in command of a small force at Hopkinsville, Ky. The army of Gen. ZollicofPer, comprising from four to six regiments, (two from Tennessee, but varying greatly from time to time), encoun- tered dm-ing its advance into Kentucky in September small bands of Federals, with whom light skirmishing was held with some loss. On the 21st of October, at Rockcastle Hills, Ky., 350 Federal troops were found strongly intrenched in an almost inaccessible position. Two Tennessee regiments, under Cols. Newman and Cummings, were ordered to assault, which they did with great gallantry; but the enemy having been re-enforced by 250 men and soon afterward by four more companies, the Confederate troops were repulsed with a loss of 11 killed and 42 wounded, after having inflicted upon the enemy a loss of 4 killed, 18 wounded and 21 captured. An attack by night upon the Federal posi- tion was repulsed, owing to heavy re-enforcements which, without the knowledge of the Confederates, had joined the enemy. Gen. ZollicofPer slowly fell back before the superior force before him to Camp Buckner, at Cumberland Ford. He finally moved back and established his head-' quarters at Jacksborough, taking care to blockade the mountain roads approaching Knoxville or East Tennessee, and to post at Cumberland Gap, under Col. Churchwell, a force sufficient to hold it against great opposition. He also placed sufficient troops at Knoxville, under Col. W. HISTOEY or TENNESSEE. 545 B. Wood, to repel any probable movement upon that city by the Union- ists of East Tennessee or by an invasion from abroad. For some time after this the perilous position of Gen. ZoUicoffer was well understood by Gen. Johnston and the Confederate Government. Advancing steadily upon East Tennessee from Louisville, under the immediate command of Gen. Thomas, were twice or thrice as many troops, better armed and equipped than Gen. ZoUicoffer commanded; and northeast of Knoxville, in East Tennessee, concentrating at several important strategic points were from 2,000 to 5,000 resident Unionists, thoroughly familiar with the country, well armed and resolute. Accordingly, great efforts were made to materially increase the size of this army and to furnish it with effective arms. On the 25th of October Col. R. D. Allison, with about half of the Twenty-fourth Tennessee Regiment and a squadron of cavalry, moved out of Cave City, Ky., and routed a few hundred of the enemy twenty- five miles distant. Considerable skirmishing occurred about this time north of Bowling Green, Ky. Many valuable railroad bridges were burned in East Tennessee. Late in October great anxiety was felt at Clarksville, Nashville and other points along the Cumberland, that, inas- much as only the incomplete Fort Donelson, near Dover, was prepared to oppose the advance of the enemy by water. Federal gun-boats could move up the river with impunity and reduce all the cities within reach of their guns. November 4 Gen. Johnston ordered Gen, Polk at Colum- bus to detach 5,000 troops from that point under Gen. Pillow, with orders to move at once to Clarksville. Ere long Fort Donelson was strongly equipped with suitable ordnance. November 3 Gen. Johnston requested Gov. Harris to so far annul liis call for 30,000 twelve-months' men, except such as were efficiently armed, as to have all troops in camp with- out arms and who would not volunteer for three years or during the war, disbanded and sent home, to which Gov. Harris protested, owing to the demoralizing effect such an order would have upon volunteering. Gen. Johnston accordingly reconsidered tlie matter and modified his request by granting fifteen days to complete the arming of the volunteers, but soon afterward revoked this and the former order. About 9 o'clock on the morning of the 7th of November a small force under Col. Tappan, which had been stationed across the river from Columbus, Ky., by Gen. Polk to check the inroad of Federal cavalry, was attacked at Belmont, Mo., by 3,114 men under Gen. Grant; but being re-enforced by three regiments under Gen. Pillow, checked the rapid advance of the enemy somewhat and gradually fell back, fighting gallantly and desperately against superior numbers until re-enforced by three more regiments under 546 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. Gen. Cheatham, when, after a furious contest, the enemy was forced back but recovered, and was forced back again and routed, barely escap- ing capture by a flank movement of two other regiments under the im- mediate command of Gen. Polk.* The Confederate troops actually engaged were about equal numerically to those of the Federals, but were divided by the river. Large quantities of field supplies, cast aside and abandoned by the flying enemy, fell into the hands of the victors. The battle was characterized by hot and desperate charges and counter- charges on both sides. The enemy escajDed to his boats. Beltzhoover's battery, fought over, lost and recaptured, was used with splendid effect. On the 6th of November Gen. Polk tendered his resignation, which President Davis refused to accept, giving reasons sufficient to induce Gen. Polk to remain in the service. November 16 his army num- bered 13,866. About the middle of November Col. Forrest, with six companies of cavalry, was ordered forward to Hopkinsville, Ky. At this time Gen. Tilghman was transferred to the command of Forts Hen- ry and Donelson. So imminent became the danger of an invasion of Ten- nessee at this period that Gen. Pillow made urgent appeals for reenforce- ments, and Gen. Johnston requested Gov. Harris to place in the field every member of the militia that could be armed, and the Confederate Secretary of War autliorized Gen. Johnston to call out every armed man he could get from Mississippi, northern Alabama and Kentucky. Late in November Gen. Zollicoffer with his army moved into Kentucky again, and established himself at Mill Springs and Beech Grove. About the middle of December Maj. Gen. G. B. Crittenden assumed command of the eastern district, with headquarters at Knoxville. The following is the consolidated report of the armies of Gens. Hardee and Zollicoffer, officially prepared December 31, 1861.f Present for Duty. Aggregate Present. S a" Infantry. Cavalry. Ar ;illery. Aggregate Pr ent and Abse o o 1 a s ■ o P\ Hardee's Division Buckner's Division 412 407 303 145 53 17 238 5537 5972 3493 1617 1164 257 4515 53 53 544 655 19 37 395 688 6959 7813 3696 2395 1317 274 6154 11429 11761 Bowcu's Division 4806 Clarl^'s Brio;ade 38 495 3550 Davis' Brigadef 1636 Misoellaueous 615 ZoUicoUer's Division 70 1095 10 226 8451 Totals 1475 22555 213 2789 66 1309 28407 42248 *War of the Rebellion ; Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Reports of Gens. Polk and Grant. +0n the 7th of .Tanuary, 1SC2, Gen. Leonidas Polk's report showed 809 officers and 11, 161 men present for duty; aggregate present, 12,030; aggregate present and absent, 18,675, fSixty days' Volunteers. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 547 On the evening o£ January 18, 1862, Gen. Crittenden witli about 4,000 effective troops was at Beech Grove, Ky., on the Cumberland River, oppo- site Mill Springs. Having held a council of war with Gens. Zollicoffer and Carroll and his regimental commanders, whereby it appeared that two large Union forces, one at Somerset, and the other at or near WebVs Cross Roads, under Gen. G. H. Thomas, were intending to unite and to- gether attack the Confederate forces, and whereby it appeared that, owing to heavy rains, Fishing Creek dividing the two forces could not be crossed in less than two days, the council therefore determined without dissent to attack Gen. Thomas early the next morning and, if possible, annihilate him, a*nd then fall upon the other Federal force approaching from Somerset and also effect its ruin. Accordingly about midnight the forward movement was commenced. After a rapid march of nine miles the enemy was encountered in force about 7 o'clock on the morn- ing of the 19th and the battle sharply commenced. Gen. Zollicoffer fell dead upon the field quite early in the action. The gallant Confederates, poorly armed and handled, though fighting stubbornly and holding their ground for several hours, were finally driven back by superior numbers and severely defeated, the defeat ending in much of a rout. Their loss was 125 killed, * 309 wounded and 99 missing. They retreated to Gainesborough and then to Camp Fogg, in Tennessee. The Seven- teenth, Nineteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-eighth, and Twenty- ninth Tennessee Regiments participated in this engagement. About noon on the 6th of February, 1862, Fort Henry on the Tennessee, with an armament of sixteen guns and a garrison of 2,985 men,* commanded by Gen. Lloyd Tilghman, was invested by seven Federal gun-boats carrying fifty-five guns and an overwhelming force of infantry, all under Gen. Grant, and in a few hours was surrendered. The Confederate forces escaped to Fort Donelson, except about eighty who were surrendered with Gen. Tilghman and the fort. It was clearly evident at this time that the enemy was advancing all along the line east and west across Kentucky with far superior forces, and as soon as Fort Henry fell, Gen. Johnston, at Bowling Green, perceived that should Fort Donelson also fall, his position would become at once untenable, and the Confederate line would have to be established somewhere south of Nashville, as the Federal gun-boats would have no difficulty in capturing Clarksville, Nash- ville and other points along the rivers Cumberland and Tennessee. As it seemed evident, owing to the superior forces of the Federals, that Fort Donelson would fall sooner or later, Gen. Hardee, with his forces at Bowling Green, was ordered to move south to Nashville and cross the *Official Report of Col. A. Heiman. U8 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. river. At this time there was intense excitement at Clarksville and Nashville. The enemy had entered the State and Tennessee was sure to become a battle-ground. The Tennessee regiments at Fort Henry were the Tenth, Forty-eighth and Fifty-first, and Gantt's battalion of cav- ahy and several small miscellaneous commands, including the batteries. As soon as possible after the fall of Fort Henry, re-enforcements were hurried to Fort Donelson. Late on tlie 12th of February a large infan- try force of Federals, assisted by six gun-boats, appeared befor^the fort and the next morning began a combined attack. Ee-enforcements arrived under Gen. Floyd all infantry attacks of the 13th were handsomely re- pulsed. The gun-boats effected no serious damage upon the fort. It turned cold, and intense suffering resulted to the wearied troops. On the afternoon of the 14th the gun-boats were defeated, several disabled and all driven away without injury to the fort. Sharp skirmishes occurred between the infantry, and heavy re-enforcements of the enemy were extended, having in view the complete investment of tlie fort. Early on the 15th Gen. Pillow, in force, on the left, attacked the enemy's right with great fury, driving it slowly from the field. A sharp at- tack on the right was re-enforced by Gen. B. E. Johnson, and gen- erally the whole Federal line was driven back after stubborn resist- ance, but rallied upon being heavily re-enforced, and with artillery re- newed the attack. The Confederates took the defensive aud fell back to their lines. Heavy masses of the Federals threw themselves upon the riglit flank, encountering desperate resistance, and finally effected a lodgment which could not be moved. Night closed the bloody day. A council of Gens. Pillow, Floyd, Buckner, Johnson, cf al, decided to sur- render early the next morning. The command was transferred to Gen. Buckner, who surrendered the next morning nearly 15,000 troops. Gens. Pillow and Floyd and their escort, and Gen. Forrest and his cavJlry es- caping. This was a serious loss to the Confederacy and an unnecessary one. The result was a total abandonment of the Confederate line and the establishment of an irregular new one, extending from Columbus, Ky., south through West Tennessee to northern Mississippi; thence to north- ern Alabama, and thence to northeast Tennessee. Nashville was aban- doned by the troops, the Governor and many others retreating south with the army of Gen. Johnston. Clarksville and Nashville were in a fever of fear and excitement. The large Federal Army moved forward and suc- cessively took possession of those two cities and others farther south in Middle Tennessee, and the Federal line was correspondingly advanced tliroughout the State. At Murfreesboro Gen. Johnston, with about 11,- 000 men, was joined by Gen. Crittenden, and the fugitives from Donel- HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 549 son aud other miscellaneous forces, and an army of about 17,000 men was formed capable of offering battle. Gen. Floyd, with 2,500 troops, was sent to Chattanooga. Columbus, Ky., was evacuated March 4, that army moving south to Jackson. Gen. Johnston moved to Decatur, Ala., thence to Corinth, Miss., where, after great exertion, and with the assist- ance of Gen. Beauregard, he succeeded in organizing a strong army of about 50,000 men. The Confederate line at this time extended from New Madrid, Mo., to Island No. 10; thence to Humboldt, Tenn. ; thence to Corinth, Miss. ; thence along the Memphis & Charleston Eailroad to East Tennessee. On the 19th of February Commodore A. H. Foote, of the United States Navy, reached Clarksville with the gun-boats Conestoga and Cairo meeting with no resistance from the small forts in that vicinity, and, after issuing a proclamation, at the instance of Hon. Cave Johnson, Judge Wisdom, the mayor and others, announcing his intention to re- spect the private rights of all citizens peacefully disposed who should not parade their hostile sentiments, and to take possession of all military supplies and stores, none of which must be destroyed, took military posses- sion of the city. Gen. Grant arrived on the 21st. On the 19th Gov. Har- ris issued a proclamation calling out the entire effective military force of the State. He had left Nashville accompanied by the other State officers to save the public archives and property, and to establish a temporary capi- tal within the Confederate lines. He moved to Memphis, but soon after- ward personally took the field. On the 20th, at Memphis, having con- vened the Legislature, he gave in his message his reasons for the tempo- rary removal of the seat of government, the archives and the State prop- erty from Nashville. The defeat of Crittenden at Fishing Creek had flanked Gen. Johnston's line of defense, and no opposing force was left to prevent the army of Gen. Buell from moving upon the capital. The fall of Fort Henry opened the Tennessee up to Alabama to the enemy, and the fall of Fort Donelson left Nashville an easy prey for the large army of Gen. Grant, which was sure to move upon it within a few days, Gen. Johnston, with the small force left him, being utterly unable to hold the place. He announced that since the act of May 6, 1861, he had raised, organized and put into the field fifty-nine regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, eleven cavalry battalions, and over twenty inde- pendent companies, mostly artillery. Of these the Confederate Govern- mant had armed only about 15,000. The Governor advised the passage of a bill raising, arming and equipping a provisional army of volun- teers. On the 24th of February Gen. Buell and his advance, Mitchell's division, arrived at Edgefield, and in the evening were waited upon by 550 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the mayor and city authorities of Nashville, to whom assurance o£ per- sonal safety and uninterrupted business relations were given. On the morning of February 25 seven gun-boats, bearing a considerable force of Federal troops under Brig. -Gen. Nelson, reached Nashville, landed with- out opposition and took possession of the city. News of the surrender of Fort Donelson had reached Nashville Sunday morning, February 17, when the citizens were anticipating reports of a great victory. Scores immediately started for the south; the bridges across the Cumberland were destroyed, the military stores were thrown open to the populace, and panic and chaos for a time reigned. A similar state of affairs had transpired at Clarksville. Time quieted the aj)prehensions of the citi- zens, though the Federal troops saw few smiling faces. On the 5th of March Gen. G. T. Beauregard assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi, with headquarters at Jackson, Tenn. February 24 Gen. J. K. Jackson was placed in command of the forces at Chattanooga. About this time, or soon afterward. Gen. E. K. Smith was assigned to the com- mand of the Confederate forces of East Tennessee, with headquarters at Knoxville. After the fall of Donelson and the evacuation of Middle Tennessee, the Confederate Army concentrated along the railroad from luka to Corinth and from Corinth to Bethel, and hurriedly organized, being re- enforced by two divisions from Gen. Polk's command at Columbus, and later by the remainder of the corps, and an entire corps from Alabama and Mississippi under Gen. Bragg. Thus re-enforced and equipped under Gens. Johnston and Beauregard, two of the ablest generals of the war, this magnificent army of heroes (about 00,000 strong) prepared to take the offensive. The army of Gen. Grant had concentrated at Pitts- burgh Landing on the Tennessee, and Buell from Nashville was hasten- ing to re-enforce him. Gen. Johnston determined, if possible, to crush Grant before the arrival of Buell. The advance began on the 3d of April, but, owing to severe rainstorms, the heavy roads and the inexperi- ence of the troops in marching, did not reach the enemy, as was hoped and expected, on the morning of the 5th, and not until late in the after- noon. It was then determined to wait until the following (Sunday) morning to begin the attack. The army was divided into four corps : The first under Gen. Polk on the left ; the second under Gen. Bragg in the center; the third, under Gen. Hardee on the right; and the reserve corps, under Gen. J. C. Breckinridge — a total of about 40,000 effective troops.* The attack began at daylight on the morning of the 6th, with all the fury of that fine army, burning with a desire to retrieve the losses of Henry *Gen. Johnstoa telegraphed President Davis that the army consisted of about 40,000 effective men. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 551 and Donelson. The enemy was completely surprised as regards a gen- eral attack, and this fact, combined with the furious impetuosity of the onset under skillful and competent leaders, awarded success to the Con- federate arms in every part of the field. The enemy, though surprised, rallied, and with some exceptions fought with wonderful stubbornness ; but the Confederate dash, intrepidity and rapid and adroit maneuvers on the field were irresistible. Large numbers of the enemy fled panic stricken 'back to the river. After ten hours of desperate fighting every encampment of the enemy was in possession of the Confederate forces. But one position had been held, that at the "Hornet's Nest" by Gen. Prentiss, and that had been surrounded, and the entire division with its commander captured. It was a splendid victory, corresponding with the genius of the General who conceived and inspired it ; but in the moment of victory, late in the afternoon, this illustrious soldier was severely wounded, from the effects of which he soon died. His great worth was fully appreciated and his loss bitterly lamented by the entire South. The battle raged on until night closed the bloody scene. The victory was emphatic, but it remained for short, sharp work on the morrow to seal it with certainty. No sooner had the death of Gen. Johnston, which occurred about the middle of the afternoon, been announced to the strug- gling troops, than involuntarily a dispiriting check was thrown upon the entire army. Gen. Beauregard who immediately assumed command, was known to have not only opposed the attack from the start, but to have counseled withdrawal late on the night of the 5th. This fact produced the impression that the new commander- would alter the tactics of the advance, if he did not absolutely order it checked, and accordingly, in doubt as to what was to be done, the victorious army throughout its entire length experienced a severe paralytic stroke, and hesitated for about an hour, until orders came from Gen. Beauregard to continue the attack. But the impression of the doubtful designs of the commander still pre- vailed, and served to unnerve the onset, and accordingly the headlong attack which had characterized the Confederate advance during the day and was designed to assure the victorious results within reach, was per- mitted to langruish until too late to be remedied. The demoralized Fed- erals were allowed to retire unmolested and to form a new line, while the exhausted Confederates also fell somewhat back, and spent the night in the abandoned camps of the enemy. During the night the enemy was heavily re-enforced, and on the following morning, instead of meeting the demoralized army of Gen. Grant, the weary, but elated Confederates en- countered the fresh and powerful troops of Gen. Buell, and although desperate efforts were made to complete the victory, it was found impos- 552 msTOEY OF Tennessee. sible before superior numbers of fresh troops, and the army slowly fell back and finally moved to Corinth. The entire loss of the Confederate Army in this engagement, was 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 missing.* The loss of the enemy was 1,700 killed, 7,495 wounded, and 3,022 captured, f The effective force of the Confederates was nearly 40,000 men,;|: while that of the Federals, not counting the army of Gen. Buell, probably slightly exceeded that number. About the middle of March, 1862, Andrew Johnson, who had been appointed military governor of Tennessee by President Lincoln, reached Nashville and issued an address to the people of the State, and took charge of the State property. From this date forward there was a con- stant conflict between the two governments of Govs. Harris and Johnson. Harris did everything possible for the cause of the South, and Johnson everything possible for the cause of the North. Despite the presence of troops in all portions of the State of either the Federal or Confederate Governments, recruiting continued for both armies. Skirmishes oc- curred almost daily in some portion of the State between citizens, organ- ized or unorganized, or between small squads of either army stationed to guard railroads, supplies or important points. The citizens. Confeder- ate or Federal, were forced through three long, dreary and memora- ble years to realize the horrors of the uninterrupted presence of an armed and powerful force of soldiery, who often took advantage of their power to riot and rob, and to menace and maltreat inoffensive non-com- batants endeavoring to make a living by the arts of peace. Under the conscript law twelve-months' organizations were perpetuated. This worked great hardship upon many volunteers and kindled no little dis- content, which time alone quenched. On the 14th of March, 1862, nearly two companies of the First East Tennessee (Confederate) Cavalry, stationed at Jacksborough, were sur- prised through the treachery of Union residents and captured by a regi- ment of Federal troops, which had rapidly crossed the Cumberland Mountains. On the 19th of June, after a spirited and stubborn resistance against numerous attacks tlirougli several weeks. Col. J. E. Rains Avas forced to evacuate Cumberland Gap. January 21, 1862, his force at the Gap consisted of seventy-four officers and 1,523 men present and fit for duty. On the 11th of April Huntsville, Ala., was captured by Gen. O. M. Mitchell, who moved there from Murfreesboro, via Shelbyville and Fayetteville, under the order of Gen. Buell, with about 5,000 men. This *Official_report of Gen. Reauregard, April 11, 1862. tOfficial' report of the War Department. JThe official report prepared under Gen. Beauregard's orders, April 21, showed a total effective strength of 35,953 infantry and artillery and 4,382 cavalry or a total of 40,335. The official report of this battle prepared by Gen. Bragg in June, showed an efl'ective strength of 33,270 infantry, 1,857 artillery, and 1,884 cavalry; total, 37,011. Another account shows 38,773 effective troops. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 553 movement, menacing Chattanooga, the rear of the army at Corinth and the heart o£ the Confederacy, found only two regiments at Chattanooga ; and orders were issued by Gen. Beauregard upon Pemberton's command for six regiments to move to that point at once. The enemy seized Stev- enson, Decatur and Bridgeport, and menaced the right flank of John- ston's army at Corinth. At this time Brig-Gen. Danville Leadbetter commanded the forces in and around Chattanooga. During the month of May the Confederate Army quietly held its position at Corinth until a general attack seemed imminent, when it silently evacuated the place. Several sharp conflicts occurred during the siege. Owing to the unhealthf ulness of the locality, the impurity of the water and the bad food and inaction, an army which had been in- creased to a total effective strength of 112,092 was reduced to 52,706 upon its arrival at Tupelo, to which point it retreated. The Army of the West, under Gen. Earl Van Dorn, with a total effective strength of 17,- 000, had been added to the Army of the Mississippi. So great was the reduction in effective strength that a court of inquiry was appointed by the Confederate Government to investigate and report upon the conduct of the quarter-master's department of the army, but that department was exonerated from all blame. Late in June, 1862, Gen. Braxton Bragg succeeded Gen. Beauregard in command of the army. Island No. 10, on the Mississippi, fell April 7-8. On the 4th of June, Fort Pillow on the Mississippi, twelve miles above Randolph, was evacuated, and Bandolph fell soon afterward. Memphis also, after a sharp resistance, was compelled to surrender to the enemy on the 6th. To' the demand to surrender. Mayor John Park responded, "In reply I have only to say that as the civil authorities have no means of defense, by the force of circumstances the city is in your hands." The Confederate loss here was 82 killed and wounded, 75 prisoners, and 4 gun-boats sunk. The fall of the city was a most serious loss to the South, as it opened the way to Yicks- burg. Jackson was occupied by the enemy June 7. Strong movements were made against Chattanooga by Mitchell's army. July 13 Murfrees- boro was recaptured from the enemy by Gen. Forrest. He captured 800 prisoners. On the 12th of May a Union convention was held at Nashville, when action Avas perfected to extend the civil authority of the Federal Govern- ment over the State. Tazewell in East Tennessee was taken by the enemy after a sharp battle on the 5th and 6th of August. Soon after this, about August 19, Clarksville was recaptured by Col. Woodward, of the Confederate Army, but in September again fell into the enemy's hands. Numerous small engagements occurred throughout the State, 554 IIISTOIIY OF TENNESSEE. with varying successes. Mucli of the State was reoccupied by Confed- erate forces, which were recruited within the Federal lines and which preyed upon the garrisons left to hold the leading localities. Forrest became famous as a daring and remarkably successful cavalry com- mander and raider. He destroyed enormous amounts of Federal stores, captured thousands of the enemy, and constantly recruited for the Con- federate Army and particularly his own command. Guerrillas without any constituted authority preyed upon Federal or Confederate stores, and in many instances committed acts not justified even by the bloody code of war. This rendered residence in the State humiliating and danger- ous, particularly to women without protectors. After a short time spent at Tupelo in resting, recruiting and refitting Gen. Bragg moved with his fine army to Chattanooga, outmarching Gen. Buell, who had apparently started for the same point. Buell returned with his army to Nashville, and Grant assumed command of the Federal forces around Corinth. Bragg now determined to take the offensive and invade Kentucky, expecting by this strategy to either force Buell out of Tennessee or to capture Louisville and possibly invade Indiana and Ohio. He also hoped to arouse a large following in Kentucky, and in- tended to collect enormous quantities of supplies. He left Chattanooga August 28, and marched northward via Pikeville and Sparta. A few days before he began this movement Gen. Kirby Smith, aware of his in- tentions, advanced northward also, via Jacksborough, through Big Creek Gap, living mainly on green corn, and halted near Richmond for the ar- rival of Braofo:. His movement flanked the Federal force at Cumberland Gap, which beat a precipitate retreat to the Ohio River, At London his cavalry killed and wounded 30 and captured 111 of the Federals. At Richmond the Federal troops under Gen. Manson, nearly equal to his own, moved forward and attacked him, but were routed and several thousand of them captured. He moved on to Cynthiana. At Munford- ville, with trifling, loss, Bragg captured several thousand prisoners. He reached Bardstowu September 23. As soon as Buell saw the designs of Bragg he marched rapidly north to protect Louisville, and arrrived there ahead of the latter. Bragg, finding he could not induce Kentucky to join the Confederacy, although he had gone through the ceremony of in- stalling Richard Hawes provisional governor, turned to retrace his steps, meeting with no obstacle for some time to prevent his collecting enor- mous quantities of supplies. At Harrodsburg he formed a junction with Kirby Smith. Finally Buell, under pressure of the War Department, and with an army twice as strong, moved out to attack him. At Perry- ville, October 8, the two armies collided. About 15,000 of Bragg's army HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 555 fought McCook's division of nearly twice as many and routed them from the field, capturing several thousand prisoners. He then retreated slowly, passing Cumberland Gap, marching to Knoxville, and thence moving by rail to TuUahoma and marching up to Mur£i*eesboro. Buell was super- seded by Maj. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, who concentrated his army at Nash- ville. Both armies were reorganized, the Confederate taking the name " Army of the Tennessee," which it retained during the remainder of the war. Bragg' s army was weakened by the removal of Stevenson's divis- ion to Mississippi. December 26 Rosecrans moved out to offer battle, and arrived be- fore Murfreesboro late on the 30th. Bragg determined to anticipate the attack, and at daylight on the 31st threw a heavy force upon the Federal right flank. So furious was the onset that, although the enemy fought with great stubbornness, the entire flank was swept around upon the right center. Rosecrans had determined to adopt the same tactics, and accordingly early in the morning massed a heavy force on the Confeder- ate right, but was too late. Before he could accomplish anything in that portion of the field, his right was routed and his entire army was in dan- ger of destruction. The victorious Confederates were checked late in the afternoon. During the night the Federals formed and perfected a new line, and the Confederates strengthened their advanced position. The next day some skirmishing occurred, and a threatening movement was made upon the Confederate right and rear, but as a whole the two armies remained idle and watchful. On the 2d of January Bragg at- tacked the Federal force that had been thrown across the river and in- trenched in a strong position, but after desperate fighting was repulsed, and the next day retreated to Shelbyville and Tullahoma. On the first day of the battle Hardee commanded the divisions of McCown and Cle- burne on the left; Polk, those of Cheatham and Withers in the center, and Breckinridge the force on the right. Wheeler's and Wharton's cavalries, respectively, were on the right and the left flanks. On the Federal right was McCook, in the center Thomas, and on the left Crit- tenden. Accounts and returns differ, but each army had about 45,000 effective troops, the Federals toward the last being re-enforced. Bragg' s total loss was 10,125; Rosecrans' 11,598. The former lost three pieces of artillery, the latter twenty-eight.* On the 30th of December, 1862, Wheeler's cavalry, in a daring raid, captured LaVergne, Rock Springs and Nolensville. About two weeks before that Forrest had cut loose from Bragg, crossed the Tennessee River at Clifton, captured Trenton, Humboldt, Union City and other *These figures were carefully prepared from official reports. 556 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. places, with large quantities of supplies and hundreds of prisoners, and rejoined Bragg without serious loss. March 5, 1863, Gen, Yan Doin captured 2,000 Federals under Col. John Coburn at Spring Hill. In April Col. Streight, Federal cavalry leader, invaded Georgia, did con- siderable damage, but was pursued and captured by Gen. Forrest. In June Gen. John Morgan started North and invaded Indiana and Ohio, but was finally captured and his command dispersed. Bragg passed the winter at Shelbyville, Tullahoma and vicinity, while Eosecrans remained at Murfreesboro. June 24, 1863, Rosecrans began an advance and endeavored to flank Bragg's right, but the latter being largely out- numbered, retreated slowly and finally crossed the mountains to Chat- tanooga. About the middle of August the Federal Army began to cross the mountains to confront Bragg. In the meantime Vicksburg had fallen and Gettysburg had driven the Army of Northern Virginia south of the Potomac. Gen. Bragg, seeing that if he remained at Chattanooga his communications would be cut by flank movements of the large and rapidly increasing army before him, moved southward toward Lafayette, preparing to threaten the right flank of the enemy, or his rear via northern Alabama, or to fall upon him as he advanced southward from Chattanooga in detachments through the mountain passes and whip him in detail. The advance in detach- ments was really made, and had the re-enforcements expected arrived for Bragg, the division of McCook far out toward Alpine would have been crushed before Rosecrans perceived his danger. As it was the latter became alarmed and corrected his mistake before Braofi? felt able to take c>c> advantage of it. Both armies had been heavily re-enforced and the anxious gaze of both nations was riveted upon them. A portion of Longstreefs corps from Virginia under Hood, and a considerable force from Johnston's army in the Mississippi had formed a junction with Bragg. The enemy concentrated somewhat near Crawfish Spring, near where, September 18, a few preliminary skirmishes occurred. McCook occupied the right of the enemy, Thomas the left, and Crittenden the center. Polk was on the Confederate right, Hood on the left and Hill in the center. The battle of Chickamauga began early on the morning of the 19th and raged furiously all day without decisive result. The fol- lowing night brought Longstreet with the remainder of his corps. Bragg's aim had been to break and rout the Federal left, then crush the center and seize the Chattanooga road. Upon the arrival of Longstreet, Bragg summoned his generals in council. He divided the army into two commands — Longstreet with six divisions on the left and Polk with five divisions on the right. The latter was ordered to attack with all his HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 557 power at dayliglit, but it was nearly 9 o'clock before his troops were in motion. Had he complied with the order there is little doubt that Thomas would have been crushed before the arrival of Negley's division. As it was Thomas was the " Rock of Chickamauffa " which the Confed- erate hosts failed to overturn. Thus do trifles serve to turn enormous tides. The battle began about 9 o'clock an(J was continued with furious intensity for many hours, the Confederate cause on the whole advancing, until finally a gap was opened by a misunderstanding of orders, it was claimed, in the enemy's right center* through which the vigilant Long- street threw Hood's and other divisions like an avalanche. This move- ment was decisive, the whole right wing and part of the center of the enemy crumbling in pieces and rolling back in confusion toward Chatta- nooga, bearing their commanders, including Rosecrans, with them. Thomas on the left was re-enforced on a very strong ridge, and held his position until night, despite the utmost efforts of the Confederates to crush him, and thus saved the Federal Army from destruction. At night he withdrew toward Chattanooga, and left the field to the victorious Con- federates. The battle was over. The losses were about equal (over 15,000) to each army. Rosecrans remained at Chattanooga where he was besieged for sev- eral months succeeding the battle of Chickamauga. He was superseded in command by Gen. Grant October 19. Early in October "Wheeler and Wharton entered the Federal lines with their cavalry forces, and in the Sequatchie Yalley destroyed about 800 wagons of supplies designed for the starving army of the Federals. They did extensive damage, and finally rejoined Bragg via northern Alabama. October 27 Gen. Hooker managed to open the Federal line of supplies, which virtually raised the siege. Longstreet had been detached to move against Burnside at Knox- ville. Bragg occupied Missionary Ridge with a weakened army too much extended, and Grant, in Chattanooga, received re-enforcements and supplies. On the 23d of November Grant advanced and drove bacl^, the Confederate advance lines and occupied and intrenched the ground. The next day Lookout Mountain was taken, and on the 25th the whole Fed- eral Army in overwhelming force swept up to the top of the ridge, driv- ing the Confederate lines, after sharp work, from the field. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston succeeded Bragg in command of the army, *This order, written by an aid of Gen. Rosecrans at the latter's direction, read as follows: "The general commanding directs that you close up on Reynolds as fast as possible, and support him." As will be perceived, "closing up" and "supporting" are two widely ditt'erent acts, and hence the order was contradictory. The officer to whom it was addressed. Gen. Wood, had been a short time before sharply reprimanded for neglect by Gen. Rosecrans, and now concluded to construe the order in the latter sense of "supporting" only, and accord- ingly withdrew his division, leaving a wide gapiu the line of battle, which the vigilant eye of Longstreet at once detected with the results as above described. 35 558 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. the latter relinquishing at his own request. The winter of 1863-64: was j)assed in and around Dalton in receiving instruction and discipline.* Late in February, to co-operate with a general movement of Federal troops in the west, Thomas attacked the Confederates at Dalton, in the absence of Hardee's corps, but was repulsed. Gen. W. T. Sherman took com- mand of the Federals in March, and Gen. Grant was transferred to the chief command at Washington. About the middle of March, 1863, Gen. Forrest entered West Tennessee from Mississippi, captured Jackson, Union City^ Hickman, Ky., Paducah and other places with large quanti- ,ties of supplies and numerous prisoners; and April 18 captured Fort Pillow with 557 Federal troops, of whom 262 were colored. Later he dashed into Memphis but was compelled to leave almost immediately; and also defeated and routed the Federals in Arkansas. About the middle of August, 1863, Gen. Burnside, with a force of nearly 20,000 men at Richmond, Ky., moved southward to cross the Cum- berland Mountains and take possession of East Tennessee. Knoxville was reached September 3 ; about the same time Gen. Buckner, unable to resist, withdrew all the available force there to re-enforce Bragg. Gen. Frazier, who occupied Cumberland Gap, was forced to surrender 2,000 men on the 9tli, Gen. Burnside then scattered his command to guard and protect East Tennessee. Gen. Sam Jones did excellent work against several of the small commands, cutting them in pieces and capturing prisoners and supplies. Suddenly, without warning, October 20, Gen, Longstreet moved up from Chattanooga. At Philadelphia, below Loudon, he fell upon a force of Federals 2,000 strong under Col, Wolford and routed them, capturing many prisoners. Moving onward Burnside in force was encountered November 6, near Campbell's Station, where a sharp battle was fought. The enemy was forced back, but rallied until night when he retreated to his intrenchments at Knoxville. Both com- mands were handled with conspicuous ability. November 17 Longstreet invested the city. Sharp fighting occurred, and at last having been joined by Gen. Sam Jones, Longstreet November 28 and 29 assaulted but was repulsed. December 5 the siege was raised, as heavy re-enforcements for Burnside approached from Chattanooga. In December, 1863, Wheeler's cavalry had a sharp engagement with the enemy at Charlestown, East Tennessee, over a Avagon train. About the same time John Morgan and Martin Armstrong had a sharp battle with Gen. S. D. Sturgis at Mossy Creek, near New Market. Gen, Vance, who entered East Tennessee in January, 1864, after doing considerable *As a detailed account of the Georgia campaign would carry the military history beyond the limits as- signed it in this volume, only an outline will be given of the movements in which the Army of Tennessee participated. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 559 damage, was defeated and captured by tlie Federals. In January and February, 1864, Morgan and Sturgis fought several sharp battles at Som- ersville, Dandridge, Strawberry Plains and elsewhere. About the first of June, John Morgan started to invade Kentucky. He was routed near Cynthiana by Gen, Burbridge, and made his way into West Virginia, where he collected a small force and returned to East Tennessee, captured Greeneville, but was killed and his force dis- persed in September by Gen. Gillem. In October Vaughn' and Palmer's forces Avere defeated at Morristown by Gen. Gillem ; but in November the latter was routed by Breckinridge. In September Forrest invaded Middle Tennessee and gave the Federals much annoyance. In Decem- ber the Federal forces under Stoneman, Burbridge, Gillem and others were united, and the Confederates in East Tennessee under Breckinridge, Vaughn and others were overpowered and dispersed. In the spring of 1864 an offensive campaign was proposed for Gen. Johnston, to move suddenly into East Tennessee, cross the river at Kingston, where a junction would be formed with Longstreet, ordered there for that purpose, and thus with an army of about 75,000 men to ^threaten Sherman's rear and prevent him from invading the South, as well as to threaten Tennessee and Kentucky. But this was not to be. Early in May, 1861, the Federal Army under Sherman began its ad- vance on Dalton, and successively, by flank movements, forced Johnston, who had not been re-enforced as was designed should he undertake an. offensive campaign, to retreat. Many have thought that this campaign from Dalton to Atlanta was not surpassed by any other of the war iii brilliant and masterly movements, in furious and generally judicious battles, and in the splendid condition of both armies. From beginning to end it was a campaign of strategy. The overwhelming force of the Federal commander enabled him to face the Confederate Army with many ihore than its own number and to flank it with a large additional force. Vigilant as a tiger, Johnston watched the adroit coils of his wily adver- sary expanding and skillfully withdrew, inflicting upon him all the injury possible. At Rocky Face Ridge, Mill Creek Gap, Resaca, Cassville, New Hope Church, Dallas, Lost Mountain, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Nose Creek, Powder Spring, Peach Tree Creek (vv^here Johnston was superseded by Gen. J. B. Hood), Cobb's Mills, around Atlanta, a cam- paign of about four months almost a continuous battle was fought and not once was the Confederate Army driven from its chosen position by the assaults of the enemy. At Lick Skillet road and Jonesboro sharp bat- tles were fought. Atlanta was evacuated by the army of Hood September 1. He 560 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. moved to Lovejoy's Station; thence on the 18th at right angles to near Palmetto; thence on the 29th, across the Chattahoochie at Pumpkin Town, threatening Sherman's rear, which forced the latter out of Atlanta. Hood continued to move north, expecting to be followed by Sherman, reached Dalton, thence marched to Lafayette, thence westward reaching Tuscumbia October 31. Sherman followed a short distance from Atlanta then detached Schofield and Stanley's corps to assist Thomas at Nashville and then returned to "march to the sea." Hood was delayed at Tuscum- bia, biit on the 21st of November started north into Tennessee. The Fed- eral general, Schofield, marched rapidly from Pulaski Avhere he had been stationed by Thomas, to reach Columbia before Hood, and succeeded, throwing up heavy intrenchments which were too strong to assault. He was flanked, however, and forced back toward Franklin where he con- structed heavy intrenchments in a very strong position. Hood advanced with A. P. Stewart on the right, Cheatham on the left, and S. D. Lee in reserve behind, while Forrest's cavalry protected the flanks. So furious was the charge of the Confederates, and in such masses, that the first line and hill with eight guns were captured and the standard of the South was planted upon the enemy's works. But this was as far as the Confed- erate host could go. Charge after charge of the flower of the army was repulsed with fearful slaughter. The foemen intermingled throughout the whole line, which writhed and twisted like huge anacondas locked in the struggle of death. The attack began at 4 o'clock P. M. of the 30th, and continued with unabated fury until 9 o'clock, when it gradually sub- sided and finally ceased. Pat Cleburne, "the Stonewall Jackson of the West," the idol of his troops, lay dead upon the field within a few feet of the enemy's works. Strahl and Adams and Gist and Granbury lay stretched beside him, and Brown and Quarles and Carter and Cockrill and Mani- gault and Scott, all general officers, took with them from the bloody field severe and honorable scars. This battle is especially painful to contem- plate by Tennesseeaus, owing to the fearful slaughter of the troops of the State (many of whom lived at Franklin and neighboring cities) and to the barren fruits of the result. The niffht after the battle Schofield retreated to Nashville and united with Thomas, and on December 1, 18G5, was promptly followed by Hood with his shattered, though gallant army, who on the 2d formed a line of battle and prepared to invest the place held by more than twice as many troops as he possessed. On the loth the enemy moved out in overwhelm- ing numbers and attacked his whole line, making special efforts to turn his left, which was not accomplished until night, and then only in part. A new line was formed and the next day a heavy attack on the whole line HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 561 was repulsed ; but the artillery and infantry were concentrated on a weak point, a breach was made and soon the whole Confederate Army was thrown back in more or less of a rout, which was easily corrected. With sad hearts the heroic remnant of the grand old Army of the Tennessee continued its retreat southward to join the army of Johnston in the Caro- linas for the final struggle. None who participated in it will ever forget the suffering and anguish of that weary march. The cause for which they had fought through nearly four long years of sorrow and war was trembling and falling; but barefooted, ragged and pinched with the severest physical suffering, the gallant boys turned their faces from their desolate homes and with their tattered banners marched down to the Carolir.as to die, if need be, " in the last ditch." A few more engage- ments, Bentonville and elsewhere, and all was over, and in April, 1865, having surrendered, they returned to their homes to repair the ravages of war, to reconstruct their social system and to take their places once more as useful citizens under the Federal Government. Besides the regularly organized regiments and battalions of infantry, cavalry and artillery, Tennessee furnished for the independent Confed- erate service a large number of companies, which did effective v/ork within the Federal lines during the last three years of the war. Re- cruits were constantly enlisted or conscripted for the older regiments, as the war progressed, notwithstanding the presence of Federal troops posted to prevent such procedure. It is safe to say that the State furnished for the Confederate service nearly if not quite 100,000 men. Its credits considerably exceeded that figure, as each man was counted as often as he enlisted, which was, in some cases, three or four times. The provis- ional army of the State was mustered in for one year, at the end of which period great efforts were made to secure a re-enlistment for three years or during the Avar. This in the main was successful. No better soldiers than the Tennesseeans were found in either army. For gal- lantry, devotion to principle believed to be just, courage, hardihood and intelligence, they challenge and receive the admiration of their quondam foes. They have accepted in good faith the settlement of the questions of "slavery, state sovereignty, secession, etc., and are now part of the warp and woof of the cloth of gold of the American Union. REGIMENTAL SKETCHES. The First Confederate (Tennessee) Regiment, probably the first raised in the State, was organized at "Winchester April 27, 1861, and was raised in the counties of Franklin, Lincoln, Coffee and Grundy. Upon the organization Peter Turney was elected colonel. The regiment was 562 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. ordered to Virginia, where, at Lyncliburg, May 7, it was mustered into the service of the Confederate Government. It saw active service from the start, and participated in the earlier engagements of the war in that department. About the middle of February, 1862, it was attached to Anderson's brigade, the other regiments being the Seventh and Four- teenth Tennessee. This was known as the "Tennessee Brigade." This regiment served in nearly all the battles of the Army of Northern Virginia: Cheat Mountain, Winchester, Manassas (under Gen. Joe Johnston, near Yorktown), Seven Pines (the first real battle, losing heav- ily, including its brigade commander, Gen. Hatton, who was succeeded by Gen. Archer), Mechanicsville, Gains' Mills, Frazier's Farm, Culpep- per Court House, Second Bull Bun, Centerville, Fredericksburg (where Col. Turney commanded the brigade and was severely wounded), Chan- cellorsville, Gettysburg (again losing heavily and displaying great gal- lantry in the famous charge on Cemetery Hill), Falling Water, Bristoe Station, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and many others, losing in the aggregate two-thirds of those engaged. It was sur- rendered at Appomattox in April, 1865. Col. Turney had been wounded, and was in Florida at the time of the surrender. This was one of the best regiments from the State. , The First Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Middle Tennessee, in April, 1861, immediately after the fall of Sumter, and was organized with George Maney as colonel, and was, July 10, transferred to Virginia, where, with the Seventh and Fourteenth Begiments, it was brigaded under Gen. Anderson. The trip to Mingo Flats was the first hardship, and near Cheat Pass the regiment was first under fii-e. It par- ticipated in the movement at Big Sewell Mountain, and prepared winter quarters at Huntersville. but December 8 moved to Winchester, and early in January, 1862, amid intense suffering and cold, moved to Rom- ney; thence back to Winchester early in February. After the fall of Fort Donelson, the First was ordered to the command of Gen. A. S. John- ston. Part was left at Knoxville, and part joined Johnston. The latter, the left wing, participated in the battle of Shiloh on the second day, but the right wing had been detained for. want of transportation. After Shi- loh the wings were reunited and late in April the First was reorganized, H. R. Field becoming colonel, lu'ce Maney promoted. Hawkins' battalion was added to the regiment as Company L. The First was in Maney's brigade of Cheatham's division. July 11, 1862, it left Tupelo, and via Chattanooga moved into Kentucky, reaching Harrodsburg October 6. It fought on the extreme right at Perryville, doing gallant service and losing over one-half its men killed and wounded. It captured four HISTOEY OP TENNESSEE. 563 .twelve- pound guns and liad fifty men killed. It retreated south with Bragg, and in December was consolidated with the Twenty-seventh Ten- nessee, and later was engaged in the battle of Murf reesboro, where it lost heavily. It moved south, and in September participated in the battle of Chickamauga with conspicuous daring. Late in November it was en- gaged in the battle of Missionary Kidge, and then retreated with the Confederate Army. From Dalton to Atlanta the regiment was constantly engaged in all the memorable movements of that campaign, fighting desperately at " Dead Angle." In front of the First were found 385 Federal dead. The First lost twenty-seven killed and wounded. It fought on the 20th and 22d of July, and at Jonesboro August 19 and 20. It moved north with Hood, fighting at Spring Hill, Franklin and Nash- ville, and then retreated, moving to North Carolina, where it participated at Bentonville, and finally surrendered April 26, 1865. The Second Confederate (Tennessee) Regiment was organized May 5, 1861, with William B. Bate, colonel, and was mustered into the Con- federate service at Lynchburg, Ya., early in May, 1861. It was raised in Middle Tennessee. It occupied various positions until June 1, when, at Acquia Creek, it supported Confederate batteries in an engagement with Federal war ships. It made a forced march to assist Beauregard at Manassas, and on the 21st was marched seven miles at a double-quick, a portion of the time under a heavy artillery fire. It occupied Evansport and erected batteries, etc., until February, 1862, when it re-enlisted for three years and took a furlough of sixty days. It joined the Confeder- ate forces at Huntsville, Ala., late in March, 1862; thence moved to Cor- inth, and April 6 and 7 was hotly engaged at Shiloh in the brigade of Gen. P. R. Cleburne, where it lost in killed and wounded the appalling number of 235 men. Col. Bate was severely wounded and was immedi- ately promoted. After this sanguinary battle the regiment was reorgan- ized. It skirmished around Corinth, retreated to Tupelo, and then with its brigade was moved to Knoxville, Tenn., thence through Wilson's Gap into Kentucky, to cut off Gen. Morgan's retreat from Cumberland Gap. August 30, 1862, it was desperately engaged at Richmond, Ky., losing many men. It then moved to Latonia Springs ; thence to Shelbyville, threatening Louisville ; thence fought at Perry ville, its commander being Sr.-Capt. C. P. Moore. It then moved to Knoxville, where W. D. Rob- ison was elected colonel. December 31, 1862, it fought at Murfrees- boro, suffering heavily. It wintered at Tullahoma and in the spring of 1863 did guard duty, skirmishing several times. Later it moved to Bridgeport and was engaged at McLemore's Cove, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge and Ringgold Gap It did outpost duty during the winter 564 HISTORY or Tennessee. of 1863-64:, and in the spring retreated witli Jolinston from Dalton to Atlanta, participating in the engagements at Resaca, New Hope Church, "Dead Angle" and Atlanta. At Peach Tree Creek two of its companies were captured. It fought at Jonesboro, where Col. Robison and Maj. Driver were killed, and at Lovejoy's Station. It moved north with Gen. Hood and at the battles of Franklin and Nashville suffered heavy loss. It retreated to Tupelo, was transferred to North Carolina, fought at Benton ville, losing its commander, Wilkerson. April 26, 1865, it was surrendered by Gen. Johnston at Greensboro, N. C, to Gen. Sherman. The Second Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Mem- 'phis and organized about the 1st of May, 1861, with J. K. Walker, colonel, and reported to Gen. J. L. T. Sneed at Randolph. Later it participated in the movement northward and fought in the battle of Belmont, Novem- ber 7, with considerable loss. It returned southward occupying several points, and finally from Corinth, in April, 1862, moved up and engaged the enemy at Shiloh, in which bloody engagement it lost severely. Soon after this it was consolidated with the Twenty-first Tennessee Regiment to form the Fifth Confederate Regiment. The Third Confederate (Tennessee) Regiment was organized at Knoxville, May 29, 1861, with John C. Yaughn, colonel, and July 2, 1861, left for the field in Virginia, and two days later, was mus- tered into the Confederate service. The first engagement was June 19, when Companies I and K captured New River Bridge and two can- nons. July 21 it was engaged at the first battle of Manassas, and then did picket duty. February 16, 1862, it moved to East Tennessee, and April 1 skirmished with guerrillas in Scott County, Tenn. May 1 it was reorganized at Big Creek Gap, Vaughn being re-elected colonel. August 6, 1862, the regiment defeated three regiments of Federals at Tazewell, Tenn., losing, 7 killed and 31 wounded. It participated in the siege of Cumberland Gap ; thence moved with Bragg into Kentucky, and here N. J. Lillard became colonel, vice Vaughn promoted. In December, 1862, the regiment with three others of East Tennessee under Gen. Reynolds, started for Vicksburg, arriving January 5, 1863 ; took an active part in the surrounding engagements and surrendered with Pemberton July 4. July 10 the troops were paroled, and October 19 were formally exchanged. It was assigned to Longstreet's command and saw service around Knoxville. A portion of the regiment in Virginia, during the summer of 1861, lost at Piedmont forty-seven killed and wounded. It participated at Bull'sGap, Greene ville and Morristown, and surrendered May 9, 1865. The Third Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized in Giles HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 565 Count}'- May 16, 1861, with five companies from Giles, three from Maury, one from Lawrence and one from Lewis, and was placed in command of Col. J. C. Brown. The Third, after occupying camp of instruction, was, about the middle of September, 1861, sent to Gen. Buckner's command at Bowling Green, Ky. February 8, 1862, it reached Fort Donelson where it began work. It was commanded by Lieut. -Col. Gordon, Col. Brown having charge of a brigade. During the siege of Fort Donelson the Third was prominently engaged. It made several sallies and charges with great spirit and considerable loss. It was surrendered with the fort, having lost 13 killed, 56 wounded and 722 captured. The ^^rison- ers were taken North September 23, 1862; 607 were exchanged and im- mediately (September 26, 1862, at Jackson, Miss.) reorganized with C. H. Walker, colonel. It took the field, skirmished at Springdale, Miss., fought at Chickasaw Bayou, losing 2 men, did good service at Port Hud- son; thence in May, 1863, moved to Raymond, where, in the fiercest en- gagement of the war, it lost the appalling number of 32 killed on the field, 76 wounded and 68 captured. After this it was engaged at Chick- amauga, losing 21 killed, 62 wounded and 7 prisoners ; and at Missionary Eidge, losing 3 wounded and 1 captured. It participated at Eesaca, New Hope Church, near Marietta, around Atlanta, at Jonesboro, and in nu- merous lesser engagements. It went north with Hood, to Franklin and Nashville, and then moved to North Carolina, where at Greensboro, April 26, 1865, it was surrendered. This was one of the best of the Tennessee regiments. The Fourth Confederate (Tennessee) Regiment was organized at Camp Sneed, near Knoxville, in the month of July, 1861, and comprised companies from the counties of Davidson, Eutherford, Williamson and others, and from Alabama, and was commanded by Col. W. M. Church- well. The lieutenant-colonel was James McMurray, and the major, Lewis. This regiment first saw service in East Tennessee. After various movements it joined Gen. Bragg on the campaign into Kentucky, where, at Perryville, it was engaged. It marched southward with the army and participated in the furious charges at Murfreesboro, sustaining severe loss, and later, at the splendid Confederate victory at Chickamauga, bore its full share of the bloody work. It was at Missionary Eidge and at all the various movements of Gen. Johnston in the Georgia campaign, fight- ing often and losing heavily. It marched back on Hood's Tennessee, cam- paign and participated at Nashville and Franklin; thence marched to North Carolina with the gallant Army of the Tennessee, where it surren- dered in the spring of 1865. The Fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment was raised in the -566 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. counties of Dyer, Obion, Lauderdale, Gibson, Tipton and Hardeman, and was organized May 18, 1861, with K P. Neely, colonel. It moved to Memphis May 20; thence up to Randolph; thence to Fort Pillow July 18 ; thence to New Madrid, and November 7, at Belmont, served as a reserve. February 4, 18G2, at Island No. 10, it was under the fire of Federal gun-boats. It reached Memphis March 20 ; thence moved to Corinth, and on the 6th of April began the brilliant fight at Shiloh. In one charge, when it captured a fine battery, it lost 31 killed and 160 wounded, and dui'ing the battle nearly half of those engaged. The Fourth was reorganized April 25, with O. F. Strahl, colonel. In July it moved to Chattanooga and August 17 started on the Kentucky campaign, passing through Sparta, Gainesboro, Munfordville, Bardstown and Harrodsburg. At Perryville, in the afternoon of the 8th, it participated in a brilliant charge on the Federals, losing about one-third of those engaged. It moved south via Kuoxville and Tullahoma to Murfrees- boro, where it was hotly engaged December 31. In July, 1863, A. J. Kellar became colonel. At Chickamauga, September 18 and 19, the Fourth fouglit gallantly, and November 26 participated in the severe contest on Missionary Ridge, losing nearly one-third of its men. Beginning at Dalton in May, 1864, the Fourth was under fire sixty days in the movement toward Atlanta, fighting at Dug Gap, Mill Creek Gap, Resaca, Ellsbury Mountain, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro, suffering severe loss. At Spring Hill and Franklin and Nashville the Fourth was gallantly engaged. After this the regiment moved to North Carolina, fought at Bentonville and April 26, 1865, surrendered at Greensboro. The Fifth Confederate (Tennessee) Regiment was formed from the Second and the Twenty-first Tennessee Regiments at Tupelo, Miss., about the 1st of June, 1862, with J. A. Smith, colonel. About August 1 it moved to near Chattanooga. It moved north with Gen. Bragg on the Kentucky campaign, skirmishing several times and assisting in the capture of Fort Denham at Munfordville. Returning south from Bards- town the Fifth fought desperately at Perryville October 8, losing many valuable men. It continued on to Knoxville ; thence to Tullahoma and Eagleville, and December 31 commenced in the brilliant Confederate achievement at Murfreesboro. The regiment displayed great gallantry and after the battle moved to Tullahoma, where it wintered; then to Wartrace and in June, 1863, to Hoover's Gap, and then to Chattanooga. In September it fought with conspicuous gallantry at bloody Chicka- mauga, losing heavily of its best and bravest. Later, at Missionary Ridge, the Fifth held its position on the right until left alone. From Dalton to Atlanta it was constantly engaged, losing many in killed, HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 567 » wounded and prisoners. It moved north with Gen. Hood and fought as it never had before at Franklin in that hottest engagement of the Avar, where it was reduced to twenty-ope men. At Nashville it fought on the right and then moved south. It was consolidated at Corinth with other skeleton regiments and moved to North Carolina, where it participated at Bentonville and was finally surrendered April 26, 1865. Much of the time of service the regiment was in the brigade of the gallant and beloved Cleburne. The Fifth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Henry County (a few in Benton and in Carroll) and organized at Paris May 20, 1861, with W. E. Travis, colonel, with t^velve companies. It occupied Humboldt and Union City until September 1, 1861; then moved to Columbus, Ky., and at the battle of Belmont supported the artillery. It formed part of Stewart's brigade, Cheatham's division, Polk's corps. When Donelson fell the regiment moved to New Madrid, where several skirmishes were had with the Federals. The Fifth marched to Corinth, and April 6 and 7 fought with notable bravery at Shiloh, losing heavily. It then moved to Tupelo; thence to Chatta- nooga. In September it moved on the Kentucky expedition, and at Perryville sustained a heavy loss. For the Fifth this was one of the sharpest fights of the war. It then moved via Knoxville to Murfrees- boro, where it was consolidated with the Fourth under Col. Lamb, and was desperately engaged at the battle of the latter name. In the move- ment south it skirmished at Guy's Gap. The Fifth fought in the bloody battle of Chickamauga for two days, and at Missionary Ridge, in November, 1863, was one of the last to leave the ridge, and was then used to cover the retreat. It cheeked the victorious Federals until 2 A. M. the next morning, though overwhelmed with, numbers. On the retreat it fought all the way to Ringgold Gap. It wintered at Dalton, and in the spring, on the Atlanta campaign, fought almost continuously to Atlanta. Col. Lamb was mortally wounded at Ellsbury Ridge, and was succeeded by A. J. Kellar. It moved north with Hood, fought at Franklin and Nashville, retreated south, and in the spring of 1865 a mere remnant was surrendered in North Carolina. The Sixth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Madison, Fayette and Haywood, nine of the eleven companies in Madison, and was organized in May, 1861, by the election of W. H. Stephens, colonel, and was mustered in for one year on May 15. May 26 it moved to Union City, where it was thoroughly disciplined. It moved to Columbus, Ky., but was not enofaored at Belmont. After the surrender of Fort Donelson the regiment moved south to Corinth. April 6 and 7, 1862, the Sixth 568 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. •was first engaged at Shiloli, having to endure the trial of a severe artil- lery fire before being engaged. About 11 o'clock of the 6th it was or- dered to charge a battery, which it did in gallant style, meeting with a terrific fire, which cut down 250 men. It did splendid work on both of those memorable days, losing over one-third of those engaged. It returned to Corinth, in the vicinity of which it participated in several hot skirmishes, losing severely. It then moved to Chattanooga, and in September started on the campaign into .Kentucky. At Perry ville, October 8, the Sixth, under Col. G. C. Porter, occupied the center of Maney's gallant brigade, and lost over 150 killed, wounded and missing. The regiment was nest engaged at Murfreesboro, having previously been consolidated with the Ninth Tennessee, under Col. Hurt, It brought on the battle and was then held in reserve, but was rapidly moved from point to point, being much of the time under heavy artillery fire. Next at Chickamauga the Sixth, under Col. Porter, did noble work in the fiercest of the fight, losing over a third of its men. At Missionary Rid.ge it was prominently engaged, and was one of the last to leave the field. It wintered at Dalton, and in the spring of 1861 fought at Kenesaw. "Dead Angle," siege of Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy and Franklin, No- vember 30, 1864, where it was immortalized. It fought at Nashville, SjDring Hill, Elk River, and finally surrendered in North Carolina. The Seventh Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Sumner, Wilson, Smith and DeKalb Counties, and was organized May 25, 1861, with Robert Hatton, colonel. It remained at Camp Trousdale, Sumner County, until in July, when it moved to Virginia, and with the First and Fourteenth Tennessee Regiments, was constituted Anderson's Brigade. It skirmished on the Parkersburg road as part of Loring's division of Jackson's corps, ai^d at Hancock, Md., and later the First Confederate (Turney's Tennessee) took the place of the First Tennessee (Confed- erate), the whole being called the "First Tennessee Brigade." The Seventh participated in the Yorktown campaign, and later Goodner was commissioned colonel, Hatton brigadier, and G. W. Smith major-general. May 30, 1862, at Seven Pines, the Seventh, in a desperate charge, lost eight captains, half its privates, and Brig. -Gen. Hatton. In the "seven days" battles it fought with notable daring and dash at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mills, Frazier's Farm, Malvern Hill and elsewhere, losing many valuable men. It lost heavily at Culpepper Court House, and at Bull Run Company H lost all its men killed or wounded, a remarkable cir- cumstance. At Centerville, Bolivar Heights and Antietam the Seventh fought with conspicuous valor, losing at the latter battle over thirty of less than 100 engaged. At Fredericksburg: and Chancellorsville it sus- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 569 tained severe loss amid brilliant action on the field. At Gettysburg it commenced the attack, losing the first man on the Confederate side, being held in reserve the second day, and conjointly with Pickett's divis- ion, on the third day, forming the column which made the historic and headlong charge on Cemetery Hill. In the Wilderness, at Spottsylvania, at Petersburg, on Weldon Kailroad, at Fort Archer and in a multitude of skirmishes, the Seventh bore an honorable and conspicuous part. Forty-seven sad-hearted, noble men surrendered at Appomattox. The Eighth Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment was raised in the coun- ties of Marshall, Lincoln, Overton, Jackson and Smith, and was organ- ized at Camp Harris, Lincoln County, in May, 1861, and was mustered into the provisional army of Tennessee by Col. D. E. Smythe. Later in May it moved to Camp Trousdale. Its colonel was Alfred S. Fulton. It moved first to West Virginia, where it operated for some time, skir- mishing occasionally with some loss. Later it returned to Tennessee, and finally joined Bragg' s Kentucky campaign, and was engaged October 8, 1862, at Perryville with loss. It moved south and participated in the hottest of the fight at Murfreesboro, losing nearly half the number en- gaged in killed and wounded. After this it participated in all the bril- liant movements of the Army of the Tennessee — at Chickamauga, Mission- ary Eidge, on the Atlanta and Hood's Tennessee campaigns, fighting with distinguished valor, and losing its bravest and best. At Murfreesboro it was in Donelson's brigade of Cheatham's division. At Chickamauofa it was in Wright's brigade, and was commanded by Col. John H. Anderson. After long and gallant service it was surrendered to Gen. Sherman in North Carolina. The Ninth Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment, was raised in Hay- wood, Fayette, Tipton, Hardeman, Shelby, Lauderdale, Weakley and Obion Counties, and was organized at Camp Beauregard, Jackson, May 22, 1861, with H. L. Douglas, colonel. It was disciplined at Union City where many died of measles. In August it moved to Columbus, Ky. ; in October to Mayfield; thence back to Columbus, and in March, 1862, to Corinth. From Bethel Station it marched sixteen miles to engage the enemy at Shiloh, and was in the hottest of the fight, losing about sixty men. C. S. Hurt soon became colonel, and in August the Ninth marched to Chattanooga, and in September northward on the Kentucky campaign. At Perryville, October 8, it fought its severest and most desperate fight of the war, losing 52 killed and 76 wounded. It was then trans- ferred via Knoxville to Murfreesboro, where it was consolidated with the Sixth, and where December 31, it sustained heavy loss on a bloody field. Soon after this, Col. Porter succeeded Col. Hurt. The Ninth fell 570 HISTOEY OP TENNESSEE. back with the army to Chattanooga ; thence to Chickamauga, where Sep- tember 19 and 20 it did brilliant service, losing 35 killed and 40 wounded. At Missionary Ridge it fought in reserve, and then fell slowly back to Dalton, where it wintered. On the Atlanta campaign, beginning in May, 1864. it fought at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Dead Angle, Peach Tree Creek and at Atlanta, where it lost many officers and was in numerous skirmishes. It participated in the engagements at Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Dalton and Decatur, without serious loss; and at bloody Franklin fought with great fierceness, sustaining a loss of one- fourth its men, and at Nashville suffered much amid gallant action before an overwhelming force. As Company E of the First Consolidated Ten- nessee Regiment, the Ninth marched to North Carolina, where April 20, 1865, it surrendered with forty men. The Tenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in David- son, Montgomery and Giles Counties, and was organized at Fort Henry, in May, 1861, with Adolphus Heiman, colonel. It was disciplined at Fort Henry, and during the investment lost seven men killed and wounded by the bursting of a 64-pounder. At Fort Donelson, where it retreated, it was under constant and destructive musketry and artillery fire for three days, and became prisoners of war February 16, 1862. Here it earned the designation " Bloody Tenth." September 24 it was exchanged, and October 2 reorganized at Clinton, Miss. R. W. McGa- vock succeeded Col. Heiman, who had died. In December, in Gregg's brigade, it helped defeat Sherman at Chickasaw Bayou. January 3 it moved to Port Hudson, where March 13, at night, it sustained a heavy bombardment by Federal gun-boats. May 7 it fought at Jackson, and May 12 brilliantly at Raymond, losing Col. McGavock. The Tenth was consolidated with the Thirtieth under Col. Turner. After the capitula- tion of Vicksburg it joined Bragg at Ringgold, and September 19 and 20 at fierce Chickamauga lost 224 men killed and wounded out of 328 engaged, a result with scarcely a parallel in the annals of war. The brig- ade was broken up on the death of Gen. Gregg, and the Tenth was trans- ferred to Tyler's brigade. At Missionary Ridge the regiment fought hotly, being one of the last to leave the field. In May, 1864, it began the southward movement, fighting with conspicuous bravery at Rocky Face Ridge, Ringgold Gap, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, New Hope Church ;. Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Decatur (July 22), Atlanta and Jonesboro, where Col. Grace was mortally wounded. In Hood's campaign into Tennessee it participated in the awful charges at Franklin and the stubborn fighting at Nashville. It then moved to Benton ville, N. C, and surrendered at Greensboro. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 571. The Eleventh Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in David- son, Humphreys, Dickson, Robertson and Hickman Counties, and was organized May 22, ISGl, at Camp Cheatham, with J. E. Rains as colonel. Late in July it was ordered into East Tennessee, and in October was moved into Kentucky with Gen. Zollicoffer. At ""Wild Cat" it lost nine killed and wounded, and then guarded Cumberland Gap until the early summer of 1862. It moved south, skirmishing at Walden's Ridge, los- ing by capture its colonel, Gordon. After sundiy movements it joined Bragg at Harrodsburg, thence moved south \da Knoxville to Murfrees- boro, where the Eleventh fought its first pitched battle ^vitli splendid dash and intrepidity, losing many men, among whom was Col. Gordon, severely wounded. Gen. Rains was killed on the field. After this the Eleventh was assigned to the Tennessee Brigade of Gen. Preston Smith, comprising the Twelfth, Thirteenth, Twenty-ninth, Forty-seventh and One Hundred and Fifty-fourth. It spent the summer of 1863 as Chat- tanooga, and in September participated in the bloody battle of Chicka- mauga with great bravery and severe loss. At Missionary Ridge it fought desperately, resisting the furious charges of the Federals for hours, and until flanked. Four regimental color- bearers were shot down and Maj. Green was mortally wounded. In the Atlanta campaign, in 1864, it was engaged at Resaca, Calhoun, New Hope Church, Dead- Angle, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Sugar Creek and elsewhere, losing in the aggregate heavily, and invariably displaying wonderful dash and pluck. At Jonesboro it lost Col. Long. In the awful battle of Franklin and again at Nashville it bore a distinguished part. It was at Benton- ville, N. C, and April 26, 1865, surrendered at Greensboro. About the beginning of Hood's Tennessee campaign it was consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Regiment. The Twelfth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Gibson, Dyer, Carroll, Fulton and Hickman Counties, Tenn., and Graves County, Ky., and was mustered in at Jackson, May 28, 1861, R. M. Russell be- coming colonel. It was thoroughly fitted for the field at Trenton and Union City, and in September moved to Columbus, Ky., and November 7 took active part in the battle of Belmont, T. H. Bell, commanding, losing about thirty killed and wounded. Soon after the surrender of Fort Donelson it was transferred to Corinth, and April 6 and 7 par- ticipated in the headlong victory at Shiloh with severe loss, Col. Bell receiving dangerous wounds. In May 1862, it was reorganized with Bell as colonel, and was consolidated with the Twenty -second. It was moved to Chattanooga ; thence detached to Kirby Smith, at Knoxville ; thence marched into Kentucky, where at Richmond it defeated the enemy ,572 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. with loss. It joined Bragg at Harrodsburg, was iu reserve at Perry ville, returned to Knoxville and Avas consolidated with the Forty -seventh. It was then transferred to Murfreesboro where it bore a gallant part, leaving its gallant dead thick on the field. At Chickamauga, in September, and at Missionary Ridge, in November, it distingushed itself on the field by its impetuous charges and adamantine stands. Again in 1864 at Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw, "Dead Angle," Peach Tree Creek, Decatur and Atlanta, it bore its heroic part. At Jonesboro and Lovejoy Station it suffered severely, and in the dread- ful slaughter at Franklin, and in the dogged and desperate fighting at Nashville it fought with its accustomed dash and courage. It made the dark and sorrowful march to the Carolinas, participated at Bentonville and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C,, April 26, 1865, with fifty men. The Thirteenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Fay- ette, Shelby, Gibson, McNairy and Dyer Counties, Tenn,, and Marshall County, Miss., and was mustered m at Jackson June 3, 1861, J. V. Wright becoming colonel. It moved to Randolph and joined Sneed's brigade. After occupying various stations it moved in September to Columbus, Ky., where on the 10th it was brigaded with the Twelfth and Twenty-first Regiments, under Col. Russell. November 7, at Bel- mont, it was desperately engaged driving the enemy back to his boats, but losing the enormous number of 149 killed and wounded out of 400 engaged. Soon after this A. J. Yaughn succeeded Wright as colonel. March 19, 1862, it reach Corinth, and April 6 and 7 fought with des- perate valor at Shiloh, losing 112 killed and wounded. It was then re- organized and a company from LaGrange was added. Early in August it moved to Chattanooga; was detached and sent to Gen. Cleburne, at Knoxville; thence marched into Kentucky and assisted in severely de- feating the Federals at Richmond. It was in reserve at Perryville; thence moved to Murfreesboro via Knoxville and Tullahoma. At the furious battle of Murfi'eesboro it lost 110 killed and wounded out of 226 engaged. At Chickamauga in September, 1863, and Missionary Ridge in November, it displayed its usual desperation and valor. In the Georgia campaign it was honorably and gallantly engaged in all the prin- cipal battles to Atlanta, suffering in the aggregate severely, and in the Tennessee campaign, at Spring Hill, fierce Franklin and Nashville sus- tained further and sorrowful losses. Sadly the skeleton regiment joined Johnson's army in North Carolina, where at Bentonville it surren- dered. The Fourteenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment wa raised in Mont- gomery, Robertson and Stewart Counties, and was organized at Camp BATTLE OF — MURFREESBORO. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 573 Duncan, -Clarksville, in May, 1861, under Col. "W". A. Forbes. About tlie middle of July it was transferred to Virginia, where it was brigaded with the First and the Seventh, under Gen. S. R. Anderson. In the har- rassing Cheat Mountain expedition, it suffered intensely and was first un- der fire. During the winter of 1861-62, it participated in the campaigns around Romney, Winchester, and the bombardment of Hancock. From this date it was in all the historical movements of the Army of Northern Virginia. May 31, 1862, it fought at Seven Pines with great bravery, losing heavily. At Chickahominy, Cold Harbor, Gaines' Mills, Malvern Hill, Frazier's Farm and elsewhere it left its gallant dead on the bloody fields. Again at Cedar Mountain, second Manassas (where Col. Forbes was killed), Chantilly, Harper's Ferry, Antietam, Shepardstown, Freder- icksburg and Chancellorsville (May, 1863) it bore a distinguished and honorable part, leaving its best blood on the ever memorable fields. Late in June, 1863, the army moved into Pennsylvania, where at Gettysburg, on the first day, the Fourteenth fought with desperate valor and heroic achievements, sustaining the loss of many of its best soldiers. On the 3d of July its brigade and pickets made the memorable and brilliant charge on Cemetery Ridge. This extraordinary charge has no superior in the annals of war. Again at Falling Waters, Bristow Station, in the bloody Wilderness, at fearful Spottsylvania, at Cold Harbor, Petersburg, the defenses of Richmond and elsewhere, it sustained its heroic record. In April, 1865, the remnant of this war-scarred regiment laid down its dripping arms at Appomattox The Fifteenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised mainly in Shelby County and at McKenzie, and was organized at Jackson June 7, 1861, under Col. Charles M. Carroll. Later several companies with- drew and were succeeded by others from Shelby County and Paducah, Ky. After occupying various positions it finally participated in the bat- tle of Belmont, where it suffered slight loss. In March, 1862, it moved south from Columbus, Ky., and finally, April 6 and 7, from Bethel Sta- tion, near Corinth, fought in the bloody battle of Shiloh Avhere it lost the fearful number of nearly 200 killed and wounded, receiving high praise for its dash and daring. It then returned to Tupelo where it was reor- ganized, and later was moved via Chattanooga northward on the Ken- tucky campaign, fighting in the severe contest of Perryville, where in a hand-to-hand encounter it assisted in capturing a stone wall. It moved south via Knoxville to Murfreesboro, in which battle it further distin- guished itself. Later it was consolidated with the Thirty-seventh Regi- ment, Tyler of the Fifteenth taking command, which occasioned much ill-feeling during the remainder of the war. It moved back to Chatta- 574 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. nooga, thence to Chickamauga, where in September, 1863, it was hotly- engaged, thence to Missionary Ridge in November, sustaining in both actions heavy loss. It followed the fortunes of the Georgia campaign, fighting in all the principal battles with splendid courage and severe loss. In Hood's unfortunate campaign into Tennessee, it engaged fiercely in the actions of Franklin and Nashville, and finally marched to North Caro- lina, where it surrendered. The Sixteenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised mainly on the Cumberland Table-land, in and around Putnam County, and was mus- tered in June 9 at Camp Trousdale, Sumner County, with John H. Sav- age, colonel. Late in July it moved to Virginia, where it was brigaded with the Eighth under Gen. Douelson. The first severe hardship and the first engagement was on the Cheat Mountain expedition. It participated in the harrassing expedition to Little Sewell Mountain. In December, 1861, it w^as transferred to Port Royal, opposite Beaufort Island, where it did valuable guard duty until after Shiloh, when it reported at Corinth and joined Bragg's campaign into Kentucky, where at Perryville it fought its first severe battle with great pluck and intrepidity. It then returned and participated gallantly in the precipitous charges at Murfreesboro. It then moved south and in September fought with conspicuous courage at dreadful Chickamauga, and later sustained for hours the shock of the Federal Army at Missionary Ridge, losing heavily in both actions. In 1864, on the Georgia campaign, it fought at Rocky Face Ridge, Kenesaw, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and around Atlanta, losing many in the aggre- gate and sustaining its fine record. Again at Jonesboro, and at that hottest battle of the civil war — Franklin— and again at Nashville, it poured the blood of its bravest on the ensanguined fields. With heavy hearts the skeleton remnant of the gallant Sixteenth marched down to North Carolina where it finally surrendered. The Seventeenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Bedford, Marshall, Franklin, Jackson and Putnam Counties, and with T. W. Newman, colonel, was mustered in May 5, 1861. It was disciplined at Camp Trousdale and late in July was transferred to Virginia, but in Au- gust returned to East Tennessee. It joined Zollicoffer's Kentucky cam- paign and at the battle of Rock Castle in half an hour lost 11 killed and 27 wounded. Again it participated in the battle of Fishing Creek (where Gen. ZollicofPer was killed), with the loss of 10 killed and 36 wounded. February 19, 1862, it reached Murfreesboro; thence moved to northern Mississippi, where it participated in the siege of Corinth. In May, T. C. H. Miller became colonel, but was soon succeeded by Albert S. Marks. It was transferred to Chattanooga early in August, and in September HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 575 moved into Kentucky with Bragg, fighting stubbornly at Perry villa; thence moved south with the army and December 31 was engaged with magnificent courage at Murfreesboro, losing the extraordinary number of 246 killed and wounded. Later it was engaged at Hoover's Gap, and in September, 1863, at the fearful contest of Chickamauga lost 145 killed and wounded. It soon moved north with Longstreet against Knoxville; assisted in the assault on Fort Loudon; lost 10 men killed and wounded at Bean's Station; and passed the winter of 1863-64 in East Tennessee, suffering incredibly. In May, 1864, it moved to Petersburg, Va., and assaulted the enemy at Drury Bluff May 16, losing 12 killed and 50 wounded. It fought in numerous skirmishes around Richmond, and February 5, 1865, sustained considerable loss at Hatcher's Run. April 2 it fought its last battle on the defenses of Petersburg, losing severely, over half its men being captured. It surrendered at Appomattox April 9. The Eighteenth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was formed at Camp Trousdale June 11, 1861, of companies from Rutherford, Bedford, Davidson, Wilson, Cannon, Sumner and Cheatham Counties, with J. B. Palmer, colonel. September 17 it moved to Bowling Green, Ky., and February 8, 1862, advanced to the relief of Fort Donelson. At the siege two companies of the Eighteenth were the first to engage the enemy. After hard fighting the regiment was surrendered February 16. After about six months it was exchanged and was reorganized at Jackson, Miss., with Palmer as colonel. It was soon transferred to Knoxville to invade Kentucky, but instead was moved to Murfreesboro and brigaded with the Twenty-sixth and the Thirty-second Regiments and others, which last were soon replaced with the Forty-fifth Tennessee. At Mur- freesboro it participated in one of the most famous and brilliant charges of history with severe loss. Col. Palmer received three wounds. In September, 1863, at Chickamauga, it distinguished itself by its furious fighting and desperate losses. Col. Palmer was again dangerously wounded. Again at Missionary Ridge it fought with its accustomed gal- lantry and loss. It wintered at Dalton, and, in 1864, resisted the advance of the enemy on numerous bloody fields on the way to Atlanta. Palmer was commissioned brigadier-general and given a brigade of the Third, Eighteenth, Thirty-second and Forty-fifth Regiments. W. R. Butler be- came colonel of the Eighteenth. In a heroic encounter at Atlanta against vastly superior numbers the regiment was outflanked and a majority of its members captured. The regiment was consolidated with the Third under Col. Butler. It fought at Jonesboro and moved north, reaching Franklin too late for the battle ; was detached to aid Forrest, and engaged the enemy near Murfreesboro and elsewhere; and after Hood's defeat at 576 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Nashville moved to the Carolinas where it fought at Bentonville and sur- rendered at Greensboro. The Nineteenth Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment was raised in Hamilton, Knox, Polk, Ehea, Hawkins, Washington and Sullivan Coun- ties, and was organized in May, 1861, at Knoxville, with David M. Cum- mings, colonel. It was first distributed over East Tennessee to do guard duty, and about July 1 was united and stationed at Cumberland Gap. It marched north on the Kentucky campaign; lost one man killed at Bar- boursville; was in reserve at "Wild Cat;" fought bravely at Fishing Creek, losing about fifteen killed and wounded. Afterward terrible pri- yations and sufferings were endured. It moved to Murfreesboro in Feb- ruary, 1862; thence to northern Mississippi; thence to Shiloh, where April 6 and 7 it was furiously engaged in the awful assaults on the "Hor- net's Nest," losing over 100 killed and wounded, and assisted in the cap- ture of Prentiss' division. It was then reorganized and moved to Vicks- burg, where, in the swamps, it suffered terribly from disease, and later fought at Baton Eouge. It then moved north and joined Bragg's army and participated in the sweeping Confederate victory at Murfreesboro losing over 125 killed and wounded. It moved south and in September, 1863, at Chickamauga, fought with magnificent bravery, losing over one- third of those engaged. Again at Missionary Ridge, in November, it was hotly and stubbornly engaged, sustaining severe loss. In 1864, from Dalton to Atlanta, in all the bloody battles of that memorable campaign, it fought with conspicuous daring and sorrowful losses. Among the slain was the beloved Col. Walker. It did its duty at Jonesboro and Lovejoy, and in the awful assault at Franklin shed its best blood without stint all over the stricken field. It fought at Nashville, retreated sorrow- fully south, skirmishing at Sugar Creek and Pulaski. It fought its last battle at Bentonville, and surrendered at High Point, N. C, with sixty - four men. The Twentieth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Davidson, Williamson, Rutherford, Sumner, Perry and Smith Counties, and was organized at Camp Trousdale in June, 1861, with Joel A. Bat- tle, colonel. Late in July it was ordered to Virginia, but returned after reaching Bristol, and marched north with Zollicoffer on the Kentucky ^ campaign, skirmishing a-t Barboursville, participating in the action at *'Wild Cat," fighting furiously at Fishing Creek, losing 33 killed on the field and about 100 wounded. It then moved to northern Mis- sissippi and in April participated with splendid valor in the brilliant Confederate success at Shiloh, losing 187 men killed and wounded. The regiment was then reorganized, moved to Vicksburg, participated in the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 577 movement there, fought at Baton Eouge, thence marched to Murfrees- boro, in which memorable battle it was hotly and f ariously engaged, sus- taining a loss of 178 killed and wounded of 350 engaged. Later it fought desperately at Hoover's Gap, losing 45 killed and wounded. At bloody Chickamauga the Twentieth displayed wonderful dash and pluck, losing 98 killed and wounded of 140 engaged. At Missionary Eidge it fought brilliantly and retreated in good order. It wintered at Dalton and in 1864, in the famous Georgia campaign, fought with splendid courage at Kesaca, Dalton, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro and the actions around Atlanta, losing heavily in the aggregate. Again at Franklin, in- those awful assaults in the flaming teeth of death, it displayed heroic valor and suffered desperate loss. It bore its gallant but sorrowful part at Nashville and sadly retreated, marching to the Carolinas to almost literally "die in the last ditch." At Greensboro, N. C, thirty-four sad men surrendered and returned to blighted homes to repair the ravages of war. The Twenty -first Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment was raised in Shelby and Hardeman Counties about the last of April, 1861, and was soon organized with Ed. Pickett, colonel. It reported first to Gen. Cheat- ham at Union City, and later moved up to Columbus, Ky. It partici- pated in the sharp action at Belmont, November 7, then moved back to Columbus and to Union City where it remained a short period; then moved southward and finally participated in the furious battle of Shiloh, and later was consolidated with the Second Eegiment to form the Fifth Confederate Eegiment. The Twenty-second Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment was raised in the counties of Gibson, Carroll, Dyer, Hardeman and in Kentucky and Louisiana, and was organized at Trenton about July 1, 1861, with Thom- as J. Freeman, colonel. It operated in West Tennessee and in the movement which culminated in the battle of Belmont, November 7, where it fought and lost about seventy-five killed and wounded. It returned south with the army and located near Corinth. It fought at Shiloh, los- ing nearly one-half of those engaged, and displayed great gallantry on the field, Col. Freeman being wounded. It then moved back to Corinth, where it was re-organized and consolidated with the Twelfth Eegiment and thenceforward lost its identity. Col. Freeman served the one year of enlistment. The consolidation was commanded by Col. Bell, who be- came a brigadier under Forrest. Col. Freeman, at Shiloh, received the surrender of Gen. Prentiss, who handed him his sword. The Twenty-third Tennessee (Confederate) Eegiment was raised in Bedford, Marshall, Eutherford and other counties of Middle Tennessee, 578 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. and was organized about the middle of July, 1861, with R. H. Keeble, colonel. It saw its first service in Virginia, and participated in the en- gagement at Drury's Bluff, with a loss of fifteen or twenty killed and wounded. After various movements it was engaged in the brilliant and furious battle of Shiloh, where it lost severely. It moved north with Bragg and fought at Perryville, then turned south and participated at Murfreesboro, after which it continued with the Army of the Tennessee during the remainder of the war. At Chickamauga it lost heavily. It was at Missionary Ridge and in the famous Georgia campaign, after which it marched back with Hood into Tennessee, and participated at Franklin and Nashville, then moved to North Carolina where it surrendered. At Murfreesboro it was in Johnson's brigade of Cleburne's division. The Twenty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized in June, 1801, at Camp Anderson, near Murfreesboro, and comprised twelve companies raised in the counties of Williamson, Rutherford, Maury, Bedford, Coffee, Smith, DeKalb, Sumner, Hickman and Perry. It was first commanded by Col. R. D. Allison, and later by Col. Bratton and Col. John "Wilson. It moved into Kentucky and was stationed at Cave City in October. At this time it was in Col. Shaver's brigade of Hardee's division. It was in Gen. Strahl's brigade during the most of the war. It participated in the pitched battle of Shiloh, losing many, and was reorganized at or near Corinth; thence moved via Chattanooga on the Kentucky campaign, and was severely engaged at Perryville. It then retreated with Bragg's army, and on December 3l, 18G2, partic- ipated in the splendid charge at Murfreesboro, losing again heavily. It moved south, and in September, 1863, was hotly engaged at bloody Chickamauga, and later participated at Missionary Ridge. In 1864: it was in all the leading engagements in the famous Georgia campaign, and in the aggregate lost heavily. It moved with Hood's army to Jonesboro; thence to Tennessee, where it participated at Franklin and Nashville; thence moved to North Carolina, and in the spring of 1865 surrendered at Greensboro. The Twenty -fifth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Overton, White, Putnam and Jackson Counties, and was organized at Camp Zollicoffer, near Livingston, early in June, 1861, with S. S. Stan- ton, colonel. After several months of discipline it invaded Kentucky to break up organizations of Fed.era> home guards, and in January, 1862, joined Gen. Zollicoffer at Mill Springs, Ky. , and was engaged in the bat- tle of Fishing Creek, suffering considerable loss and displaying great dash and pluck. It then moved to Murfreesboro, thence to northern Mississippi, where it did important provost duty, and after Shiloh was HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 579 reorganized, with Stanton, colonel, who was soon succeeded by John M. Hughes. It marched to Chattanooga, thence north on Bragg' s Ken- tucky campaign ; fought bravely at Perryville, with loss ; thence marched to Murfreesboro, in which headlong battle it displayed magnificent fight- ing qualities and lost heavily in killed and wounded. It participated at Fairfield, Beach Grove and Hoover's Gap, losing heavily at the latter battle. At the fierce battle of Chickamauga it distinguished itself, cap- turing valuable ordnance and sweeping desperately everything from its course. It then moved with Longstreet against Knoxville, fighting at Fort Loudon, Bean's Station (twice). Clinch Valley and Fort Sanders, suffering severe loss. It passed a winter of intense suffering among the mountains of East Tennessee, and in February, 1864, moved to near Richmond, Va. It fought desperately at Drury Bluff and in numerous engagements around Petersburg and Richmond, displaying its habitual brilliancy, and was finally surrendered at Appomattox. The Twenty-sixth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Washington, Sullivan, Meigs, Cocke, Grainger, Rhea, Hamilton, Knox and Roane Counties, and was organized at Camp Lillard, Knoxville, September 6, 1861, with John M. Lillard, colonel. Late in September it moved to Bowling Green; thence later to Russellville, Ky., and early in February to the relief of Fort Donelson. Here it did its first gallant fighting, amid severe loss and heroic personal achievements. It was captured, taken to Northern prisons, and exchanged at Vicksburg in Sep- tember, 1862. It was reorganized at Knoxville, with Lillard, colonel, moved west, and in December, at brilliant Mui'freesboro, fought in the furious charges of that famous battle. It moved south, and at Chicka- mauga fought with fiery energy, losing heavily. Col. Lillard falling mor- tally wounded. R. M. Saffell succeeded him in command. It also did meritorious and bloody work at Missionary Ridge, passed the winter of 1863-64 in northern Georgia, and fought brilliantly in all the leading enffasrements down to Atlanta, sufferins^ severe loss. At Joaesboro and Lovejoy, and in the Tennessee campaign at bloody Franklin and stubborn Nashville, it displayed its accustomed dash and valor. It retreated south, and at Benton ville, N. C, lost Col. Saffell, whose successor on the field. Col. A. F. Boggess, fell in the same fight. The regiment surren- dered in April, 1865. The Twenty-seventh Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Benton, Obion, McNairy, Haywood, Weakley, Carroll, Decatur and Henderson Counties, and was organized at Trenton, late in July, 1861, with Felix Rebels, colonel. It occupied Camp of Instruction until after the battle of Belmont; then moved to Columbus, Ky., and later to Bowling 580 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Green. Early iu February, 1862, it moved to Nashville; then to Mur- freesboro, then to northern Mississippi. In April it fought desperately at Shiloh, losing over 100 killed and wounded. It was transferred to Chattanooga, and then moved north on the Kentucky campaign. Octo- ber 8, at Perryville, it left the bloody field proud of its splendid conduct. At Murfreesboro, in December, it assisted in the furious charges which swept tlie right wing of the Federals back several miles. At Chicka- mauga it fought with superb courage, forcing the enemy back at every point, and at Missionary Eidge held its ground long against overvv-helm- ing numbers. In the Georgia campaign of 18(31 it fought with its usual brilliancy iu all the leading engagements on the retrograde movement to Atlanta. Again at Jonesboro and Lovejoy it participated and marched north on the ill-fated Tennessee campaign. In the furious and brilliant charges at Franklin the gallant regiment steadily carried its streaming banner across the bloody field, losing nearly half of those engaged. In the stubborn contest for its capital city it bore a heroic part, but was overwhelmed and swept back, and then sadly marched down to the Caro- linas, where at Bentonville it fought its last battle. It surrendered in April, 1865. The Twenty-eighth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Wilson, Putnam, Jackson, White and Smith Counties, and was organized at Camp Zollicoffer, Overton County, in August, 1861, with John P. Murray, colonel. After destroying Federal supplies the regiment joined Gen. Zollicoffer and fought at Fishing Creek with the loss of 10 men. It then moved south to northern Mississippi, and in April, 1862, partici- pated in the brilliant movements at Shiloh, with the loss of over 100 of its best men. It then moved south and finally fought at Baton Rouge and Port Hudson, displaying brilliant and meritorious courage. It then joined Bragg's campaign to Kentucky, and fought at Perryville; then moved south and engaged the enemy in the brilliant charge at Murfrees- boro. It w^s reorganized with S. S. Stanton, colonel, and consolidated with the Eighty-fourth. At Chickamauga it fought its hardest and grand- est battle, losing 230 killed and wounded, and covering itself with im- perishable glory. It skirmished around Chattanooga and did guard duty in East Tennessee. In the Georgia campaign it was engaged in all the principal contests, losing heavily, and in Hood's Tennessee campaign distinguished itself for courage and hardihood, displaying rare daring and valor on Franklin's bloody field. After the battle of Nashville it moved south, and after Bentonville was surrendered in North Carolina. The Twenty-ninth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was composed of companies from Greene, Bradley, Hawkins, Polk, Claiborne, Hancock HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 581 and Washington Counties, and was organized at Henderson's Mills, Greene County, in July, 1861, with Samuel Powell, colonel. It did guard duty in East Tennessee until December, and then joined ZoUi- coffer at Mill Springs, and January 19 met the enemy at the battle of Fishing Creek, where Col, Powell was permanently disabled. It marched to northern Mississippi via Murfreesboro, and remained at luka during the battle of Shiloh. It skirmished around Corinth, moved to Chatta- nooga ; thence north on the Kentucky campaign, being commanded by Horace Kice, who had succeeded Arnold, met the enemy at Perryville ; thence marched to Murfreesboro, where it exhibited splendid intrepidity and courage, losing 36 killed on the field and 136 wounded. At Chicka- mauga it was held much in reserve, but lost, killed and wounded 32. At Missionary Ridge it did gallant work and was complimented on the field by Gens. Cheatham and Hardee. In 1864 at Dalton, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek and around Atlanta it was prominently engaged. It participated at Jonesboro and Lovejoy; and in Hood's Tennessee campaign at Franklin its gallant action was surpassed by no other regiment, its dead and wounded lying scattered over its bloody path. It fought at Nashville, retreated south with the army, and fought late in the day at Bentonville. It surrendered at Greensboro April 26. The Thirtieth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Davidson, Sumner, Robertson and Smith Counties, and was organized early in October with J. W. Head, colonel. In November it moved to Fort Donelson, and February 18 to 16 was prominently engaged and was surrendered on the 16th and taken to Northern prisons. They were ex- changed the following July, were reorganized at Camp Jackson with J. J. Turner as colonel, moved to Holly Springs, thence to Grenada, thence to Yicksburg, fought bravely at Chickasaw Bayou, doing the enemy great damage. It then moved to Port Hudson, thence to Jackson. At Raymond May 12, 1863, the regiment fought with great skill and desper- ation against superior numbers, losing about seventy-five killed and wounded, and then retreated to Jackson. After various movements it participated, September 19 and 20, at the fearful contest at Chickamauga, displaying wonderful dash and staying qualities, and losing killed and wounded about half of those engaged. At Missionary Ridge it was hot- ly and gallantly engaged, losing severely. Winter was passed at Dalton. In 1864, from Dalton to Jonesboro, in all the bloody principal engage- ments, the Thirtieth sustained its high honor and courage and in the ag- gregate lost many splendid men. At Jonesboro the regiment in heroic action lost one-third of its troops. In the unfortunate campaign of Gen. 582 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. Hood into Tennessee the regiment participated at Murfreesboro, Frank- lin and Nashville further distinguishing itself in the bloody art of war. It marched dowft to the Carolinas to fight its last battle at Bentonville and surrendered April 26. The Thirty-first Tennessee (Confederate, West Tennessee) Regiment was raised in Weakley, Haywood, Madison, McNairy and Decatur Counties, and was organized during the summer of 1861 with A. H. Bradford, colonel, and November 29 marched for Columbus, Ky., where it remained until the surrender of Fort Donelson in February, 1862; thence moved to Tiptonville, thence to Fort Pillow, and, after the battle of Shiloh, to Corinth. Later it was moved to Chattanooga, and then moved north campaigning through Kentucky with Bragg. At Perry ville the regiment had its first heavy engagement, displaying great gallantry and losing many valuable soldiers. Egbert E. Tansil succeeded Brad- ford as colonel. It marched south with the army and December 31 fought with conspicuous courage at Murfreesboro, and retreated south with the army, and in September, 1863, fought in the awful battle of Chickamauga, losing nearly half its men. In 1864:, in the Georgia campaign, it was engaged in nearly all the principal battles, losing heavily in the aggregate. In the Tennessee campaign of Hood it fought at Franklin, losing over half the number engaged. Col. Stafford was killed on the enemy's line, to which he had penetrated. Again it fought at Nashville, thence moved to North Carolina, where it surrendered. The Thirty-first Tennessee (Confederate, East Tennessee) Regiment was raised in Jefferson, Blount and Knox Counties, and was organized March 28, 1862, with W. M. Bradford, colonel, and was reorganized May 3. It did guard duty in East Tennessee and at Cumberland Gap, joined Bragg at Harrodsburg after the battle of Perryville, and late in December moved to Vicksburg, in the vicinity of which it participated in numerous expeditions and skirmishes, and in the siege of that city where the soldiers were almost starved to death and finally captured. In September, 1863, the regiment was exchanged and late in that year was transformed into cavalry, and as such brigaded under Gen. Vaughn. It' did service in East Tennessee, recruited in North Carolina, part was sent to Virginia and while there fought at Kernstown, Martinsburgh, Hagerstown, Winchester, Piedmont and elsewhere, losing heavily. Later the united regiment was engaged at Marion, Saltville, Morristown, Bull's Gap, Greeneville and elsewhere. Marching to join Lee in the spring of 1865, it was learned that he had surrendered and Gen. Echols disbanded his command, but this regiment with others refused, and marched to North Carolina and joined President Davis, and was his HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 583 escort when all were captured. The regiment was paroled at Wash- ington, Ga. The Thirtj-second Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Giles, Lawrence, Williamson, Lincoln, Marshall and Franklin Counties, and was organized at Camp Trousdale during the summer of 1861 with Edmund E. Cook, colonel. About September it was moved to East Ten- nessee, where it did patrol duty around Chattanooga and Bridgeport, Ala. Late in December it moved to Bowling Green, Ky., thence in February, 1862, to Russellville ; thence to Clarksville, and thence to Fort Donelson, where from the 13th to the 16th of February it partici- pated in all the daring movements of the siege with severe loss, and was captured with the fort. After about six months the regiment was ex- changed at Yicksburg. It was reorganized about October 1, with E. Cook, colonel, and moved to Murfreesboro via Knoxville, and during the battle was posted at Wartrace. It wintered at Tullahoma, endured a terrible forced march in June, moved to Chattanooga with Bragg in July, and fought with superb courage and coolness in the awful conflict at Chickamauga with heavy loss. Again it was engaged at Lookout Moun- tain, and in November at Missionary Ridge, where it fought with its accustomed gallantry. It wintered at Dalton, and in 1864 participated in the famous Georgia campaign, fighting in all the leading battles down to Atlanta with heavy loss in the aggregate. It fought desperately and with grievous loss at Jonesboro, and marched north to invade Ten- nessee under Hood, but reached bloody Franklin too late for the battle. It participated in the action at Nashville, retreated south skirmishing on the way, fought its last battle at Bentonville, N. C. and surrendered with Gen. Johnston. The Thirty -third Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Weakley, Obion, Madison and other counties, and was organized at Union City October 18, 1861, with A. W. Campbell, colonel. In January, 1862 it marched to Columbus, Ky., where it wintered; then moved south into northern Mississippi, and in April met the enemy on the furious field of Shiloh, and attested its courage in its desperate charges and its loss of nearly 200 men killed and wounded out of about 500 engaged. The reg- iment moved back to Corinth, and later, via Chattanooga, invaded Ken- tucky under Gen. Bragg, and at Perryville, in October, fought with mag- nificent bravery, suffering heavy losses. After this it moved south with Bragg, and at Murfreesboro bore an honorable part, losing many noble men. At Chickamauga it assisted in the awful charges which beat back the Federal hosts. It fought at Missionary Ridge and retreated south, wintering at Dalton, and in 1864 participated in the series of bloody and 584 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, memorable battles from that point to Atlanta, shedding the blood of it& bravest boys in defense of the cause which to them seemed right. It marched north with Hood; was at Franklin and Nashville; thence marched south, and finally surrendered in North Carolina in April, 1865. The Thirty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised part- ly in Middle Tennessee and partly in East Tennessee, and was organized during the autumn of 1861, with William Churchwell, colonel. It first saw service in East Tennessee, where it remained for a considerable period engaged in outpost duty. It finally participated in tlie Kentucky campaign, and later joined the army of Bragg in time for the battle of Murfreesboro, in which desperate engagement it was conspicuously act- ive, losing severely in killed and wounded. It moved south with the re- treating army, and after various movements was engaged in the bloody battle of Chickamauga, in September, 1863, where it behaved gallantly and lost severely. In 186-4 it participated in the actions of the Georgia campaign, terminating at i^tlanta, and then moved back into Tennessee with Hood, taking part in his bloody battles. It then moved south with the army, and finally surrendered in North Carolina. The Thirty-fifth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Grundy, Sequatchie, Warren, Cannon, Bledsoe and Van Buren, and was organized in the autumn of 1861, with B. J. Hill, colonel. About the first of the year 1863 it moved to Bowling Green, Ky., and after the sur- render of Fort Donelson marched south with the army to northern Mis- sissippi, and early in April participated in the battle of Shiloh, with heavy loss. Its charges were brilliant, sweeping and destructive. It then skirmished around Corinth, fighting with heroic desperation at Shelton Hill amid a terrible fire. It was complimented for this in gen- eral orders by Gen. Beauregard. It moved with Bragg on the Ken- tucky campaign, meeting the enemy again at Richmond and Perryville, displaying its usual heroism. At Murfreesboro it was hotly engaged, suffering severely, and again, in September, 1863, at brilliant Chicka- mauga sustained itself with distinguished valor. It did important pro- vost or guard duty throughout northern Alabama, and finally surrendered at Chattanooga in the spring of 1865. The Thirty-sixtli, Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Tennessee Regiments were only partly organized, and in the main saw detached duty. The first was commanded by Col. Morgan, the second by Col. Avery. The last was at Fort Pillow in January, 1862. Col. Avery was at Bowling Green in December, 1861, and Col. Morgan at Cumberland Gap in March, 1862. The Thirty-seventh Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Hamilton, Jefferson, Grainger, Blount, Sevier, Claiborne, Coffee and HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 585 Washington Counties, in northern Georgia and. in Alabama, and was or- ganized in October, 1861, at Camp Eamsey, near Knoxville, with W. H. Carroll, colonel. At Germantown, West Tennessee, to which point it was transferred, it drilled for about a month. In November it moved to Chattanooga, It marched north and was present at the battle of Fish- ing Creek, but did not participate in the main battle, losing only five or six killed and wounded. It then moved south via Murfreesboro to north- ern Mississipi, and occupied Burnsville during the battle of Shiloh, The regiment did valuable picket service around Corinth, In July it moved to Mobile, Montgomery, Atlanta, Dalton, Chickamauga Station, Chattanooga, and thence on the Kentucky campaign, and October 8, at Perryville, was hotly engaged. It then marched south, and in October reached Murfeesboro, where, December 31, it was engaged in that battle in the hottest part, losing about half its members killed and wounded. It then moved to Chattanooga, The following June it was consolidated with the Fifteenth under the latter name, and so lost its old existence. The Thirty-eighth Tennessee Confederate Regiment was raised in Madison, Fayette, Shelby and other West Tennessee counties, in Wilson County, and in Georgia and Alabama, and was organized in September, 1861, with Robert F, Looney, of Memphis, colonel. It moved first to Chattanooga, thence later to Knoxville, where it was stationed at the date of the battle of Fishing Creek, Kentucky, having no arms with Avhich to assist Gen, ZoUicoffer. It was finally ordered to luka, Miss,, thence to Eastport, thence to Corinth, and was brigaded first with Gen, Gladden, and later with Gen, Preston Pond, with Louisiana troops. It moved up and fought at Shiloh, losing ninety killed and wounded. It moved with Bragg to Perryville, where it fought, and was soon after re- organized, with John C, Carter, colonel. It moved back and fought at Murfreesboro; thence marched down to Chickamauga, where it distin- guished itself. It was at Missionary Ridge, and in 1864 engaged in the Georgia campaign with heavy loss. It came north with Hood, fought at Franklin, where Gen, Carter was killed, and at Nashville, then marched south, and in 1865 surrendered in North Carolina. The Forty-first Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Frank- lin, Lincoln, Bedford and Marshall Counties, and was organized at Camp Trousdale in November, 1861, with Robert Farquharson, colonel. In December it moved to Bowling Green; thence to Fort Donelson, where it fought gallantly and was captured by the enemy. In September, 1862, it was exchanged at Vicksburg, and was reorganized with Farquharson colonel. After various expeditions the regiment was transferred, in Jan- uary, 1863, to Port Hudson. In May it moved north, where, at Ray- 586 HISTOllY OF TENNESSEE. mond, it met the enemy in a sharp battle, and afterward in that vicinity and around Jackson participated in several severe fights and numerous skirmishes. It was at Yazoo City when Vicksburg surrendered. Early in September it marched east to Chickamauga, and was in the hottest part of that gigantic and desperate battle. Many of its bravest were stretched dead u^wn the field. It wintered near Dalton, and in 18G4, in the Georgia campaign, was engaged in all the principal engagements down to Atlanta, fighting gallantly and losing heavily. At Jonesboro it also fought, and on the Tennessee campaign at Franklin was not surpassed in desperate fighting by any other regiment. It finally surrendered in North Carolina. During the war it lost more men on picket duty than in battle. The Forty-second Tennessee Confederate Kegiment was raised under the first call in Cheatham, Montgomery and other counties, and five com- panies in Alabama, and was organized about the 1st of October, 1861, with W. A. Quarles, colonel. It occupied Camps Cheatham and Sevier, and in February reached Fort Donelson just in time for the battle, in which it distinguished itself and lost severely. It was captured, and in Sep- tember, 1862, was exchanged at Vicksburg, and soon reorganized at Clin- ton, Miss. Quarles was re-elected colonel. Here five companies from West Tennessee took the place of the five Alabama companies. In March, 1863, I. N. Hulme became colonel, vice Quarles promoted. It participated in various movements in Mississippi before the surrender of Yicksburg and during the seige. It then moved on sundry expeditions, and in 1864: joined the campaign through Georgia, and was engaged at New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw, Smyrna Depot, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Lick Skillet road, losing in the aggregate lieavil}'. In Hood's bloody campaign the regiment at Franklin, in those awful as- saults, left about half its numbers killed and wounded upon the field. This was its most desperate battle, and here it exhibited superb courage. It participated in the stubborn contest at Nashville, and moved south with the army, and finally surrendered in North Carolina in April, 1865. The Forty-third Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in the counties of Hamilton, Rhea, Meigs, Polk, Bledsoe, Jefferson, Roane, Bradley, Hawkins and McMinn, and was organized in November, 1861, with J. W. Gillespie, colonel. Its firs\; service was guard duty in East Tennessee until the reorganization in Ma}', 1862. After various move- ments and thorough drill at Charleston, it was, in August, sent to Hum- phrey Marshall's brigade in Virginia. It soon afterward joined Bragg's Kentucky campaign, but was in no noteworthy engagement. In Decem- ber it was transferred to Vicksburg and was subjected to hard service. HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 587 and in May, 1863, moved to Port Gibson to oppose Grant's advance. It fought at Champion Hill and covered the retreat to Vicksburg. It fought often during the siege, always with dash and daring, losing heav- ily in the aggregate. It surrendered early in July, and was soon ex- changed and was ordered to re-enforce Longstreet, who was beseiging Knoxville. During the winter the regiment was mounted, and in the spring of 1864 did outpost duty in East Tennessee, skirmishing often and losing severely. It was engaged at Piedmont, losing several men. In Virginia it was often engaged, moving with Early around Washing- ton and fighting at Winchester, Monocacy, Cedar Creek, Fisherville, White Post, Kerustown, Darksville and Martinsburg. In the fall of 1864 it returned to East Tennessee. It fousfht at Morristown, losing heavily ; raided Russelville with success ; during the winter it did out- post duty. In the spring it learned of Lee's surrender and then moved south to join Johnson, but at Charlotte met President Davis and served as his escort until his capture. It was paroled in May, 1865. The Forty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Bedford, Grundy, Lincoln, Franklin and Coffee Counties, and was organ- ized at Camp Trousdale in December, 1861, with C. A. McDaniel, colonel. It soon moved to Bowling Green, and early in February, 1862, to Nashville, thence to Murfreesboro, tlience to Corinth, where it arrived March 20. In April it marched north and fought gallantly at bloody Shiloh, losing 350 killed, wounded, captured and missing out of 470 en- gaged. It reorganized at Corinth and with it was consolidated the rem- nant of the Fifty-fifth Regiment. Late in July it moved to Chattanooga, thence north to invade Kentucky, and October 8 fought desperately at PerryviUe, losing 42 killed and wounded. It suffered in that awful re- treat south. September 19 and 20, 1863, at Chattanooga the regiment fought heroically and charged the enemy with terrible effect, losing severely. It was soon detached and sent with Longstreet to besiege Knoxville. It fought at Bean's Station and elsewhere and went into winter quarters at Morristown. In May, 1864, it moved to Richmond Va., and was engaged at Drury's Bluff, Petersburg, Walthall's Junction and elsewhere besides numerous skirmishes, and was finally surrendered and paroled. The Forty-fifth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in the counties of Wilson (Companies B, F, G and H), Williamson (A), and Rutherford (D, C, E and I), and was organized at Camp Tiousdale, Sum- ner County in the autumn of 1861, with Addison Mitchell, colonel. After various movements, during which it did duty in Mississippi and Louisiana, it joined the army of Gen. A. S. Johnston and participated in the brilliant S88 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Confederate victory at Shiloli, losing heavily in killed and wound- ed. Company A suffered a loss of 7 killed and about twice as many wounded. It was reorganized at Corintli and was then placed on de- tached duty for some time, after which it participated in the Kentucky •campaign, and later was engaged in the headlong charges at Murfrees- boro, where it again lost severely. It moved southward; fought in the hottest of the awful battle of Chickamauga and again at Missionary Ridge, and in 1864, in many of the general engagements, on the movement to Atlanta, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca (two) Powder Springs, Atlanta and Jonesboro and then at Columbia; second Murfreesboro, and in 1865, at Benton ville, N. C, where it surrendered. The Forty-sixth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in West Tennessee, almost all the entire force going from Henry County, and was organized late in 1861, with J. M. Clarke, colonel. It partici- pated in the movement of Gen. Pillow up the Mississippi, was at Colum- bus and Island No. 10, and later at Port Hudson, where it lost several men, killed and wounded. For a time it was part of Stewart's brigade. Many of the regiment were captured and died in prison at Camj) Doug- las and elsewhere. It participated in the Kentucky campaign under Gen. Bragg, losing a few men killed and wounded at Perryville. It par- ticipated with the Army of Tennessee in all the principal movements of that command, engaging the enemy in numerous places and losing in the aggregate heavily. It was finally consolidated with other regiments. The Forty-seventh Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized late in 1861, with M. R. Hill, colonel, and was raised in the counties of Obion, Gibson and Dyer, and first participated in the movements of Gen. Polk's army succeeding the battle of Belmont. It moved southward and joined the army, and finally, in April, 1862, engaged the enemy at Shiloh. Later it participated in the actions around Corinth, and finally marched with Bragg into Kentucky, fighting at Richmond and skirmishing else- where. It returned to Tennessee, and just before the battle of Murfrees- boro was consolidated with the Twelfth Regiment. The Forty-eighth Tennessee (Confederate, Yoorhees) Regiment was raised in Maury, Hickman and Lewis Counties, and was organized in December, 1861, with W. M. Voorhees, colonel. It moved to Clarks- ville, thence to Danville, thence to Fort Henry, and after the evacuation there, to Fort Donelson, where, after fighting in that historical action, it surrendered. After about six months it was exchanged at Vicksburg, was reorganized at Jackson with Voorhees again colonel. A portion of the regiment, on details, in hospitals and on furlough, had escaped the capture at Fort Donelson, and with five companies from Wayne and HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 589 Lawrence Counties, had served under Col. Nixon until December, 1862, when the old regiment was reunited, the portion that had been captured having been incorporated with the Third from the exchange in August until the reunion. It was at the bombardment of Post Hudson, in March, 1863, and at the engagements in and around Jackson about the middle of July. After various movements it reached Dalton, Ga,, November 26. January, 1861, it moved to Mobile, thence joined Polk's army, thence to Meridian, thence to Mobile, thence joined Joe Johnston at New Hope Church, May 27, 1864 It fought at New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Lick Skillet Road, losing in the aggregate very heavily, particularly at the last named engagement, where it lost half its men. It was in all of Hood's engagements on his Ten- nessee campaign except Franklin. It was active and valiant at Nash- ville. In several small skirmishes detachments of the regiment fought with severe loss and great bravery. It was at Benton ville, N. C, and surrendered in the spring of 1865. The Forty-eighth Tennessee (Confederate, Nixon) Regiment was raised in Middle Tennessee, and organized late in 1861, with G. H. Nixon, colonel. After various duties it participated in the campaign against Louisville, and was engaged at Richmond, where it lost several men killed and wounded. It continued with the army until it was found that the forces at Louisville had been heavily reinforced, then turned back, and October 8 fought at Perryville, losing several men. It was in vari- ous movements subsidiary to those of the Army of Tennessee, was at Murfreesboro, and in September, 1863, at Chickamauga, where it lost severely, and exhibited great gallantry on the field. After this it par- ticipated in all the principal movements of the Army of Tennessee — in many of the battles on the Georgia campaign, and finally took part in the actions around Atlanta and the invasion of Tennessee by Hood. After many vicissitudes, it finally surrendered in the spring of 1865 in North Carolina. The Forty-ninth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Montgomery, Dickson, Robertson, Benton and Cheatham Counties, and was organized in December, 1861, with James E. Bailey, colonel. It moved to Fort Donelson where it was hotly engaged in the various des- perate movements of that action, and was surrendered with the army. It was exchanged in September, 1862, at Vicksburg, was reorganized at Clinton with Bailey, colonel. It was at Port Hudson during the bom- bardment of March, 1863 ; thence moved to Jackson, where, in July, it fought in the several engagements there ; thence moved to Mobile, where IV. F. Young became colonel. It then moved north and joined Bragg 37 590 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. at Missionary Ridge, too late for the battle; thence marched to Daltonj thence back to Mobile and Mississippi, and back to Johnston's army, at New Hope Church, where it fought May 27, 1864. It was afterward en- gaged at Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Depot, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Lick Skillet Road and elsewhere, losing at the last named battle 76 killed, 400 wounded and 19 missing. Here it was consolidated with the Forty-second Regiment. Tt moved north with Hood, engaging in all the battles and skirmishes of his disastrous cam- paign. At the awful charges of Franklin it fought with great nerve and desperation, losing 20 killed, 36 wounded and 36 missing out of 130 engaged. It was engaged at Nashville and then retreated south, fight- ing at Lynnville, Sugar Creek, Anthony's Hill and elsewhere, and join- ing Johnson's army in North Carolina, where, at Bentonville, it fought its last battle and was surrendered with the army. The Fiftieth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Mont- gomery, Stewart, Cheatham and Humphreys Counties, and was organ- ized on Christmas Day, 1861, at Fort Donelson, with G. "W. Stacker, colonel. In January it moved over to assist Fort Henry, and February 6 returned to Fort Donelson and assisted in the contest there which re- sulted in the surrender. Nearly half of the regiment escaped capture. In September, 1862, the regiment was exchanged and was reorganized at Jackson, Miss. ; C. A. Sugg became colonel. It then operated in Mississippi, skirmishing several times. In November it was consolida- ted with the First Tennessee Battalion. It was at the bombardment of Port Hudson. In May, 1863, it moved to Jackson, and May 12 took an active part in the battle of Raymond. It also fought at Jackson. In September it joined Bragg in Georgia. On the way, in a railroad accident, 13 men were killed, and 75 wounded. The regiment reached Chickamauga in time to take an active part. It was in the bloodi- est part of that awful contest, losing 132 of 186 engaged. Col. T. W. Beaumout was killed, and Maj. C. W. Robertson took command, but was mortally wounded. November 25, at Mission Ridge, the regi- ment was again cut to pieces. Col. Sugg of the brigade being mortally wounded. The regiment was then consolidated with the Fourth Con- federate Regiment (Tennessee). It wintered at Dalton, and in the spring and summer of 1864 fought at Resaca, Calhoun Station, Adairs- ville, Kingston, New Hope Church, "Dead Angle," Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro and elsewhere, losing many valuable men. It moved north, fought at Franklin and Nashville, then marched to North Carolina, where, in April, 1865, it surrendered. The Fifty-first Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized at HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 591 Henderson early in 18G2, witli eight companies, four from Shelby and Tipton Counties, and four from Madison and Henderson Counties. It was first commanded by Col. Browder. It participated in the siege of Forts Henry and Donelson, at which time it was only a battalion, and at the latter battle was assigned to artillery service, and consisted of only about sixty effective men. Col. Browder and part of the battalion were captured, but the lieutenant-colonel, John Chester, gathered the remain- der together and with two other companies from Madison and Tipton, reorganized and moved to Corinth doing provost duty during the battle of Shiloh. It was then consolidated with the Fift3^-second, with John Chester, colonel. On the Kentucky campaign it fought at Perryville, doing splendid execution, and losing 8 killed and about 30 wounded. At Murfreesboro it captured a battery and about 600 prisoners. At Shelbyville many of the men captured at Donelson rejoined the regiment. It was engaged at bloody Chickamauga with great gallantry, and again at Missionary Ridge. In many of the battles from Dalton to Atlanta it participated, and later at Franklin and Nashville lost very heavily. A small remnant was surrendered at Greensboro, N. C. The Fifty-second Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in West Tennessee late in 1861, and was organized with B. J. Lea as colo- nel. In January, 1862, it was stationed to guard the Tennessee railroad bridge, by order of Gen. Polk. It participated in the battles at Fort Donelson, and was then stationed at Henderson's Station, in West Ten- nessee, where it remained until ordered to Corinth in March, 1862. It moved with the army to Shiloh, and of its action in that battle Gen. Chalmers, its brigade commander, reported as follows: "A few skirmish- ers of the enemy advanced secretly and fired upon the Fifty-second, which broke and fled in the most shameful confusion, and all efforts to rally it were without avail, and it was ordered out of the lines, where it remained during the balance of the engagement, except companies com- manded by Russell and Wilson, which gallantly fought in the Fifth Mississippi Regiment." In many a bloody battle afterward it redeemed itself nobly. It was consolidated with the Fifty-first, and was at Perry- ville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga and in all the general engagements of the Georgia campaign; came back with Hood and fought at Franklin, Nashville and elsewhere, and marched down to North Carolina, where it surrendered April, 1865. The Fifty-third Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized late in the year 1861, into a battalion under the command of Col. Ed Aber- nathy. It was present at the battles and assaults of Fort Donelson and fought on the left wing, showing great gallantry, repulsing two headlong 592 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. cliarges. It had at this time about 200 effective men. It was captured and seems then to have lost its identity. It was probably consolidated with other commands. The Fifty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized at Nashville during the autumn of 1861, and comprised companies from the counties of Lawrence, Wayne and probably others. Upon the organ- ization William Dearing was chosen colonel. The regiment moved first into Kentucky to assist in repelling the Federal advance, but early in February, 1862, was ordered to Fort Donelson, in the siege of which it was actively engaged. It succeeded in making its escape, but became almost disbanded. The portion that remained was formed into a I)attalion at Corinth, and placed under the command of Col. Nixon. Later the battalion was consolidated with the Forty-eighth Regi- ment. The Fifty-fifth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in the counties of Davidson, Williamson, Smith, Bedford and Lincoln, and was organized in November, 1861, under Col. A. J. Brown. It participated at Fort Donelson and was reorganized at Corinth. It was engaged at Shiloh, where it lost very heavily in killed and wounded. Col. McCoen was succeeded by Col. Reed, who was mortally wounded in December, 1862. After Shiloh it was consolidated with the Forty-fourth Regi- ment. The Fifty-ninth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in East Tennessee during the winter of 1861-62, and was mustered into the service with J. B. Cooke, colonel. It did duty in various commands in Tennessee and Kentucky, and finally, about January 1, 1863, became connected with the Confederate force at Vicksburg, and was brigaded with the Third Confederate, the Thirty-first and the Forty -third under Gen. A. W. Reynolds in Stevenson's division. After this its record is the same as that of the Third Regiment. The regiment was commanded much of its term of service by Col. W. L. Eakin The Sixtieth Tennessee (Confederate') Regiment was organized in East Tennessee in the autumn of 1862, with John H. Crawford, colonel. Soon after its organization it was assigned to the brigade of John C. Yaughn and ordered to Mississippi and Louisiana, and thereafter, during the remainder of the war, its record is similar to that of Yaughn' s brigade. It was engaged at Jackson, and against Sherman's movement on Yicks- burg. During the siege of that city it garrisoned the Confederate works. It also assisted gallantly in opposing the advance of Gen. Grant from below Yicksburg. At Big Black Bridge it lost severely and fought against great odds. July 4, 1863, it was surrendered with Pemberton's HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 593 army, after liaving reached tlie point of starvation. It was finally ex- changed, and then joined Gen. Longstreet in his movement against Knoxville. It was mounted in December, 1863, and spent the winter of 1863-04 guarding the front and in recruiting, and in the spring ad- vanced into Virginia and fought at Piedmont. It was at Lynchburg, Williamsport, and along the Potomac and the Shenandoah Eivers, and was engaged in western Virginia when the news of Gen. Lee's surrender was received. The gallant regiment resolved to join Johnston, and ac- cordingly rendezvoused at Charlotte, but finally surrendered with Vaughn's brigade. The Sixty-first Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Hawkins, Sullivan, Greene, Jefferson, Washington, Grainger and Clai- borne Counties, and was organized at Henderson Mills, in Greene County, in November, 1862, with F. E. Pitts, colonel. It almost imme- diately became part of Vaughn's brigade, with which it served during the remainder of the war. (See Sixtieth Regiment.) The Sixty-second Tennessee Regiment was organized late in 1862, with John A. Rowan, colonel, and was soon assigned to Vaughn's brig- ade, with which it served during the rest of the war. The Sixty-third Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was raised in Washington, Roane, Hancock, Claiborne, Loudon, Hawkins and Sullivan Counties, and was organized July 30, 1862, with R. G. Fain, colonel. It operated in East Tennessee and was under the active or immediate com- mand of Lieut. -Col. W. H. Fulkerson. After various movements it joined Bragg in Middle Tennessee in June, 1863, but only to retreat with his army to Chattanooga. It was then ordered to Knoxville, thence to Strawberry Plains, but late in August it moved back in time to par- ticipate in the great battle of Chickamauga, which, though its first en- gagement, was fought with splendid daring and discipline. It lost 47 killed and 155 wounded, out of 404 engaged. It was then detached with Longstreet to operate against Knoxville. It fought at Fort Sanders, Bean s Station, where it lost 18 killed and wounded, and win- tered in East Tennessee. It was moved to Virginia, fought at Drury Bluff, where it lost 150 men, at Walthall's Junction, at Petersburg, and elsewhere, losing many men. April 2, 1865, a portion was captured, and the remainder surrendered at Appomattox. The Eighty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regiment was organized at McMinnville during the early winter of 1862, with S. S. Stanton, colonel, and was raised in the counties of Smith, White, Jackson, Put- nam, DeKalb, Overton and Lincoln. In three days after its organization and in twelve hours after reaching Murfreesboro, it participated in that 59-4: HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. furious engagement, where tlie right wing of Eosecranz was routed from the field. It moved back to TuUahama, and was here consolidated with the Twenty-eighth Regiment. (See sketch of the twenty-eighth.) The One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Tennessee (Confederate) Regi- ment was organized at Memphis in 1860, before the war broke out, and was reorganized soon after the fall of Sumter with Preston Smith, colonel. Seven companies were raised in Memphis, one in Henry County, one in McNairy County, and one in Hardeman County. It first marched to Randolph in May, 1861, and after various movements marched north and participated in the battle of Belmont, and afterward moved south into Kentucky, and after the surrender of Fort Donelson to northern Missis- sippi, and in April fought at bloody Shiloh with severe loss. It was then at Corinth until the evacuation, then marched north with Bragg on the Kentucky campaign, fighting at Richmond, Ky., with great loss, and at Perryville, October 8. It marched south with the army, reaching Murfreesboro where, December 31, it was hotly engaged, losing over a third of those engaged. It retreated to Chattanooga, Whence to Chick- amauga, where it fought in that great battle in September, and later at Missionary Ridge. It wintered at Dalton, and in 1861, in the Georgia campaign, fought in all the principal battles down to Atlanta, losing in the aggregate many valuable men. It marched north with Hood and invaded Tennessee, fighting at Franklin, Nashville and elsewhere, and re- treating south out of the State. It marched to the Carolinas, partici- pated in the action at Bentonville, and surrendered in April, 1865. In addition to the above organizations there were about twenty cav- alry regiments whose movements it has been almost impossible to trace. About eighteen battalions of cavalry were in the Confederate service from Tennessee. Many of the battalions^ which had first served as such and perhaps independently, were consolidated to form regiments. Aside from this there were numerous independent cavalry companies or squads organized in almost every county of the State to assist the Confederate cause. The leading cavalry organizations of the State served mainly with the commands of Gens. Wheeler, Wharton and Forrest. The artillery organizations of the State were so often changed, and have left such obscure records, that no attempt will be made here to trace their movements. They were in nearly all the artillery duels of the Mis- sissippi department. The following is an imperfect list of the Tennes- see battei'ies: Colms' Battery, Capt. S. H. Colms; Appeal Battery, Capt. W. N. Hogg; Bankhead's Battery, Capt. S. P. Bankhead; Barry's Bat- tery, Capt. R. L. Barry; Belmont Battery, Capt. J. G. Anglade; Brown's Battery, Capt. W. R. Marshall; Burrough's Battery, Capt. W. H. Bur- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 595 roughs; Carnes' Battery, Capt. W. W. Games; Scott's Battery, Capt. "W. L. Scott; Miller's Battery, Capt. William Miller; Eice's Battery, Capt. T. W. Rice; Kain's Battery, Capt. W. C. Kain; Anglade's Battery, Capt. J. G. Anglade; Mebane's Battery, Capt. J. W. Mebane; Wright's Battery, Capt. E. E. Wright; Morton's Battery, Capt. J. W. Morton; Jackson's Battery, Capt. W. H. Jackson; Freeman's Battery, Capt. S. L. Freeman; Hoxton's Battery, Capt. Lewis Hoston; McAcloo's Battery, Capt. J. M. McAcloo; Huwald's Battery, Capt. G. A. Huwald; Krone's Battery, Capt. F. Krone ; Taylor's Battery, Capt. J. W. Taylor ; Dismukes' Battery, Capt. P. T. Dismukes; Griffith's Battery, Capt. R. P. Griffith; Maney's Battery, Capt. F. Maney; Calvert's Battery, Capt. J. H. Calvert; El- dridge's Battery, Capt. J. W. Eldridge; McClung's Battery, Capt. H. L. McClung; Tobin's Battery, Capt. Thomas Tobin; Stankienry's Battery, Capt. P. K. Stankienry; Bibb's Battery, Capt. R. W. Bibb; Wilson's Battery, Capt. W. O. Williams; Fisher's Battery, Capt. J. A. Fisher; McDonald's Battery, Capt. C. McDonald; Ramsey's Battery, Capt. D. B. Ramsey; Keys' Battery, Capt. T. J. Keys; Porter's Battery, Capt. T. K. Porter; Baxter's Battery, Capt. E. Baxter; Humes' Battery, Capt. W. Y Humes; Jackson's Battery, W. H. Jackson; Lynch's Battery, Capt. J. P. Lynch, and others. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY CORPS AT BOWLING GREEN, KY., OCTOBER 28 1861, GEN. A. S. JOHNSTON, COMMANDING.* First Division, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee. Infantry: First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Hindman — Second Arkansas Regiment, Lieut. -Col. Bocage; Second Arkansas Regiment, Col. A. T. Hawthorn; Arkansas Battalion, Lieut. -Col. Marmaduke. Second Brigade, Col. P. R. Cleburne — First Arkansas Regiment, Col. Cleburne; Fifth Arkansas Regiment, Col. D. C. Cross; Seventh Mississippi Regiment, Col. J. J. Thornton; Tennes- see Mountain Rifles, Col. B. J. Hill. Third Brigade, Col. R. G. Shaver- Seventh Arkansas Regiment, Col. Shaver; Eighth Arkansas Regiment, Col. W. R. Patterson; Twenty-fourth Tennessee Regiment, Col. R. D. Allison; Ninth Arkansas Regiment, Lieut. -Col. S. J. Mason. Cavalry — Adams' Regiment and Phifer's Battalion. Artillery — Swett's, Trigg's, Hubbard's and Byrne's Batteries. Second Division, Brig. -Gen. S. B. Buckner. Infantry: First Bri- gade, Col. Hanson — Hanson's, Thompson's, Trabue's, Hunt's, Lewis' and Gofer's Kentucky regiments. Second Brigade, Col. Baldwin — Four- teenth Mississippi, Col. Baldwin; Twenty-sixth Tennessee Regiment, Col. Lillard. Third Brigade, Col. J. C. Brown— Third Tennessee Reg- *Taken from the oflScial report. 596 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. iment, Col. Brown; TAventy-tliird Tennessee Regiment, Col. Martin; Eighteenth Tennessee Begiment, Col. Palmer. Reserve — Texas Regiment, Col. B. F. Terry; Tennessee Regiment, Col. Stanton; Harper's and Spencer's Batteries. CONFEDERATE FORCES AND LOSS AT SHILOH.* First Corps, Maj.-Gen. Leonidas Polk. First Division, Brig. -Gen. Charles Clark; First Brigade, Col. R. M. Russell; Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. A. P. Stewart. Second Division, Brig. -Gen. B. F. Cheat- ham; First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. B. R. Johnson; Second Brigade, Col. W. H. Stephens. Second Corps, Maj.-Gen. Braxton Bragg. First Di- vision, Brig. -Gen. Daniel Ruggles; First Brigade, Col. R. L. Gibson; Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Patton Anderson; Third Brigade, Col. Pres- ton Pond. Second Division, Brig. -Gen. J. M, Withers; First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. A. H. Gladden; Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. R. Chalmers; Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. K. Jackson. Third Corps, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee.- First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. T. C. Hindman; Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. P. R. Cleburne; Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. S. A. M. Wood. Reserve Corps, Maj.-Gen. J. C. Breckinridge; First (Kentucky) Brigade, Col. R. P. Trabue; Second Brigade, Brig.-Gen.^ J. S. Bowen; Third Brigade, Col. ^Y. S. Statham. Total loss, 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded and 959 missing. CONFEDERATE STATES FORCES, GEN. BRAXTON BRAGG, COMMANDING, ARMY OF THE MISSISSIPPI, JUNE 30, 1862.* First Army Corps, Maj.-Gen. Leonidas Polk, commanding. First Division, Brig. -Gen. Clark. First Brigade, Col. Russell — Twelfth Tennessee, Thirteenth Tennessee, Forty-seventh Tennessee, One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Tennessee, Bankhead's Battery. Second Brigade, Brig.- Gen. A. P. Stewart — Thirteenth Arkansas, Fourth Tennessee, Fifth Ten- nessee, Thirty-first Tennessee, Thirty-third Tennessee, Stanford's Bat- tery. Second Division, Brig. -Gen. B, F. Cheatham. First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. D. S. Donelson — Eighth Tennessee, Fifteenth Tennessee, Six- teenth Tennessee, Fifty-first Tennessee, Carnes' Battery. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. George Maney — First Tennessee, Sixth Tennessee, Ninth Tennessee, Twenty-seventh Tennessee, Smith's Battery. Detached Bri- gade, Brig. -Gen. S. B. Maxey — Forty-first Georgia, Twenty-fourth Mis- sissippi, Ninth Texas, Eldredge's Battery. Second Army Corps, Maj.- Gen. Samuel Jones. First Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Patton Anderson — ♦From the official reports. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 597 Twenty-fifth Louisiana, Thirtieth Mississippi, Thirty-seventh Missis- sippi, Forty-first Mississippi, Florida and Confederate Battalion, Slo- cumb's Battery. Second Brigade, Col. A. Reichard — Forty -fifth Ala- bama, Eleventh Louisiana, Sixteenth Louisiana, Eighteenth Louisiana, Nineteenth Louisiana, Twentieth Louisiana, Barnett's Battery, Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Walker — First Arkansas, Twenty-first Louisiana, Thirteenth Louisiana, Crescent (Louisiana), Independent Tennessee, Thirty-eighth Tennessee, Lumsden's Battery, Barrett's Battery. Third Army Corps, Maj.-Gen. W. J. Hardee. First Brigade, Col. St. J. R. Liddell — Second Arkansas, Fifth Arkansas, Sixth Arkansas, Seventh Ar- kansas, Eighth Arkansas, Pioneer Company, Robert's Battery. Second Brigade, Brig. Gen. P. R. Cleburne — Fifteenth Arkansas, Second Ten- nessee, Fifth (Thirty-fifth) Tennessee, Twenty-fourth Tennessee, Forty- eighth Tennessee, Calvert's Battery. Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. S. A. M. Wood — Sixteenth Alabama, Thirty-second Mississippi, Thirty-third Mis- sissippi, Forty-fourth Tennessee, Baxter's Battery. Fourth Brigade, Brig.- Geu. J. S. Marmaduke — Third Confederate, Twenty-fifth Tennessee, Twenty-ninth Tennessee, Thirty-seventh Tennessee, Swett's battery. Fifth Brigade, Col. A. T. Hawthorn — Thirty-third Alabama, Seventeenth Tennessee, Twenty-first Tennessee, Twenty-third Tennessee, Austin's Battery. Reserve Corps, Brig. -Gen. J. M. Withers. First Brigade, Brig, -Gen. Frank Gardner — Nineteenth Alabama, Twenty-second Ala- bama, Twenty-fifth Alabama, Twenty-sixth Alabama, Thirty-ninth Ala- bama, Sharpshooters, Robertson's Battery. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. R. Chalmers — Fifth Mississippi, Seventh Mississippi, Ninth Missis- sippi, Tenth Mississippi, Twenty-ninth Mississippi, Blythe's Mississippi, Ketchum's Battery. Third Brigade, Brig, -Gen, J. K. Jackson — Seven- teenth Alabama, Eighteenth Alabama, Twenty-first Alabama, Twenty- fourth Alabama, Fifth Georgia, Burtwell's Battery, Fourth Brigade, Col, A. M. Manigault — Twenty-eighth Alabama, Thirty-fourth Alabama, First Louisiana (detached). Tenth South Carolina, Nineteenth South Carolina, Water's Battery. ARMY OF THE WEST, MAJ.-GEN. J. P, m'COWN, COMMANDING, First Division, Brig. -Gen. Henry Little. First Brigade, Col, Elijah Gates — Sixteenth Arkansas, First Missouri (dismounted), Second Mis- souri, Third Missouri, Missouri Battalion, Wade's Battery. Second Bri- gade, Brig. -Gen. P. O. Hebert — Fourteenth Arkansas, Seventeenth Ar- kansas, Third Louisiana, Whitfield's Texas Cavalry (dismounted), Greer's Texas Cavalry (dismounted), McDonald's Battery. Third Bri- gade, Brig, -Gen. M. E, Green — Fourth Missouri, Missouri Battalion, Mis- 598 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 80uri Cavalry Battalion (dismouiited), Confederate Rangers (dis- mounted), King's Battery. Second Division, Maj.-Gen, J. P. McCown. Pirst Brigade, Brig. -Gen. W. L. Oobell — McCray's Arkansas, Four- teenth Texas Cavalry (dismounted), Tenth Texas Cavalry (dismounted), Eleventh Texas Cavalry (dismounted), Andrews' Texas, Good's Battery. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. T. J. Churchill — ^Fourth Arkansas, First Arkansas Riflemen (dismounted). Second Arkansas Riflemen (dis- mounted), Fourth Arkansas Battalion, Turnbull's Arkansas Battalion, Reve's Missouri Scouts, Humphrey's Battery. Third Division, Brig.- Gen. D. H. Maury. First Brigade, Col. T. P. Dockery, Eighteenth Ar- kansas, Nineteenth Arkansas, Twentieth Arkansas, McCairns' Arkansas Battalion, Jones' Arkansas Battalion, Battery. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. C. Moore — ^Hobb's Arkansas, Adams' Arkansas, Thirty- fifth Mississippi, Second Texas, Bledsoe's Battery. Third Brigade, Brig.- Gen. C. W. Phifer — Third Arkansas Cavalry (dismounted). Sixth Texas Cavalry (dismounted), Ninth Texas Cavalry (dismounted), Brook's Bat- talion, McNally's Battery. Reserved Batteries: Hoxton's Landis', Gui- bor's and Brown's. Cavalry: Forrest's Regiment, Webb's Squadron, Savery's Company, McCulloch's Regiment and Price's Body Guard. THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE AT MURFREESBORO, GEN. BRAXTON BRAGG, COMMANDING.* Polk's (First) Corps, Lieut.-Gen. Leonidas Polk, commanding.f First Division, Maj.-Gen. B. F. Cheatham. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. D. S. Donelson: Eighth Tennessee, Col. W. L. Moore and Lieut. - Col. John H. Anderson; Sixteenth Tennessee, Col. John H. Savage; Thirty-eighth Tennessee, Col. John C. Carter; Fifty -first Tennessee, Col. John Chester: Eighty-fourth Tennessee, Col. S. S. Stanton; Carnes Battery (Steuben Artillery), Lieut. J. G. Marshall. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. A. P. Stewart; Fourth and Fifth Tennessee Volunteers (con- solidated). Col. O. F. Strahl; Nineteenth Tennessee, Col. F. M. Walker; Twenty-fourth Tennessee, Maj. S. E. Shannon and Col. H. L. W. Brat- ton; Thirty-first and Thirty-third Tennessee (consolidated), Col. E. E. Transil; Stanford's Mississippi Battery, Capt. T. J. Stanford. Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. George Maney: First and Twenty-seventh Tennes- see (consolidated), Col. H. R. Field; Fourth Tennessee (Confederate), Col. J. A. McMurray; Sixth and Ninth Tennessee (consolidated). Col. C. S. Hurt and Maj. John L. Harris; Tennessee Sharpshooters, Maj. F. Maney; M. Smith's Battery, Lieut. W. B. Turner, commanding. ♦Organization at the Battle of Murfreesboro or Stone River, Tenn., December 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863. tCopied by permission of J. Berrien Lindsley, from the new and excellent work, entitled " Military Annals of Tennessee." HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 099 Fourth (Smith's) Brigade, Col. A. J. Vaughan, Jr.: Twelfth Tennessee, Maj. J. N. Wyatt; Thirteenth Tennessee, Capt. R. F. Lanier and Lieut- Col. W. E. Morgan; Twenty -ninth Tennessee, Maj. J. B. Johnson; Forty-seventh Tennessee, Capt. W. M. Watkins ; One Hundred and Fifty- fourth Tennessee (senior), Lieut. -Col. M. Magevney, Jr. ; Ninth Texas, Col. W. H. Young; Sharpshooters (P. T. Allen's), Lieut. J. E. J. Creighton and Lieut. T. T. Pattison; Scott's Battery, Capt. W. L. Scott. Second Division, Maj. -Gen. J. M. Withers. First (Deas') Brigade, Cols. J. Q. Loomis and J. G. Coltart: First Louisiana, Lieut. -Col, F. H. Farrar, Jr. ; Nineteenth Alabama, Twenty-second Alabama, Twenty-fifth Alabama, Twenty-sixth Alabama, Thirty -ninth Alabama; Eobertson's Battery (temporarily assigned on January 2, to Gen. Breckinridge), Capt. F. H. Robertson. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. James R. Chalmers and Col. T. W. White: Seventh Mississippi; Ninth Mississippi, Col. T. W. White; Tenth Mississippi; Forty-firs-t Mississippi; Blythe's Forty- fourth Mississippi Regiment (battalion of sharpshooters), Capt. O. F. West; Garrity's (late Ketchum's) Battery (Company A, Alabama State Ai'tillery), Capt. James Garrity. Third (Walthall's) Brigade, Brig.- Gen. J. Patton Anderson: Forty-fifth Alabama, Col. James Gilchrist; Twenty-fourth Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. R. P. McKelvaine; Twenty-seventh Mississippi, Col. T. M. Jones, Col. J. L. Autry, and Capt. E. R. Neilson ; Twenty-ninth Mississippi, Col. W. F. Brantly and Lieut. -Col. J. B. Mor- gan; Thirtieth Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. J. J. Scales; Thirty-ninth North Carolina (temporarily attached on the field), Capt. A. W. Bell; Missouri Battery, Capt. O. W. Barrett. Fourth Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. Patton Anderson (Col. A. M. Manigault, commanding) : Twenty-fourth Alabama, Twenty-eighth Alabama, Thirty-fourth Alabama, Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina (consolidated). Col, A. J. Lythgoe; Alabama Battery, Capt. D. D. Waters. [Note: McCown's Division, Smith's Corps, was temporarily attached to Polk's Corps, but was with Cleburne's Division, Hardee's Corps, under the immediate command of Gen. Hardee.] Hardee's (Second) Corps, Lieut. -Gen. W. J. Hardee, commanding. First Division, Maj. -Gen. J. C. Breckinridge. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. D. W. Adams, Col. R. L. Gibson: Thirty-second Alabama, Col. Alex McKinstry and Lieut. -Col. H. MaUry ; Thirteenth and Twentieth Louisiana (consolidated), Col. R, L, Gibson and Maj. Charles Guillet; Sixteenth and Twenty-fifth Louisiana (consolidated), Col. S. W. Fisk and Maj. F. C. Zacharie; Battalion of Sharpshooters, Maj. J. E. Austin; Fifth Company Washington Artillery of Louisiana, Lieut. W. C. D. Yaught. Second Brigade, Col. J. B. Palmer (Brig. -Gen G. J. Pillow, commanding part 600 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. of January 2, 1863): Eigliteeuth Tennessee, Col. J. B. Palmer and Lieut. -Col. W. K Butler; Twenty-sixth Tennessee, Col. John M. Lillarcl; Twenty-eighth Tennessee, Col. P. D. Cummings ; Thirty-second Tennes- see, Col. E. C. Cook; Forty-fifth Tennessee, Col. A. Searcy; Moses' Georgia Battery, Lieut. R. W. Anderson. Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. William Preston: First and Third Florida (consolidated). Col. William Miller; Fourth Florida, Col. W. L. L. Bowen; Sixtieth North Carolina, Col. J. A. McDowell; Twentieth Tennessee, Col. T. B. Smith, Lieut. -CoL F. M. Lavender and Maj. F. Claybrooke ; Wrighfs -Tennessee Battery, Capt. E. E. Wright and Lieut. John ^Y. Mebane. Fourth Brigade, Brig.- Gen. B. W. Hanson (Col. B. P. Trabue, commanding on January 2, 1863): Forty-first Alabama, Col. H. Talbird and Lieut. -Col. M. L.. Stansel; Second Kentucky, Maj. James W. Hewitt; Fourth Kentucky, Col. Trabue and Capt. T. W. Thompson; Sixth Kentucky, Col. Joseph H. Lewis; Ninth Kentucky, Col. Thomas H. Hunt; CobVs Battery, Capt. B. Cobb. Jackson's Brigade (Independent) : Fifth Georgia, Col. W. T. Black and Maj. C. P. Daniel; Second Georgia Battalion (sharpshooters), Maj. J. J. Cox; Fifth Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. W. L. Sykes; Eighth Missis- sippi, Col. John C.Wilkinson and Lieut.-Col. A. M. McNeill; E. E. Prit- chard's Battery ; C. L. Lumsden's Battery (temporary), Lieut. H. H. Cribbs. Second Division, Maj. -Gen. P. R. Cleburne. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. L. E. Polk : First Arkansas, Col. John W. Colquitt ; Thirteenth Arkansas, Fifteenth Arkansas, Fifth Confederate, Col. J. A. Smith ; Sec- ond Tennessee, Col. W. D. Bobison; Fifth Tennessee, Col. B. J. Hill: Helena Battery (J. H. Calvert's), Lieut. T. J. Key commanding. Sec- ond Brigade, Brig. -Gen. St. John B. Liddell; Second Arkansas, Col. D. C. Gov an; Fifth Arkansas, Lieut.-Col. John E. Murray; Sixth and Seventh Arkansas (consolidated), Col. S. G. Smith, Lieut-Col. F. J. Cameron and Maj, W. F. Douglass ; Eighth Arkansas, Col. John H. Kel- ley and Lieut.-Col. G. F. Bancum; Charles Swett's Battery; (Warren Light Artillery, Mississippi), Lieut. H. Shannon, commanding. Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. B. B. Johnson: Seventeenth Tennessee, Col. A. S. Marks and Lieut.-Col. W. W. Floyd; Twenty -third Tennessee, Lieut.- Col. R. H. Keeble; Twenty-fifth Tennessee, Col. J. M. Hughes and Lieut.- Col. Samuel Davis; Thirty-seventh Tennessee, Col. M. White, Maj. J. T. McBeynolds and Capt. C. G. Jarnagin; Forty-fourth Tennessee, Col. John S. Fulton; Jefferson Artillery, Capt. Put Dardeu. Fourth Brigade, Brig. -Gen. S. A. M. Wood: Sixteenth Alabama, Col. W.B. Wood; Thirty- third Alabama, Col. Samuel Adams ; Third Confederate, Maj. J. F. Cam- eron; Forty-fifth Mississippi, Lieut.-Col. R. Charlton; two companies Sharpshooters, Capt. A. T. Hawkins; Semple's Battery (detached for HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 601 Hanson's Brigade, Breckinridge's Division, up to January 1, 1863, when it returned), Henry C Semple. , Smith's (Third) Corps, Lieut. -Gen. E. K. Smith commanding. Second Division,* Maj.-Gen. J. P. McCown. First Brigade (dis- mounted cavah-y) Brig. -Gen. M. D. Ector: Tenth Texas Cavahy, Col. M. E. Locke ; Eleventh Texas Cavalry, Col. J. C. Burks and Lieut- Col. J. M. Bounds ; Fourteenth Texas Cavalry, Col. J. L. Camp ; Fifteenth Texas Cavalry, Col. J. A. Andrews; Douglass Battery, Capt. J. P. Douglass. Second Brigade — Brig. -Gen. James E. Eains (Col. E. B, Vance com- manding after the fall of Gen. Eains) : Third Georgia Battalion, Lieut. - Col. M. A. Stovall; Ninth Georgia Battalion, Maj. Joseph T. Smith; Twenty-ninth North Carolina, Col. E. B. Vance part of time ; Eleventh Tennessee, Col. G. W. Gordon and Lieut. -Col. William Thedford; Eu- faula Light Artillery, Lieut. W. A. McDuffie. Third Brigade, Brig.- Gen. E. McNair and Col. E. W. Harper, commanding: First Arkansas Mounted Eifles (dismounted), CoL E. W. Harper and Maj. L. M. Eam- seur; Second Arkansas Mounted Eifles, Lieui-Col. J. A. "Williamson; Fourth Arkansas, Col. H. G. Bunn; Thirtieth Arkansas (the Thirty-first on return of Seventeenth), Maj. J. J. Franklin and Capt. W. A. Cot- ter; Fourth Arkansas Battalion, Maj. J. A. Eoss; Humphrey's Battery, Capt. J. T. Humphreys. Cavalry, Brig. -Gen. Joseph Wheeler. Wheeler's Brigade, Brig.- Gen. Joseph Wheeler: First Alabama, Col. W. W. Allen; Third Ala- bama, Maj. F. G. Gaines and Capt. T. H. Mauldin; Fifty-first Alabama, Col. John T. Morgan, and Lieut. -Col. James D. Webb; Eighth Con- federate, CoL W. B. Wade; First Tennessee, Col. James E. Carter; Tennessee Battalion, Maj. D. AV. Holman; Arkansas Battery, Capt. J. H. Wiggins. Wharton's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. A. Wharton: Four- teenth Alabama Battalion, Lieut. -Col. James Malone; First Confed- erate, Col. John T. Cox; Third Confederate, Lieut.-Col. William N. Estes; Second Georgia, Lieut.-Col. J. E. Dunlap and Maj. F. M. Ison; Third Georgia (detachment), Maj. E. Thompson; Second Tennessee, Col. H. M. Asliby ; Fourth Tennessee, Col. Baxter Smith ; Tennessee Battalion, Maj. John ll. Davis; Eighth Texas, Col. Thomas Harrison; Murray's Eegiment, Maj. W. S. Bledsoe ; Escort Company, Capt. Paul Henderson ; McCown's Escort Company, Capt. J. J. Partin; White's Battery, Capt. B. F. White. Buford's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. A. Buford: Third Kentucky, Col. J. E. Butler; Fifth Kentucky, Col. D. H. Smith; Sixth Kentucky, Col. J. W. Grigsby. Pegram's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. John Pegram: First Georgia; First Louisiana. ♦There is no evidence that the First (Stevenson's) Division of Smith's Corps was engaged. 602 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. THE ARMY OF TENNESSEE, GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON, COMMANDING.* Hardee's Army Corps, Lieut-Gen. W. J. Hardee, commanding. Cheatham's Division, Maj-Gen. B. F. Cheatham. Maney's Brigade: First and Twenty-seventh Tennessee, Col. H. R. Field; Fourth Tennessee (Confederate), Lieut. -Col. O. A. Bradshaw; Sixth and Ninth Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. J. "VV. Burford; Nineteenth Tennessee, Maj. J. G. Deaderick; Fiftieth Tennessee, Col. S. H. Colms. Wright's Brigade: Eighth Tennessee, Col. J. H. Anderson ; Sixteenth Tennessee, Capt. B. Randals ; Twenty-eighth Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. D. C. Crook; Thirty-eighth Tennessee, Lieut.-CoL A. D. Gwynne; Fifty-first and Fifty-second Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. J. W. Estes. Strahl's Brigade: Fourth and Fifth Tennessee, Maj. H. Hampton; Twenty-fourth Tennessee, Col. J. A. Wilson ; Thirty-first Tennessee, Maj. Samuel Sharp; Thirty -third Tennessee, Col. W. P. Jones; Forty-first Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. James D. Tillman. Yaughan's Brigade : Eleventh Tennessee, Col. G. W. Gordon ; Twelfth and Forty-seventh Tennessee, Col. W. M. Watkins ; Twenty-ninth Tennessee, Col. Horace Rice ; One Hundred and Fifty-fourth and Thirteenth Tennessee, Col. M. Magevney, Jr. Cleburne's Division, Maj. -Gen. P. R. Cleburne. Polk's Brigade: First and Fifteenth Arkansas, Lieut.-Col. W. H. Martin; Fifth Confederate, Maj. R. J. Person; Second Tennessee, Col. W. D. Robison; Thirty -fifth and Forty-eighth Tennessee, Capt. H. G. Evans. Lowrey's Brigade: Six- teenth Alabama, Lieut.-Col. F. A. Ashford; Thirty-third Alabama, Col. Samuel Adams ; Forty-fifth Alabama, Col. H. D. Lampley ; Thirty-second Mississippi, Col. W. H. H. Tison: Forty-fifth Mississippi, Col. A. B. Hardcastle. Govan's Brigade: Second and Twenty-fourth Arkansas, Col. E. Warfield; Fifth and Thirteenth Arkansas, Col. J. E. Murray; Sixth and Seventh Arkansas, Col. S. G. Smith; Eighth and Nineteenth Arkansas, Col. G. F. Baucum; Third Confederate, Capt. M. H. Dixon. Smith's Brigade: Sixth and Fifteenth Texas, Capt. R. Fisher; Seventh Texas, Capt. C. E. Talley; Tenth Texas, Col. R. Q. Mills; Seventeenth and Eighteenth Texas, Capt. G. D. Manion; Twenty -fourth and Twenty- fifth Texas, Maj. W. A. Taylor. Bates' Division, Maj. -Gen. William B. Bate. Tyler's Brigade: Thir- ty-seventh Georgia, Col. J. T. Smith; Fifteenth and Thirty-seventh Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. R. D. Frazier; Twentieth Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. W. M. Shy; Thirtieth Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. J. J. Turner; Fourth Bat- talion Georgia Sharpshooters, Maj. T. D. Caswell. Lewis' Brigade: Sec- ond Kentucky, Col. J. W. Moss; Fourth Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. T. W. Thompson; Fifth Kentucky, Lieut. -Col. H. Hawkins; Sixth Kentucky, Col. M. H. Cofer; Ninth Kentucky, Col. J. W. Caldwell. Finley's Bri- *OrgaDization for the period ending June 30, 1864. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 603^ gade : First and Third Florida, Capt. M, H. Strain ; First and Fourth Florida, Lieut. -Col. E. Badger; Sixth Florida, Lieut. -Col. D. L. Kenan; Seventh Florida, Col. R. Bullock. Walker's Division, Maj.-Gen. W. H. T, Walker. Mercer's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. H. W. Mercer: First Georgia, Col. C. H. Olmstead; Fifty- fourth Georgia, Lieut. -Col. M. Rawles; Fifty-seventh Georgia, Lieut. -CoL C. S. Guyton; Sixty -third Georgia, Col. G. A. Gordon. Jackson's Bri- gade, Brig. -Gen. John K. Jackson: Forty-sixth Georgia, Col, A. C. Ed- wards; Sixty -fifth Georgia, Capt. W. G. Foster; Fifth Mississippi, CoL John Weir; Eighth Mississippi, Col. J. C. Wilkinson; Second Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters, Maj. K. H. Whiteley. Gist's Brigade, Brig.- Gen. S. R. Gist: Eighth Georgia Battalion, Lieut. -Col. Z. L.. Waters; Forty-sixth Georgia, Capt. E. Taylor; Sixteenth South Carolina, Col. James McCullough; Twenty -fourth South Carolina, Col. E. Capers. Stevens' Brigade, Brig. -Gen. C. H. Stevens: First Georgia (Confeder- ate), Col. G. A. Smith; Twenty-fifth Georgia, Col. W. J. Winn; Twenty- ninth Georgia, Maj. J. J. Owen; Thirtieth Georgia, Lieut. -Col. J. S. Boynton ; Sixty-sixth Georgia, Col. J. C. Nisbett ; First Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters, Maj. A. Shaaff. Hood's Army Corps, Lieut. -Gen. John B. Hood, commanding. Hindman's Division, Maj.-Gen. T. C. Hindman. Deas' Brigade, Col. J. G. Coltart: Nineteenth Alabama, Lieut.-Col. G. R. Kimbrough; Twenty-second Alabama, Col. B. R. Hart; Twenty-fifth Alabama, Col. G. D. Johnston; Thirty-ninth Alabama, Lieut.-Col. W. C. Clifton; Fiftieth Alabama, Capt. G. W. Arnold; Seventeenth Battalion Alabama Sharp- shooters, Capt. J. F. Nabers. Manigault's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. A. M. Manigault: Twenty-fourth Alabama, Col. N. N. Davis; Twenty-eighth Alabama, Lieut.-Col. W. L. Butler; Thirty-fourth Alabama, Col. J. C. B. Mitchell; Tenth South Carolina, Capt. R. Z. Harlee; Nineteenth South Carolina, Maj. J. L. White. Tucker's Brigade, Col. J. H. Sharp: Sev- enth Mississippi, Col. W. H. Bishop; Ninth Mississippi, Lieut.-Col. B. F. Johns; Tenth Mississippi, Lieut.-Col. G. B. Myers; Forty-first Mis- sissippi, Col. J. B. Williams; Forty-fourth Mississippi, Lieut.-Col. R. G. Kelsey; Ninth Battalion Mississippi Sharpshooters, Maj. W. C. Richards. Walthall's Brigade, Col. Sam Benton: Twenty-fourth and Twenty-seventh Mississippi, Col. R. P. McKelvaine ; Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Mississip- pi, Col. W. F. Brantley; Thirty-fourth Mississippi, Capt. T. S. Hubbard. Stevenson's Division, Maj.-Gen. C. L. Stevenson. Brown's Brigade: Third Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. C. J. Clack; Eighteenth Tennessee, Lieut.- Col. W. R. Butler; Twenty-sixth Tennessee, Capt. A. F. Boggess; Thirty-second Tennessee, Capt. C. G. Tucker ; Forty-fifth Tennessee and ^^^ HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Twenty-third Battalion, Col. A. Searcy. Cummings' Brigade: Second Georgia (State), Col. James Wilson; Thirty-fourth Georgia, Capt. W A. Walker; Thirty-sixth Georgia, Maj. C. E. Broyles; Thirty-ninth Georgia, Capt. W. P. Milton; Fifty- sixth Georgia, Col. E. P. Watkins Keynold's Brigade— Fifty-eighth North Carolina, Capt. S. M Silver- Sixtieth North Carolina, Col. W. M. Hardy; Fifty-fourth Virginia,' Lieui-Col. J. J. Wade; Sixty-third Virginia, Capt. C. H. Lynch *Pet' tus' Brigade: Twentieth Alabama, Capt. S. W. Davidson; Twenty-third Alabama, Lieut. -Col. J. B. Bibb; Thirtieth Alabama, Col. C. M. Shelley Thirty-first Alabama, Capt. J. J. Nix; Forty-sixth Alabama, Capt. G. E.' Brewer. Stewar.t's Division, Maj. -Gen. A. P. Stewart. Stovall's Brio-ade Brig.-Gen. M. A. Stovall: First Georgia (State line). Col. E. M. Gait- Fortieth Georgia, Capt. J. N. Dobbs; Forty-first Georgia, Maj M s' Nail; Forty-second Georgia, Maj. W. H. Hulsey; Forty-third Georgia, Capt. H. E. Howard; Fifty-second Georgia, Capt. John R. Russell' Clayton's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. H. D. Clayton: Eighteenth Alabama, Lieut^-Col. P. F. Hunley; Thirty-second and Fifty-eighth Alabama, Col. Bush Jones; Thirty-sixth Alabama, Lieut. -Col. T. H. Herndon- Thirty-eighth Alabama, Capt. D. Lee. Gibson's Brigade, Brig.-Gen e' L. Gibson: First Louisiana, Capt. W. H. Sparks; Thirteenth Louisiana,' Lieut. -Col. F. L. Campbell; Sixteenth and Twenty-fifth Louisiana, Lieut. - Col. E. H. Lindsay; Nineteenth Louisiana, Col. E. W. Turner; Twentieth Louisiana, Col. Leon Von Zinken; Fourth Louisiana Battalion, Maj. D. Buie: Fourteenth Battalion Louisiana Sharpshooters, Maj. J. E. Austin Baker's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. A. Baker: Thirty-seventh Alabama, Lieut - Col. A. A. Greene; Fortieth Alabama, Col. J. H. Higley; Forty-second Alabama, Capt. E. K. Wells; Fifty-fourth Alabama. Lieut -Col J A Minter. Wheeler's Cavalry Corps, Maj.-Gen. Joseph Wheeler, commanding Martin's Division, Maj.-Gen. W. T. Martin. Allen's Brigade- First Alabama, Lieut.-Col. D. T. Blakey; Third Alabama, Col. James Hagan; Fourth Alabama, Col. A. A. Eussell; Seventh Alabama, Capt. G. Mason i Fifty-first Alabama, Col. M. L. Kirkpatrick; Twelfth Alabama Battalion,' Capt. W. S. Eeese. Iverson's Brigade: First Georgia, Col. S. W.' Davitte; Second Georgia, Col. J. W. Mayo; Third Georgia, Col E Thompson; Fourth Georgia, Maj. A. E. Stewart; Sixth G^'eorgia, Col John E. Hart. s ' Kelly's Division. Anderson's Brigade, Col. E. H. Anderson- Third Confederate, Lieut.-Col. J. McCaskiU; Eighth Confederate, Lieut.-Col. J. S. Prather; Tenth Confederate, Capt. W. J. Vason; Twelfth Confed- — . BATTLK OF • N ASHVI L LE. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 605 erate, Capt. C. H. Conner ; Fifth. Georgia, Maj. R. J. Davant, Jr. Dib- rell's Brigade,. Col. G. G. Dibrell: Fourth Tennessee, Col. W. S. McLe- more; Eighth Tennessee, Capt. J. Leftwich; Ninth Tennessee, Capt. J. M. Eeynolds; Tenth Tennessee, Maj. John Minor. Hannon's Brigade, Col. M. W. Hannon: Fifty-third Alabama, Lieut. -Col. J. F. Gaines; Twenty-fourth Alabama Battalion, Maj. R. B. Snodgrass. Hume's Division. Ashby's Brigade, Col. H. M. Ashby: First East Tennessee (not reported) ; First Tennessee, Col. J. T. Wheeler; Second Tennessee, Capt. J. H. Kuhn; Fifth Tennessee, Col. G. W. McKenzie; Ninth Tennessee, Battalion, Capt. J. "W. Greene. Harrison's Brigade, Col. Thomas Harrison: Arkansas, Col. A. "VV. Hobson; Sixty-sixth; North Carolina (not reported) ; Fourth Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. P. F. Anderson; Eighth Texas, Maj. S. P. Christian; Eleventh Texas, Col. G. R. Reeves. Williams' Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. S. Williams: First Ken- tucky, Lieut. -Col. J. W. Griffith; Second Kentucky, Maj. T. W. Lewis; Ninth Kentucky, Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge; Second Kentucky Battal- ion, Capt. J. B. Dartch; Allison's Squadron, Capt. J. S. Reese; detach- ment Hamilton's Battalion, Maj. James Shaw. Artillery Corps, Brig-Gen. F. A. Shoup, commanding. Artillery of Hardee's Corps, Col. M. Smith. Hoxton's Battalion — Perry's Battery, Capt. T. J. Perry, Phelan's Battery, Lieut. N. Yen- able; Turner's Battery, Capt. H. B. Turner. Hotchkiss' Battalion — Goldth wait's Battery, Capt. R. W. Goldthwait; Key's Battery, Capt. T. J. Key; Swett's Battery, Lieut. H. Shannon. Martin's Battalion — -Bled- soe's Battery, Lieut. C. W. Higgins; Ferguson's Battery, Lieut. J. A. Alston; Howell's Battery, Lieut. W. G. Robson. Cobb's Battalion — Gra- cey's Battery, Lieut. R. Matthews; Mebane's Battery, Lieut. J. W. Phil- lips ; Slocomb's Battery, Capt. C. H. Slocomb. Artillery of Hood's Corps, Col. R. F. Beckham. Courtney's Battal- ion— Dent's Battery, Capt. S. H. Dent; Douglass' Battery, Capt. J. P. Douglass; Garrity's Battery, Capt. J. Garrity. Eldridge's Battalion — Fenuer's Battery, Capt. C. E. Fenner; Oliver's Battery, Capt. McD. Oliver; Stanford's Battery, Lieut. J. S. McCall. Johnston's Battalion — Corput's Battery, Lieut. W. S. Hoge; Marshall's Battery, Capt. L. G. Marshall; Rowan's Battery, Capt. J. B. Rowan. Artillery of Wheeler's Corps, Lieut. -Col. F. W. Robertson. Fer- rell's Battery, Lieut. — —Davis; Huggins' Battery, Capt. A. L. Hug- gins; Ramsey's Battery, Lieut. D. B. Ramsey; White's Battery, Lieut. A. Pue; Wiggin's Battery, Lieut. J. P. Bryant. Reserve Battalions, Lieut. -Col. J. H. Hallonquist. Williams' Battal- ion — Darden's Battery, Jeffree's Battery, Kolb's Battery. Palmer's Bat- 38 606 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. talion — Harris' Battery, Lumsden's Battery. Waddill's Battalion — Barrett's Battery, Bellamy's Battery, Emery's Battery. Detachments: Escorts, Gen. J. E Johnston's — Company A, Capt. Guy Dreux; Company B, Capt. E. M. Holloway. Gen. Cheatham's — Capt. T. M. Merritt. Gen. Cleburne's — Capt. C. ' F. Sanders. Gen. Walker's — Capt. T. G. Holt. Gen. Bates' — Lieut. James H. Buck. Gen. Hardee's — Capt. W. C. Baum. Gen. Hindman's — Capt. F. J. Billings- lea. Gen. Stevenson's — Capt. T. B. Wilson. Gen. Stewart's — Capt. George T. Watts. Engineer Troops, Maj. J. W. Green. Cheatham's Division, Capt. H. N. Pharr; Cleburne's Division, Capt. W. A. Bamsay; Stewart's Division, A. W. Gloster; Hindman's Division, Capt. R. L. Cobb; Buckner's Divis- ion, Capt. E. Winston (detached companies) Capt. E. C. McCalla; De- tachment Sappers and Miners, Capt. A. W. Clarkson. ARMY OF THE MISSISSIPPI, LIEUT, -GEN. LEONIDAS POLK, COMMANDING.* Loring's Division, Maj. -Gen. W. W. Loring. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. W. S. Featherston: Third Mississippi, Col. T. A. Mellon; Twenty- Second Mississippi, Maj. Martin A. Oatis; Thirty-first Mississippi, Col. M. D. L. Stevens; Thirty-third Mississippi, Col. J. L. Dake; Fortieth Mississippi, Col. W. Bruce Colbert; First Mississippi, Battalion Sharp- shooters, Maj. J. M. Stigler. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. John Adams: Sixth Mississippi, Col. Robert Lowry; Fourteenth Mississippi, Lieut. - Col. W. L. Doss; Fifteenth Mississippi, Col. M. Farrell; Twentieth Mis- sissippi, Col. William N. Brown; Twenty-third Mississippi, Col. J. M. Wells ; Forty-third Mississippi, Col. Richard Harrison. Third Brigade, Col. Thomas M. Scott: Twenty-seventh Alabama, Col. James Jackson; Thirty-fifth Alabama, Col. S. S. Ives; Forty-ninth Alabama, Lieut. -Col. J. D. AVeedon; Fifty-fifth Alabama, Col. John Snodgrass; Fifty-seventh Alabama, Col. C. J. L. Cunningham; Twelfth Louisiana, Lieut. -Col. N. L. Nelson. Artillery Battalion, Maj. J. D. Myrick: Barry's Battery, Bouanchand's Battery, Cowan's Battery, Mississippi. French's Division, Maj. -Gen. S. G. French. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. M. D. Ector: Twenty-ninth North Carolina, Thirty-ninth North Carolina, Ninth Texas, Col. William H. Young; Tenth Texas, Col. C. R. Earp; Fourteenth Texas, Col. J. L. Camp; Thirty-second Texas, Col. J. A. Andrews. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. F. M. Cockrell; First Mis- souri (the First and Fourth combined), Capt. Keith; Second Mis- souri (the Second and Sixth combined). Col. P. C. Flournoy; Third Missouri (the Third and Fifth combined). Col. James McCown; Fourth ^Organization June 10, 1S64. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 607 Missouri (the First and Fourth combined), Capt. Keith; Fifth Missouri (Third and Fifth combined), Col. James McCowu; Sixth Mis- souri (Third and Sixth combined), Col. P. C. Flournoy; First Missouri Cavalry, Third Missouri Cavalry, Maj. Elijah Yates. Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. C. ^Y. Sears; Fourth Mississippi, Col. T. N. Adair; Thirty- fifth Mississippi, Col. William S. Barney; Thirty-sixth Mississippi, Col. W. W. Witherspoon; Thirty-ninth Mississippi, Lieut. -Col. W. E. Eoss; Forty-sixth Mississippi, Col. W. H. Clark ; Seventh Mississippi Battalion. Artillery Battalion, Maj. George S. Storrs; Guibor's Missouri Battery, Hoskin's Mississippi Battery, Ward's Alabama Battery. Cantey's Division, Brig. -Gen. James Cantey. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. D. H. Reynolds: First Arkansas, Second Arkansas, Fourth Ar- kansas, Ninth Arkansas, Twenty-fifth Arkansas. Second Brigade (regi- mental commanders not indicated on original return). Col. V. S. Murphy; First Alabama, Seventeenth Alabama, Twenty-sixth Alabama, Twenty- ninth Alabama, Thirty-seventh Mississippi. Artillery Battalion, Maj. W. C. Preston. Gideon Nelson's Artillery, Selden's Alabama Battery^ Tarrant's Alabama Battery, Yates' Mississippi Battery. Cavalry Division, Brig. -Gen. W. H. Jackson. First Brigade, Brig.- Gen. F. C. Armstrong: Sixth Alabama, Col. C. H. Colvin ( ?) ; First Mississippi, Col. R. A. Pinson; Second Mississippi, Maj. J. J. Perry; Twenty-eighth Mississippi, Maj. J. T. McPall ( ?) ; Ballentine's Regi- ment, Capt. E. E. Porter. Second Brigade, Brig. -Gen. — — Ross: Third Texas, Lieut. -Col. J. S. Bogges ( ?) ; Sixth Texas, Lieut. -Col. L. S. Ross; Ninth Texas, Col. D. W. Jones; Twenty-seventh Texas, Col. E. R. Hawkins. Third Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Ferguson; Second Alabama Lieut. -Col. J. N. Carpenter; Twelfth Alabama, Col. W. M. Lige; Fifty- sixth Alabama, Col. W. Boyles; Miller's Mississippi Regiment, Perrin's .Mississippi Regiment. Artillery Battalion, Croft's Georgia Battery, King's Missouri Battery, Waiter's South Carolina Battery ( ?). THE AEMY OF TENNESSEE, GEN. BRAXTON BRAGG, COMMANDING.* Right Wing, Polk's Corps, Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk commancing. Cheatham's Division, Maj. -Gen. B. F. Cheatham. Escort : Second Geor- gia Cavalry, Company G, Capt. T. M. Merritt. Jackson's Brigade, Brig- Gen. John K. Jacksoii: First Georgia (Confederate), Second Georgia Battalion, Maj. J. C. Gordon; Fifth Georgia, Col. C. P. Daniel; Second Georgia Battalion (sharpshooters), Maj. R. H. Whitley; Fifth Missis- sippi, Lieut.-Col. W. L. Sykes and Maj. J. B. Herriug; Eighth Missis- *Organization of the army at Chickamauga, September 19 and 20, 1863, compiled mainly from the official reports. 608 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. sippi, Col. J. C. "Wilkinson. Maney's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. George Ma- ney: First and Twenty- Seventli Tennessee, Col. H. R. Field; Fourth Tennessee (provisional army), Col. J. A. McMurray, Lieut. -Col. R. N. Lewis, Maj. O. A. Bradshaw and Capt. J. Bostick ; Sixth and Ninth Ten- nessee, Col. George C. Porter; Twenty-fourth Tennessee Battalion (sharpshooters), Maj. Frank Maney. Smith's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. Pres- ton Smith, Col. A. J. Yaughan, Jr. : Eleventh Tennessee, Col. G. W. Gordon; Twelfth and Forty-seventh Tennessee, Col. W. M. "VYatkins; Thirteenth and One Hundred and . Fifty-fourth Tennessee, Col. A. J. Yaughan, Jr., and Lieut. -Col. R. W. Pitman; Twenty-ninth Tennessee, Col. Horace Rice; Dawson's Battalion Sharpshooters (composed of two companies from the Eleventh Tennessee, two from the Twelfth and Forty- seventh Tennessee (consolidated), and one from the One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Senior Tennessee) Maj. J. W. Dawson and Maj. William Green. Wright's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. Marcus J. Wright: Eighth Ten- nessee, Col. John H. Anderson; Sixteenth Tennessee, Col. D. M. Don- nell; Twenty-eighth Tennessee, Col. S. S. Stanton; Thirty-eighth Ten- nessee and Murray's (Tennessee) Battalion, Col. J. C. Carter; Fifty- first and Fifty-second Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. John G. Hall. Strahl's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. O. F. Strahl: Fourth and Fifth Tennessee, Col. J. J. Lamb ; Nineteenth Tennessee, Col. F. M. Walker ; Twenty-fourth Ten- nessee, Col. J. A. Wilson; Thirty -first Tennessee, Col. E. E. Tansil; Thirty-third Tennessee. Artillery, Maj. Melancthon Smith: Carnes' (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. W. W. Carnes; Scogin's (Georgia) Battery, Capt. John Scogin; Scott's (Tennessee) Battery, Lieuts. J. H. Marsh and A. T. Watson; Smith's (Mississippi) Battery, Lieut. William B. Turner; Stanford's Battery, Capt. T. J. Stanford. Center, Hill's Corps, Lieut. -Gen. Daniel H. Hill, commanding. Cleburne's Division, Maj. -Gen. P. R. Cleburne. Wood's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. S. A. M. Wood: Sixteenth Alabama, Maj. J. H. McGaughy and Capt. F. A. Ashford; Thirty-third Alabama, Col. Samuel Adams; Forty-fifth Alabama, Col. E. B. Breedlove; Eighteenth Alabama Battal- ion, Maj. J. H. Gibson and Col. Samuel Adams; Thirty-third Alabama, Thirty-second and Forty-fifth Mississippi, Col. M. P. Lowery; Sharp- shooters, Maj. A. T. Hawkins and Capt. Daniel Coleman. Polk's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. L. E. Polk. First Arkansas, Col. J. W. Colquitt: Third and Fifth Confederate, Col. J. A. Smith; Second Tennessee, Col. W. D. Robison; Thirty-fifth Tennessee, Col. B. J. Hill; Forty- eighth Tennessee, Col. G. "H. Nixon. Deshler's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. James Deshler, 'Col. R. Q. Mills : Nineteenth and Twenty-fourth Arkan- sas, Lieut. -Col. A. S. Hutchinson; Sixth, Tenth and Fifteenth Texas, Col. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 609 E. Q. Mills and Lieut. -Col. T. Scott Anderson ; Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Texas (dismounted cavalry). Col. F. C. Wilkes, Lieut. -Col. John T. Coit and Maj, W. A. Taylor. Artillery: Maj. T. E. Hotchkiss, Capt. H, C. Semple; Calvert's Battery, Lieut. Thomas J. Key; Douglas's Battery, Capt. J. P. Douglas; Semple's Bat- tery, Capt. H. C. Semple and Lieut. E. W. Goldthwaite. Breckinridge's Division, Maj. -Gen. John C. Brickinridge. Helm's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. Benjamin H. Helm, Col. J. H, Lewis: Forty-first Alabama, Col. M. L. Stansel; Second Kentucky, Col. J. W. Hewitt and Lieut.-Col. J. W. Moss; Fourth Kentucky, Col. Joseph P. Nuckols, Jr., and Maj. T. TV. Thompson; Sixth Kentucky, Col. J. H. Lewis and Lieut.- Col. M. H. Cofer; Ninth Kentucky, Col. J. W. Caldwell and Lieut.-Col. J. C. Wickliffe. Adam's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. Daniel W. Adams, Col. E. L. Gibson: Thirty-second Alabama, Maj. J. C. Kimball; Thirteenth and Twentieth Louisiana, Cols. E. L. Gibson and Leon Von Zinken and Capt. E. M. Dubroca; Sixteenth and Twenty-fifth Louisiana, Col. D. Gober; Nineteenth Louisiana, Lieut.-Col. E. W. Turner, Maj. L. Butler and Capt. H. A. Kennedy; Fourteenth Louisiana Battalion, Maj. J. E. Austin. Stovall's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. M. A. Stovall: First and Third Florida, Col. W. S. Dilworth; Fourth Florida, Col. W. L. L. Bowen; Forty-seventh Georgia, Capts. William S. Phillips and Joseph S. Cone ; Sixtieth North Carolina, Lieut.-Col. J. M. Eay and Capt. J. T. Weaver. Artillery, Maj. E. E. Graves: Cobb's Battery, Capt. Eobert Cobb; Mebane's Battery, Capt. John W. Mebane; Slocomb's Battery, Capt. C. H. Slocomb. Eeserve Corps, Maj. -Gen. W. H. T. Walker, commanding. Walker's Division, Brig.-Gen. S. E, Gist. Gist's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. S. E. Gist, Col, P, H. Colquitt, Lieut.-Col. L. Napier: Forty-sixth Geor- gia, Col. P. H. Colquitt and Maj. A. M. Speer: Eighth Georgia Battal- ion, Lieut.-Col. L. Napier; Sixteenth South Carolina (not engaged; at Eome), Col. J. McCullough; Twenty-fourth South Carolina, Col. C. H. Stevens and Lieut.-Col. E. Capers. Ector's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. M. D. Ector: Stone's Alabama Battalion, Pound's Mississippi Battlalion, Twenty-ninth North Carolina, Ninth Texas, Tenth, Fourteenth and Thirty-second Texas Cavalry (serving as infantry), Wilson's Brigade, Col. C. C. Wilson: Twenty-fifth Georgia, Lieut.-Col. A. J. Williams; Twenty-ninth Georgia, Lieut. G. E. McEae; Thirtieth Georgia, Lieut.- Col. J. S. Boynton; First Georgia Battalion (sharpshooters). Fourth Louisiana Battalion. Artillery, Ferguson's Battery (not engaged; at Eome), Lieut. E. T. Beauregard; Martin's Battery. Liddell's Division, Brig.-Gen. St. John E. Liddell. Liddell's Bri- 610 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. gade, Col. D. C. Go van: Second and Fifteenth Arkansas, Lieut. -Col. R. T. Harvey and Oapt. A. T. Meek; Fifth and Thirteenth Arkansas, Col. L. Featherstone and Lieut. -Col. John E. Murray; Sixth and Seventh Arkansas, Col. D. A. Gillespie and Lieut. -Col. P. Snyder; Eighth Ar- kansas, Lieut.-Col. G. F. Baucum and Maj. A. Watkins; First Louisiana, Lieut. -Col. G. F. Baucum and Maj. A. Watkins. Walthall's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. E. C. Walthall: Twenty-fourth Mississippi, Lieut.-Col. R. P. McKelvaine, Maj. W. C. Staples and Capts. B. F. Toomer and J. D. Smith: Twenty-seventh Mississippi, Col. James A. Campbell; Twen- ty-ninth Mississippi, Col. W. F. Brantly: Thirtieth Mississippi, Col. J. I. Scales; Lieut.-Col. Hugh A. Reynolds and Maj. J. M. John- son: Thirty-fourth Mississippi (Thirty -fourth Mississippi had four com- manders at Chickamauga), Maj. W. G. Pegram, Capt. H. J. Bowen, Lieut.-Col. H. A.Reynolds and- . Artillery, Capt. Chas. Swett: Fowler's Battery, Capt. W. H. Fowler; Warren Light Artillery, Lieut. H. Shannon. Left Wing, Lieut. -Gen. James Longstreet, commanding. Hindman's Division, Maj. -Gen. T. C. Hindman, Brig. -Gen. J. Patton Anderson. Anderson's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. Patton Anderson: Col. J. H. Sharp, Seventh Mississippi ; Col. W. H. Bishop ; Ninth Mississippi, Maj. T. H. Lyman; Tenth Mississippi Lieut. -Col. James Barr; Forty-first Mississippi, Col. W. F. Tucker ; Forty-fourth Mississippi, Col. J. H. Sharp and Lieut.-Col. R. G. Kelsey; Ninth Mississippi, Battalion (sharpshoot- ers), Maj. W. C. Richards; Garrity's Battery, Capt. J. Garrity. Deas' Brigade, Brig. -Gen. Z. C. Deas: Nineteenth Alabama, Col. S. K. Mc- Spadden ; Twenty-second Alabama, Lieut. Col. John Weedon and Capt. H. T. Toulmin; Twenty-fifth Alabama, Col. George D. Johnston; Thirty- ninth Alabama, Col. AV. Clark; Fiftieth Alabama, Col. J. G. Coltart; Seventeenth Alabama Battalion (sharpshooters), Capt. James F. Na- bers; Robertson's Battery, Lieut. S. H. Dent. Manigault's Brigade, Brig.- Gen. A. M. Manigault: Twenty-fourth Alabama, Col. N. N. Davis; Twenty-eighth Alabama, Col. John C. Reid; Thirty-fourth Alabama, Maj. J. N. Slaughter; Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina, Col. James F. Pressley; Waters' Battery, Lieut. Charles W. Watkins and George D, Turner. Buckner's Corps, Maj. Gen.-Simon B. Buckner, commanding. Stewart's Division, Maj. -Gen. A. P. Stewart. Johnson's Brigade (part of Johnson's provisional division), Brig.-Gen. B. R. Johnson, Col. J. S. Fulton: Seventeenth Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. Watt W. Floyd; Twenty- third Tennessee, Col. R. H. Keeble; Twenty-fifth Tennessee Lieut.-Col. R. B. Snowden; Forty-fourth Tennessee, Lieut.-Col. J. L. McEwen, Jr., HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 611 and Maj. G. M. Crawford. Brown's Brigade: Brig. -Gen. J. C, Brown, Ool. Edmund C. Cook: Eighteenth Tennessee, Col, J. B. Palmer; Lieut. - Col. W. E. Butler and Capt. Gideon H. Lowe; Twenty-sixth Tennessee, Col. J. M. Lillard and Maj. E. M. Saffell; Thirty-second Tennessee, Col. E. C. Cook and Capt. C. G. Tucker; Forty-fifth Tennessee, Col. A. Searcy; Twenty-third Tennessee Battalion, Maj. T. ^Y. Newman and Capt. W. P. Simpson. Bate's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. W. B. Bate: Fifty-eighth Ala., Col. B. Jones; Thirty-seventh Georgia, Col. A. F. Eudler and Lieut. -Col. J. T. Smith; Fourth Georgia Battalion (sharpshooters), Maj. T. D. Caswell, Capt. B. M. Turner and Lieut. Joel Towers ; Fifteenth and Thirty-seventh Tennessee, Col. E. C. Tyler, Lieut. -Col. E. D. Trayser, and Capt. E. M. Tankesley; Twentieth Tennessee, Col. T. B. Smith and Maj. W. M. Shy. Clayton's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. H. D. Clayton: Eighteenth Alabama, Col. J. T. Holtzclaw, Lieut. -Col. E. F. Inge and Maj. P. F. Hunley; Thirty-sixth Alabama, Col. L. T. Woodi'uff; Thirty-eighth Alabama, Lieut. Ool. A. E. Lankford. Artillery, Maj. J. W. Eldridge: First Arkansas Battery, Capt. J. T. Humphreys; T. H. Dawson's Battery, Lieut. E. W. Anderson; Eufaula Artillery, Capt. McD. Oliver; Ninth Georgia Artillery Battalion, Company E, Lieut. W. S. Everett. Preston's Division, Brig.-Gen. William Preston. Grade's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. A. Gracie, Jr.: Forty-third Alabama, Col. Y. M. Moody; First Alabama, Battalion (Hilliard's Legion), Lieut. -Col. J. H.Holt and Capt. G, W. Huguley; Second Alabama Battalion, Lieut. -Col. B. Hall, Jr., and Capt. W. D. Walden; Third Alabama Battalion (all of Hilliard's Le- gion), Maj. J. W. A. Sanford ; Fourth Alabama Battalion (Artillery bat- talion, Hilliard's Legion), Maj. J. D. McLennan; Sixty -third Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. A. Fulkerson and Maj. John A. Aiken. Trigg's Brigade, Col, E. C. Trigg: First Florida Cavalry (dismounted). Col. G. T. Max- well; Sixth Florida, Col. J. J. Finley; Seventh Florida, Col. E. Bullock; Fifty-fourth Virginia, Lieut. Col. John J. Wade. Third Brigade, Col. J. H. Kelly: Sixty-fifth Georgia, Col. E. H. Moore ; Fifth Kentucky, Col. H. Hawkins ; Fifty-eighth North Carolina, Col. J. B. Palmer ; Sixty-third Virginia, Maj. J. M. French. Artillery Battalion: Maj. A. Leyden; Jef- fress's Battery, Puble's Battery, Wolihin's Battery, York's Battery. Ee- serve Corps Artillery: Maj. S. C. Williams; Baxter's Battery, Darden's Battery, Kolb's Battery, McCant's Battery. Johnson's Division,* Brig.-Gen. Bushrod E. Johnson. Gregg's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. John Gregg, Col. C. A. Sugg: Third Tennessee, Col. C. H. Walker; Tenth Tennessee, Col. Wm. Grace; Thirtieth Tennessee; *A provisional organization, embracing Johnson's and part of the time Robertson's Brigades, as well as Gregg's and McNair's, September 19, attached to Longstreet's Corps, under Maj. -Gen. Hood. 612 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Forty-first Tennessee, Lieut. -Col. J. D. Tillman; Fiftieth Tennessee, Col. C. A. Sugg, Lieut. -Col. T. W. Beaumont, Maj. C. W. Kobertson and Col. C. H. Walker; First Tennessee Battalion, Majs. S. H. Colms and C. W. Robertson; Seventh Texas, Maj. K. M. Vanzandt; Bledsoe's (Missouri) Battery, Lieut. R. L. AVood. McNair's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. E. McNair, Co], D. Coleman: First Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Col. Robert W. Harper; Second Arkansas Mounted Rifles, Col. James A. William- son; Twenty-fifth Arkansas, Lieut. -Col. Eli Huffstetter; Fourth and Thirty-first Arkansas Infantry and Fourth Arkansas Battalion (consoli- dated), Maj. J. A. Ross; Thirty-ninth North Carolina, Col. D. Coleman; Culpepper's (South Carolina) Battalion, Capt J. F. Culpepper. Longstreet's Corps,* Left Wing, Maj. John B. Hood, commanding. McLaw's Division, Maj. -Gen. Lafayette McLaws, Brig. -Gen. J. B. Kershaw. Kershaw's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. J. B. Kershaw: Second South Carolina, Lieut. -Col. F. Gaillard; Third South Carolina, Col. J. D. Nance; Seventh South Carolina, Lieut. -Col. Elbert Bland, Maj. J. S. Hard and Capt. E. J. Goggans; Eighth South Carolina, Col. J. W. Han- agan; Fifteenth South Carolina, Col. Joseph F. Gist; Third South Car- olina Battalion, Capt. J. M. Townsend. Wofford's Brigade (Longstreet's report indicates that these brigades did not arrive in time to take part in the battle). Brig. -Gen. W. T. Wofford: Sixteenth Georgia, Eighteenth Georgia, Twenty-fourth Georgia, Third Georgia Battalion (sharpshoot- ers), Cobb's (Georgia) Legion, Phillip's (Georgia) Legion. Hum- phrey's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. B. G. Humphreys: Thirteenth Mississippi, Seventeenth Mississippi, Eighteenth Mississippi, Twenty-first Missis- sippi. Bryan's Brigade (Longstreet's report, etc., as above), Brig.-Gen. Goode Bryan: Tenth Georgia, Fiftieth Georgia, Fifty -first Georgia and Fifty-third Georgia, Hood's Division, Maj. -Gen. John B. Hood, Brig.-Gen. E. M. Law. Jenkins' Brigade (did not arrive in time to take part in the battle; Jen- kin's Brigade assigned to the division September 11, 1863), Brig.-Gen. M. Jenkins: First South Carolina, Second South Carolina Rifles, Fifth South Carolina, Sixth South Carolina, Hampton Legion, Palmetto Sharp- shooters. Law's Brigade, Brig.-Gen. E. M. Law, Col. J. L. Sheffield: Fourth Alabama, Fifteenth Alabama, Col. W. C. Gates; Forty-fourth Alabama, Forty-seventh Alabama, Forty-eighth Alabama. Robertson's. Brigade (served part of the time in Johnson's j)rovisional division), Brig.-Gen. J. B. Robertson, Col. Yan H. Manning: Third Arkansas, CoL Yan H. Manning ; First Texas, Capt. R. J. Harding ; Fourth Texas, CoL Army of Northern Virginia, organization taken from return of that army for August 31, 1863 ; Pickett's Division waa left in Virginia. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 613 John P. Bane and Capt. E. H. Bassett; Fifth Texas, Maj. J. C. Rogers and Capt. J. S. Cleveland and T. T. Clay, Anderson's Brigade (did not arrive in time to take part in the battle), Brig. -Gen. George T. Ander- son: Seventh Georgia, Eighth Georgia, Ninth Georgia, Eleventh Georgia, Fifty-ninth Georgia. Benning's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. H. L. Benning: Second Georgia, Lieut. -Col. Wm. S. Shepherd and Maj. W. W. Charlton; Fifteenth Georgia, Col. D. M. Du Bose and Maj. P. J. Shannon; Seventeenth Georgia, Lieut.-Col. Charles W. Matthews; Twentieth Georgia, Col. J. D. Waddell. Artillery Corps (did not arrive in time to take part in the battle). Col. E. Porter Alexander: Fickling's (South Carolina) Battery, Jordan's (Virginia) Battery, Moody's (Louis- iana) Battery, Parker's (Virginia) Battery, Taylor's (Virginia) Battery, "Woolfolk's (Virginia) Battery. Artillery Reserve (Army of Tennessee), Maj. Felix Robertson: Barrett's (Missouri) Battery, Le Gardeur's (Lou- isiana) Battery (not mentioned in the reports, but in Reserve Artillery August 31, and Capt. Le Gardeur, etc., relieved from duty in the Army of the Tennesse, November 1, 1863), Havis' (Alabama) Battery, Lums- den's (Alabama) Battery, Massenburg's (Georgia) Battery. Cavalry Corps, Maj. -Gen. Joseph Wheeler, commanding. Wharton's Division, Brig. -Gen. John A. Wharton. First Brigade, Col. C. C. Crews; Seventh Alabama, Second Georgia, Third Georgia, Fourth Georgia, Col. I. W. Avery. Second Brigade, Col. T. Harrison^ Third Confederate, Col. W. N. Estes; First Kentucky, Lieut.-Col. J. W. Griffith ; Fourth Tennessee, Col. Paul F. Anderson ; Eighth Texas, Elev- enth Texas, White's (Georgia) Battery. Martin's Division, Brig. -Gen. W. T. Martin. First Brigade, Col. J. T. Morgan: First Alabama, Third Alabama, Lieut.-Col. T. H. Mauldin; Fifty-first Alabama, Eighth Confederate. Second Brigade, Col. A. A. Russell: Fourth Alabama (two regiments of same designation, Lieut.- Col. Johnson commanded that in Roddey's Brigade), First Confederate, Col. W. B. Bate; Wiggin's (Arkansas) Battery. Roddey's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. P. D. Roddey: Fourth Alabama (two regiments, etc., as above), Lieut.-Col. Wm. A. Johnson; Fifth Alabama, Fifty-third Ala- bama, Forrest's (Tennessee) Regiment, Ferrell's (Georgia) Battery. Forrest's Cavalry Corps, Brig. -Gen. N. B. Forrest, commanding. Armstrong's Division (from returns of August 31, 1863, and reports). Brig. -Gen. F. C. Armstrong. Armstrong's Brigade, Col. J. T. Wheeler: Third Arkansas, First Tennessee, Eighteenth Tennessee Battalion, Maj. Charles McDonald. Forrest's Brigade, Col. G. G. Dibrell: Fourth Ten- nessee, Col. W. S. McLemore; Eighth Tennessee, Capt. Hamilton Mc- Ginnis; Ninth Tennessee, Col. J. B. Biffle; Tenth Tennessee, Col. N. N. 614 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Cox; Eleventh Tennessee, Col. D. W. Holman; Shaw's (or Hamilton's) Battalion (?), Maj. J. Shaw; Freeman's (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. A. L. Huggins; Morton's (Tennessee) Battery, Capt. John W. Morton. Pegram's Division (taken from Pegram's and Scott's reports and as- signments; but the composition of this division is uncertain), Brig. -Gen. John Pegram. Davidson's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. H. B. Davidson: First Georgia, Sixth Georgia, Col. John R. Hart; Sixth North Carolina, Bucker's Legion, Huwald's (Tennessee) Battery. Scott's Brigade, Col. J. S. Scott: Tenth Confederate, Col. C. T. Goode; detachment of Mor- gan's command, Lieut. -Col. R. B. Martin; First Louisiana, Second Ten- nessee, Fifth Tennessee, Twelfth Tennessee Battalion; Sixteenth Tennes- see Battalion, Capt. J. Q. Arnold; Louisiana Battery (one section). THE AEMY OF TENNESSEE, GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON, COMMANDING.* Hardee's Army Corps, Lieut. -Gen. Wm. J. Hardee, commanding. Brown's Division, Maj. -Gen. John C. Brown. Smith's Brigade — Brig. -Gen. James A. Smith ; Florida Regiment, composed of First, Third, Sixth, Seventh and Fourth Infantry and First Cavalry, dismounted (con- solidated), Lieut. -Col. E. Mashburn; Georgia Regiment, composed of First, Fifty-seventh and Sixty-third Georgia Regiments (consolidated). Col. C. H. Olmstead; Georgia Regiment, composed of Fifty-fourth and Thirty-seventh Georgia and Fourth Georgia Battalion Sharj^shooters (consolidated). Col. T. D. Caswell. Govan's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. D. C. Govan: Arkansas Regiment, composed of First, Second, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Nineteenth an'd Twenty -fourth Arkansas and Third Confederate (consolidated), Col. E. A. Howell; Texas Regiment, composed of Sixth, Seventh, Tenth, Fifteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Texas (consolidated), Lieut. -Col. W. A. Ryan. Hoke's Division, Maj. -Gen. R. F. Hoke. Clingman's Brigade: Eighth North Carolina, Lieut. -Col. R. A. Barrier; Thirty-first North Carolina, Col. C. W. Knight; Thirty-sixth and Fortieth North Carolina, Maj. W. A. Holland; Fifty-first North Carolina, Capt. J. W. Lippitt; Sixty-first North Carolina, Capt. S. W. Noble. Colquitt's Brigade: Sixth Georgia, Maj. J. M. Culpepper; Nineteenth Georgia, Lieut. -Col. R. B. Hogan; Twenty-third Georgia, Col. M. R. Ballinger; Twenty- seventh Georgia, Lieut. -Col. H. Bussey; Twenty-eighth Georgia, Capt. G. W. Warthen. Haygood's Brigade: Eleventh South Carolina, Capt. B. F. Wyman; Twenty -first South Carolina, Capt. J. W. Thomas (prob- ably Lieut. -Col. J. A. "W. Thomas) ; Twenty-fifth South Carolina, Capt. ^Organization for period ending April 17, 1865. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 615 E. E. Lesesne; Twenty-seventh South Carolina, Capt. T. Y. Simons; Seventh South Carolina Battalion, Capt. Wm. Clyburn. Kirkland's Brigade: Seventeenth North Carolina, Lieut. -Col. T H. Sharp; Forty- second North Carolina, Col. J. E. Brown; Fiftieth North Carolina, Col. Geo. Wortham; Sixty-sixth North Carolina, Col. J. H. Nethercutt. First Brigade Junior Reserves: First North Corolina, Lieut.-Col. C. W. Broadfoot; Second North Carolina, Col. J, H. Anderson; Third North Carolina, Col. J. W. Hinsdale; First North Carolina Battalion, Capt. C. M. Hall. Cheatham's Division, Maj. -Gen. B. F. Cheatham. Palmer's Brigade: Field's Eegiment, First, Sixth, Eighth, Ninth, Sixteenth, Twenty -seventh, Twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth Tennessee Regiments and Twenty- fourth Tennessee Battalion (consolidated), Lieut.-Col. O. A. Bradshaw; Rice's Regiment, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Twenty-ninth, Forty- seventh, Fiftieth, Fifty -first, Fifty-second and One Hundred and Fifty- fourth Tennessee (consolidated), Lieut.-Col. W. A. Pease ( ?) ; Searcy's Regiment, Second, Third, Tenth, Fifteenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-sixth, Thirtieth, Thirty-second, Thirty-seventh and Forty-fifth Tennessee Regiments and Twenty -third Tennessee Battalion (consoli- dated). Col. A. Searcy; Tillman's Regiment, Fourth, Fifth, Nineteenth, Twenty-fourth, Thirty-first, Thirty-third, Thirty-fifth Thirty-eighth, and Forty-first Tennessee (consolidated), Col. J. D. Tillman. Gist's Brigade: Forty-sixth Georgia, Capt. A. Miles; Sixty-fifth Georgia and Second and Eighth Georgia Battalions (consolidated). Col. W. G. Foster; Sixteenth and Twenty-fourth South Carolina (consolidated), Maj. B. B. Smith. Stewart's Army Corps, Lieut. -Gen. A. P. Stewart, commanding. Loring's Division, Maj. -Gen. W. W. Loring. Featherston's Brigade. First Arkansas ; First, Second, Fourth, Ninth and Twenty-fifth Arkansas (consolidated) ; Third, Thirty-first and Fortieth Mississippi (consoli, dated) ; First, Twenty-second and Thirty-third Mississippi and First Battalion (consolidated). Lowry's Brigade: Twelfth Louisiana, Capt. J. A. Dixon; Fifth, Fourteenth and Forty-third Mississippi (consolidat- ed) ; Sixth, Fifteenth, Twentieth and Twenty-third Mississippi (consoli- dated). Shelley's Brigade: Sixteenth, Thirty-third and Forty-fifth Ala- bama (consolidated) ; Twenty-seventh Alabama ; Twenty-seventh, Thirty- fifth, Forty -ninth. Fifty-fifth and Fifty-seventh Alabama (consolidated), Lieut.-Col. Daniel (probably J. W. L. Daniel, of the Fifteenth Alabama). Anderson's Division, Maj. -Gen. Patton Anderson. Elliott's Brigade: Twenty-second Georgia Artillery Battalion, Maj. M. J. McMuUen; Twenty-seventh Georgia Battalion, Maj. A. L. Hartridge; Second South 616 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Carolina Artillery, Maj. F. F. Warley; Manigault's Battalion, Lieut. H. Klatte. Eliett's Brigade: First Soutli Carolina, Maj. T. A. Huguenin; First Soutli Carolina Artillery, Lieut. -Col. J. A. Yates; Lucas' Battalion, Maj. J. J. Lucas. Walthall's Division, Maj. -Gen. E. C. Waltliall. Harrison's Brigade: First Georgia Regulars, Fifth Georgia, Fifth Georgia Reserves, Maj. C. E. McGregor; Thirty-second Georgia, Lieut. -Col. E. H. Bacon, Jr., Forty-seventh Georgia and Bouaud's Battalion (consolidated). Con- ner's Brigade: Second South Carolina Volunteers, composed of Second and Twentieth South Carolina and Blanchard's Reserves (consolidated) ; Third South Carolina Volunteers, composed of Third and Eighth Regi- ments, Third South Carolina Battalion and Blanchard's Reserves (con- solidated) ; Seventh South Carolina Volunteers, composed of Seventh and Fifteenth South Carolina and Blanchard's Reserves (consolidated). Lee's Army Corps, Lieut. -Gen. S. J). Lee, commanding. Hill's Division, Maj. -Gen. D. H. Hill. Sharp's Brigade^ Brig. -Gen. J. H. Sharp: Fourteenth Alabama, composed of Twenty-fourth, Twenty- eighth and Thirty-fourth Alabama (consolidated). Col. J. C. Carter.; Eighth Mississippi Battalion (?), composed of Third Mississippi Bat- talion, and Fifth, Eighth and Thirty-second Mississippi Regiments (consolidated), Capt. J. Y. Carmack; Ninth Mississippi, composed of Ninth Battalion Mississippi Sharpshooters, and Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Forty-first and Forty-fourth Mississippi Regiments (consolidated) > CoL W. C. Richards; Nineteenth South Carolina, composed of Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina (consolidated), Maj. James O. Farrell. Brantley's Brigade, Brig. -Gen. AV. F. Brantley: Twenty-second Ala- bama, composed of Twenty-second, Twenty-fifth, Thirty -ninth and Fifti- eth Alabama (consolidated). Col. H. T. Toulmin; Thirty-seventh Ala- bama, composed of Thirty-seventh, Forty-second and Fifty-fourth Ala- bama (consolidated). Col. J. A. Minter; Twenty-fourth Mississippi, com- posed of Twenty-fourth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-fourth Mississippi (consolidated), Col. R. W. Williamson; Fifty- eighth North Carolina, composed of Fiftieth and Sixtieth North Carolina (consolidated). Stevenson's Division, Maj. -Gen. C. L. Stevenson. Henderson's Bri- gade: First Georgia (Confederate) Battalion, composed of First (Con- federate) Georgia Regiment, First Battalion Georgia Sharpshooters, Twenty-fifth, Twenty -ninth. Thirtieth and Sixty-sixth Georgia (consoli- dated), Capt. W. J. Whitsitt; Thirty-ninth Georgia, composed of nine companies of Thirty-fourth Georgia, six companies of Fifty-sixth Georgia and all of Thirty-ninth Georgia, Lieut. -Col. W. P. Milton; Fortieth HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 617 Georgia Battalion, composed o£ Fortieth, Forty-First and Forty-third Georgia (consolidated), Lieut.-Col, W. H, Dunnall; Forty-second Georgia, composed of ten companies of Forty-second Georgia, ten com- panies of Thirty-sixth Georgia, two companies of Fifty-sixth Georgia and one company of Thirty-fourth and Thirty-sixth Georgia, Lieut.-Col. L. P. Thomas. Pettus' Brigade: Nineteenth Alabama, Lieut.-Col. E. S. GuUey; Twentieth Alabama, Lieut.-Col. J. K. Elliott (belonged to Thir- tieth Alabama); Twenty-third Alabama, Maj. J. T. Hester; Fifty-fourth Virginia Battalion, Lieut.-Col. C. H. Lynch. Stewart's Artillery Corps. K. B. Ehett's Battalion; Anderson's Battery, Capt. E. W. (?) Ander- son; Brook's Battery (probably Terrel Artillery) ; Le Gardeurs' Battery, Capt. G. Le Gardeur; Parker's Battery, Capt. Ed L. Parker; Stuart's Battery, Capt. H. M. Stuart; Wheaton's Battery, Capt, J. F. Wheaton. Lee's Corps: Kanapaux's Battery, Capt. J. T. Kauapaux. CHAPTER XVIL* Tennessee Literature— A Catalogue of the Leading Literary Men and Women of the State, with the Titles of their Productions, and with Analytical Keviews of Styles, Methods and General Merits; to- gether WITH A Comprehensive Presentation of the Origin, Success AND Variation of the State Press. THE activities of the pioneer intellect at the period of the earliest settlement of Tennessee were engrossed in what was of more im- mediate, importance than the writing of history. Prior thereto a glimpse of the people and of the physical geography of the mountainous section of the State may be had in a rare and valuable old book published in London in 1775, "Adair's History of the American Lidians." Adair, as an Indian trader, was among the Cherokees of East Tennessee a long time before the French and Indian War, when the fierce and haughty Cherokee warriors ruled the land "untrammeled and alone." A map accompanying the volume calls the Tennessee Eiver the Tanase. The men of action— the heroes who planted the white race in this hot-bed of aboriginal hostility, in the latter part of the eighteenth and the earlier part of the nineteenth century, were too much engrossed by the sword to find much time for the pen. The list of Tennessee authors found in works devoted to that subject ♦Prepared for this work by " Mary Faith Floyd" of Knoxville. 618 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. is not SO large as that of other Southern States. It has been said, "The fame of a great man needs time to give it perspective." This is essen- tially true of authors, and it remains for the future biographer, after time has done its work in giving due perspective to the great minds of our State, to do justice to the merits and works of Tennessee's eminent literary laborers. Among writers historians may well be mentioned first. Judge John Haywood is earliest on the list. The son of a farmer of Halifax County, N. C, he had no opportunity for collegiate education, but learned some Latin and Greek and studied law, beginning with the study of "Reynolds' Reports," thence advancing from particulars to gen- eral principles. He became attorney-general of North Carolina in 1794, and soon afterward judge of the superior court of law and eqinty. In 1800 he returned to legal practice. Judge HayAVOod removed to Tennes- see in 1807, and located seven miles south of Nashville. He was fond of applause; became judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee in 1816. Mr. Hiram Barry (the oldest printer in the State), who was personally acquainted Avith Judge Haywood, says, "He Avas of Ioav stature and very cor- pulent." He Avrote a very difficult hand to read, and Mr. Barry Avho set the type in the printing of "Haywood's History," was the only printer who could decipher it. Judge Haywood was author of " Natural and Abo- riginal History of Tennessee," "History of Tennessee from 1770 to 1795,'* "The Evidences of Christianity." " Haywood's History" is written in narrative style without rhetorical ornament, and it is not always as clear as the relation of historic events ought to be. It contains a mass of val- uable materials relative to early events and it is now a rare book. The mistake is made of locating Fort Loudon on the north side of the Little Tennessee. It was situated on the south side of that stream.* Dr. J. G. M. Ramsey was of Scotch descent. His father was a gal- lant soldier of the Revolutionary war, fighting under Gen. Washington at Valley Forge, Trenton and Princeton. Dr. Ramsey was born in Knox County, six miles east of Knoxville, in 1797, and died in that place in 1884, in his eighty-eighth year. He lies buried at Mecklenburg, four miles east of Knoxville, at the confluence of the Tennessee and French Broad Rivers. He read medicine under Dr. Joseph Strong, was gradu- ated in the University of Pennsylvania, and was a practitioner most of his life. In the late war, being an ardent secessionist, he was compelled to leave the State during Federal occupation in 1863-65, He went to North Carolina and remained there some years. In 1853 he brought out his "Annals of Tennessee," a valuable compend of history up to the close of the eighteenth century. He had the manuscripts of the second volume *See Aboriginal map accoinpaDying this yolume. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 619 ready for the printer, but the family residence, while he was in exile, was burnt, and with it the manuscripts and many valuable papers. Dr. Ramsey ranks high as an author. He was a polished and fluent writer, and possessed a large fund of information on all subjects. "Annals of Tennessee" is a store-house of knowledge to the future historian. It evinces much research and is very accurate and reliable. He was also the author of many elegant addresses, essays and poems. For some years he was president of the Historical Society of Tennessee. A. Waldo Putnam published in Nashville, in 1859, Putnam's " His- tory of Middle Tennessee, or Life and Times of Gen. James Robertson." It appears from the title page that Mr. Putnam was president of the Tennessee Historical Society. He was born in Belfast, Ohio, in 1799, and was graduated at the University of Ohio. He wrote the sketch of Gen. John Sevier in "Wheeler's History of North Carolina," and a volume entitled "Life and Times of John Sevier." Mr. Putnam married a de- scendant of Gen. Sevier. The preface to " History of Middle Tennes- see " is pleasing and somewhat fanciful. The work is a comprehensive account of the settlement of the Cumberland Valley, and abounds in the incidents and dangers that follow life in the wilderness. In addition to the historical works mentioned is Clayton's " History of Davidson Coun- ty, Tennessee," an important and valuable work, giving much detailed, and statistical information. " Military Annals of Tennessee " is the title of an octavo volume con- taining 882 pages of closely printed matter, recently issued under the supervision of Dr. J. Berrien Lindsley. The first thirty pages are de- voted to a brief sketch of the war in Tennessee, by J. M. Keating, of Memphis. This is followed by a sketch of the Army of Tennessee, by Alexander P. Stewart, of Oxford, Miss. The remainder of the work is given to histories of the various Confederate regiments, written by some member familiar with their movements. The book is magnificently il- lustrated with portraits of many leading Confederates of Tennessee. As early as 1834 Eastin Morris brought out "Tennessee Gazetteer, or Topographical Dictionary " of the State of Tennessee. It is a valu- able compendium of the history of the State, from earliest times to 1834, including the constitution of Tennessee framed by the convention of 1834. A second edition of this book was published in Nashville, ac- companied by ample foot notes. Paschall is the author of "Old Times, or Tennessee History," a work for schools. Knowing the love children have for " story-reading," Pas- chall has arranged historic facts in a most agreeable form. Each chap- ter, as far as possible, has a beginning and ending, and by this means 620 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. each fragment of history becomes a unit and fastens firmly in the mind of the juvenile reader. Mr. Paschall was an old school-teacher, and his excellent little book is the result of long experience in the best methods of enlisting interest in young peOple for grave study. Another book much valued is "Life as it is, or Matters and Things in General," pub-' lished in Knoxville in 1844, by J. W. M. Brazeale. This book has many historic facts and comments on the customs of the early settlers of Ten- nessee. There is a good article on the battle of King's Mountain, and an account of the "Harps," two noted murderers who, without being robbers, went about the county committing atrocious murders, appar- ently as a pleasure. No doubt, De Quincy-like, they considered murder "one of the fine arts." Brazeale was a native of Roane County, and practiced law in Athens, Tenn. Mr. Wilkins Tannehill is the author of "History of Literature," "Man- ual of Freemasonry" and several other works of ability. He was a dis- tinguished light in the Masonic fraternity, and is said to have been a forci- ble and fluent writer. Clark's "Miscellany of Prose and Poetry" is some- thing in the line of English literature. " Jack Robinson" is the author of " The Savage," a book of pungent essays, criticising the life and usages of the civilized man, in contrast with those of the aboriginal savage. It purports to be written by " Pio- mingo, a chief of the Muscogulgee nation," published in Knoxville in 1833. The author was a Tennesseean, born probably in Carter County, where he committed a homicide early in life; whence his after life was poisoned by remorse. He is said to have lived a veritable hermit's life, in which existence these essays were written. Robinson is accredited with the authorship of a forcible poem in the same solemn vein as Gray's Elegy, but any certain facts of his career seem lost. Prior to 1804 Willie Blount's " Catechetical Exposition of the Con- stitution of the State of Tennessee" was published. This is a work for the use of schools written in conversational style. Abijah Fowler of Washington County, in 1838, brought out "Fowler's Arithmetic," a text- book of much popularity in this region at that period. "Biblical Nom- enclature or Vocabulary of the Principal Part of the Proper Names Con- tained in the Bible, with their Signification, together with Scriptural Tables of Money, Weights and Measures, to which is added President Washington's Valedictory Address, Intended for the Use of Schools; by John Wilkinson. Heiskell & Brown, printers, Knoxville, Tenn., 1820." The book is recommended as one "of ability, judgment and care," and persons are urged to patronize it, by Isaac Anderson, John McCamp- bell, Robert Hardin. August, 1819. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 621 Clerical writers are numerous. One of the most fluent and prolific is Kev. David Kice McAnallj, D. D., of the Methodist Church, South; a native of Grainger County, born in 1810, and for some years a resident of Knoxville. He was president of the East Tennessee Female Institute in Knoxville for eight years. He removed to St. Louis in 1851, where he still edits the St. Louis Christian Advocate. He is a man of exten- sive reading and great charity of mind ; is remarkable for clearness and vigor of style, and is perfectly fearless in advocating his convictions of right. He does not mince matters, but calls things by their right names and is bold in denouncing vice, while he is liberal and kind to all. His works are "Martha Laurens Ramsey," a biography of a lady of South Carolina; " Life and Times of Rev. William Patton;" " Life and Times of Rev. Samuel Patton, D. D. ;" "A Hymn J^ook;" " A Sunday-school Manual;" "Annals of the Holston Conference." Rev. J. B. McFerrin, D. D., the head of the Methodist Publishing House at Nashville, is the author of a learned and important work, "His- tory of Methodism in Tennessee," published at Nashville in 187'2 in three volumes. He was born in Rutherford County, Tenn., June 15, 1807 ; entered the ministry at eighteen and has filled many prominent positions in the Methodist Church ever since. His name is identified with the history of the church, and he has shared in its " deliberative assemblies, and pursued his life-work with a concentration of purpose seldom equaled." He ranks as a man of the rarest courage which is stimulated and increased when surrounded by difiiculties, and he is never found wanting in any emergency. As an orator he possessed wit, humor, pa- thos, and his sermons "engage attention, command confidence and awaken conscience." Among early clerical writers was Rev. Abel Pearson, author of " An Analysis of the Principles of Divine Government," in a series of con- versations, and also " Conversations on Some Other Interesting Subjects, Particularly Relating to Same Principals, Between A. P. and N. P. ; and a Dissertation on the Prophecies in Reference to the Rise and Fall of the Beast; The Cleansing of the Sanctuary; The Beginning and Dura- tion of the Millennium, and the Little Season; together with a Calcula- tion Shewing the Exact Time of the Death of Christ; and, also, Calcu- lations Shewing the Precise Time of the Rise and Fall of the Beast and the Beginning of the Millennium, etc. ; by Abel Pearson, Minister of the Gospel, Athens, Tenn., 1833." The whole title of the book is given as a specimen of prolixity. Rev. David Nelson, a man of fine attainments, published " The Cause and Cure of Infidelity." He married in Tennessee and resided in the 39 622 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. State many years. Rev. Robert A. Young, D. D., a native of Knox County, is the author of a book called " Reply to Ariel," written m answer to "Ariel," by J. B. Payne, and of "Personages." Dr. Young re- sides in Nashville, and is a prominent divine in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. " Brief Biographical Sketches of Some of the Early Ministers of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church," is the production of Rev. Richard Baird, published in Nashville in 1867. Rev. W. T. Helms, an Episcopal clergyman, a native of Knoxville, Tenn., wrote a poem of twelve books, entitled "Moses Resisted." Two poems, "Smith and Pocahontas," " Centennial Poem," are the work of Rev. Joseph H. Martin, D. D. ; Dr. Martin is a native of Dandridge, is a man of fine cult- ivation, and has written many popular hymns. Rev. Robert Mack, in 1834, published " Kyle Stuart, with other Poems," a remarkable book; and " The Moriad," another poem. Bishop H. N. McTyeire is the author of a little Avork called "Duties of Christian Masters," published in Nash- ville in 1859, and " History of Methodism" and " A Catechism of Church Government." He has been a constant writer for the press and was at one time editor of the St. Louis Christian Advocate. R. H. Rivers, D. D., wrote two valuable text books, " Mental Philosophy" and " Moral Philosophy." Father Ryan, author of the inimitable wail "The Con- quered Banner," was for a long time a resident of Knoxville, and Ten- nesseeans feel proud of his genius, although he is not a native of the State. Rev. William G. Brownlow, governor of Tennessee, wrote quite a number of books. His first publication was " Helps to the Study of Presbyterianism ;" 1834. It is theological and controversial, and con- tains an autobiographical stetch. In 1844 he published " Life of Henry Clay and Political Register." This was followed by "The Great Iron Wheel Examined." In 1858 appeared " Debate between W. G. Brownlow and Rev. A. Pryne," and in 1862 "Parson Brownlow' s Own Book," an account of his maltreatment by the hated secessionists. Mr. Brownlow led a life of incessant activity as editor, politician and preacher. "He was," says a critic, "extreme in all things." In pri- vate life he was kind, charitable and helpful ; was successively governor of Tennessee and Senator of the United States. Rev. Frederick A. Ross, D. D., a resident of this State for many years, was the author of "Slavery Ordained by God," published in 1857. Dr. Ross was a most accomplished scholar and a man of genius. He lived to a very great age and was an eminent divine. Medical writers were Dr. Isaac Wright, author of " Wright's Family Medicine, or System of Domestic Practice," and Dr. John C. Gunn, HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 623 autlior of " Guun's Domestic Medicine," published in Knosville in 1830. The essays on the passions in this book were written by a remarkable man named Charles Cassedy. Cassedy was said to be the " Milford Bard" in "Field's Scrap Book." Dr. Thomas A. Anderson wrote the " Practical Monitor, for the Preservation of Health and the Prevention of Disease." He considered blood-letting a cure for all diseases. He was a native of East Tennessee, and was a man of learning. Authors of works on geology are James M. Safford, A. M., author of " Geology of Tennessee," published by the State at Nashville in 1869. This work was received by scientists and the general public with great favor. Dr. Safford and J. B. Killebrew, brought out a " School Geology of Tennessee," chiefly compiled from the foregoing. J. B. Killebrew published in Nashville a valuable volume entitled " Resources of Ten- nessee." William G. McAdoo is author of an " Elementary Geology of Tennessee," a briefer and simpler work than the preceding, adapted to less advanced pupils. Hon. T. A. R. Nelson is author of " East Tennessee," and " Seces- sion," and another very vigorous poem, a satire in the Hudibrastic style, an account of the canvass of the Legislature for the office of United States Senator, entitled " King Caucus." Mr. Nelson was a man of large talent, enriched by varied cultivation. He held many important offices, and was on the defense in the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 1868. He was a native of Roane County, born in 1812, and died of cholera in 1872 being then a judge of the supreme court. "Life of Capt. William B. Allen," was from the pen of Hon. A. O. P. Nicholson, a very able jurist. A contemporary says, "His writings are characterized by a style so lucid, and argumentation so logical as to entitle him to rank among the masters of model English." " A Ten- nesseean Abroad" is the work of Maj. Randall W. McGavock, in 1856. He was a gallant soldier and fell on the Confederate side. " The World's Wonder," a Masonic exposition, was the work of Johnson and Henderson. Capt. James Williams was author of " Old Line Whig Let- ters," which appeared in the Nashville Union, in 1846. Tennessee claims as one of her sons the distinguished author, Matthew Fontaine Maury. Commodore Maury's works and labors in the cause of science are so well known they need not be mentioned here. The famous hunter and humorist. Col. David Crcfckett, is credited with the authorship of several works: "Exploits in Texas," "Tour Down East," "Autobiography," "Sketches and Eccentricities" and " Song Book." It is strange that this self-made and eccentric celeb- rity, who never had but two months' instruction in reading and writing, 624 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. should have produced by the native force of intellect so many readable books. Doubtless the notoriety he acquired by his singular manner, and his odd turns of expression aided in the success of his productions. Hon. Joseph C. Guild was the author of "Old Times in Tennessee." The works of J. R. Graves are "The Desire or all Nations," "The Watch- man's Reply," "The Trilemma," "The First Baptist Church in Ameri- ca," "The Little Iron AVheel," "The Bible Doctrine of the Middle Life," "The Great Iron Wheel," "Exposition of Modern Spiritualism," "The New Hymn and Tune Book," "The Little Seraph," "Old Land- markism; What it is." Mr. Graves is a native of Chester, Vi, born April 10, 1820. His father died when the child was three weeks old. He was converted at the age of iifteen, and made principal of Keysville (Ohio) Academy when nineteen; came to Nashville in 1845, where he taught school, had charge of a church and became the editor of The Tennessee Bapiisi, and still continues in that position. "Woodville" is a novel of East Tennessee life, published in Knox- ville. Many of the characters are supposed to have been taken from real life, and some of the scenes are laid at Montvale Springs. Mr, Todd, a theological student at Maryville many years ago, is said to be the author. Abram Caruthers wrote a text-book entitled "History of a Lawsuit." Dr. P. O. Fitzgerald is the author of "Life of Dr. T. O. Summers," "Glimpses of Truth" and "Centenary Cameos." He is a native of North Carolina. Rev. W. P. Harrison, editor of the Southern Meihodlsi Revieio, has published "Theophilus Walton," a reply to " Theodosia Ernest," 1858; "Lights and Shadows of Fifty Years," published under the nom de plume Henry Hartwell, in 1883. (This is a book of short sketches from real life.) " The Living Christ," 1884; "The High Churchman Dis- armed," in 1886. Mr. Harrison has been connected with the Methodist Publishing House since 1882, and in that time has edited over 100 books. " Biographical Sketches " of Tennessee Baptists, by Rev. Joseph H. Borim, was published in 1880. It is a very flattering account of Baptist ministers, both past and present, who have labored in Tennessee, and is written in the form of sketches. Dr. A. H. Bedford wrote "History of Methodism in Kentucky," "AVestern Cavaliers," "Fred Brennam," "Rus- sell Morton," "A Preacher's Wife." The last three are religious novels. Rev. Philip Eindsley, D. D., was born in New Jersey, in 1786; be- came a preacher in the Presbyterian Church and rose to such eminence that, in 1834, he was chosen unanimously moderator of the General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, then holding its sessions at Philadelphia. He occupied distinguished positions, many of HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 625 them thrust upon him without solicitation. In 1825 he was inaugurated president of Dickenson College, Nashville, Tenn. The name of this in- stitution was changed the next year to the University of Nashville. • He was among the very foremost men of his day in the work of higher ed- ucation. He was much esteemed by the public as a man of great genius, and his work in the educational department was nobly executed and pro- ductive of beneficial results. His publications were chiefly in the form of addresses on education. They were published in three large volumes, with a memoir, by Le Koy J. Halsey, D. D. Samuel D. Baldwin is the author of "Armageddon, or the Overthrow of Eomanism and Monarchy," and "Life of Mrs. Sarah Norton." Thomas O. Summers, D. D., editor of Nashville Christian Advocate, is author of a number of works: "Baptism," "Golden Censer," "Holi- ness," "Eefutation of Payne," "Seasons, Months and Days," "Sunday- school Teacher," "Sunday-school Speaker," "Talks Pleasant and Profit- able," "Scripture Catechism." W. M. Baskerville, professor of English language and literature in Vanderbilt University, published first a piece of Anglo-Saxon prose for his doctor's degree at the University of Leipsic. This was followed by an "Anglo-Saxon Poem" in 1885. Mr. Baskerville then brought out a joint work with Prof. James A. Harrison, an "Anglo-Saxon Dictionary," also published in 1885. Mr. Baskerville was born in Fayette County, Tenn., April 1, 1850. After attending several prominent institutions of learning in the United States he went to the University of Leipsic, where he received the degree of Ph. D. "Early Times in Middle Tennessee," by John Carr, was published in 1857. The preface is written by Dr. J. B. McFerrin. The book con- tains a series of sketches on the history of Middle Tennessee, which were first published in the Nashville Christian Advocate. Much of the book is given to early religious history, and it contains biographies of pioneer preachers and one of the author. "Life and Times of EJder Reuben Ross," an interesting and well written book, by James Ross, with an introduction and notes by J. M. Pendleton, was published 1882. Elder Ross was born in North Carolina, in 1776. He came to Tennessee in 1807, after having been ordained to the ministry, and for fifty years was a noted preacher. The history of his life covers one of the most important periods in the vfeligious history of the State. J. H. Brunner, D. D., president of Hiwassee College, has published "Sunday Evening Talks" and "The Union of the Churches." The Rev. O. P. Fitzgerald, editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate, is the 626 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. author of "California Sketches," two volumes; "Christian Growth" and "The Class Meeting." "The Sunday-school and its Methods" is a vol- ume published at Nashville, 1883, by Eev. James A. Lyons, a native of Knoxville, Tenn., a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Georo-e W. Harris, author of "Sut Lovingood's Yarns," a humorous book, was born in Knoxville, Tenn. His book had a wide popularity, especially among young readers. Leo-al writers are Hon. William F. Cooper, author of "Cooper's Chan- cery Eeports," reported and edited by himself; Wesley J. Hicks, author of "Hicks' Manual;" William C. Kain, author of "Tennessee Justice and Legal Adviser," and Henry S. Foote, author of "Foote's Bench and Bar of the Southwest." "A Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin, or an Essay on Slavery," is the work of A. Woodward, M. D,, published in Cincinnati in 1853. ^ Dr. Woodward lived in Knoxville for many years where he practiced his profession, and has left a large family. His little book is very credit- able, and the views on Southern customs and the estimate of character are just and impartial "Old Times in West Tennessee," published in Memphis, 1873, and copyrighted by Joseph S. Williams in the same year, is a book by "A Descendant of One of the First Settlers." The most prominent of the female authors of Tennessee is Miss Mary N. Murfree, whose pseudonym is Charles Egbert Craddock. Miss Mur- free is a native of Murfreesboro, Tenn. Loss of property induced her father, who is a prominent lawyer, to live on the old Dickenson planta- tion. It was the isolated life there that led the young girl to reflection and introspection, and developed her keen observation of nature's mys- teries, which plumed her pen for its exquisite descriptions of scenery. Miss Murfree touches the very core of nature and reveals all her hidden lore, presenting it to the reader in gorgeous coloring. Many visits to the mountains of East Tennessee made her familiar with the customs and dialect of the mountaineers. This practical knowledge, added to the wealth of imagination she possesses, formed the conjunction necessary to perfect the genius. All the prominent journals of the country accord the very highest praise to Miss Murfree. She is said to be the "most powerful and original of the 'southern school' of romanticists." Says the Boston Traveller: "Here is the positive, brilliant, glowing genius that has cut its own channel and made its own place." Her productions are "Li the Tennessee Mountains," "Down the Ravine," "The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains" and maily other contributions to period- icals; also "Where the Battle was Fought." The publication of her fii-st work entitled her, justly, to the front rank among novelists, and her merit HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 627 is acknowledged by all lovers of the beautiful, who look on her produc- tions as a new voice of delight in the world of fiction. Mrs. L. Virginia French was by birth a Yirginian. At an early age she was sent by her father to her maternal grandmother in Washington, Penn., where she was educated. In 1848, having finished her education, she became a teacher in Memphis. Her maiden nom de plume was Z/' Inconnue. She published, in 1856, "Wind Whispers," a book of fugi- tive poems; "Legends of the South," in verse; "Iztalilxo, the Lady of Tala," a tragedy in five acts, the scene laid in Mexico; "My Eoses," a novel of Southern life in 1872. In 1879, "Darlingtonia," a novel, ran as a serial in the Detroit Free Press. She occupied the position of ed- itor to many ]n-ominent literary journals of the South. She is best known as a poet. Her verse is full of tone and imagination, and her drama lias been compared to "Ion" and "The Lady of Lyons." She led a life of excessive literary activity and usefulness. She died at Mc- Minnville, March 31, 1881. Since her death her sister, Mrs. Lide Meri- weather, also an authoress, has published a volume of poems entitled "One or Two," the joint work of these gifted sisters. Mrs. Meriweather re- sided in Memphis for many years, and at that time published two books, "Soundings" and "Souls for Sale." "Soundings," a prose work, was written with the noble endeavor to elevate and restore to honest effort those who, by one false step, are tossed by custom into the bitter gulf of degradation, without one hope of repentance or of restoration to a more upright career, to which some might attain if the hand-grasp of pitying women was held out to them. Mrs. Meriweather is also a poet of ability. "October" is a handsome specimen of suggestive style. Mrs. iVnnie Chambers Ketchum was born in Keijtucky, and removed to Memphis after her marriage. While there, she became the editor of the Lotos, a literary magazine. In 1856 she brought out a novel, "Nelly Bracken" which was favorably received ; "Rilla Motto," a romance writ- ten for the Lotos in 1860; "Lotos Flowers," a volume of miscellaneous poems. "Benny," a Christmas ballad which appeared in the Home Journal, attracted much attention. Besides literary ability and rare no- bility of nature, Mrs. Ketchum is gifted with beauty, fine conversational powers and a voice of great compass and sweetness. Her teacher. Prof. Wright Merrick, says: "In the classics, in the sciences, she is equally at home; in modern languages, music and drawing she excels as well. I have never known her peer." She has traveled in Europe recently, and is still actively engaged in literary work. Mrs. Adelia C. Graves, nee Spencer, wife of Z. C. Graves, president at that time of Kingsville Academy, and founder of Mary SharpeCol- 628 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. lege, Winchester, Tenii., is an authoress. She was for some time pro- fessor of Latin and hcUes-lettres and afterward matron and professor of rhetoric in the Winchester College. She has written many fugitive poems and two prose tales, "Ruined Lives," published in the South- ern i?eposi7o?"?/, Memphis, and a drama, "Jephtha's Daughter." She had also a work on "Woman; her Education, Aims, Sphere, Influence and Destiny." Mrs. Mary E. Pope, Memphis, for some time principal of a flourish- ing school for young ladies, is the authoress of fugitive poems ; one entitled "The Gift of Song." Martha W. Brown, who wrote under the pseudonym of Estelle, resided in Memphis. She contributed numerous poems to The Southern Literary Messenger; "Thou Art Growing Old,. Mother," is said to be the very essence of the poetry of the heart. ^ 1 Mrs. Amanda Bright was born in Alabama and removed early in life to Fayetteville, Tenn. Her eldest son was killed at the battle of Seven Pines. Soon thereafter her second and only remaining child died. In her great sorrow she wrote a book, hoping to realize a sufficient sum to erect a monument to her sons' memory. "The Three Bernices, or Ansermo of the Crag" was the outcome of this design, published in 1869. Mrs. Bright has vivid imagination, richness and exuberance of style, and she paints nature with the rare and delicate touches of a true artist. She wrote other stories, "The Prince of Seir" among them. Miss Annie E. Law, long a resident of Tennessee, is of Englisli birth and now lives in California. She is a woman of great force of will, strong intellect and unflinching courage. She gave valuable aid in the war to the Confederates, to whose cause she was a devoted adherent. She was tried as a spy at Knosville in the war. She is authoress of many poems, one of the best being "Memories." Miss Law is also a learned concholo- gist, and has made many valuable contributions to that science. In 1867 Miss Zoda G. Smith published from the Southern Method- ist Publishing House at Nashville, under the nom de plume of "Elloie," a small volume of poems. Her verse is said to contain nothing morbid or insipid, but to elevate the heart, broken by earthly trials, into the purer atmosphere and brighter skies of heaven. Mrs. Bettie Meriwether, a great apostle of temperance, wrote a fine novel of much power, entitled "The Master of Redleaf," which was favorably received. She is a resi- dent of Memphis. "A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White," judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, and United States Senator, with selections from his speeches and correspondence, was published in 1856, by his granddaughter. Miss Nancy N. Scott. Mrs. Emma M. Blake, nee Rut- ledge, native of Nashville, and was educated there. She married Mr. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 629' Daniel Blake, an Englishman, a resident of Charleston, S. C. A vol- ume of her poems was printed by her friends after her death, as a memorial of her, entitled "Eeliqnige." Mrs. W. G. McAdoo is the author of two novels, "The Nereid" and "Eagle-Bend," the scenes laid in East Tennessee, and a number of serial stories. Mrs. Annie S. Gil- christ, of Nashville, is authoress of two novels of considerable merit, "Rosehurst" and "Harcourt," both published in Nashville. Mrs. Jane Tandy Chinn Cross was a native of Kentucky, but pub- lished her books in Nashville. She was twice married, and died in 1870. While on a European tour, she corresponded with The Nashville Christian Advocaie. She began writing for publication in 1851. Wrote a book of four volumes for children, and "Duncan Adair, or Captured in Escap- ing" and "Azile, A Story," Nashville, 1868. "Azile" is a very interesting story, the scene of the first part laid in Dresden, and changing to the Southern States at the outbreak of the war. Her style is polished, sprightly and lucid. Her portraiture of life in the South is graphic, and there are some fine art touches on German customs and amusements. Mrs. Whitson, resident of Murfreesboro, has published general biograph- ical works. The most important is a book of sketches of the last Gen- eral Assembly, which contains very flattering accounts of its members. JOUENALISM.* The first paper brought out in Tennessee was The Knoxville Gazette, which was published at Rogersville, November 5, 1791, by Mr. George Boul stone. The Gazette was a three-column paper of no great merit, and of little interest to the general • reader ; yet as the pioneer paper of the new region, it created quite an excitement among the rough settlers. It is supposed that Indian troubles prevented Mr. Roulstone from estab- lishing his paper at once in Knoxville. Although this town was laid out in 1792, many people regarded it as a myth, and the editor of The Gazette may have shared this belief. He, however, removed his paper after the issuance of a few numbers at Eogersville, and continued to publish it in Knoxville until his death, in 1804 Roulstone was printer to the Ter- ritorial and State Legislatures, and published AVillie Blount's "Catachet- ical Exposition of the Constitution of the State of Tennessee." He was public printer at the time of his death, and his wife was elected two suc- cessive terms to fill his place. Shb was Miss Gilliam, of Nashville, and has left many descendants in Middle Tennessee. Knoxville's second paper was The Knoxville Register, a weekly issue founded by G. Roulstone in 1798. The Register was in existence about *Much of the fact contained in the above sketch on the subject of journalism was kindly furnished by- Col. Moses White. 630 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. two years when its editors G. Eoulstoue and John Rivington Parrington, published another paper called The Genius of Liberiy, a small paper not so large as either of the former, and by no means so sprightly in tone. This made Knoxville the mistress of three weeklies, a fine exhibition for a little frontier town in its babyhood. In 1804 George Wilson edited a paper known as Wilson''s Gazette, a much larger paper than its prede- cessors. It had five columns and ruled lines while the earlier issues had three columns and no lines. This paper continued until 1818 when Wil- son removed to Nashville and published The Nashville Gazette, a paper devoted to "Old Hickory's" service. The Knoxville Register, "the one that became an institution of Knox- ville," was established by F. S. Heiskill and Hu. Brown in August, 1816. Maj. Heiskill came to Knoxville, in 1814, where he served "as journeyman printer on Wilson^s Gazette, then the only paper published in East Tennessee." He was a man of limited opportunities but strong native capacities and managed the political department of The Register with much ability. Hu. Brown was an accomplished scholar and fluent waiter, and he conducted the miscellaneous and literary parts of the paper with skill and success. In the bitter party strife which rent the country in the presidential campaign of Gen. Jackson and John Q. Adams The Register entered with vigor and enthusiasm, and bore a prominent part in that political storm. It also supported Judge Hugh L. AVhite for President in 1836. Between 1836 and 1839 The Register changed owners and editors several times, as well as names. Its existence con- tinued, with many vicissitudes, until after 1863, when it succumbed to the exigencies of the war. Up to 1859 The Register had been a Whig paper. In that year it became a strong Democratic sheet. Another paper. The Enquirer, began in Knoxville in 1823. Like other journals of this region it went through many changes of owners and editors. At one time Mr. Hiram Barry was its owner and publisher with J. J. Meredith as editor. Mr. Barry is a resident of Knoxville and the oldest printer in the State, he having come to that place in 1816. He is still an active citizen who can tell many interesting incidents of early affairs in Tennessee. As Knoxville grew other papers had their rise. The Hon. John R. Nelson, a distinguished lawyer, issued two papers, The Republican in 1831 and Uncle Sam in 1834. The Post was first brought out in Knoxville, in 1841, by Capt. James Williams. It was afterward removed to Athens and still continues there as The Athens Post, edited by Mr. Samuel P. Ivins. TJie Argus appeared in 1838. It was changed to Standard in 1844, and continued, with some changes, to 1855. HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. G31 The Plebeian began as a Democratic weekly in 1850, and in 1851 was known as The Daily Morning Plebeian. This was the first daily ever published in Knoxville. Other minor papers flourished from 1853 to 1857 ; and in 1858 Mr. John Mitchel, the Irish patriot, and Mr. W. G. Swan, of Knoxville, established an ultra pro-slavery paper called The Southern Citizen. Mr. Mitchel was a man of liberal education, polite address and keen wit, added to much boldness and independence of char- acter. Says a critic, " The Southei'n Citizen was conducted with ability, arrogance and intolerance seldom equaled." The war journals of Knoxville were The East Tennesseean, published by the Hon, John Baxter, as principal, in February, 1862, and The Southern Clironicle. The East Tennesseean was devoted to the support of the Confederate States in their war for independence. It had but one issue. The Soutliern Clironicle fell in 1863, on Federal occupation, Eogersville, in 1816,had a newspaper called The Roger sville Gazette, and in 1850, The Bogersville Times was a lively and enterprising journal. Other towns in East Tennessee were not behind in publishing papers, Green- ville had, in 1822, an eight-paged paper entitled The American Economist and Weeldy Political Recorder, followed by The Miscellany and The Greeneville Spy, which continued until the war. The first paper ever published southwest of Knoxville, was The Val- ley Farmer, in Washington, Rhea County. This was removed subse- quently to Athens, under the name of Athens Gazette. In 1833 J. W. M. Brazeale, the author of " Life as it is," edited The Tennessee Journal at this place. As early as 1838, New Market had a paper; and in 1832, Jonesboro issued a Whig paper, called The Wasliington Republican and Farmers'' Jow?'waZ, edited by Judgjp Emerson, of the supreme court, and The Sentinel by Dr. Thomas Anderson, author of a medical work on diseases peculiar to East Tennessee. W. G. Brownlow edited his well known Wliig at that time in Jonesboro, and between the two papers a political and personal feud raged with unabated fury for a long period. Chattanooga, then known as Boss's Landing, had a paper called Tlie Hamilton Gazette as early as 1838, The name was changed afterward to The Chattanooga Gazette. This paper passed through some vicissitudes until 1864, when it became a daily issue. Elizabetliton Republican and Manufacturers'' Advocate was the first paper published in Elizabethton. This was succeeded by Brownlow'' s Tennessee Whig, begun at this place in 1839. Tlie Whig was bold, intense, incisive, and continued one year, when it was removed to Jonesboro, and subsequently to Knoxville. In i849 Brownlow'' s Knoxville Wliig sent out its first issue and continued until suspended October 16, 1861, and revived Nevember 11, 1863. In 632 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 1869 Brownlow dissolved connection witli this paper and resumed editor- ship) in 1875, at which time the paper bore the new name of Daily Chron- icle and Weeklij Whig and CJironicle. The motto of the Whig, "Cry aloud and spare not," gave full insight into the spirit of the paper. The Whig bore, at one time, the title Independent Journal, and Brownlow'' s Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator. No paper ever had a wider circu- lation. It is said to have had a circulation of 10,000 in 1855. The Knox- ville Chronicle was established in 1870, by Mr. William Rule, the pres- ent able editor of Tiie Journal. Cleveland, Maryville, Madison ville,, Kingston and Jasper had weekly papers from an early date. Besides, these there were two literary journals published in the University of Tennessee, and a temperance organ existed for a short while in 1851, in Knoxville, published by Mr. Joe Lewis and J. A. Rayl. Two papers deserve mention — Tlie Railroad Advocate oi Rogers viUe, in 1831, devoted to collecting all available information about the re- sources of this favored region, so as to arouse the people to the need of an outlet for the immense agricultural and mineral wealth of the State. Since then the riches have been developed beyond all expectation. The other was a veritable abolition paper, called The Genius of Universal Emancipation. This was published at Greeneville in 1821 by Benjamin Lundy, a native of New Jersey, of Quaker parentage, and showed that at the South existed the spark of what afterward proved to be one of the fiercest fires of fanaticism that ever swept over a nation. The paper advocated emancipation, and proposed several curious plans for effecting the liberation of slaves. A few religious papers finish the list of papers in East Tennessee. Journalism began in Nashville in 1797, when a paper was published called The Tennessee Gazette and Mero District Advertiser, by a Ken- tucky printer named Henkle. In a year this paper was sold and the name changed to Tlie Clarion. An issue of the date of 1801 is preserved by the State Historical Society. Its ragged condition shows its age. " It is a folio sheet, with pages 10x11 inches, and four columns to the page, printed in pica type." The Clarion was enlarged under the name of Clarion and Tennessee Gazette, and other changes of heading until December, 1821, when it resumed the name of The Clarion. " The price of subscription varied from $2 to $3 in advance, or $3 to $1, paya- able after six months." In 1821 The Clarion was discontinued, and its owners, Abram P. Maury and Carey A. Harris, brought out Tlie NasJi- ville Republican. Bradford, the long-time printer of The Clarion, issued from that office, in 1808, Bradford's Tennessee Almanac. The Impar- tial Revieiv and Cumberland Repository appeared in the latter part of HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. G33 1805. A number is in preservation bearing date February 1, 1806, in which is announced the death of Charles Dickenson, who fell in a duel fought with Gen. Jackson. The Museum, begun by Mr. G. Bradford, was a literary monthly, published in 1809, and existed for six months. It contained much valuable political and historical information, and was circulated at the low price of $2 per year. Eev. David Lowry published the first Cumberland Presbyterian organ in the United States. It bore the name of The Religious and Liierarij Intelligencer. It was a weekly brought out in 1830 and existed nearly two years. Following this was The Nashville Herald, in 1831, owned by Mr. W. Tannehill. This paper was of brief continuance. Next came a weekly literary paper in 1833 of quarto form, named The Kaleidoscope. Its tone was lofty and its influence elevating, but unfortunately its dura- tion was short. The Commercial Transcript, a small commercial sheet, came out in 1835 ; and after two years it became The Banner and Whig. An "Association of Gentlemen " published in the years 1835-36 a Presbyterian paper named The American Presbyterian, which was not sustained. The Cumberland Magazine, a quarterly, was edited by the Rev. James Smith. This man was a Scotch Presbyterian, and wrote a history in defense of that church; a very able work. The Revivalist, a weekly, began in 1837, and changed to The Cumberland Presbyterian, but only a few numbers were issued. Tennessee Baptist of the First Baptist Church in Nashville, a monthly, existed from 1835 to 1837, when it changed owners and became a semi-monthly. The Old Baptist Ban- ner, 1838, was pul^lished by the Rev. Washington Lowe. It was a monthly paper. Tlie Christian Review, a monthly magazine, was the Campbellite organ, published between the years 1844:-46, In 1840 The Tennessee State Agriculturist began and continued to 1846. A valuable law journal, called The Southwestern Law Journcd and Reporter, was published in 1844 and edited by William Cameron and John T. S. Fall. E. Z. C. Judson and A. H. Kidd edited, in 1844, Tlie SoutJiwest- ern LUerary Journcd and Monthly Review. The Baptist, second paper of that name, a weekly, was published by C. K. Winston, J. H. Shep- herd and J. H. Marshall January, L844-47. The Daily Ortliopolitan was edited by Mr. Wilkins Tannehill. This was a daily which began in 1845 and continued one year. The Christian Record, under the dominion of the Presbyterian Synod, began in 1846 and continued under changes until 1850, when it was removed to Kentucky. A monthly, called The Ncduralist, was issued in 1846 for one year, and was devoted to education and literature. TJie Quarterly Review of the Methodist Episcopcd Church South began in 1846, in Louisville, 634 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Ky. In 1851 it was removed to Ricliinond, Va., and to Nashville in 1858. Dr. T. O. Summers was the able editor of this periodical. The Tennessee Farmer and HorUcuUiwisi, a monthly, was edited by Charles Foster, in 1846. A temperance paper, The Tennessee Organ, was estab- lished in 1847, by Eev. John P. Campbell. After passing through sev- eral hands it was disposed of to Dr. R. Thompson, and Gen. William G. Brien, an eloquent speaker and scholar of much ability, who conducted it until it was discontinued in 1854. The Southern Ladies'' Companiony a Methodist monthly, was successfully managed, and had a large circula- tion. It was edited by Mr. Henkle and Dr. J. B. McFerrin. The Ten- nessee Baptist, edited by Rev. Dr. Howell, and The Portfolio, a Free- mason monthly, edited by Mr. W. Tannehill in 1847, were ably conducted. The Christian Magazine, edited in 1848 by Rev. Jesse B. Ferguson and J. K. Howard, and TJie Western Boatman, by Anson Nelson, Tlie Even- ing Reporter in 1849-50, and TJie Nashville Times in 1849, were other publications of that period. Tlie Naturalist, Tlie Southern Agricultur- ist, TJie Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery and TJie SoutJiwest- ern MontJily, went through brief life in Nashville in 1849-52. TJie Ladies' Pearl, a monthly, was edited between 1852-56 by Rev. W. S. Lang- don and J. C. Pro vine, and afterward by Mrs. Langdon. TJie NasJiville Evening News existed in 1851-53. TJie SoutJiern Medical Journal of Medical and PJiysical Sciences, a bi-monthly was published 1853-57. TJie Banner of Peace, a Cumberland Presbyterian paper, continued from 1840 to the recent war. TJie Parlor Visitor, in 1854, a Baptist organ, edited by Dr. W. P. Jones; TJie Gospel Advocate, a weekly in the same year, edited by Elder Tolbert Fanning and Prof. William Lipscomb, and TJie SoutJiern Baptist Review in 1855, were well conducted papers. TJie Home Circle, Rev. L. D. Houston, editor, and TJie Sunday-School Visitor, with Dr. T. O. Summers, editor, were other religious issues of 1855. Two agricultural papers, TJie Farmer'' s Banner and Tpe Agri- culturist and Commercicd Jourucd appeared in 1855 and lasted a short time. The Fountain was a sprightly temperance paper in 1855, and TJie Tennessee Farmer and MecJianic lasted about one year. TJie NasJiville Daily News began in 1857, and discontinued in 1860. TJie Baptist Family Visitor, and Harper''s TJieatrical Bulletin issued a few numbers in 1857. TJie Legislative Union and American was said to be an important State organ between 1857 and 1859. TJie Daily CJiris- tian Advoccde, a Methodist paper, and TJie CJiristian Unionist, another religious paper, existed a short while. Other papers, many of them re- ligious, were The Southern Magazine of Temperance, Young''s Spirit of tJie SoutJi and Central American, The Nashville MoniJily Record of HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 635 Medical and Physical Sciences, Southern Homestead, whose literary de- partment was edited by Mrs. L. Virginia French, and The Baptist Stand- ard came out between 1858 and 1860. The Temperance Monthly, edited by Mrs. Emelie C. S. Chilton, a poet of high order, and The Daily Even- ing Bulletin were papers of 1859. The Opposition was a campaign paper in the struggle for governor between Col. John Netherland and Gov. Isham G. Harris. The National PatJifmder was edited by T. F. Hughes, Esq., in 1860. TJie Nashville Cliristian Advocate began in 1831. It was edited successively by many prominent divines. The Louisville (Ky. ) Christian Advoccde was merged in this paper in 1851. In 1858 Rev. Dr. McFerrin, who had been editor, resigned, and was suc- ceeded by Rev. H. N. McTyeire. Dr. McFerrin was appointed agent of the Methodist Episcopal Publishing House at that time. TJie Nashville True Whig began in 1845, and was succeeded in 1856 by TJie Nashville Pcdriot. The Nashville Gazette, the second paper of that name, was published in 1819 by Mr. George "Wilson, the same who had conducted Wilson'' s Knoxville Gazette in 1801. Tlie Nasliville Whig, established by Moses and Joseph Norvell, began in 1812 and continued to 1816. Tlie Nash- ville Banner, a weekly, existed between 1822 and 1826. It was then united with TJie WJiig, under the name of NasJiville Banner and WJiig, a. semi-weekly. It was not until 1831 that Nasliville had a daily paper. This was TJie National Banner cmd NasJiville Advertiser. This contin- ued until 1831, when it was found that daily papers did not pay in Nash- ville, and it became a tri-weekly. TJie NasJiville Bepid)lican grew out of the materials of the old Clarion and Tennessee Gazette in 1824. After some changes it became a daily issue in 1837. TJie Repuhlican Banner was begun in 1837, enlarged in 1839, and in 1842 Gen. F. K. ZoUicoffer, who had learned the printer's trade in Mr. F. S. Heiskell's office at Knoxville, assumed the editorship. Gen. Zolli- cofPer earned a reputation as an able political writer, and kept up TJie Banner to the highest standard of newspaper excellence. TJie Banner had many editors who were men of distinguished merit and position. TJie NasJiville Gazette, third paper of that name, was in existence from 1844 to 1862. About this time TJie Repuhlican Banner was established, and continued to 1853, Avhen it was united with Tlie American under the title of NasJiville Union and American. In 1848 was established TJie Daily Centre-State American and NasJiville WeeJdy American. The NasJiville Union and American began in 1853, and grew out of the con- solidation of TJie Union and TJie American. TJie Union had been ed- ited by Col. J. G. Harris, who was an editorial pupil of George D. Pren- 636 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. tice. Col. Harris had earned distinction as a political writer, and was an adherent of Gen. Andrew Jackson. Mr. John Miller McKee was com- mercial and city editor of The Union and American in 1858, and in 1860 Mr. John C. Burch became associate editor. Mr. Leon Trousdale was also one of the editors of this paper. The Nashville Union and American was suspended on the evacuation of Nashville by the Confederates in 1862. Nashville, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, was considered the pub- lishing center of the South, having more periodicals than any other city of her size. She had no less than nineteen journals and nine large pub- lishing houses. At the fall of Fort Donelson, in 1862, the general panic induced every man to seek his own safety. Printing offices were abandoned by members of the press, their public position rendering them peculiarly obnoxious to the enemy. Many printers were without employment, and in the absence of better occupation engaged in what proved a lucrative business, that of selling newspapers. There were several war publications. The first made its appearance in February, 1862, under the name of Tlie Nashville Times. This suspended after the issue ^of the thirteenth number. Six numbers of the Evening Bulle- tin followed. The Nashville Daily Union began in 1862 and had a short existence. Other papers were The Nashville Dispatch, April, 1862. The Constitution, with George Baber as editor, appeared in July, 1862, and The Nashville Daily Press began in May, 1863. It con- tinued, with frequent change of editors, to May, 1865, when it was united with the Times and Union. Mr. S. C Mercer edited in 1864 The Nash- ville Times and True Union. It was afterward merged with the Press, and bore the title of Nashville Daily Press and Times. A paper named TJic Nashville Daily Journal existed for a short time in 1863. Mr. L. C. Houk was editor. After the war the publication of Tlic Union and American, as a daily, tri-weekly and weekly, continued to the latter part of 1866, when it be- came, by consolidation with The Dispatch, Tlie Union and Dispatch. In 1868 the paper was combined with The Daily Gazette, and resumed the name of Union and American. In 1875 The Union and American was consolidated with The Repid)lican Banner, and became The American, a daily, semi-weekly and weekly issue. Tlie Tennessee Staats-Zeitung is a German paper, and is said to be the only daily pajDer of that kind outside of New Orleans. Mr. John Euhm edited the paper in 1866, when it was first issued. He has since become a prominent lawyer in Nashville. The Methodist Episcopal Publishing House has quite a number of journalistic publications, and does a large book business. Ff!OM PHOTO BY THUSS, KOllUIN ! GlfRS.MSHVlUt Andrew Johnson HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 637 The colored people of Nashville are represented by some creditable news- papers, showing much enlightenment and progress on their part. Be- sides journalistic and periodical influence, Nashville is prominent for almanacs. This useful form of literature was beofun in 1807, when BradforcVs Tennessee Almanac appeared. Tlie Cumberland Almanac for 1827 followed, and has had a regular publication since. The first published Memphis paper was The Memphis Advocate and Western District Intelligencer^ the first issue appearing January 18, 1827. It was a weekly publication by Parron & Phoebus. The Times was established soon after, and later the two were consolidated and en- titled Tlie Times and Advocate. P. G, Gaines and Mr. Murray found- ed The Memphis Gazette in 1831, and it continued until 1837 or 1838. F. S. Lathan, publisher of The Randolph Recorder, established in 1836 a weekly paper known as The Memphis Enqiiirer, with Mr. J. H. McMahon, editor. The paper continued with many changes of owners and editors until 1850, when it united with The Eagle, and was published as The Eagle and Enquirer for ten years. The Eagle was established by T. S. La- tham in January, 1842. Dr. Solon Borland began the publication of Tlie Western World and Mempliis Banner of the Constitution, a weekly, in 1839. The first number of Tlie Memphis Appeal, edited by Henry Van Pelt, appeared April 21, 1841. It has changed proprietors several times since his death, and is still published as a daily and weekly. Memphis 3fo7iitor, which was founded by John C. Morrill in 1846, was merged into The Appeal soon after. Several other newspapers of a transitory na- ture were in existence between 1846 and 1860. Among these were The Whig Commercial and Evening Herald. The Memphis Bulletin, estab- lished in 1855, was published until 1867, when it was merged into The Av- alanche. The latter was founded by M. C. Gallaway in 1858, and with the exception of three years during the war, has since been published both as a daily and as a weekly. There were several papers published in the war, among which were The Public Ledger, Argus and Commercial. The last two were united in 1866 or 1867. In addition to newspapers a num- ber of periodicals have been published. The following is a list of the publications in 1884: Dailies — Appeal, Avalanche, Public Ledger and Scimeter. Each also publishes weekly editions. "Weeklies and monthlies — Living Way, MississiiDpi Valley Medical Monthly, Revieiv, Southern Post Journal (German), Tennessee Baptist and Watchman, a colored Baptist paper. 40 638 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. CHAPTEK XVIII. Religious History— The Relation Between Religion and the Constitution: AND THE Laws— The Gradual Development of Ecclesiastical Tolera- tion — The Separation of Church and State — The Earliest Ministra- tions IN Tennessee — -The Methods of the Circuit Riders, and the Phenomenal Results— An Analysis of the Causes of the "Jerks" and the "Power"— A Summary of the Creeds of the Principal Sectarian Organ- izations—An Account of the Origin, Growth and Success of the Vari- ous Churches— Famous Revivals and Illustrative Anecdotes— The Importance of the Establishjient of Camp Meetings— The Controver- sies OF THE Churches upon the Question of Slavery — The Interest Taken in Sunday-school Work— The Religious Status of the Colored Race — Buildings, Finances, Publications, Conventions, etc. THE progress a people has made, so far as intelligence and tolerance of opinion are concerned, is with tolerable accuracy ascertainable by a careful study of their constitution and laws. When the people of a State adopt an original or an amended constitution, that constitution may be taken as an expression of their sentiments, opinions or convic- tions as to what is essential to the welfare of the community. The same remark is applicable to the laws passed by that body endowed with the power of enactment. It is true that a constitution may be adopted by a mere majority of the voters; the minority may be more or less earnestly opposed to it; the minority may be in fact more intelligent than the ma- jority, may gradually come to be the majority and may then amend the constitution under which they have lived in such manner that it shall con- form to their sentiments, opinions and convictions. This new constitu- tion in the particulars in which it has been amended indicates the change in the opinions of the people ; it may be progression, it may be retrogres- sion, but the old and amended constitutions when compared serve to mark the degrees on the scale of progress. Individuals may be, and sometimes are, centuries in advance of their contemporaries. Lord Bacon who died in 1626, said: "Divisions in religion are less dangerous than violent measures of prevention. The wound is not dangerous unless poisoned with remedies. Inquiry is not to be feared. Controversy is the wind by which the truth is winnowed." Where the mind is free religion never has dangerous enemies. Atheism is the mistake of the metaphysician, not of human nature. In- fidelity gains the victory when it wrestles with hypocrisy or superstition, not when its antagonist is reason. When an eclesiastical establishment HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 639 requires universal conformity some consciences must necessarily be wronged ^nd oppressed. In such cases, if the wrong be successful, the servitude is followed by consequences analogous to those which ensue on the civil enslavemeiit of the people. The mind is burdened by a sense of injury ; the judgment is confused, and in its zeal to throw of an intol- lerable tyranny, passion attempts to sweep away every form of religion. Bigotry commits the correlative error when it attempts to control opion- ion by positive statutes; to substitute the terrors of law for convincing argument. It is a gigantic crime from the commission of which in the past the world is still suffering, to enslave the human mind under the earnest desire or under the specious pretext of protecting religion. Re- ligion of itself, pure and undefiled, never had an enemy. It has enemies only when coupled with bigotry, superstition and intolerance, and then only because it is so enveloped in these as to be indistinguishable from them. While their power and their tryanny have for centuries been em- ployed to strengthen and defend religion, they have ever been, and are to-day, though in a far less degree than formerly, the worst enemy that religion has. The history of the world conclusively proves that positive enactments against irreligion, or prohibiting the denial of the truths of religion as they are conceived to be, provoke and cause the very evil they were designed to prevent. For to deny the truths of the proposi- tions or dogmas of any form of religion is a right inherent in every man, for the exercise of which he is responsible to none but to himself and his Creator. Besides there are always those who have a desire for martyr- dom, being unable in any other way to achieve distinction, and because to be a martyr evinces courage and excites sympathy, and there are always more people capable of extending sympathy to the persecuted and oppressed than there are of those capable of rendering an accurate judg- ment upon the question for which the martyr chooses to be impaled. While such principles as these seem now to be generally admitted, yet at the time of the formation of the constitutions of most of the origi- nal thirteen States, the most intelligent of the people, law-makers, min- isters and others, notwithstanding the fact that the Pilgrims abandoned England and sought the unknown and inhospitable shores of America for the sole purpose of finding an asylum in which they could themselves exercise and enjoy the sweets of religious freedom, and notwithstanding the fact that the Catholic colony of Maryland under Lord Baltimore, had found it expedient to extend to Protestants the religious liberty which they claimed for themselves, entertained and succeeded in having en- grafted into most of those constitutions provisions embodying and enforc- ing sentiments similar to those expressed by the rugged and uncom- 640 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. promising Dudley, who was uot softened even by old age, and many others of the leading religious thinkers of colonial times. Said Dudley: "God forbid our love of truth should thus grow cold — that we should tol- erate error. I die no libertine." "Let men of God, ia courts and churches watch, All such as toleration hatch, Lest that ill egg bring forth a cockatrice, To poison all with heresy and vice; If men be left and otherwise combine. My epitaph's "I died no libertine." Cotton affirmed that it is "better to tolerate hypocrites and tares, than thorns and briers;" thus recognizing the great principle that hypocrisy is one of the grave evils of intolerance. Ward's opinion was that "poly- piety is the greatest impiety in the world. To say that man ought to have liberty of conscience is impious ignorance." Norton said: "Relig- ion admits of no eccentric motions." In consonance with these sentiments and the spirit which they indi- cate, Massachusetts adopted a constitution under which a particular form of worship was made a part of the civil establishment, and irreligion was punished as a civil offense. Treason against the civil government was treason against Christ, and reciprocally blasphemy was the highest offense in the catalogue of crimes. To deny that any book of the Old or New Testament was the infallible word of God was punishable by fine or by whipping, and in case of obstinacy by exile or by death. Absence from the "ministry of the Word" was punished by a fine. "The State was the model of Christ's kingdom on earth." Gradually the sjDirit of the established religion smothered nearly every form of independence and liberty. The creation of a national, uncompromising church led the Congregationalists of Massachusetts to the indulgence of passions which, exercised upon them by their English persecutors, had driven them across the sea, and thus was the Archbishop of Canterbury justified by the men he had wronged. Massachusetts, after a vain attempt to silence the Quakers, made a vain attempt to banish them. She was as strongly set against what appeared to her as ruinous heresy as a healthy city is against the plague. The second general court of Massachusetts, which met May 18, 1631, is chiefly remarkable for the adoption of the theo- cratic basis on which for fifty years the government of the State con- tinued to rest. No man was thereafter recognized as a citizen and a voter who was not a member of some one of the colonial churches, and in order to obtain admission to one of them it wa*s necessary to make an orthodox confession of faith, live conformably to Puritan decorum, and add to this a satisfactory religious experience, of which the substantial HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 641 part was au internal assurance o£ a change of heart and a lively sense of justification as one of God's elect* In 1(349 it was deemed necessary to support the fundamental doctrines of the theocracy by civil penalties. "Albeit faith is not wrought by the sword, but by the Word, nevertheless seeing that blasphemy of the true God can not be excused by any ignor- ance or infirmity of human nature, no person in this jurisdiction, whether Christian or pagan, shall wittingly or willingly presume to blaspheme His holy name, either by willfully and obstinately denying the true God, or His creation and government of the world, or shall curse God, or re- proach the holy religion of God, as if it were but an ingenious device to keep ignorant men in awe, nor shall utter any other eminent kind of blasphemy of like nature or degree under penalty of death." Such was the nature of the relation in Massachusetts between Oh arch and State. Every person was taxed for the support of the church in the same manner as he was to support the government, but was permitted to say to which individual church his money should be paid. And such laws disgraced the pages of the statutes of that State to a later date than were those of any other State similarly disfigured. On April 1, 1834, a bill was enacted into a law containing the following provisions: No person shall hereafter become or be made a member of any parish or religious society so as to be liable to be taxed therein for the support of public worship, or for other parish charges without his express consent for that purpose first had and obtained. No citizen shall be assessed or liable to pay any tax for the support of public worship or parish charges to any parish or religious society whatever other than that of which he is a member. In 1649 sixteen acts were forwarded to Maryland to which the gov- ernor was to obtain the assent of the Assembly. One of these was en- titled "An Act of Toleration." The first four sections of this celebrated act comprised but little of the tolerant spirit, as may be seen by a peru- sal of their provisions: "All who shall blaspheme God, that is, curse Him, or who shall deny our Saviour Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity, the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the said three persons of the Trinity, or the unity of the Godhead, or shall use or utter any reproachful speeches against the Holy Trinity, shall suffer death with forfeiture of lands and goods." Strange as it may seem, this death penalty for this offense darkened the statutes of Maryland for 200 years. No one was permitted under the law to utter any reproachful words or speeches concerning the Virgin Mary or the holy apostles or evangelists without suffering the penalty of a fine, and banishment for the third offense. No one was permitted to reproachfully call any one "heretic, schismatic, idolator, Puritan, Pres- *Hildreth. 642 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. byterian," etc, without being compelled to submit to suitable punish- ment. "Liberty of conscience" was, however, provided for in the follow- ing words: "That the enforcing the conscience in matters of religion hath frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequences in those commonwealths where it hath been practiced, and therefore for the more quiet and peaceful government of the province, and the better to preserve mutual love and unity, no person professing the religion of Jesus Christ shall be molested or discountenanced on account of his relisfion, nor in- terrupted in the free exercise thereof.'" It is clear, however, from a study of the history of the colony of Maryland that whatever liberty of conscience was here provided for to those who "believed the religion of Jesus Christ" was adopted for the sake of policy, for the reason that an exclus- ively E/oman Catholic colony would not have been for a moment tolerated by the mother country, then under the domination of the Church of Eng- land. The same idea is embodied in the Declaration of Rights prefixed to the constitution of 177(3 in the following language: "All persons pro- fessing the Christian religion, are equally entitled to protection in their religious liberty," and while this declaration expressed the opinion that " no person ought to be compelled to frequent or maintain or contribute, "unless on contract to maintain any particular place of worship, or partic- ular ministry, yet," it said, " the Legislature may in their discretion lay a general and equal tax for the support of the Christian religion." Later this was all changed and liberty of conscience granted in the follow- ing words: " That, as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are equally en- titled to protection in their religious liberty." Chapter III of the laws of Virginia passed in 1661, provided that " no minister be admitted to officiate in this country but such as shall produce to the Governour a testimonial, that he hath received his ordi- nation from some bishop in England, and shall then subscribe to be conformable to the orders and constitutions of the Church of Eng- land," etc. Chapter V provided that the liturgy of the Churoh of England should be read every Sunday, and no minister nor reader was permitted to teach any other catechism that that by the canons appointed and inserted in the book of common prayer, that no min- ister should expound any other than that, to the end " that our fun- damentals at least be well laid," and that no reader upon presumption of his own abilities should attempt to expound that or any other cate- chism or the Scriptures. Chapter YI, of the laws of 1705, provided for the punishment of "atheism, deism or infidelity" as follows: "If any HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 643 person or persons brought up in the Christian religion shall by writing, j^rinting, teaching or advisedly speaking, deny the being of a God, or the Holy Trinity, or shall deny the Christian religion to be true, or the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be of divine author- ity, and shall be thereof legally convicted upon indictment or information in a general court of this, Her Majesty's colony and dominion, such per- son or persons for this offense shall be incapable or disabled in law to all intents and' purposes whatever to hold and enjoy any office or employ- ment, ecclesiastical, civil or military, or any part of them or any profit or advantage to them appertaining or any of them." For the second of- fense " he, she or they shall from thenceforth be disabled to sue, prose- cute, plead or use any action or information in any court of law or equity, or to be guardian to any child, or to be executor or administrator of any person, or capable of any deed or gift or legacy, or to bear any office, civil or military, within this. Her Majesty's colony or dominion, and shall also suffer from the time of such conviction three years' imprisonment without bail or mainprise." A remarkable change in the attitude of Christianity toward infidelity occurred between this time and the adoption of the constitution of 1776. Section 16 of the Bill of Rights prefixed to this constitution reads as follows: " That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and convic- tion, not by force or violence; and, therefore, all men are entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to practice Christian forbearance, love and charity toward each other." This section has been incorporated into all the succeeding constitutions of Virginia, and still remains the embodi- ment of the sentiment of the people of that State as to religious tolera- tion. The celebrated "fundamental constitutions of Carolina," drawn up by John Locke, author of the " Essay on the Human Understanding," provides in Article XCV that " No man shall be permitted to be a free- man of Carolina, or to have any estate or habitation within it, that doth not acknowledge a God, and that God is publicly and solemnly to be wor- shiped." But when the constitution of North Carolina came to be adopted the sentiment of the people with reference to religious liberty found expression in the following language: " That all men have a natu- ral and unalienable right to worship Almighty God according to the dic- tates of their own consciences." But " That no person who shall deny the being of God, or the truth of the Protestant religion, or the Divine authority either of the Old or New Testaments, or who shall hold relig- 644 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ious principles incompatible with the freedom and safety of the State, shall be capable of holding any office or place of trust or profit in the civil department of this State." By a careful comparison of these various excerpia from the colonial and State constitutions and laws, the general reader will have but little difficulty in forming a tolerably correct conception of the progress made in public opinion as to the proper attitude to be assumed toward religion by the State, during the century or two previous to the adoption of the first constitution of Tennessee. Neither will he be less gratified than surprised to find that very little of the spirit of intolerance can be found crystalized into the provisions of that venerable instrument. And his impartial judgment may be unable to conclude that it would have been better for the interests of the State if what little of intolerance that is included had been omitted. With reference to the religious liberty of the individual. Section 3 of the Declaration of Rights is sufficiently ex- plicit: "All men have a natural and indefeasable right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; that no man can of right be made to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to maintain any minister against his consent ; that no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience, and that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or mode of worship." This provision, as well as those relating to religious tests to office-holders, is in all the constitu- tions that have been adopted in Tennessee, in 1796, 1834 and in 1870, and stands as an admirable safeguard to the most cherished, if not the most valuable, of all kinds of freedom. The little intolerance that the constitution contains applies only to office-holders, and is in the following words in the Declaration of Rights : " Section 4. That no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifica- tion to any office or public trust under this State;" and is as follows in the constitution: "Article IX, Section 2, No person who denies the be- ing of a God, or a future state of rewards and punishments, shall hold any office in the civil department of this State." The hypercritic might discover a slight contradiction in these two provisions, but perhaps the most able political philosopher would fail should he attempt to prove that evil has resulted to the body politic from its existence in the fundamen- tal law of the State. The special laws of North Carolina that were in operation in this Territory previous to the operation of the State constitution were simply those which granted some special privilege to certain sects afflicted with conscientious scruples regarding the taking of an oath, as the United HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 645- Brethren, Mennonites, Quakers, Dunkers, etc. In 1784 the Legislature of North Carolina passed an act by which the Quakers were permitted to " solemnly declare or affirm," instead of "to swear," and the same act provided that " it shall be lawful for the people called Quakers to wear their hats as well within the several courts of judicature in this State as elsewhere, unless otherwise ordered by the court." Thus it will be seen that under the constitution and laws in operation both before and after the adoption of the constitution, all the various opinions concerning re- ligion, those unfavorable as well as favorable toward it were tolerated, and it will be seen also as this narrative proceeds that all kinds of opin- ions upon religious subjects not only were tolerated but found a home in this State, and still here abide. It is generally admitted, perhaps nowhere seriously denied, that war is among the greatest demoralizers of the world, and the early settle- ment of this State was so nearly contemporaneous with the war of the Eevolution, and war with various Indian tribes was so constantly present with the early settlers, that it is but reasonable to expect that an impar- tial inquiry into their condition must find that many of them were frequent- ly in anything but a religious state of mind, and even where they were thus disposed, religious instruction and worship were neglected from the neces- sity of the case, and even forms of religion imperfectly maintained. Vice and immorality have always followed in the wake of armies, as also, though to a less degree, in that of the excitement attendant upon political faction. But when the excitement of war subsides and that of politics is not intense, the superabundant energies of the people naturally turn to the excitement of religious discussion and debate. When the morals and the minds of a community are in this impressionable condition it may be truthfully said that the harvest is indeed ready for the sickle, but in this early time the reapers were few; and the field is equally in- viting to the circuit rider, missionary or preacher who labors for fame as to him who sincerely and earnestly labors for the salvation of souls. Happily, however, for the gratification of the lover of his State, the preachers of the latter class were far more numerous than those of the former in those early times. One of the first to arrive within the limits of the State was the Bev. Charles Cummings, a Presbyterian minister, who preached regularly to a congregation in the Holston Yalley not far from Abingdon, Va., as early as 1772. It was the custom of Mr. Cummings on Sunday morning to dress himself neatly, put on his shot pouch, shoulder his rifle, mount his horse and ride to church, where he would meet his congregation, each man with his rifle in his hand. Entering the church he would walk 646 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. gravely through the crowd, ascend his pulpit, and after depositing his rifle in one corner of it, so as to be ready for any emergency, commence the solemn services of the day. Indians were not scarce in those days, and frontier congregations consisted of armed men surrounded by their families. Also in the eastern part of the State in 1779 a Baptist preacher named Tidence Lane organized a congregation, a house of worship was built on Buffalo Ridge, and the Bev. Samuel Doak was preaching about this time in Washington and Sullivan Counties. When the little army under Campbell, Shelby and Sevier, was preparing to march to King's Mountain, a solemn and appropriate prayer for Divine protection and guidance was offered up by a clergyman whose name does not seem to have been preserved. In 1783 the Bev. Jeremiah Lambert was appointed to the Holston Circuit, and at the end of his year reported seventy-six members. In 1784 Bev. Henry Willis succeeded Mr. Lambert, but, although his services were valuable he did not increase the membership. In 1785 he was elder in the district embracing Holston, while Bichard Swift and Michael Gilbert were on the circuit. The Presbyterians also made an early start in East Tennessee. Many of them were Scotch-Irish, and though doubtless of equal piety with the Methodist brethren, yet there was naturally an antagonism between the two sects on account of the incompatibility of the doctrines taught. In 1788, while tumult and discord were impending between North Carolina and the State of Frank- lin, the opportune arrival of the venerable Bishop Asbury, of the Method- ist Episcopal Church, a man of quiet dignity, unpretending simplicity and exemplary piety, served to calm and soothe the excited masses. A little before this visit of Bishop Asbury in East Tennessee, minis- ters began to arrive in what was then called Western Tennessee, now Middle Tennessee. In 1786 Bev. Benjamin Ogden was the first Method- ist Episcopal minister to arrive on the Cumberland. After laboring one year he reported sixty members, four of them colored persons. In 1788 the Bevs. Mr. Combs and Barnabas McHenry, both faithful and la- borious men, came to the settlement. In 1789 the Bev. Francis Pay- thress was presiding elder, and Bevs. Thomas Williamson and Joshua Hartley had charge of the local societies. Besides these there were the Bevs. James Haw, Peter Mussie, Wilson Lee and O'Cull. In 1791 a. church was organized by Elias Fort and other pioneer Baptists, in the neighborhood of Port Boyal, known in history as the "Bed Biver Bap- tist Church." At first, for want of a "meeting-house," meetings were held alternately at the houses of different members ; but at length a rude meeting-house was erected on the left bank of Bed Biver, from which stream the church received its name. During the next three or four HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 647 years there arrived in the Cumberland settlements the Revs. Stephen Brooks, Henry Burchett, Jacob Lurtin, Aquilla Suggs, John Ball, Will- iam Burke, Gwynn and Crane. These were all itinerant preachers, and all labored faithfully to warn the people to flee from the wrath to come. They were all Methodists, some of them coming before and some after the Baptists in Eobertson and Montgomery Counties. Samuel Mason and Samuel Hollis, the first local preachers that were brought up in this country, commenced preaching in 1789 or 1790. The Eev. Thomas B, Craighead, a Presbyterian divine, preached to a congregation at Spring Hill, about six miles east of Nashville, and the Eev. William McGee, another Presbyterian, preached at Shiloh, near Gallatin, in Sumner County. Between 1795 and 1800 the Methodist Episcopal Church was represented by Rev. John Page, Rev. Thomas Wilkinson, Rev. John Mc- Gee and Rev. John Cobler. Besides these there were the Revs. James McGready, Hodge and Rankin, of the Presbyterian Church, and the Revs. William McKendree, John Sail and Benjamin Larkin, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The Rev. Barton W. Stone, a Presbyte- rian, and, like Rev. Mr. McGready, from Kentucky, was also, like him, quite conspicuous in the work of the great revival which commenced in Southern Kentucky and Noi'thern Tennessee, in 1799. Most of the preachers above mentioned Avere men of burning zeal and of a natural and boisterous eloquence; and hence to their sensitive and sympathetic, hearers their preaching was of a novel and attractive kind. Their fame extended to far distant neighborhoods, and drew together, whenever a meeting was announced, thousands of curious, interested and earnest listeners. In 1789 or 1790 the Methodists erected a stone meeting- house in Nashville, between the public square and the river. In 1796 an act of Lesfislature authorized the town of Nashville to deed to five persons a lot of ground extending twenty feet in all directions from the building, except toward the river, in which direction it extended presum- ably to the river. In October, 1797, an act was passed establishing the "Stone Meeting-House," and reducing the size of the lot to fifteen feet, instead of twenty. It was not long after ministers began to preach in this western •country before discussions and controversies regarding Christian doc- trines began to claim a large share of their, and the people's attention. The Presbyterians and Baptists, in those days, were generally very rigid Calvinists, while the Methodists were mostly Arminians. Calvinism is succinctly as follows: It is based upon the idea that the will of God is supreme. The human race, corrupted radically in the fall of Adam, has upon it the guilt and impotence of original sin; its redemption can only 648 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. be achieved through an incarnation and propitiation; of this redemption only electing grace can make the soul a participant, and the grace once given is never lost; this election can only come from God, and it only includes a part of the race, the rest being left to perdition; election and j)erditiou are both predestinate in the Divine plan; that j^lan is a decree eternal and unchangeable ; justification is by faith alone, and faith is the gift of God. Arminianism may be briefly set forth as follows: 1. God, by an eternal and immutable decree, before the foundation of the world, de- termined to save in Christ, through Christ and for Christ, those who should believe in Christ. 2. Christ died for all, but no one will enjoy remission of sin except the believer. 3. Man must be born again and renewed in Christ by the Holy Spirit. 4. God's grace is the beginning, increase and perfection of everything good. 5. Man may fall from grace. (?) For several years previous to the ushering in of the present century, these irreconcilable opinions — ^which after all in both systems are only opinions — clashed upon and with each other. Issues were joined ; animated debates and acrimonious controversies were frequent, upon doctrinal points, none of which were or are demonstrably true. For this reason the animation manifested in the discussions, the earnestness in the appeals, often from the same platform or pulpit, to the unbeliever to accept the truth, by preachers who contradicted each other as to what was the truth, and the fact that acrimony was so often present in the controversy, all tended to prove that demonstration was not attainable ; for where the truth of a proposition in philosophy, ethics, political economy or theology, no less than in physics and mathematics, is demonstrable, even though it be only to the most enlightened reason, controversy with reference thereto must necessarily cease ere long, and the bitterness with the controversy. But there is another way of eliminating bitterness from controversy besides that of arriving at a demonstration, and that is to eliminate the controversy. This Avas practically exemplified in the great revival, which took place in the opening years of the nineteenth century, the cause, phenomena and results of which it is now the purpose of this sketch to trace. This great revival was of itself a wonderful phenomenon, worthy the most careful study of the religious philosopher. It was the natural result of a reaction from a very low ebb of religion and morality, the lowest ebb they have reached in this country. The war of the Revolu- tion left the nation impoverished and prostrate. The influence of the French Revolution and of French infidelity were powerfully felt even among the more intelligent portions of the American people. But the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 649 masses soon awakened to a sense of their condition, and flocked in great numbers to hear the gospel preached by such earnest, powerful and el- oquent men as have been named above. No building then erected could accommodate the crowds that concentrated from all parts of the adjacent country, to distances of from ten to twenty, thirty and even fifty miles, hence the camp-meeting became a necessity of the times. In 1799 a sacramental meeting was held in the old Red River Bap- tist Church, near Port Royal, which, considering the sparsely settled con- dition of the country, was quite largely attended. Elders McGready, Hodge and Rankin, of the Presbyterian Church, and Elder John McGee, of the Methodist Episcopal Church were present. After a remarkably powerful address by Elder Hodge, concerning the effect of which upon the congregation writers differ — some saying that the members of the congregation remained through its delivery silent and quiet; others, that their emotions were uncontrollable and that they gave vent to them in loud cries — Elder McGee arose, expressed his conviction that a greater than he was preaching, exhorted the people to let the Lord God Omnip- otent reign in their hearts, and broke into the following song: "Come Holy Spirit, Heavenly Dove, With all thy quickening powers, Kindle a flame of sacred love In these cold hearts of ours." Having sang thus far two aged ladies, Mrs. Pacely and Mrs. Clark, commenced tremendously vociferating sentiments of praise and thanks- giving to the Most High for His grace in providing redemption for a fal- len world. For some time the preacher attempted to continue his sing- ing but the venerable ladies vociferated louder than before; others of the congregation united their voices with theirs in praise ; the minister de- scending from the pulpit passed along the aisles vehemently shouting and exhorting; the clamor and confusion increased tenfold; screams for mercy were mingled with shouts of joy ; a universal and powerful agita- tion pervaded the multitude ; suddenly individuals began to fall pros- trate to the floor as if dead, where they lay for some time unconscious and unable to rise. The Presbyterian elders were so surprised and even astonished at this confusion in the house of the Lord that they made their way outside and quietly queried among themselves "what is to be done ?" Elder Hodge concluded that nothing could be done. If it were the work of Satan it could not last; if it were the work of God efforts to control or check the confusion would be vain. He thought it was of God, and decided to join in ascribing glory to God's name. All three therefore re-entered the house and found nearly the entire congregation upon the floor. Soon two or more at a time began to rise, shouting 650 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, praise for the evidence felt for sins forgiven, for redeeming grace and un- dying love. The excitement was so intense that the ministers found their strength taxed to the utmost to supply the demands of the congre- gation. From thirty to forty professed to have been converted that day. Such was the beginning of the religious movement which on account of the strange bodily agitations attending upon, it was looked upon as the most wonderful event of the times. The next meeting was held on the following Saturday and Sunday at the Beach Meeting-house, ten miles west of Gallatin, Sumner County, where was present a vast assembly and where were witnessed scenes sim- ilar to those above described.* On the Sunday following this meeting a most wonderful meeting was held at Muddy River Church, a few miles north of Russellville, Ky. To this meeting the people came in in all kinds of vehicles, on horseback and on foot, from all distances up to 100 miles. Long before the hour for preaching came there were present three times as many as the house could seat, and still they came singly, and in companies of tens, fifties and hundreds. A temporary pulpit was erected in the woods, and seats for the multitude made by felling large trees and laying them on the ground, "Preaching commenced, and soon the presence of the all-pervading power was felt throughout the vast as- sembly. As night came on it was apparent the crowd did not intend to disperse, * * * Some took wagons and hurried to bring in straw from barns and treading-yards. Some fell to sewing the wagon sheets together, and others to cutting forks and poles on which to spread them. Counterpanes, coverlets and sheets were also fastened together to make tents or camps. Others were dispatched to town and to the nearest houses to collect bacon, meal, flour, with cooking utensils to pre- pare food for the multitude. In a few hours it was a sight to see how much was gathered together for the encampment. Fires were made, cooking begun, and by dark candles were lighted and fixed to a hundred trees ; and here was the first and perhaps the most beautiful camp-ground the world has ever seen."-|- The Rev, Barton "W, Stone, a Presbyterian clergyman, pastor of Cane Ridge and Concord congregations in Bourbon County, Ky., hearing of the religious excitement in the southern part of his own State and in Northern Tennessee, started early in the spring of 1801 to attend one of the camp- meetings in Logan County, Ky, Afterward he wrote a book describing what he had seen, and as no one has given a more minute description of *The meeting held at Red River Baptist Church is said to have been held in 1799, and this at the Beach Meeting-house in 1800. If this be correct the times of holding these two meetings are pretty accurately deter- mined. fSmith's Legends of the War of the Revolution. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 651 tlie bodily agitations, otherwise known as "the jerks" or "epidemic epilepsy," the following extracts from his work are here introduced: "On arriving I found the multitude assembled on the edge of a prai- rie, where they continued encamped many successive days and nights, during all which time worship was being conducted in some parts of the encampment. The scene to me was passing strange. It baffles description. Many, very many, fell down as men slain in battle, and continued for hours together in a comparatively breathless and motionless state, sometimes, for a few moments, reviving and exhibiting symptoms of life by a deep groan or piercing shriek, or by a prayer for mercy most fervently uttered. After lying thus for hours they obtained deliverance. The gloomy cloud that had covered their faces seemed gradually and visibly to disappear, and hope in smiles to brighten into joy. They would then arise shout- ing deliverance, and address the surrounding multitude in language truly eloquent and impressive. With astonishment did I hear women and children declaring the wonderful works of God and the glorious mysteries of the gospel. Their appeals were solemn, heart-rending, bold and free. Under such addresses many others would fall down in the same state from which the speakers had just been delivered. "Two or three of my particular acquaintances from a distance were struck down. I sat patiently by one of them (whom I knew to be a care- less sinner) for hours, and observed with critical attention everthing that passed from beginning to end. I noticed the momentary revivings as fi'om death, the humble confession, the fervent prayer and ultimate deliv- erance; then the solemn thanks and praise to God, the affectionate exliortation to companions and to the people around to repent and come to Jesus. I was astonished at the knowledge of the gospel truth displayed in these exhortations. The effect was that several sank down into the appearance of death. After attending to many such cases my conviction was complete that it was a good work, nor has my mind wavered since on the subject. "The bodily agitations or exercises attending the excitement * * * were various and called by various names, as the falling exer- cise, the jerks, the dancing exercise, the barking exercise, the laughing and singing exercises, and so on. The falling exercise was very common among all classes, saints' and sinners of every age and grade from the philosopher to the clown. The subject of this exercise would generally, with a piercing scream, fall like a log on the floor or earth and appear as dead. The jerks cannot be so easily described. Sometimes the subject of the jerks would be affected in one member of the body and sometimes in the whole system. When the head alone was affected it would jerk \ 652 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. backward and forward, or from side to side so quickly that tlie features could not be distinguished, when the whole person was affected. I have seen a person stand in one place and jerk backward and forward in quick succession, the head nearly touching the floor behind and before. All classes, saints as well as sinners, the strong as well as the weak, were thus affected. They could not account for it, but some have told me these were among the happiest moments of their liA^es. "The dancing exercise generally began with the jerks and was j^ecu- liar to 23rofessors of religion. The subject after jerking awhile began to dance and then the jerks would cease. Such dancing was indeed heav- enly to the spectators. There was nothing in it like levity, nor calcu- lated to excite levity in the beholder. The smile of heaven shone on the countenance of the subject and assimilated to angels appeared the whole person. The barking exercise, as opposers contemptuously called it, was nothing but the jerks. A person afflicted with the jerks, especially in the head, would often make a grunt or bark from the suddenness of the jerk. This name of barking seems to have had its origin from an old Presby- terian preacher of East Tennessee. He had gone into the woods for pri- vate devotion and was seized with the jerks. Standing near a sapling he •caught hold of it to prevent his failing, and as his head jerked back he gave a grunt, or a kind of noise similar to a bark, his face turned upward. Some wag discovered him in this position and reported that he had found the old preacher barking up a tree. "The laughing exercise was frequent, confined solely to the religious. It was a loud, hearty laughter but it excited laughter in none that saw it. The subject appeared rapturously solemn, and his laughter excited so- lemnity in saints and sinners. It was truly indescribable. The running exercise was nothing more than that persons feeling something of these bodily agitations, through fear, attempted to run away and thus escape from them ; but it commonly happened that they ran not far before they fell, where they became so agitated that they could not proceed any fui*- ther. The singing exercise is more unaccountable than anything else I ever saw. The subject, in a very happy state of mind, would sing most melodiously, not from the mouth or nose, but entirely in the breast, the sound issuing thence. Such noise silenced everything and attracted the attention of all. It was most heavenly; none could ever be tired of hearing it." Elder Stone has been described as a man of respectable bearing, of spotless character and childlike simplicity, and easily attracted to the strange and marvelous. The above extract would seem amply to justify the description, and also that his judgment was somewhat under the do- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 653 minion of liis imagination. Like Elder Hodge he evidently believed that the "jerks" were the work of God. He said that Dr. J. P. Campbell and himself "concluded it to be something beyond anything we had ever known in nature." Other writers besides Elder Stone have given descriptions of the jerks. The celebrated Peter Cartwright says : "Just in the midst of our controversies on the subject of the powerful exercises among the people under preaching, a new exercise broke out among us, called tlie jerks, which was overwhelming in its effects upon the people. No matter whether they were saints or sinners they would h)e taken under a warm song or sermon and seized with a convulsive jerk- ing all over, which they could not by any possibility avoid; the more they resisted the more they jerked. If they would not strive against it and would pray in good earnest the jerking would usually abate. I have seen more than 500 persons jerking at one time in my large congrega- tions. Most usually persons taken with the jerks, to obtain relief, as they said, would rise up and dance. Some would run but could not get away. Some would resist; on such the jerks were very severe. To see these proud young gentlemen and young ladies dressed in silks, jewelry and prunella, from top to toe, take the jerks, would often excite my risi- bilities. The first jerk or so you would see their fine bonnets, caps and combs fly, and so sudden would be the jerking of the head that their long, loose hair would crack almost as loud as a wagoner's whip." Besides other amusing experiences with the jerks, Peter Cartwright relates an account of a very different nature of a man who was jerked to death, which is probably the only case on record. A company of drunk- en rowdies attended a camp-meeting on what was called the Ridge. The jerks were very prevalent. The leader of the roAvdies was a very large, drinking man, who cursed the jerks and all religion. Shortly afterward he himself took the jerks and started to run, but jerked so powerfully that he could not get away. Halting among some saplings he took a bottle of whisky out of his pocket and swore he would drink the — — jerks to death, but he jerked so violently he could' not get the bottle to his mouth. At length, on account of a sudden jerk, his bottle struck a sapling, was broken and his whisky spilled upon the ground. A great crowd gathered around him, and when he lost his whisky he became very much enraged and cursed and swore very profanely. At length he fetched a very violent jerk, snapped his neck, fell and soon expired. Peter Cartwright looked upon the jerks as a judgment sent from God to bring sinners to repentance, and to show to professors of religion that God could work "with or without means, and over and above means, to the glorv of His grace and the salvation of the world." Lorenzo Dow 054 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. has also left liis account of the jerks. He preached in Knoxville, Tenn.,, in 1805, when about 150 of his congregation were affected with the jerks. He says: "I have seen all denominations of religion exercised with the jerks, gentleman and lady, black and white, young and old without exception. I have passed a meeting-hoiise where I observed the under- growth had been cut for camp-meeting, and from fifty to a hundred sap- lings were left, breast high, on purpose for the people to hold on by. I observed where they held on they had kicked up the earth as a horse stamping flies. I believe it does not effect those naturalists who try to get it to philosophize upon, and rarely those who are the most pious, but the lukewarm, lazy professor and the wicked are subject to it." His opinion was that the jerking was "entirely involuntary and not to be ac- counted for on any known principle." It has been stated above that the first manifestations of this stransre phenomenon were witnessed at the old Red River Baptist Church. Some authorities, however, say that they first appeared at a sacramental meeting in East Tennessee, where several hundreds of both sexes were seized with this strange affection. The numbers that were affected at different sac- ramental and camp-meetings were various. At Cabin Creek, May, 1801, so many fell that on the third night, to prevent their being trampled upon, they were collected together and laid out in order, in two squares of the meeting-house, covering the floor like so many corpses. At Paint Creek, 200 fell, at Pleasant Point, 300, and at Cane Ridge, in August, 1801, as many as 3,000 are computed to have fallen. This great revival lasted through the years 1800, 1801, 1802 and 1803, and resulted in the conversion of many thousands of people, though probably no very accurate estimate of the number was ever made. Per- haps its most prominent peculiarity was that it was a spontaneous out- burst of religious emotion among the masses. There was no great revival preacher like Wesley or Whitefield ; there were no protracted meetings, at which by a long-continued and united effort, a revival was grad- ually brought about; but the camp-meetings were the result of the re- vival, which in an unusual manner came upon both preacher and people. Another characteristic of the revival was this: doctrinal and dogmatical discussions were dispensed with. Their value seems to have been for the time being entirely overlooked. The efforts for the ministers were chiefly, if not wholly devoted to the excitation of the emotions, to impressing upon the minds of the multitudes the great religious truth of the impos- sibility of escape from punishment for sin, except through repentance and the acceptance of Christ as the Savior of the world ; hence, the peo- ple labored under a Dowerful conviction of the necessity of reformation. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 655 in their daily lives, which is always of infinitely greater importance than the doctrine of the decrees. The doctrines that were uttered were mainly those of Arminians and Pelagins rather than those of Calvin ; doctrines which appeal more directly to the heart and the common intellect than those that were temporarily neglected. When the great excitement had died away, however, tlie discussion of doctrines was again renewed, to some of the features of which especially, such as were results of the re- ^aval itself, we shall refer after giving an explanation of the probable cause or causes of the jerks. These bodily agitations, which within the State of Tennessee were, strange as it may at first appear, confined almost exclusively to the Methodists and Presbyterians, although they were ex- perienced to some extent by the Baptists, But to the Presbyterians be- long the credit of first putting a check to and largely diminishing this wild extravagance. A minister of this denomination at a great camp- meeting at Paris, Ky., in 1803, arose, and in the strongest language denounced what he saw as extravagant and even monstrous, and imme- diately afterward, a part of the people under his leadership, took decided ground against the jerks. From that moment the wonderful movement began sensibly to decline. Many good people of those times together with the leading divines, as has been seen above, unaccustomed as they were then to referring effects to natural causes, and supposing the church, as compared with the rest of the world, to be under the special care of Divine Providence, considered these bodily agitations to be manifestations of Divine power, looked upon them as miracles attesting the truth of religion as those on the day of Pentecost. Others believed them to be the result of the machinations of Satan, and designed by him to discredit religion gener- ally, and camp-meetings and revivals in particular, which he feared would convert the world and destroy his power. But it does not necessarily follow that because good Christian people believed them to be the effect of Divine power that they really were so. Although generally supposed then to be so, they were not by any means new or peculiar to those times. Such agitations were common and remarkably violent in the days of Whitefield and the "Wesleys. They bear a close resemblance to what was known as the jumping exercise in Wales, described by Dr. Haygarth in his treatise on " The Effect of the Imagination in the Cure of Bodily Diseases." Besides these instances of these exercises there were in France 200 years ago, more wonderful manifestations than any recorded as having been witnessed in Tennessee. A quaint old book written in 1741 by Kev. Charles Chauncey, a noted divine, entitled "A Wonderful Narrative and Faithful Account of the French Prophets, their 656 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Agitations, Ecstacies and Inspirations," states that " an account of them ■would be almost incredible if they had not happened in view of all France, and been known all over Europe. From the month of June, 1688, to the February following, there arose in Dauphiny and then in Vivarias (an ancient district in France, now the departments of Ardeche and Haute-Loire) 500 or 600 Protestants of both sexes who gave themselves out as prophets, and inspired with the Holy Ghost. The sect soon "became numerous; there were many thousands of them. They had strange fits, and these fits came on them with tremblings and faintings, as in a swoon, which made them stretch out their arms and legs and fitagger several times before they dropped down. They remained awhile in trances, and uttered all that came into their mouths. They said they saw the heavens opened, the angels, paradise and hell. When the j)roph- ■ets had for awhile been under agitation of body they began to prophesy, the burden of their prophecies being ' Amend your lives, repent ye, for the end of all things drawetli nigh.' Persons of good understanding knew not what to think of it — to hear little boys and young girls (of the dregs of mankind who could not so much as read) quote many texts of Holy Scripture. * * * The child was thirteen or fourteen months old, and kept then in a cradle, and had not of itself spoken a word, nor could it go alone. When they came in where it was the child spoke distinctly in French, with a voice small like a child but loud enough to be well heard over the room. There were numerous children of from three, four and five years old, and so on up to fiteen and sixteen, who being seized with agitations and ecstasies delivered long exhorta- tions under inspiration," etc. Further on this book pays some attention to the Quakers: " They had indeed, the names of Quakers given them from that extraordinary shak- ing or quaking as though they were in fits or convulsions. Then the devil roared in these deceived souls in a most strange and dreadful man- ner. I wondered how it was possible some of them could live." The E-ev. Mr. ©hauncey in order to set at naught all pretense that there was any genuine inspiration in all the foregoing, cites many instances of the sayings and doings of Christ, and then says: " These be some of the proofs of the divine mission of Jesus Christ and His apostles. Compare the strauijest and most unaccountable instances in the foreiroino; letter T^ith the miracles recorded in the gospel and they sink into nothing. They carry with them, closely examined, the plain marks of enthusiasm, or collusion, or Satanic possession." Reference to the above paragraphs will show that Dr. Haygarth's opinion was that these exercises were due to the imagination, and that HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 657 tlie Rev. Mr. Channcey thought they were due to enthusiasm, collusion or Satanic possession. The enlightened reason of the present day would instantly discard the idea of Satanic possession, and, as nothing but deceptive appearances can be attributed to collusion, it follows that only enthusiasm remains as a rational explanation for the genuine agi- tations or ecstasies, that is supposing Mr. Chauncey to have enumerated all the causes. It will be remembered, too, that the manifestations in this State and Kentucky were checked and diminished by the opposition, first, of a Presbyterian minister, the Rev. Mr. Lyle, at Walnut Hill, in September, 1803, and then by the united opposition of others who, like him, looked upon them as monstrously extravagant. The Rev. Dr. Blythe cured a lady of his congregation by threatening to have her car- ried out of the church at the next repetition of the paroxysm, and the Doctor himself at one time felt, through sympathy, an approaching paroxysm, and was able to ward it off only by continued and determined opposition. This was the means used by the Baptists to prevent them, and they were very generally successful. The inference would therefore seem to be that under powerful emotional preaching calculated to arouse the ecstacies or the fears of the congregation, the imaginations of some would be so powerfully wrought up that the nervous system v/as very greatly affected, and that through sympathy others less imaginative would experience the same affliction, which the will-power could success- fully resist, except where the individual resisting was overcome by the combined influence of the mentality of numerous otlier people. The phenomenon was nothing more than religious enthusiasm carried to a very great excess. It was in all probability a nervous disease, having luit little or no effect upon the general health. Though neither proving nor disproving the truth of religion, all such extravagances tend to the discredit of religion, and all proper means should be employed if neces- sary to prevent or discourage such folly and excess. It should be mentioned in this connection that those who, during the progress of the revival opposed the "bodily agitations" as extravagant and tending to the discredit of religion, were looked upon by enthusiasts as being opposed to the revival, hence the division of the people into "revivalists" and "anti-revivalists." These distinctions, however, were but of temporary duration, terminating when the revival had spent its force. Other results also followed, some of which Avere transient, others permanent;- some deplorable, others gratifying. "At this unhappy mo- ment, and in this unsettled state of things, when religious feeling ran high, that extravagant and (as we believe) deluded race — the Shakers — made their appearance, and by a sanctimonious show of piety and zeal 658 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. dreAV off several valuable Presbyterian preachers and a number of un- wary members, doubtless to the great injury of the cause of rational Christianity."* About the same time other sects sprang up, known by the respect- ive names of "New Lights" or "Stoneites," "Marshallites," "Schismat- ics," etc. By these "heresies" the Synod of Kentucky lost eight mem- bers: B. W. Stone, John Dunlavy, Richard McNamar, Robert Marshall, John Thomson, Huston, Bankin and David Purviance. Marshall and Thomson after a time returned to the Presbyterian faith. The "Stone- ites" or "New Lights" were a body formed mainly through the efforts of Elder Stone, after he had decided to abandon Presbyterianism altogether. This new body was called by its adherents the "Christian Church," while by outsiders it was called by the name of New Lights. They held many of the views which afterward characterized the Campbell reforma- tion, especially the famous dogma of "baptism for the remission of sins," and Elder Stone intimates in his book pretty plainly that in adopting it the "Disciples of Christ" or "Campbellites," as the followers of Alexan- der Campbell were originally called, had stolen his thunder. When the Campbell reformation reached Kentucky Elders Stone and Purviance united with the reformers, and thus the Southern branch of the old "Christian Church" finally disappeared. Since then the name of Dis- ciples, or Campbellites, has been exchaged for the old name of the "Christian Church." Elders Dunlavy, McNamar, Huston and Rankin joined the Shakers. Another but more remote result of the great revival was the expulsion from the Presbyterian Church of a portion of the membership by whom was formed the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. The necessities of the Presbyterians at that time in Kentucky and Tennessee were peculiar. In 1801 a few Presbyterian clergymen formed an association which was named the Transylvania Presbytery. On account of the great numbers added to the ranks of Christians by the revival there was not a suffici- ency of educated ministers to supply the demand. This presbytery felt justified in ordaining to the ministry some young men who had not re- ceived a classical education. In 1802 the Transylvania Presbytery was divided into two sections, one of which was named the Cumberland Presbytery, and which included the Green River and Cumberland Coun- ties. In 1804 a remonstrance signed by Revs. Thomas B. Craighead, John Bowman and Samuel Donnel was sent to the Synod of Kentucky against the proceedings of the Cumberland Presbytery in several par- ticulars, amongst other things in licensing uneducated ministers. Being ♦"Recollections of the West,"'bv Ilev. Lewis Garrett. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 659 taken completely by surprise, and thinking the citation of at least doubt- ful legality, the Cumberland Presbytery refused to appear before the synod when cited. At the meeting of the synod in October, 1805, a commission consisting of ten ministers and six elders was appointed to investigate the entire subject, vesting this commission with full synod- ical powers to confer with the members of the presbytery and to adjudi- cate upon their Presbyterial proceedings. Notwithstanding that the Cumberland Presbytery considered this commission vested with uncon- stitutional powers, they all, except two ministers and one elder, appeared before it at the appointed time and place. There were present ten or- dained ministers, four licentiates and four candidates. The commission after censuring the Presbytery for having received Kev. Mr. Haw into ■connection, and considering irregular licensures and ordinations, deter- mined to institute an examination into the qualifications of the young men to preach. This examination the young men resisted on the ground that the Cumberland Presbytery was competent to judge of the faith and abilities of its candidates. The result of this refusal was that the com- mission adopted a resolution prohibiting all the young men in connection with that Presbytery, ordained, licensed and candidates, from preaching, exhorting or administering the ordinances until they should submit to the requisite examination. The revival preachers, however, resolved, to continue preaching and administering the ordinances, and encouraged the young men to continue the exercise of their respective functions. They also formed a council, consisting of the majority of the ministers and elders of the Cumberland Presbytery, of which most of the congre- gations in the Presbytery approved. In October, 1806, an attempt was made at reconciliation with the synod, but the synod confirmed the action ■of the commission with reference to the re-examination of the young men, and at the same time dissolved the Cumberland Presbytery, attach- ing its members not suspended to the Transylvania Presbytery. The revival ministers determined to continue their work in the form of a council, until their case could go before the General Assembly, which met in May, 1807. At this meeting of the Assembly their case was ably presented, but that body declined to judicially decide the case. The synod, however, upon the advice of the Assembly, revised its proceed- ings, but was unable to modify them. Finally in 1809 the General As- sembly decided to sustain the proceedings of the synod. Thus the Cum- berland Presbytery was effectually excluded from the Presbyterian Church. However, another attempt at reconciliation with the synod of Kentucky was made, their proposition being to adopt the Confession of Faith except fatality only. To this proposition the synod could not accede. 660 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. It had been the custom of the Presbyterian Church in North Carolina to ordain men to the ministry who adopted the Westminster Confession of Faith, with the exception of the idea of fatality taught therein, and the Transylvania Presbytery had also permitted ministers in their ordi- nation vows to make the same exception if they chose. Most of the Presbyterian ministers who had lent their aid in the promotion of the re- vival were men of this class. When, therefore, the acceptance in full of the Westminster Confession of Faith was required of them, they found it impossible to yield without violating their convictions as honest and con- scientious men. Thus the doctrine of fatality became an impassable bar- rier between them and the Presbyterian Church. Neither could they, on account of differences of doctrine, conscientiously unite with any other Christian body. Besides, as they regarded the Presbyterian as the most Scriptural form of church government in the world, they determined to form a Presbytery independent of the Presbyterian Church. Accord- ingly, on February 3, 1810, the Eev. Finis Ewing and Rev. Samuel King, and licentiate Ephraim McLean proceeded to the humble log resi- dence of the Rev. Samuel McAdoo, in Dickson County, Tenn., and submit- ted to him the proposed plan of forming a new and independent Presby- tery. After earnest prayer that evening until midnight, the next morn- ing he decided in favor of the proposal, and on that day, February 4, 1810, at his residence, was formed the first Presbytery of the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church. Before their adjournment Ephraim McLean was ordained. "The next meeting of the new Cumberland Presbytery was held in March, 1810. At this session it included four ordained ministers "" (the four above named), "five licensed preachers: James B. Porter, Hugh Kirkpatrick, Robert Bell, James Farr and David Foster, and eight candi- dates: Thomas Calhoun, Robert Donnel, Alexander Chapman, William Harris, R. McCorkle, William Bumpass, David McLinn and William Bar- net. After a few months they were joined by the Rev. William McGee. These men were the fathers of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. They adopted as their standard of theology the Westminster Confession of Faith, excepting the idea of fatality."* This "idea of fatality" was supplanted by the following particulars : First, that there are no eternal reprobates. Second, that Christ died not for a part only, but for all mankind. Third, that all infants dying in infancy are saved through Christ and the sanctification of the Spirit. Fourth, that the Spirit of God operates on the world, or as co-extensively as Christ has made the atonement, in such manner as to leave all men inexcusable. With these ♦"Origin and Doctrines of the Cumberland Presbyterian Chuich."—Chrismcn. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 061 exceptions the Cumberland Presbyterians adopted the Westminster Con- fession of Faith, and thus was established in Tennessee a new Christian denomination, professing a system of doctrine midway between Calvin- ism and Arminianism, for further particulars respecting which the reader is referred to sectarian writings. After encountering and overcoming numerous obstacles, this church was in a few years established on a firm foundation. At the fourth meet- ing of "its Presbytery, in October, 1811, a vain attempt was made to effect a reunion with the Presbyterian Church, but this church, though then and for many years afterward willing to unite with the mother church on "proper conditions," would, rather than recede from its position and preach the doctrines of her confession of faith, prefer to maintain a dis- tinct organization, and labor on according to the best light given them. Their success in this new theological field was from the first very great and very gratifying. In 1813 the original Presbytery was divided into three Presbyteries, and in October of that year the members of these three Presbyteries met at Beech Church, Sumner County, Tenn., and formed the Cumberland Synod. At the first meeting of this synod a committee was appointed to prepare a confession of faith, discipline and catechism in conformity Avith the expressed principles of the church. This committee, which consisted of the Revs. Finis Ewing, "William McGee, Robert Donnell, and TJiomas Calhoun, reported the result of their labors to the synod in 1811, by whom their confession of faith was adopted. The numbers of Cumberland Presbyterians continued steadily and quite rapidly to increase. In 1820 they had numerous churches not only in Tennessee, but also in Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and Alabama. In 1822 they had forty-six ordained ministers, and in 1826, eighty. A general assembly was then deemed necessary by a por- tion of the clergy, and the plan of a college to be located at Princeton, Ky., was adopted. In 1827 the number of ordained ministers was 114. In 1828 the synod discussed the subject of forming a general assembly, and to carry the idea into effect, divided the synod into four — those of Missouri, Green River, Franklin and Columbia. The first general as- sembly met at Princeton, Ky., in 1829. To illustrate the rapidity of the growth of this church in membership it may be stated that in 1822 there were 2,718 conversions, and 575 adult baptisms; in 1820, 3,305 conversions and 768 adult baptisms; in 1827, 1,006 conversions and 996 adult baptisms. In 1856 there were 1,200 ministers of this denomi- nation, and 130,000 members, and since that time their growth has been proportionally rapid. The college established in 1828 at Princeton, Ky., was named Columbia College. 662 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. The statistics for the Cumberland Presbyterian Church for 18 09 were as follows : General Assembly, 1 ; Synods, 24 ; Presbyteries, 99 ; minis- ters, 1,500; communicants, 130,000; universities, Cumberland at Leba- non, Tenn., and Lincoln, at Lincoln, 111. ; colleges in Tennessee, male, Bethel, at McLemoresville ; female, Cumberland Female College, at McMinnville, and Donnell Female College at Winchester. Since this time the Cumberland Presbyterian Church has continued to grow and prosper in this, as in many other States, as the following statistics will show: In 1875 there were, as now, fifteen Presbyteries, with an aggre- gate church membership of 22,566, and 10,961 Sunday-school scholars. In 1880 the church membership was 29,186, and the number of Sunday- school scholars 11,031, and in 1885, the last year for which statistics are obtainable, there were, omitting the Presbytery of Nashville, for which there was no report, 82,726 communicants, 18,447 Sunday-school schol- ars, and |548,545 worth of church property. The total value of the church property belonging to this denomination in the United States was, in the same year, $2,819,006. As may be readily conjectured the Methodists reaped a bountiful har- vest from the great revival. It will be remembered that the Eev. Fran- cis Paythress was presiding elder on the Cumberland District. In 1804 Rev. Lewis Garrett was presiding elder in this district, which included Nashville and Red River in Tennessee, besides portions of Kentucky, Mississippi and Illinois. He traveled the entire Cumberland Valley, from the mouth of the river to the mountains, through the cane brakes of Cauey Fork, through every part of the Green River country, visiting settlements and finding all classes much alive to the importance of re- ligion. The Cumberland District was then composed of six circuits and two missions, with about eight or nine traveling preachers. Mr. Garrett was the successor of John Page, who was the presiding elder on this cir- cuit when it was formed in 1802. He had much to do with the great re- vival, and had to assist him such men as Thomas Wilkerson, Jesse Walker, James Gwynn, James Young and Tobias Gibson. When the Western Conference was organized in 1800 it included Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, southwest Virginia and the Missisippi Ter- ritory, all of the western country then occupied by the Methodists. To give an idea of the groM^th of Methodism in that early day the number of members for 1796 and 1803 are presented. In the former year the whole number in America was as follows: whites 48,128, colored 12,170. This was twenty-two years after the introduction of Methodism into the country. In Tennessee there were 799 white Methodists and 77 colored. In 1802 the numbers were whites 2,767, colored, 180. In 1803 the HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 663 numbers had increased to 3,500 whites and 248 colored. These numbers are, however, not strictly limited to State lines. The conference for 1807 was held September 15, 1806, at Ebenezer, in East Tennessee, Bishop Asbiiry present and presiding. It was during the progress of the revival that Miles Harper was brought to trial for violating the terms of the union which had been en- tered into by the Methodists and Presbyterians regarding the rules to govern them in preaching. One article of the union was that contro- verted points were to be avoided, and another was that they were not to proselyte. Harper, who was on Eoaring Kiver Circuit, preached right on without reference to the complaints of his Presbyterian brethren. The complaints continuing McKendree appointed a committee and put Har- per on his trial. His complainants, however, failed to prove the charges, and he in his own defense satisfactorily showed that they were them- selves guilty of the very charges they had brought against him, as they had been preaching the doctrine of the unconditional and final persever- ance of the saints, known to all to be a controverted point. The result was that Harper was acquitted, with which all were satisfied. However, when McKendree proposed to put some of the Presbyterians on trial for preaching as above they objected, and he pronounced the union a mere farcical thing. After this the union was of short duration. Conference for 1808 met at Liberty Hill, Tennessee, October 1, 1808, about twelve miles from Nashville in Williamson County, the site of an early camp-ground. At this Conference a regulation was made concern- ing slavery, which was that no member of society or preacher should buy or sell a slave unjustly, inhumanly, or covetously ; the case on complaint to be examined, for a member, by the quarterly meeting, and for a preacher, by appeal to an annual conference, where the guilt was proved the offender to be expelled. At this time the Western Conference con- tained 17,931 white and 1,117 colored members, an increase of 3,051. In 1811 the increase in the Holston District was 1,279, and in the Cum- berland District 1,819. In May, 1812, the General Conference met in New York and separated the Western Conference into two conferences, the Tennessee and Ohio. At that time there were in this country, in the United States, Territories and Canada, 184,567 members and 688 travel- ing ministers. Peter Cartwright in his autobiography in making a com- parison showing the growth of the church, says: "Lord save the church from desiring to have pews, choirs, organs or instrumental music, and a congregational minister like other heathen churches around them." The Tennessee Conference embraced the Holston, Nashville, Cumber- land, Wabash, Illinois and Mississippi Districts, the southern part of QQ4: * HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Kentucky being attached to tlie Tennessee Conference. The first session of this conference was held at Fountain Head, Sumner Co., Tenn., No- vember 12, 1812. Bishops Asbury and McKendree were both present. The rules by which the Western Conference had been governed w^ere adopted by this conference. The membership as reported at that time was as follows: Holston District, whites, 5,794; colored, 541; Cumber- land District, whites, 4,365; colored, 327; Nashville, whites, 5,131; col- ored, 601. A new arrangement of circuits was made this year, Cumber- land District being made to contain Red Eiver, Fountain Head, Goose Creek and Roaring River Circuits, while Nashville District embraced Stone River, Lebanon and Caney Fork. Answer to prayer was doubtless- more fully and generally believed in than at this day. Two instances il- lustrating this fact are here introduced. The first is of the Rev. James Axley, one of the most remarkable of the pioneer preachers of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church in the West. It is related in the language of the Rev. Dr. Mc Anally: "But that for which he was, in my judgment, more distinguished than for anything else, was the reverence, fervency and prevalence of his prayer, proceeding, as it always seemed to do, from a deep, strong, un- wavering confidence in God, through the merits of the Lord Jesus Christ. * * * With awe, with reverence and humility, and yet with great confidence, did he approach the mercy seat, feeling that 'Jesus answers prayer.' Infidelity may scofp, skepticism and 'philosophy, so-called,' may mark it as a 'strange coincidence,' but the fact remains to be attested by hundreds of witnesses still living, that time after time Axley has been known, at popular meetings in times of severe drought, to pray publicly for rain, with all the apparent humility, child-like simplicity and Chris- tian confidence with which he would have prayed for the conversion of a penitent; and rain came! So often did this occur in the course of years that it became common, when he publicly prayed for rain, for some wicked man to say 'Come, boys ; let's go on ; we'll get wet ; Axley's prayed for rain." In this I record but sober facts ; and even at the risk of wearying the reader I must mention one case, known to several persons now liv- ing, who were present and witnessed it. It occurred at Muddy Creek Camp Ground, in Roane County, Tenn., twenty-four or five miles west or southwest of Knoxville. A drought had prevailed over that region of country for an unusually long time, and the prospects were becoming truly alarming. On Sabbath of the camp-meeting Mr Axley entered the pulpit. Over him was a cloudless sky; around and beneath him was the parched earth. It had been remarked that during his stay on the ground previous to that hour he had been rather more than ordinarily serious, HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 6G5 tliouglitful and taciturn, as tliougli something weiglied heavily upon his mind. On his entering the stand his friends observed that his counte- nance was deeply overshadowed with gloom. He sang and prayed. In his prayer on the part of himself and the people he made general confes- sion of sin and consequent unworthiness, pleading the merits of a cruci- fied Eedeemer, and implored pardon for the past and grace for the future. Then, among other petitions, devoutly and fervently he asked for rain upon the parched earth. The prayer ended, he arose from his knees, with a gloom still upon his countenance so deeply and clearly marked as to excite the sympathy of his friends. Instead of announcing his text and proceeding with his sermon, as was expected, he sang a few lines and again called the congregation to prayer. This time his entreaties for rain were strikingly and touchingly earnest and fervent, and the pleas put in differed from those of his first prayer. A second time he arose from his knees. Now his countenance was indicative of intense mental suffering. A third time he sang, and a third time he bowed in prayer. In this prayer he entreated God, for the sake of Christ, and in mercy to infants and unsinning animals, which had not abused His goodness, des- pised His mercies, blasphemed His holy name, desecrated His Sabbath, nor violated His commandments, to send rain and preserve them from the horrors of famine and want. This prayer ended, he arose, with a countenance lighted and calm as a summer's eve. He then announced his text and preached in his usual manner, without the most distant al- lusion to the unusual manner in which he had opened the services, or to the feelings that had prompted him. He simply went forward and did as I relate; giving no reason to any. But ere that sermon was ended, the darkened horizon and distant thunders announced the coming rain." Another case of answer to prayer is given in the language of the Rev. Leroy H. Cage: "I will here relate a circumstance that took place at Edwards' schoolhouse, two and one-half miles northwest from where Gallatin now stands. A circuit preacher named Henry Birchett had an appointment at that place, the congregation was too large for the house, and he had to preach in the grove. The preacher, having sung and prayed, took his text and began to preach ; a cloud arose, very angry, with thunder and lightning, the congregation became restless, the preacher stopped and said to the congregation: 'Be still, and see the sal- vation of God.' He dropped upon his knees and prayed that he might be permitted to preach that sermon to that congregation. The cloud be- gan at once to part, and a heavy rain fell all around but none reached the congregation. My father, Thomas Blackmore, John Carr and several others, who were there, report that the preacher's countenance shone and 666 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. seemed to be more than human. It was further told me that ou his death bed there were shining lights around him, and they supposed that he heard unearthly music." It was about this time, in the years 1811 and 1812, that the religous emotions and fears of the people were affected and awakened in a most remarkable manner by the earthquakes and other phenomena of those years. It is very seldom that earthquakes occur over a great extent of country remote fi'om volcanoes, but these quakings were felt over an ex- tent of country 300 miles long and of considerable width. The surface of the earth not only trembled and shook violently, but broke open in fis- sures, from which mud and water were thrown to the height of trees. The comet of 1811 was of tremendous magnitude, and as such bodies were then considered harbingers of impending calamity, great consterna- tion was produced by its appearance. The aurora borealis was also that year exceedingly brilliant and beautiful, and many thought that in its rapid movements, the march of armies and bloodshed were portended. Besides all these things' there was a prospect of war with the Indians and with Great Britain. All these impending calamities produced in many quarters a deep-seated and terrible feeling of fear among the people, who shook and trembled more than did the earth beneath their feet. The uninformed but pious mind has for centuries been able to discover at frequent but irregularly occurring intervals signs of the near approach of the consummation of all earthly things. Wars and rumors of wars, false prophets, and the "judgments of the Almighty" are seldom absent from the world, which is for this reason continually coming to an end. And at such times as those we are now discussing, uninformed but wicked people, conscious of the iniquity of their lives and of the impui'ity of their motives, flee to the church, the only refuge for them in the Avorld. In the presence of the terrible comet, and of the earthquakes and im- pending war, men's hearts failed them, their knees smote together with fear, and they implored the ministers to preach and pray. The experi- ence they were then undergoing was altogether new. They collected to- gether in groups, terrorized and pitiful crowds. Similar scenes were witnessed in 1833, at the time of the occurrence of the great meteoric showers, or "falling stars," which produced a most profound and widely spread sensation upon the multitude. Men who for years had been per- sonal enemies, thinking the judgment day had come, made haste to be reconciled with each other, not waiting even for the dawn of day. Many instances are related by writers, who were eye-witnesses, which, when the danger was over, were exceedingly amusing, ridiculous or absurd. Only one instance of this kind can be here introduced. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 667 Peter Cartwriglit was in Nashville when the first severe shock of earthquake was felt. He saw a negro woman start to the spring for water. When the earth began to tremble and the chimneys and scaf- folding around buildings being erected began to fall, she raised a shout saying: "The Lord is coming in the clouds of heaven! The day of judg- ment! The day of judgment!" Hearing this her two young mistresses were dreadfully frightened and came running out of the house begging her to stop and pray for them. But she replied: "I can not stop to pray for you now. I told you how it would be. He is coming! He is com- ing! I must go to meet him. Farewell! Hallelujah! Glory Hallelujah!" and went on shouting and clapping her hands. Such is the weakness of poor, ignorant human nature. When judg- ment is impending and apparently immediate and unavoidable, men are fearfully and tremblingly anxious to confess their own sins and to obtain pardon; when judgment seems indefinitely remote they are chiefly con- cerned about the sins of others and in denouncing against them the judg- ments of the Lord. Erasmus well said: ^'- Qaam religiosus nos affliciio faciiP''* When history, philosophy and the natural sciences, the natural antidotes for superstition, 'shall become sufficiently familiar to the masses such pitiable exhibitions of human weakness will disappear. The action of this conference at Liberty Hill, Tenn., in 1808, has al- ready been referred to. Some of the presiding elders and circuit preach- ers were strongly anti-slavery in their sentiments, and consequently were rigidl^^ anti-slavery in the administration of discipline. This was the case with the Kev. James Asley and Enoch Moore. They not only re- fused to license slave-holders to preach, but also denied them the privilege of exhorting or leading in prayer-meeting. They even went so far as to denounce slave-holders as no better than thieves and robbers. The course of the conference in that early day is illustrated by the following en- try: "Leven Edney, recommended from Nashville Circuit; his character ex- amined and approved, Lewmer Blackman being security that he will set his slave free as soon as practicable." It was, however, seldom found "practicable" to set free the slave. Notwithstanding the action taken by the Methodist Church in its adoption of rules for the government of slaves and slave-holders, the number of slaves held continued to increase. Generally speaking it was found impracticable to fi'ee the slaves, hence regulations adopted by the church, aimed at the institution, had but little effect otherwise than to create and foster a prejudice against the church itself. The Tennessee Conference which met in 1812, dealt with this ques- *How religious affliction makes us ! 668 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. tion with such wisdom as they possessed. It was provided that every preacher having charge of a circuit should, upon information received, cite any member buying or selling a slave to appear at the next ensuing quarterly conference, which should proceed to determine whether such slave had been bought in a case of justice and mercy, and if this were found not to have been the case, the person buying or selling such slave should be expelled from the church. At the conference of 1815 this rule was voted to be unconstitutional and a report was adopted the substance of which was that the conference sincerely believed that slavery was a great moral evil, but as the laws of the country did not admit of emancipation without the special act of the Legislatui;e in some places, nor permit a slave so liberated to enjoy his freedom, they could not adopt any rule compelling church members to liberate their slaves, nor could they devise any rule sufficiently specific to meet the various and complex cases that were continually arising. But to go as far as they could consistently with the laws and the nature of things, to do away with the evil and "remove the curse from the Church of God," they adopted two rules on the subject, the first being that if any member should buy or sell any slave or slaves to make gain, or should sell any slave to any slave-dealer, such member should be expelled from the church, except he could satisfactorily show that it was done to keep or place different members of the same family together ; and the second was that no person should be eligible to the office of deacon in the church who did not disapprove of slavery and express a willingness to effect a legal emancipation of his slaves as soon as it was practicable for him to do so. At the conference held at Franklin, November 8, 1817, this question was again taken up for discussion with the result of the adoption of a verj^ elaborate report. After a "Whereas" that the General Conference had authorized each annual conference to formulate its own rules respecting slavery, the following resolutions (in substance) were adopted: First— That if any local elder, deacon or preacher in the Methodist Episcopal Church should purchase a slave, the Quarterly Conference should say how long the slave should serve as a remuneration for the purchase money, and that the purchaser should enter into a written obli- gation to emancipate such slave at the expiration of the term of servitude, provided that emancipation were permissible under the laws of the State ; but that if the laws of the State should continue to oppose emancipation, then the next Quarterly Conference held atfer the expiration of the term of servitude, should determine the future status of the slave. ■Second — The same rule applied to private members of the church, but instead of the Quarterly Conference their cases were managed by a HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 669 committee appointed by the preacher having charge of their respective circuits ; and in all cases relating to preachers, deacons, elders or private members, the children of slaves purchased, born during the time of bondage or term of servitude, were to be manumitted upon arriving at the age of twenty-five, provided the law should then admit of emancipation ; but if the law should not then admit of emancipation, the cases of all children born of purchased slaves were to be submitted to the Quarterly Conference or the committee, according to whether the owner was a preacher or private member. The portion of this rule which applied to the selling of slaves by a preacher or member is exceedingly interesting and curious. This provision required the preacher to submit his case to the Quarterly Conference and the private member to the committee, which Quarterly Conference or committee, as the case might be, should determine for what term of years the slave should be sold, and required the seller of the slave to record in the county court the emancipation of the slave at the expiration of the said term. This rule was to be en- forced from and after January 1, 1818. Such was the legislation of a body of ministers with reference to a subject over which they had no control, provided the laws themselves did not admit of emancipation, which they themselves assumed to be the fact. Hence the adoption of a proviso which in every case, taking things as they were, either nullified the rule or made it easy for a member or a minister to retain his slave ; for whenever he determined to own slaves it was easy to make it appear that it was in accordance with justice and mercy to retain those already in possession, or that under the law it was impracticable to set them free. Such legislation would seem to be suffi- ciently absurd, but it is amazing that an intelligent body of men should gravely attempt to compel a preacher or member to emancipate a slave at the expiration of a term of years after having surrendered ownership and control of the same. The only theory conceivable which can relieve the conference of the accomplishment of a solemn mockery is the supposition that they, having confidence in the justice of the future, must have be- lieved themselves to be anticipating civil legislation — that the legal emancipation of the slave Vas an event the immediate future must pro- duce. However, the attitude of the conference on this subject is of great historic value, bringing out into clear relief, as it does, the strong con- viction of the Methodist body of Christians that slavery was a great moral evil, the existence of which was deplorable, and to be opposed by every means attached to which there was any hope of its gradual abolish- ment. At the conference held at Nashville October 1, 1819, two persons, Peter Burum and Gilbert D. Taylor, were recommended as proper to be 670 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. admitted on trial, but both were rejected because thej -were slave-holders, and a number of applicants for deacon's orders were similarly rejected. These rejections elicited the following protest: "Be it remembered that whereas Tennessee Annual Conference, held in Nashville October 1, 1819, have taken a course in their decisions rel- ative to the admission of preachers on trial in the traA^eling connection, and in the election of local preachers to ordination which goes to fix the principle that no man, even in those States where the law does not admit of emancipation, shall be admitted on trial or ordained to the office of deacon or elder if it is understood that he is the owner of a slave or slaves. That this course is taken is not to be denied, and it is avowedly designed to fix the principle already mentioned. Several cases might be mentioned, but it is deemed unnecessary to instance any except the case of Dr. Gilbert D. Taylor, proposed for admission, and Dudley Hargrove, recommended for ordination. We deprecate the course taken as oppres- sively severe in itself and ruinous in its consequences, and we disapprove of the principle as contrary to and in violation of the order and discipline of our church. We, therefore, do most solemnly, and in the fear of God, as members of this conference, enter our protest against the proceedings of the conference as it relates to the above-mentioned course and prin- ciple. Thomas L, Douglass, Thomas D. Porter, William McMahon, Benjamin Malone, Lewis Garrett, Barnabas McHenry, William Allgood, William Stribling, Ebenezer Hearn, Timothy Carpenter, Thomas String- field, Benjamin Edge, Joshua Boucher, William Hartt, John Johnson, Henry B. Bascom.*' This protest had considerable influence upon the church in the South. It was taken to the General Conference and by that body referred to the committee on slavery, but nothing definite was accomplished. At the conference which met at Columbia in 1824 this question of slavery came up again in the form of an address fi'om the "Moral Relig- ious Manumission Society of West Tennessee," whereupon the follow- ing resolution was adopted: Resolved, That the address from the Moral Religious Manumission Society be returned to committee accompanied with a note stating that so far as the address involves the sub- ject of slavery we concur in the sentiments that slavery is an evil to be deplored, and that it should be counteracted by every judicious and religious exertion. Thus it will be seen that the Methodist preachers admitted that slav- ery was a deplorable evil, and should be counteracted by every judicious and religious exertion. "What a misfortune," says Bev. J. B. McFerrin,* "that this sentiment had not always obtained! treating the matter in a religious manner, and not intermeddling with it as a civil question." *"History of Methodism in Tennessee," to which this chi^ter is indebted. HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. 671 In 1832 mission work among tlie slaves was for the fii'st time ear- nestly undertaken. South Carolina had set the example in work of this nature, and it was not long before there were scores of missionaries in the Southern States proclaiming the doctrines of Methodism to the bond- man as well as to the free. Among the blacks there were many genuine Christians and some excellent preachers. The decided and memorable impulse given to missionary work among the slaves was the result of a speech by Rev. (subsequently Bishop) James O. Andrew, which "car- ried by storm the whole assembly." So successful was the work of mis- sions among the blacks that in 1846 the board reported 29,430 colored members, besides the communicants in the regular circuits and stations of the church, while the general minutes give the total number of col- ored members in the same years as 124,961, In 1861 the board reported 69,794 probationers, and 12,418 children under religious instruction, the general minutes, in 1860, showing 171,857 members and 35,909 proba- tioners. Without pursuing further in detail the action of the church on the important subject of slavery, it is now deemed proper to present a syn- opsis of the reasons for the separation of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States into two portions — the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the Methodist Episcopal Church South. While there may be differences of opinion with regard to minor points of controversy, it can be positively stated that had there been no slavery there would have been no epoch of separation. The existence of this institution, the nec- essary connection with it of church members and its perpetual agitation in the quarterly, annual and general conferences, because of the perpet- ual and increasing agitation of the question outside of the conferences, was finally the occasion of the disruption of the Methodist Episcopal Church, which has been and probably ever will be a potent cause of re- gret to thousands of Methodists in both sections of the country, and probably to all except those who can clearly discern the hand of Provi- dence in all events, and who are settled in their convictions that " He doeth all things well." The General Conference met in New York May 1, 1844. It was the most memorable conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church ever held in the United States, The first question of importance which occupied its attention was that of Francis A. Harding, who had been suspended by the Baltimore Conference from the ministerial office for refusing to man- umit five slaves belonging to his wife at the time of his marriage to her, and which, according to the laws of Maryland, still remained hers after the marriage. The action of the Baltimore Conference in suspending 6(2 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Mr. Harding is sufficiently set forth in the following preamble and reso- lution : Whekeas, The Baltimore Conference can not and will not tolerate slavery in any of its members. ******** Resolved, That Brother Harding be suspended until the next Annual Conference or until he assures the Episcopacy that he has taken the necessary steps to secure the free- dom of his slaves. With this demand Brother Harding failed to comply because, accord- ing to his plea, of his inability under the laws of the State to do so; but he nevertheless expressed a willingness to emancipate them and permit them to go to Africa or to any free State provided they were willing to accept freedom on those terms, but no evidence tends to show that any attempt was made to obtain their consent, or that their consent was obtained, and thus their emancipation was impracticable, for they could not live free in Maryland without violating the laws. But notwithstand- ing the impracticability of emancipation the action of the Baltimore Con- ference in the case of Mr. Harding was, on appeal to the General Confer- ence, after able arguments for the appellant by Dr. W. A. Smith, of Vir- ginia, and for the Baltimore Conference by John A. Collins, of Baltimore, sustained by the General Conference by a refusal to reverse it, the vote being 117 against reversal to 56 in favor of it, taken on the 11th of May. Another and still more important case came before the conference on May 22, in that of Bishop James O. Andrew, of Georgia, who had, against his own will, become connected with slavery. Several years previous to the meeting of this General Conference an old lady had bequeathed to him a mulatto girl in trust to be taken care of until she should arrive at the age of nineteen, when, if her consent could be obtained, she should be set free and sent to Liberia; but in case she should refuse to go to Liberia he should keep her and make her as free as the laws of Georgia would permit. AVlien the time came she refused to go to Liberia, and as emancipation and continued residence in Georgia afterward was imprac- ticable. Bishop Andrew remained her owner. About five years previous to the meeting of this conference. Bishop Andrew's wife's mother left to her a negro boy, and Mrs. Andrews dying, without a will, the boy became the property of the Bishop. Besides all this. Bishop Andrew, in January, 1844, was married to his second wife, who had inherited from her former husband's estate some slaves. After this marriage Bishop Andrew, unwilling to retain even part ownership in these inherited slaves, secured them to his wife by a deed of trust. But with reference to the first two slaves mentioned the Bishop became a slave-holder by the action of other people. The General Conference, impelled to action by the grooving and assertive anti-slavery sentiment throughout the North- HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 673 ern States and the Northern Conferences, took action upon Bishop Andrew's case by passing the famous Finley Resolution, which was as follows : Whereas, The Discipline of our Church forbids the doing of anything calculated to destroy our itinerant General Superintendency; and whereas Bishop Andrew has become connected with slavery, by marriage and otherwise, and this act having drawn after it circumstances which, in the estimation of this General Conference, will greatly embarrass the exercise of his office as an itinerant General Superintendent, if not, in some places, entirely prevent it; therefore Resolved, That it is the sense of this General Conference that he desist from the exer- cise of his office so long as this impediment remains. To clearly perceiye the grounds for the passing of this resolution it is necessary to have reference to the discipline then governing the Methodist Episcopal Church. Of this discipline there were but two rules having either direct or indirect bearing upon the case, the first being as follows : "The bishop is amenable to the General Conference, who have power to expel him for improper conduct if they see it necessary;" and the second being what has been called the Compromise Law of 1816 on the subject of slavery: "We declare that Ave are as much as ever convinced of the great evil of slavery, therefore no slave-holder shall be eligible to any official station in our church hereafter where the laws of the State in which he lives will admit of emancipation and permit the liberated slave to enjoy freedom. "When any traA^eling preacher becomes an owner of a slave or slaves by any means, he shall forfeit his ministerial character in our church, unless he execute, if it be practicable, a legal emancipation of such slaves conforniiably to the laws of the State in which he lives." The above is all that is contained in the discipline concerning bish- ops and slavery. It would seem clear enough that the Bishop had vio- lated no rule of discipline if it were true that under the laws of Georgia emancipated slaves could not enjoy their freedom. And as no attempt was made by any one on behalf of the conference to prove that emanci- pated slaves could enjoy their freedom in Georgia, it must be assumed even if it were not the fact that under the laws of his State it was im- practicable for Bishop Andrew to emancipate his slaves. The probabil- ity is that the true attitude for the present to sustain toward the confer- ence of 1844 is one of sympathy rather than of censure, even by those who still regret the division in the chuj'ch. It felt impelled and even compelled to take action upon this question that should satisfy at least a portion of the conferences, and chose to satisfy the majority- — the anti- slavery portion, those opposed to the election of or the continuance in office or in orders of a slave-holding bishop. The venerable Dr. Olin, of the New York Conference, probably expressed the sense of the confer- ence as accurately as it can be expressed at the present day when he 674 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. said: "I look at this proposition* not as a punishment o£ any grade or sort. * * * I believe that what is proposed by this substitute to be a constitutional measure, dishonorable to none, unjust to none. As such I should wish it to go forth with the solemn declaration of this General Conference that we do not design it as a punishment or a censure ; that it is in our apprehension only a prudential and expedient measure, calculated to avert the great evils that threaten us." Looking at the question now from our present vantage ground it is evident that Dr. Olin could clearly discern the signs of the times. Division and separation, emanating from some source, it was impossible to avoid. The grand wave of anti-slavery sentiment had obtained im- pulse, and was irresistibly increasing in both volume and momentum. The General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, no less than the discipline, was, like every other obstacle this grand wave' encountered, unable long to resist. The conference therefore, having to choose be- tween the discipline and the unity of the great body of the church, chose to sacrifice the discipline. Dr. Olin in another part of the same speech from which the above extract is taken, with reference to the prob- able consequences of the passage of the Finley Eesolution, said : " Yet allowing our worst fears all to be realized, the South will have this ad- vantage over us. The Southern Conferences are likely in any event to harmonize among themselves — they will form a compact body. In our Northern Conferences this will be impossible in the present state of things. They cannot bring their whole people to act together on one common o-round; stations and circuits will be so weakened and broken as in many instances to be unable to sustain their ministry. I speak on this point in accordance with the convictions of my own judgment, after hav- ing traveled 3,000 miles through the New England and New York Confer- ences, that if some action is not had on this subject calculated to hold out hope — to impart a measure of satisfaction to the people — there will be distractions and divisions ruinous to souls and fatal to the permanent interests of the church. * * * ^ But, sir, I will yet trust that we may put far off this evil day. If we can pass such a measure as will shield our principles from infringement, if we can send forth such a measure as will neither injure nor justly offend the South, and as shall neither censure nor dishonor Bishop Andrew, and yet shall meet the press- in »>• wants of the church, and, above all, if Almighty God shall be pleased to help by pouring out His Spirit upon us, we may yet avoid the rock upon which we now seem too likely to split." A brief extract from an unfulfilled prophecy by the Be v. George F. *The Flnley Resolution. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 675 Pierce, of Georgia, a young and exceedingly enthusiastic divine, is as fol- lows: " Set off the South and what is the consequence? Do you get rid of embarrassment, discord, division, strife ? No, sir, you multiply divis- ions. There will be secessions in the Northern Conferences, even if Bishop Andrew is deposed or resigns. Prominent men will abandon your church. I venture to predict that when the day of division comes — and come I believe it will from the present aspect of the case — that in ten years from this day and perhaps less, there will not be one shred of ^the distinctive peculiarities of Methodism left within the conferences that depart from us. The venerable man who now presides over the Northern Conferences may live out his time as a bishop, but he will never have a successor. Episcopacy will be given up; presiding-eldership will be given up ; the itinerancy will come to an end, and Congregationalism will be the order of the day." The vote on the Finley resolution was taken on the 1st of June, and resulted in its adoption by the vote of 111 to 69. Of the yeas four were fi'om the Baltimore Conference, and oDe from Texas — the only ones from a conference within slave-holding territory. All the members from Ten- nessee Conferences voted against the resolution as follows : Holston Con- ference — E. F. Sevier, S. Patton, T. Springfield ; Tennessee Conference — E. Paine, J. B. McFerrin, W. L. P. Green, T. Maddin; Memphis Con- ference— G. W. D. Harris, S. S. Moody, William McMahon, T. Joyner. An attempt to declare the action advisory only was laid on the table by a vote of 75 to 68. On the same day, June 3, a series of resolutions pro- posing the formation of two General Conferences was referred to a com- mittee, which failed to agree, and on the 5th, the following "declaration of the Southern members" was presented by Dr. Longstreet: " The delegates of the conference in the slave-holding States take leave to declare to the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, that the continued agitation on the subject of slavery and abolition in a portion of the church, the frequent action on that subject in the General Conference, and especially the extra-judicial proceedings against Bishop Andrew, which resulted on Saturday last in the virtual suspension of him from his office as superintendent, must produce a state of things in the South which renders a continuance of the jurisdiction of the General Conference over these conferences inconsistent with the success of the ministry in the slave-holding States." This declaration was signed by all the members of the Southern Conferences, and by J. Stamper from the Illinois Conference, and was then referred to a select committee of nine, with instructions that if they could not devise a plan for an amicable adjustment of the difficulties then 676 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. existing in the church, on the subject of slavery, to devise, if possible, a constitutional plan for a mutual and friendly division of the church. On the 7th of June this committee reported a plan of separation, which after much discussion was adopted — four of the resolutions by an average vote of 141 to 11, and the remaining seven and the preamble without a divis- ion. In the resolutions provision was made for an equitable division of the book concerns in New York and Cincinnati and the chartered fund, and all the property of the Methodist Episcopal Church in meeting- houses, parsonages, colleges, schools, conference funds, cemeteries, etc., within the limits of the Southern organization was secured to the South- ern Church, so far as the resolution could be of force. The Southern delegation to the General Conference issued a call for a convention to be composed of delegates from the several annual confer- ences within the slave-holding States, in the ratio of one to every eleven members, to meet in Louisville, Ky., May 1, 1815. When this conven- tion met Bishops Soule and Andrew presided, and after full deliberation it declared the Southern Conferences a distinct church, under the name of "The Methodist Episcopal Church South." The first General Confer- ence of this church met at Petersburg, Va., May 1, 1846. It was com- posed of eighty -five delegates from sixteen Southern Conferences, those from Tennessee being as follows: Holston Conference — Samuel Patton, David Fleming, Timothy Sullins, Thomas K. Catlett, Elbert F. Sevier. Tennessee Conference— John B. McFerrin, Robert Paine, Fountain E. Fitts, Alexander L. P. Green, John W. Hanner, Edmund W. Selion, Samuel S. Moody, Frederick G. FeT'guson, Ambrose F. Driskill. Mem- phis Conference — -Moses Brock, George W. D, Harris, William Mc- Mahon, William M. McFerrin, Arthur Davis, John T. Baskerville. By this conference Rev. William Capers, D. D., and Rev. Robert Paine, D. D., were elected bishops. At the time of the separation in 1845 there were in the Southern Church about 450,000 communicants, and in 18G0 757,205. During the civil war this number was considerably reduced. In 1875 there were 37 annual conferences and 737,779 communicants, of whom 4,335 were Indians and 2,085 colored, and 346,750 Sunday- school scholars. As was naturally to be expected, the three conferences in Tennessee adhered to the Methodist Episcopal Church South. In 1840 the num- bers of members in each of these conferences was as follows: Holston Conference — White members, 25,902; colored members, 2,420; local preachers, 304. Tennessee Conference — White members, 21,675; col- ored members, 4,405; local preachers, 298. Memphis Conference — White members, 12,497; colored members, 1,995; local preachers, 183. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 677 The traveling preachers in each conference were as follows : Holston, 70 ; Tennessee, 109; Memphis, 69. In 1845 the Holston Conference reported 95 traveling and 327 local preachers, and 34,4:14 white, 4,083 colored, and 108 Indian members. Tennessee Conference reported (in 1846) 153 traveling ministers, 33,219 white and 8,036 colored members, and Mem- phis Conference reported (in 1846) 101 traveling and 310 local preach- ers, and 23,111 white and 6,003 colored members. The boundaries of the Holston Conference were fixed by the General Conference of 1874 so as to include "East Tennessee and that part of Middle Tennessee now embraced in the Pikeville District; that part of Virginia and West Virginia which is now embraced in the Eogersville, Abingdon, Jeffersonville and Wytheville District south of the line of the- Baltimore Conference, and including Jacksonville ; the line between the Baltimore and the Holston Conferences running straight from Jackson- ville, in Floyd County, to Central Depot in Montgomery County, so as to embrace in the Holston Conference the territory known as the New Hope Circuit; that part of the State of North Carolina which lies west of the Blue Kidge; a small part lying east of said ridge, embracing the Catawba Circuit, and that part now in the Wytheville District ; and so much of the State of Georgia as is included in the following boundary: Beginning on the State line of Tennessee at the eastern part of Lookout Mountain ; thence to the Alabama State line ; thence north with said line to Island Creek, and with said creek and the Tennessee Eiver to the State line of Tennessee, and thence to the beginning, including the town of Graysville, Ga." In 1875 this conference reported 171 traveling and 294 local preach- ers, 38,087 white, 140 colored, and 176 Indian members, and 23,226 Sun- day-school scholars. In 1880 the report was 161 traveling and 290 local preachers; 44,279 white, 48 colored, and 148 Indian members, and 28,541 Sunday-school 'scholars. In 1885 the following was the report: 158 traveling preachers, 308 local preachers, and 46,529 white members, neither colored nor Indian members reported; the number of Sunday-school schol- ars was 35,116. When the Federal Armies took possession of East Ten- nessee many of the Methodists in that section desired the services of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and under authority given by the General Conference of 1864, Holston Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized, its first session being held at Athens, Tenn., June 1,1865. The numbers reported to this conference were as follows: 48 traveling and 55 local preachers, 6,107 members and 2,425 Sunday-school scholars. In 1876 the numbers were 105 traveling and 237 local preach- ers, 23,465 members, 10,413 Sunday-school scholars, 190 churches val- 678 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. Tied at $173,485, and 11 parsonages valued at $7,077. The boundaries of this conference, according to the discipline of 1876 were, on the east by North Carolina, north by Virginia and Kentucky, on the west by the western summit of the Cumberland Mountains, south by Georgia and the Blue Eidge, including that portion of North Carolina not in the North Carolina Conference. The statistics of the Tennessee Conference Meth- odist Episcopal Church South for 1846, have been given above. In 1874 its limits were so determined as to include Middle Tennessee, except the Pikesville District. In 1876 it reported 198 traveling and 331 local preach- ers, and 41,297 members. In 1880 the numbers were as follows: 198 trav- eling and 343 local preachers, 46,428 white, and 15 colored members; 22,- 562 Sunday-school scholars, and the collections for missions amounted to $7,303.80. In 1885 the report from this conference showed 169 travel- ing and 314 local preachers, 52,865 white, and 11 colored members; 24,- 675 Sunday-school scholars, and $12,610.65 collected for foreign mis- sions, and $3,368.20 for domestic missions. The Tennessee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church was organized at Murfreesboro, October 11, 1866, by Bishop Clark, under authority of the General Conference. At this time it reported 40 trav- eling and 49 local preachers, 3.173 members, 2,548 Sunday-school schol- ars, and 13 churches, valued at $59,100. In 1868 its boundaries were so determined as to include that portion of Tennessee not included in the Holston Conference. In 1876 the statistics were 96 traveling and 206 local preachers, 12,268 members, 8,359 Sunday-school scholars, 142 churches, valued at $206,940, and 7 parsonages, valued at $2,500. Un- der authority of the General Conference of 1876 this conference was divided by separating the white and colored work. The statistics for 1877 are as follows: 41 traveling and 193 local preachers, 11,638 mem- bers, 8,329 Sunday-school scholars, 197 churches valued at $137,028, and 15 parsonages valued at $4,000. The Memphis Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, a part of the statistics of which have already been given, was set off from the Tennessee Conference by the General Conference, which met in Bal- timore June 1, 1840. At the division of the church in 1845 it adhered to the other Southern conferences. Its original boundaries were as fol- lows: "Bounded on the east by the Tombigbee River, Alabama State Line and Tennessee Eiver; on the north by the Ohio and Mississippi Eivers; west by the Mississippi River, and south by the line running due east from the Mississippi River to the southwest corner of Talla- hatchie County ; thence due east to the southeastern corner of Yallabusha County ; thence in straight line to the northwestern corner of Oktibaha HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 679 County; tlience due east to the Tombigbee Eiver." In 1874 the south- ern boundary was changed so as to conform to the State line between Tennessee and Mississippi. In 1871 there were in this conference 278 local preachers and 27,833 members. In 1876 the following was the re- port: 125 traveling and 276 local preachers, 31,627 members and 15,726 Sunday-school scholars. In 1880 there were 140 traveling preachers, 238 local preachers, 33,329 white members, 18,610 Sunday-school schol- ars, and amount of collections for missions, $6,021.60, and in 1885 there were 127 traveling preachers, 233 local preachers, 28,584 white mem- bers, 21,884 Sunday-school scholars, and collections for foreign missions, .$6,757.62, and for domestic missions, $1,032.41. The convention which organized this church, in 1845, at Louisville, favored the establishment of a book concern, and appointed two book agents — Rev. John Early and Rev. J. B. McFerrin — to receive proposals for the location of the book concern, and also moneys and contributions for building up the same, requiring them to report at the time of the General Conference to be held at Petersburg May, 1846. This conference provided for a book concern, with Rev. John Early as agent, and assist- ants and depositories at Louisville, Charleston and Richmond. The "plan of separation" contemplated an equitable division of the common property, but the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church subsequently pronounced the plan of separation null and void and re- fused to abide by the settlement of 1844, upon which the Methodist Episcopal Church South took the case to the civil courts and secured a decision in its favor. The decree relating to the book concern was given April 25, 1854. The proceeds of these suits were as follows: Cash, $293,334.50; notes and accounts transferred, $50,575.02; book stock, $20,000; accounts against Richmond and Nashville Christian Advocate, $9,500; presses at Richmond, Charleston and Nashville, $20,000, and from the chartered fund, $17,712; aggregate $414,141.62. The total amount realized from these various sums was $386,153.63. The General Conference favored a book concern proper for the South, and accordingly the committee brought in a plan for a book establishment at the city of Nashville for the purpose of manufacturing books, to be called the Pub- lishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, to be under the control of two agents and a committee of three to be called the book committee. In August, 1854, the agents purchased in Nashville a lot fronting on the public square sixty-eight feet and extending back to the Cumberland River nearly 300 feet, upon which buildings were erected from three to four stories high, costing in the aggregate $37,282.52. In 1858 the General Conference determined to have but one agent, but 680 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. created the office of financial secretary. May 1, 1883, tlie assets of the publishing house were $309,574.61, and its liabilities $192,157.21; bal- ance, $117,4*17.40. The Methodist Protestant Church which was separated from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1830, mainly on account of differences regarding church polity, found a few adherents in Tennessee. The Meth- odist Church seceded from the Methodist Protestant Church in 1858 on the question of slavery, and there were also a few adherents of this church in Tennessee. But the numbers of neither were never large ; hence a detailed account, either of their history or doctrines is not deemed ad- visable in this work. The division in the Methodist Protestant Church having been caused wholly by slavery, after the abolition of slavery by the civil war, the two bodies formed a reunion in 1877 at Baltimore. At the time of this reunion the Methodist Protestant Church had in its Ten- nessee Conference 18 itinerant ministers and preachers and 1,209 mem- bers, and in its West Tennessee Conference 17 itinerant ministers and preachers and 1,140 members, while the Methodist Church had preach- ers and 230 members. The work of the Presbyterians in Tennessee preceding and in connec- tion with the great revival has been referred to in preceding pages. In company with Rev. Charles Cummings in East Tennessee was the Rev. John Rhea, a native of Ireland, and whose name is closely associated with the formation of New Bethel Presbyterian Church, in Sullivan Coun- ty. These two were the first Presbyterian ministers in Tennessee. They both accompanied Col. Christian's expedition against the Cherokees south of the Little Tennessee River, mentioned in the Indian chapter. After this expedition Mr. Rhea returned to Maryland with the intention of bringing his family to Tennessee, but while making preparations for the removal, died there in 1777. His widow and family, however, re- moved to the Holston settlement, reaching their destination in 1779. They, with other Presbyterians, became members of New Bethel Church, located in the fork of Holston and Watauga. In 1778 Samuel Doak was ordained by the Presbytery of Hanover on a call from the congregations of Concord and Hopewell, north of Holston River in what is now Sulli- van County. Preaching here two years Rev. Mr. Doak removed to Little Limestone, in what is now Washington County, in which latter place he remained over thirty years. In connection with the Rev. Charles Cum- mings in 1780, he organized Concord^ New Providence an,d Carter's Val- ley Churches, in what is now Hawkins County, New Bethel, in what is now Greene County, and Salem at his place of residence. In 1783 or 1784 Providence Church was organized in Greene County and the Rev. Sam- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 681 uel Houston called to the pastorate, serving the church four or fiA^e years -when he returned to Virginia. The Rev. Mr. Doak opened a classical school, which in 1785 was chartered as Martin Academy, the first insti- tution of the kind west of the Alleghanies. In the same year Hezekiah Balch, a member of the Orange Presbytery, united with Kev. Samuel Doak and Rev. Charles Cummings, in a petition to the Synod of the Car- olinas, that a new presbytery be formed west of the Alleghanies, in accordance with which petition the Presbytery of Abingdon was formed. It was separated from Hanover by New River and from Orange by the Appalachian Mountains, and extended indefinitely westward. In May of the next year Abingdon Presbytery was divided and Transylva- nia Presbytery created, comprising Kentucky and the settlements on the Cumberland. The pioneer columns of emigration moved through the territory of Abingdon Presbytery to occupy the country beyond the mountains. For a number of years after its formation the Presbyterian body within its limits was in a state of constant internal agitation, resulting in a schism in 1796. The troubles were increased if not originated by the visit in 1782 of the Rev. Adam Rankin, of Scotch-Irish parentage, but born near Greencastle, Penn., who was a zealot, in modern parlance a crank, upon the subject of psalmody. His opposition to singing any other than Rouse's version of the Psalms was a sort of monomania; while oth- ers were almost as strongly in favor of Watt's version. On this subject the controversy waxed very bitter. In 1786 the synod instituted an in- vestigation and adopted measures which it vainly hoped would settle the dispute, and for a time satisfactory results seemed to have been reached and peace attained. But a difliculty of a different kind succeeded. The Rev. Hezekiah Balch, who removed to Tennessee in 1784, caused great trouble to the early Presbyterians, by persistently preaching "Hopkinsian- ism," a complicated system of religious thought which it is not the prov- ince of this book to discuss. By indiscretion in his preaching he pro- voked determined opposition. The subject being at length brought be- fore the presbytery, a majority of its members voted to dismiss the case. Five prominent members, three of whom belonged in Tennessee, viz. : Doak, Lake and James Balch, withdrew and formed the Independent Presbytery of Abingdon. The case came before the Synod of the Caro- linas and at last before the General Assembly which severely disciplined the seceding members and also R«v. Hezekiah Balch, upon which the seceding members submitted and the Presbytery of Abingdon was consti- tuted as before. At this time the Presbytery was bounded as follows: From New River on the northeast to the frontiers on the Tennessee 682 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. Eiver, and from tlie Blue Eidge of tlie Appalachian Mountains to the Cumberland Mountains. It contained thirty-nine congregations, eleven of them in Virginia, three in North Carolina and twenty-five in Ten- nessee. In 1797 the Presbytery of Union was set off from Abingdon, embrac- ing Rev. Hezekiah Balch, John Casson, Henderson, Gideon Blackburn and Samuel Carrick, living in Abingdon Presbytery in Tennessee, Eev. Samuel Doak, Lake and James Balch. In 1793 the city of Knox- ville was laid off and the Rev. Samuel Carrick commenced laboring there and at the Fork Church at the confluence of French Broad and Holston^ four miles distant. Mr. Carrick was the first president of Blount College, retaining that position from the time of its establishment in 1784 to his death in 1809. New Providence Church was established at the present site of Mary villa in 1793 or 1791:, by the Rev. Gideon Blackburn, who was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Abingdon in 1792. After peace was made with the Cherokee Indians, he undertook a mission to that na- tion and by his self-sacrificing labors among them laid the foundation for the -subsequent successful mission of the American Board among the Cherokees. In 1799 Greenevilie Presbytery was laid off from the upper end of Union. Greenevilie Presbytery was dissolved in 1804, The Presbytery of Transylvania had charge of the churches on the Cumberland River until 1810, when the Presbytery of West Tennessee was erected with four members. In this year the Rev. Gideon Black- burn left Maryville, where he was succeeded by Rev. Isaac Anderson, who was the principal agent in establishing the Southern and Western Theological Seminary, incorporated as Maryville College in 1821. In 1811 he took charge of Harpeth Academy near Franklin and preached in five different places v\^ithin a radius of fifty miles, one of those five places being Nashville, his efforts resulting in the establishment of a chui'ch in each place, these churches being erected into a Presbytery. Churches and ministers rapidly increased in Middle Tennessee. The Presbytery of Shiloh was created in 1816, from the Presbytery of Muhl- enburg in Kentucky and the Presbytery of West Tennessee, Shiloh ex- tending nearly to the southern portion of the State. In 1823 Dr. Black- burn was succeeded in Nashville by the Rev. A. B. Campbell, who was himself succeeded in 1828 by the Rev. Obadiah Jennings. In 1824 Dr. Phillip Lindsley came to Nashville as president of Cumberland College, which was changed to the University^ of Nashville in 1826. In 1829 the Presbytery of the Western District was organized with five ministers,, and in 1830 the first Presbyterian Church in Memphis was established. Following is given briefly the synodical relations of the different HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 683: presbyteries which were wholly or in part in Tennessee: At the forma- tion of the General Assembly the Presbytery of Abingdon was attached to the Synod of the Carolinas, but in 1803 it was transferred to the Synod of Virginia. The Presbytery of Greeneville belonged to the Synod of the Carolinas. The Presbytery of Union belonged to this synod until 1810, when it was transferred to the Synod of Kentucky. In 1817 the Synod of Tennessee was organized, being composed of the Presbyteries of West Tennessee, Shiloh, "Union and Mississippi, they being detached from the Synod of Kentucky. The Presbytery of Mis- souri was attached to the Synod of Tennessee in 1818, but transferred to the Synod of Indiana in 1826. The Presbytery of French Broad was erected in 1825, and of Holston in 1820. The Synod of West Tennessee was formed in 1826, consisting of the Presbyteries of West Tennessee, Shiloh and North Alabama, to which was added, in 1829, the Presbytery of Western District. In 1829 the Presbytery of Mississippi became a part of the Synod of Mississippi and South Alabama, and the Synod of Tennessee was composed of the Presbyteries of Abingdon, Union, French Broad and Holston. These four presbyteries with those of West Ten- nessee and Western District, representing the strength of the Presby- terian Church within the limits of the State, contained in 1830 an aggre- gate of nearly 100 churches and 71 ministers. From this time on until the year 1861 the Presbyterian Church in Tennessee continued to grow and prosper. In that year the General Assembly at Philadelphia passed what has since been known as the Spring Resolutions, which hopelessly divided the Presbyterian Church in the United States. All of the churches in Tennessee, as was to be ex- pected, cast in their lot with the Presbyterian Church South. The his- tory of this movement with its causes, as seen by the Southern Presby- terians, is given largely in the language of the minutes of the Southern General Assembly, and is here introduced. A convention of twenty dele- gates from the various Presbyteries in the Confederate States of Amer- ica met at Atlanta, Ga., August 15, 1861, of whom Eev. J. Bardwell was from the Presbytery of Nashville. This convention said with reference to the separation of the Presbyterian Church into two bodies: "While this convention is far from ignoring the pain of separation from many with whom it has been our delight as Presbyterians to act in former years, it cannot conceal the gratification which it experiences in the contemplation of the increased facilities for doing a great work for the church and for God afforded by the severance of our previous politi- cal and ecclesiastical relations. "Our connection with the non-slave-holding State, it cannot be denied, 684 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. was a great hindrance to the systematic performance of the work of evangelization of the slave population. It is true that the Northern por- tion of the Presbyterian Church professed to be conservative, but the opposition to our social economy was constantly increasing. Conserva- tism was only a flimsy covering for the evil intent which lay in the heart of the Northern churches. In the last General Assembly Dr. Yeomans, a former moderator of the assembly, regarded as the very em- bodiment of conservatism, did not hesitate to assign as a reason for the rejection of Dr. Spring's resolution that the adoption of it, by driving off the Southern brethren, would forever bar the Northern church against all efforts to affect a system of involuntary servitude in the South." At a meeting of ministers and ruling elders which mefc at Augusta, Ga., December 4, 1861, for the purpose of organizing a General Assem- bly of the Presbyterian Church of the Confederate States of America, the following members from Tennessee were present: Synod of Mem- phis — Chickasaw Presbytery, William V. Frierson and H. H. Kimmon ; Memphis Presbytery, John M. "Waddel, D. D., and J. T. Swayne; the Western District, James H. Gillespie; Synod of Nashville — Holston Presbytery, J. W. Elliott and S. B. McAdams; Knoxville Presbytery, E. G. Currey and Joseph A. Brooks; Maury Presbytery, Shepard Wells; Nashville Presbytery, E. B. McMullen, D. D., and A. W. Putnam; Tus- cumbia Presbytery, James H. Lorance and L. B. Thornton. The title of the Presbyterian Church of the Confederate States of America, and also the confession of faith, the catechism, the form of government, the book of discipline and the directory of worship were also adopted, only substituting the words Confederate States for United States. At this session of the General Assembly of the Presby- terian Church of the Confederate States of America an address was de- livered setting forth the causes that impelled them to separate from the church of the North, in which they said: "We should be sorry to be regarded by the brethren in any part of the world as guilty of schism. We are not conscious of any purpose to rend the body of Christ. On the contrary our aim was to permit the unity of the spirit in the bonds of peace. ***** We liaA^e separated from our brethren of the North as Abraham separated from Lot — because we are persuaded that the interests of true religion will be more effectually subserved by two independent churches. Under the circumstances under which the two countries are placed they cannot be one united body. In the first place the course of the last assembly at Philadelphia conclusively shows that should we remain together the polit- ical questions which divide us as citizens will be obtruded upon our HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 685 church courts and discussed by Christian ministers and elders with all the acrimony, bitterness and rancor with which such questions are usually discussed by men of the world. A mournful spectacle of strife and debate would be the result. Commissioners from the Northern would meet commissioners from the Southern conferences to wrangle over the question which have split them into two conferences and involved them in fierce and bloody war. They would denounce each other on the one hand as tyrants and oppressors, and on the other as traitors and rebels. The Spirit of God would take His departure from these scenes of confusion, and leave the church lifeless and powerless — an easy prey to the sectional divisions and angry passions of its members. * * * * * * * The characteristics of the man and the citizen will prove stronger than the charity of the Christian. We cannot condemn a man in one breath as unfaithful to the most solemn earthly interests of his country and his race, and com- mend him in the nest as a true and faithful servant of God. If we dis- trust his patriotism our confidence is apt to be very measured in his piety. The only conceivable condition, therefore, upon which the church of the North and the South could remain together as one body with any prospect of success, is the vigorous exclusion of the questions and passions of the former from its halls of debate. The provinces of the church and State are perfectly distinct. The State is a society of rights, the church is the society of the redeemed. The former aims at social order, the latter at spiritual holiness. The State looks to the visible and outward, the church to the invisible and inward. The power of the church is exclusively spiritual, that of the State includes the exercise of force. The constitution of the church is a divine relation, the constitu- tion of the State must be determined by human reason and the course of events. "Had these principles been sturdily maintained by the Assembly of Philadelphia, it is possible that the ecclesiastical separation of the North and South might have been deferred for years. But alas for the weak- ness of man those golden visions were soon dispelled. The first thing that led our presbyteries to look the question of separation seriously in the face, was the course of the assembly in venturing in determining as a court of Jesus Christ, which it did by necessary implication, the true interpretation of the Constitution of the United States as to the kind of government it intended to form. A political theory was to all intents and purposes propounded which made secession a crime, the seceding States rebellious and the citizens who obeyed them traitors. We say nothing here as to the righteousness or honesty of these decrees. What 43 686 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. we maintain is that whetlier right or wrong the church had no right to make them. She transcended her sphere and usurped the duties of the State. The assembly, driven from its ancient moorings, was tossed to and fro by the waves of populace ; like Pilate it obeyed the clamor of the multitude, and though acting in the name of Jesus, it kissed the scepter and bowed to the mandates of Northern frenzy. " Though the immediate occasion of separation was the course of the General Assembly at Philadelphia in relation to the General Government and the war, there was another ground on which the independent organi- zation of the Southern church could be scripturally maintained. The unity of the churc^i does not require a formal bond of union among all the congregations of believers throughout the earth. It does not de- mand a vast imperial monarchy like that of Rome, nor a strictly council like that to which the complete development of Presbyterianism would naturally give rise. As the unity of the human race is not disturbed by its division into countries and nations, so the unity of the spiritual king- dom of Christ is neither broken nor impaired by separation and division into various church constitutions, and so forth." The same assembly ventured to lay before the Christian world their views of slavery, and their conclusion was that the church had no right to preach to the South the extirpation of slavery any more than they had to preach to the monarchies of Europe and the despotisms of Asia the doctrine of equality, unless it could be shown that slavery was a sin. For if slavery were not a sin, then it was a question for the State to settle. The assembly then attempted to prove that slavery was not at variance with the Bible, and therefore not a sin. The argument on this point can not be here given, but it was the same that was always relied upon to prove that slavery was not necessarily a sin. Thus was the Pres- byterian Church of the South launched upon its individual existence. The minutes of the General Assembly do not give any statistics of value previous to 1863. The fund for church extension was then but $142.75, of which $100 had been appropriated to a church in Tennessee, and $30 to one in Georgia. In this year according to the best estimate that can be made there were 5,830 members of the Presbyterian Church in Tennessee. In 1865 the name of the church was changed to the Presbyterian Church of the United States. Thus the Spring resolutions compelled the organization of the Southern Presbyterian Church. The necessary result of political legislation by the General Assembly of 1861 was to force the entire Southern constituency out of that connection. The Southern Assembly earnestly asserted that the church was a non- secular, non-political institution, that it was wholly spiritual in its nature HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 687 and mission, and entirely separate from and independent of the State, and this position it has ever since maintained. This conception of the true nature of the Church of Christ has caused the Southern Presbyte- rian Church to reject all overtures made by the Northern General As- sembly looking toward a reunion, for both Old and New School Presby- terians in the North (a distinction scarcely known in Tennessee) per- sisted in the utterance of political doctrines, which, whether true or false, they were inhibited from uttering by the Bible and by their own statute law. These utterances, which the Southern church regards illegal, re- main unrepealed and upon the records, preventing the two churches from uniting into one. No disavowal of them has been made, as of words in- considerately uttered in times of excitement, and until such action shall be taken by the Northern church it is improbable that a reunion will ever be effected. In 1866 in Presbytery of Memphis there were 1,184 communicants; the Presbytery of the Western District, 1,058; Presby- tery of Holston, 987; Presbytery of Knoxville, 123; Presbytery of Nash- ville, 1,320, and in the Presbytery of Alabama, 1,164 Total, 5,836. In 1870 the following were the number of communicants: Presby- tery of Memphis, 1,913; Presbytery of the Western District, 1,034; Presbytery of Holston, 1,571; Presbytery of Knoxville, 856; Presbytery of Nashville, 2,074; Presbytery of North Alabama, including 4 churches in Alabama, 12 in Mississippi and 23 in Tennessee, 1,804; a total of 9,252. In 1880 the following were the statistics: Presbytery of Mem- phis, 2,041; Presbytery of the Western District, 939; Presbytery of Columbia, 1,713; Presbytery of Holston, 2,030; Presbytery of Knoxville, 1,227; Presbytery of Nashville, 3,388; a total of 11,338. In 1885 the statistics were as follows: Presbytery of Memphis, communicants, 2,055; churches, 36; Sunday-school scholars, 1,448. Presbytery of the West- ern District, communicants, 1,375; churches 25; Sunday-school schol- ars, 533. Presbytery of Columbia, communicants, 1,599; churches, 25; Sunday-school scholars, 1,061. Presbytery of Holston, communicants, 2,136; churches, 38; Sunday-school scholars, 1,241. Presbytery of Knoxville, communicants, 1,314; churches, 25; Sunday-school scholars, 1,098. Presb}i;ery of Nashville, communicants, 3,393; churches, 34; Sunday-school scholars, 2,673. Total communicants, 11,872; churches, 183; Sunday-school scholars, 8,054. The Baptists also profited by the great revival, but perhaps not to the same or a proportionate extent, as did the Methodists. They were in Tennessee as early perhaps as any other denomination. In 1781 they had six organized churches holding relations with an association in North Carolina, which, with a few others, were in 1786 formed into the 688 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Holston Association, the first association formed in the State. Among the first Baptist ministers in East Tennessee were James Keel, Thomas Murrell, Matthew Talbot, Isaac Barton, William Murphy, John Chastine, Tidence Lane and William Eeno. These ministers usually settled on farms and made their own living by tilling the soil or by teaching school, preaching Sundays, or at night in schoolhouses, in private houses, in im- provised meeting-houses or in the open air, as the case might be. In 1790 the Holston Association had 889 members, and in 1800 it had 37 churches and 2,500 members. In 1802 the Tennessee Association was organized in territory in the immediate neighborhood of Knoxville. Some of the ministers connected with this new organization were Duke Kimbrough, Elijah Eogers, Joshua Frost, Amos Hardin, Daniel Layman and William Bellew. In 1817 Powell's Yalley Association was organ- ized Y»dth 12 churches. In 1822 Hiwassee Association, consisting of 10 churches, was organized, which, in 1830, was divided into two associa- tions, the new organization being named Sweetwater Association, and be- ing composed of 17 cJiurches and 1,100 members. In Middle Tennessee the first Baptist Church was organized it is be- lieved in 1786, by Joseph Grammer, on Eed Eiver. In 1791 the "Eed Eiver Baptist Church" was founded on the Sulphur Fork of Eed Eiver. This and other churches in existence at that time were organized into the Mero District Association. Soon afterward other churches were or- p-anized in the vicinity of Nashville: Mill Creek Church, four miles south of the city, Eev. James Whitsitt, pastor; Eichland Creek Church, sis miles west, Eev. John De La Hunte (afterward Dillahunty), pastor, and another church a little further west, of which the Eev. Garner McConnico was pastor. On account of internal dissensions this association was dis- solved, and in 1803 the Cumberland Association was formed. When this association became too large it was divided into two, the new organi- zation being named the Eed Eiver Association. In 1810 the Concord Association was formed, its territory having Nashville for its center. In 1822 this association was divided and Salem formed with twenty-seven churches. Among the ministers active in this part of the State in addi- tion to those mentioned above were the following: Joseph Dorris, Daniel Brown, John Wiseman, Joshua Sester, John Bond and Jesse Cox. Up to this time there had been but little if any trouble in the church respecting doctrines. There was very general if not universal assent to the great fundamental doctrines of the church, which were strictly and- with some of the ministers hyper-Calvinistic. These were particular and unconditional election and reprobation, that Christ died only for the elect, that none of the elect could by any possibility l)e lost, and that none of HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 689 the non-elect could by any possibility be saved. But now the doctrine of election and the extent of the atonement, whether it was general or limited in its design, began to agitate the church. A similar contro- versy occurred in eastern Kentucky about 1780, resulting in a division of the denomination into regular and separate Baptists. The result in Tennessee was the same, only more widely felt. The origin of this con- troversy in Tennessee seems to have been as follows: Elder Reuben Boss, who had emigrated from North Carolina in 1807, settling near Port Boyal, Montgomery County, and preaching mainly in that and Stewart County for many years, during his early ministry became much troubled and perplexed over the doctrines of election and predestination. He could not reconcile with his own ideas of justice the thought that God in the plenitude of His wisdom and goodness had doomed to ever- lasting misery and to eternal bliss separate portions of the human race, from before the beginning of time, without reference to their merits or de- serts, simply because it was His own will and pleasure so to decree. His study of the sacred Scriptures led him to the opposite conclusion. The sacred writings declare that God's tender mercies are over all His works, that He is no respecter of persons, but in every nation he that fears Him and works righteousness is accepted of Him. Upon his arrival in Tennessee Elder Boss found his fellow Baptists entertaining rigid Calvinistic views with great tenacity, and although out of respect for the opinions of the many great and good men who had lived and died in that faith he had not publicly opposed their doc- trinal teachings, yet he could not but doubt their correctness, and in order to fully satisfy his judgment of the Biblical soundness of his own views he brought to bear on the study of this question all the faculties of his mind, using all the means in his possession to the investigation of a sub- ject which he felt to be one of the most important in the entire range of Christian theology. In the Old Testament no passage bearing upon this subject is more remarkable perhaps than that found in Ezekiel, chapter xviii, verses 21 to 32 inclusive. These various texts seemed to him to prove conclusively that man's salvation is conditional instead of uncondi- tional, and the more he studied the Bible the more settled was he in the conviction that this is the true position. The underlying principle of ends accomplished by the adoption of means is everywhere visible in na- ture and the world, and using this as an analogy Elder Ross had his con-^ viction strengthened that salvation, if obtained at all, is obtained or achieved by or through efforts put forth by ourselves, or that it is condi- tioned on the employment of proper means. The first sermon in which this . fRandall M. Ewiug. 698 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. light upon the history of this church, is here introduced, copied from the "Memoirs," by Bishop Mercer: "On the 8th of August, 1857, the Bishop was called to consecrate a new church at Riverside, in the Eastern part of his diocese, built by Col. N. and the relatives of his wife. This was at a. time when what is now generally known as "Ritualism" had gained con- siderable footing in some of the larger and more advanced Eastern cities, but had yet to plant its first footstep among the mountains and valleys of Tennessee. On arriving at the church, accompanied by Bishop Polk, he beheld a cross on every gate, three crosses on the roof and one on the belfry. On entering the church he found the font at the south door, and on the altar and superaltar a large movable cross, two vases for flowers, and two very large candlesticks, and five other crosses, with multiform devices upon them. This was rather too much for the uninstructed taste of the Bishop. He had not been initiated among the more 'advanced' of his brethren. He was too old-fashioned to admire or even tolerate such novelties; therefore, at his command, these insignia were all re- moved before he would proceed to the consecration. Great offense was taken by the worthy family that erected the church, and no regular serv- ices were ever after held in it. It was permitted to fall to decay, and no vestige remains to mark the occasion but the site itself, one of the loveli- est that could possibly be chosen for a house of God." Ten years after the consecration of Bishop Otey there were, besides himself, thirteen resident clergymen in Tennessee, and the number of communicants had grown from 117 to about 400. A noticeable feature in the proportionate growth is the increase in the city parishes above that in the country, Christ Church, Nashville, and Calvary Church, Memphis, far outstripping the others in numbers, importance and influ- ence. At the end of another decade there were seventeen clergymen, be- sides the Bishop, and seventeen parishes, besides the mission stations, and the entire number of communicants was estimated at 800. Quite a number of substantial church edifices had been erected in various parts of the State, a few of them being of stone, as in Nashville and Clarks- ville, and some of wood, but the most of brick. In 18 GO, the last year for which there is a Journal of Convention for Bishop Otey's time, the number of clergy was twenty-seven; the number of organized parishes, twenty-six, and the number of communicants, 1,506. For the next five years the great civil war not only effectually checked the growth of the church, but almost destroyed what had been accomplished with such great labor. The attitude of the Episcopal Church was generally the same as that of Bishop Otey, with respect to the war. He was strenu- ously opposed to both war and disunion, if both could be avoided con- HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 699 sistently with the honor and safety of the South; but when he saw that war was inevitable, he nerved himself for the contest, and for final advice and counsel to his flock; but the shock was too great for his once power- ful, but now enfeebled system, and no doubt shortened his life. He died on April 23, 1S63, having directed that the marble which might cover his remains should bear no other inscription than his name, the dates of his birth and death, and "The First Bishop of the Catholic Church in Tennessee." The return of peace found the Episcopal Church in Tennessee with- out a bishop. A call was promptly issued for a convention to assemble in Christ's Church, Nashville, to consider the question of electing a suc- cessor to Bishop Otey. Quite a full representative convention assembled on September 8, 1865, when it was found that the Rev. Dr. Quintard was almost unanimously the choice of the convention. Since his election the progress of the church has continued to be steady though slow. In 1884 there were thirty-six white parishes, forty mission stations, and about 4,000 communicants. The charitable institutions of the diocese are numerous and creditable. There is the Orphan's Home at Knoxville, a similar institution at Memphis, where also is St. Mary's School, for girls; St. James Hall is at Bolivar, Fairmount, near Mount Eagle, and there is a fine school at Cleveland; there is a male school at Cleveland, one at Knoxville, one in Chattanooga, one at Mount Pleasant, one at South Pittsburg, but above all is the University of the South. Closely identified with the history of the church and education in Tennessee is the history of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tenn, To Bishop Otey is due the honor of the first conception of the university. In 1836, in an address to his convention, he urged the ne- cessity of an institution maintaining the highest degree of scholarship, and sought the co-operation of adjoining dioceses in founding a great university. He was warmly seconded in his efforts by Rev. Leonidas Polk, then a minister at Columbia, who, subsequently becoming Bishop of Louisidina, took a prominent part in the organization of the University of the South. In 1860 an endowment of over $500,000 and a domain of 10,000 acres having been secured, the corner-stone of University Hall was laid with great ceremony. In the war, the endowment was lost, and the corner-stone, a massive block of native marble, was broken in frag- ments and carried away as relics by the • Union soldiers. Misfortune proves institutions as truly as it does men. Under the energetic leader- ship of Bishop Quintard the university began life anew in 1868, with its bare domain and its admirable organization as its only inheritance. Its beginning was an humble one ; but maintaining from the first a high stand- 700 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. ard of education, it has steadily advanced, till now with 300 students, sub- stantial buildings, and a high reputation at home and abroad, it can see that these past trials have develoj^ed strength and proved the wisdom of its scheme of education. The university is to-day organized substantially according to the original plan, which was formulated after a careful study of the leading colleges of Eui'ope and America. A plan which has thus -stood the test of adversity is worthy of consideration. Among the causes of success are first, the concentration of the means and patronage of a large section in one institution; second, the maintenance of the highest scholarship (the requirements for degrees here are as severe as at Yale or Harvard) ; third, the elevation and location, free from malaria, pulmonary trouble and catarrh; fourth, it keeps a home in- fluence over the students by boarding them in private families; fifth, it controls a domain several miles in extent, prohibiting the sale of liq- uors, gambling and other evils incident to university towns (it is father of the four-mile law in Tennessee) ; sixth, it is not a sectional but a general institution, having more students from the North than any other school in the South. It is not narrow or bigoted, but teaches a Catholic Christianity as the basis of morality, and religion and science going hand in hand in all completeness of investigation. The vice-chancellor, Kev. Telfair Hodgson, D. D., is executive head of the institution. Elected to that responsible position in 1879, he has shown rare administrative pow- ers, and much of the material prosperity of the university is due to his wise management. Reference has been made in connection with the account of the great revival to the Rev. Barton "W. Stone. He was probably the first in Ken- tucky and Tennessee to preach the creed which subsequently constitu- ted the doctrines of the reformed or Campbellite Church, as it was called in earlier days, but to which, in more recent times, the name of 'the Disciples of Christ or Christian Church has been applied. As a result of the labors of the Rev. Barton W. Stone a numerous body had originated in Kentucky and extended somewhat into Tennessee, separat- ing themselves from the Presbyterian communion, having for their object a union of Christians upon the Bible alone. But the movement which gave immediate origin and distinctive char- acter to the church of the Disciples was started in Pennsylvania, in 1809, by Thomas Campbell aided by his son Alexander. Their original pur- pose was to heal the divisions in the religious world, and to establish a common basis of Christian union. This, it was thought, could be accom- plished by taking the expressed teachings of the Bible as the only guide. After some time a considerable society was formed; and, curiously HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 701 enough, as in the case of the Eev. Barton W. Stone, from the Presbyte- rian Church. This society, by the evolution of thought upon Bible teaching, became one of immersed believers, and soon afterward united with the Bed Stone Baptist Association, upon the stipulation that no standard of doctrine or bond of union should be required other than the Holy Scriptures. After some time another doctrine was discovered in the Scriptures, viz.: "Baptism for the remission of sins," which became a distinctive feature of the reformation. Controversy upon these doctrines increased in the Baptist Church, with which Alexander Campbell was then associated from 1813, when he united with the Bed Stone Association in 1827, when he began to form separate church organizations, entertaining his own peculiar views. In order to properly present his view of the doctrine of baptism for the remission of sins, the following extract from his "Christianity Bestored," published in 1823, is introduced: "If then the present forgiveness of sins be a privilege and a right of those under the new constitution in the kingdom of Jesus, and if being 'born again,' and being 'born of the water and the spirit,' is necessary to admission, and if being born of water means immersion, as is clearly proved by all witnesses, then remis- sion of sins in this life cannot be received or enjoyed previous to bap- tism. * * The remission of sins or coming into a state of acceptance being one of the present immunities of the kingdom, cannot be received or enjoyed by any one previous to baptism." Very soon after churches began to be formed on this and the other doctrines of Mr. Campbell, which embraced most of those held by the Evangelical Churches; new organizations soon sprang into existence in Tennessee, embracing the new doctrines, and here and there a Baptist Church went over in a body to the new faith. One of the first of these latter was the Baptist Church at Nashville, Tenn. Of this church, in May, 1826, Bev. Philip S. Fall had become pastor, and it soon became etident that he sympathized with the doctrines taught by Alexander Campbell. The church |ound themselves in hopeless controversy. The Mill Creek Church, as the senior church of this section, was requested to take action in the matter, but the Nashville Church declined to appear before its bar. The latter church then adopted the ordinance of weekly communions. The minority, powerless in the matter, withdrew, and met for worship October 10, 1830, in the court house. In January, 1828, the Nashville Church adopted the full form of the Disciples' worship, and in May repealed the entire Baptist creed. The church at this time num- bered about 450 members. In 1831 the "Stonites" in Kentucky and otlier Western States united with the Disciples and a strong sect or 702 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE, denomination was added to the number wliich the Campbells thought; altogether too numerous when they commenced their reformation. A movement somewhat independent in its nature, made a few years later than this of the Rev. Philip S. Fall, deserves careful mention. It was that of Elders John Calvin Smith and Jonathan H. Young. They had both been immersed by Elder Isaac Denton and had united with the Clear Fork Baptist Church, Cumberland County, Ky., in 1821. In Sep- tember, 1822, Young and his wife transferred their membership to Wolf River Church, in Overton County, Tenn. In a few years they received letters from this church to a "church of the same faith and order" in East Tennessee, continuing there until 1829, when they moved back to the Wolf River Church, of which John Calvin Smith had in the mean- time become pastor, as also of Sinking Spring Church, Fentress County, Tenn. After the reading of the letter for membership in the Wolf River Church, Young asked permission to explain his position relative to the first article of the "Abstracts • of Principles." After he had stated his objections thereto and closed a short argument in their favor Smith also expressed his doubts as to the propriety of the first article, and then proposed that a vote be taken on the reception or rejection of Young and his wife into the church. They were unanimously received into fellow- ship, notwithstanding their objections to the creed. The preaching of Smith and Young became a wider and wider departure from the Baptist creed, and they were advised by their brethren to be more cautious, or they would run into Campbellism. A very prominent Baptist preacher said to Smith, "You will take a little and a little until finally you will 'swallow a camel.'" Young was informed that he must account to the church for preaching the doctrines which he did, to which he replied that he was received into Wolf River Church with the definite understanding that he was opposed to the use of human creeds and confessions of faith in the church of Christ. He preached an able discourse at Sulphur Meeting-house, in Cumberland County, Ky., setting forth fully his sentiments on the dis- puted premises. The Wolf River Church was investigated by a commis- sion appointed for the purpose and after able discussions of the question, lasting from July to September, 1831, Young, seeing that he must, if he remained in the Baptist Church, accept the first article, and consequently the whole of the Philadelphia Confession of Faith, proposed that all who were willing to accept the Bible alone, as the only authoritative rule of faith and practice, should rise and stand with him. Seven or eight arose to their feet and stood with Young, and the church proceeded immedi- ately to cut them ofP for improper treatment of her order. Elder John. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 703 C. Smith was also on the same or similar ^rounds excluded from mem- * . . . bership in the Baptist Church. Smith, Young and the others who were cut off, with a few brethren living in the neighborhood, formed them- selves into a church which became largely influential. The formation of other Christian Churches in Tennessee followed with great rapidity during the two decades from 1830 to 1850. Follow- ing is a partial list of these churches, with the dates of their organiza- tion, so far as could be ascertained, and the counties in which they were located: Two of these churches were organized as early as 1816, though probably as Baptist Churches. The church at Bethlehem, and at Wil- son's Hill, Globe Creek, Marshall County, in 1823, Liberty Church, Marshall County, separated from the Richland Association of United Baptists for communing with Christians and assisting to set apart a dea- con in that church. At that time it had 126 members; in 1846 it had 450. In 1825 Roane Creek Church, in Carroll County, was organized^ and in 1828 Berea Church, in Marshall County, was organized; in 1831 Smyrna Church, Cedar Creek, in Marshall County, and New Herman Church, in Bedford County; in June, 1832, the church at Rutland's Meeting-house, in Wilson County, separated from the Baptists by laying aside their abstract principles and agreeing to be governed by the Bible alone, and the church at Tally's old field was organized this year; in 1833 the church at Paris, Henry County, was organized, and in 1844 they built a very neat church edifice; March 30, 1834, Sylvan Church, Sumner County, was organized with nine members; in 1844, it had 115; the church at Brawley's Fork, Cannon County, and that at South Har- peth, Davidson County, were organized this year; in 1835 Rock Springs Church, Rutherford County, and Sycamore Church, Davidson County, were organized, the former having, in 1844, 130 members; in'1836, Leb- anon Church was organized with nineteen members, and reorganized in 1842; the church at Bagdad, Smith County, was organized in 1835; in 1838, Lewisburgh Church, in Marshall County, and in 1839 Big Spring Church, in Wilson County, were organized ; in 1840 Trace Creek Church, Jackson County, and that at Long's Meeting-house, Marshall County, and in 1841 a church at Blackburn's Fork, and at Caue Creek, Lincoln County, and the Torny Fork Church, Marshall County, were also organ- ized; in 1842 Hartsville Church, in Sumner County, Salt Lick Church, in Jackson County, and the church at Meigsville, on the Big Bottom, were organized; in 1843 the church' at Teal's Meeting-house, Jackson County, Pleasant Hill Church, Buckeye Church, Flynn's Creek, Union Church, Richland Creek, Marshall County, and the Cave Creek Church, Marshall County, were organized, and that at Murfreesboro reorganized 704 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. in 1844; the church at Rich Meeting-house was organized, and there were in existence, date of organization not known, the following: 3 in Washington County, with 304 members; 4 in Carter County, with 301 members; 2 in Johnson County, with 124 members, and 2 in Sullivan County with 252 members; in Rutherford County, besides Rock Springs Church, the date of the organization of which has been given above, there were the Spring Creek Church with 40 members. Cripple Creek Church with 130 members, and Big Creek Church with 60 members ; in Warren County Hickory Creek and Rockey River Churches; in Wilson County Liberty Church, on Stone River, besides small congregations at Cypress Creek, Blue Water and Bluff Creek; in Livingston County there were 8 churches with 970 members; in McMinn County 4 churches with 150 members. From 1845 to 1850 churches of this denomination continued to be organized at about the same rate, since which time their numbers do not seem to have increased so rapidly. In 1872 there were in the United States 500,000 Disciples or Christians, of which number Tennessee could not have had over 15,000. Since then, this sect has grown and pros- pered, especially in the Southern and Western States, but recent statis- tics, as applicable to Tennessee, are not easily obtainable. For about thirty years the Christians had a flourishing college of high grade five miles east of Nashville in Davidson County, named Franklin College, which has now ceased to exist, most of the advanced students of the denomination finding Bethany College, in West Virginia, better prepared to meet their wants. Since 1844 a valuable periodical has been published at Nashville under the different names of The Christian Review, Chris- tian Magazine and Gospel Advocate, the latter name having been in use since 1855. On May 10, 1821, Rt. Rev. Bishop David, accompanied by Rev. Father Robert Abell, arrived in Nashville, and was received by M. De Munbreun, who entertained them at his house. The following day the first mass offered in Tennessee was said. Previous to this time but four mission- ary visits had been made to the State since the early French settle- ments, and the number of Catholics in the State did not much exceed 100. Tennessee then formed a part of the diocese of Bardstown, Ky., which also included Kentucky and an extensive territory to the west, and which had constituted the bishopric of Rt. Rev. Bishop Flaget. During the visit of Bishop David a proposition to establish a congregation in Nashville was made, and met with hearty approval from both Catholics and Protestants. Rev. Father Abell, who accompanied the bishop, preached every evening during his stay in the city, and a wide-spread HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 705 incerest was aroused. It was not, however, until 1830 that a church was erected on the north side of what now constitutes the Capitol grounds. Father Abell proceeded to Franklin, where there was one Catholic family and where he held services. He also went to Columbia and delivered a wermon at that place. In 1834 the diocese was reduced to Kentucky and Tennessee, and in 1837 the latter was made a separate diocese, known as the diocese of Nashville, of which the Kt. Eev. Dr. Richard Pius Miles was conse- crated bishop September 18, 1838. He was a native American and de- scendant of a Maryland family. Congregations had already been organ- ized at several points in the State, and mission work was pushed forward with the energy and zeal characteristic of the Catholic Church. In 1859 the work, having considerably increased, became too arduous for the fail- ing strength of Bishop Miles, and in May of that year Et. Rev. Bishop James Whelan was appointed his coadjutor, with right of succession. On the death of Bishop Miles, which occurred February 1, 1860, he entered upon his duties, and remained until his resignation in 18G3. He was succeeded as administrator of the diocese by the Rev. Father Kelly, a Dominican priest, who remained until November, 1865. He was then relieved by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Patrick A. Feehan, of St. Louis, who was consecrated in that city on the first day of that month. He contin- ued in charge of the diocese until June, 1883, when he was succeeded by the Rt. Rev. Joseph Rademacher. While the Catholic Church in Ten- nessee does not embrace so large a membership in proportion to popula- tion as many other States, it is due rather to the small foreign element than a lack of prosperity or wise management. The Catholic popula- tion of the State at the present time is estimated by the bishop of the diocese at from 20,000 to 25,000, of which about 8,000 are residents of Nashville, and 10,000 or 12,000 of Memphis. The number in the latter city was greatly reduced by the yellow fever epidemic of 1878-79. Chatta- nooga and Knoxville also have large congregations. The whole number of churches in the diocese in 1886 was thirty. The church supports a large number of excellent schools and acade- mies, and one college. One of the best known institutions for young ladies is the Academy of St. Cecilia, at Nashville. This school was es- tablished in 1860 by six ladies from St. Mary's Literary Institute, Perry County, Ohio, and has long enjoyed a high reputation for the excellence of its management. The Christian Brothers College, of Memphis, was chartered in 1854 It has an attendance of about 200 pupils, and is pre- sided over by Brother Maurelian. The Lutherans are among the oldest denominations in Tennessee, 706 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE.- congregations of whom were organized as early as 1800. The first Lu- theran church in Middle Tennessee was established about 1825 by Eev. William Jenkins. It was located near Shelbyville, on Duck Eiver, and was known as the " Shaffner Church." The growth of the denomination in the State has been somewhat slow, owino^ to the small foreis'n immicfra- tion. The number of ministers, too, has never equaled the demand, con- sequently many Lutherans have united with other denominations. In 1850 there were twelve organizations in the State; in 1860 eighteen, and 1870 twenty -two. The membership at the present time is about 9,000, of which much the larger part is in East Tennessee. It is di- vided among three district synods, as follows: Middle Tennessee Synod, a district of the General Synod, numbering 910 members; Holston Sy- nod, with a membership of 1,566, and forming a district under the Gen- eral Council, and the Tennessee Synod (independent), with a member- ship of 8,185. Only a portion of the last named is included in the State of Tennessee. The Holston Synod supports a very excellent college at Mosheim, in Greene County. It was first organized in 1869, and after a suspension of several years was reopened in 1884. The oldest Jewish congregation in Tennessee is the "Children of Israel," organized in Memphis in 1852. In October, 1851, a benevolent society was organized in Nashville, at the house of Isaac Gershon, with Henry Harris as president. A room was rented for a synagogue on North Market Street, near the Louisville depot, and divine worship was held, the president officiating as reader. Two years later the first rabbi, Alexander Iser, was engaged, and soon after the first Hebrew congrega- tion in Nashville was formed under the name of Magen David, "Shield of David." The next year, 1854, the organization was chartered by the Legislature. In 1862 the first reform congregation was organized under the name Benij Jioshren, with Eabbi Labshiner in charge. After an existence of about six years the two congregations united, in 1868, under the name of K. K. Ahavah Shoelem, "Lovers of Peace." Soon after the Eev. Dr. Isedor Kaleish was elected as rabbi. The congregation then, as they had done for several years, Avorshiped in Douglass Hall, on Market Street, at the corner of the public square. After three years Dr. Kaleish was succeeded by Dr. Alexander Eosenspitz, who remained in charge of the congregation about the same length of time as his predecessor. In 1876 a lot on Vine Street, between Church and Broad, was purchased, and the erection of the present handsome temple was begun. It was completed the following year and dedicated by Dr. Eosenspitz. In 1878 Dr. Eosenspitz was succeeded by Dr. J. S. Goldamer, a native of Vienna, HISTOKY or TENNESSEE. 707 and a graduate of tlie university of that city; also a graduate in philos- ophy and Jewish theology at the Rabbinical College, at Preszburg. He is eminent as a Hebrew scholar, and previous to his coming to Nashville was in charge of a congregation in Cincinnati for twelve years. He suc- ceeded in introducing the American ritual and mode of worship in the place of th© old Polish form, in conformity with the free institutions of this country and the progressive spirit of the age. A choir was also or- ganized. It is recognized as one of the best in the city, and renders in an excellent manner the Jewish sacred music. The adoption of the new ritual was displeasing to a small portion of the congregation, who under the name of K. K. Adath Israel formed a new society by electing I. B. Cohen, president, and L. Rosenheim, vice- president. The organization remains much the same at the present time, and continues to worship according to the orthodos mode. In 1885, at a cost of $12,000, a chapel and vault was erected, which is considered the finest structure of the kind in the United States. In 1864 a congregation was organized at Knoxville under the name of Beth El, or "House of God." The membership has. never been very large, and now embraces about twelve families, with E. Samuel as presi- dent and E. Heart as secretary. A congregation was organized at Chattanooga in 1867, and now num- bers about twenty-seven familes, under the care of Rabbi Julius Ochs. Dr. M. Bloch is president of the society, and Joseph Simpson, secretary. The church property is valued at $5,000. At Murfreesboro a few years ago a congregation was organized with a membership of sixteen or sev- enteen families, but owing to the removal of a large number from the town, only three or four families remain, and the organization is not maintained. Columbia and several other towns have small organizations, but no rabbis are employed. Almost every town in the State has one or more Jewish families, nearly all of whom upon the most important days especially. New Year's day and the Day of Atonement, attend services in the larger cities, as Memphis, Nashville or Chattanooga. The Jewish Church throughout the State is in a very prosperous con- dition, and is pervaded with a spirit of liberalty and toleration in keeping with the age. The congregation at Nashville under the care of Rabbi Goldamer, during the past eight years has increased from fifty-four to 135 families. The Sabbath-school children number 108. The annual expenses of the church are about $5,500. Its property is valued at $25,000. The president of the society is L. J. Loewenthal ; the secretary, M. Wertham. The congregation at Memphis numbers 110 families under the care of Dr. M. Samfield. Its property is valued at $40,000. Its annual expenses 708 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. are $6,500. The Sabbath-school children number 120. The president of the congregation is E. Lowenstein; the secretary, Samuel Hirsch. Previous to the civil war there were but few separate or independent colored churches in Tennessee, the institution of slavery being inimical to such separate organizations. But there were many colored members of white churches, especially of the Methodists. Since the war the col- ored people have organized churches of their own all over the State, and at the present time a colored member of a white church, if ever, is a very rare occurrence. Most of the churches of this race belong to the Methodist or Baptist denominations, these denominations being usually more demonstrative and emotional in their devotion than others; still there are Colored Episcopal, Congregational and other churches. It is altogether probable that a larger proportion of the colored race than of the white race belong to their various churches, the intelligence of the former not being as yet sufficiently developed to permit them to rest easy outside the pale of the church. CHAPTER XIX. Biography or Eminent Citizens— A Comprehensive Sketch of the Social AND Professional Character, the Domestic Relations and the Public Services of a Number of Distinguished Tennesseeans. THE family of John Sevier was of French origin, the name originally being Xavier. On account of their being Huguenots they were exiled from France and went to England. They arrived in that country about the beginning of the last century. Valentine Sevier, the father of John Sevier, was born in London, and some time previous to 1740, fol- lowing the tide of emigration westward, he crossed the Atlantic and set- tled in the Shenandoah Valley in the colony of Virginia. Here John Sevier was born in the year 1744, and here too his boyhood days were spent. His opportunities for literary attainments were very limited, but what were afforded were well improved. Under the auspices and patronage of Lord Dunmore, who was then governor of Virginia, young Sevier received a captain's commission in the King's troops. Once driven from home it was difficult for the family to find a new one that gave satisfaction. The glowing pictui-es of the West, with its beautiful valleys and picturesque scenery, led Valentine Sevier, the father, to again change his home. The Sevier family settled HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 709 on the Holston in what is now Sullivan County, but Valentine above mentioned settled on the "Watauga, "the beautiful river." Here Valen- tine Sevier made a permanent settlement between Sycamore Shoals and Elizabethton, and here he lived to a green old age. The early settlers in this section thought they were settling within the territorial limits of Virginia, but soon found they were under the jurisdiction of North Car- olina. For a number of years these settlers had to contend alone against the Indians and other enemies of the new settlement. Doubtless this independent schooling had something to do in shaping the character of John Sevier. In 1772 the settlers held an election in this new colony and chose thirteen commissioners, whose duty it was to exercise the func- tions of government. Out of the thirteen chosen five were elected a court, " by whom all things were to be settled." The district of this settlement was called the District of Washington. John Sevier was chosen one of the thirteen commissioners and one of the five out of the thirteen for a court. While a member of this court and commissioner Sevier addressed a memorial to North Carolina urging her to extend her government over the Washington District. The appeal was successful, and in 1776 he was chosen a member of the Legislature of that State and assisted in forming the constitution for North Carolina. The terri- torial limits of the States had been better defined and instead of extend- ing to the South Sea the Mississippi River was recognized as the western boundary. In setting forth the boundaries of North Carolina it may be said the germ from which sprang Tennessee was planted. The lan- guage of the boundary of North Carolina, which says that the "boundary shall not be construed as to prevent the establishment of one or more governments westward of this State by consent of the Legislature," is the language of Sevier. On the outbreak of the Revolution Sevier threw all of his wonderful influence in favor of the infant Republic. His home was ever the rendezvous of the leading Whigs, and frequently was the place of meeting of the clans preparatory to a descent upon the British and Tories or the Indians. The history of his work in the Revolution- ary and in the Indian wars is given in the military chapter of this work. After the battle of King^s Mountain thirty of the Tory prisoners were condemned to death. It was decided to hang only twelve of them. Cols. Sevier and Campbell determined, after eleven had been hanged, to save the twelfth man. The officer in charge of the work was much more zealous in hanging unarmed men than he had been in fighting the armed British, and seemed determined on carrying out sentence on the last. Col. Sevier ordered the work stopped, saying he was sick of it, and said to the officer: "If you had been as industrious in killing soldiers this 710 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. morning as you are this evening in hanging prisoners we would not have had so many to hang." After the close of the Revolutionary war the several States ceded their surplus territory to the General Government. By the cession act of June 1, 1784, North Carolina ceded the whole State of Tennessee, in- cluding four organized counties. These counties were left without any government, in fact, about in the same condition as they were previous to the Revolution. They elected two men from each captain's company to meet in convention at Jonesborough on August 23, 1784. Of this assembly John Sevier was chosen president. The cession act was re- pealed in November, and Col. Sevier was made a brigadier-general for North Carolina. A second convention was called, of which Sevier was again made president. A legislature was elected, and Col. Sevier was chosen governor of the new State called Franklin, a position which he held from 1784 to 1788, when Franklin again became subservient to North Carolina. Gov. Sevier announced the separation and independence of Franklin. Gov. Martin, of North Carolina, declared the nrountain- eers rebellious subjects; likewise did Gov. Caswell. Counter proclama- tions were issued by Sevier. Gov. Johnson directed Judge Campbell to issue a bench warrant ao;ainst Sevier for hi^h treason. The warrant was directed to Col. John Tipton, a North Carolina rival of Sevier, who ar- rested him. To prevent his rescue Sevier was taken across the moun- tains to Morganton, where court convened to try him for high treason. The friends of Sevier also went to Morganton, and entered the court room and attracted the attention of the court while the prisoner made liis escape. In 1789, with the indictment still against him, Sevier was sent to the Senate of North Carolina. After he was sworn in a motion was made to inquire into Sevier's conduct, but was lost by an overwhelm- ing majority. In March, 1790, he was elected to Congress and took his seat in that body in June, being the first representative from the Missis- sippi Yalley in that body. North Carolina again ceded her territory west of the mountains to Congress. President Washington ap}y)inted William Blount territorial governor, who in turn appointed John Sevier as brigadier -general of the territory. On the removal of the seat of the new territory to Knoxville, Sevier left Nollichucky and settled near Knox- ville, and after a time he moved into the city. He was one of the com- missioners with Blount in a great treaty with the Indians on the Holston River. On August 25, 1794, he was appointed a member of the Legis- lative Council of the territory, and in a few days he was made one of the trustees of Blount College, now East Tennessee University. He re- mained an active member of the trustees till his death. On September HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 711 23, 1794, lie introduced a bill incorporating Knoxville, and in a short time assisted in the establishment of Washington College. In 1796 the territory southwest of the Ohio became the State of Ten- nessee. Writs of election were directed to the sheriffs, directing them to hold a general election on March 28, 179G, for the election of mem- bers of the General Assembly and governor. The choice for governor fell upon John Sevier. He was re-elected in 1797 and again in 1799. Being ineligible for a fourth term he was out two years, when he was again elected for three terms in succession. This brought him to the year 1811, when he was chosen a member of Congress from the Knox- ville District, and again elected in 1813. This was during the period of war with Great Britain. He rendered efficient service on the committee of military affairs during that period. In 1815 Mr. Monroe appointed him commissioner to run the boundary line of the lands ceded by the Creeks to the United States. He left his home in Knoxville in June, and in September was taken sick of miasmatic fever and died on the 21th of the month at the Indian town Tuckabatchie. He was buried by a detachment of United States soldiers under Capt. Walker, on the east bank of the Tallapoosa, near Fort Decatur, Ala. While he was away on official duty to find his grave, his constituents at home again elected him to a seat in Congress, but it is doubtful if he ever heard of his election. He is described as being five feet ten or eleven inches in height, with a most symmetrical well-knit frame, inclining in late years to fullness ; his ordinary weight about 140 or 150 pounds; his complexion ruddy, fair skin ; his eyes blue, expressive of vivacity, benignancy and fearlessness ; the nose not aquiline but prominent, with a mouth and chin of chiseled perfection. His form was erect and his walk rapid. He was exceedingly colloquial, urbane, convivial and of most commanding presence. His dress was always neat. He claimed to be the best equestrian in the country, and spent much of his time on horseback. It is said that his individuality was so great that a stranger would never have difficuH^f in pointing him out in an assembly upon being told that John Sevier was there. He was a military leader for nearly twenty years, and fought thirty-two pitched battles but was never defeated, even in a skirmish. His plan of battle was the impetuous charge, of which he was the leader. He it was that introduced the Indian war-whoop into civilized warfare, and which struck the British with such terror. He was in many des- perate hand-to-hand encounters, but was never wounded. During all his military service, except the last, he never received a cent. His house was the place of rendezvous for his men, and a general without commis- ision he enforced discipline. Men die without any public service and 712 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, have towering shafts of marble erected to their memory, yet John Sevier,, who founded a great State and gave it forty years of public service, died and not only no monument marks his grave, but even his burial place is unknown. Gen. James Robertson,* "the father of Tennessee," was born in Brunswick County, Va., on the 28th of June, 1742. "While he was yet a youth his parents moved to Wake County, N. C, where he grew to manhood and married Miss Charlotte Reeves. "When that event oc- curred he had already obtained the rudiments of an education, and as "Wake County at that time was the center of the intelligence and culture of the colony, he had laid the foundation of the broad and liberal char- acter for which he was ever distinguished. He had also become imbued with the spirit of liberty which was invading every American colony, and in 1770, to escape the oppression of the tyrant Tryon, he resolved to seek a home beyond the mountains. Accordingly in the spring of that year, with a small party, of whom^Daniel Boone is believed to have been the leader, he visited the few settlers who had already located on the Watauga, and being favorably impressed with the country decided to make his home among them. He returned to Wake County after having made a crop, and it is thought he participated in the battle of Alamance, May 16, 1771. Soon after that event, with his wife and child, he again set out on a journey over the mountains to the Watauga, which was reached in safety. Soon after his arrival it was determined to form some sort of government, and he took an active part in securing the adoption of a set of written articles of government, which all agreed to support. In the early part of 1776 he was one of the committee who drew the pe- tition for the annexation of Watauga to North Carolina. As an Indian diplomatist. Gen. Robertson had no superior and very few equals. In 1772 he was chosen to visit and pacify the Cherokees, who had been aroused by the murder of one of their number by a hunter. This he successfully accomplished, and by his courage, address and friendly manner won the regard of the chiefs, with whom he remained several days. Two years later, in October, he participated in a battle with the Indians on the banks of the Kanawha, whither a company under Col. Isaac Shelby had gone to aid the settlers in West Virginia, then in danger of destruction by the Shawanees and their allies. In July, 1777, the Cherokee^ having become troublesome. Gen. Robertson, co-operating- with a force from Virginia, invaded their country and compelled them to sue for peace. During the same year he was appointed temporary agent *So much has been written concerning Gen. Robertson that only a brief outline of his life is hete pre- sented. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ' 713 of North Carolina, aud sent to Cliota, "the beloved town" of the Chero- kees, where he resided for some time, and while there rendered himself popular with the chiefs. In 1779 Robertson determined to remove still further west, and in February, accompanied by a party of eight, he set out to examine and locate land in the Cumberland, and to raise a crop of corn for the sup- port of those who were to come out in the fall. The hardships and pri- vations endured in the founding of the Cumberland settlements have been described in another chapter, and will not be here repeated. Dur- ing all of these troublesome times, and up to his death, Gen. Robertson was looked upon as a counselor and leader by all the colonists. Under the Government of the Notables he was the president of the committee or the judges, and upon the organization of Davidson County was one of the justices appointed to hold the county court. He was also the first representative of the county to the General Assembly of North Carolina, and continued by successive elections until the organization of the Ter- ritorial government. He was then commissioned by Washington major- general of the Mero District. As a legislator Gen. Robertson displayed the highest qualities of the statesman, and he could no doubt have attained eminence in a wider field. Although the Assembly of North Carolina had evinced a disposi- tion to ignore the settlements west of the Cumberland Mountains, he succeeded in securing the passage of many acts for the benefit of his county, notably among which was one providing for the establishment of Davidson Academy; another provided for a superior court of law and equity, and a third prohibiting the establishment of distilleries in David- son Coanty. In 1795 he resigned his commission as commander of the Mero District, and the following year was appointed Indian agent. In March, 1805, he was sent on a mission to the Chickasaws and Choctaws, and in July following, in company with the Indian agent, Dinsmore, met the chiefs of the former nation and obtained a total relinquishment of the title to a large tract of their land east of the Mississippi. In No- vember a treaty was concluded with the Choctaws. During: the war of 1812 Gen. Robertson rendered his last and greatest service to his country. Through his influence with the Indians, the Choctaws, Chickasaws and Cherokees, were induced to aid the United States against the Creeks and the British, and the people of Tennes- see were saved from the horrors of an Indian war. Gen. Robertson had long been subject to neuralgia, and while at the Chickasaw Agency he was seized with an attack of great violence, which ended his life Sep- tember 1, 1814. His remains were interred at the agency, where they 71-i HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. rested till the year 1825, when tliey were removed to tlie cemetery at Nashville, By his side now rest the remains of his wife who survived him until June 11, 1843. They had eleven children, seven sons and four daughters. Two sons were killed by the Indians ; one daughter died" in infancy. Felix Robertson, one of the sons, was born at the Bluff January 11, 1781, and was the first white child born in the settlement. The ancestors of Judge John Haywood emigrated from England at an early period and settled in the city of New York, from which place they moved to Norfolk, Va. The destruction of the town with the home of the Haywoods led the grandfather, "William Haywood, to seek a home elsewhere. He moved to near the town of Halifax, on the Roanoke, N, C. Egbert Haywood, the father of Judge John Haywood, became a farm- er in the neighborhood. He was a man of ordinary means, and had little desire for books or social culture, caring more for field sports or the chase than literary attainments. John Haywood, son of the above, was born March IG, 17G2, at the family estate in Halifax County, N. C. The country afforded little * opportunity for an education: not only were there few schools, but there were few educated teachers. The father being comparatively poor, he was unable to send his son to a foreign country or even a neighboring province to school, as was the case with those more favored by fortune. The want of public schools was in some instances supplied by private teachers. In his early life he attended a private academy taught by a Rev. Mr. Castle, from whom he obtained a knowledge of the elements of an education. He acquired some knowledge of Latin, Greek, geography and other branches. His knowledge of any one branch of learning at this time was general rather than special. At an early period in his career he formed a resolution to study law, a profession for which he was well fitted by nature. He was without books, without money, and without an instructor. He began his studies by reading some of Ray- mond's reports, which were couched in the stilted and circumlocutory style of the period, and interspersed with innumerable Latin and French phrases. He soon rose to prominence at the bar. He made his first argument before the supreme court at the age of twenty -four. He dis- played such ability in this case as to attract marked attention, and he was no longer without clients. In 1794, as attorney-general, he procured not only the reconsideration but the reversal of judgment by the supreme court of a case decided unconstitutional the year preceding. In 1704 he became one of the judges of the superior court of law and equity, a posi- tion which he held five or six years. While on the bench he collected the decisions of the supreme court of North Carolina from 1789 to 1798. HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. 715 After leaving tlie bench he again began the practice, which he fol- lowed in North Carolina till 1807, when he moved to Davidson County, Tenn., and settled about seven miles from Nashville. The reputation Judge Haywood had made both as a lawyer and a judge in North Caro- lina soon brought him into prominence before the Tennessee bar. This was at a period when many persons were involved in suits over land claims and titles. Judge Guild, who was examined by Judge Haywood in October, 1822, for license to practice law, describes his visit to the judge as being somewhat peculiar. He found the judge lying out in his yard on a bull-hide in the shade. He looked as large as a sleeping bul- lock, as his weight was about 350 pounds. He found him grim, and when he told his business the judge began growling and grumbling, and said he did not see why he should be disturbed. He called two negro men, and had them take the bull-hide by the tail and drag him farther into the shade. He then began a very long and searching catechism on the law. He grew very communicative, and was well pleased with his work. Then followed a long lecture of advice, covering almost the whole of moral and legal ethics. He is said to have been agreeable in his manner, fond of society, and entertaining to the highest degree in his conversation. He kept his law office and library at his home in the country, and compelled his clients to attend on him there. Aside from his law studies Judge Haywood found time to pursue a wide field of literary pursuits. He published a work called " Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee," containing about 400 pages. In this he treats of the In- dians, their usages, etc., earthquakes, dreams, ghosts, goblins, bones of giants, pygmies, mastodons, caves and strange voices in air, portents, signs and wonders, all very curious and interesting. He also published in 1823 his "History of Tennessee," a book of about 500 pages, covering the period of settlement from 1768 to 1795. The "Evidences of Chis- tianity" followed. Many of Judge Haywood's conclusions in his literary works are based on very little evidence. That close reasoning that char- acterizes his legal conclusions is followed in his other works ; but is based upon insufficient evidence, and is therefore very often erroneous. Much of his writing is speculative and highly imaginative. One very curious argument Judge Haywood uses to prove that the Hebrews and Indians were the same people is to quote I Samuel, xviii: 27, to prove that the Hebrews scalped their enemies, as well as did the Indians. Many of his other arguments are in a similar vein. Judge Haywood died at his home near Nashville December 22, 1826, in the sixty -fourth year of his age. He died after a few days' illness, his death being hastened from his great corpulency. Judge Haywood 716 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. left six children — three sons and three daughters: Thomas Haywood, a lawyer and teacher of classic education, died in 1868 near the Nolens- ville pike, about six miles from Nashville ; Dr. George was a well-known jjhysician of Marshall County; Dr. Egbert Haywood was a resident of Brownsville, Haywood County; one of the daughters mal-riedDr. Moore, of Huntsville, Ala. ; a second married Col. Jones, of Tuscumbia, and the third married Col. S. Jones, of Limestone County, Ala. The ancestry of William Blount has been traced with certainty to the invasion of England by William the Norman in 1066. The name was originally Le Blount, and from the successful issue of invasion to the Normans the two brothers accompanying the expedition became owners of large landed estates. In 1669 Thomas Blount, great-grandfather of William Blount, with two brothers emigrated to Virginia, where one of the brothers settled and became the head of a long line of descendants. ■The other two brothers moved to North Carolina and settled in the vicin- ity of Albemarle. Jacob Blount, father of William Blount, was born in Bertie County, N. C, in 1726, and was married to Barbarjx- Gray, a lady of Scotch ancestry, in 1744, by whom he had eight children. On the death of his wife he married a daughter of Edw^ard Salten', hj which union there were five children. Jacob Blount was a member of North Carolina Assembly in 1775-76. His death occurred at his country seat in Pitt County in 1789. William Blount, eldest son of Jacob Blount, was born in Bertie County, N. C, March 26, 1749. Jacob Blount is said to have been a man of considerable estate, and to have educated his large family in accordance with his ample means and social standing. It is probable that the training of his sons was more in the line of the prac- tical than of the theoretical, that their training was more of action than of letters. William in early life rose to prominence by personal worth, and was married February 12, 1778, to Mary, a daughter of Col. Caleb Grainger. He and his father participated in the battle of Alamance, May 16, 1771, and all the brothers were leading spirits in the Kevolu- tionary war. Her half-brother, Willie, was for a time his private secre- tary; was judge of the supreme court of Tennessee, and was governor of the State from 1809 to 1815. William Blount was a member of the General Assembly of North Carolina the most of the time from 1780 to 1790. He was a member of the Continental Congress from that State in 1783-84, and again in 1786-87. His native State was active in the preliminary conventions which led to the final convention at Philadelphia, in 1787, of which he was a member. When the action of the convention was referred to the States, Blount used his whole power in the State convention for its ratification. ynm PHOTO BY muss, kulicin s gicrs msHviuE William Blount HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 717 He is said to have been "a vigilant agent of his State and the faithful guardian of the interests of North Carolina" at the treaty of Hopewell with the Cherokees, November 28, 1785. He always took an active in- terest in the Western settlements and was ever a zealous friend to the Indians. His good influence was used with them in securing some of the most important and liberal treaties with the Cherokees, Choctaws and Chickasaws. The ordinance and the act amendatory to it for the gov- ernment of the territory southwest of the Ohio River, passed August 7, 1789. This was after the second session act of North Carolina, which was intended to simplify matters and strengthen the hands of the Gen- eral Government. From personal acquaintance with Gov. Blount, made at the constitutional convention, and knowing his worth and acquaintance with the aifairs of the new Territory, Gen. Washington appointed him Territorial governor. His commission was received August 7, 1790, and on October 10 he entered upon his duties. He first took up his resi- dence at the home of William Cobb, at the forks of the Holston and Watauga Rivers, *and called around him the ablest men of the Territory to assist in his government. By the unanimous recommendation of the Legislature, he was appointed by President Washington as superintend- ent of Indian affairs. He made a tour of inspection of the Territory to inquire into the wants and needs of the people. The Indians with whom he was to treat were included in the tribes of the Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws and Choctaws. This was one of his most difficult tasks. The boundaries of these were not well-defined and some of the stipula- tions of former treaties not carried out. Many white men had settled upon the territory of the Indians, and this gave cause for complaint by the Indians. British and Spanish intrigue was at work upon the Indians, and to prevent complications with these countries his instruc- tions were to adopt defensive measures only in dealing with the Southern Indians, although surrounded by from 30,000 to 50,000 warriors. Con- sidering the difficulties of the surroundings, he managed with commenda- ble prudence. Being restrained as he was, many private injuries were inflicted by the Indians, which he was unable to punish; hence arose complaints, the grounds for which he was not responsible. Gov. Blount called the Legislative council and the House of Repre- sentatives in extra session at Knoxville on June 29, 17.95, to take steps toward the foimation of a State constitution. An act was passed July ll,||J-795, ordering a census and a vote on the question of formiiig a State constitution. The result of this poll was announced by the gov- ernor November 28, 1795, there being 6,501 votes for and 2,562 votes against a State constitution. On the same day he ordered a general 718 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE, election to be lield December 18 and 19, for the election of five persons from each county to assemble in Knoxville January 11, 1796, to draft a State constitution. The final announcement of the passage of the act took place February G, 1790. On March 30 the names of William Blount and William Cocke were proposed for United States Senators, and on the following day were unanimously elected. The Legislature met again on July 30, and Congress in the meantime having declared the March election of senators illegal, from the fact that the State had not been admitted, these men were again elected on August 2. Gov. Blount took his seat in the Senate December 5, 1796. July 3, 1797, President Adams sent a message to both Houses of Congress, stating that the con- dition of the country was critical. The grounds for this suspicion was some correspondence Mr. Blount had had with various parties, which led to the belief that he had entered into a conspiracy to transfer the territory of New Orleans and Florida to Great Britain through the influence of an English army and the assistance of the Indians, who were to be drawn into the scheme. Five days after the giving of the notice Mr. Blount was expelled from the Senate on a charge of having been guilty of "high misdemeanor, entirely inconsistent with his public trust and duty as a senator." The vote stood twenty-five for expulsion to one against it. Mr. Tazewell, of Yirginia, alone voted in the negative. On the vote of the impeachment of William Blount as a civil officer within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States, etc., it was deter- mined in the negative. The vote stood eleven for conviction and four- teen for acquittal. It is claimed for Mr. Blount that if time had been given him he could have vindicated himself. So great was the confidence of the peo- ple in his innocence that Gen. James White, senator from Knox County, resigned his seat in the General Assembly of the State in his interest it is said, and the people of Knox County elected him to the vacant seat. At a called session, December 3, 1797, he was unanimously elected speaker of that body. He is described by Dr. Ramsey as a man " remarkable for great address, courtly manners, benignant feelings and a most commanding presence. His urbanity, his personal influence over men of all condi- tions and ages, his hospitality, unostentatiously yet elegantly and grace- fully extended to all, won upon the affections and regard of the populace, and made him a universal favorite. He was at once the social compan- ion, the well-read gentleman and the capable officer." This inscription on a slab in the grave-yard of the First Presbyterian Church in Knox- ville tells his end: "William Blount, died March 21, 1800, aged fifty three years." . HISTORY OP TENNESSEE, 719 Gov. William Carroll was born in Pennsylvania March. 3, 1788. He had little advantages for an education, but was a man of extraordinary good sense. In 1810 lie left Pittsburgh, Penn., and came to Nashville. He engaged in mercantile business in which he was very successful. On the outbreak of the Creek war he was appointed captain. His fine personal appearance, brave and courageous manner, knowledge of mili- tary matters, frank and noble bearing attracted the attention of Gen, Jackson, who made him one of his most trusted lieutenants. He took an active part in the battle of Talladega December 9, 1813, and contribiited no little to its success. On the expiration of the term of service of the men Gen. Carroll was one of the most active in raising recruits for the very needy army of Jackson at Fort Strother. These forces, amounting to 900 men, were forwarded early in January, and on the 17tli started for Emuckfau, where they met and defeated the Indians on the 21st. In a retrogade movement on Fort Strother the Indians attacked the Ameri- can lines on the 21:th at Enotochopco, and were again defeated. On March 24 the army again started, and on the 27th was fought the great battle of Tohopeka or Horseshoe. In these engagements Gen. Carroll sustained his reputation for skill and bravery. He soon after returned home to take charge of the new levies for New Orleans, On November 19, 1814, he embarked at Nashville with 2,500 men, and hastened down the river to assist in the defense of New Orleans, that place was reached December 21, and in a few hours the men were in the position assigned them. On the final battle of January 8 Gen. Carroll occupied the position next to the extreme left. The center of Carroll was selected for the main attack. This was done on information that these men were militia. The British advance in column was made with great desperation, but was met with great coolness. There was an appalling loss of life in front of Carroll's men. The military fame of Carroll and Coffee is indelibly linked with the fame of Jackson in the gre*at achievements of that period. After the close of the war Gen. Carroll again returned to civil life. He was a very active business man, and brought the first steam-boat the "Gen. Jackson," to Nashville, in 1818, He continued in business till the finan- cial depression of 1818-20, when he met with severe reverses, which led him into politics. In 1821 he was a candidate and was elected governor of the State. He was re-elected twice in succession, but being constitu- tionally ineligible for a fourth term he gave way to Gen. Houston. He wa^ again recalled and served six years longer. His official career as governor was characterized by clearness, good judgment and firmness. His official documents though not classical are noted for good literary taste. In 1813 he was led into a duel with Jesse Benton, brother of 720 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Col. Thomas H. Benton. It seems some of the younger element was jealous of Carroll's popularity. Several ineffectual efforts were made to bring about a collision between Carroll and some one of the young men. At last Jesse Benton was led into the quarrel and promptly challenged Carroll to a duel. Carroll appealed to Jackson to act as his second, but the latter insisted that Carroll should select some one else. Gen. Carroll told Jackson that he believed there was a conspiracy to run him (Car- roll) out of the county. This angered Gen. Jackson, who promptly said that while he was alive Carroll should not be run out of the State. Jackson endeavored to bring about a reconciliation between the two belligerents and partially succeeded. However, the duel was fought and both contestants received slight wounds. The part that Jackson took in this affair led to the altercation between him and Benton a few weeks afterward. The life of Carroll is summed up in the inscription on his monument: "As a gentleman he was modest, intelligent, accomplished; as an officer he has energetic, gallant, daring; as a statesman he was wise and just. Delivered an address in Nashville on March 15, 1844, con- gratulating Gen. Jackson and the country on the final passage of the act of Congress appropriating a sum of money to repay Gen. Jackson the amount of the fine with interest imposed upon him by Judge Hall, of New Orleans. This was the last public act of Gen. Carroll. He died on March 22, 1844, in the fifty-sixth year of his age." The ancestors of Andrew Jackson were long known near Carrickfer- gus,* in the north of Ireland. Hugh Jackson, the great-grandfather of Gen. Jackson, was a linen draper there as early as 1660, and as was the case generally in that county the same avocation was followed by mem- bers of the family for many years. Hugh Jackson was the father of four sons, the youngest of whom was named Andrew. Andi-ew was the father of Andrew Jackson, so well known throughout this country. The father of Andrew Jackson, the general, married Elizabeth Hutcliinson, the daughter of a poor but respectable linen weaver near their old home at Carrickfergus. With his wife, two sons, Hugh and Kobert, and several of his kinsmen, Andrew Jackson immigrated to America and arrived in Charleston, S. C, in 1767, but soon moved to a settlement known as the " Waxhaws," near the line between North and South Carolina. The father settled at Twelve Mile Creek, near a branch of the Catawba Eiver, in what was formerly called Mecklenburg, but now Union County, N. C. The family began work in clearing and cultivat- ing a piece of land, but it seems no title to it was ever acquired. In the spring of 1767 occurred the death of Mr. Jackson, a short time *The Crag of Fergus, or where King Fergus was drowned. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 721 before the birth of Gen. Jackson. The body, with the family, was placed in a wagon and carried to the old church at Waxhaw, where the body was buried. Mrs. Jackson went to live with her married sister, Mrs. George McKemey or McCamie, where on March 15, 1707, the future President was born. Owing to the poverty of this brother-in-law Mrs. Jackson went to live with Mr. Crawford, another brother-in-law, who lived near the State line, in South Carolina. Here young Jackson spent the j&rst ten or twelve years of his life. He might have been seen a tall, slender, long, sandy haired, freckle- faced, bright blue-eyed boy while attending an "old field school," He was dressed in coarse coppered-clothes ; and barefooted attended a school at Waxhaw taught by Dr. Humphries, but it seems he never attained great proficiency in any branch nor any great love for books. The massacre at "Waxhaw on May 29, 1780, was the first introduction he had to the horrors of war. Here were butchered 263 of the Whio^s of the Carolinas, the wounded having received from three to thirteen wounds ; among the number killed was his brother Hugh. Ancbew was present at the engagement at Hanging Rock, but was too young to take an active part. He took Col. Davie at that time as his ideal commander, the dash and spirit of that enterprising officer well suiting the aggressive character of Jackson. Soon after this Jackson and his brother Robert, with many others, were captured by the British and Tories. It was while a prisoner that a British officer ordered Jackson to clean his boots, an order Avhich he refused to obey on the ground thai? he was a prisoner and should be treated as such. A sabre stroke on the head and arm was received for his disobedience. An order was then given to Robert to do the work; another refusal and another wound was the result. The young Jacksons were crowded into a prison pen at Camden after the defeat of Gen, Gates on August 16, 1780. Here without food and clothing and badly crowded the suffering of the prisoners was intense. Mrs, Jackson, by great exertion, succeeded in securing an exchange of her sons and a few others. With these she started to a place of safety, forty miles distant The elder son was wounded and suffering from small-pox. Ancb-eAv was compelled to walk through rain and mud, and burning with the fever of coming small-pox. Robert soon died and Andrew was reduced to death's door. The suffering of the prisoners in 1781 induced Mrs. Jackson to go to Charleston, 160 miles distant, to nurse the sick. Here she soon after died of ship fever. The disbarring of many Tory attorneys by the war opened a new and lucrative field for Whig lawyers. This led many young men to embark 722 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. in the profession, among them Jackson. He began the study of law with Spencer McCay, in Salisbury, S. C, where he remained during the years 1785-86. Here it is said he played cards, fought cocks, ran horse races and occasionally got drunk, but was never dissipated. After a short practice in North Carolina, of which little is known, Jackson de- termined to seek his fortune in tlie West. The difficulties between North Carolina and the State of Franklin had been settled. Judge McNairy, a friend and former associate of Jackson, had been appointed judge of the Supreipe Court for the AVestern District, and Jackson obtained the ap- pointment of prosecutor for the same district. Others determined to follow. A party started from Morganton to cross the mountains to Jonesboro, the usual stopping-place this side of the mountains. The party left for Nash- yille by escort in November, 1788. Jackson seems not to have been without cases. In the Davidson County Court in 1790 out of 192 cases Jackson had 42; in 1793 out of lo5 he had 72, and in the July term he had 60 out of 135, and in 1791 he had 228 out of the 397. On the ad- mission of Tennessee as a State he resigned his attorneyship and was chosen first representative for the session by the Legislature, beginning December 5, 1796, and ending March 3, 1797. He appears not to have been present at the next session, beginning May 13, 1797, and ending July 10, 1797. Blount was expelled from the Senate July 8, 1797, and on November 22 Jackson succeeded him. August 28, 1798, he was ap- pointed to the office of judge of the superior court of law and equity, and soon after resigned his seat in the . Senate. He was noted while in Con- gress for the vigor with which he urged the militia claims of Tennessee on Congress. He resigned his seat on the bench in 1801, and again be- gan practice. The salary of a supreme judge Avas only i$600, and this doubtless led him to resign. It is said no reports of his decisions are extant, and that they were clothed in bad language, poorly spelled and Tingrammatical — not technical but generally right. After leaving the bench he devoted his time to his profession and to business, occasionally going down the river trading. He was very ag- gressive as an attorney. He was insulted by Col. Waightstill, to whom he first applied to read law, in a case wherein Jackson was defeated. Waight- still was challenged for a duel, which was accepted, and the duel fought without bloodshed. A quarrel arose between Jackson and his old friend Sevier. There was just a little favor asked, which Sevier did not readily grant, then an accusation concerning some land speculation in which Jackson accused Sevier of having a hand. In 1803 Jackson, who was still judge, opposed Sevier's re-election. At a public speaking in Knox- ville, Gov. Sevier denounced Jackson most bitterly and vehemently, and HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 723 went so far as to question Mrs. Jackson's chastity. This threw Jackson into an ungovernable rage, and interference of friends only prevented bloodshed. A challenge soon followed. Sevier accepted on condition that the fight should be outside the State. Jackson insisted that it should be within the State. Each accused the other of cowardice. The matter finally ended without harm to either. In the fall occurred the duel between Gen. Jackson and Charles Dickinson. The melancholy ending of this encounter is well knowil Dickinson fired first, severely wounding Jackson who did not fall, but coolly aimed at his antagonist and pulled the trigger, the hammer stopping at half-cock. He re-cocked the weapon, took deliberate aim, fired and killed Dickinson. In 1813 occurred the encounter between Jackson and the Bentons, in w"hich the General was severely wounded. The splendid military achievements of Jackson in the Creek war end- ing in his magnificent triumph at New Orleans on January 8, 1815, are facts of American history. The Seminole war again brought out his military genius, and his government of Florida at a very critical period showed his administrative qualities. There is a certain halo around mili- tary glory that captures the public mind. The name of Jackson was mentioned as early as 1815 by some of his admiring military friends. On July 20, 1822, the Legislature of this State formally nominated Jack- son for president in 1821. This brought him prominently before the people. Col. John Williams who was United States Senator from Ten- nessee, was a candidate for re-election. To succeed he must carry the Legislature of the State. The election of Col, Williams meant the suc- cess of the Whig ticket and the defeat of Jackson's prospects. It became necessary for Jackson's success to defeat Col. Williams. The friends of Jackson staked all by nominating him for senator. His name and fame carried the day and he was elected by a large majority. In the presi- dential campaign" of 1824, there were four candidates for the presidency, Gen, Jackson, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Jackson had the largest electoral vote, also the largest popu- lar vote, but the matter being thrown into the House, Mr. Adams was elected. In 1825 Jackson resigned his seat in the Senate and returned home, but in October of the same year was again nominated for the presi- dency. The enthusiasm for him rose to a white heat, nor was the tongue of slander idle. In the election of 1828 Mr. Jackson received 178 votes to eighty-three for Mr. Adams. So popular was Mr. Jackson's first admin- istration that in 1832 he received 219 electoral votes to forty-nine votes for Mr. Clay. The military career of Jackson is also brilliant. He husbanded his 724 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. resources until the time for a blow, then it was struck with the fierce- ness of a gladiator. He pushed his advantages to the utmost and never allowed his enemies time to recover. He often deceived them by a show of strength when he was really weak. His boldness and aggressive spirit made up for his deficiency in men and material. His administra- tive abilities may be more a question, yet whatever of error there might have been in them there will always be persons who will try to imitate his course. Many of his ideas were put into successful practice that would have been entirely impracticable if advocated by a man of less force. His aggressive administration did more to establish respect for American prowess than any other. His conclusions when reached were carried out. "Nothing terrestrial shall change the fixed purpose of my soul," said he on one occasion. He stood by his friends and was a good hater of his enemies. His aggressive nature coupled with the love of his friends often led him into difficulties. All his biographers say he was not quarrelsome ; this may be, but it seems hardly true. He loved horse racing and could indulge in the most bitter oaths ; was also frequently officious in duels. To all these things it may be said that public senti- ment was so little against these vices that they were looked upon as mere trifles. Jackson was not a profound scholar nor a great reader. He read men well and kept posted on the events of the day. His spelling has often been ridiculed. Parton says: '"Jackson lived at a time when few men and no women could spell;" furthermore he spelled better than Frederick II, Marlborough, Napoleon or Washington. Even "O. K." is said to have been written by him for "all correct." A case from the docket in 1790 in Jackson's handwriting, will illustrate how this error started. " A. Jackson presented a bill of sale which was approved and marked O. R." The initials being O. R. instead of O. K., are the ab- breviations for "ordered recorded," a very common form of simplifying the expression. Jackson, though never a very polished writer or speaker, had the faculty of getting at the truth in the most direct way. His do- mestic relations were always the most happy. The death of Mrs. Jackson, which occurred on December 22, 1828, was a severe blow to the General. He himself died, without heir, at the Hermitage on June 8, 1845. Sam Houston, a very noted and somewhat eccentric individual was born in Lexington, Rockbridge Co., Va., March 2, 1793. His ancestors were Scottish Covenanters, who fled to the north of Ireland to escape per- secution. A number of them came to Pennsylvania about the beginning of the eighteenth century. The father of Sam was a soldier in the Rev- oliitionary war, and at the time of his death, in 1807, was inspector of a brigade. The mother with her nine children — six sons and three daugh- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE, 725 ters — soon after moved to East Tennessee and settled in Blount County, near tlie Cherokee country. Young Houston learned to read and write before leaving: Virginia, and on his arrival at their new home was sent to school to an academy in the settlement. While attending school he com- mitted to memory almost the whole of Pope's translation of the Illiad. On his teacher's refusal to teach him Greek and Latin, he left school in disgust, with the remark that he would never recite another lesson. By the influence of his elder brother he entered a store as a clerk soon after leaving school. Becoming disgusted with his clerkship, he suddenly left and went to live with the Indians. His tall commanding figure and daring exploits as a hunter soon made him a great favorite among the Indians. The chief Ootooteka adopted him as his son. He remained with the Indians three years and grew to manhood, in size being fully six feet in height, of handsome, fine figure. He left his friends, the Indians, as suddenly as he had left home before. He was now eighteen years of age, and on his return home he opened a school. He charged the moderate rate of |8 per year for tuition ; one-third payable in cash, one-third in corn and one-third in domestic cotton cloth. He began his teaching in 1811, and soon had a floui'ishing school. The outbreak of the war with Great Britain afforded an opportunity for the display of his talents in a direction more congenial to his nature. In 1813 he enlisted as a common soldier, but soon rose to the rank of ensign. At the battle of the Horseshoe Bend, on March 27, 1813, he re- ceived a severe wound in the thigh from an arrow, and two balls in the shoulder. After the battle he was carried to Fort Strother on a litter. His wounds were thought to be mortal, but his robust constitution saved him. His bravery in battle made him a particular favorite of Jackson. After peace he was stationed at Knoxville as lieutenant, in charge of a post, but was soon afterward sent to New Orleans. While there his old wounds broke out afi-esh and he was compelled to undergo a very dan- gerous and painful surgical operation. After a winter of suffering he went to New York, where his health improved. In 1816 he returned to Tennessee, by way of Washington City, and was stationed at Nashville. On January 1, 1817, he was appointed to carry out a treaty with the Cherokee Indians. The next year he headed a delegation of Indians to Washington. While in that city he was accused of exercising too great zeal in putting a stop to the African slave trade through Florida, but was fully acquitted on trial. On March 1, 1818, he resigned his commission in the army and settled in Nashville, where he began the study of law. After a course of six months he was admitted to practice, and began his labors at Lebanon, Wilson County. His rise was rapid. In October, 726 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 1819, he was attorney-general for the Nashville District, and in 1821 he was made major-general of the militia of the Western District. In 1823 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1825. He was elected govern- or of the State by the very flattering majority of 12,000. In January, 1829, Gov. Houston was married to Miss Eliza Allen, but from domestic infelicity he left her in April, resigned his office, gave up his candidacy for re-election, and again went to his old friends, the Cherokees, now be- yond the Mississippi. His old adopted father, Ootooteka, again kindly received him, and by a council of the chiefs, on October 21, 1829, he was made a citizen of the Cherokee nation, with full power. Detecting frauds in contracts with the Indians he went to Washington in 1832, where he plead the cause of the Indians so strongly that it led to an investigation, which caused the suspension of several clerks, and led to a personal en- counter between himself and W. R. Stansbury, of Ohio, in which the lat- ter received a severe castigation. For this offense Houston was arrested and fined $500, and was reprimanded by the speaker. President Jack- son, however, caused his fine to be remitted, and he left Washington in disgust and returned to the Indians in December, 1832, He soon after moved to Nacogdoches, Tex., and took a very active part in the affairs of that State. He was elected delegate to the conven- tion on April 1, 1833; while a member of that body he exercised great influence over its deliberations. On the outbreak of war between Texas and Mexico, Houston was made commander of the militia of the eastern district, and in October, 1835, joined his forces with Gen. Austin, who was besieging Bexar. Gen. Austin offered to resign the entire command to Houston, who refused to accept. By vote of forty-nine out of fifty Houston was made commander-in-chief of the Texan forces, but resigned March 2, 1836, because he was accused of wanting to make himself dictator. He was soon after re-elected commander-in-chief by the same vote. He took command of the Texan forces at Gonzales, March 10, which numbered 374 men. A force under Col. Travis held the Alamo against the orders of Houston, and were besieged and captured by Santa Anna and the garrison of 185 men massacred. A panic seized Houston's men when the news reached camp that Santa Anna was advancing with 5,000 men. With difficulty Houston, who was absent at the time, col- lected his fugitives and fell back to Peach Creek. Here he was joined by 100 men, and soon after by 650 more. Being without artillery he was unwilling to give battle; in the meantime Col. Fannin was ordered to join him with the garrison of Goliad, but the order was not promptly obeyed. The entire garrison was surrounded and captured by Gen. Urrea and 357 men were shot. Intense feeling was aroused against the HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. V2. Mexicans. Santa Anna's army, flushed witli victory, captured Harris- burg, the capital, and burned ib, also New Washington. On April 10 Houston received two six-pound guns from Cincinnati. His forces now numbered 783 men; Santa Anna 1,600 veterans. Houston attacked him at San Jacinto March 21. He opened with grape and cannister then charged with the cry, "Kemember the Alamo." Houston had his ankle shattered by a ball and his horse mortally wounded, but urged him up to the works which were instantly scaled. The Texans having no bayonets used clubbed muskets, bowie knives and pistols. Few Mexicans escaped ; 630 were killed, 208 were wounded, and 730 were captured. The next day Santa Anna was captured in disguise. Houston exerted all his influence to stay the butchery of the Mexicans and saved Santa Anna. While prisoner Santa Anna acknowledged the independence of Texas and agreed to withdraw his forces therefrom. Houston resigned his posi- tion in favor of Gen. Rusk and went to New Orleans for treatment for his wounds. On his improvement he returned to his old home in Texas. A call was made in July for the election of a president of the repub- lic in September. Houston was selected to be a candidate, but with great reluctance consented. He was inaugurated October 22, 1836, and took his old competitors, Gen. Austin and Hon. Henry White, into the cabinet. He released Santa Anna and sent him to Washington to con- fer with President Jackson. He soon opened communication with the Washington government with a view to the annexation of Texas. His administration was as brilliant as his military career. The constitution prevented his re-election in 1838, when he was succeeded by M. B. Lamar. In 1841 he was again called to the presidency. In his inaugural address he said: "There is not a dollar in the treasury; we are in debt $10,- 000,000 or ^15,000,000. We are without money, without credit, and for want of punctuality are without character." On the annexatioii of Texas he was chosen one of the United States Senators from that State, and was elected again in 1853 to serve till March 4, 1859. He was defeated for re-election in 1858, but was chosen governor again in August, 1859. He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill in a great speech March 3, 1854, and lamented the repeal of the Missouri compromise. He was a friend to the American or Know-nothing party. He favored the Lecompton constitution in the Kansas difficulties, and opposed secession at the out- break of the war. He resigned his office rather than subscribe to the oath presented by the convention. His death occurred at Huntersville, Tex., July 25, 1863. Personally Houston was a man of great courage, and was the soul of honor. While in Congress he made charges against Col. Irwin, postmaster at Nashville. These charges were resented by a 728 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. challenge sent to Gen. Houston from Col. Irwin by the liand of Col. John Smith, of Missouri. This Houston refused to receive from Smith. The act of Houston was criticised by Gen. William White as beino- discour- teous to Col. Smith. A dispute arose which resulted in a challeno-e and duel. Gen. White was severely but not fatally wounded. Col. David Crockett,* son of John Crockett, of Irish birth, was born at Limestone, on the NoUichucky Eiver, in Washington County, Tenn., on August 17, 1786. His mother's maiden name was Rebecca Hawkins. After some youthful adventures, a little schooling and a third courtship, j^oung Crockett married a beautiful Irish girl. About 1808 he with his wife and two children moved to Lincoln County, Tenn., where in the two following years he began to distinguish himself as a hunter. In 1810 or 1811 he moved to Franklin County, and soon after the massacre at :^ort Minims went as a volunteer to the Creek war, participating in most of the important battles until its close in 1815. Soon after the close of the war his wife died, leaving three children, and in a short time he married as his second wife the widow of a soldier, who had two children, and by whom he had three more. He subsequently removed to the country purchased of the Chickasaw Indians, in what is now Lawrence County, and became successively magistrate, colonel of militia, and member of the Legislature. Having lost his property, failed in business, and given up all to his creditors, he determined to go farther West, especially as game was becoming scare in the locality where he lived. In 1822 he removed to West Tennessee and settled in what is now Gibson County, but at that time Weakley County. Here he eno-ao-ed in his favorite sport, bear hunting, and thus supplied his family with an abundance of meat. He also secured a large quantity of peltry, which he exchanged for coffee, sugar, powder, lead and salt. He was now elected for a second term of the Legislature, serving during the years 1823-21, voting against Gen. Jackson for United States Senator. In 1825 he became a candidate for a seat in Congress against Col. Adam E. Alexander, then serving as the first representative to that body from West Tennessee, but was defeated by two votes. For the next two years he was engaged in the lumber trade and in bear hunting, killino- in one season no less than 105 bears. But his speculation in the lumber trade was a total failure. He then became a candidate a second time for Congress and defeated Col. Alexander and Gen. William Arnold by a majority of 2,718 votes. He acted with the "Jackson j3arty" durino- the administration of President Adams, but during his second term he voted against the Indian b ill, a favorite measure of President Jackson's. In ♦From a manuscript in possession of the Tennessee Historical Society. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 729 1830 he was a candidate for a third term in Congress, but owing to his opposition to the administration party he was defeated by his opponent William Fitzgerald. Two years later, however, despite the efforts of the partisans of the administration, he defeated Mr. Fitzgerald by a majority of 202. He co-operated with the Whig party forming the rechartering of the United States Bank, and opposing the removal of the deposits. In the spring of 1834 Col. Crockett made a trip through the Northern States, visiting Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston and other cities, and was everywhere received with marked attention, especially by the Whigs. He was presented in Philadelphia by the younger AVhigs with a very fine rifled gun, a present he prized very highly, and which he subsequently bore with him in many a bear hunt, as well as during his campaigns in Texas. Retiring to Washington, where he remained until the close of Congress, he returned home, and was a candidate for re-election, Adam Huntsman being his opponent. Crockett was defeated, having not only Huntsman but the influence of Andrew Jackson and Gov. Carroll backed by the Union Bank at Jackson to contend against. Feeling that "Crockett's occupation was gone" and being disgusted with the ways of scheming politicians, he determined to go to Texas. He made a parting address to his constituents, in which he reviewed his course in Congress and warned them against the policy of "the Govern- ment " and the President's disposition to nominate Mr. Yan Bur en as his successor. He also alluded to the unfair means used to defeat him in his late canvass, and closed by telling them that he was done with politics for the present, and that they might all go to h — 1 and he would go to Texas. Taking leave of his wife and children, and shouldering his rifle "Betsy," he started at once on the highway to Texas, to a heroic death and to a fame as lasting as the memory of the bloody Alamo itself. He made his journey as rapidly as he could, and reached San Antonio in' time to join the patriots before Santa Anna's army, previous to the siege of the city. He was one of the six Americans who survived the assault upon the Alamo on March 6, 1836. The prisoners were taken before the Mexican chief, who gave orders for the massacre of the whole number. Col. Crockett, seeing their treachery, sprang like a tiger at his foes, when a number of swords were sheathed in his indomitable heart. His body, with others of the slain, was buried in a heap in the center of the Alamo. Thus ended the life of Col. David Crockett, the celebrated bear hunter of Tennessee, the eccentric congressman from the West and one of the heroes of the Alamo, whose fame is as immortal as history. On the 11th of September, 1777, was born Felix Grundy, the young- 730 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. est of seven sons of George Grundy, of Berkley County, Va. He was of English parentage. The family moved from Virginia to Browns- ville, Penn., in 1779, and 1780 to Kentucky, which State was then indeed a "dark and bloody ground." At least three of the family fell victims to the tomahawk and scalping knife of the savage ; not only were several of the family victims of the savages, but their home and household ef- fects were swept aAvay also. This was a time according to the language of himself when "death was in every bush, and when every thicket con- cealed an ambuscade." He was placed in the academy at Bardstown, Ky., under that eminent educator. Dr. Priestley, who afterward became presi- dent of the University of Nashville. Being the seventh son tlie mother destined him for a physician, but that profession being distasteful to him he chose the law. He entered the law office of Col. George Nicholas, a gentleman who stood at the head of the Kentucky bar at that time. In 1798 he began practice and soon attained eminence as a criminal lawyer. It was in this department of the law that he ranked highest and in which, he had few if any equals and no superiors. He was chosen a member of the convention to revise the constitution of Kentucky in 1799, and the same year became a member of the Legis- lature of that commonwealth, where he remained for several successive terms. In 1806 he was appointed judge of the supreme court of errors and appeals and on the resignation of Justice Todd Mr. Grundy became chief justice of the State, at the age of twenty-nine. The salary of the office being small, he resigned and moved to Nashville in 1807, to enter a broader field of usefulness. He was admitted to the practice of law in the several courts of the State on Saturday, November 14, 1807. Of his professional ability Hon. John M. Bright, who delivered an oration on the "Life, Character and Public Services of the Hon. Felix Grundy," says: "At the first step in his profession, he took rank with one Haywood and Whiteside, and as an advocate he rose in time far above competition, and challenged every age and every country to produce his peer. After his settlement in Nashville, it is said, out of 165 individuals whom he de- fended on charges of capital offenses, one only was finally condemned and executed. * * * jj^g name was a tower of strength to the accused, and his retainer a city of refuge. At his bidding prison doors flew open, and the captive leaped from his falling chains into the arms of his swooning wife. At the bar he was always dignified in his bearing, conciliatory in his address, Saxon in his diction, and never stooping to coarseness in his allusions. His speeches not only breathed a high tone of morality, but the purer essence of religion. He was fa- miliar with the Bible and perhaps drew from it the sparks that kindled HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 731 into the boldest imagery that ever shed a luster on the bar. Although he sometimes indulged a pungent humor and a caustic wit, he ever held a resort to vituperation and abuse as dishonorable as the chewed bullets and poisoned arrows of savage warfare. I have sought in vain to find some clue to the secret of his success." Doubtless his earnestness, com- mand of words, his pictures from nature, his consciousness of his own strength, his ability to read human nature and power to portray charac- ter had much to do with it. On December 4, 1811, Mr. Grundy became a member of Congress where he remained for two terms, positively refus- ing to accept the nomination in 1815. This was during the period of tlie second war with Great Britain, when great questions were de- bated and there were great men to discuss them, i. e., Clay, Webster, Cal- houn, Randolph and others. The interval from 1815 to 1819 Mr. Grundy spent in building up his profession and his fortune. In 1819 he became a member of the State Legislature, where he remained for six years. While a member of the Legislature he, with Mr. William L. Brown, was made a member of a committee with unlimited power to settle the very delicate question of the boundary line between Tennessee and Kentucky. This question had caused some bitterness between the sister States but was amicably settled February 2, 1820. At a called session of the Legislature of 1820 to de- vise some means to release the public from financial distress, Mr. Grun- dy was the author and successful advocate of a bank, founded exclusively upon the funds of the State. On the death of those two eminent states- men, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, on July 4, 1826, Mr. Grundy was chosen to deliver the funeral oration for the State. The effort was one worthy of the occasion. Following the election of Gen. Jackson to the presidency came the election of Felix Grundy to the United States Senate. He was re-elected in 1833 and served in that body till 1838. He was a member of the committee, with the great "Pacificator," which shaped the compromise tariff bill of 1833. He was made Attorney-Gen- eral of the United States in September, 1838, by appointment of Mr. Van Buren. He resigned this ofiice in 1810 and was again elected to the United States Senate, but his death occurred before taking his seat. In 1810 Mr. Grundy took a very active part in the presidential campaign of that year in favor of Martin Van Buren against Gen. Harrison. Al- though suffering from physical infirmity, he entered into the canvass with all the ardor of his youth and in the full vigor of his great intellect. He survived this work but a short time. At 1 o'clock of Saturday after- noon, December 19, 1810, was witnessed the closing of the earthly- career of this great man. 732 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Huerli Lawson "White was the son of Gen. James White, one of the earliest pioneers of East Tennessee, and in many respects a remarkable man. Gen. White was born of Irish parentage, and spent the early part of his life in North Carolina, where in 1770 he married Mary Lawson. During the Bevolutionary war he served as a soldier from that State, but at its close removed with his family to Fort Chissel, Va. In 1787 he immigrated to Knox County, Tenn., and in 1792 laid the foundation of the present city of Knoxville. He was a member of the Franklin con- vention in 1785; of the Territorial Assembly in 1794, and the Constitu- tional Convention of 1796. During the Creek war, although advanced in years, he served with distincton as brigadier-general of militia. Taken all in all he is one of the most conspicuous figures in the early history of East Tennessee. Hugh Lawson White was born October. 30, 1773, and was conse- quently a lad of fourteen when with his father he came into Tennessee. His early life was spent in hardy toil, with very limited facilities for ob- taining even the rudiments of an education. At the age of fifteen, however, by earnest effort, he had sufficiently advanced to take up the study of the ancient languages, which he did under the direction of Rev. Samuel Carrick, with some assistance from Judge Roane. His studies were soon in- terrupted by Indian hostilities, and he volunteered as a soldier under the leadership of John Sevier. In this campaign he distinguished himself, not only for bravery, but for strength and endurance. At the age of twenty he was appointed private secretary to Gov. Blount, with whom he remained until the close of his term of office. He then went to Phila- delphia where he took a course of study, after which he engaged in the study of law with James Hopkins of Lancaster, Penn. In 1796 he re- turned to Knoxville, and at once assumed a leading position at the bar. Eive years later, at the age of twenty-eight, he was elected judge of the su- perior court, then the highest judicial tribunal in the State. He resigned in 1807, and was elected to the State Senate. He was re-elected two years later, but did not serve the second term, as he was elected by the Legislature one of the judges of the supreme court. He continued in that capacity until December 31, 1814, when he again resigned. He had been elected president of the Bank of Tennessee in November, 1812, and from that time until July, 1827, he continued to direct the operations of that institution. In 1820, his health being impaired, he returned to his farm, but the country had need of his services, and he was not al- lowed to remain in seclusion. The next year he was appointed by Presi- dent Monroe one of the three commissioners to settle the claims under the treaty providing for the transfer of Florida from Spain to the United John Bell HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 733 States. This occupied his time and attention for three years. In 1825 he was elected to succeed Andrew Jackson in the United States Senate, and continued as a member o£ that body until 1840. During his senatorial career he delivered but few speeches of any considerable length. He usually spoke briefly and to the point, and his opinions were always received with marked respect. On most questions he was in harmony with the Democratic party. He opposed the Federal system of internal improvements, the rechartering of the United States Bank and the sub-treasury bill. He voted against the famous " expung- ing resolution" on constitutional grounds, but offered a set of resolutions in lieu of it. In 1836, through the influence of certain members of his party, he was prevailed upon to take a step which embittered the few re- maining years of his life. It had become evident that President Jackson wished to make Mr. Van Buren his successor in the presidential chair. This was distasteful to a large element of the party, especially in the South. In October, 1835, resolutions were passed by the General Assem- bly of Tennessee nominating Judge White for the presidency, and he finally consented to make the canvass. For this step he was bitterly de- nounced by President Jackson, Judge Grundy, Cave Johnson, James K. Polk and many others, heretofore strong friends. Yet with all the lead- ers of his own party in Tennessee against him, and with no chance of success, he carried the State by a majority of 10,000 votes — a magnificent testimonial to the high estimation in which he was held. The General Assembly of 1839-4:0, having passed certain resolutions of instruction to its senators in Congress, which the latter could not support. Judge White resigned his office and retired to private life. He died very soon after —April 10, 1840. In his domestic life he met with much afiiiction. In 1798 he married Miss Elizabeth M. Carrick, the daughter of Eev. Samuel Carrick, his ' former instructor. To their union were born four sons and eight daugh- ters, two of whom died in infancy. Of the remainder eight died just at the threshold of adult life, and all within the short space of six years. His wife also died of the same desease, consumption, March 25, 1831. In November, 1832, Judge White was again married to Mrs. Ann E. Peyton, of Washington City, at whose house he had boarded for several years. John Bell was born about six miles from Nashville, Tenn., on Febru- ary 18, 1797. He was the son of a farmer, Samuel Bell, a man of mod- erate means, who gave him a good education at Cumberland College, then under the presidency of Dr. Priestly. His mothers maiden name was Margaret Edmiston, a native of Virginia. At the age of nineteen 734 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. lie was admitted to the bar, and located at Franklin. The next year he was elected to the State Senate, in which body he served during that session, but declined a re-election. The next nine years he devoted ex- clusively to his profession. In 1826 he became the candidate for Con- gress against Felix Grundy, then in the zenith of his brilliant career, and was elected over his distinguished competitor by a majority of 1,000 votes. He continued in Congress by re-election for fourteen years. At first he was an ardent advocate of free trade, but afterward changed his views and favored protection. He was made chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary when the "Force Bill" and the question of nullifica- tion were before the courts. Upon the question of the removal of the deposits of the United States Bank he took issue with President Jack- son, and in this breach great results were involved. Henceforth, Mr. Bell ceased to act with the Democratic party, and in 1834 he defeated James K. Polk for the speakership of the House. In 1836 he strongly advocated the election of Hugh L. White in opposition to Van Buren, and succeeded in carrying Tennessee for his candidate. In 1838 he voted against the resolution excluding anti- slavery petitions from Congress. For ten years he was chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs, dur- ing which time the Cherokees were removed from Georgia. In 1841 he became Secretary of War under Harrison, but resigned in the fall of the same year upon the separation of Tyler from the Whig party. He was soon after offered a seat in the Senate by the Whig majority of the Tennessee General Assembly, but he declined an election in favor of Ephraim H. Foster. He remained in retirement until 1847, when he was elected to the State Senate, and during the same year was chosen to the United States Senate. He was re-elected in 1853. Dur- ing: his service in the Senate he delivered some of the most able and ex- haustive speeches ever listened to by that body. His speech on the war with Mexico was pronounped by Calhoun the ablest delivered upon the' subject. In 1860 he was nominated by the Constitutional Union party for the Presidency, with Edward Everett occupying the second place upon the ticket. They received the electoral vote of Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee. When secession was proposed as the result of the election of Lincoln to the Presidency, Mr. Bell threw his whole influence for the preservation of the Union, but after the call for troops by President Lin- coln he took strong grounds for secession. He assumed the position that no ordinance of any kind was necessary to sever the connection of the State with the Federal Government, and that the Legislature wS,s alone competent to declare the Union dissolved and Tennessee an inde- pendent sovereignty: During the war he took no active part iu either f HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 735 political or military affairs. After its close he was engaged in business until his death, which occurred at Cumberland Iron Works September 18, 1869. In December, 1818, Mr. Bell was married to Miss Sally Dickinson, a daughter of David Dickinson, of Rutherford, and a granddaughter of Col. Hardy Murfree, of Revolutionary distinction. She was a woman of refinement and superior education. During her youth she attended one of the famous educational institutions of the Carolinas, making the jour- ney from her home, a distance of about 406 miles, on horseback. Among her schoolmates was Mrs. James K. Polk, who probably accomplished the journey in the same manner. Mrs. Bell died leaving four children, who yet survive. Mr. Bell was married a second time, about 1835, to Mrs. Jane Yeatman, a daughter of Mr. Ervin, of Bedford County, who survived her husband until 1876. She was an accomplished lady of re- markable intellectual vigor, of fascinating powers of conversation and possessing an energy of character quite phenomenal. For more than a quarter of a century she was a conspicuous and charming member of Washington society. She left two daughters, both of whom reside in Philadelphia. The home life of Mr. Bell was of the most pleasing char- acter. Whatever were the cares of the day, all were banished when he entered the sacred precincts of home. There his hours were passed in the kindly and sympathetic interchange of conversation upon domestic topics and the news of the day, varied at times with instructive discus- sions upon more important themes. There was no affectation of supe- rior wisdom ; no claim made or even suggested for deference to him or his opinions. He was natural and simple as a child, and affectionate as a woman. A pure, chaste man, no scandal ever smirched his reputation. Late in life he became a member of the Presbyterian Church, and while residing in Georgia, during the civil war, he spent much time in reading the Bible. As a statesman it is doubtful if Tennessee has produced another man his equal. " He resembled Halifax, as described by Macauley, as one who always saw passing events, not in the point of view in which they commonly appear to one who bears a part in them, but in the point of view in which after the lapse of many years they appear to the philosophic historian." His love and devotion to his native State was one of his leading traits, and he loved to be called "John Bell of Tennessee," sometimes using the phrase himself in his popular addresses. Cave Johnson was one of the most distinguished men of Ten- nessee. He was the second son of Thomas and Mary (Noel) Johnson, and was born January 11, 1793. Thomas Johnson's father was Henry 736 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Johnson, who removed from Pennsylvania to North Carolina during the war of the Revolution, in which he served as a private soldier. Arriv- ing in North Carolina he settled near Salisbury where he resided until 1796, when he removed to Robertson County, Tenn., and located two and a half miles east of Springfield. Some time afterward he moved three miles south of Springfield to Karr's Creek, where he died in 1815. He married Miss Rachel Holman, who died about the same time as her hus- band. They were the parents of nine children: William, Thomas, Henry, Isaac, Joseph, Jacob V., Rebecca, Mary and Rachel. Thomas Johnson was born July 4, 1766, and settled in Robertson County in 1789 as a surveyor. The next year he was married to Mary Noel, at Craig's Station, Ky., and took her to Robertson County in 1790. Cave Johnson, their second son, was named after Rev. Richard Cave, a Baptist minister in Kentucky, who is believed to have been a brother of Mrs. Thomas Johnson's mother. Their other children were Cave, who died in infancy in 1791 ; Henry Minor, born in 1795 ; Taylor Noel, born in 1797 ; Nancy, born in 1799; Willie Blount, born in 1801, and Joseph Noel, born in 1803. Cave Johnson was born three miles east of Springfield, January 11, 1793. He was sent to the academy about two miles east of Nashville, then under the control of George Martin. In 1807 he was sent to Mount Pleasant Academy on Station Camp Creek, in Sumner County, then under the control of John Hall, where he remained a year, when he was sent to Cumberland College, now the University of Nash- ville. Here he remained until the troops of the State were called to Mississippi in 1811. With his college mates he formed a volunteer com- pany of which he was elected captain, and whose services he tendered to Gen. Jackson, to accompany him to Mississippi. The General declined their services on account of their youth and advised them to continue their studies, which from necessity they did, though not without deep mortification on their part and severe denunciation of Gen. Jackson on the part of some of them. In /the summer of 1812 he commenced the study of law with William M. Cooke, a profound lawyer, a most estimable gen- tleman and then one of the judges of the supreme court. He continued with Mr. Cooke until the fall of 1813, when his father's brigade was called upon to join Gen. Jackson in the Creek Nation. He accompanied his father in the capacity of deputy brigade quartermaster during the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, and in May, 1814, returned home, the In- dians having been subdued and peace restored. He continued his study of the law with P. W. Humphreys, on Yellow Creek, and toward the lat- ter part of the year obtained his license to practice law, and commenced the practice full of hope and confident of success. HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 737 He was at that time strongly impressed with the belief that his first duty was to get him a wife, fully satisfied that his success in his chosen profession would enable him to support a family. He therefore paid his addresses to Miss Elizabeth Dortch, who was then in her fifteenth year, and was by her, as he says, "very properly rejected." By this rejection he was deeply mortified and caused to resolve that he would never ad- dress another lady. He then devoted himself to his profession. In the fall of 1817, he was elected attorney-general by the Legislature sitting at Knoxville upon the nomination of W. C. Conrad, but without any effort of his own. From this time he devoted himself with great assiduity to his profession until 1828 when he was elected to Congress, succeedino- Dr. J. Marable, who had been the member for some years. He was re- elected to Congress without opposition in 1831. In 1833 he was ao-ain the candidate and was elected over both his competitors, Gen. Eichard Cheatham and Dr. John H. Marable, notwithstanding strenuous efforts were made for his defeat. In 1835 he was again elected over William K Turner by a very large majority. In 1837 he was defeated by Gen. Cheatham by a majority of ninety votes. After this defeat he resumed the practice of the law, and beginning to think seriously of the folly of his youthful resolution against matrimony. Miss Elizabeth Dortch had married a Mr. Brunson in 1817, and in 1826 became a widow with three children. Mr. Johnson's early attachment for this lady revived and they were married February 20, 1838. The election of Augast, 1839, resulted in returning Mr. Johnson to Congress by a majority of 1,496. In 184:1 he was again elected to Congress without opposition. In 1843 he was opposed by but elected over G. A. Henry by nearly 300 votes. In 1844 James K. Polk was elected President of the United States, and at the close of Mr, Johnson's term in Congress invited him to take charge of the Postoffice Department, which he did and served as Postmaster-General four years. Soon after this Mrs. Johnson died of cancer in the breast. During the canvass prior to the elections of 1853, Judge Mortimer A. Martin, of the circuit court died, and Mr. Johnson was appointed judo-e pro tern., and served until Judge Pepper was selected to fill the vacancy. Mr. Johnson was then appointed president of the Bank of Tennessee, en- tered upon the duties of that ofiice in January, 1854, and served six years. In January, 1860, he removed from Nashville to his home and remained there most of the summer. On the 8th of June, 1860, he was appointed by President Buchanan commissioner on the part of the United States under the convention with Paraguay for the adjustment of the claims of the United States and Paraguay Navigation Company. On this commission he was engaged nearly three months. 738 HISTOEY OP TENNESSEE. In 1S61, when the question of secession first came up to be acted upon, Mr. Johnson urged the people to stand by the Union. During the war he remained quietly at his home taking no part in the troubles be- tween the two sections of the country, except to express his opinions on public men and public measures, his opinions, however, after the break- ing out of the war, being uniformly in favor of the Southern Confederacy. In 18 G5 he was required to give reasons why he should not be sent within the Confederate lines, which reasons being satisfactory to Gen. Thomas he was allowed to remain quietly at his home. On the 19th of August, 1865, he was pardoned by Andrew Johnson, President of the United States. In the spring of 18GG he was elected by the counties of Eobert- son, Montgomery and Stewart their senator in the General Assembly of the State, but by that body refused admission as such senator. His death occurred November 23, 1806, By his marriage with Mrs. Eliza- beth Brunson he had three children: Hickman Johnson, T. D. Johnson, and Polk G. Johnson, all of whom served the Confederacy in the great civil war. James Knox Polk was born in Mecklenburg County, N. C, Novem- ber 2, 1795. He was the eldest of a family of ten children — six sons and four daughters — born to the marriage of Samuel Polk and Jane Knox. His paternal ancestors were emigrants from Ireland in the early part of the eighteenth century. They settled upon the eastern shores of Mary- land. The branch from which James K. descended removed first to Pennsylvania, and about 1735 to North Carolina. There his great-uncle. Col. Thomas Polk, and his grandfather, Ezekiel Polk, took a prominent part in the convention which adopted the Mecklenburg Declaration in 1775. In 1806 Samuel Polk with his family immigrated to Maury County, and was soon after followed by nearly all of the Polk family. He located up on Duck River, where he obtained possession of a large body of land, which gradually increasing in value, made him one of the wealthiest men of the county. His wife was a superior woman of fine practical sense, who trained her children to habits of punctuality and industry, and inspired in them a love of morality. Young James early evinced a great desire and capacity for learning, and having secured the elements of an education at home and in the neighborhood school, in 1813 entered the Murfrees- boro Academy, from which, in 1815, he entered the sophomore class of the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill. From this institution, after three more years of diligent application, he graduated with the highest honors. He then entered upon the study of law in the office of Felix Grundy, of Nashville, with whom he remained until he had com- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 739 pletecl his legal education. After his admittance to the bar he returned to Columbia and opened an office; as he was thoroughly equipped for the profession and well prepared to meet all of its responsibilities, it was but a short time until he was recognized as a leader both at the bar and on the stump. In 1823 he was chosen to represent his county in the lower house of the General Assembly, and in the fall of 1825, after a vigorous cam- paign, was elected a member of Congress. During the next four years he was an active opponent of the measures proposed by President Adams. He had long been a close friend of Gen. Jackson, and when the latter was elected President he became the leader of the administra- tive party. He opposed the Federal system of internal improvements, the rechartering of the United States Bank and the protective tariff law. Indeed, he was in such perfect accord with Jackson and carried out his plans so faithfully that he was accused of being servilely dependent upon the President. While such a charge was entirely without foundation, it is not improbable that his relations with Gen. Jackson had much influ- ence upon his career. He continued in Congress for fourteen consecu- tive years, during the last four years of which he filled the speaker's chair. He withdrew March 4, 1839, and soon after began a vigorous campaign for the office of governor. He was elected, but before he had completed his first term the great Whig victory was gained, and at the next two gubernatorial elections he was defeated. In 1844 the annexa- tion of Texas was the most important question before the public, and Mr. Polk's position, as an advocate of the measure, had much to do with his nomination for the presidency in that year. After a campaign, based mainly upon that question, he was chosen over Henry Clay by a majority of sixty-five electoral vote&. Before his inauguration the great ques- tion of annexation had been settled, but the difficulty with Mexico was thereby begun, and the greater part of his administration was occupied in considering questions connected with the war with that country. Other important measures of his term of office were the admission of Iowa and Wisconsin into the Union, the passage of the low tariff law of 184G, the establishment of the department of the interior, and the settlement of the northwestern boundary question. Having retired from the presidency in March, 1849, he returned to Nashville, where he had previously purchased the property since known as Polk Place. There his death occurred June 15, 1849. Mr. Polk was not a man of great brilliancy of intellect, and possessed little imagination, yet he was lively and sociable in his disposition, and had the rare power of communicating his own enthusiasm to those with 710 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. whom lie came iu coutact He was well versed in human nature, and possessed a memory of remarkable retentiveness ; while he did not pos- sess the force of character of Jackson, the rugged native ability of Andj-ew Johnson, nor the far-seeing statesmanship of John Bell, he was distinguished for shrewdness, quickness of perception, firmness of pur- pose and untiring energy. In his selection of a companion for life he was peculiarly fortunate. In January, 1824, he married Miss Sarah Childress, a daughter of Capt. Joel Childress, of Rutherford County, Tenn. She was only fifteen years of age at that time, a lady of rare beauty and culture. She accompanied her husband to Washington when he entered Congress in 1825, and was with him, with the exception of one winter, during his entire eighteen years' residence in that city. Since the death of Mr. Polk she has resided at Polk Place, but has seldom appeared in society. William Gannaway Brownlow was the eldest son of Joseph A. Brown- low, who was born and raised in Rockbridge County, Va., and died in Sullivan County, Tenn., in 1816. The father was a man of good sense and sterling integrity, and served in a Tennessee company during the war of 1812. Two of his brothers were at the battle of the Horseshoe, and two others died in the naval service. His wife was Catharine Gunnaway, also a native of Virginia, who was left at her husband's death with five helpless children. She survived him, however, less than three months. William was born in Wythe County, Ya., August 29, 1805, and con- sequently was only about eleven years of age when his parents died. He was taken by his mother's relatives, by whom he was reared to hard labor until he was eighteen years old, when he removed to Abingdon, Va., and apprenticed himself to a house carpenter. He early education had been imperfect and irregular, and after completing his apprenticeship he labored until he acquired the means of again going to school. He after- ward entered the traveling ministry of the Methodist Church, and trav- eled for ten years without intermission, all the time studying and improv- ing his limited education. In 1828 he began to take an active part in the politics of Tennessee, advocating the re-election of John Quincy Adams to the Presidency. He seemed to have a natural love for controversy, and while the vigorous sectarian discussions of that day were congenial to him, he found a bet- ter field for his peculiar talents in politics than in the ministry. In either position he was fearless in the expression of his opinion, and in 1832, while traveling a circuit in South Carolina in which John C. Cal- houn lived, he publicly denounced nullification. In 1837 he began the publication of the Whig at Jonesboro, but in a short time removed to HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 741 Knoxville, where he soon secured for it a very large circulation. In 1843 he became a candidate for Congress against Andrew Johnson, but was defeated. In 1850 he was appointed by Fillmore one of the several commissioners to carry out the congressional j^rovisions for the improve- ment of the navigation of the Tennessee Biver. For thirty years preceding the civil war he participated in nearly every political and religious controversy which occurred, and became widely known as the "Fighting Parson." In 1856 he wrote a book en- titled "The Great Iron Wheel Examined and its False Spokes Ex- tracted," it being a vindication of the Methodist Church against the attacks of Kev. J. Pi. Graves, in a work called "The Great Iron Wheel." Tavo years later he was engaged in a debate upon the slavery question in Philadelphia with Eev, Abram Pryne, of New York, in which he de- fended the institution of slavery as it existed in the South. Although a strong pro-slavery man, his love for the Union was intense, and when the secession movement of 1860 began he severely denounced it. Even after troops began to pass through Knoxville he did not in the least abate his denunciations, and kept a Federal flag floating over his house. In October, 1861, his influence had become so dangerous to the cause of the Confederacy in East Tennessee that the publication of his paper was suspended and the offi.ce outfit destroyed. He was forced to leave the town and seek safety in the mountains. After remaining in seclusion for three or four weeks he was induced to return upon the promise of the Confederate authorities, that he should be sent within the Union line. This promise was violated, however, and on December 6, upon a warrant issued by J. C Ramsay, Confederate States District Attorney, he was arrested and placed in jail where he remained until January 1, when he became seriously ill. On the order of his physician he was then moved to his home, where he remained under a strong guard until March 2. He was then sent with an escort to Nashville, then in posses- sion of the Federal forces. After remaining a short time he went on a tour through the Northern States, visiting several of the large cities and delivering addresses to large audiences. In April, 1862, his wife and family were also sent out of the Confederacy, and remained in the North until after the occupation of East Tennessee by Gen. Burnside in the fall of 1863. Mr. Brownlow then returned to Knoxville, and in November of that year resumed the publication of his paper. On March 4, 1865, he was elected governor, and in August, 1867, re-elected, defeating Em- erson Etheridge. Before the expiration of his second term he was elected to a seat in the United States Senate, in which body he served from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1875. During the greater part of that time 742 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. lie was a confirmed invalid, and had to be carried to and from his seat in the Senate chamber. At the close of his term, he returned to Knoxville where after an illness of only a few hours he died April 29, 1877. Gov. Brownlow was a unique character. He can be compared with no other man. He was made up of antagonistic qualities, yet no one was ever more consistent in his course of action. In his political animosities and religious controversies he was bitter and unrelenting. He Avas a master of epithets and a reservoir of sarcasm. In his choice of a word he cared nothing except that it should reach its mark, and it rarely failed. In private life to his friends and neighbors he was ever polite, kind and charitable. A friend said of him: "The heart of the fearless politician, who in excitement hurled the thunderbolts of burning invective at his antagonists, and was willing even in his zeal temporarily to lay aside his religious creed and enforce arguments with something stronger than words, could bleed in the presence of a child's grief. Nothing in his career seemed to alienate him from the affections of his neighbors and friends. They overlooked and forgave the faults springing from his impetuous nature, for they knew something of the heart which beat "within." Shadrack Forrest, the great-grandfather of Gen. Forrest, was of English extraction, and moved from West Virginia, about 1730, to Orange County, N. C. Nathan Forrest, grandfather of N. B. Forrest, left North Carolina about 180G, and settled with his large family for a time in Sumner County, but soon after moved to Bedford County. Nathan Forrest married a Miss Baugh, a lady of Irish descent. The eldest son of this marriage was AVilliam Forrest, the father of the subject of this sketch. William Forrest married Mariam Beck in 1800. Mr. and Mrs. Forrest were the parents of seven sons and three daughters. The young- est son, J. Forrest, was born after the death of the father. In 1835 William Forrest moved with his family to near Salem, Tippah County, in the northern part of Mississippi. This country had been recently opened to immigrants by a treaty with the Chickasaw Indians. Here William Forrest died in 1837, and left N. B. the care of his widowed mother and her large family of little children. By that diligence and energy that characterized his whole life he soon succeeded in placing the family above want. His opportunities for an education were very limited, barely cov- ering the rudiments of the elementary branches. In 1840 he lost two of his brothers and his sisters of disease, and came near dying himself. In 1841 he joined Capt. Wallace Wilson's company to go to Texas to assist in the cause of freedom there. The expedition was badly managed, and the majority of the men returned from New Orleans. A few of the num- HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 743 ber, however, went on to Austin to find no employment and that their services were not needed. He returned home to pass through a very severe spell of sickness. In 1842 he engaged in business with his uncle at Hernando, Miss. He became engaged in an affray with three brothers, Maleck, for espous- ing the cause of his uncle. He alone fought and defeated them, but his uncle was killed. J. K. Moore, a lawyer, was killed while riding in company with Gen. Forrest by a desperado named Dyson. Forrest's life was threatened, but his courage and revolver saved him. September 25, 1825, Gen. Forrest married Mary Ann Montgomery, a distant relative of him who fell at Quebec in 1775. In 1849 he met with financial reverses in Hernando, but instead of despairing he only redoubled his exertions. He came near losing his life in 1852 in the explosion of the steam-boat "Farmer" within a few miles of Galveston. In 1852 he moved to Mem- phis and began dealing in real estate ; he also dealt largely in slaves. He was elected alderman of the city in 1857, and re-elected in 1859. By 1859 he had accumulated a good fortune, and in 1861 he had several large plantations, and raised his 1,000 bales of cotton. On the outbreak of the war he volunteered as a private in Capt. J. S.White's company, on June 14, 1861. In July Forrest was asked by Gov. Harris and Gen. Polk to recruit a regiment for the cavalry service. This he proceeded at once to do. On July 20 he went to Louisville, where he procured a partial outfit for his men, consisting of 500 Colt's revolvers, 100 saddles and other sup- plies. The regiment was organized at Memphis, in October, 1861, by electing N. B. Forrest, lieutenant-colonel; D. C. Kelley, major; C. A. Schuyler, adjutant; Dr. S. M. Van Wick, surgeon, and J. P. Strong, sergeant-major. The regiment consisted in the aggregate of 650 men, organized into eight companies. The first fighting done by Col. Forrest was in Kentucky. His men attacked and defeated the gun-boat "Cones- toga" in the Cumberland Kiver, near Canton, Ky. A superior force of the enemy was defeated at Sacramento by a brilliant charge. He joined the forces at Fort Donelson on the 12th. He contributed largely to what success there was connected with that unfortunate affair, and suc- ceeded in bringing away his regiment with little loss. He displayed great ability here. He next covered the retreat from Nashville. On the 6th and 7th of April he was present at the battle of Shiloh. Forrest, who was now colonel, contributed as much to the success of that battle as any other man. His regiment was the last to leave the field. In a charge near the close of that engagement he was wounded. From Pittsburg Landing to Corinth the regiment was engaged almost daily. Forrest made a brilliant dash and captured Murfreesboro, with a garrison 744 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. equal to liis whole force. He captured pickets around Nashville and took part in the campaign in Kentucky. He made a raid through West Tennessee, and returned in time to take part in the battle of Stone River. He was almost daily engaged in skirmishing in Middle and East Ten- nesse till the battle of Chickamauga, September 19 and 20, 1863. He was next sent to the Army of Northern Mississippi. He then entered West Tennessee with a few- men, and in a short time had increased his force to about 3,500. Engagements were fought at Somerville, Tenn., De- cember 26; at Colliersville, December 27; at West Point, Miss., Febru- ary, 1864; at Paducah, Ky., March 25; at Fort Pillow, April 12; at Bol- ivar, May 2; at Tishomingo Creek, June 10; at Harrisburg, Miss., July 14; at Town Creek, July 15; at Oxford, Miss., in the early part of August; at Memphis, August 21, and in the raid through Middle Ten- nessee and the capture of Athens, Ala. In Hood's advance into Ten- nessee Forrest joined him at Florence, Ala. From the time of crossing the Tennessee to the recrossing of that stream in that disastrous cam- paign his men were in thirteen engagements. Had Forrest's advice been followed at Franklin, November 30, the fruits of that victory would have been attained without its terrible cost. To his skill in covering the retreat, and advice in its management, was the army saved from greater rout. After the retreat of Hood from Tennessee Forrest was engaged at Centerville, Ala., March 31, 1865, and at Ebenezer Church April 1. His forces were engaged in the defense of Selma, as a cover for Mobile. April 2 closed his military career, on the fall of Selma. Few men ever made so brilliant a military record in so short a time. Without book knowledge he made a study of men, and took in the military situation of the country at a glance. His dash, un- tiring energy, industry and power of endurance were remarkable. He had the happy faculty of inspiring his men with confidence in himself as a leader. He seemed to grasp the most minute details of an army and its wants, and had a wonderful fertility of resource. He seldom if ever blundered, and never failed to extricate his men from the most perilous positions. It might be questioned whether Forrest could have succeeded so well with a large body of men, or in other words whether he had the capacity for maneuvering large bodies. To this it jnay be answered that he made no mistakes, whether commanding a battalion of a few hundred or a division of 5,000 men. His quick fiery temper suited him for a cavalry leader rather than for the leader of the more sluggish infantry columns. Had all other commanders been as successful as was Gen. Forrest the result would have been very different. He was made a briga- dier-general in 1862, a major-general in 1863 and a lieutenant-general. HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. 745 early in 1865. He laid aside his arms as quickly and quietly as he had taken them up. At the close of the war he returned to his home, accepted the situation, and did his best to heal the wounds left hj the war. Before his death he became a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, in which faith he died. Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth President of the United States, was born in Kaleigh, N. C, December 29, 1808. His father, Jacob Johnson, who died in 1812, was city constable, sexton of a church and porter of the State bank. Extreme poverty prevented Andrew fi'om re- ceiving any education, and at the age of ten he was apprenticed to Mr. Selby, a tailor. In 1824, a short time before the expiration of his ap- prenticeship, having committed some little misdemeanor, he ran away and went to Laurens Court House, S. C. He obtained work as a journey- man and remained there until May, 1826, when he returned to Ealeigh. During the following September, accompanied by his mother, he came to Tennessee and located at Greeneville, where in a short time he married. Up to this time his education was limited to reading, but under his wife's tuition he learned to write and cipher. In 1828, taking an interest in politics, he organized a workingmen's party in opposition to the aris- tocratic element, which had before controlled the town of Greeneville. He was elected alderman, and two years later was made mayor. During this time a village debating society was formed, and he took a prominent part in its discussions, manifesting much of the ability which he after- ward displayed. In 1835 he offered himself as a candidate for a seat in the lower house of the General Assembly, and after a vigorous canvass was elected. During the following session his opposition to the internal improvement bill temporarily lost him his popularity, and at the next election he was defeated. Succeeding events, however, proved his views to have been correct, and in 1839 he was returned to the Legislature. From this time forth he was almost continuously in public life. He was an elector for the State at large on the Van Buren ticket in 1840, and in 1841 was elected to the State Senate. Two years later \\q took his seat in Congress as representative from the First District of Tennessee, a position which he continued to hold by re-election for ten years. During this time he advocated the annexation of Texas, the war with Mexico and the tariff of 1846. In 1853 he was elected governor of Tennessee over G. A. Henry, the Whig candidate, and again in 1855 over Meredith P. Gentry, after one of the most exciting campaigns ever witnessed. In December, 1857, he took his seat in the United States Senate, to which he had been elected by the Legislature of Tennessee. He soon distinguished himself as the 746 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. advocate of the homestead law, which was vetoed by President Buchanan.. Although he usually voted with the Southern members on the slavery question, he was not strongly in sympathy with them. In the canvass of 1860 he supported Breckinridge and Lane, but when secession was openly proposed he opposed it with all of his ability. This caused many of his former adherents to denounce him as a traitor to his State and party, and in almost every city in the State he was burned in effigy. March 4, 1862,. he was nominated military governor of Tennessee by President Lincoln,, and on the 12th of the same month he arrived in Nashville. He con- tinued as military governor until March, 1865, when he was succeeded by William G. Brownlow. On June 7, 1864, the Republican Convention at Baltimore nominated him for the vice-presidency, and on the 4th of the March following h& was inaugurated. Upon the assassination of President Lincoln he im- mediately took the oath of office and entered upon his duties as Presi- dent. From his public utterances it had been inferred that he would treat the Southern leaders with great severity, but his course was quite the reverse, and then began the difficulty between himself and Congress which ended in his impeachment trial. After a long contest he was finally acquitted, on a vote of thirty -five for conviction to nineteen for acquittal. At the Democratic Convention of 1868 he was a candidate for nomi- nation for the Presidency, but received little support. In March, 1869, he returned to his home at Greeneville, Tenn., and the next year be- came a candidate for the United States Senate. He lacked two votes of an election. In 1872 he was a candidate for congressman at large, but dividing the vote of, his party with B. P. Cheatham was defeated by Horace Maynard. In January, 1875, he was elected to the United States Senate for the full term of six years, and at the extra session in March, of that year, took his seat. He died suddenly of paralysis on July 31, 1875, at the residence of his daughter in Carter County, Tenn. Mr. John- son was essentially combative in his temperament, and was rather im- patient of opposition. That he had the courage of his convictions is evident from his course at the beginning of the war, when for a South- ern Democrat to champion the cause of the Union was to sacrifice both friends and reputation. ~ He cannot be said to have enjoyed, to any great degree, the personal good-will and esteem of his fellow-citizens, but he never failed to inspire their confidence and respect. He possessed no personal magnetism, wit nor brilliancy, and his countenance usually^ wore an expression bordering on sadness. The following by one of his colleagues in Congress is a fitting tribute HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. 747 to his character: "If I were to write the epitaph of Andrew Johnson, I would inscribe on the stone which shall mark his last resting place, " Here lies the man who was in the public service for forty years, who never tried to deceive his countrymen, and died as he lived, an honest man — ' the noblest work of God.' " Gen. Felix Kirk Zollicoffer was born in Maury County, Tenn., May 17, 1812, and was the son of John J. and Martha (Kirk) Zollicoffer. The father was a native of North Carolina. He was descended from an il- lustrious Swiss family, which included several of the most distinguished military men, divines and scholars of that nation. Several centuries ago three Zollicoffer brothers were granted a patent of nobility on account of distinguished service rendered to the Government, and from them de- scended the Zollicoffers of Switzerland and of America. The latter branch of the family immigrated to this country probably near the close of the seventeenth century. Gen. Zollicoffer, after having received such an education as the schools of his native county afforded, learned the printer's trade, and at the age of seventeen, in company with two other young men, began the publication of a paper at Paris, Tenn. Their enterprise proving a fail- ure young Zollicoffer went to Knoxville, where he found employment and remained until 1834, when he removed to Huntsville, Ala. He was em- ployed at that place in the office of the Southern Mercury for a short time, after which he returned to Maury County and located at Columbia, taking charge of the Observer. On September 24, 1835, he was united in marriage with Louisa P. Gordon, of Hickman County, a daughter of the brave Indian scout, Col. John Gordon. The next year he volunteered as a soldier, and served with the Tennessee troops during the Seminole war. In the early part of 1837 he returned and resumed his connection with the Observer, of which he continued the editor until after the campaign of 1840, strongly opposing the election of Mr. Yan Buren: As editor of the Nashville Banner, he entered upon his duties January 3, 1842, and at once made a decided impression. During the gubernatoi'ial campaign of the following year he contributed much to the election of James C. Jones over James K. Polk. For some time he had been a sufferer from an aneurism of the aorta, that daily threatened his life, and after the elec- tion he retired from the editorial chair. On the 1st of November follow- ing he was elected by the Legislature comptroller of the State, a position he continued to hold by re-election until 1849. In August of that year he was chosen to represent Davidson County in the State Senate, and during the session made himself one of the leaders of that body. In January, 1851, he again connected himself with the Banner. 7J:8 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. He succeeded in inducing Gen. William B. Campbell to accept the nomination for governor, and the brilliant victory which was secured was due more largely to his efforts than to those of any other man. The result of this canvass added greatly to the influence of Gen. ZoUicoffer. The next year occurred the contest for the Presidency between Gens. Scott and Pierce. Gen. ZoUicoffer had favored the nomination of Mil- lard Fillmore, and attended the National Convention at Baltimore to advocate it, but when Gen. Scott was chosen as the leader of the Whigs he supported him with his accustomed vigor and ability, and, although the candidate was decidedly unpopular with the Whig party, Tennessee was brought to his support. On April 20, 1853, having received the Whig nomination for Con- gress in his district, he severed, for the last time, his connection with the press. He was elected after a brilliant canvass and served for three suc- cessive terms. He then voluntarily retired to private life. During the early part of 1861 Gen. ZoUicoffer did all in his power to prevent the dissolution of the Union, and was a member of the Peace Conference at Washington, but after the call for troops by President Lincoln he es- poused the cause of the South and advocated secession. Upon the organ- ization of the State military Gov. Harris called him to his aid, and com- missioned him brigadier-general. He Avas placed in command of the forces in East Tennessee, where, during the fall of 1861, he gathered an army of about 4,000 men and took part at Cumberland Ford. Opposed to him were about double that number of troops under Gen. Thomas. On Jan- uary 19, 1862, deceived as to the strength and position of the enemy he unfortunately ordered an attack, and during the engagement was killed. Yarious accounts of the death of Gen. ZoUicoffer have been published, but the most authentic is about as follows : Gen. ZoUicoffer while inspecting his lines found himself between a Mississippi regiment and the Fourth Kentucky Federal Ptegiment under Col. Fry, who was about to lead them in a charge upon the Confederate lines. Gen. ZoUicoffer thinking the latter regiment a part of his own command, accompanied by his aid, rode up to Col. Fry and said: "You are not going to fight your friends, are you? These men" (pointing to the Mississippi regiment), "are all your friends." In the meantime ZoUicoffer's aid, perceiving their mistake, fired at Col. Fry, killing his horse. Col. Fry sprang to his feet and fired at Gen. ZoUicoffer, killing him instantly. The troops thus deprived of their trusted leader retreated in confusion. Gen. ZoUicoffer left a family of six daughters, five of whom are still living. Mrs. ZoUicoffer died in 1857. GILES COUNTY. 749 GILES COUNTY. THE surface of Giles County is mucli brolien and very rough, being made up of wind- ing valleys and high ridges, some of which rise to a height of from 300 to 500 feet above the common level. The county is divided almost equally north and south by Rich- land Creek, the most important but not the largest stream in the county. This creek has a large, wide valley, which contains some of the richest farm land to be found anywhere in the State. Richland Creek has also many tributaries, each of which has its valley of fertile land. Elk River, the largest stream of the county, flows across the southeastern corner, receiving numerous creeks and branches. Sugar Creek, in the southwest part of the county, supplies splendid water-power for machinery. The water falls through a succession of cascades more than thirty feet within a distance of 100 yards, and it is cheaply utilized. Though called a creek, Richland is really a river, and was declared nav- igable by act of Legislature passed in 1809, the said act prohibiting the building of dams or other obstruction that would impede the passage of boats. The act was repealed in 1811, 80 much as related to that above the shoals, at Pulaski. Other creeks are Big Creek, Lynn Creek, Robertson Fork, Weakley Creek, Haywood Creek, Buchanan Creek, Silver Creek, Indian Creek, Jenkins Creek, Bradshaw Creek, Shoal Creek, Little Shoal Creek and Leatherwood Creek, all of which are very good streams. The northern boundary of the county lies on Elk Ridge, an arm of the highlands. This ridge runs nearly east and west, dividing the waters of the Elk from those of Duck River, and cutting off the portion of the Central Basin of Middle Tennessee lying in Giles and Lincoln Counties. The geology of the county is simple and easily understood. The strata are horizontal, and, excepting the summits of the ridges, are mainly limestone. The ridges are capped with the lowest and flinty layers of the Lower Carboniferous Period, below which forma- tion, outcropping on the slopes and underlying the lowlands, are the limestones which belong to the Silurian Age. There is also a thin formation of black slate, called the black shale, in the county, which lies next below the sub-carboniferous strata and above the limestones, and is often mistaken as an indication of stone coal. All the soils in that part of the county which lie in the Central Basin are fertile. The hillsides and slopes of the ridges are very fertile and productive, and the amount of alluvial soil in the county, owing to the numerous streams, is great. The lands bordering on Elk River and Richland Creek are the best in the county for cotton. On Big Creek around Campbellsville the lands are very fertile, and continue so on to the south and east, but on the north and west they run into "barrens," on the highlands, where the laud is very thin. The products of the county are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, hay, tobacco, Irish potatoes, sweet pota- toes, hops, grass and grass seeds, sorghum, all the different fruits and wine. The cereal products of the county in 1885 were as follows: Corn, 1,545,605 bushels; oats, 33,289 bushels; wheat, 190,205 bushels; rye, 5,020 bushels. During the same year the live-stock in the county was horses and mules, 11,123 head; cattle, 15,126 head; sheep, 12,651 head; hogs, 46,762 head. In 1870 the county ranked first in the production of corn in the State, producing in that year 2,054,163 bushels of that product. In the same year 8,367 bales of cotton were produced in the county, and in 1885 between 12,000 and 15,000. A treaty was made with the Chickasaw Indians in July, 1805, by which they ceded their claim to all lands north of Duck River and east of the Natches road as far as the ridge that divides the waters of Elk from those of Buffalo. This line passed through Giles County, entering it near the northwest corner, crossing the Lawrenceburg road at the 47 750 HISTOKY OF TENNESSEE. eight-mile post, passed four or live miles west of Pulaski, crossed Elk River about three miles above Prospect and the State line at Phillips' mill, leaving a considerable portion of the western and southwestern part of the county in the Chickasaw territory. Probably the first white men to penetrate and explore the forests and canebrakes of Giles County were the commissioners and their guard of citizens, who were sent to laj^ off a district fifty-five miles wide in the northern part of Middle Tennessee in satisfaction of land warrants issued by North Carolina to officers and soldiers of the Continental line, and also to lay off a tract of 25,000 acres south of said district, donated by said State to Gen. Greene. Among those to whom grants for land" lying in Giles County were issued were the following: Martin Armstrong, 5,000 acres; William P. Anderson, 540 acres; Stockley Donelson, 5,000 acres; Robert Fenner, 300 acres; John Haywood, 5,000 acres; Henry Montford, 200 acres; Phillips and Shepperd, 5,000 acres; George Simpson, 152 acres; Henry Shepperd, 2,000; Howell Tatum, 311 acres; Henry Toomer, 340 acres; George Breckenridge, 150 acres; George Shields, 252 acres; Sam Shields, 116 acres; John Dob- bins, 165 acres; James Reynolds, 5 acres; Charles Girard, 232 acres; James P. Tayloi-, 640 acres; James Williams, 100 acres; JohnChilders, 300 acres; John Dougherty, 500 acres; John Reynolds, 300 acres; James Montgomery, 200 acres; John Strother, 95 acres; John Temple, 83 acres; Richard Hightower, 100 acres; John Hughes, 50 acres; James Temple, 300 acres, and John Armstrong, 5,000 acres. The first permanent settlement in the county was made in about 1805, on Elk River, near the mouth of Richland Creek, and in the neighborhoods of the present towns of Elkton and Prospect, one of which lies above and the other below the mouth of said creek, by William Crowson, his four sons and son-in-law, Vincent, Thomas Whitson, Jordan Word, James Ford, James Wilkerson, Parish Sims, Thomas Dodd, John Rey- nolds, William Jenkins, Thomas Kyle, Thomas Easley, Simon Ford, John Hunnicutt and John and William Price. When these pioneers came they found the county a vast cane- brake and forest, the cane being from twenty to twenty-five feet high. The settlers united their forces and cleared away the cane and built log houses for each other, and the same kindness and courtesy was extended to each new-comer for years thereafter. Other settlements were made in the county as follo.ws: Thomas Reed, William Riggs, Joseph Moore, Daniel Cox, James Kimborough, Joseph and Elijah Anderson, Thomas Westmoreland, Rev. Aaron Brown and sons (Thomas and William). John Butler and John Barnett settled in the now Aspiu Hill neighborhood from 1807 to 1809; Dr. Gabriel Bum- pass, William Buchanan and sons (Maximillian, Robert, John and Jesse), Timothy Ezell, Mike Ezell and William Ezell settled in the neighborhood of Cross Waters in 1807 and 1808; John and Lewis Nelson settled a few miles northeast of Prospect in 1809; Lewis Kirk, Alex Black and Nathan and Robert Black settled on the site of Pulaski in 1806-07; Ralph Graves settled about 200 yards east of the present corporate limits of Pulaski, and in the neighborhood of the town Charles and James Buford, Somersett Moore, John Clark and son (Spencer), William Gideon, Nelson Patteson and sons (James and Bernard), Solomon E. Rose, Tyree Rhodes, William Kirley, Charles Neeley and John White settled between 1807 and 1809; Reese Porter and sons, Reese, John, David, James B. and Thomas C, set- tled in the Mount Moriah Church neighborhood in about 1807; John Dickey, James Ross, Hamilton Campbell, Joseph Bozler, James Ashmore and Daniel Allen settled in the Campbellsville neighborhood between 1808 and 1809; John Fry, William Dearing, George Malone, Gabriel and John Foulks, Daniel Harrison, John and William Rutledge, Jacob and Andrew Blythe, Joel Rutledge, Nicholas Absalom, Hugh Bowen, Thomas Moody, An- drew Pickens, John McCabe, James Angus, James Wilsford and James Brownlow settled on the waters of Lynn Creek between 1808 and 1810; John and Samuel Montgomery, Le- ander M. Shields, Samuel Shields, James Shields, Joseph Braden, Archibald Crockett, Alexander Shields and Robert Crockett settled in the neighborhood of Elk Ridge Church in 1808-10; Robert Gordon and sons (Thomas and John), the Widow Clark and sons, John and Sam Jones, Robert Alsop, Jacob Jarmin and John Henderson settled in the Brick Church neighborhood between 1808 and 1810; Adam Hightower, Hardy Hightower. John GILES COUNTY. 751 Kennedy, John Eliflf, James McKnie;ht, Samuel McKnight, Joel Jarmin, JoIiti Youn^ and Nicholas Holly settled in the Bradshaw Creek uei.i?hborhood between 1807 and 1810; Rev. / Alex McDonald and brothers (Joseph, Robert and John), and their relatives, William McDon- ald and James McDonald, settled in the Mount Pisgah Church neighborhood in 1808; Will- iam Phillips, William Menifee, and sons (John and William, and son-in-law,Benjamin Long), and John Phillips, settled in the Elkton neighborhood in 1808 and 1809. Other early set- tlers were P. Moore, Peter Lyons, James Hurst, James Knox, Walter York, John Jones, William Woods, Allen Abernathy, William McDonald, N. Bo.ss, Abner Cleveland, JohE Wilson, William McGuire, David Flinn, James Flinn. Nathan Farmer, John Reasouover, William Centhall, John White, Thomas Taylor, John M. Cabe, James Grimes, John Yancy, James Hart, Robert Curren, Warrick H. Doyle, Edmund J. Bailey, Benjamin Tutt, James Morgan, William Eubanks, Joseph Johns, Richard Little, Absalom Bosin, John Cunningham, Owen Shannon, James Shannon, Isham Carter, William Hanby, Benjamin Phillips, Gabriel Higenbotham, Robert Miller, Lawson Hobson, Jonas Kindred, Samuel Parmly, Charles McCallister, James Reed, Andrew Erwiu, Drury Storall, Johu Bridwell, William Ball, Eaton Walker, Guilford Dudley, Jonas Kindred, John Scott, James Hunt, Douglas Blue, Josejjh Boyd, Samuel Black, John Bryant, William Riddle, William B. Brook, James Lindsey, Henry Scales, William Pillows, Robert McAshley, Richard Briggs, Jelly Pemberton and Orpha Black. A number of the early settlers located on the Indian lands, cleared away the cane and undergrowth, built log cabins and began cultivating the soil. Complaints being made to the Government, the United States soldiers stationed at Fort Hampton, on Elk River, about four miles above its mouth, were sent to drive out the settlers. The soldiers burned the settlers' houses, threw down their fences and destroyed their crops, and succeeded in driving the people across the reservation line. After the soldiers returned to the fort, the settlers returned to their ruined homes, rebuilt their houses and fences, and planted their crops, only to be again driven out as soon as word was received at the fort of their pres- ence on the forbidden territory. This destruction of property and crops by the Govern- ment soldiers occurred during the years 1809-11, and was a great hardship to the set- tlers, many of whom held grants for the disputed lands they occupied. Previous to 1809 the settlers of Giles County were compelled to go to mill in William- son County, or crush the corn into meal by means of the moitar, as there were no mills at that period in the county. In that year, however, Nathaniel' Moody erected a small Avater-power corn-mill on Robertson Fork, one-half mile south of Old Lynnville. Soon afterward Robert Buchanan built a water-power grist-mill on Buchanan Creek, and at about the same time George Cunningham built one on Richland Creek; Hardy Hightower built one. on Bradshaw Creek; John White built one on Robertson Fork, near what was afterward Buford's Station; Jacob Bozler built one on Big Creek and John Williams built one on the south side of Elk River, near where Norvell's mill was afterward erected, all of which were common corn-mills of water-power. Lewis Brown built the first horse- power mill in 1810. After Pulaski had been selected as the county seat, Nathaniel Moody moved his mill to a point near town on Richland Creek. This was in 1811, and during the same year. Clacks or Maytield's mill was built on the same stream, about one mile below Mount Moriah Church, and John Laird built a mill on Lynn Creek. James Cox built a water-power mill on Sugar Creek in 1818, which was afterward known as Malone's mill, and during the same year James Paisley built a horse-power mill in the Shoal Creek neighborhood, and Elijah Ruthony built a water-power mill on Sugar Creek. The powder used in the early days by the settlers was all 'manufactured within tlie county. One of the first powder-mills built in the county was owned by Daniel Allen, and stood near Allen's Spring, since known as Wright's Spring, a few miles northwest of the present site of Campbellsville. John Williams also operated a powder-mill near the State line, one mile southwest from Elk Mount Springs, and James Ross owned one in the west- ern part of the county. The saltpeter used by these manufacturers was obtained frons different sources, principally from a cave near Campbell's Station in Maury County. 752 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Many of the early settlers brought with them cotton seed, and though at first only small patches of that useful article were grown from a production fpr home consumption only, it soon grew into one of the largest crops produced in the county, forming one of the chief exports, and as such continues at the present. Cotton-gins were soon established, and to-day the county is dotted over with them. One of the first cotton-giils built in the county was that of Lester Morris, and was erected in 1810 near Rehobeth Church. The power at first was furnished by hand, bvit later on the gin was enlarged and converted into horse-power. The first water-power gin was built in 1811 or 1812 on Lynn Creek, by John Laird. Soon afterward John Henderson built a water-power gin on a branch about a mile south of Cornersville, now in Marshall County, and Maj. Hurlston built a water-power gin on Dry Creek. The mills and cotton-gins in the county at present are as follows, by districts: First District — Jacob Morrell has a steam saw-mill and cotton-gin; John Brown has a water- power grist-mill on Ragsdale Creek; S. H. Morrell has a water-power grist-mill on same creek; R. L. Donnevan has a water-power grist-mill on Sinking Creek; and J. N. Ruder, Edward Copeland, W. F. Smith, James Arnett, Thomas E, Dailey, Thomas Whitfield, A. R. Garrison, L. J. Bledsoe and Dr. Patterson each have one-horse-power cotton-gin. Sec- ond District — James Rivers has a water-power grist-mill on Richland Creek; M. B. McCal- lister has a water-power grist-mill on Elk River; Smith & Bell have a steam saw-mill near Prospect, and cotton-gins are too numerous in the district to mention, there being not less than twenty-five or thirty, each farm of any consequence owning its own gin. Third District — Thomas E. Smith has a steam saw and grist-mill and cotton-gin combined; Joseph Edmunson has a similar mill, and Owen, English & Fowler have a steam saw and grist-mill; and Sterling Brownlow and Isaac Casey have each a horse-power cotton-gin. Fourth District — Graves & Dougherty have a steam saw and grist-mill, and James Mar- bett has a horse-power cotton-gin. Fifth District — James Patrick has a water-power corn and wheat-mill and cotton-gin on Shoats Creek, and J. E. Pryor, S. C. Johnson, James Tidwell, A. W. Parker and Felix Petty each have horse-power cotton-gins. Sixth Dis- trict — The Vale Mills, corn and cotton-gin, water-power, on Richland Creek; Babe Nance has a steam saw-mill, and Elihu Coflfrnan and William Edwards each have steam cotton- gins; David Shore, Samuel Williamson, Samuel Hower, James Short, Wiley Rogers and William Morris each have horse-power cotton-gins. Seventh District — W. I. Rainey and Mi"s. Elder have water-power grist-mills on Richland Creek, and T. B. Wade has a horse-power cotton-gin. Eighth District— F. D. Aymett has a water-power grist-mill on Leatherwood Creek, and John M. Aymett, F. D. Aymett, Giles Reynolds, George Suttle and Thomas Harwell have horse-power cotton-gins. Ninth District — Andrew Chambers has a water-power flour, grist and saw-mill combined; Bud Morrell has a water-power corn-mill on Richland Creek; Jacob Morrell has a flour and grist water-mill on Elk River, and C. O. Bull, R. I. Baugh, E. N. Grigsby, John R. Beasley, Gray Hopkins, Wil- burn M. Stephenson, James Scruggs, MTarion Ellison and James Rivers have cotton-gins, all of which are of horse-power, except those of Baugh and Rivers. Tenth District — J. K. Craig has a horse-power cotton-gin. Eleventh District — Joseph Parsons has a steam flour and grist-mill; William Abernathy has a water-power grist-mill on Buchanan Creek, and Monroe Smith has a horse-power cotton-gin. Twelfth District— T. S. Williamson has a steam saw and grist-mill; J. M. Young has a water-power flour and grist-mill on Rich- land Creek; W. T. Copeland has a steam grist-mill and cotton-gin combined, and T. B. Wade, G. S. White, John Phillips, B. T. Reynolds, Frank Bramlett, William Rivers, Robert Rhodes and James Buford have cotton-gins, all with one exception, Wade's, being of horse-power. Thirteenth District — J. T. Steele has a water-power flour, corn and saw- mill combined on Big Creek; Joshua Morris has a water-power corn and saw-mill on the same creek, and Mrs. Buford and Mrs. Rhae have horse-power cotton-gins. Four- teenth District— L. Alexander has a flour, corn and saw-mill, water and steam-power, on Big Creek; Capt. Watson has a water-power flour and grist-mill on Brownlow Creek; A. Williams has a water-power wheat and corn-mill on Factory Creek, and Isaac Yokely GILES COUNTY. 753 and Mow Hays have horse-power cotton gins. Fifteenth District — Joseph Goldman and Griffls Bros, each have water-power grist-mills on Robertson Fork; Mrs. Fry has a water-power grist-mill on Lynn Creek; Wilkes & Calvert have a steam-power cotton- gin, and B. F. Walker has a horse-power cotton-gin. Sixteenth District — Horse-power cotton gins are owned by Ephraim Gordon, Hugh Topp, Mack Dougherty, David Sim- mons, G. H. McMillan and Thomas Spofford. Seventeenth District— J. M. Gordon and R. F. Jackson have horse-power cotton-gins. Eighteenth District — Levi Reed has a water- power grist-mill on Egnew Creek; John Rector has a steam saw-mill, and Henry Purger has a horse-power cotton-gin. Nineteenth District — J. M. Parker and Sam Collins have horse-power cotton-gins. Twentieth District — J. M. Brownlow has a steam saw-mill, and J. H. McCormick has a horse-power cotton-gin. Giles County was created in 1810 in pursuance of an act of the General Assembly passed November 14, 1809, and at the suggestion of Gen. Jackson was named in honor of Gen. William B. Giles, one of the governors of Virginia. Giles County was formed out of Maury County and is bounded as follows: North by the counties of Maury and Mar- shall, east by the counties of Marshall and Lincoln, south by the State of Alabama, west by Lawrence County, and has an area of 600 square miles. The act erecting Giles County is as follows: An act to establish a county south op maury county, and north of the southern boundary op the state. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, That there be a new county established within the following described bounds, to wit: Be- ginning at the southeast corner of Maury County; thence due south to the southern bound- ary of the State; thence west as far as to form a constitutional county; thence north to the line of Maury County, and with said line to the beginning, which county shall be known by the name of Giles County. Section 2 provides that James Ross, Nathaniel Moody, Tyree Rhodes, Gabriei Bumpass and Thomas Whitson be appointed commissioners to select a place on Richland Creek, near the center of the county, for a county seat, at which site the commissioners shall procure at least 100 acres of land, upon which they shall cause a town to be laid off, with necessary streets at least eighty feet wide, reserving at least two acres for a public square, on which shall be erected a court house and stocks, also reserving a public lot suf- ficient to contain a jail, in a convenient part of town, which town shall be knowp by the name of Pulaski. Section 3 provides for the sale of town lots by the commissioners at public auction to the highest bidders. Section 4 provides that the commissioners shall contract with suitable workmen to build a court house, prison and stocks, the same to be paid for out of moneys arising from the sale of town lots. Section 8 provides for the due administration of justice and for the time and place of holding courts. Section 9 provides that nothing in this act shall prevent the collection of taxes due Maury County at the time of its passage, by the sheriff of that county. Section 12 provides that this act shali be in force from and after the 1st of January, 1810. On November 22, 1809, the General Assembly passed another act, electing the follow- ing magistrates for Giles County: John Dickey, Jacob Baylor, Somersett Moore, Charles Neiley, Robert Steele, Nathaniel Moody, William Phillips, Benjamin Long. Thomas Westmoreland, David Porter and Maximillian H. Buchanan; at the same lime Thomag H. Stewart was appointed Judge and Amos Balch attorney -general of the Fourth Judicial Circuit, embracing Giles County. The commissioners met early in 1810 and selected a place then known as the "Shoals," on Richland Creek, as a site for the county seat, which was named Pulaski, in honor of the gallant Polish count who fell at Savannah in 1779 while fighting for American inde- pendence. The land so selected was vacant land, lying south and west of the Indian reservation line. However, assurances of title were given, which authorized the commis- sioners to make the selection, and on November 11, 1812, a deed for the land was made to the commissioners by President James Madison. There are 377,600 acres of land in the county. 194,479 acres being improved, and the ioi HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. total value of properly assessed for taxation in 1885 was $4,587,977, an averaij-e of $8.82 per acre. The tax levy for 1886 was as follows: 30 cents for State, 30 cents for county, 20 cents for school, 11 cents for roads, and $1 each by State and county for school, making a total assessment of $2.91 on each $100 worth of property. In 1834 the first turnpike was built through Giles County, it being the Columbia, Pulaski, Elkton & Alabama Pike. The present pikes are the Pulaski & Elkton Pike, built about 1840, of which there are thirty miles; the Pulaski & Brick Church Pike, built in 1882, fourteen miles; the Pulaski & Bradshaw Pike, built in 1882, twelve miles, and the Pulaski & Vale Mills Pike, built in 1883, five miles. The Nashville & Decatur Railroad, the only one in the county, passes through from north to south. In 1856 the county subscribed $375,000 in aid of this rail- road, payable in five annual installments. The road was completed in 1860, and has proven a great boon and benefit to the entire county. The Memphis & Knoxville Rail- road has bfen surveyed through the county, and should the road be built the county would be quartered by railways, and Giles would have transportation facilities equaled by few counties in the State. The building of the latter road, however, is very indefinite. The first court held in the county was a court of pleas and quarter sessions, and was lield on the third Monday in February, 1810, at the house of Lewis Kirk, who lived in a log cabin on a bluff on the bank of Richland Creek at the foot of the "shoals," and about 200 yards above where the Nashville & Decatur Railroad depot now stands. The magis- trates who had previously been appointed as such by the General Assembly, were sworn into ofiice, and they at once elected John Dickey, chairman, German Lester, clerk, Jesse Westmoreland, register, and Charles Neeley, sheriff. By order of the court a log cabin was erected in Kirk's yard, in which the courts were held, and in a short while thereafter a rough log house was erected on the same yard for a jail. In this rude prison were kept those convicted of misdemeanors, contempt of court, etc., while the felons were sent to the Williamson County jail, and afterward to the Maury County jail for imprisonment. After the sale of town lots, August, 1811, the cave having been previously cut from a por- tion ot the Public Square, a second court house was erected on the Public Square, and the records and courts moved thereto. This second building was constructed of round logs, which were covered with boards. The house stood for about two years, when it was destroyed by fire, presumably by the citizens, they having become impatient and indig- nant at the delay of the commissioners in giving them a more commodious and sightly building. A log jail was erected on the southeast corner of the Public Square at about the same time of the log court house,. and it, too, was destro3^ed by fire soon after the court house burned. The commissioners then contracted with Archibald Alexander, of Pulaski, to erect a new court house, and with Philip P. Many, of Williamson County, to build a new jail." This court house was a two-story brick, and answered well the purpose for which it was built. In about 1850 the building was torn down, and on the same site a handsome brick was erected, which stood until 1856, when it was destroyed by fire. The present court house was completed in 1859, and cost the county about $27,000. It is a large two-story brick, 60x150 feet, with four entrances and halls. Two large court rooms are on the second floor, while on the first are located six large well ventilated and lighted offices, in- eluding a chancery court room, an artistic cupola surmounts the building in which is a town (;lock, which was presented to the courrty court by Judge Henry M. Spafford, de- ceased in 1880. During the time between the destruction of the court house in 1856, and the completion of the present building in 1859, the courts were held on the first floor of the Odd Fellows Hall. The jail contracted by Philip P. Maney was of brick, and was erected on the northwest corner of the Square. AVhen within a few hours work of completion it was destroyed by fire, having caught fire by sparks falling from someone's pipe or cigar in- to the shavings. Another jail was soon erected by the same contractor, which stood until about the close of the late war, when it was destroj'cd by fire by the retreating Confeder- ates. The present jail is a handsome brick building, situated on First Main Street, about 150 yards from the Public Square, and was completed in 1867 at a cost of $25,000. It is GILES COUNTY. 755 provided with suitable apartments for a jailer's family, and has ten well-constructed cells, with necessary corridors. In 1865, the County Court purchased 130 acres of land in the Eleventh District, four miles east of Pulaski, for a county poor farm, and erected log buildings thereon for the accommodation of paapers. In 1867. frame buildings took the place of the log house, and these were replaced with a good brick building in 1884, which cost about $4,000. The Giles Circuit Court convened its first session in the log court house at Lewis Kirk's, on the second Monday in June, 1810, present and presiding the Hon. Thomas H. Stewart, judge; Amos Balch, attorney-general. James Berry was appointed clerk, and the session was opened by Sheriff Charles Neeley. The court continued to hold its ses- sions at the above place until the December term, 1811, wlien the court was opened at that place, and an adjournment was taken, to meet at once in the new court house on the Public Square. After the destruction of the court house in 1814, the court W3.s held dur- ing the April term at the house of David Martin, in Pulaski. During the year 1815 the house of Isaac Smith, of Pulaski, was used as a temporary court house. From 1810 to 1822 there are ho records of this court, they having been destroyed. The records are also missing between 1831 and 1836, between 1848 and 1852, between 1855 and 1858, and there were no courts between 1860 and 1865, but since the last date they are complete. In 1827, for malicious stabbing. James Z. Maclin was sent to jail for twelve months; for an assault and battery, with murderous intent. Sterling Harwell was fined $25 and sent to jail for twenty days. In 1830 Arthur Jarnigar, for committing forgery, was given thirty-nine lashes on the bare back, sent to jail for one week and made to sit in the pillory two hours each morning for three consecutive days; and Dury Smith, for manslaughter, was branded on the brawn of the left thumb with the letter M; and sent to jail for one month. In 1836 James McNunc was sent to the penitentiary for two years for an assault and attempt to commit murder. In 1837 William Inzer, for larceny, was sent to the penitentiary for three years. James Tooey, five years for malicious stabbing, and Isaac Dale was convicted of murder and sentenced to be hung. In 1838 John W. Craft was sent to the penitentiary for three years for perjuiy. In 1853 William Hall was sent up for two years on a charge and conviction of malicious stabbing; in 1855 Martin, a slave, was convicted of murder and sentenced to be hung. - In 1860 N. C. Wisend, for grand larceny, was sent to prison for seven years; in 1865, Samuel Marks, for the same offense, was given ten years; and in 1866 Benjamin Aber- nathy, Stephen Brown, Jacob Kennedy and Meredith Dabney, for grand larceny, were given terms of imprisonment of three years, one year and seven years, respectively. In 1867 Henry Ars, for stealing a horse, was imprisoned for a term of ten years; Pleasant Beckwith, for murder, in 1868, was sent to prison for one year; and John Lightfoot and George Springer were tried jointly on a charge of larceny and each sent up for three years; in 1869, Csesar Allen, for larceny, was given one year; James Kelley, for rape, was sent up for fifteen years; and Pleasant Madison, for horse stealing, ten years. In 1870, Sterling Eddins and Harup Mason, for larceny, were each sent to the penitentiary for one year; in 1871, James Montgomery, horse stealing, fifteen years; Lewis Swinnea, murder, twenty years; William Allen, larceny, five years; Green Turner, horsestealing, sentenced to be hung; Philip Maples, for administering poison, three years; and Lewis Taylor, lar- ceny, three years. In 1872 Jesse Donaldson, Amanda Abernathy, Virginia Abernathy, Felix White and Richard Collier, for larceny, were given terms of imprisonment ranging from fifteen months to four years, while for murder, Jordan Petty was sent up for four- teen years; Jack McGuire, for stealing a horse, twenty-one years; and George Chapman, for forgery, went up for three years. In 1873, John Adams, Isaac Ballentine, Benjamin McDonald and Sterling Eddins, for larceny, were sent to penitentiary for three, one, four and six years, respectively; Andrew G. Downing and Richard Benson were given fifteen and ten years, respectively, for horse stealing. In 1874, William Jones, George Washing- ton and Calvin Rhoades were sent to penitentiary for five, four and seven years, respect- 756 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. ively, and for murder Walker Ingram was sent for twenty years, and John O'Connor ten years for horse stealing. In 1875 Andrew Faran, Claibourn Johnson, James Vance and Fountain Walker were given terms of three, two, three and fifteen years, respectively, for larceny; and for steal- ing a horse John Caldwell was sent up for twenty years. In 1876, Neil S. Icter, for house- breaking; Andrew Beaty, for forgery ; James Powell, house-breaking; and James Bell, C. T. Tramier and Sterling Butler, for larceny, received imprisonment of six months, three years, ten years, two years, fifteen months and four years, respectively. In 1877, James Johnson and Henry Matthews were each sent to the penitentiary for one year for larceny; Mirabeau Clark, ten years for horse stealing; Ralph Garrett, five years for arson; and George Riggan, ten years for house-breaking. In 1878, Arch Brown and Henry Smith were sent to penitentiary for three years each; William Jordan, murder, thirteen years; and George Washington and William Caldwell, eight and six years, respectively, for horse stealing. In 1879 Dick Collier was sent up for eight years on a charge of house- breaking; William Coats, ten years for attempt to poison; and Del Duncan, John Jack- son, John Sweeney and Tom Ballentine, for larceny, were given terms of one year each in the penitentiary. In 1880 W. T. Williams, for larceny, was sentenced to the penitentiary for 8 years; David Cheairs, for arson, 6 years, and Green Terry and Allan Shaw, 6 months and 5 months in the county jail for larceny. In 1881 Mat Pendegrass and Ben Eddins received 6 months and 3 years, respectively, for horse stealing: Felix Smith, 5 years for burglary, and Bill Smith, William Franklin and Alonzo Rhodes, 3 years, and 11 months, and 29 days, respectively, for larceny. The Chancery Court of Giles County was held for the first time in April, 1832, with M. A. Cook as chancellor and Charles C. Abernathy, clerk and master. The members of the Pulaski bar have been as follows, the time in which they practiced being in the order given: John Minns, W. H. Field, William C. Flourna, John H. Rivers, Colin 8. Tarpley, Aaron V. Brown, James W. Coombs, V. E. J. Shields, Adam Huntsman, Neil S. Brown, Thomas Jones, Robert Rose, Alfred Harris, Lunsford M. Bramlett, Archibald Wright, A. F. Gough, James Davenport, Davidson Netherland, Thomas M. Jones, Calvin Jones, John C. Brown, John C. Walker and Nathan Adams. The present bar is composed of Thomas M. Jones, John S. Wilkes, Solan E. Rose, John A. Tinnon. E.,T. Taliaferro, John T. Allen, Noble Smithson, Z. W. Ewing, Charles P. Jones, Andrew J. Abernathy, J. Polk Abernathy, Amos R. Abernathy, Hume Steele, Flourna Rivers and John C. Brown. The following is a list of the court and county oflScers in the order in which they served: Judges — Thomas H. Stewart, Alford S. Harris, Robert M. Mack, William E. Kennedy, Lunsford M. Bramlett, Edmund Dillahunty, W. P. Martin, Henry Ward, A. M. Hughes, W. P. Martin, William L. McLemore and Edward D. Patterson. Attorney- generals— Alford Balch. Robert L. Cobb, Gideon J. Pillow, Edmund Dillahunty, James H. Thomas, Nathaniel Baxter, Archilaus M. Hughes, Nathan Adams, Archilaus M. Hughes, Austin C. Hickey, James Smithson, Joseph H. Fussell and John L. Jones. Chancellors— M. A. Cook, Lumsford M. Bramlett, Terre H. Cahal, A. O. P. Nicholson, Samuel D. Frierson, John A. Brien, Samuel D. Frierson, John C. Walker, David Camp- bell, Horace H. Harrison, William S. Flemming and Andrew J. Abernathy. Clerk and masters— Charles C. Abernathy, Daniel L. Morrison, James McCallum, W. H. McCallum, A. Cox, J. B. Stacy. Chairmen of county court since 1865 — Daniel G. Anderson, J. F. Smith, W. H. Abernathy J. L. Jones. County trustees since 1868— Thomas S. Riddle, Sterling H. Brown, Daniel B. Garrett, W. G. Lewis, R. M. Bugg, H. C. McLaurine, H. L. Booth and W. R. Craig. County court clerks since 1810 — German Lester, Edward D. Jones, J. L. Jones, A. R. Richardson, E. W. Rose, D. A. Wilburn, H. H. Aymett, P. H. Ezell, Will S. Ezell. Circuit court clerks since 1810 — James Berry, Henry Hagan, Ster- ling Lester, Charles C. Abernathy, C. H. Abernathy, W. Williford, F. T. McLaurine, H. M. Stanley, J. H. Morris, J. W. Braden. Sheriffs since 1810— Charles Neeley, James GILES COUNTY, 757 Buford, Max H. Buchanan, James Perry, Lewis H. Brown, Thomas C. Porter, Thomas S. Webb, John A. Jackson, Asa Ezell, James D. Goodman, Joshua Morris, John Kouns, Berry H. Piden, John W. West, D. H. Parsons, R. H. Mitchell, R. A. Blow, H. Arrow- smith, John D. Butler and J. Polk English. Registers since 1810 — Jesse Westmoreland, Fountain Lester, David McCormack, P. T. T. McCanless, Andrew Fay, Daniel G. Ander- son, John Dyer, J. J. Phillips and J. F. Fogg. Quite~a nOmber of the Giles County pioneers served in the Revolutionary war, and for their services as soldiers of the line received grants from the State of North Carolina for the lands in this county, upon which they af terw'ard settled. But of them there is no record accessible, and their names have long since passed from the memory of the citizens of the present, if memory of them they ever had. While no companies went from Giles County into the war of 1812 a large number of her citizens joined companies that went out from neighboring counties, among whom were Lester Morris, George Everly, Charles Buford, James Patteson, Sol. E. R. Rose, Wm. Kirley, Maj. Hurlston, Wm. McDonald, Wm. Kyle, Col. Cleveland, John Clark, Nelson Patteson, John Phillips, Thomas Smith, Dr. Gilbert, D. Taylor, Charles C. Abernathy, Wm. K. Gordon, and many others whose names could not be secured. Dr. Taylor served on Gen. Jackson's medical staff. Within a short time after the organization of the county the county militia was estab- lished as an adjunct to the State militia, and for twenty years or more was in active organ- ization. The first regiment organized was the Thirty-seventh, which embraced the entire county. Of this regiment Robert Steele was the first colonel elected, and Claibourn McVey and John Buford the first majors. After the war of 1812 the regiment was reor- ganized or divided, and a new regiment, the Fifty-second, was formed of the northern half of the county, leaving Pulaski with the old regiment. Thomas K. Gordon was the first colonel, and Richard H. Allen and James Simmons the first majors, elected for the new regiment. Of the old regiment James Terrill was elected colonel and Thomas Wilker- son and Wm. Rose majors. Col. Terrill removed from the county in 1821, when Maj. Rose was elected colonel, and Gillan Hamell and Abel Wilson majors. The militia was again re-organized in 1825, and an additional regiment, embracing the northwestern por- tion of the county, including Pulaski, was organized. Of this regiment Richard H. Allen was elected colonel ; Simpson H. White, lieutenant-colonel, and John H. Rivers and Ed- ward Tipton, majors. From 1830 the militia began to decline, and upon the adoption of the new constitution in 1834 ceased to exist. Previous to the new constitution's adoption the county was divided into Captains District, and the election or appointment of justices of the peace was regulated by companies or beats, or, as now, by civil districts. During its day the militia was a great institution indeed, and militia offices were much sought after. Giles County's contribution to the Florida war in 1836 consisted of two full com- panies, which were raised in June, 1836, and on July 4 following, were mustered into the First Tennessee Regiment of Mounted Volunteers, at Fayettville, Lincoln County. The companies were designated in the regiment as First and Sixth Company First was com- manded by Capt. Thomas M. Jones, now Judge Jones, of the Pulaski bar, and Quincy Black and Robert L. Dixon were the lieutenants. Company Sixth was under command of Capt. James Gibson, with Joshua and John Morris, brothers, as lieutenants. Among the members of the above companies, whose names are obtainable, were Archibald Wright. Neil S. Brown, Sol. E. Rose, Jesse Mays, J. N. Patteson, Joseph E. Anthony, George B. Allen, Robert H. Rose. J. Carroll Smith, Samuel D. Wright, Homer Jones, Charles G. Keenan, Milton Payne, Wm. Baugh, Daniel Brinkle, Henry E. Pitts, Henry C. Lester, Jesse D. Page and Warren P. Anderson. As in the Florida war Giles County furnished two full companies to the war with Mex- ico in 1846. The first company organized left Pulaski in June, 1846, under command of Capt. Milton A. Haynes and Lieuts. W. P. Chambliss, William Richardson and - Brownlow. They volunteered for twelve months, and were mustered into the First Ten- nessee Regiment of Cavalry, under command of Gen. Jonas E. Thomas, of Maury Coun- ty. Among the members of this company were William Evans, Ira Martin> E. G. B. Lee, 758 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Samuel Farmer, Sterling Farmer, David Hammond, James T. Wheeler, Samuel C. John- son, Alexander Black, Samuel S. Williamson, David H. Hannah and Nathan Adams. At the expiration of the twelve mouths' service for which the company enlisted the survivors returned home, and when the second call for volunteers was made Lieut. W. P. Chambliss raised a second company, of which he was elected captain, and A. M. Flemming, first lieu- tenant; Thomas Gordon, second lieutenant; J. L. Jones (at present Chairman of the Giles County Court), brevet second lieutenant; Patrick Chambliss, orderly sergeant; William D. Everly, second orderly sergeant; William Fallis, third orderly sergeant, and Milton Ra- son, fourth orderly sergeant. The company left Giles County for Nashville in October, 1847, where it was mustered into the Third Tennessee Regiment of Foot Volunteers, Gen. Cheatham commanding, as Company C. Among the members of Company C were James Adams, Abe Cable, — Davis, W. R. Edwards, Samuel Elliff, Joseph EllifE, J. A. Foster, Hardaway Tucker, Calaway Tucker, George Chesser, Samuel Farmer, — Wilson, — Walker, A. A. Walker, J. N. M. Farmer, Edward Rasen, Michael Fry, Samuel Edmon- son, — Spirey and John Carr. Giles County took a decided stand in favor of secession at the breaking out of the late war, and cast an overwhelming majority vote in favor of separation from the Union and representation in the Confederate Congress. In response to the call of Gov. Harris for State volunteers early in 1861 the " Martin Guards," the first company raised in the coun- ty, was organized, placed in command of Capt. Hume R. Field, and dispatched at once to Nashville, where, upon the organization in April, 1861, of the First Tennessee Regiment of Infantry, the company was mustered into service as Company K. The regiment went into camp at Alisonia, Franklin County, which was given the name of Camp Harris, thence to Camp Cheatham, in Robertson County, where the soldiers were given full in- structions. On July 10, 1861, it was ordered to Virginia. Under special orders from Gov. Harris the Third Tennessee Regiment of Infantry was organized at Lynnville, this county, on Maj^ 16, 1861. The regiment consisted of ten full companies of picked men, five of which were supplied by Giles County. The roll of field and strtfl: officers of the regiment was as follows: Colonel, John C. Brown; lieutenant-colo- nel, Thomas M. Gordon; major, Nathaniel F. Cheairs; adjutant, Thomas M. Tucker; quar- termasters, Beuj. P. Roy and J. L. Herron; commissary, B. L. Wilkes; surgeons, Samuel H. Stout and James A. Bowers; assistant surgeon, Wiley S. Perry; chaplains, Marcus Williams and Thomas J. Davenport; sergeant-major, William Polk; quartermas- ter-sergeants, J. F. Alexander and J. W. Littleton; commissary-sergeant, John S. Wilkes; ordnance sergeants, Wallace W. Rutledge and James J. Walker, hospital stew- ard, Eber Fry. The Giles Count}' companies in this regiment were as follows: Company A, first captain, John C. Brown, succeeded by Calvin J. Clack, numbered 120 men; Com- pany B, fir.st captain, Thomas M. Gordon, succeeded by E. H. F. Gordon, 130 men; Com- pany D, captain, William Peaton, 108 men; Company G. captain, Calvin H. Walker, llO men; Company K, captain, F. C. Barber, 110 men. ■' The regiment was mustered into the State service as soon as organized, and from Lynnville went into camp near Springfield, Robertson County, where it remained until July 26, 1861, when it moved to Camp Trousdale, Sumner County, from whence they were ordered to Fort Donelson, reaching the fort on February 8, 1862. On September 26, 1862, the regiment was reorganized as follows: Colonel, Calvin H. Walker; lieutenant-colonel; Calvin J. Clack: majors, Thomas M. Tucker and F. C. Barber; adjutant, David S. Martin, Giles County companies: Company B, captain Robert A. Mitchell 105; Company G, form- erly Company A, captain David Rhea, 99 men; Company I, formerly Company D, cap- tain, D. G. Alexander, 90 men; Company H, formerly Company G, captain, James J. Walker, 101 men; Company A, formerly Company K, captain F. C. Barber, 100 men. The reorganization took place at Jackson, Miss., after the exchange of prisoners at Vicksburg, and the regiment went at once into active service, their first engagement occurring a few days afterward at Springdale, Miss. In the summer of 1861 the Thirty-second Tennessee Regiment of Infantry was organ- GILES COUNTY. 759 ized at Camp Trousdale, Sumuer County, iu which regiment Giles County was represented as follows: Winstead's company, captain, John M. Wiustead; Worley's company, captain, Willis Worley; Hannah's company, captain, John W. Hannah; Hunnicutt's company, captain, W. H. Hunnicutt. The regiment upon leaving camp went into East Tennessee, and thence into Kentuck}', In October, 1863, the regiment was reorganized, the reorgan- ization affecting the Giles County companies as follows: Winstead's company, captain, Field Arrowsmith; Worley's company, captain, James Young; Hannah's company, cap- tain, John L. Brownlow; Hunnicutt's company, captain, J. M. Bass. The reorganization of this regiment also occurred at Jackson, Miss. Holman's battalion of partisan rangers was raised under commission from Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War of the Confederacy; bearing date, June 27, 1862, directed to Maj. D. W. Holman. The battalion consisted of four companies, two of which were furnished by Giles County, they being those of Capt. Andrew R. Gordon, of 160 men, and of Capt. James Rivers, of 100 men. The above is a list as near as coiild be obtained of the soldiers furnished to the Con- federac}' by Giles County. The county was continually overrun with both Federal and Confederate soldiers throughout the war, being on the line of march from Nashville to Huntsville, Ala. Pulaski, Lynnville, Elkton and Prospect were each visited by Federal troops in large numbers, and Pulaski and Lynnville were fortified, a formidable fort or earth-work was erected on Fort Hill, a high steep hill overlooking the town and sur- rounding country at the former place. The first Federals to visit Pulaski in any number was a detachment of Gen. Negley's brigade which was sent out from Columbia, under Col. Mark Monday, in April. 1862, to drive off Gen. John Morgan, who with his cavalry was harassing and plundering the Federal wagon trains on their way to Gen. Mitchell at Huntsville, Ala. After doing considerable damage. Gen. Morgan withdrew from Giles County in May, upon the approach of Col. Monday, going into Bedford and Wilson Counties. Col. Monday went into camp with his men at Pulaski, and I'emained until September, 1862, w^hen his command joined Gen. Negley's brigade and went into Ken- tucky after Gen. Bragg. In August, 1863, Col. Hayes made a raid on Giles County with a regiment of cavalry, who made a camp of one daj^ and night in Pulaski, and returned to Columbia. During the same year Lynnville and Elkton were both raided by the Fed- erals, the whole county, in fact, being relieved of horses, cattle and grain. In October, 1863, Gen. Wheeler retreated south through Giles County, pursued by Gen. Wilder, who made a short stop at Pulaski on his way south, and in the course of a few days returned and again camped for a number of days, going thence to Shelbyville. In November, 1863, Gen. W. T. Sherman and his entire army passed through Giles County, en route to Chattanooga, making a short stop at Elkton, and Gen. William Dodge, with the Sixteenth Army Corps, went into camp at Pulaski, remaining until April, 1864. A portion of the above corps was stationed at Lynnville, where earth-works were thrown up. Gen. Starkweather, with four regiments of infantry and as many regiments of caval- ry, camped in Pulaski and Giles County, during the summer of 1864, engaged in guarding the Tennessee River. Gen. Starkweather was succeeded in command by Gen. R. W. John- son, who remained at Pulaski until November of the above year. In that month Gen. Stanley was sent to Pulaski with the Fourth Army Corps, and camped for three or four days. Gen. Schofield, in command of the Army of the Ohio, brought the Twenty-fourth Army Corps toPulaskiin the latter part 1864, and remained until Gen. Hood crossed the Tennessee? River at Florence, Ala., and was approaching Columbia, when he evacuated the town and fell back to Franklin, and then to Nashville. Gen. Hood came on into Middle Tennessee. At Lawrenceburg, his advance composed of Gen. Forrest's cavalry, repulsed the Federals, who then fell back to Pulaski, and the following day quite an en- gagement occurred at Campbellsville,this county, when the Federals were again repulsed. Gen. Forrest's cavalry made sad havoc wuth the railroad, tearing up the rails and destroy- ing all bridges inthe county. At Pulaski he stationed a battery on East Hill and made a 760 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. feint movement by throwing a few shells into the Federal fort on Fort Hill, to cover his move toward Shelbyville. After the battle of Nashville, Gen. Hood retreated south through Giles County, fol- lowed by Gen. George H. Thomas, with the Twenty-third, Fourth and Sixteenth Army Corps. The retreat through Giles County was almost a continuous battle all along the Columbia & Pulaski Turnpike. At Anthony Hill, this county, Gen. Hood made a stand and repulsed the Federals, only to resume his retreat. Another stand was made at a point on Sugar Creek, where the Federals were repulsed a second time, after which they fell back to Pulaski, while Gen. Hood's army proceeded leisurely into Alabama. The command of the Twenty-third, Fourth and Sixteenth Army Corps was turned over to Gen. Johnson, who remained with them in camp at Pulaski, until the close of the war in 1865. During the stay of the Federals in Pulaski, at different times, the court house and Giles College building were used as quarters for the soldiers, and the different church buildings were converted into hospitals. On November 20, 1863, Samuel Davis, a Confederate spy, was captured inside the Federal lines at Pulaski, with complete plans of the Federal fortifications at Pulaski, Franklin, Nashville and, in fact, all over Middle Tennessee, Davis was tried by a court- martial, on the charge of being a Rebel sp3% and was hung on East Hill, in front of Squire James McCollum's residence, at 10 o'clock on Friday morning, November 27, 1863. Davis claimed that his plans had been furnished him by a Federal officer, high in command, whom he stated was standing in the crowd in front of the scaffold awaiting his hanging, but whose name he refused to divulge, even when offered his life and liberty as an in- ducement to do so. Opinion is divieed as to whether the doomed man was really a brave man, and sought death rather than divulge a friend's name, or whether he was playing for glory, even in his last moments. The county seat and principal town of Giles County is Pulaski, which stands on the east bank of Richland Creek, and on the Nashville & Decatur Railroad, seventy-five miles south of Nashville and eighteen miles north of the Alabama State line. The town is one of the prettiest in the State and has a population of 2,500. The site for Pulaski was se- lected by the commissioners early in 1810, and during that year a portion of the cane and under-growth was removed from the Public Square. In August, 1811 the first town lots were sold at auction and a court house and stocks were erected on the Public Square. Lewis Kirk and Alexander, Nathan and Robert Black were the first white citizens of Pul- aski; they settling on the town site at least three years before it was selected as such. Kirk built a log cabin on a bluff on Richland Creek, at the foot of the " shoals," while the three Blacks erected their cabins on what is now First Main Street. Other settlers or citizens of the town before the sale of town lots in 1811, were William R. Davis, William Ball, James Berry, German and Fountain Lester, David Martin, Richard Scott, James Drew, James H. Williams, William Hanby, Thomas Smith, John McCrackin, John G. Talbott, Henry Hogan, Dr. Shadrack Nye, Joseph Trotter, Joseph H. Hodge, Dr. Gilbert D. Taylor, David Woods, Lewis, James and William Connor, Sam G. Anderson, Nathan- iel Moody, Alfred M. Harris and Lunsford M. Bramlett. The first attempt at tavern-keeping was made by Lewis Kirk, who entertained the justices and oflScers of the court at his house during the sessions of court in 1810 and 1811. Richard Scott was the first merchant in Pulaski. He opened a small store near Kirk's house, on Richland Creek, in about 1809. In 1810 Scott sold his store to John G. Talbott and William Ball opened a grocery store in the same vicinity. At that time the above were the only houses in Pulaski. The first merchants to do business after the town was laid out were Richard Scott, David Martin, John G. Talbott, James Doren, John McCrack- in and Henry Hogan. The taverns of that day were kept by Capt.Thomas Smith, on the north, east corner of the Public Square and by James Alexander, on the southeast corner of the the Public Square; the latter being afterward kept by Kennon and was known by that name. The physicians of Pulaski who practiced between 1809 and 1815, and prob- ably later, were Dr. Gilbert D. Taylor, Dr. Shadrack Nye, Dr. David Woods, Dr. Alfred GILES COUNTY. 761 Flournoy, Dr. Elisha Eldridge and Dr. Charles Perkins. The first tan-yards established in the town were those of James Hanby and Lewis and James Connor. The first com- fortable residence erected in Pulaski was built by German Lester. The Legislature declared Richland Creek navigable as far as Pulaski in 1809, and for thirty years thereafter the produce of the county was shipped from Pulaski in large flat- bottomed boats, which were made in the town, and frequently small keel boats and pirogues were made, which were loaded and taken to New Orleans, where merchandise was purchased and brought back in the boats. From three to four months were required to make the trip. Goods for the first merchants were hauled in wagons from Baltimore, Md., whither the merchants themselves would journey once each year with cattle, cotton, etc., which they would exchange for dry goods, groceries and other commodities. In November, 1815, the Legislature appointed Tyree Rhodes, Ralph Graves and John Hicks commissioners to build a bridge across Richland Creek, at Pulaski, the bridge to be paid for out of moneys derived from the sale of town lots. The bridge was built near the depot, and was the first one in the county. A substantial covered frame bridge was sub- sequently erected in its place, which is in use at the present. The manufacturers of Pulaski, between 1818 and 1825, were as follows: John E. Holden, cabinet-maker; James Lynch, turning-lathe; William Holden, woolen- factory, afterward converted into a steam saw-mill; Robert Hamby, tannery; George Everly, battery; Thomas Wilkerson, gunsmith; Adam R. Farres, silversmith; Henry Cowper, saddlery; Henry Piden, blacksmith; Samuel Anderson, cabinet-maker. During the same period Capt. James Patteson kept a hotel, and William Willis a livery stable. A census of the heads of families in Pulaski, taken in 1820, returned the following: Sam- uel Pearson, Jeremiah Parker, Alfred M. Harris, Shadrack Nye, Nathaniel Moody, James Patteson, James Perney, Samuel J. Anderson, Thomas Wilkerson, James Connor, John E. Holden, William English, William Connor, Francis Guthrie, Nathaniel Allman, William Royle, Bernard M. Patteson, Lunsford M. Bramlett, German Lester, W. R. Davis, Robert Gibson, Tyran M. Yancy, Amos Davis, John Brown, Jesse Day, Francis Hicks, William Hamby Mathias Sharon, John B. Connor, Robt. Crockett, Marterson, B. McCormack, A. V. BrowJi* Elizabeth Berry, Judith Birch, Elizabeth Hooks, Mary Scott, William Ball, Thomas White, Joseph H. Hodge, John McCrackin, William Rose, Francis Alexander, Joseph Trotter, Henry Hogan, Fountain Lester and Archibald Story. The merchants of Pulaski in business between 1820 and 1830, were Thomas Martin, James Perry, Nathaniel G. Nye, Andrew M. Balentine, Andrew Fay, Samuel Kercheval and Toggert & Christy. Between 1830 and 1840 the merchants were Edward Rose, Keenan, Walker & Guy, James McConnell, H. E. Lester, Lester & Hoag, P. H. Brady, Andrew Fay, Joseph C. Ray & Co., Brown & Ezell, Block Bros., Bell & Mason, Lither- man & McNairy. Simonton & Oliver, Jones & Armstrong, J. W. Carpenter, Riddle, Smith & Robinson and Butler & Story. Between 1840 and 1850: Balentine & Gough, J. H. Taylor, M. Nassau, H. C. Lester & Bro., Martin & Tapp, Booker & Shepperd, W. H. Lime, Samuel Kercheval, Bell & Mason, Yerger & Shawl, Balentine, Ezell & Co., Mason & Ezell, Martin & Ray, Benjamin Carter, J. C. Carter, B. F. Carter & Sons, A. M. Car- ter & Co., and May and Neil. Between 1850 and 1860: Ezell & Bro., May & Neil, Mar- tin, Ray & Co., A. M. Carter & Co., May & Bros., Mason & Ezell, P. H. Ezell, Balentine & Son, Batte & Patteson, Martin & Amos, Armstrong & Nassau, Fuller & Abernathy, J. P. Skillerm, Davidson & Allen, Brannon & Carson, Martin & Stacey, John Kounts and Ray, Harris & Co. There were no merchants in business during the war, all stores, save an occasional sutler's stand, being closed. Between 1865 and 1870 the merchants were R. A. Gordon, Shepperd & Son., Ezell & Edmonson, Balentine & Ezell, Taylor & Son, May Bros., Cox & Reynolds, John B. Ezell, Flautt, Martin & Co., Rosenau & Bros., and A. Lazere'ss. The merchants of ,' 1870 and 1880 were Arrowsmith & Brannon, H. Abrams, Dickenson & Co., J. R. C. Brown & Co., J. H. Cannon & Co., P. H. Ezell & Son, Flautt, Martin & Co., Heins & Hannaburgh, R. B. Gibson, Erwin & Lindsey, George W. McGrew, J. P. & A. E. May, James T. McKissack & Co., L. Nassau, Pullen & Chil- 762 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. dress, Pope & Toller, L. Rosenau &Bros., J. P. Rankin, Rosenau & Loreman, Sumpter& Lacy, S. P. Sternau, Robert Shepperd & Co., aud H. O'Lenskey. Business of Pulaski at present: W. H. Abernathy, clothier; Brannon & Smith, Aber- nathy & Lightfoot, L. Rosenau & Bros., A. E. May & Son, Solinsky & Feinburgh, F. Ar- rowsmith & Co., W. S. Rose & Son and H. G. Brown, dry goods; Nelson, May & Martin and Carter & Buford, hardware; H. M. Grigsby. Anderson & Arrowsmith, Craig & Co. and Pope & Gordon, drugs; F. M. Burch, W. J. Nance & Son, J. S. Reynolds, T. J. Wells, J. S. Childress & Co., R. W. Woodward, Spear & McGrew, D. E. Spear & Son, James Davis, J. P. Rankin, Barrington & Lewis and R. S. Williams, family groceries; W. R. Craig, grain dealer; John West and James T. Oaks & Co., undertakers and furniture dealers; Walter Moffitt, merchant tailor; J. H. Cannon & Co., boots and shoes; T. H. May aud W. B. Smith.son, books and stationery; B. S. Cheek and G. N. McGrew, confections; Miss M. A. Smith & Co. and Mrs. F. M. Rudd, milliners; John Matthews and H. Rose- crans, saddles and harness; P. M. Ezell and J. C. Young & Co., tinware; W. H. Rose and I. H. Rainey, livery stables; Maclin & Robinson, meat market; hotels — Linden House, J. A. P. Skillern, proprietor, and the St. Giles Hotel, Bledsoe & Brown, proprietors; Jones & White, real estate agents; W. B. Smithson, E. Edmonson, Will S. Ezell, James R. Crow and George T. Riddle, insurance agents; Edward F. McKissack, J. T. Grant, G. A. McPeters, dentists; Drs. C. C. & C. A. Abernathy, Dr. J. C. Roberts, Dr. William Batt, Dr. W. E. Wilson, Dr. Gordon and Dr. Millhouse, practicing physicians. The Giles Na- tional Bank, S. E. Rose, president, John D. Flautt, cashier, w^as established in 1872, and the People's National Bank, J. P. May, president, George T. Riddle, cashier, was estab- lished in 1883. Both banks do a general banking business. The town has one of the best opera houses to be found outside of the cities. The building is 42x84 feet, with an arched ceiling, beautifully frescoed, and has a seating capacity for 800 persons. The manufactories of Pulaski are as follows: W. N. Webb & Son, general machine shops; Webb & McGrew, woolen factory; McCord & Co., flouring-mill; T. W. Pittman & Co., planing-mill; Williams & Watson, planing and saw-mill; Graham & Son, carriage factory; McGrew & Son, J. B. Childress, tan-yards; Leon Godfroy and J. A: Casey, silver- smiths; Morris & Bro. and Woodring & Sullivan, marble works; Bradley Bros, and D. E. Spear, blacksmith; Owen Callihan and W. A. Manning, boot aud shoe-makers. There are two newspapers in Pulaski, the only ones in Giles County, both of which are excellent papers with fair patronage, and both belong to the Democratic'party in politics. The Pu- laski Citizen, of which McCord & Smith are proprietors and L. D. McCord is editor, was established in 1858, and the Pulaski Democrat, J. G. Ford, editor and proprietor, was established in August, 1886. In addition to these two papers, there is a job' printing office in Pulaski, of which Charles F. Carter is proprietor. The secret societies of Pulaski are as follows: Lawrence Lodge, No. 16, F. & A. M., was the first lodge in Giles County., being instituted in August, 1816. In 1821 the lodge forfeited its charter by a failure to elect officers, and in 1824 a new charter was obtained and the lodge revived as Lafayette Lodge, No. 57. During the suspension of Masonry, be- tween 1834 and 1841, the lodge ceased to work, and in 1842 was again revived under a new charter as Pulaski Lodge, No. 101, and continues as such at the present. Pulaski Lodge, No. 12, I. O. O. F., was established in 1845, The charter was destroyed during the war but the lodge did not suspend active work, and at the close of the war a duplicate charter was obtained and is in force at the present. Pulaski Chapter, No. 20, R. A. M., was organ- ized in 1859; Stonewall Lodge, No. 112, K. P., was organized in 1874; Friendship Lodge, No. 104, K. of H., was organized in 1875; Richland Council, No. 407, A. L. of H., estab- lished in 1881; Mystic Lodge, No. 25, xi. O. U. W.. established in 1877; Giles Council, No. 409, R. A., organized in 1880; Pulaski Lodge, No. 170, G. T., organized in 1884; Pulaski Y. M. C. A., organized in 1880; Pulaski Commandery, No. 12, K. T., organized in 1871. There fs one church each of Methodist Episcopal South, Cumberland Presbyterian, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Christian denominations in Pulaski. Pulaski was incorporated in 1820, and Elisha Eldridge was the first mayor, and Shad- GILES COUNTY. 763 rack Nye the first recorder and treasurer. The present town officers are as follows: Mayor, P. Smith; recorder and treasurer, John Dyer; marshal, J. M. McDonald; policeman, Joseph Flippin; aldermen — J. H. Lightfoot, M. C. Caraody, T. J. Walls, R. B. Crow and H. A. Rosecrans. The streets are as follows: Those running east and west — Washington, Madison, Jeifer- son. College, Flower, Hemp, Cotton and Depot; those running north and south — First, Second, Third, Mill Lane and Cemetery. The streets are lighted with gas, the gas being manufactured and furnished by the Pulaski Gas Company, the works of which were es- tablished in 1882. The company is composed of Messrs. Chess, Carley & Co., of Louisville, Ky. The local manager is Mr. F. Winship. The streets are also macadamized and fur- nish some delightful drives. The Giles County Agricultural Society was organized in 1876 and hold annual exhibitions at their grounds near Pulaski. Elkton, one of the oldest towns of the county, is situated in the Ninth District, fifteen miles southeast from Pulaski, three miles above the mouth of Richland Creek, on Elk River, and has a population of between 150 and 200. Soon after the organization of the county two towns were laid off on Elk River, one immediately at the mouth of Richland Creek and the other a short distance below. They were named Upper and Lower Elkton. Later on another town was laid off about three miles above the upper town, on Elk River, and lots sold by Dr. Purcell and others, which town was named Elkton; thus at one time there were three separate and distinct towns on Elk River within a few miles of each other, and all bearing the same name with the prefix of Lower and Upper only to distinguish them. In the course of fifteen or twenty years Lower and Upper Elkton lost their identity as towns, the citizens moving from time to time to Elkton and other points, and of the •three villages only Elkton remains at present. The business of Elkton at present is as follows: A. W. Moore and T. E. Dailey, general merchandise; A. G. Ezell «fe Milton Car- ter, J. J. Upshot, John R. Beasley and P. W. Nave, dry goods and groceries; N. M. Hollis & Co., and Stephen Dunn, blacksmiths. There are two white and one colored churches in Elkton, as follows: Methodist Episcopal and Cumberland Presbyterian, and Colored Missionary Baptist. The schools of the town consist of a chartered high school, or academy, and the common school for the colored people. Lynnville, th.e second town in size and importance, is situated forty- three and a half miles north of Pulaski, in the Fifteenth District, and on the Nashville & Decatur Rail- road, and has a population of about 400. Originally the town stood about a mile from the railroad, and was known as Old Lynnville, but in 1860, upon the completion of the rail- road, was moved over to the road, being at present in the old town about seventy-five in- habitants and one store, which is kept by Smith & Reed, an undertaking establishment by J. C. Gibbs, and a blacksmith shop by Clifford Fry, while John Wagstaff runs a water power gi'ist-mill on Lynn Creek, near town. The old town was laid off on Lynn Creek in about 1810-11. A Cumberland Presbyterian, Christian and Colored Methodist and Baptist Churches are situated in the old town, though no school is taught there. The business of liynuville proper is conducted as follows: Smith &Bros., Geo. S. Tate, Wagstaff &Bro., C. H. Witt, and F. M. Walker, dry goods; J. B. McCall, Shields Bros., H. Thomas and Heindman & Mcintosh, family groceries; W. B. Pepper and Royster & Co.. drugs; Griffis Bros., grain dealers; John Boulie, tin shop; J. W. Dickerson, undertaker; J. B. Bray, planing-mill; James Ridenberry, wood-worker; Thomas Fry and J. H. Lancaster, blacksmiths. The churches are the iPresbyterian, Methodist and Primitive Baptist, all white. Half way between Lynnville and Old Lynnville is a splendid high school, which . is operated under a four-mile law charter, and which supplies! the educational facilities for both towns. Prospect, a flourishing village on the Nashville & Decatur Railroad, has a population of 200. The town lies thirteen miles south of Pulaski, in the Second District. The mer- chants of Prospect are R. F. Mays, Gilbert & Reed and J. H. Hazlewood, general stores^ and Dr. Cardwell, drugs. N. V. Davis and Dr. Cardwell operate cotton-gins, and T. H. Browning has a blacksmith shop. The secret societies are the Masons, Knights of Honor 764 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and Good Templars, the first named order having a large and commodioua hall. There are but two churches in the town, the Methodist South and Colored Baptist. The Pros- pect High School is the one institution of learning in the town. Aspin Hill, with a population of 150, is another town in the Second District, situated eight miles south from Pulaski, on the railroad. The one store of the village is kept by W. G. Inman, who does a general merchandise business. There is also a Methodist Church and a good public school at Aspin Hill, and the people are a thrifty, moral class. Campbellsville lies in the Fourteenth District, eight miles west from Lynnville, and has a population of about seventy-five. There are two stores in the village, those of Mirh & Hubbard and Cowan & Co., general merchants. Dew & Wright are the blacksmiths. The only church in the town is the Cumberland Presbyterian. A good high school is also located in the town. Other villages are Buford, Wales and Veto on the railroad, and Bunker Hill, Bradshaw, Bodenham and Pisgah away from the railroad. The first school in Giles County of which there is now any record or recollection was the Pulaski Academy which was chartered by act of the General Assembly, passed No- vember 23, 1809, just nine days after the passage of the act establishing the county. The act appointed as trustees of the academy John Sappington, Nelson Patteson, Tyree Rhodes, Samuel Jones, Somersett Moore, Charles Buford, and Charles Neeley. There being a surplus of money from the sale of town lots, the commissioners were authorized by the General Assembly to invest a portion of the same in a tract of land upon which to locate and erect a college building and the present commanding and beautiful site on East Hill was purchased. In September 1812, the name of the academy was changed from Pulaski Academy to that of Wurtemburg Academy, and William Purcell, David Woods and Alfred M. Harris were appointed additional trustees. In 1849 a college charter was obtained for the academy by the name of Giles College, when the present large, commodious brick building was erected at a cost of about $15,000. In 1810 a school was taught by John Morgan in the Weakley Creek neighborhood, and in 1811 a school was taught in the same neighborhood by Rev. James B. Porter. The-first classic school taught outside of Pulaski was established by Rev. David Weir in 1812, near the junction of Lynn Creek and Robertson Fork. The school was one of the leading ones of its day, and was taught for many years. At a very early date an excellent female academy was established in Pulaski, and suitable buildings were erected on the lot now owned by J. B. Childress. In 1830 the property was exchanged for the lot upon which the Episcopal rectory now stands, which building was erected for the academy. This building became damaged by a crack in the walls in 1853, to such an extent as to be considered dangerous, and a short time before the late war the property was sold and the school discontinued. The teachers of Wurtemburg Academy from 1824 were as follows: William W. Patter, William Loring, William Price, Mr. Meudum, John C. Brown, Daniel G. Ander- son, Benjamin F. Mitchell, John A. McRoberts, Woodberry Mitchell, James L. Jones, Prof. Sharp, John H. Stewart, Charles G Rogers and Alfred H. Abernathy. Of the Fe- male Academy, the teachers were Rev. James Hall Brooks, Mrs. Thomasson, Mr. Davis, Dr. Rowles, and Rev. Robert Caldwell, the latter being one of the most celebrated edu- cators of his day. In 1870 Thomas Martin, one of the leading citizens and business men of Pulaski, and a pillar of the Methodist Church, died and left $30,000 to be expended in the establish- ment and endowment of a college for young ladies, to be located at Pulaski. In 1872, in accordance with Mr. Martin's bequest, Martin College was chartered, and handsome and commodious brick buildings were erected in 1873. The buildings will accommodate from 80 to 100 pupils. The study hall, recitation and music rooms, as well as parlors and sleep- ing apartments, are well lighted and ventilated, and are unusually large and pleasant. The many conveniences embrace a fire escape, elevator, covered galleries, etc. The grounds cover an area of about]eight acres, and are beautifully laid out in walks and flower gardens. The buildings and grounds cost about $30,000. John S. Wilkes is the presi- GILES COUNTY. 765 dent and Ida E. Hood and Susan L. Heron, principals. The board of trust is composed as follows: J. S. Wilkes, president; William S. Ezell, vice-president; L. W. McCord, sec- retary; J. B. Childers, treasurer; J. P. May, John T. Steele, John D. Flautt, Wm. F. Ballentine, H. M. Brannan and J. S. Childers. There are chartered schools at Lynnville, Prospect, Elkton, Aspin Hill and other points in the county, all of which have a good attendance. The public schools are in a healthy condition, and are conducted for six months in the year. In 1885 the scholastic population of Giles County was as follows: White, male 4,143, female 3,789— total, 7,932 ; colored, male, 2,695, female, 2,499— total, 5,194; total, white and colored, 13,126. The semi-annual apportionments of school money in 1885 was for Giles County as follows: April apportionment, $1,730.27; October apportionment, $1,730.27. During 1885 the numbers of teachers employed in Giles County was as fol- lows: White, male, 74, female, 29; colored, male, 25, female, 18; total, 146. The number of schools and school districts in the county are as follows: White schools, 103; colored, 48; total, 146. Number of school districts in county, 20. In 1885 there were two institutes held in the county, which were attended by 103 teachers. The number of teachers licensed in the county in 1885 were as follows: White, male, 74, female, 29; colored, male, 25, female, 18; total, white and colored male and female, 146. There were in 1885 pupils enrolled as follows: White, male, 3,314, female, 3,031; colored, male, 2,156, female, 2,009; total, white and colored, 10,510. In the same year there were 51 frame and 26 log schoolhouses in the county, making a total of 77 schoolhouses in the county. Probably the first church organization in Giles County was the Baptist Church at Cross Water, which was organized in 1808 by the Buchanans, Ezells and other settlers of that neighborhood. A log meeting-house was erected in 1809, which stood for a number of years, until torn down and a new and more commodious one was built: which was given the name of Old Zion. Other early churches of this denomination were erected as follows: Lynn Creek Church in 1810, Indian Creek Church, Robertson Fork Church, and a church near the Martin Wood's place in 1811. In 1815 the Baptists organized a church irti Pulaski, and in about 1820 erected a substantial brick church building. The organiza- tion dying out in after years, the building was sold and converted into a private residence, since when there has been no Baptist Church in the town. In about 1809 the Methodists organized their first church and erected a log meeting- house on Lynn Creek, one and a half miles north of old Lynnville, of which Rev. Pruit was the first preacher. In 1810 that denomination organized and erected a church at Mount Pisgah, and soon afterward the "Brick" Church was erected in what is now the Seventeenth Civil District. In 1811 Rehobeth Church, one of the most celebrated of the early Methodist churches, was erected on the Pulaski & Elkton Pike, four miles southeast of the former place. During the same year a Methodist Church was erected on Indian Creek, about three miles southwest of Bee Spring. Bethel Church, on Elk River, was erected in 1817, almost entirely alone by Wm. R. Brown. Mount Gilead Church was erected in 1830, and Hopewell Church in 1829. Sometime in 1820 a log church was erected on Third Street in Pulaski. Later on a large brick church was erected, which was afterward sold to the Odd Fellows, and in 1851 the present substantial brick church was erected at a cost of about $8,000. The twenty-second session of the Tennessee Conference was held in Pulaski, commencing November 6, 1833, being held in the court house. In 1830 a large camp ground was established at Prospect and a church subsequently erected, known by that name. The Presbyterian's organized and erected their first church in the county at Elk Ridge, two and one-half miles east of Lynnville, in about 1810, of which Rev. David Weir was the first preacher. Marr's Hill Church was erected the following year. In 1812 the Pu- laski Church was erected, of which Rev. Gideon Blackburn was the first preacher. In 1820 tlie Presbyterians and Masonic lodge joined finances, and erected a large brick church and Masonic hall combined, and in 1852 the present brick church was erected at a cost of about $7,000. In 1822 the Tennessee Presbytery met at the court house in Pulaski. 766 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. The first church organized and erected in Giles County by the Cumberland Presbyte- rians was Mount Moriah, in the Thirteenth District, in the fall of 1811. The organization took place at the residence of Reese Porter, whose son, James B., was the first preacher in charge of the church. The Shoal Creek Church was erected in 1818 in the Paisley neighborhood, of which Rev. A. Smith was the first preacher. The Pulaski Church was organized in July, 1828. In 1840 a large brick church was erected, which was subseriuently torn down, and the present handsome edifice erected, in 1882, at a cost of about $10,000. All of these early churches had their camp-grounds, and conducted camp-meetings until about 1840, and in some instances until within a few years of the breaking out of the late war. The Pulaski Episcopal Church was organized in about 1849 or 1850, and held services in the Odd Fellow's Hall until 1854, when the congregation purchased the old Female College building, and converted the same into a rectory, which is in use at the present time. The congregation has a beautiful lot, and it is the intention to erect a handsome church edifice thereon at no distant day. The Pulaski Christian Church was established in 1859, and for a while held their meetings in the court house, but at present meet in the Odd Fellow's Fall. The churches of the present, outside of the towns, in the county are as follows, by civil districts: First District — Smyrna; Mount Pleasant, Methodist Episcopal South, and Union Hill, Missionary Baptist. Second District — Fetusia, Cumberland Presbyterian; Liberty, Methodist Episcopal South; Ridge, Baptist, and Poplar Hill, used by all denom- inations. Third District — Pleasant Hill, Beach Grove, Cumberland Presbyterian; Mount Zion, Beach Spring, Baptists; Bethel, Carmel and Hebron, Methodist Episcopal South. Fourth District — Bluff Spring, Missionary Baptist; Puncheon Camp, Hard Shell Baptist; Booth's Chapel, Pleasant Ridge, Methodist Episcopal South; Shoal Bluff and Noblett's Chapel, Christian. Fifth District — Rural Hill, Christian; Loan Oak, Methodist Episcopal South; Weakley Creek and Old Side, Baptist; and Mount Joy, Colored Cumberland Pres- byterian, and Chestnut Grove, Colored Missionary Baptist. Sixth District — Mount Mor- iah, Cumberland Presbyterian; Trinity, Chestnut Grove, Cedar Grove, Methodist Episcopal South; Cool Spring, Christian; and Cedar Grove, Martin Box, Anthony Hill, African Methodist Episcopal, and Rocky Point,- Colored Baptist. Eighth District — Sharon, Pres- byterian, and Rockey Mount, Colored Presbyterian. Tenth District — Mount Pleasant and Mount Zion, Methodist Episcopal South. Eleventh District — Blooming Grove, Friend- ship, Parson's School House, Methodist Episcopal South, and Old Zion, Baptist. Twelfth District — Union, Baptist; Mount Olivet, Methodist Episcopal South, and Lilburn Chapel, American Methodist Episcopal. Thirteenth District — Pleasant Valley, Pleasant Hill, Methodist Episcopal South; Minnow Branch, Methodist, Baptist and Cumberland Pres- byterian combined, and Pleasant Hill, African Methodist Episcopal. Fourteenth Dis- trict — Taylor's Chapel, Williams' Chapel, Methodist Episcopal South; Gibsonville, Primi- tive Baptist; Center Point, Christian, and Powell's Chapel, Christian. Fifteenth District — Antioch, Methodist Episcopal South. Sixteenth District — Ash Gap and Simpson's Chapel, Methodist Episcopal South. Seventeenth District— Mount Zion, Baptist and "Brick" Church, Methodist Episcopal South. Eighteenth District— Hurricane Creek, Shoal Creek, Egnew Creek, Methodist Episcopal South, and Scott's Hill, Baptist. Nineteenth District — Pleasant Valley, Hebron, Salem, Methodist Episcopal South: Pleasant Hill, Bap- tist, and St. Matthew, African Methodist Episcopal, and Philippi, Colored Cumberland Pres- byterian. Twentieth District — Mount Pisgah, Bee Spring, Mount Zion, Methodist Epis- copal South; Unity, Primitive Baptist, and Indian Creek, Hard Shell Baptist. LINCOLN COUNTY. 767 LINCOLN COUNTY. LINCOLN COUNTY is bounded on the north by the counties of Marshall, Bedford, and Moore; on the east by Moore and Franklin; on the south by the State of Ala- bama; and on the west by Giles County. It lies almost wholly within the central basin of Middle Tennessee, The geological situation of the county is about equally divided be- tween the siliceous group of the lower Carboniferous formation, and the Nashville group of the Silurian formation. On the line of railroad may be seen large quantities of black shale, which is so impregnated with petroleum or bitumen that it will sustain for a month a fire when kindled on it. This black shale is also rich in sulphuret of iron, by the decom- position of which copi)eras and alum are formed. It easily disintegrates upon exposure and is valueless except for the manufacture of the salts mentioned. Many of the lime- stone rocks are but aggregations of fossil remains. A few miles east of Fayetteville is a quarry where a very fair article of reddish variegated marble is found. This marble is sometimes injured by particles of iron pyrites. The county is divided into two almost equal parts by the Elk River, which with its numerous tributaries affords it excellent water facilities. The streams which enter this river from the north are Bradshaw Creek, Swan Creek, Cane Creek, Norris Creek, Mulberry Creek, Roundtree Creek, Tucker Creek and Farris Creek. Those from the south are Shelton Creek, Duke Creek, Stew- art Creek, Wells Creek, Coldwater Creek, and Kelley Creek. Between Elk River and the Alabama line is a belt of high land which is the watershed between Elk River and the Tennessee. This watershed embraces a strip about eight miles wide and includes nearly one-third of the county. It is an exceedingly level high plateau and is not well drained. The sub-soil is a pale yellowish clay porous and leachy except in swamps where the clay is bluish. However, a few spots are found with a good red clay subsoil, and when this is found, lands are rated higher. No limestone is seen on this plateau and the main vege- tation is wild growth. The remainder of the county comprises spacious valleys, alternating with productive hills and ridges. Upon some of the hills however, the loose limestone lies in such abund- ance as to preclude cultivation. The valleys of Elk River and Cane Creek will average a mile in width, and the latter is probably fifteen miles long. The land in these two valleys is as productive as any in the State. Many knolls near Elk River are upraised alluvium. An abundance and a general variety of timber grows in the county. It is mainly of the following varieties: Linn, buckeye, hickory, poplar, box elder, black walnut, wild cherry, black locust, chestnut, beech, gum, dogwood, ironwood, horn beam, sugar tree, hack- berry, cedar and elm. As early as 1784 land explorers passed through this section, and some surveys were made and grants issued prior to 1790. North Carolina grants for land in this county were issued to John Hodge, Robert Walker and Jesse Comb in 1793. There are also land grants recorded in the office of Lincoln County Register, bearing date of 1794, to the fol- lowing persons: William Smith, Elizabeth W. Lewis, Ezekiel Norris, William Edmon- son, Alexander Greer, Thomas Perry, Thomas Edmonson, Matthew Buchanan, Matthew McClure, Andrew Greer and John Steele.^ In the spring of 1806 James Bright, at the head of a surveying party, passed where Fayetteville now stands, striking Elk River near the mouth of Nelson Creek. He found a very rank growth of cane and occasionally dis- ■ covered Indian trails. Near Fayetteville he found a deposit of periwinkle and muscle shells, giving evidence of an Indian village site, and by some it is supposed that this was the village in which De Soto camped through the winter of 1540-41. This suppositioji 768 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. has recently been strengthened by the finding of a coin bearing the inscription of the Cpesars. It is impossible to tell Avho first settled within the present bounds of Lincoln County. The first settlers are now all in their graves and many liave no descendants in the count3^ In the fall of 1806 Ezekiel Norris settled on his grant of 1,280 acres of land at the mouth of Norris Creek, and this creek is all that now bears his name in the county. He was a shrewd man. Being led to donate 100 acres of land for the county seat under the false representation that other parties had made the same offer, he afterward sued the county and recovered f 700 for the land. He was probably the fii'st permanent white settler in the county. James Bright also became a citizen of the county, and many deeds are recorded trans- ferring land from him to other parties. For twenty-five years he was clerk of the circuit court and was clerk and master of the chancery court for a term of years. John Greer, a very wealthy man, settled near the mouth of Cane Creek on his large tract of land. He took interest in organizing the county and in conducting the public affairs afterward He was once general of the militia. He erected a valuable mill for those days on Elk River, two miles from Fayetteville. Joseph Greer settled on his vast domain on Cane Creek near Petersburg. He was a giant in stature, standing six feet seven inches and "well built proportionately." He was one of the forty gallant defenders of Watauga Station in 1769. He was also a hero of King's Mountain, and it was he who bore the news of that splendid victory to Congress, then sitting in Pliiladelphia. He dressed in the style of the old aristocratic Virginia gen- tleman. Thomas Leonard, Hugh M. Blake, Jesse Riggs, Peter Luna, James Blakemore, Capt. William Crunk and John and Ezekial March were also settlers on Cane Creek in the first and second decades of this century. Crur^k and Blakemore were noted for their so- cial qualities, and dances were frequent at their homes. On Swan Creek, N. G. Pinson, Joel Pinson and Wright Williams were prominent "first cane cutters," and men who bore their share of the load in administering public affairs. In what is now embraced in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Civil Districts the first settlements were made by James McCormick, John Anderson, Henry Taylor and Richard Wyatt. On Norris Creek early homes were made by Fieldeu McDaniel, Moses Hardin, William Edmonson, John Ray, George Cunningham, Samuel Todd, Isaac Congo, Jenkins and Parks. On Mul- berry Creek were John J. Whittaker, a good and prominent man; John Morgan, grand- father of Hon. John M. Bright, Brice M. Garner, who soon removed to Fayetteville, and Gen. William Moore. Others were the several Whitakers, Hardy Holman, William Brown, Enoch Douthat, the Waggoners and Isaac Sebastian. Other settlements on Norris Creek were made prior to 1810 by Ebenezer McEwen, Robert Higgins, Amos Small and Philip Fox. It is said that Davy Crockett also lived in the vicinity of the waters of Mulberry, in the eastern part of the county, in 1809-10. In Fayetteville James Bright, who is mentioned above, was one of the most promi- nent first settlers. James Buchanan, Francis Porterfield, Brice M. Garner, John P. Mc- ■ Connell, Robert C. Kennedy, Benjamin Clements, and many others, made up the first citizens of the town. Alexander Beard settled near Fayetteville, south of the river. He had a large body of land, but lost a great portion of it in confirming his title, which, among many other North Carolina grants, was contested. Philip Koonce settled betvi'een Shel- ton Creek and Duke Creek in 1807 or 1808, and near by him, on Shelton Creek, settled Henry Kelso, about the same time. Tunstall Gregory settled on the waters of Shelton Creek, and John Duke on Duke Creek. Michael Rolinson was one of the first settlers on Coldwater Creek; but an old man, named Abbot, lived in that part of the county "five years, before he knew anj' one else lived within one hundred miles of him," so says one who vouches for tlje truth of it. A great many settlements were made prior to 1810, on the waters of Coldwater, but names can not be obtained. A man named Peyton Wells was the first to make a home in the vicinity of Wells' Hill. He kept a noted " ordinary " •or tavern. A man named Harper was the first to settle on the branch that now bears his name. Joseph Dean and William Todd soon became his neighbors. LINCOLN COUNTY. 769 The southeastern part of the county was sparsely settled along in the "twenties, " but the barrenness of the soil has deterred many from locating there. Many other settlers suffered privations and hardships, as well as those above given, but their names and places of settlement are lost to reliable tradition. In 1808 land en- tries were made by the following: Anthony Foster, Daniel Cherry, John Morgan, Benja- min Fitzrandolph and George Maxwell. Other land entries were made as follows: 1809— Adam Meek, William Richey. Robert Davis, Nicholas Perkins, John Richardson, Joseph Greer, Michael Robertson, W. P. Anderson, Oliver Williams, Nicholas Coonrod, Newton Cannon, Wright Morgan, Abram Maury, Stephen Holbert, Malcom Gilchrist, William Martin, Edward Bryans, Jacob Castleman, Nimrod Williams, Jesse Franklin, John Tes- ley, Daniel Kinley, Philip Phillips, Michael Campbell, Samuel Garland, William Town- zen, Robert Bigham and Robert Tucker. 1810— Armstead Stubblefield, Abuer Wells, William Rountree, Lemuel Koonce, Thomas R. Butler, Francis Nichson, John- Cunning- ham, William Edmiston, James Buchanan, Morris Shaw, Thomas Edmiston, John Alcorn, Robert Elliott. Robert Nelson, James Winchester and Thomas Hickman. 1811-13 — Reu- ben Stuart, John Cone, Timothy Hunter, James Coats, Roger B. Sapington, Henry Rutherford. 181 3-14— Robert C. Kennedy, Robert Henry, Alexander Newberry, Brice M. Garner, John Coffman, Francis McCown, Mary Gray, David Cowen, Hugh Heart- grave, James McBride, Joseph Garner, Jeremiah Burks, Elyan Clements, Alden Tuck- er, Thomas Clark, Joel Butler,'' Daniel Read, William McGehee, Jesse George, Edward Harding, Samuel Ragsdale, Samuel Yager and Aaron Dutton. 1815-20— William Dick- son, Jr., Jesse Pugh, William Smith, Warren Calhoun, LavisPugh, John Russell, Andrew Greer, William Dickson, David McGlathery, Henry Rutherford, David Dodd, James Boyle, John Clark, George Price, Joseph Byers and Joseph Street. Doubtless many other grants were issued, the records of which are lost. Many of the above persons settled here before obtaining their grants, and some who obtained grants did not permanently settle, and even some were speculators who never lived in the county. On account of the climate and the fertile soil settlers were attracted to Lincoln County, and in 1833 it had a population of 10,788 free white persons. Since then parts of the county have been formed into other counties. In 1880 the population was 26,960. Among the oldest persons now living in the county and who have been in the county since its pioneer days, are Hon. John M. Bright, Rev. J. W. Holman and C. A. French, of Fayetteville, and Hugh M. Blake and Joseph Gill, of Petersburg. Early pioneers found it no trival matter to develop their farms and raise their families. Not only was farm- ing to be developed, but milling, merchandising, schools and churches, all required atten- tion. However, these people were happy in their condition, and various were their amusements. Fayetteville, Petersburg and Arnold's Grocery (now Smithland) were noted places for settlement of all grudges, in "pummelling" fights. The lookers-on en- joyed this very much, and it was their duty to see fair play. No weapons or mi.ssiles were to be used, and "it was not fair to bite." In Fayetteville was a "grocery," in which fighting was such a common occurrence that it was known as the "war office." Militia musters were "big days" for the people. Grist-mills were erected on the creeks and on Elk River, and there were several horse- mills in the county. To these horse-mills each man took his own horse or horses, and hitched them to the sweep to turn the mill while his grist was grinding. The water- mills were more economical, that is, they needed no horse power. Joel Yowell, an early citizen of Petersburg, had a large horse-mill two mdes from Petersburg, with a hand-bolting machine attached. Jesse Rlggs and Thomas Leonard also had mills of this kiud. Leonard and Yowell had wheat threshers attached to their mills, and Leonard also had a cotton-gin attached. However, threshing was mostly done by "tramping it out." In 1811 the county court granted Elias Lunsford permission to build a saw mill on Mulberry Creek. This mill was built the following year. In 1814 David I'. Monroe built a grist-mill on the west fork of Cane Creek. Francis Finchee built a grist-mill in 1815. In 1820 Nathaniel B. Binkiugham built a mill on Cane Creek on a tract of school land. 770 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Taverns were numerous, and were situated in all parts of the county without regard to towns. Ephraim Parham, Vance Greer, William Cross, Brice M. Garner and John Kelley obtained tavern license in 1811. Collins Leonard, Jesse Riggs, Cornelius Slater, John D. Spain, John P. McConnell, Elisha Boyles, Willie Garrett, George Stobah,C. R. Mil- born, David Cobb, Joseph Dean, JohnParks. William Smith, Walter Kinnard, Enoch Dou- that, John H. Zevillj^ John Houston, John Parks, Thomas Rountree and William Mitchell were other tavern keepers in tlie teens. These taverns were also known as "ordinaries," "houses of entertainment," etc. Elk River was crossed by means of ferries. Ezekiel Norris had one of the first ferries on the river. William P. Anderson established a ferry at the moutli of Farris Creek in 1830, and Andrew Hannah, in 1822, established one at Hannah Ford. Produce was marketed by means of flat-boats carrying it out of Elk River and down to New Orleans, and by wagons to Nashville. The very earliest merchants obtained their goods mainly from Baltimore, and brought them here bj^ wagons from that city. Estill & Garner were experienced flat-boatmen. They took out boats each year, and returned on foot from New Orleans. At first cotton was not raised here to any extent, and that article was obtained in Alabama and freighted by wagons. Scouting Indians frequented these first settlements, but very few depredations were committed by them. It is handed down by reliable tradition that three men, whose names were Taylor, Anderson and Reed were scalped by the Indians while out searching for a horse. Another incident oc- curred wherein the Indians forced their waj'' into a house where a woman was making soap. The woman had secreted hei'self behind the door with a gourd full of boiling soap, and upon their entrance she "anointed" the dirty red-skins with telling effect, caus- ing them to flee for cooler parts. Lincoln County was created by an act of the Legislature in 1809. The following is the act so far jvs it relates to establishment of the county: An act to est\bltsii a County soutii of Bedford, to be known by the name of Lincoln. Section 1. Be it enacted by the Oeneral Assembly of Tennessee, That Lincoln County shall be laid off and established within the following bounds, to wit: Beginning on the northeast corner of Giles County and extending south with the eastern boundary line of Giles County to the southern boundary line of the State; thence with that line east to a point due south of the mouth of Cove Spring Creek; thence north to the southern bound- ary line of Bedford County; and tlience, with tiie said line, westwardly, to the beginning. Sec. 2. Be it enacted, That John Whitaker, Sr., Wright Williams, Eli Garret, Littleton Duty and Jesse Woodruff be, and they are hereby, appointed commissioners with full power to procure by purchase, or otherwise, 100 acres of land on or near the north bank of Elk River, as near the center of the county, east and west, as a proper situation will admit of, and at all events not more than two miles from said center. Sec. 3. Be it enacted. That the said commissioners, immediately after procuring the aforesaid 100 acres of land, shall cause a town to be laid off thereon, reserving near the center thereof a public square of two acres, on which the court house and stocks shall be built, likewise reserving a lot in any other portion of said town for the purpose of erecting a jail; and the said town, when so laid off, shall be named Fayetteville. Sec. 6. Beit enacted. That the court of pleas and quarter sessions for the county of Lincoln shall be held on the fourth Monday in the months of February, May, August and November annually, at the house of Brice M. Garner until a place is provided for holding the said court in the town of Fayetteville. Sec. 11. Be it enacted, That the militia of the county shall compose the Thirty-ninth Regiment and be attached to the Fifth Brigade. Sec. 14. Be it enacted. That this act shall be in force from the first day of Januar}^ in the year one thousand eight hundred and ten. The county thus established assumed the form of a rectangle in outline, but in 1835 a part of the territory now constituted in Marshall County was taken from the original Lincoln County, and in 1872 Moore County was created, embracing a part of Lincoln. The first county court met Monday, February 26, 1810, at the house of Brice M. Gar- ner, and the following men were qualified justices of the peace by Oliver Williams, Esq., of Williamson County: Thomas L. Trotter, Wright Williams, William Smith, John Whitaker, Sr., William Dickson, William Roundtree, Eli Garrett, Philip Koonce, Henry LINCOLN COUNTY. 771 Kelso, Robert Higgins, Samuel Barns, Littleton Duty, James Fuller, James Stallard, Jesse WoodrufE and Nathan G. Piusou. Philip Koonce was appointed chairman and Thomas H. Benton was made clerk pro tern., and entered the first minutes upon record. County officers were elected, an allowance of $1 each for wolf scalps was made, stock marks were recorded, constables were sworn in, justices were appointed to "take the tax," etc. At this term 2,662 acres of taxable land were reported. Harvey Holman, "Wright Will- iams, Littleton Duty, Eli Garrett and John Whitakerwere appointed to locate the county seat. They bought 100 acres of land of Ezekiel Norris and platted the town of Fayette- ville. At the May term William Allen was fined $3 for "profane swearing,"and at the Au- gust term taxes were laid as follows: 6J cents on each 100 acres of land; 6^ cents on each poll (white and black), and 12^ cents on each stallion. Ferriage rates across Elk River were established at the following: Wagon, team and driver, 50 cents; cart or other two- wheel carriage, 25 cents; man and horse, 6i cents; footman, 6J cents, and live stock 2 cents per head. Tavern rates were made: Good whisky per half pint, 12^ cents; good peach brandy, 12^ cents; good West India rum, 25 cents; good "diet, " 25 cents; good lodging, 6i cents; good "stableage with hay or fodder for 12 hours, " 25 cents; good corn per gallon, 6i cents. Brice M. Garner was allowed $15 for the use of his house for the holding of court, and $30 for furnishing county seal and record books. Jurors were allowed 50 cents each per day for service. At this term -a man entered court with an ear bleeding from being bitten off in a fight. He had the incident recorded at length to avoid the imputation of having been "cropped under the penal laws. " The clerk charged the usual fee for re- cording a hog mark. At a term in 1811 two men were each fined $125 for not attending as witnesses in an important civil suit. The county officers, so far as names and dates can be obtained, liave been as follows: Sheriffs— Cornelius Slater, 1810; John Greer, 1812; Francis Porterfield, 1822; William Hus- band, 1826; Andrew Kincannon, 1828; Alfred Smith, 1833; William C. Blake, 1836; Con- stant Smith, 1840; William B. McLaughlin, 1844; E. G. Buchanan, 1847; Eli L. Hodge, 1848; James Hanks, 1852; W. M. Alexander, 1854; Moses Cruse, 1856; W. M. Alexander. 1858; Moses Cruse, 1860; William Moffett, 1862; John H. Steelman, 1864; William F. Tay- lor. 1866; C. S. Wilson, 1868; F. W. Keith, 1868; H. B. Morgan, 1870; W. A. Millard, 1872; R. F. Holland, 1878; W. A. Cunningham, 1882;. George W. Poindexter. 1884. Trustees- John Rhea, 1810; Ebenezer McEwen, 1816; William Neeld, 1826; Samuel E. Gilleland, 1828. E. M. Ringo, 1836; John J. Ramsay, 1838; Richard White, 1842; E. M. Riugo, 1844; S. J. Isaacs, 1850; William B. Rhea, 1853; William Neeld, 18.54; A. S. Randolph, 1858; William R. Smith, 1862; William P. Neeld, 1864; J. D. Scott, 1866; J. H. Carey, 1868; J. D. Scott, 1870; J. J. Cummins, 1872: H. C. Street, 1874; Henry Henderson, 1876-86. Registers- Samuel Barns, 1810; Cornelius Slater, 1816; Peter M. Ross, 1832; John Goodrich, 1836; Daniel J. Whittington, 1852; Peter Cunningham, 1860; Miles Ramsay, 1862; A. T. Nicks, 1864; A. J. Childress, 1869; P. D. Boyce, 1870; B. B. Thompson, 1874-86. Rangers— Philip Koonce, 1810-41; William Neeld, 1841; William T. Berry, 1843; A. H. Berry, 1848; N. O. Wallace, 1853-86. County Court Clerks— Brice M. Garner, 1810-32; Robert S. Inge, 1832. F. L. Kincannon, 1832; Charles Boyles, 1836; George W. Jones, 1840; Harmon Husband, 1843; Henry Kelso, 1844; George Cunningham, 1852; E. L. Hodge, 1854; Norris Leather- wood, 1857; Daniel J. Whittington, 1858; John T. Gordon, 1864; E. P. Reynolds, 1868; John Y. Gill, 1870; P. D. Boyce, 1874; E. S. Wilson, 1882 In 1856 J. R. Chilcoat was elected county judge, and served until the war. Afterward were elected T. J. McGarvey, 1869; H. C. Cowen, 1870; M. W. Woodard, 1873; N. P. Carter, 1874. Circuit court clerks: James Bright, 1810-36; Alfred Smith, 1836; J. R. Chilcoat, 1848; R. S. Woodard, 1856; M. W. Woodard, 1868; Rane McKinney, 1870; A. B. Woodard, 1873; Theodore Harris, 1874; W. C. Morgan, 1878. Chancery clerks and masters previous to the war were Davis Eastland, James Bright, Robert Farquharson and John Fulton served successively. Afterward were Robert Far- quharson, until 1869; Davis Clark, 1869; A. S. Fulton, 1876; W. B. Martin, 1879. Chan- 772 HISTOEY OP TENNESSEE. cellors: B. L. Briimlitt, Terry II. Cahall, B. L. Ridley, John Steele, A. S. Knox, J. W. Burton and E. D. Hancock. The first court house builtwasonly for temporary use, until another could be erected. It was 18x20 feet in the clear, built with round logs, and "covered with a good cabin roof." It had a "seat for the jury, court and bar, and a resting place for the feet of the court, all of good plank." It was built in 1811 on one corner of the Public Square, by James Fuller, for $35. The first jail was built in 1810, with logs not less than twelve inches in diameter and ten feet long." The walls, floor and loft were " all of logs of the same description." In November, 1811, a contract to built a new two-story brick court house on the SquAre, was taken by Micajah and William M(;Elro3% for $3,995. The court afterward allowed $750 extra for the work, thus making the total cost of the building $4,745. This court house was torn down in 1873, and the present one was erected by Will- iam T. Moyers, James N. Allbright and William E. Turley, for $39,579.30. J. H. liolman, H. C. Cowan and John Y. Gill composed the committee to report the plans, specifications and estimates for the building; Theodore Harris superintended the work. The second jail that was built, was a two-story brick building, lined on the inside with logs, the logs being protected by sheet iron. It was built about the same time as the court house. The present jail was built in 1868, and by contract was to cost not more than $33,000. It is of stone. The stone bridge across Elk River is one of the best structures of the kind in the State. It was built in 1861 at a cost of about $40,000. It is of limestone, contains six elliptical arches, and is 450 feet in its entire length. The roadway is flanked on either side by a stone wall three feet high and two feet wide. The civil divisions of the county were first designated by the companies of militia in the respective parts of the county, i. e., the civil officers of the county were elected from the various militia companies, as they now are from the civil districts. In 1835 the county was laid off into twenty-five civil districts. The lines have been changed from time to time, but still the same number is retained. The school districts have not always coincided with the civil districts, but are now one and the same. Among the first acts of the co'unty court was one to provide for the poor, and in 1815 a special tax was assessed for the county poor. About 1826 a poor farm was purchased and a poor house erected, the supervision of which was put under three commissioners, regularly appointed by the court. The poor are still cared for in this manner. At different times agricultural societies have been organized, but have as often i)roved to be institutions of short life. The first one was organized in 1834. In the year 1858 Fayetteville was connected with the main line of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad by the branch built from Decherd to Fayetteville, and in 1883 the narrow gauge road was built from Columbia to Fayetteville. The main support of these roads is the agricultural ])roduct, which in turn brings in articles of general merchandise. Pikes connect Fayetteville with Lynchburg and Shelbyviile, and extend from Fayetteville for several miles in all directions. The political cast of the county is strongly Democratic. In 1884 the vote for presi- dent and governor stood as follows: Cleveland, 3,382; Blaine, 890; Bate, 2,220; Reid, 941. Financially old Lincoln is on a strong foundation. She has first class public build- ings, good general improvements, with a firm backing of a good agricultural soil. The tax for 1884 shows a total valuation of taxable property of $3,564,340; number of acres of land, 345,722, valued at $3,628,780. The State tax for 1880 is $10,192; county tax, $12,692; school tax, $16,257; road tax. $2,393; making a total tax of $41,535. These figures include the estimate on railroad and telegraph property valued at $166,890. In 1885 there was reported in the county 9,325 horses and mules, 14,090 cattle, 11,969 sheep, 42,415 hogs, 1,070 bushels barley, 213 bushels buckwheat. 1,253,919 bushels corn, 37,908 bushels oats, 1,641 bushels rye and 275,463 bushels wheat. Upon the bench of the circuit court sat Judge Thomas Stewart to hold the first court in this county. Then came Judge Kennedy for a time, who was succeeded by Judge Ed- LINCOLN COUNTY. 773 mund Dillahunty, who held for a number of years. A. J. Marchbanks was the next judge, and continued on the bench until the war. Gov. Brownlow then appointed N. A. Patter- son, who became the laughins? stock for the lawyers who attended court. He was "defic- ient in the organs of hearing," and very " eccentric in nature." Then came W. P. Hick- erson, who did not serve a full term. He resigned and was succeeded by Judge J. J. Williams, who was afterward elected to fill the term now closing. For many years Erwin J. Frierson was the attorney-general, and he was superseded in turn by A. F. Goff, James H. Thomas, Joseph Carter, George J. Stubblefield, J. H. Holman, J. D. Tillman and A. B. Woodard, the present incumbent of the ofiice. The court in early days was engaged mainly in trying petty offenses, and not until 1825 was there a sentence of death pro- nounced. Duncan Bonds had murdered Felix Grundy, and was found guilty. He took an appeal to the Supreme Court of the State. A jury in 1828 rendered a verdict of guilty upon a charge of murder committed by a man named McClure, upon D. C. Hall. He re- ceived the sentence of death, and was hung in the spring of 1829. About 1847 a negro named Bill Moore was sentenced and hung for an attempted rape. In 1862 John George was sentenced to be hung for murdering Hosea Towry. He escaped from jail. Two years previous to this, in 1860, a negro, Alf, was hung for murdering his master, William Stevens. The whipping post and pillory often received the victims of the judge's sen- tence for the various offenses, and men were imprisoned for debt- The bar of Lincoln County is one that ranks high in Tennessee. Not only are the members at present eminent and able lawyers, but from the first Lincoln County has given a home to many able men. At the first meeting of the county court was present Thomas H. Benton. He drew up the minutes of the first session of that court, and was the coun- ty's legal advocate on organization. He resided in Fayetteville for a number of years. He then arose to adorn the nation's highest legislative council, of which he was a mem- ber for thirty-two years, and was truly " an eminent man of America." Contemporary with him was L. P. Montgomery, widely known as the brave Capt. Montgomery, who be- gan the practice of law in 1810, and who fell at the battle of Horse-Shoe. In 1810 George B. Baulch, George Coalter, William White, Joseph Phillips, Marmaduke Williams,Matthew D. Wilson and Alfred Harris were permitted to practice in the county. In 1811 Eli Tol- bert, Samuel Acres and Charles Manton were allowed to practice. George C. Witt and W. 8. Pontine also practiced here in that year. Hon. C. C. Clay, of Huntsville, Ala., at- tended this court as early as 1811, as also did John McKinney and John Tolbert. Other lawyers from adjoining counties visited this court professionally, among whom were Judge Haywood, and, later, Nathan Green, James Campbell, William Gilchrist, Oliver B. Hays, Lunsford M. Bramlett and Thomas M. Fletcher. Other prominent early lawyers were James Fulton, Samuel W. Carmack, Charles Boyles, William C. Kennedy, William P. Martin, William M. Inge and John H. Morgan. John H. Morgan, after a number of years in Fayetteville, moved to Memphis, thence to Mississippi, and was elevated to the bench in that State. He was the father of Hon. J. B. Morgan, of Mississippi. William P. Martin moved from Fayetteville to Columbia, Tenn., and there was a judge for many years. Kennedy also removed to Columbia, where he too was elevated to the bench. He be- came the owner of quite a number of slaves, which he emancipated and transported to the African colony of Liberia. W. M. Inge was for many years associated in law with L. W. Carmack at Fayetteville. He served one term in Congress from the district which then included Lincoln County, and afterward made his home in Alabama. Carmack was born in 1802; was an able and learned lawyer. In 1832 he moved to Florida, although retaining a summer home in Fayetteville. He arose to prominence in Florida, and died in 1849. James Fulton has been styled the "father of the Fayetteville bar." He located in Fayetteville in 1820, when twenty-two years of age. He filled one term as attorney-gen- eral in early life, but devoted his time to the prosecution of his, profession rather than pursue official honors. He was an able lawyer and a highly respected citizen. His death occurred in 1856. 774 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Previous to 1835 tlie following were permitted to practice law in the county: E. B. Robertson, William Kell}% Trj'on Yancey, besides those above mentioned. Others were W. D. Thompson and Henry B. Ely, 1827; Davis Eastland, 1839; John R. Greer and Robert Inge, 1833; Andrew A. Kincannon and Elliott H. Fletcher, 1834; George W. Jones, 1839. Mr. Jones was born in 1806, and came to this county when young. He was three times elected to the Legislature. For sixteen years he was a member of Congress, and was in the Senate once. In his congressional career he received the nickname of "the watch dog of the treasury." He was also a member of the Confederate Congress and of the constitutional convention of 1870. He was a very able and popular man, filling many of the county offices and taking especial pride in his county's welfare. His death occurred in 1884. He devoted no time to the practice of law, but lived almost wholly in political circles. Other prominent early attorneys of the county were Felix G. McCon- nell. who went to Alabama and afterward served in the United States Congress, commit- ting suicide while a member of that body; W. T. Ross, a very able advocate; John C. Rodgers, who died young, but was an able lawyer; and Archibald Yell, who was a man of "ability and temper." He and Hon. G. W. Jones once engaged in a physical combat before the county court, of which Jones was chairman. Yell threw a book at Jones, and Jones immediately returned the salute by a personal presentation with knife in hand. By the interference of other parties, no injury was done. Yell commanded a regiment in the Mexican war and was killed at the battle of Buena Vista. The influence of W. H. Stephens, R. G. Payne, V/. F. Kercheval, F. B. Fulton and J. W. Newman, has been felt at the bar. Since 1840 Robert Farquharson, who was prom- inent in the county, but did not give much time to law; David P. Hurley, who was a member of the bar but a short time, and Jas. M. Davidson, an able young lawyer, have held licenses to practice in these courts. Others were D. B. Cooper, who died when yet young; Davis W. Clark, who pursued the profession but a short time, but was an influ- ential man; J. R. Chilcoat, who was the first county judge; Thomas Kercheval, now the mayor of Nashville; Ed R. Bearden, O. P. Bruce and Thomas B. Kercheval. Hon. John M. Bright is the oldest member of the bar now living, and has probabl}' acquired the most prominence in political circles. He was born in Fayetteville about 1818, and has ever since made this his home. He is able as an attorney, and was a prom- inent member of the Legislature of Tennessee before the war. In 1880 he retired from Congress, where he had served for several years. J. B. Lamb is one of the oldest and most successful attorneys of the county, and has been a member of the Legislature. He is the senior member of the law firm of Lamb & Tillman, of which Col. J. D. Tillman is the other member. He is a son of the Hon. Lewis Tillman, late of Bedford County. He was lieutenant-colonel (afterward colonel) of the Forty-first Regiment of Tennessee In- fantry in the late war. J. H. Holman has been a member of the bar since 1866, and is widely known for his ability. J. H. Burnham is a good speaker, and was on the Han- cock electoral ticket. He is now making the race for chancellor of this district. N. P. Carter is the county judge and a practicing lawyer. A. B. Woodard. the attorney-gen- eral, was reared in Fayetteville, the son of R. S. Woodard, who was a prominent man of the county. M. W. Woodard, also a son of R. S. Woodard, is a practicing attorney, and has been identified with public offices of the county. Joe G. Carrigau and G. W. Hig- gins are also able attorneys, and have both been in the Legislature. G. B. Boyles is an attorney at law, and now fills the office of recorder at Fayetteville. Others are Col. N. J. George, who was a lieutenant-colonel in Turney's First Tennessee; A. M. Solomon, an ex-member of the Legislature; R. L. Bright, S. W. Carmack, C. C. McKinney, F. P. Tay- lor, W. B. Lamb, John Routt and George H. Newman. The sobriquet of "The Banner County," so often applied to Lincoln, appropriately represents its attitude in military matters. Hardly had the first few settlers begun to call this their home before Jackson's troops for the war of 1813 asked and received recruits from the county, among whom were Gen William Moore, who commanded a company; Charles McKinney, S. S. Buchanan, William B. McLaughlin, Frank Smith and others — LINCOLN COUNTY. 775 as mAny as fifteen altogelber. These troops made Fayetteville their I'eudezvous, and up- on starting upon the campaign they marched out 2,500 strong and crossed Elk River, near where the stone bridge now is. These men served throughout the war, participating in the battle of New Orleans. A patriotic response was again made to the call for troops in 1836. A full company, commanded by Capt. Tipps, entered from Lynchburg, and another company was raised bj^ Capt. George A. Wilson, but was not mustered into serv- ice. However, Capt. Wilson raised a spy company of about fifty men and entered the service. The following are remembered as members of this company. Augustus Steed, lieutenant; W. H. Bright, bugleman; William Robertson, David F. Robertson, Henderson Robertson, C. B. Rodgers and Oliver Garland. These were from Fayetteville and the im- mediate viciuitj", while many from the various parts of the county also enlisted in this company, as well as in that of Capt. Tipps. By the act organizing the county the militia of Lincoln was made the Thirty-ninth Regiment and was attached to the Fifth Brigade. For many years the militia musters were largely attended, and amusements invariably attended them. In the spring of 1846 a company of eighty-three men, known as the Lincoln Guards, was raised at Fayetteville for the Mexican war. It was ofiicered as follows: Captain, Pryor Buchanan; first lieutenant, A. S. Fulton; second lieutenant, John V. Moyers; third lieutenant, C. A. McDaniel; orderly sergeant, William T. Slater. The company left Fay- etteville March 31, 1846, and participated in the battle of Monterey, where several mem- bers were killed. Early in the spring of 1861, and after the fall of Fort Sumter, and the call of Presi- dent Lincoln for troops from Tennessee, war was the only thing discussed in Lincoln • County. Old gray haired men, devoted wives, sisters and mothers talked of war until the whole atmosphere was full of it. Children after listening to the discussions and im- agining that they could almost see the blood flow were "afraid to go to bed," and were often afllicted with nightmare. Little tow-headed boj^s were shouting the battle whoop from every cabin. Old saws, hoes, etc., were soon upon the forge or held to the grindstone, to make the large, ugly, ill-shaped bowie knives. Almost every man carried two of these knives which were to repel the invasion in the hand-to-hand conflict which was imag- ined to be approaching. Public meetings were almostdaily occurrences and fiery speeches were "long and loud." Men, women, and children, of all ages, sizes and colors, went out to these meetings and joined in the general enthusiasm. Even ladies fell into the ranks of the drilling companies— even the most refined and intelligent; willing to part with— sacrifice, if necessary— those most near and dear to them, were enthusiastic and materially aided in sending forth the grand array of volunteers. When the question of separation was submitted to the people, Lincoln polled 3,892 votes for separation and not one for no separation. However, even before the State se- ceded companies were organized and war preparations were rapidly going on. The first companies raised were four, which composed a part of Turney's First Tennessee, and one of which was raised principally in what is now Moore County. The others were of- ficered as follows: Company G— B. F. Ramsey, captain; John Shackelford, first lieuten- ant; F. G. Buchanan, second lieutenant; Thomas Wilson, third lieutenant; and John Thoer, orderly sergeant. Company K— N. C. Davis, captain; T. J. Sugg, first lieuten- ant; Joe Davidson, second lieutenant; J. B. Turuey, third lieutenant; John W. Nelson, first sergeant. Company H— Jacob Cruse, captain; M. V. McLaughlin, first lieutenant; N. J. George, second lieutenant. These companies left Fayetteville April 29, 1861, for Winchester, where the regiment was organized. These companies were with Turney's First Tennessee Confederates from the first of the war to its close, being in the hottest parts of many of the great battles of the war. The field oflScers of this regiment who were from this county were, upon organization J. H. Holman, lieutenant-colonel; D.W. Holman, major. Upon re-organization John Shackelford, lieutenant-colonel; M. V. McLaughlin, major. These officers were killed at Gaines Mill and their places filled by N. J. George, lieutenant-colonel, and F. G. 770 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Biu'liiinaii. major. Dr. C R. ^loCiuiro was sui\U(>on of ilw iviiinu'ut ami was aftr^ward bri_oiiij; forth to iluly, othors wore also forthcoming,'. On May U. 18tU, four othtT oompanios loft. Fayotteville. and on the same day arrived at Camp Harris, in Franklin Coiiiily. where they were mustered into the service of the State on the 17th of the same month by Colonel D. II. Smythe of Liniohi County. These companies were assis^ned to the .Eiirhth Tennessee, under the command of Col. A. S. Fulton, of Lincoln County. Lincoln County was also represented in this rciiimeui by W. Lawson Moore. licutiMiant-colonel; Chris C. MiKinncy. adjutant; Dr. G. B. Les- ter, assistant surgeon; and David Tucker, chaplain. C\Mnpany li, known as the Peters- burg Sharp Shooters, was raised at IVtersburg. with A. U. Hall as captain; Chris C. Mc- Kinncy. tirst lieutenant; T. W. Bledsoe, second lieutenant; C. >!. Allen, third lieu- tenant; and N. P. Koonce. orderly sergeant. Company C was' officered as follows: Kane McKinney, captain; N. M. Bearden. first lieutenant; T. W. Rauey. second lieu- tenant; A. >[. Downing, third lieutenant; and R. D. Hardin, orderly sergeant. It was known as the Comargo Guards. Company G. Norris Creek Guards, was raised at Norris Creek with George W. Higgius. captain; W. C. Griswell. first lieutenant; David Sulli- van, second lieutenant; E. S. N. Bobo, third lieutenant; Joseph G. Carrigan. orderly sergeant. Company H W!is commanded by W. L. Moore until he wiis electeil lieutenant- colonel, and was then olVicered as follows: W. ,1. Thcash. captain; William Bonner, first lieutenant; W. L. Sliofncr. second lieutenai\t; T. H. Freeman, third lieutenant; ti. W. AVaggoner. first sergeant. The Eighth Tennessee was one of the two rcgimenls lh;U made the almost unpar- alleled Cheat Mountain campaign, emluring those .severe privations, marching through rain day and night, leaving the roads stained with blood from their feet, and abnost starving for want of food. Without blankets or tents and with very little food, for eight days these troops were undaunted in their onward march and in their flight for life, but many took sick and died from exposure and fatigue. Two comiianies were raised in the western part of the county and constituted in the Thirty-second Regiment. One of them was known as the Millville :\Ien: J. J. Finney, captain; W. P. A. George, first lieuten- ant; Jno. W. Wright, second lieutenant; Jno. P. McGuire, third lieutenant; David F. Hobbs, first sergeant. The other was the Swan Creek Guards: C. G.Tucker, cajnaiu; John Roach, first lieutenant; .1. T. I'igg, second lieutenant; H. H. Tucker, third lieuten- ant; J. S. Finley. first sergeant. The quartermaster of this regiment was E. S. Wilson, of this countv. Then came the organization of the Forty-first Tennessee, wiiose colonel was Robert Farquliarson. of this county, and whose lieutenant-colonel (^afterward colonel) was J. D. Tillman, now of Lincoln, then of Bedford. Lincoln furnished four companies to this regiment, viz.: One (company C) commanded by Capt. J. D. Scott, whose lieutenants were B. J. Chafin. J. R. Feeney. and Jacob Anthony, and afterward commanded bj' Chafinand Feeuey successively; one from Mulberry (Company A) commanded by W. W. James, whose lieutenants were L. Leftwich, Christopher Carrigher and A. D. Johnson; one (known as Liberty Guards) commanded by J. H. George, with the following lieutenants; William Smith. T. D. Griffis and S. A. Hopkins: and one commanded by W. B. Fou- ville, whose lieutenants were W. S. Bearden. A. A. Woods and E. R. Bearden. These companies left Fayetteville r.bout the last days of September. 18lU. and the regiment was organized at Camp Trousdale. The Forty-fourth Regiment of Tennessee Volunteer Infantry was organized at Camp Trousdale in November, ISiU, with C. A. McDaniel. colonel, and D. J. Noblett. as- sistant surgeon, from this county. It also includrd four companies from Lincoln; one commanded by C. A. McDaniel. who, upon being elected colonel, was superseded by T. M. Bell, and he by J. E. Spencer, with the following lieutenants, Joseph Cunningham, A. B. Rhea, and J. J. Martin; one by W. A. Rhodes, with J. H. Patterson. Jacob Van Hoozer and C. K. Moody as lieutenants; one from Shelton Creek, commanded by Capt. Smith; and one from Swan Creek, commanded by Capt. Stiles. LINCOLN COUNTY. 777 Thft Forty-fourlh was actively cn^a^^cd in hoiiic of ttic iU-rcc. roiifliftH oi i\ii: war. At, Hhiloii forty-two per (tent, of tlioHC of the rej^irnent actually in combat were killed and wounded. Afterward this regiment and ti)e Fifly-fiftJi Tenne.sHce wr;re consolidatrid, Htill retaining the name of the former, and embracing anothc-r r-ompany from this county, wiiiftii was organizefl in the latter part of 1801, by W. H. Moore, and endjraced in the F'ifty fifth upon tlie organization of that regiment, pearly in \Hi',2 another company waH rai.sed by Capt. Jame.s It. liright, with K. B. Parks, J. L. Moore and Stephen lif^yd, m lieuKnantH, and entr;rf!d an infantry rftgiment of Kentucky. After tJic battlf; of Hhiloh the company was reorgani/,r;fl with W. P. Simpson, captain, anfl .1. ]'>. Price, T. 1). Hill ai;d <}. \V. Jones, ]icutr:nanfs. .]. ]j. Moon; who was .second lirMitf^nant at its first orgainza- tion, afterward raiser! another company and entered the service. December 21, 1801, there were twenty-one companies of infantry from Linc/ln CJounty in the service. However, this number included tho.se raised in Moore County, which was then a part of Lincoln. The company of J. L. Moore, was probably the last full company of infantry to leave the county as a company. Kecriiifs were added to the old commands throughout 1802-fJ4. About September, 1862, P'reernan's Battery, which was a part of Hardin's Artillery, received about fifty members from Lincoln County, only one of whom was killed in the service. A great many of Forrest's escort were from this c(»unty, probably th(; majority of the members. Ca];t. Nathan Boone was captain of the escort. Othr:r cavalry regiments rer;eived rncmi>ers from the county. Wheeler's First Tennessee Cavalry was composed of some Jjincoln County boys, as was the Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry and alsr> the Fourth Tennessee Cavalry. Including all men in the service from first to last, Linf:oln County furnished nearly ri,(KJO soldiers. Besides the regular companies of infantry there were several who entered war in companies from adjoining f;ounties. This was also the case with artillery men and cavalry men. At all times recruits were entering the old crjmrnands. At the organization of Capt. Higgins' company of the Eighth Tennessee, the ladies of Xorris Creek and vicinity presented the boys with a beautiful large flag, the presentation being made by Miss Sallie Landess in an eloquent and stirring address. On the 2rith of August, 1861, a magnificent flag was presented to the Eighth Regiment by the ladies of I>incoln County, accompanied by an inspiring address from the Hon. John M. IJright, On the flag were written in large gold letters the words, "Patience, Courage, Victory. " Many times did the ladies send stores of provision.s, containing delicacies for the sick, clothing and all kinds of hospital and camp supplies. Much of the inspiration that en- abled the troops to remain in the field with sickness, danger and deprivations, earne from the encouragement received from the ladies at home. The Federals first entered P'ayetteville April 9, 1862, causing a sudden suspension of biisines-i. They withdrew after about two months' stay, and again occupied the town in the spring of 186'}, remaining until 1805. The court house was used as a stable for the horses a part of the time, and for the protection of troops at other times. It was sur- rounded by a bomb proof wall about six feet high, built of brick. The whole county was almost impoverisherl by the foraging armies passing to and fro. Sherman's whole army, on its march from Memphis to Chattanooga, passed through Fayetteville and crossed Elk River on the stone bridge, which, affording an excellent ijassage over the river, caused many of the passing armies, both Federals and Confederates, to pass through here. While Fayetteville was occur)ied f y the Federals, business was at a standstill and many depreda- tions were committed. When requested to do anything the citizens did not wait for time to argue points. The depredations, however, were mostly committed by Brixie's band of robbers, who in the main, claimed to be Yankees. Among the most dastardly acts, which the people suffered, was the murder of Judge J. R. Chilcoat. Afterward John Massey, a Confederate soldier, who had returned home ('together with two other men named Pickett and Burrow), was brutally murdered — riddled with bullets. Some buildings were burned, county records were destroyed and, of course, property was confiscated. Guerrillas did no I, injure the people to any great extent. 778 HISTORY OP TENNESSEE. The war over, the soldiers laid down their arms to return to their avocations of life. They found their farms in a deplorable condition. Their stock was gone, fences burned, buildings going to rack or entirely destroyed. The cost of the war to Lincoln County can hardly be estimated. However, she has now almost recovered from the effects; the hard times and desperate conflicts are remembered as in the past, and all unite in one grand army for the upbuilding of the general welfare of the country. There was a difference of opinion as to the expediency of the location of the county seat where it was located. One-hundred acres of land was obtained of Ezekiel Norris. and a town of 128 lots was platted. On September 5 and 6, a sale of lots was made, the fallow- ing, among others, being purchasers: Potter & Wilson, 11; Eleanor Buchanan, 1; John Bu- chanan, 2; Charles Porter, 2; Francis Ross, 1; Robert Ramsey, 1; Joseph Sumner, 2; John Kelly, 2; "William Whitaker, 2; Hugh Blake, 2; Joseph Commons, 2; Walter Kinnard, 2; Rice M. Garner, 8; Peter Looney, 1; Joseph Jenkens, 2; Joseph McMillan, 1; James Bright, 2; John Angel, 1; James Cochran, 1; Stephen Chinnault, 1; Jacob Van Zand, 1. The records in the register's office are not all preserved, hence, the names of all the first purchasers can not be obtained. Among the earliest merchants were Francis Porterfleld, Robert Buchanan, Robert H. McEwen, and Robert H. Dickson, all of whom were successful. Mr. Dickson also ran a tan-yard and saddlery. Ephraim Parham was the first man to obtain tavern license; John P. McConnell and Vance Greer also kept taverns in Fayetteville very early. Be- tween 1820 and 1830 existed the following firms: General merchants— Buchanan & Porter- field, R. & W. Dickson, Mason & McEwen, Alex R. Kerr & Co., A. A. Kincannon, Akin, Bagley & Co., McEwen & Gilleland, Daniel Dwyer, H. S. Morgan, William F. Mason & Co., Thompson & Wardaw, John Thompson, Dickson & Wallace, J. H. Wallace, William Akin & Co. Grocers— Parks & Moyers, and J. G. Selph & Co. Physicians— J. B. San- ders, G. & R. Martin, William Bonner, A. C. Gillespie, Charles & J. V. McKinuey, J. J. Todd, C. J. Smith and R. Stone. Besides these, James Crawford had a saw-mill, grist- mill and distillery; S. A. Pugh ran a saddlery and Barclay & Ross a furniture store; E. M. Ringo was a watch-maker, Jacob Moyers a coppersmith, I. H. Wallace a shoe-maker, Weigart & Bryant and H. Worsham, tailors. C. Wilson had a bookbindery. An inn was kept by W. H. Talbot. Wool cards were rim by Frost & Co., and by Johnson & Garner. In December, 1823, Robert Dickson, Esq., was elected mayor. Vance Greer, R. H. Mc- Ewen, Chas. McKinney, Elliott Hickman, Joseph Commons and J. P. McConnell were elected aldermen; Wm. F. Mason, recorder; Vance Greer, treasurer, and Wm. Timmins, constable. In the "thirties," the most prominent general merchants were Wm. Dye & Son. Napoleon Garner, Gilliland & Roseborough, Gilliland, Smith & Co., Martin & Murphy, and A. C. McEwen & Co. The physicians were J. B. & Chas. McKinney, Wm. & M. C. Bonner, and Elliott Hickman. In the "forties" general merchandising was carried on ))y H. & B. Douglas, A. T. Nicks, John Goodrich, Jno. A. McPhail, S. Hart & Co., R. H. C. Bagley, Fulghum & Short, J. S. & J. T. Webb, Morgan & Neil, A. B. Shull, H. C. Hol- man & Bro!, W. W. Petty, Southworth & Co., D. M. Tucker, T. C. Goodrich, W. H. Webb, Webb & Thompson, George F. Smith, B. L. Russell, Southworth, Morgan & Neil, and Scott & Gray. Rane McKinney and Deimer & Hampton were druggists. Webb & Smith had a bookstore. In the "fifties, " Wright & Trantham, T. C. Goodrich, Wright & Ransom, Thomson «fe Buchanan, Goodrich, Buchanan & Beavers, W. D. &S. M. Ewing and Russell & Tucker were general merchants. Fletcher & Stogner were produce dealers. Groceries were kept by all the general merchants. Scott & Gray were merchant tailors and furnishers. The first carriage manufactory ever established was by Raboteau, Hobbs, & Walker. C. S. Wilson kept a livery stable and Chilcoat & Edmonson a tavern. Diemer & Hampton were druggists. In the "sixties" after the halt caused by the war had given place to business, general merchandising was carried on by Wright & Trantham. Newman & McLaughlin, J. C. & J. F. Goodrich, Murray & Morgan, P. T. Murray, Morgan Bros., and F. W. Brown & LINCOLN COUNTY. 779 Co. Druggists were Diemer & Miles and Smitli & Blaiie. Grocers were Foster & Co., and Woods & Woodard. Moyers & Wilson were dealers in furniture. In the "seventies" business assumed wider proportions. Morgan Bros., P. T. Murray, Wright «fe Wright, J. C. Goodrich, T. J. Gray & Co., Smith & Miles, J. E. Caldwell, Nassauer & Hipsh, Hart & Fisher and F. W. Brown did a general mercantile trade. B. J. Chafin & Co., Bagley Bros., Bryson & Lauderdale, J. W. Barnett & Co., J. C. Goodrich, R. L. Gains & Co., W. H. Webb and W. R. Smith dealt in groceries. J. B. Hill, who had been in busi- ness for many years, and S. Heymann were jewelers. E. C. McLaughlin, J. S. Alexander and C. S. Wilson ran liveries. S. W. Brown & Co., Blake & McPhail and R. H. Ogilvie were hardware merchants. Douthet Bros, and Gray, Hatcher & Waddle were dealers in boots and shoes. J. T. Medearis ran a tan-yard. The present business is as follows: General merchants— Wright & Wright, Nassauer & Hipsh, Kilpatrick & Co., Morgan Bros,, J. A. Murray & Co., J. A. Lumpkin, J. W. Naylor & Sons, Whitaker «& DeFord and T. C. Goodrich «fe Co. Groceries— J. C. Good- rich, Lauderdale & Rowell B. J. Chafin, Bagley Bros., E. E. Feeney, Stonebraker & Co., Bryson & Francis, J. L. McWhirter, W. K. Woodard, Blake & Rawls, Z. P. Gotcher, J. A. Bunn & Son, H. Nevill and J. W. Bennett. Hardware— Lamb & Robertson and Benedict & Warren. Drugs— W. A. Gill & Co., Smith & Miles, W. W. Christian and C. A. Diemer & Son. Jewelers— J. B. Hill, S. Heymann and A. D. Ruth. Bookstore— R. S. Bradshaw. Saloons— W. W. Alexander & Co., Eaton & Evans, Alexander & Cope- land, B. J. Chafin and J. L. McWhirter. Livery stables— C. S. & R. M. Wilson and J. S. Alexander. Physicians— W. C. Bright, C. A. Diemer, C. B. McGuire, R. E. Christian and W. W. Christian. Grain merchants — Holman & Woods and Bruce & Cowen. Gen- eral produce — C. Bonds and Caldwell & Scott. Furniture and undertaking — ,J. B. Wilson and J. A. Formwalt. The leading hotel is the Pettj- House. Others are kept by San- ford Prosser, S. G. McElroy, Mrs. A. Johnson, and T. S. King has a restaurant. Bearden & Thomas have a flouriug-mill, J. L. Waggoner a planing-mill, and L. Peach runs a stone, saw and marble works. J. L. Vaughn manufactures carriages and buggies. • The first newspaper in Fayettville was the Fayetteville Correspondent, edited and published by David Augustine Hays; only a few numbers were issued. The Village Mes- senger was then published from March 11, 1823 to July 18, 1828, by Ebenezer Hill. In 1839 the Western Gabinet was commenced by Ebenezer Hill and John H. Laird. Mr. Hill published one volume of Haywood's reports in his office. He published Hill's Almanac for a great many years, making.it a part of the standard literature of southern Tennessee and northern Alabama. As early ^s 1833 the Independent Yeoman was published hj Joe B. Hill, af terAij'ard by Joe B. & E. Hill. Then it was purchased by W. L. & A. H. Berry, and published as the Lincoln Journal, from 1840 to 1848, at which time C A^ French, became the editor and publisher, continuing it until the war. In 1840 a Whig paper, the Signal, was started and issued but a few numbers. After the war the Lincoln County News was started by Ebenezer Hill, Jr., and continued by W. P. Tolley for some years. The Fa- yetteville Express was established in 1873 by S. H. McCord, was afterward published by McCord & Lloyd, and is now by Lloyd & Blake. The Fayetteville Observer was estab- lished in 1850, stood the "war stroke," and continues to be a thriving paper, edited and published by N. (). Wallace. The Lincoln Savings Bank was established in 1870 with a capital of |100,000, did a seemingly good business, but suspended in 1884, "jarring" the financial status of the whole county considerably. The First National Bank was organized in June, 1873, with a capital stock of $60,000. Its first president was Hon. George W. Jones. Its present president is Dr. C. B. McGuire; its cashier, J. R. Feeney. As early as the year 1824 a Masonic Lodge was established but existed only a few years. Jackson Lodge, No. 68, F. & A. M., was chartered October 9, 1828, and now has a membership of over 40. Calhoun Lodge, No. 26, I. O. O. F., was chartered April 6. 1846, and now has nearly 30 members. ;; Fayetteville Lodge, No. 181, K. of H., was established April 1, 1875, and has a membership at present of nearly 65. Protection Lodge, No. 8, A. 780 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. O. U. W., began its existence from charter dated May 3, 1877. Jewel Lodge, No. 59, K. & L. of H. was established April 1, 1879, and has about 60 members. There are five church edifices in the town, owned respectively by the Cumberland Presbj'terians, Presbyte- rians, Methodist Episcopal Church South, Christians and the Protestant Episcopalians. The Missionary Baptists have an organization but no building. There are four churches for the colored people of the following denominations: African Methodist Episcopal, Prim- itive Baptist, Missionary Baptist and the Cumberland Presbyterian. About 1815 George L. Leonard settled where Petersburg now is and cleared up the land there. He put up a cotton-gin, and afterward began the first mercantile trade of the place by selling small articles of merchandise, such as thread, etc. Porterfield & Akin established a small store in 1828, and Wm. DeWoody conducted their business. In 1833 they were superseded by Rowlett & Hill, and soon others followed. Holman & Loyd, Jones & Yowell, Rives «fe Hayes and Stone & Reese were merchants before 1840, and all did a large business. Then came a lull in the business tide of Petersburg until the war; however, Metcalfe & Son did a good business during this time, as also did Wynus, Blake & Co., Smith, Blake & Co. and Fonville & Bledsoe. Since the war the principal merchants have been W. J. Hamilton, P. B. Marsh & Son, Fogleman & Cum- mings and Hall & Hamilton, together with the present business firms. General mer- chants — 6. A. Jarvis, Cummings & Bledsoe and B. S. Popflanus grocers — E.^M. Crawford and L. L. Rebman; W. R. Hanaway, undertaker and furniture dealer; Rives & Chris- topher, saddlers and harness-makers; saloons — J. W. King & Co., F. D. Cumm'ngs & Co. and Pack & Byrd; blacksmiths — Alex Lancaster and George Morrison. J. C. Montgom- ery has a large frame flouring-mill, and Dwiggins & Co. are erecting a fine brick mill. Gillespie Bros, do a livery business. The secret societies are Unity Lodge, No. 84 I. O. O. F., which has a membership of twenty; Petersburg Lodge, No. 123, was organized in 1846, and for many years was very strong, but now has only a weak organization; Petersburg Lodge, No. 607, K. of H., has a membership of thirteen, and was organized in 1877. Petersburg has a good school, and five churches of the following denominations: Methodist Episcopal South, Presbyterian, Cumberland Presbyterian, Missionary Baptist and Christian. It is a chartered town, but by some the charter is considered a burden. It is situated on the Duck River Valley Rail- road, twelve miles from Fayetteville. Mulberry began to exist as a village about 1840. Among the merchants that have transacted business there were Booker Shapard, Drury Conley, Abner Brady, R. N. Whit- aker, W. W. James & Co., Hoots & Logan and J. & W. H. Reese, previous to the war. Since the resumption of business after the war have been W. W. James & Co., W. L. Shofuer, R. A. & J. H. Ree.se, Whitaker & Yates, E. 8. Terry and J. G. Reese, the last two of whom are now in business. Several family groceries, etc., have existed from time to time. The Mulberry Academy began about 1830, and has become a noted school. There was once a male and female academy, but it is now known as the Mulberry Male and Female Academy. There is one Missionary Baptist Church, one Cumberland Pres- byterian Church, one Methodist Episcopal Church South and one Christian Church. Physicians are G. W. Jones, A. R. Shadden and S. Dance. Mulberry Lodge, No. 404, F. & A. M., was organized in 1870, and is in a prosperous condition. It had twelve charter members. Mulberrj^ Lodge, No. 148, was chartered in 1871 and has only a verj^ weak or- ganization. The Good Templars have a lodge of about ninety members. There are two good mills near by. In the village are two blacksmith shops, two wood-work shops and a cabinet-maker and undertaker. Boonshill was one of the first postoffices established in the county. Previous to the war Wood & McDaniel, Hudson & Horton and Sumner & Ewing were merchants there. Since the war have been Buchanan & White, E. S. Wilson & Co., Swinebroad & Co., Templeton & Son and H. D. Smith, the present merchants. Physicians have been Dr. John Wood, Dr. Dunlap, Dr. Porter, Dr. Parks and Dr. Sumner. Stephen Hightown first settled where Millville now is. Stone & Baird were the first merchants; others were LINCOLN COUNTY. 781 Frank McLaurine, G. L. McLane, Sam Isaacs, Thomas McLam-ine, McGuin & Son, Mc- Guire & Franklin, Ezell & Hudspeth. Since the war have been Ezell & McGuire, F. L. Ezell, Ally Smith and Finney & Son. Dr. C. B. McGuire practiced medicine there from 1847 to 1859; others have been Dr. M. P. Forehand and Dr. G. W. McGuire. Dellrose viras first known as " Roosterville." " Hog" Bruce was the founder and first merchant. It has only been a village since 1867. D. C. Sherrill & Co. are now doing busi- ness there. There is a good school. Dr. B. S. Stone is the physician of the place. Molino postoffice was established in 1849, by D. C. Hall, the first postmaster and merchant. Since the war, merchants have been Robert Stewart, James W. Rawls, Joe Montgomery and J. H. Dale & Co. J. W. Rawls was a blacksmith, and John Hays the present one. It has a Missionary Baptist Church there, and is located in a good locality. Howell is a small station on the narrow-gauge railroad, seven miles from Fayetteville. It was first known as Renfroe Station. Harris Bros, and George Bros, are merchants. It has a good railroad depot and a Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Oak Hill is a village nine miles north of Fayetteville. The postoflBee is Norris Creek. H. L. Cole and James Bell are merchants. It has a good school, a Cumberland Presbyterian Church and a Missionary Baptist Church. There is also a Masonic lodge of thirty-eight members— Mount Hebron, No. M4, and a weak lodge of I. O. O. F.— Oak Hill, No. 39. A pike connects Oak Hill with Fayetteville. Stonesborough is a chartered town and consists of a distillery owned by Stone & Thomas, and a store and saloon owned by Stone & Patterson. W. J. Landers has a tan-yard be- tween this place and Oak Hill. Chestnut Ridge is also in the north part of the county. J. N. Stallings is a merchant. James Freeman a blacksmith, and Wash. Gilbert a wagon- maker. Chestnut Ridge Lodge, No, 499, F. & A. M., has about fifteen members, and Chestnut Ridge Lodge, No. 157, I. O. O. F., has nearly fifty members. There is a church near by. Booneville, received its name from Capt. Nathan Boone. Musgraves and Shofner, and J. E. Reese are merchants. It is about three miles from Mulberry Village. Blanche was first known by postoffice as Pleasant Plains. Samuel Parker was the first postmaster, and W. W. Petty the first merchant in 1849. It began to assume the proportions of a village after the war, and is now a pleasant and thriving little town. Dr. J. C. Coats is the mer- chant and physician. There is located here Pleasant Plains Lodge, No. 305, F. & A. M., and a church. There are several county stores near by. Smithland was known as George's Store until 1884. At first the postoffice was on the north side of Elk River, having been established about 1840. It was moved to " Arnold's grocery " about 1850, and there Smithland has been built. This was a notorious fighting place. Taylor & McLaughlin and R. Smith are the present merchants. An I. O. O. F. Lodge, Sereno No. 195, is located at Smithland. Camargo was established in 1849 and was a flourishing village prior to the war. John Caughran was the first merchant. Others have been Nicks & Webb, J. N. & W. A. Stal- lings, Wm. Ashworth, Samuel Dehaven and J. A. Corn. Lincoln is settled mainly by northern people who went to that place after the war. J. F. Montgomery, J. R. McCown, J. E. Ramsey and J. C. McClellan have been merchants there. In 1837 Crosby started a small spinning factory At* Oregon. In 1839 it was bought by Henry Warren, was afterward operated by H. & T. K. Warren, and is now operated by Henry Warren & Son. This factory has about 1,000 spindles, a cotton-gin and a flouring and grist-mill attached, being an investment of about $20,000 capital. Oregon is three and one-half miles from Flintville, its shipping point. It has a Cumber- land Presbyterian Church. Elora was formerly known as Baxter Station, and only dates its beginning since the building of the Fayetteville & Decherd Branch Railroad. It is in the southeast corner of the county, and is the proposed junction of the Winchester & Alabama Railroad with the one now existing from Fayetteville to Decherd. J. B. Hamilton and W. M. Parker & Co. are the merchants. Flintville, twelve miles from Fayetteville, on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, 49 782 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. has sprung into existence since the building of that road. The first merchants were Cun- ningham & Myrick; J. A. Grills was the first blacksmith; Peter Cunningham put up a grist-mill, and then he and L. P. Myrick engaged in distilling. The town was all destroyed b}' the Federals the time of the war. Since the war merchandising has been carried on by D. M. & J. C Mimms, Mimms & Knowles, D. M. Mimms, Kilpatrick & Co.. Merrit & Golden (saloon), Chas. Kelley, D. M. & W. G. Mimms, Richard Routt, A. Smith, Peter Cunningham, Brady & Hall, Henry Warren & Son, and Chick & Eslick. J. W. Cooper & J. J. Coston have been blacksmiths and wagon-makers, and Joseph Richardson, a saddler; E. J. Cambron is a carriage and cabinet-maker; Tolley, Eaton and Sims have run distilleries, and Copeland & Co. now have a large distillery. They also have a good mill. John Young also has a mill. Surprise Lodge, No. 153, I. O. O. F., is located there with sixteen members. There are four church organizations at Flintville. Kelso's first merchant was A. S. Fulton. Sub.sequent merchants have been Hill South- worth, D. M. Eslick and Jenkens McKinney. Present merchants are J. A. Taylor, G. D. Wicks and M. S. Eslick. Kelso Lodge, No. 490, F. & A. M., and Kelso Lodge, No. 172, I. O. O. F., are located there, and also a Cumberland Presbyterian Church is at Kelso. The attention of the early pioneers was required by almost everything else before it was given to means of educating the children. This most important subject was not long entirely neglected, for those who had sufficient education taught short terms of school at the different private residences early in the "teens."' After a time, by agreement, the settlers would meet to build a schoolhouse in the different localities. These buildings were of logs, with a door in one end and a fire-place in the other. However, not all of them had fire-places, and those that had them generally allowed the escape of the smoke through a large hole in the roof, there being no chimneys to them. This was the condi- tion of the schoolhouses even through the twenties. The seats were made of poles split open, supported on legs about three feet long, and with the flat side up. Light was ad- mitted through an aperture made by "leaving out" one log along the sides of the build- ing. A bench or plank for writing was supported on pins driven in the log just beneath the window. The roofs of these primitive institutions of learning were of boards held to their place by "weight poles." Each pupil took whatever book he could find. Some studied the "Life of Washington," others the "Life of Marion," and a few would take a Clarion (the paper then published at Nashville) to school, and learn from tliat. These were pay-schools, the tuition being from 75 cents to f 1 per pupil for one mouth. Various were the "rules" and requirements of these schools. Each teacher had new rules. An invariable custom was to make the teacher "treat or take a duckin' " on Christmas and at the close of school. If a mischievous boy passing the schoolhouse desired to be chased at a lively rate it was only necessary for him to yell out "school butter," when the teacher would say to his pupils: "Take him in, boys." Reading and writing were the main branches taught, and arithmetic was sometimes taught. Pupils recited one at a time. They were by most teachers allowed to seek the the out-door, pure atmosphere in fair weather to prepare their lessons. Prior to 1820 (probably as early as 1815; the Fayette Academy was established. This was a county academy, and derived its support from a State fund. The building became untenable about 1854, and the new building just then erected bj'' the Cumberland Presbyterian Church was to be used by Milton College, which did not materialize, was purchased, and Fayette Academy continued for some years, and then sold the building to the county school commissioners. _ The Fayetteville Female Collegiate Institute began its existence almost as early as the Fayetteville Academy. The land was donated by James Bright. This in- stitution is under the control of a company and board of trustees. The building first used was torn down in 1884 to give place to the present splendid brick building. The enrollment for the past year was about 220 pupils. Although it, by name, is known as a female school, both sexes are admitted. The Mulberry Female Academy was established in 1830 and existed as such until 1869, when it was consolidated with the Mulberry Male Academy, and since the institution LINCOLN COUNTY. 783 thus formed, has prospered under the name of the Mulberry Male and Female Academy. The Mulberry Male Academy was formed and put in working order in 1844. Viney Grove Academy was founded by the Rev. Henry Bryson and conducted with great success by him for many years. This once ranked with the standard educational institutions of the South, but it has died away. It was five miles west of Fayette. ville. Boonshill Academy has existed since before the war. The building is a nice brick house, and good schools are taught there. The Petersburg Masonic Academy was founded by that fraternity in 1858 and is taught in the lowest story of the brick Masonic Hall at Petersburg. Oak Hill Institute flour- ished from 1865 to 1880 with considerable success. The building is frame. Nixon Springs Academy, near Smithland, was a good institution from 1875 to 1880. Hopewell Academy at Lincoln was endowed by the United Presbyterian Church and is a well-conducted school. Greenwood Academy, between Mullberry and Booneville, was established in the fifties, and has a brick building. Cane Creek Academy, at Howell, also has a brick build- ing and is comparatively a new institution. The public schools of Lincoln County are gaining in favor, but are yet in their infancy. There are eighty-two public schools in the county for white, and thirty-one for colored people. There are but eighty-four public school buildings, but school is taught in other buildings. The buildings are as follows: Stone and brick, 3; frame, 47; log, 34; total, 84. Value of school buildings is estimated at $23,460, and the value of apparatus, etc., at $1,570. The scholastic population of the county for this year is 9,912, and the amount of school fund, at $1.75, per capita, is $17,346. As in all new countries, the first settlers of this section were more accustomed to the sound of the hunting horn and chasing hound than to pulpit oratory on the Sabbath. However, many good Christian people were among the first pioneers, and they established Scripture readings, and even preached sermons at the different private residences. Early services were held in the court house, and not uufrequently did people assemble at some designated place in the woods to hear a sermon. In 1811 the earthquake shock which was so sensibly felt here was by many regarded as the approach of the Last Great Day, and consequently many accessions to the Chris tian flock were made. For a considerable time "big meetings" were held, and a great revival was experienced, but after a time the lull in the tide came, the "spirit of the meet- ings died down." Yet there was a good work being done by some of the good Christian people. As early as 1808 a church was organized at the Forks of Mulberry, and it pros- pered greatly, and even at the present time is in a flourishing condition. This is a Primi- tive Baptist organization. Hardy Holman was the first pastor. In about 1812 the Shiloh congregation was organized by the same denomination. Other churches of this (the Primitive or old-school Baptist) denomination, are Concord, which was organized prior to 1820; Mount Olivet, probably organized in the twenties; New Hope, a small congre- gation, but an old one; Kelly Creek, which began existence in the forties. Pleasant Grove; Rocky Point; Bethel; and Buckey, which was organized as late as 1866 with a mem- bership of nineteen and now has 165 members. Nearly all of these churches are in a good condition and prospering. In the fall of 1812 the Presbyterian Church of Fayetteville was organized with the Rev. John Gillespie as pastor. The first elders were David Turner, Andrew Hannah, Francis Patton, John Armstrong and Ebeuezer McEwen. Private members were Peggy Hannah, Mrs. Armstrong, Mrs. Patton, Mrs. Turner. Peggie Gillespie, Mary McEwen, Elizabeth Ferguson, John B. Alexander and Barbara Alexander. Subsequent pastors of this church have been John R. Bain. James McLinn, Amzi Bradshaw, E. McMillan, M. M. Marshall, W. C. Dunlap, D. D., James Watson, A. N. Cunningham, D. D., George Hall, A. D. McClure, J. H. Bryson, W. H. Groves and R. M. DuBose. The present member- ship is 105. First worship was in the court house; afterward an edifice was built, which was destroyed by a storm in 1851, and then the present one was erected. Other PiesV'y- terian Churches of the county are: Unity, eight miles from Fayetteville, organized about 1820, and now having a membership of about forty; Petersburg, organized May 5, I860, 784 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and now having about forty members; Swan Creek, organized as early as 1830, now hav- ing a membership of tiftj'; and Young's Chapel, with a membership of twent5^-five, and having existed only since 1870. One other church, by the name of Old Unity, once existed, but is now extinct. Bethel Church of the A.ssociate Reformed Presbyterian denomination was organized in 1830, by the Rev. H. Bryson, who continued as its pastor until his death in 1874, and was superseded by Rev. A. S. Sloan, the present pastor. There are three other churches in the county of that denomination known as the New Hope, Prosperity and Pleasant Plains. Early in 1839 a camp-meeting was held near Fayetteville by distant workers in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Great success blessed this meeting and an organiza- tion of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Fayetteville was accomplished the same year. Rev. S. M. Cowan was the first pastor, continuing many years, and under him the church multiplied in numbers and strengthened in good work. Subsequent ministers have been Herschel S. Porter, W. D. Chaddick, D. D., Stokely Chaddick, S. M. Cowen, again M. B. DeWitt, McElree, Nat Powers, C. P. Duvall, McDonald and J. S. Weaver. Among the first members were Benjamin Clements and wife, William Norris and wife, Benjamin Wear and wife, S. 0. Griffi.s and wife, George Stonebraker and wife, Jacob Stonebraker and wife and Dr. Charles McKinney and wife. Cane Creek Cumberland Presbyterian Church was organized in 1817 by Rev. R. Don- nel, and now has 138 members. J. B. Tigert has been its pastor for twenty-five years, and in its seventy years of existence the church has never been without a pastor, although but five men have served as pastors. There are thirteen other Cumberland Presbyterian Churches in the county, viz.: Mulberry, with a membership of about 50; Mount Zion, or- ganized by Rev. D. Tucker about eight years ago; Hebron, an old church with about 125 members; New Unity, with 100 members; Petersburg, with about 70 members; New 3alem, an old church, with a membership of about 75; Pisgah, organized about 1856, and now having about 40 members; Liberty, organized about 1878, present membership about 50; Sulphur Spring, with 75 members, built and supported by Henry Warren for his fac- tory hands; Moore's Chapel, a young congregation of about 100; Elkton, a small congrega- tion; Flintville, a new congregation with a small membership; and New Lebanon, about twelve years old and having a large membership. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Fayetteville was organized prior to 1829. Rev. Joshua Kilpatrick was its pastor that year. Present membership is 162. The present church building was erected about 1846. The other Methodist Episcopal Churches South and their approximate memberships are as follows: Shady Grove, 100; Lloyd's Chapel, 75; Providence, Beech Grove, Union and Boonville, 331; Petersburg, — ; Macedonia, Her- mon, Flintville and Liberty, 350; Medium and Moore Chapel, 263; Mulberry, 90; Shiloh, 100; Dellrose, — ; Blanche, Smith's Chapel, Shiloh and Ebenezer, — ; and New Bethel, a new organization. This denomination is in a prosperous condition. The Christians have nine organizations. Thej' are as follows: Fayetteville, which was organized in 1865 and now has a membership of about 75; Gum Spring, Philadelphia, Friendship, Chestnut Ridge, Mulberry, Antioch, one on Lane's Branch, and one at Mc- Alister's chair factory. The Hard Shell Baptists have two small congregations — Mount Carmel and Sul- phur Springs. The Protestant Episcopal Church of Fayetteville is the only one of- that denomina- tion in the county. It was organized in 1882, and in 1883 was built the elegant little stone edifice which is used for worship. The first organization of the United Presbyterian Church in Tennessee was Lebanon Church in this county. It was organized September 15, 1865, by Rev. A. S. Montgomery. The church building cost about $2,000 and the present membership is 145. Other organi- zations of that name are Hopewell and Pisgah. The Missionary Baptists also have a number of congregations in the county. They have an organization at Fayetteville, but no church house. FKANKLIN COUNTY. 785 FRANKLIN COUNTY. "TT^RANKLIN COUNTY is bounded on the north by Coffee County, northeast by -L Grundy, east by Marion, south by the State of Alabama, west by Lincoln, northwest by Moore, and contains about 500 square miles, one-fourth of which lies on the Cumber- land Mountain and its western escarpment. The topography of the county is greatly diversified, a portion of it lying on the Cum- berland Plateau, a portion in the valley of Elk River, a portion on the Highland Rim and a very small portion in the Central Basin. The rim is in the Devonian formation, the basin in the Silurian, the Cumberland Table-land in the carboniferous. The carboniferous strata are the surface rocks of the Highland Rim and the table-land. The soils of the rim are the siliceous or flinty, found in the basin on the inner half of the rim. and calcareous, found on the outer half, which is a red claj'. The soil of the basin is almost entirely cal- careous; that of the table-land is the sandstone soil. The limestone of the rim is the coral or St. Louis formation, while that of the basin is the Nashville group. The latter is a l)hie limestone; the former is gray, or grayish and blue. The rim is about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea; the table-land about 2,000; and the basin about 700. The mean annual temperature of table land is 54°, of the rim 57°, of the basin 58°. The soil of the Cumberland Table-land is thin and sterile, but well adapted, on account of its climatic advantages, to the raising of all kinds of fruit. Along the western base o^ the mountain is a wide belt of land with a dark clay surface and red clay subsoil, furnish- ing a fine agricultural land. Then come the valley lands of the Elk River, which flows through the county from northeast to southwest. West of the river lie the barrens, so-called, which afEord considerable pasture, but the soil is thin and not good for agriculture. In the western portion of the county, and running down the river, is found the black shale formation with its "rock houses," or alum and copperas caves, in which are often found native alum and copperas. There are several coves, among which Farmers' Cove, Lost Cove, Round Cove and Sinking Cove lie upon the table-lands, and are wholly shut in by the mountains, beneath which their waters find outlet. Buncombe Cove lies along the base of the mountain and is almost shut in by an outlier. It is watered by the head waters of Bean Creek. There are several other coves, among which is Roark's, one of the largest in the county. The most fertile lauds are found in these coves and in the valleys of the Elk and its tributaries. The best timber is found on the mountain slopes, and consists princi- pally of oak, ash, chestnut, beech, poplar, cherry and walnut. The barrens are covered mostly with a light growth of scrubby oak. The Elk River and its tributaries furnish the principal drainage of the county. Mineral springs are abundant, the most noted of which are Hurricane Springs, Estill Springs and Winchester Springs. The former of these springs is a noted summer resort, where thousands of pleasure-seekers make their annual visits. There are also many noted cave springs which furnish pure free-stone water. There is an extensive marble bed upon Elk River, commencing about five miles below Winchester, and extending down the river ten miles and five miles on either side. The marble is of excellent quality and consists of gray and red, clouded with green porphyry and various shades. This vast mine of wealth has only been slightly developed. Coal has found to exist in great quantities near University Place, and at Anderson, Keith's Spring, Maxwell and other points, but, as yet, it has not been mined to any considerable extent. Many beautiful cascades and waterfalls and caves are found upon tl'O mountains. Natural scenery in the county is extensive. Viewing the mountains from Winchester, their grandeur arises to sublimity. And standing upon the mountains and overlooking 7.S(> HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. the frrand vallcj's of the Elk and its tributaries, with Winchester and its church spires vn the foreground, one is led to exclaim with the poet: "God hath a beinff true, And that ye may see In the fold of the flower, , The leaf of the tree; In the wave of the ocean. The furrow of land; In the mountain of granite, The atom of sand! Ye may turn j^our face From the sky to the sod. And wliere can ye gaze That ye see not a'GodV" The settlement of the territory now composing Franklin County began with the beginning of the present century, when all was a vast wilderness, inhabited only by Indians and wild animals. It was a hazardous undertaking to come here in that day and open up a new count ly west of the mountains where the light of civilization had never shone, and where neither schools, churches, mills, factories, nor any conveniences existed, such as the pioneers had been accustomed to. None but br.ave and courageous men and women could ever have accomplished such a dangerous and hazardouis undertaking. The early settlers came mostly from Virginia and the Carolinas, and some from Kentucky and Georgia. It may be truthfully said that with the exception of those who have settled since the war the inhabitants of the.' county are nearly all descendants from the best families of "Old Virginia" and the Carolinas. It is claimed that Maj. William Russell, who settled on the Boiling Fork, near Cowan, and Jesse Bean, who settled on Bean Creek, both about the year 1800, were .the first two settlers in the county. This is quite probable, as these two families are prominently mentioned elsewhere in the organization of the countj^ the first court being held at Maj. Russell's house, and Mr. Bean being one of the commissioners to locate the county seat. Bean Creek took its name from the Beans who settled thereon. Samuel Miller and his wife, nee Elizabeth Montgomery, were both born in this coun- ty, the former in 1801 or 1803, and the latter, who is still living, in 1^. The parents of tliese persons were, of course, among the very early settlers. The families of Larkin and Hunt, settled on Bean Creek, about 1806. The Beans who had previou.sly settled there, established, in 1813, a gunsmith shop and powder mills in two caves on Little Bean Creek, the remains of which can still be seen. David Larkin, hearing of the massacre of two children by the Indians, one night in 1813, mounted his horse and rode to the place: Finding no one about the house, he endeavored to arouse some one by calling, but the lady of the house, thinking him one of the Indians, would not come from her place of conceal- ment. The next morning the bodies of the children were found and buried. James Russey, grandfather of James Russej', proprietor of the Ballard House, in Winchester, and William M. Cowan, Christoplier Bullard, James Cunningham, George Taylor, Samuel Norwood, James Dougan, John Bell, John Cowan, George Davidson, John A. S. Ander- son, William P. Anderson and James B. Drake, were all prominent early settlers, who came to the county about 1800 or soon thereafter. The following were early settlers with date of settlement accompanying their names: Edward Finch, 1808, from South Carolina, settled on what is known as the Anna Finch farm, near Winchester. He brought with him Lewis Finch (colored), who was then four years old, and is now living. William Lucas, 1808; George Grey, on Crow Creek, 1809; Alexander Faris, Robert and Isaac T. Hines, 1813; Joseph Miller, from Georgia, 1815: John B. Hawkins and Isaac VanZant, 1817. The latter settled on the farm where his son Isaac now resides. Matthew R. Mann, 1819, afterward engaged in cotton spinning; Thom- as Gore. Sr., 1833; William L. Sargent, 1839; Col. Davie Crockett was also one of the early settlers of the county, who came soon after the war of 1813. and settled in a "face camp," on Rattlesnake Spring Creek, near Salem. Here he married the Widow Patton. FKANKLIN COUNTY. , 787 It is said that he attracted much attention at the early camp-meetings, as all were anxious to see him. He remained in the county only a few years. George Grey settled on Crow Creek in 1809, and built a cabin and planted some corn. An old lady by the name of Londey, and member of Grey's family, was ill and in l)ed on an occasion when a party of Indians approached with evil designs. The family seeing the "red skins" approaching fled into the mountains, leaving Mrs. Londey in the house. The Indians carried all the goods out of the house, placed the invalid lady on a bed a safe distance from the house, then burned the latter, cut down the corn, and fled without doing further damage. Mr. Grey then moved upon and improved the farm now owned by Isaac Grey, about three miles from Winchester. John A. S. Anderson and William P. Ander- son, assisted by George Grey, made most of the early surveys of land, especially the Gov- ernment survey, whereby the lauds were surveyed into sections of 640 acres each. In May, 1809, while J. A. S. Anderson, assisted by George Grey and James B. Drake, was surveying a Government line, he discovered " a remarkable cave and a remarkable spring. " They had with them a dried beef tongue, which Mr. Anderson threw into the water, and it sank beyond all recovery. Thereupon they named the spring "Tongue Spring, " hence the name of Tongue Spring Creek. On May 25, 1809, they planted some corn and deadened some timber, and camped on Rattlesnake Point, and "bark was their food. " On Ma}' 30 they came upon an Indian camp, " and shouted around them and ad- vanced, and the Indians absconded and left their meat and one horse, " which, as Mr. Anderson said, the party got, "the horse to ride and the meat to eat." There were nine Indians in the camp. Rattlesnakes were then abundant and "monstrous," as related by Mr. Anderson. On one occasion, when he was obliged to undress his feet to enable him to walk over the slippery rocks, he stepped his heel on the head of a rattlesnake, discovering which he made his escape unharmed. The foregoing facts about the surveying party are taken from Mr. Anderson's field notes made at the time, and now in possession of Mr. Lsaac Grey. The greater portion of the best lands in Franklin County were entered by location of land warrants and other claims granted by North Carolina to individuals for military services while the territory belonged to that State. Henry'M. Rutledge was executoi; of the last will and testament of Gov. Edward Rutledge, of South Carolina, who in his life- time owned a large tract of land, mostly in this county. As executor, Mr. Rutledge sold this tract, consisting of 73,000 acres, to Col. Thomas Shubrick for £535 of English money. As an individual he then purchased the whole tract back from Col. Shubrick, and the deeds of these conveyances are the first that appear on the records of Franklin County. The Rutledge lands lie mostly in Districts 8 and 9. In May, 1808, Gen. Andrew Jackson and John Hutchins, assignees of John G. and Thomas Blount, received a patent from the State of Tennessee for 1,000 acres located on the Boiling Fork, just below Winchester. The following is a condensed list of a few early grants, entries and purchases; July, 1796, State of North Carolina to Thomas Dillon, an assignee of the Blounts, 5,000 acres on Elk River, including Fendleton's Spring, and a large camp made by Major Ore & Co., on their way to Nickajack; March 5, 1805, Thomas Dillon to E. Thursby, for $4,500, 18,000 acres on Elk River; April, 1807, Henry M. Rutledge to Wm. P. Anderson and John Strother a large tract on Elk River and on both sides of Logan Creek; in 1808, State of Tennessee to John Maclin and John Overton 4,935, acres, and to Nicholas Tramel 640 acres, both on Elk River; and to Solomon Wagoner, Wm. Russell, Absalom Russell and John Cowan each 200 acres on the Boiling Fork, and to James Cunningham and Robert Bean each 200 acres on Bean Creek; to James Metcalf 200 acres on Metcalf Creek, and to Wm. Metcalf 200 acres on Elk River; in 1809, State to James Patton and Andrew Erwin 1,000 acres, to Andrew Jackson 640 acres, and to John Winford 640 acres, all on Elk River. We have cited the foregoing grants, which are only a few among the many, to show how a few individuals originally came into possession of so much of the best land of the county. In 1824 the State of Tennessee began to sell the remaining lands at 12^ cents 788 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. • per acre, and purchasers were allowed to select and enter these lands in quantities to suit themselves. The tirst of these entries was made by Thomas Newland, April 5, 1824, for thirty acres, the whole tract costing only $3.75. During the years 1824 and 1825 there were 508 entries made in the county for tracts mostly under 100 acres each. Entry 508 was the last one made at that price. The entries have never been permanently closed for the mountain lands, but are still being made. It is believed that all of the lands have been entered once . In many instances the original purchasers have abandoned or ne- glected their lands, and in this way some tracts have been entered the second and perhaps the third time. The last entry. No. 3,868, was made May 22, 1886, by Peter H. Plumer for 150 acres. The first grist-mill in the southern part of Franklin County, was built by George Stovall about the 3'ear 1810, and as early as 1815 Districts Nos. 2 and 3 had over a dozen cotton-gins. This county at that early day was one of the leading cotton-producing counties of the State. The cotton was shipped out of the Elk River on flat-boats, and thence by way of the Tennessee 'and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans, where it was sold for from If to 2i cents per pound. Peter Simmons, John R. Patrick and Dick Hol- der, early merchants of Salem, used to ship large quantities of cotton on "flats" from the raouth of Bean Creek to New Orleans, and then walk back through the Chickasaw and Choctaw Indian nations. In 1828 a Mr. Heiston, from Ohio, established a tan-yard on Bean Creek. He sold it to Mr. Smith, and he to Mr. Lipscomb. This was the first tan- yard in that part of the county. Among the early cotton-gins were those erected in the upper end of the county by Sims Kelly, John Oliver, Wm. Faris, Wm. O'Rear, Geo. McCutcheon and James Sharp, and one in the, Cowan neighborhood by John Holder, and one at "Wm. Bledsoe's place, by Wm. Streetj and one were Isaac Grey now lives, by George Greyi Isaac Gillespie had a cotton-gin, tan-yard and grist-mill in Owl Hollow. At the same time gins were owned and operated in the lower part of the county by James F. Green, James Woods, Mr. Trigg and others. The owners of the cotton-gins would receive all cotton brought to them and give the farmers receipts for the amounts. The latter would then sell the receipts to the merchants for goods. About the year 1836 Franklin County raised 4,500 bales of cotton all of which was shipped on " flats" to New Orleans. During the early settlement of the county the merchants went on horseback to Baltimore to buy their goods, which were then brought in wagons from that city to their destination, being about 700 miles. Enough goods were purchased at one time to last a year; and goods were hauled on the same route through this county from Baltimore to Nashville. It is claimed that as high as 300 wagons loaded with goods en route to Nashville and other points encamped at one time on the side of the road near Caldwell's Bridge. This method of obtaining goods continued until near the year 1840, when transportation was opened up by way of the Ohio and Cumberland Rivers to Nashville, after which time and until railroads were constructed, the merchants of Franklin County bought their goods in Nashville, and had them brought from thence in wagons to their places of business. The shipment of cotton on flats to New Orleans was discontinued about the same time. The Winchester Sulphur Springs were then a fashionable summer resort, and were visited annuallj^ by the wealthy planters of the South. For some years before the war a Mr. Butterworth had a cotton-mill in Ovrl Hol- low, which was burned during the war and afterward rebuilt and again burned. Another cotton-mill was erected near Estill Springs, about the year 1851, and was destroyed by fire a few years thereafter. The Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad was completed through the county in 1851. It has stations within the county, at Estill Springs, Decherd, Cowan, Sherwood and Ander- son. It passes through the Cumberland Mountains in this country by deep cuts, and a tunnel 2,200 feet long. The Sewanee Mining Company has a railroad from Tracy City passing by University Place, and connecting with the Nashville & Chatanooga Railroad at the base of the mountain near Cowan. This road was completed in 1858. The Decherd, Fayetteville & Columbia Railroad was completed to Fayetteville about the same time. It has stations in this county at Decherd, Winchester, Belvidere, Maxwell and Huntland. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 789 The Falls Mill Manufacturing Company are operating a cotton-mill on Bean Creek near Salem. Whit Ransom now owns the Town Creek Mills, which were established by Anson Butterworth. These mills consist of a woolen-mill, with about twelve looms, a carding-mill and a large grist and flouring-mill, all run with water-power. They are located about five miles west of Winchester. R. C. Handley, Ben. A. Oehmig, A. J. Kin- ningham and Estill Bros, each own and operate grist and flouring-mills on Boiling Fork. Corn & Miller have a grist and flouring-mill on Elk River. There is also a grist and flouring- mill in Sinking Cove. Grist-mills and saw-mills are found on almost every stream. There are also a number of steam saw-mills and other manufacturing establishments throughout the county outside of the village. An agricultural and mechanical society existed for a few years before.the war. And along in the "seventies" the Grange movements struck the county. A number of Granges were organized, and some stores were attempted to be run on the Grange plan, but all this has passed away. When the county was new malarial fevers prevailed to some extent. In 1843 and 1844 typhoid fever made its first appearance in the county. At first it nonplussed the physi- cians, but they soon learned to treat it successfully. The first cases of cerebro-spinal men- ingitis made their appearance in the winters of 1848 and 1849. The temperature of the climate is mild and pleasant, and never goes to the extremes of heat and cold. The people of the county are remarkably healthy. No cases of cholera or yellow fever have ever been known in the county, except one or two, which were brought here from abroad.* The raising of cotton has been dispensed with, and the farmers are now turning their attention to the cultivation of cereals, grasses and live-stock. In 1855 there were raised in Franklin County 135,816 bushels of wheat, 475,293 bushels of Indian corn, 71,980 bushels of oats, 1,283 bushels of rye, and 1,110 bushels of barley. And tlie live-stock was enumerated as follows: 4,580 horses and mules, 7,906 cattle, 6,296 sheep, 25,379 hogs. The county of Franklin was created by an act of the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, passed December 3, 1807. The act provided " that there be a new county established within the following bounds, to wit: Beginning on the southeast corner of War- ren County; thence with the south boundary line of Warren County to the eastern line of Bedford County; thence with said line to the southern boundary line of the State; thence east with the State line to the southwest corner of Bledsoe County; thence northwardly to the beginning; which said bounds shall constitute a new and distinct county, to be known by the name of Franklin." The act also provided that the courts should be. held at the home of Maj. William Russell, near Cowan, until otherwise provided by law; and that the general musters and courts-martial should be held at the same place, or place of holding courts. By a subse- quent act, passed November 14, 1809, creating the county of Lincoln, all the territory east of Lincoln, south of Bedford and north of the State line, was attached to and made a part of Franklin County. And by later acts of the General Assembly creating Moore, Coflfee, Grundy and Marion Counties, Franklin has been reduced to its present limits. Before the organization of Franklin County a portion of its territory lay in what was then called White County, and in many of the original conveyances the lands were described as being in White County. The early records of the county court, or court of quarter ses- sions, were lost or destroyed during the late civil war, and con.sequently no account of the first election of magistrates and county officers can now be given. It is certain, how- ever, that such election was held in the year 1808, and the first county court organized at the home of Maj. William Rus.sell, as provided by the act of creation. An act of the General Assembly, passed November 22, 1809, provided for the holding of an election "at the place of holding courts on the first Thursday and Friday of Febru- ary, 1810, for the purpose of electing seven fit and proper persons as commissioners to fix on and establish a permanent seat of justice in and for the said county of Franklin," with power to fix on a place for the seat of justice, and to purchase a tract of land "not less ♦Information pertaining to health from Dr. J. C. Shapard. 790 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. than forty acres;" to lay off the same into lots, streets and alleys, and to reserve in the most convenient place tvsro acres for a public square, on which to erect the public build- ings; to sell the lots at public sale, and make deeds of conveyance to purchasers; "to let out the building of the court house, prison and stocks, and to appropriate the money arising from the sale of lots in payment for the same." And the act further provided that the town so laid off should be called and known by the name of Winchester, and should be the place of holding courts for the county of Franklin, as soon as the improvements would authorize an adjournment thereto. This election was accordingly held, and George Taylor, Jesse Bean, Samuel Norwood, James Dougau, John Cowan, John Bell and George Davidson were duly elected as such com- missioners. In compliance with the foregoing, it is evident that the commissioners select- ed the site for the seat of justice, and caused the town to be surveyed and platted, but owing to reasons already given, neither the original plat nor the record thereof, nor the record of the sales of lots can now be found. The register's office shows that on the 10th day of February, 1812, the said commis- sioners purchased of Christopher Bullard, for a consideration of f 1, twenty-six acres of land, upon which the town was located; and that they afterward sold the town lots and made deeds of conveyance to the purchasers. And it is to be presumed that they per- formed all the duties incumbent upon them pertaining to the erection of the public build- ings, etc., the details of which can not be given in full on account of the loss of early records. The first court house and jail were erected soon after the foregoing purchase. The former was a small brick structure on the site of the present court house. The latter was erected on a lot at the west end of College Street, and in 1813, very soon after its com- pletion, it was consumed by fire. On the 8th of November, the General Assembly passed an act authorizing the drawing of a lottery for the purpose of rebuilding the public prison in county of Franklin, and for other purposes; and Wallis Estill, William Russell, Sr., ,,Col. James Lewis, Christopher Bullard, James S. M. Wherter and Thomas Eastland were by said act appointed commissioners to superintend the lottery, and upon the receipt of the proceeds thereof, to proceed to rebuild the public prison in said town, erect stocks, andfin- ish the work of the court house therein, by the appropriation of said moneys thereto. From the foregoing it is evident that the first court house was finished in about 1814. It was .small and inconvenient, having no room sufficient for holding the sessions of the courts. However it was used until the year 1839, when it was torn down and the present court house erected in its stead. The contract for the brick work was let to Elisha Meridith, and that of the wood work to Reeves & Oehmig. The building cost about $10,000. It is a substantial brick structure of medium size, with county oflSces on the first floor, and the court room on the second. The prison was rebuilt as provided by said act, on the west end of College Street, and was used until 1855, when it was condemned on account of its being insecure. A committee, consisting of W. W. Brazelton, L. W. Qonee, John T. Slalter and Thomas Finch was then appointed by the county court to erect a new jail. Accordingly at the July term, 1855, of the county court, this committee reported that they had sold the old jail for $300, and that the new one had been constructed on Main Street and was then completed and occupied by the jailor and his prisoners. The new jail was built imder con- tract by John Steele, of Lincoln County. In Januarj-, 1881, the county purchased of Luke Kelly and wife, for a consideration of $3,200, a farm consisting of 150 acres, with buildings thereon, as a home for the paupers of the county. This farm lies about seven miles northwest of Winchester. The authori- ties have employed a man to superintend the farm and over.see the paupers at a salary of $350 a 3'^ear. The average number of inmates in the poor-house thus far has been about four- teen.; Prior to the purchase of this farm the paupers of the county were provided for by annual appropriations made by the county court, and a few outside of the poor- house are still furnished relief in that way. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 791 The county is divided into civil districts numbering from one to eighteen, respectively. The First District has four magistrates, and all the others have two each, making a total ■of thirty-eight. We give herewith the vote of Franklin County at the presidential elections commenc- ing with 1848: 1848— Lewis Cass, Democrat, 1,207; Zach. Taylor, Whig, 390. 1852— Franklin Pierce, Democrat, 1,135; Winfield Scott, Whig, 330. 1856- James Buchanan, Democrat, 1,437; Millard Fillmore, American, 331. 18G0— John C. Breckinridge, Democrat, 1,3^6;, Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat, 26; John Bell, Union, 388; Millard Fillmore. American, 331. 1864— No election. 1868— Horatio Seymour had a majority of about 1,200 over Gen. Grant. The vote of some precincts were thrown out, and the e.xact figures are not now accessible. 1872— Horace Greeley, Democrat. 1,740; U. S. Grant, Republican. 267. 1876— Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat, 2,275; R. B. Hayes, Republican, 276. 1880— Gen. Hancock, Democrat, 2,187; Gen. Garfield, Republican, 357; Gen. Weaver, Independent, 16. 1884— Grover Cleveland, Democrat, 2,091; James G. Blaine, Republican, 645; St. John. 30. It will be observed that Mr. Tilden received the largest Democratic vote ever cast in the county, and Mr, Blaine the largest Republican. Up to and including the year 1880 the voters of that part of Moore County which was cut off from Franklin County, voted in the latter. The vote of 1884 is the true' vote of the county as it now stands geographi- cally. In 1860 there were 10,249 white and 3,599 colored people in thecouuty, making a total of 13,848; in 1870 there were 11,988 white and 3,972 colored, making a total of 14,970; and in 1880 there were 13,646 white and 3,530 colored, making a total of 17,176. The col- ored population in 1860 were nearly all slaves, who became free by virtue of the emanci- pation proclamation, after which it seems that a large number migrated from the county, as shown by the fact that in 1870 there w^ere 627 less negroes than in 1860; during the same time the white population increased 1,748 in number. During the last decade the whites have increased 1,648 and the blacks 538, Thecouuty court clerks were Absalom Russell, 1808-13; Edmund Russell, 1813-34; W. B. Wagoner, 1834-36; W. W. Brazelton, 1836-40; Isaac Estill. 1840-44; Sherwood Williams, 1844-48; Wm. E, Taylor. 1848-58; R. F, Sims, 1858-60; John G, Enochs, 1860- 64; Thos. Short, 1864-66; John G, Enochs, 1866-71; Clem Arledge, 1871-83; Wm. E. Taylor, 1882-86. The registers were: John Keeton, 1808-26; Solomon Wagoner, 1826-36; Jesse T. Wallace, 1836-44; James L, Williams, 1844-48; Jesse T. Wallace, 1848-53; W. D. McNeil, 1852-56; Adam Hancock. 1856-60; M. G. Osborn, 1860-64 (war interval.) Wm. Stewart, 1865-66; D, R. Slatter, 1866-69; J. J. Martin, 1869-74; N. R. Martin, 1874-78; J, B. Ashley, 1878-86, The chancery court clerks and masters were: John Goodwin, 1834-38; Hu Francis, 1838-58; H. R. Estill, 1858-71; T. H. Finch, 1871-85; Clem Arledge, present in- cumbent, 1883 to — Since the late civil war the office of county trustee has been held respectively by the following named gentlemen, to wit: Wm. Buchanan, Wm. R, Francis, Sanders Faris, R, J. Turner, R. G. Smith and the present incumbent, A. J. Skidmore. Circuit court clerks, since the war: George W. Hunt, 1865-66; Thos. J, Jackson, 1866-74; W. W. Estill, 1874-78; H. P. Stewart, 1878-83; Nathan Francis, 1882-86. Sheriffs since the war, omitting dates: JohnW, Custer, J, ^y. Williams, H. D.Willits, D.J. Martin. H. P, Stewart, R. F. Oakley, J. J. Turner, and the present incumbent, C. A, Majors. J, W. Syler is the present county survej'or, J, P. Waddington coroner, and W,B. Watterson superintendent of schools. Owing to the loss of some records, and the manner in which others have been kept, it is impossible to compile as full and complete a list of county officers as might be desired. The average annual expense of the county for the last ten years has 792 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. been $9,000, and according to the financial report of J. W. Williams, judge of the county court, filed Jul}"- 5, 1886, county warrants had been issued between October 1, 1885, and the date of his report amounting to $10,057.81; and the total amount received into the treasury for the same time was $9,291.01, leaving the county in debt in the sum of $766.20 at the date of said report. The tax duplicate of the county for 1886 shows 337,930 acres of land assessed, and the total taxable property assessed at $1,687,170. And the amounts of taxes levied are as fol- lows, to-wit: State, $5,061.51; county, $5,670.26; school, $8,948.84; highway, $2,530.75; total, $22,211.16. Number of taxable polls, 2,435. The first term of the county court* was held in the spring of 1808 at the house of Maj. William Russell, near Cowan, where the county business was transacted until the seat of justice was established at Winchester, and a place provided for holding the courts. The courts were first held at Winchester about the year 1814, when the first court house was completed. An act of the General Assembly passed October 16, 1812, provided "that the county courts should be held in the county of Franklin on the third Mondays in February, May, August and November;" and the sessions were accordingly held on those dates un- til a subsequent act provided that the county courts in each and every county in the Slate should be held "on the first Monday in every month." The "minute books" of the county court prior to year 1832 have been lost or destroyed. The oflBcers of this court are a county judge and the magistrates of the several civil districts of the county. Prior to 1868 the county court was presided over by one of their numl:«r elected as chairman, and since that date by a judge elected by the people- This court continued to hold its sessions up to and including the June term, 1863, when, on account of the war, it suspended action until April, 1865, since which time it has held its regular sessions. J. N. McCutcheon served as judge of the county court from 1868 to 1870, and Judge J. W. Williams, the present incumbent, has held the office ever since. There are no records of the circuit court in the county prior to the fourth Monday of January, 1824, when the court was held by Judge Nathaniel W. Williams. Nathaniel Hunt, Esq., was then the high sheriff and James Fulton attorney-general, and Jonathan Spyker clerk. Judge Williams served one year, and was succeeded by Judge Charles F. Keith, who served until 1830, when he was succeeded by Judge J. C. Mitchell, who served a series of years. On the 26th day of January, 1825, Robert L. Mitchell, then seventy years of age, appeared and filed an affidavit, attesting his services in the war of the Revolution. In January, 1829, Samuel Suddarth was tried for manslaughter, found guilty, and sentenced "to be forthwith branded on the brawn of the thumb of the left hand with the letter M in the presence of the court, and that he be imprisoned in the jail of the county six months, and to pay the costs of this prosecution, and to remain in jail until the same be fully paid." The most dramatic and most lasting of all the historic episodes in the history of Franklin County, was the killing of Tom Tauland the trial of Rufus K. Anderson as the murderer. In this case the sheriff summoned, in all, 168 men to appear in court, all of whom were examined touching their qualifications to act as jurors in the cause, and out of this number "twelve good and lawful men" were found competent to try the prisoner. The killing took place in 1829 and the trial in 1830, but the social and political estrange- ments which they brought still linger here. Rufus K. Anderson was the son of Col. Wm. P. Anderson, of whom mention has been made in connection with the settlement of the county. The Andersons were wealthy and aristocratic. Thomas P. Taul was the son of Col. Micah Taul, who had been a colonel in the war of 1812 and a member of Congress from Kentucky. Coming to Tennessee, he located at Winchester, and soon took rank among the first lawyers of the State, and he and Hopkins L. Turney were then the leading members of the Winchester bar. Tom Taul is said to have been the most brilliant young lawj'er in Tennessee at that time. He married Miss Caroline, the acct)mplished daughter of Col. Wm. P. Anderson, and sister of Rufus K. In a few years Mrs. Taul died of consump- *Tliis was originally called the " Court of Quarter Sessious." FEANKLIN COUNTY. 793 tion, childless. On her death bed she gave her property to her husband by a deed. After her death the Andersons claimed that Taul had never been kind to her and that he had coerced the deed. Rufus K. Anderson, a young man of the highest notions of civil life, had gone to Alabama before his sister's marriage and before Col. Taul moved to Tennessee, and had nev- er seen his brother-in-law, Tom Taul. After the death of his sister, he returned to Win- chester,and asked to have Tom Taul pointed out to him, which being done, he walked across the street to where Taul was standing, and shot and killed him. The trial came off in less than a year and Col. Taul employed Col. Sam Laughlin, a most powerful prosecuting lawyer, and other lawyers of distinction to prosecute Anderson, who was defended by Hon. Felix Grundy, Hopkins L. Turney and other distinguished lawyers. By the time the trial came on the whole county was divided under the respective banners of the con- tending parties. The jury returned a verdict of "not guilty." Whether the verdict was just, or whether the jury was led to commit an error, will never be known with certainty. The State of Tennessee vs. John Farris, was an action brought against the defen- dent at the June term of 1830, for killing his slave named James. The trial took place at the July term following. One hundred and thirty-four men were brought into court and examined before twelve "good and lawful men " could be found competent to act as ju rors. Able counsel was employed by the defendant, and the jury returned a verdict into court of " not guilty." The foregoing causes have been mentioned because of their his- toric importance. There have been other murder trials, and many important civil cases, which might be mentioned if space permitted. In May, 1862, the circuit court convened for the last time until the close of the war. In July, 1865, it again convened with Judge Wm. P. Hickerson on the bench, since which lime it has held its regular sessions. Judge J. J. Williams is now the presiding officer, whose term is about to expire. The first records found of the chancery court are its proceedings in 1834, when L. M. Bramlett was chancellor. For a number of years following, this court was held at Win- chester, for Franklin and Coffee Counties. Bloomfield L. Ridley^.was chancellor from 1843 up to the late late, civil war, as shown by the records. Only one session of this court was held between 1861 and 1865. At the August term, 1865, John P. Steele presided as chancellor, and served as such until 1870, since which time Hons. A. S. Marks, John W. Burton andE. D. Hancock, have filled the ofiice of chancellor, in the order named. A few persons have been hanged in the county by due process of law, but a greater number have probably been hanged without it. It is believedthat the first hanging which took place in the county, was that of Adkinson or Adkins, who killed his wife with a shoe last. This occurred about the year 1821. Just after the close of the late civil war. Roily Dotson, a noted bushwhacker, murderer and desperado, was taken from the jail by an organized body of men and hanged to a tree in the court yard until he was dead. Henry Huddleston, colored, was hanged to the same tree in 1882, for committing a rape on a white woman. In 1871, three negroes were hanged under the bridge of the Boiling Fork, at Winchester, for burning a church at Hawkerville. All these, excepting the first, were without process of law. Other hangings, both legal and otherwise, have taken place within the county. Perhaps no county in the State has ever had, according to its population, such an able bar as AVinchester has produced. "? */i The eminent jurist, Judge Nathan Green, came from Virginia when he had reached** i .-f -fllidiUe-Wfr, and settled on land owned by his uncle, John Paris. He was plain in dress, and fiot known for two years as anything but a farmer. No little merriment took place one day when Mr. Farris brought Green into court to take charge of and conduct a law suit in which the former was involved. The trial made the lawyer-farmer famous, and he at once stepped to the head of the bar and in a short time became chancellor, and soon thereafter a member of the supreme court, where he so long distinguished himself. This < was the home, for many years, of Tom Fletcher, one of the greatest criminal lawyers the State has ever produced. He, like Green, came to the bar in middle life, after failing as a 794 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. merchant. He was the author of a paper anonymously written in 1824, styled "The Polit ical Horse Race," which attracted much attention in the race between Jackson, Clay. Adams and Crawford. Maj. Edward Venable, who in 1857 was appointed embassador to Gautemala, and died immediately after reachinfi that country, was also a prominent member of the Winchester bar. Frank Jones the gifted stumper and brilliant congressman, lived here and was the most popular man of his day. Thomas and Isaacs, brothers-in-law, both marrying the daughters of Col. Bullard, and both at times, in turn, representing the distr ct in Congress, lived here and were men of rank. Judge Isaacs was among the ablest lawyers the State ever had. Forrester, a man who made his mark, and was several year's a member of Con- gress, lived here. James Campbell was a man of great legal reputation with an un- blemished life. He also married a daughter of Col. Anderson, and practiced a number of years at the AVinchester bar, then went to Nashville, and about 1847 made a visit to the Winchester Springs, where he committed suicide. Hopkins L. Turney, father of Judge Peter Turney, was a self-educated man, and for many years one of the leading members of the Winchester bar. He was a man of fine personal appearance, kind and affable, in- fluential and popular. As a jury lawyer he was rarely equaled. He served in the Legis- lature, in Congress, and in the United States Ser.ate. Micah Taul, of whom mention has been made, was a man of great learning and eminent as a jurist. While he and Hop- kins L. Turney were the leading members of the bar, they were generally employed on opposite sides of the principal trials in litigation. Frank Estill was a very prominent member of the Winchester bar for many years prior to his death, which occurred only a few years ago. A. S. Colyar, now of Nashville, began the practice here about the year 1844. He was a close student, and a man of great firmness, and devoted to his client's cause, and it is too well known to need further mention. To him acknowledgement is made for much valuable information compiled in the foregoing concerning the Win- chester bar and the trial of Rufus K. Anderson. Judge Peter Turney, who was colonel of the First Tennessee Confederate Infantry, and who since the war has served sixteen years on the bench of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, lives here, and was for many years a member of the Winchester bar. Many other prominent lawyers have been members of this bar, and Feli.x Grund}', in his day, practiced here. The present members of the bar are ex-Gov. A. S. Marks, Capt. Tom Gregory, T. A. Embry, John Simmons and Estill and Whitaker, whose biographies appear elsewhere in this work. .Other members are Scott Davis, Burt Russey, J. B. Ashley, Nathan Francis, Mr. Curtis, Brannon and Thompson, John H. Martin and James Taylor. Senator Isham G. Harris was born, reared and educated in this count3^ The old log cabin in which he was born is still standing a few miles from the town of Winchester. Many of the early settlers of this county were survivors of the war of the Revolution; and when the war of 1812 broke out between this country and Great Britain, the young men of Franklin County, sons of the veterans of 1776, formed themselves into "ranks of war," under the heroic Jackson, and others, to maintain the flag of the young republic. In evidence of the foregoing the following from the Home Journal of September 30, 1880, is inserted: "In the Home Journal office we have the manuscript of what we print. It is yellow with dust, age and decay. The paper is just such as could be had in those days. This document was found among the papers of our grandfather, Wallis Estill, who has left quite a family of descendants in this county. It appears that the county had been drained of young men, and the old men — those over forty-five— formed themselves into a company to protect the honor of the United States against any disaffected persons, and against those who might do injury to the property of the younger men who had to go to battle. In the list of names will be found many familiar here in Franklin County. Read it, and see how nobly ministers of the gospel entered in behalf of liberty: "Whereas, The honor of the United States has made it necessary that war should be declared against Great Britain by the United States; and whereas, in this contest it may evidently happen that the active part of our force may be called off to distant service, by FRANKLIN COUNTY. 795 which an opportunity will be afforded to the disaffected (if anj^ such there should be amongst us), to do much mischief: Therefore, for the purpose of defending the frontiers, and property of our younger brethren when fighting our battles abroad, and to suppress and put down any combination which may manifest itself inimicable to our beloved country, we, the undersigned, all over forty-five years of age, and most of whom fought in the late Revolutionary war, have embodied ourselves into a company, to be denominated the Revolutionary Volunteers of Franklin County; and when the company is formed, officers to command the same shall be elected by the suffrages of the members of the company. Captain, Wallis Estill; first lieutenant, Richard Farris; second lieutenant, John Woods; ensign, James Russey; sergeants, A. Berryhill, Alex Beard, James Holland, Jacob Caster- line; adjutant, James Lewis. Rev. John Davis, Rev. Wm. Ginnings, Jesse Embry, Jesse Bedu, John Champion, Samuel Henderson, Jos. Champion, John Chilcoat, Ralph Crabb, Jesse Toulan, Francis Adams, John Poe, Wm. Thompson, George Waggoner, Benj. Johnson, Samuel Rosebary, Archibald Woods, Rev. Andrew Woods, Rev. Peter Woods, Rev. Robert Bell, David Milligan, Elijah Williams, Ebenezer Picket, Moses Ayers, John Denson, Joseph McClusky, James Weeks, Alex. Borehill, Nicholas Robinson, James Busby, Thomas Green, Samuel Reynolds, Jesse Perkins, James Holland. John Robinson, William King, Samuel Runnells, William Crawford, James King. Richard Miller, John Barnett, David Larkins, William McCloud, Samuel Handley, Jacob Van Zant, Sr., James Harris, Robert Hudspeth, Jesse Ginn, Thomas Herlep, John Cowan, William Russell, Sr., Daniel Champion, William Faris, John Herrod, John Nellum, John Dellehide, Will- iam Greenwood, John Stokes, David McCord, Charles Weeks, Randolph Riddle, Matthew Taylor." These noble men were among those who first secured, and afterward maintained, our liberties, and Time, the great leveler, has long since closed the green earth over all that was mortal of every one of them. Many of the citizens of this county served under Jack- son in the Florida war, and, according to tradition, Jackson encamped with his troops just below Winchester, on one occasion, while the Indians were encamped on the opposite side of the Boiling Fork. In the brief but brilliant war with Mexico it is learned that Franklin County furnished Capt. George T. Colyar's Company E, of the Third Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Col. B. F. Clieatham. This com- pany, consisting of 115 men, rank and file, left Winchester in September, 1847, and was mustered into the United States service near Nashville about October 10, 1847, and left for Mexico in the same month. Capt. Colyar died January 8, 1848, in the city of Mexico. His remains were sent to his home in Winchester. First Lieut. Sherrod Williams then be- came captain, and continued as such to the close of the war. The company was dis- charged about July 32, 1848. The following is a list of the survivors of the company now living in this county: A. J. Caldwell, John Thurman, F. M. Williams, Ed Jackson, Will- iam Adcock, David Smith, Nathan Boone and Gordon McCutcheon. The following are living elsewhere: T. H. Finch, Texas; W. H. Jones, Lincoln County; M. N. Matthews. Bedford County; Wilson Clark. Alabama; Berry Logan and William Taylor, Moore Coun- ty; Ed Anderson aud Alpheus Green, Texas. Oliver Posey is a survivor of some other command in the Mexican war, and lives in Franklin Countj'. Early in September, 1860, while court was in session at Winchester, two or three pub- lic meetings of a political nature were held, and speeches were made by M. Turney, A. S. Colyar, T. W. Newman, H. T. Carr, Jesse Arledge, Dr. B. W. Childs and others. Much excitement prevailed, and the following was offered by H. T. Carr: "Resolved, That it is the sense of this meeting, that in the event of any one of the Southern States," or more, should, under the grievous wrongs now pressed upon by the sectional States of the North, secede from the Union, we hold it to be our duty fo sympa- thize with, aid and assist our Southern brethren if an attempt is made to coerce them into submission." Pending the discussion of the resolution the meeting adjourned without action there- on. The citizens of Franklin County were mostly extremely Southern in sentiment, and as soon as South Carolina and other States seceded from the Union, were anxious that Tennessee should do likewise. The most intense excitement prevailed, and early in the spring of 1861 companies be- gan to form and drill for the contest; and soon Capt. Miller Turney's Company C, Capt. Clem Arledge's Company F, Capt. Jos Holder's Company I and Capt. N. L. Simpson's 796 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Company D, of Col. Peter Turney's First Regiment Tennessee Infantry, were completely organized and ready for the service. These companies were led with their regiment into the Confederate service, long before Tennessee seceded from the Union. Then followed Capt. A. S. Marks' Company E, Capt. James Engle's Company I and Capt. Thomas H. Finch's Company D, all of the Seventeenth Regiment Tennessee Infantry. Many joined the Forty-first Regiment Tennessee Infantry, some joined Forrest's cavalry, and many others joined other commands. Including all of the foregoing, together with the recruits that subsequently joined these and other commands, it is safe to say that the county furnished over 8,000 soldiers for the Confederate Army. The first command of Federal troops that made its appearance in this county was that of Gen. Lytle, who came here in the spring of 1862, with a small command from General Mitchell's division, then encamped at Huntsville. He was in search of Terry's Texas Rangers, who were encamped at Goshen. The day after the arrival of the Feder- al troops Col. Cox came in on the Decherd road with a squad of rangers. A sharp skirm- ish ensued, in which one ranger was killed. . Col. Cox then retired, and two days later Gen. Lytle returned with his command to Huntsville. Soon thereafter Gen. Negley, with his command, passed through Winchester, on his way to Chattanooga. Gen. Buell's army advanced to Decherd, but retired therefrom when he fell back toward the Ohio River in August, 1862. On July 2, 1863, the army of Gen. Rosecrans took possession of Winchester and in force occupied all the surrounding country. Gens. Rosecrans, Gar- field, McCook and others had their headquarters at private houses in the town. The provost-marshal occupied the old office of Dr. Wallis Estill, and Rosecrans' staff occu- pied the building of the Mary Sharp College. The Normal School building (then Carrack Academy) was used as a hospital; and when Winchester was in the rear of Bragg's army almost every available house was used as a hospital. Briggs & Herrick kept a store in Winchester while it was under Federal rule, and were allowed to sell goods to the citizens. Rosecrans was here about six weeks, during which time all the forage in the surrounding country was gathered in for the support of his army. Soon after the Federal Army left, a company of citizens galloped into town and gutted the store of Briggs & Herrick, car- rying away nearly all its contents. Gen. Slocum and his command occupied the town a short time thereafter, and Gen. Sherman's army passed through Winchester, on its way to Chattanooga, in the winter of 1863-64. Franklin Count}^ was directly on the line of the contending armies, and consequently her citizens suffered greatly from the ravages of war. No great battles were fought, nor were any extensive fortifications made within the county, and strangers passing through it now could not observe that there had ever been a war here. The town of Winchester was laid out in 1810, when the site thereof was covered with timber. A Mr. Norwood cut the first tree on the Public Square, and the same year James Russey, grandfather of James Russey, now of the Ballard House, built the first house, lo- cating it on the corner where the Ballard House now stands. It is said that the United States troops wore quartered therein during the war with the Creek Indians. The latter James Russey is the oldest native-born citizen of the town. Thomas D. Wiggins was the first merchant in Winchester, and sold his goods in a log cabin. The next merchants were Col. Crabb, Hayter, Spyker and Daugherty, and fol- lowing them were the Decherds, Tom Pryor, Alfred Henderson, Tom Wilson, Joe Klep- per, Mark Hutchins and Mr. Blackwood. The first saloon or grocery where liquors were sold was kept by Daniel Eanes & Son, between 1810 and 1830. The town grew rapidly at its commencement, and by an act of the General Assembly of the State, passed October 28, 1813, Ralph Crabb, Jonathan Spyker, James S. M. Wherter, James Estill and James Russell were appointed commissioners for the purpose of regulating the town, with au- thority to levy and collect taxes and compel the inhabitants to work on the streets and alleys. The first doctors were Higgius and Kincaid. In 1816 the learned Dr. Wallis Estill came from Virginia and located here. He soon rose to eminence, particularly as a surgeon, and did nearly all the surgical practice in the county for nearly fifty years. FRANKLIN COUNTY. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 797 Soon thereafter his brother, William Estill and Dr. John Fitzpatrick, of Virginia settled in Winchester, and both became prominent physicians. The latter died in 1854, and the former in 1874. Soon after the town was laid out a hotel was erected opposite the Ballard House, and was for many years headquarters tor the stage route. The site is now vacant. The Bal- lard House was built about 1830, and the block on the opposite corner about 1833. By an act of the General Assembly passed August 20, 1823, Winchester was incorporated, and the town council given full power to enact all ordinances necessary to restrain vice and immorality and to otherwise govern the town. As early as 1826 or 1827 a branch of the State Bank was established in the brick building still standing opposite the south- east corner of the Public Square, and Dr. M. L. Dixon was the first cashier thereof. This bank suspended early in the "thirties," and the town has never had a bank since. In 1832 the population of Winchester was about 600, and the business of the town nearly equal to what it is now. The merchants of the town during the "thirties" were Thomas Wilson, Joseph Klepper, Oehmig & Wells, Tolls & Russell, M. W. Howell, W. Williams, James Robertson, A. L. & J. W. Campbell, William & J. H. Knox, A. M. Cowan, Benj. Dech- erd, H. A. Rains, Hutchins & Pryor and J. & R. Snowden. Madison Porter was a black- smith, and Wm. Buchanan had a tan-yard. There were two saddle and harness shops, one by Joe Bradford and the other by James Russey. M. Robertson had a cabinet shop, and Edmond Dyer was the silversmith. Winchester was then the only town of importance on a long stage route and in a vast country surrounding it, hence its business activity. There were then three hotels in the town: The Ballard House, which was built and kept by Henry Runnells; the old frame hotel on the opposite corner, kept lastly by P. I. Curl; and the third hotel was kept by Col. Crabb, in the third brick building in the town. It is now occupied by Mark Henderson and others. Dr. Matthew L. Dixon and Dr. Turner were the prominent physicians of the town and Dr. Wallis Estill was at the head of the profession. Business of the forties: Merchants — Mark Hutchins, Thomas Pryor, Thomas Wilson, Ben Powell, F. A. Loughmiller, the Decherds, Brazeltons, J. T. Slatter, and others. Car- riage and coach manufacturers — Thomas Logan and Hutchins, Porter & Co. The car- riages were mostly sold to the wealthy planters of the South, and the business was very extensive. Business of the fifties: Merchants — D. & A. R. Brazelton, Harris & Williams. Hor- ton & Kennington, C. C. Brewer, Sanders & Henderson, H. Leonard & Co., N. R. Martin, Templeton & Stewart, Crutcher & Tennison, J. W. Templetou, W. B. Wagner, G. A. Shook, Houghton & Decherd, S. A. & T. J. Lockhart. Tailors— L. Stone & Co. and J. S. Kelly. Livery stable— John W. Curtis. Blacksmith— Owin Hill. The carriage making was continued by Thomas S. Logan. The business continued about the same until the commencement of the civil war. For the history of the town during the war period the reader is referred to "Military." On the return of peace a noticeable event was the occupation of one house at the Russey corner, now burnt, by two merchants, one a Federal soldier and the other a Confederate — one having his goods on one side, and the other occupying the other side. Soon after the war the merchants of the town were M. D. Embry, Avery Handley, D. S. Logan, John Vaughan, W. L. Bickley, Moffett & Clark, W. B. Miller, Matterson & McDowell, J. W. Degresse and P. H. Achey & Co. Kearly all business was suspended during the war, and twenty years have passed away since it began, to recruit. A reference to the business of the present will show how it has been re-established and increased. The merchants now are: Dry goods— Wiley S. Embry, J. L. Baugh, Mark Henderson, Sim Venable and A. C. Plumlee. Dry goods and groceries— J. A. Gaines, T. J. Gaines, J. C. Garner, T. J. Jack- son & Son and Whit Ransom. Hardware— Carter & Brother. Tinner and stove dealer- John F. Vaughan. Drugs— G. G. Phillips and John M. Hutchins. Family grocery — H. H. Embry. Confectioner and baker — Johnnie Schrom. Manufacturer of leather, boots, shoes, saddles and harness— Matt P. Petty. Provisions— B. Templeton and Mrs. Rosa 798 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. Ayers. Milliners— Mrs. Emma Brazelton and Mrs. N. E. Days. Furniture dealers and undertakers— Fred Wenger and Jacob Weidman. Repair sbop— John Lawing. Jewelers— C. S. Crane and George R. Martin. Wagon-makers — John Kissling and Jack Miller, the latter colored. Manufacturers of carriages, wagons, etc., and dealers in all kinds of farm implements — Ruch & Little. The proprietors of the Winchester Spoke and Handle Fac- tory are Wenger, Girton.& Woodward, who employ ten hands, and do an extensive busi- ness. The blacksmiths are George Lefeber, James Lee, A. Knapper and Charlie Coleman. The boot and shoe-makers are R. Kleinwaechter and Bill Street. Looney and Estill are dealers in coal; James N. Logan, painter; R. B. Williams, picture gallery; W. E. and M. A. Lockridge, livery stable. Hotels — Estill House, by Isaac Estill; Ballard House, by James Russey; Cole House, by Mr. Cole. Physicians — Shapard, Murrell, Grisard and Bla- lock. Dentists — Baird, Gattis and Slaughter. Societies — Cumberland Lodge of F. & A. M., A. L. of H., K. of H., K. & L. of H. and Temperance Alliance. For schools and churches see under their appropriate heads. In 1855, the General Assembly passed an act authorizing the mayor and aldermen of Winchester to lay off the town into a suitable number of wards, and providing for the election of a constable and two aldermen in each ward. The town was accordingly di- vided into four wards, and the officers were elected, as provided in the act, which con- ferred upon them full power of the then existing laws for the government of incorporat- ed towns. The last meeting of the council, during the war, was held June 16, 1862, and the action of the corporation was then suspended until January 7, 1867, after which a new council had been elected and convened. On the 13th of March, 1883, the General Assembly, upon petition of the citizens of Winchester, passed an act repealing their charter, to take effect at the close of the year. Accordingly the council held a meeting December 31, 1883, and made full and final settlement of finances, and adjourned sine die. According to the census of 1880, Winchester had a population of 1,039, which has not greatly increased since. The town has no saloons, but it has two colleges, and two free schools, and seven churches. " The young ladies wear the blush of modesty and the crown of culture and refinement. The young men are thrifty, energetic and sober." The first newspaper published in the county, of which there is any account, was The Highlander, established and published in Winchester, in 1839, by H. Mabry. How long its publication continued is not known. The, next seems to have been 21ie Winchester Independent, which was established in 1850, by Alexander R. Wiggs, with George B. White as editor. Its publication continued about three years. Hon. F. A. Loughmiller, it is said, once published a paper in Winchester, the name of which and date of publication is clouded with uncertainty. The Wincliester Appeal was established in February, 1856, by George E. Pulvis & William J. Slatter. It was American in politics and advocated the election of Fillmore and Donelson. Its publica tion suspended with the close of the year. The Home Journal was established in Janu- ary, 1857, by Metcalfe & Pulvis, who published ten copies and then sold it to William J. Slatter, who was connected with it until October, 1884, when he leased it to H. H. Du- lin, who had for many years been connected with it in the capacity of printer. It is now published by Taylor & Dulin. W. D. Watterson, Lewis Metcalfe and others have been connected with it for short periods. It has always been Democratic in politics. ^ The Franklin County News was established in June, 1883, by Phillipsf'^mbrey & Co., who continued to publish it until 1884, when they leased it to Morrell & Snodgrass, who published until June, 1886. The company then sold it to Nathan Francis, the present publisher. It is also Democratic in politics. Decherd is situated on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, at the junction of the Decherd & Fayetteville Railroad, and two miles from Winchester. It had its origin with the completion of the former railroad in 1851. The only house then was the log cabin in which Richard Holder was living. The place was named in honor of Peter S. Decherd. A good depot was built and Joseph Carter made agent, and Mrs. Davidson was put in charge of an eating house for the railroad company, which she kept up to the war. Among its first merchants were Carroll Walker, John March. Aaron Lyndi and Cyrus Barnes. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 799 Before the war a good academy was built at a cost of about f 1,000. It was destroyed during the war. A union church was built by the Methodists, Baptists, Cumberland Presbj^terians and Christians. This was destroyed by Federal troops in the early part of the war. After the army of Ro.secrans occupied Decherd, it became and continued to be an important military station until the close of the war. It was incorporated by an act of the General Assembly passed January 30, 1868, and the charter was repealed by another act passed April 3, 1885. The town contains three general stores, one family grocery, queensware and hardware store, one drug store, one steam grist and flouring-mill, some mechanical shops, two churches and a public school. Cowan lies on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, at the base of the Cumberland Mountains on the north side, and is noted for its extensive iron manufactory. The Sewanee Furnace was established here in 1880, with a capital stock of $200,000. It has since passed into the hands of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, with the capital increased to $300,000. The company employs 100 hands, and manufactures seventy tons of pig iron per day. The buildings are large and extensive. Cowan is an old town located in one of the earliest settlements made in the county. It is at the junction of the Sewanee & Tracy City Railroad. Its present business, aside from that of the iron fur- nace, consists of four general stores, one drug store, one family grocery, one grist-mill, some mechanical shops, five churches (three white and two colored), two good hotels and one academy. The place has about 800 inhabitants, a large proportion being colored. It is pleasantly located and the .surrounding scenery is delightful. Sherwood is located on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, in the romantic valley of Crow Creek, and is 1,100 feet above sea level. Ex. -Lieut. -Gov. C. D. Sherwood, of Wisconsin, after whom the place is named, lo- cated there in 1875, and purchased a large tract of land, and organized the Sherwood Colony, of which he is the president, his object being to build up a health resort, and manufacturing town. The town has been platted into lots of the most convenient size to suit purchasers, including a large number of tracts suitable for fruit farms on the top of the mountain, to which a wagon road of easy grade has been made. This road leads from Sherwood to the University of the South, at Sewanee, only a few miles distant. The colony consists at present of thirty Northern and ten Southern families. And the town, which is only nine years old. has two general stores, a steam saw, planing and shingle-mill combined, two churches, the Sherwood Academy, and one free school, the railroad depot and offices, a large number of dwellings, and some mechanical shops- There are fine mineral springs at the top of the mountain, and A. J. Smith, of Wisconsin, has purchased a tract of land, and made arrangements to build a hotel costing $20,000. To this hotel he intends to conduct the mineral waters through pipes. There are also fine springs of pure water at the site of the hotel. A son of Mr. Smith will commence the publication of a newspaper there in September next. The contract is let, and the office for the press is now being constructed. Mr. Hersheimer, of Wisconsin, has made arrangements to move his machinery to Sher- wood and establish a large foundry which will employ sixty hands. It is a most romantic place, and as soon as the improvements now under way are completed it will no doubt become a popular health resort. The leading industry at present is the getting out of chest- nut-oak tan-bark and shipping it to St. Louis and Louisville. About ninety car loads of this bark are shipped annuall3\ Anderson, a station on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, near the State line, is a small village containing three general stores, a station house, one church and a public school. Sewanee, at University Place, has a fine railroad depot and a three-story business block, built of stone. Also a large frame hotel, kept by Col. S. G. Jones, six general stores, one drug store and an extensive coal mine. The latter is operated by Col. Jones. 800 HISTOEY OF TENNESSEE. Salem was an old town in the lower part of the county, which had much importance in its day. Some of the early merchants were John R. Patrick, Hedspeth & Simmons and Thomas B. Moseley. Prior to 1840 Salem was a noted cotton market. It had good merchants and for many years Mrs. Cowan's hotel was considered one of the hest in the country. On the 7th of March, 1878, the town was nearly all destroyed by fire. Mrs. Cowan's hotel, some dwellings and every business house in the village were consumed. The loss was estimated at $31,000. The town has never been rebuilt. In its "palmy days" it had a flourishing academy, tlie building of which is now used for the public school. Belvidere, on the Decherd & Fayetteville Railroad, five miles below Winchester, has a station house, general store, blacksmith's shop, etc. Maxwell, further down on the same railroad, has a station house, two general stores, one church, a shoe shop, two doctors and a few residences. Hunt's Station on the same railroad, near the western line of the county, has a station house and express ofHee, four general stores, one church, a public school, etc. Estill Springs on the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, was formerly a summer resort, and frequently contained a summer population of several hundred. It was almost entirely destroyed during the war, and has not been rebuilt. There are two general stores there at present. Hurricane Springs lie near the Moore County line and about four miles from the railroad. It is now the great fashionable resort for invalids and pleasure-seekers. It has a large hotel and cottages for visitors. Winchester Springs, formerly a great summer resort for the wealthy planters of the South, are located in a romantic dell near Elk River, and about five miles from Winchester. The Springs furnish red, yellow and white Bulphur, chalybeate, freestone and limestone water. It is a fine summer resort. J. R. Warner is the proprietor. In the settlement and growth of Franklin County, very little attention was paid to education, until villages with their academies became established. No adequate system of free schools existed prior to the late civil war. The first effort to establish an academy within the county, was made in the General Assembly of the State, by an act passed November 22, 1809, establishing Carrick Academy. Wm. Metcalfe, James Hunt, James Cunningham, Richard Callaway, Christopher Bullard and Geo. Taylor, were constituted a body politic and corporate, by the name of the Trustees of the Carrick Academy of the county of Franklin. The academy was established on the present site of the Winchester Normal, but when it was first organized and by whom first taught can not be stated. Prof. Witter conducted the school for some years prior to 1827 or 1828, when the school building was consumed by fire. In 1829, the trustees contracted with Wallis Estill to erect a new building, which cost $629. They then eiuployed Prof . Robert Witter, a son of the former professor, to teach the school. In 1855, a brick building (which forms a part of the pres- ent building) was erected at a cost of about $5,000. And in 18G5 it was leased to the Bisliop and Diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Tennessee for ninety-nine years. A school was opened under the auspices of said church, and continued about two years, when the lease was surrendered back to the trustees who gave it. The war c6m|» in"- on the 'academy was neglected for a series of years, and in 1871 Prof. R. A. Clark took charge of it, and in 1873, he was joined by Prof. J. M. Bledsoe and together they conducted the school until 1878. Carrick Academy was for males only. Referring to early times it is found that among the very early teachers were Jonathan Burford whom, it is thought, taught the first school in Winchester, in a log cabin, near the Davidson Spring; and Rev. Andrew S. Morrison, who taught in a cabin, on the south side of Little Mountain. Abram Shook and M. K. Jackson were also among the early teachers. The Locust Hill Female Seminary, two milQs southeast of Salem, was a flour- ishin"- school for many years before the late war. There was also an academy at Salem, ■which is now used b}' the free school. The Acme Academy, at Cowan, was chartered in 1882. It has an average of seventy pupils. The Sherwood Academy was chartered in 1881, and is doing a good work in that new and romantic village. The Winchester Female Academy was founded by Rev. W. A. Scott, of the Cumber- FKANKLIN COUNTY. 801 land Presbyterian Church. The building was erected in 1835, and the school opened in December of the same year. Rev. Scott and his wife were the tirst teachers. They con- tinued about three years, and were succeeded by Rev. T. C. Anderson, two years. He was followed by Rev. Biddle, who taught until his death, which occurred about 1856. About this time the name of the academy was changed to that of The Robert Donnell Institute, and the faculty changed frequently thereafter. Profs. Syler and Crisraan taught at dif- ferent periods, and after the war Rev. McKinzie taught, and was followed by Prof. A. M. Burney. In the early sessions of this academy there were from 80 to 120 pupils in at- tendance, and the number afterward increased to. about 160, and finally decreased so that the school had to be closed for want of patronage. The building is now used by the free school. The Winchester Normal, for both sexes, was chartered in May, 1878. Capt. B. Dufield. J. L. Baugh, W. W. Garner, G. G. Phillips, T. J. Gaines, John Simmons, James H. Davis, John Kaserman and H. G. Hampton were constituted a body politic and corporate under the name of " The Winchester Normal." At the organization Capt. Dufield was elected president of the board of trustees, and Prof. J. W. Terrill was chosen president of the fac- ulty and teacher of logic, mental and moral philosoph}^ etc.; Prof. R. A. Clark as teacher of matiiematics, astronomy, etc.; and Prof. J. M. Bledsoe as teacher of Greek, Latin, etc- In May, 1878, the trustees of Carrick Academy, by authority of the county court, leased to the trustees of the Winchester Normal, the buildiiigs and premises of the former academy for a period of fifteen years; and in December, 1881, a lease was made for fifty years more, to commence at the expiration of the first lease. This school was opened in Septem" ber, 1878, with 220 students, including 160 free-school pupils, leaving only 60 who paid tuition. The free-school pupils were taken out at the end of the first year. The Normal has met with excellent success, and it is deservedly popular. Prom 60 paying students of the first year, the number has increased to 417 which were in attendance during the last year. Prof. Bledsoe retired from the faculty in 1881, and at present the faculty consists of President James W. Terrill, Prof. R. A. Clark, Miss Matt Estill, Miss Maud Terrill, Mrs. Colie Terrill, Miss Lillis Bledsoe, and Miss Fannie Stewart. The history of the Mary Sharp College has been ably written and published in The Illustrated Baptist, from which is quoted a few extracts. This college, located at Winchester, "was founded in 1850, for the purpose of giving to the daughters of the South a more thorough and practical education than could be obtained in any school for girls, North or South." Two of the men most active and efficient in securing a departure from the custom of superficially educating girls, were Rev. J. R. Graves, the well known Bap- tist divine, now of Memphis, but then of Nashville, and Col. A. S. Colyar, now a distin- guished member of the bar at Nashville, but at that time a citizen of Winchester. " In the latter part of 1849, the services of Z. C. Graves, of Kingsville, Ohio, were secured. He was widely known as a most successful educator, and bi-ought with him the \ entire faculty of the institution he left; Prof. W. P. Marks, for the chair of mathematics, his wife Mrs. Graves, for Latin and belles-lettres, and his sister Mrs. Marks, for the pre- paratory department. The professor of music was Joliann Svensen, of the Conservatory of Music, at Stockholm, in Sweden. Two years after. Prof. Marks was succeeded by a brother of Mrs. Graves, Prof. G. D. Spencer. Save the music department, the teachers were all of one family, and a most harmonious and eflacient band they were. Prof. Spencer taught until his death in 1864." "In January. 1850, school was commenced in a commodious private dwelling, which was purchased for a boarding house for the embryo college, the families of the faculty living in the same house. The pupils were at first less than twenty, and the teachers five. At the close of the year the students were more than a hundred, and the school was re- moved to the service and basement rooms of the Baptist Church, where it continued to be taught for two years, whence, at the beginning of 1854, it removed to its permanent quar- ters, in the main building of the present college editice." A thorough course of study was prepared, in which mathematics had a prominent phice, English brandies also, the Latin 802 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. and Greek lanj^uages, with au extended and thorousj;-!! drill in logic and melapliysics. Tlie study of the Greek, language was unknown at that time in any institution for girls. The name of the college was at first the "Tennessee and Alabama Female Insti- tute," but when the charter was procured it was changed to Mary Sharp College, to per- petuate the memory of the estimable lady who had made the largest donation for this first real " woman's college " in this or any other land— Mrs. Mary Sharp— the childless widow of an extensive planter in the vicinity of Winchester. The college edifice consists of a main building, three stories high. 80x40 feet, with two wings, each 24x40 feet, two stories high, and a laboratory, 34x18 feet, at the rear, the whole making twenty-five rooms for teaching purposes. The prosperity of the Mary Sharp College has been unexampled. Commencing with less than twenty pupils, in ten years it had a patronage of 320 from eleven different States. The war left nothing but tiie bare walls of the college edifice standing. The ex- pense of repairs fell lieavily on President Graves, wiio paid it out of his own pocket. In 186-") pupils began to return, and although other prominent institutions of learning have sprung up in the immediate vicinity, this college has made rapid pr ogress, and stands at the head of female colleges, and is able to prove that it is the pioneer college established for the higher education of woman. That is, it is the first college founded in America for women where Latin and Greek are a sine qua non for graduation. At the last commencement, 1886. the Mary Sharp College graduated a class of nineteen students. Over 5,000 young ladies (students) have attended this college since its commencement. The college is now in a flourishing condition and has the following able faculty: Z. C. Graves, LL. D., president; A. T. Barrett, LL. D.. Prof. J. M. Bledsoe, Prof. C. F. Utermoehlen, Prof. E. M. Gard- ner, Miss Florence Griffin, A. M., Miss Mary Taylor, Miss Nannie Henderson, A. B., Mrs. K. C. Barrett, Mrs. J. M. Bledsoe, A. B.". Miss Nannie Huff, Mrs. A. C. Graves, A. M. ; A. T. Barrett, secretary. During the thirtj^-six j'ears existence of this college. Dr. Graves, the founder thereof, has been its constant .president. Gen. LeonidasPolk (founder of theUuiversit.Yof the South), a native of Tennessee, but late bishop of Louisiaaa, first conceived the idea of concentrating the interests of the South- ern dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church upon one great school of learning. In ISofi he issued an address to the bishops of the Southern States, proposing to establish a university upon a scale that would reach the demands of the highest Christian education. Receiving the proposal with favor, the bishops of the South and Southwest, with dele- gates, assembled, for the first time, on Lookout Mountain on July 4, 18.57, and decided to establish the proposed university. After many places were scientifically examined, Sewanee, Tenu., was chosen, on account of its healthfulness and delightful and picturesque scenery, as the site of the university. A charter was soon afterward procured from the State of Tennessee, granting the fullest power, and a domain of 10,000 acres of land was secured for the university. An endowment of nearly $.500,000 was obtained, and the corner-stone laid with great ceremony. Offices and buildings were erected, when the late civil war broke out and put a stop to all further opei-ations. At the close of the war little remained, except the uni- versity domain. A movement was inaugurated in 1866 to revive the work. Funds were generously contributed in England, and in September, 1868, the trustees were enabled to put the university in operation upon a moderate scale. The prosperity of the institution from its opening until 1874 was on the rapid increase. At the latter date its numbers felj rapidly in consequence of the financial depression throughout the country, from which it did not recover until about 1880. Since then it has grown rapidly. The following is a list of the public liuildings of the university, with cost of construction annexed: St. Luke's Hall, $45,000; Hodgson Lil)rary, $12,000; Thompson Hall, $12,000; St. Augustine Chapel and Quadrangle, $70,000; Temporary building, 1866, $15,000. The school opened in September, 1866, with fifteen pupils, and closed its recent term, June 30, 1886, with 281 pupils. The faculty consists of Rev. Telfair Hodgson, D. D., Dean, and Revs. George T. Wilmer, D. D., W. P. DuBose, S. T. D., Thomas F. Gailor, FRANKLIN COUNTY. 803 M. A., S. T. B., Sylvester Clark, F. A. Shoup, D. D., and gentlemen— Gen. E. Kirby Smith, F. M. Page, M. A., Greenough White, M. A., B. L. Wiggins, M. A., W. A. Guerry M. A., J. W. 8. Arnold, M. D., and Dr. Albert Schafter as professors ; Rt. Rev. John N. Galleher, D. D., Bishop of Louisiana, and Rt. Rev. J. F. Young, D. D., Bishop of Florida, as lecturers; J. W. Weber, instructor in book-keeping, and Robert W. Dowdy, second lieutenant Seventeenth Infantry, United States Army, commandant of cadets and instructor in military science. Sewanee, the site of the university, is on the elevated plateau of that name — a spur of the Cumberland Mountains. Its elevation above the level of the sea is about 2,000 feet and about 1,000 feet above the surrounding country, and its climate is unsurpassed. There are many elegant residences, and Sewanee and University Place combined contains about 1,000 inhabitants. Under the present free-school system the educational interests of the countj' have reached the following statistics, to wit: Scholastic population — white males, 2,626; white females, 2,346; colored males, 690; colored females, 530. Grand total, 6,192, of which 4,100 attended school in 1885. The number of free schools are as follows: White, 62; col- ored, 9. During the last school year there were 38 white male and 28 white female, and 9 colored male and 3 colored female teachers employed, at an average compensation of $30 per month. The length of the school year was four months. About $17,000 are an- nually expended in the county for the support of the free schools. The pioneer settlers of Franklin County were a Christian people, who worshiped God while undergoing the hardships of frontier life. A large number of the iirst settlers were ministers of the gospel. Public worship was held in every neighborhood in the cabins of some pious settlers. And as the people became more numerous they established camp-meetings at various places ^throughout the county. The early Methodist camp- meeliugs were located at Farris' Chapel, Walnut Grove, Caney Hollow, Marble Plains and Dabb's Ford. The Presbyterians established a camp ground at Goshen, and the Baptists established one near Salem. At these places the good people met annually "in God's first temples," the groves, to worship Him. These camp-meetings were mostly con- tinued until the late civil war, since which time all have been discontinued, except the one at Goshen, where services are annually held for a season on the camp grounds. But no tents are now used, as the people go to the grove in the morning, and worship during the day, and return home in the evening. The pioneer religious denominations were the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Lutherans, and Revs. James Faris, James Rowe, Elijah Brazier, Henry Larkin, Robert Bell and Wm. Woods were some of the pioneer preachers. Early churches were established by the respective denominations in the neighborhood of the location of the camp grounds before mentioned. The Goshen Presbyterian Church was organized soon after the first settlement, and Rev. Robert Bell was the first pastor. Immediately after the organization of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church, the Goshen Church joined it in a body. It still exists and has a very large membership. There is now only one Presbyterian Church in the county, and that one was established at Decherd about 1874, and has now a membership of about sixty. Decherd also has two colored churches — one Missionary Baptist and one Southern African Methodist. At Winchester divine services were first held in private houses, and next in the court house, until 1827, when the Cumberland Presbyterian Church edifice was erected on the lot where the Christian Church now stands. This was the first church building erected in the town. The first Sunday-school in Winchester was organized about 1828, and was conducted by Benjamin Decherd and others in a room of the second story of the court house, where white and colored children were taught together. About 1830 the Methodists built a log church in the Moseley neighborhood. The Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Winchester was organized about 1820, by Benjamin Decherd and Judge Green, their wives, and others. Rev. Joseph Copp was pastor of this church early in the thirties. He was succeeded by Rev. W. A. Scott, who founded the Winchester Female Academy. The present church edifice was built in 1858. At present it has a membership of about 125. 804 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The Missionary Baptist Church in Winchester was founded about 1849 by Rev. A. D. Trimble, pastor, with a membership of about twenty-fiye. The church edifice was com- pleted in 1852. The present resident membership is about fifty, and about twenty-five of the Mary Sharp College students, who reside abroad. Rev. Enoch Windes is the pastor. The Catholic Church, at Winchester, was built soon after the close of the late civil war. Its members reside principally in the country. The edifice of the Christian Church at Winchester, was completed in 1885, Elder Floyd is the present minister. The original trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, at Winchester, were ' Robert Dougan, Robert Haukins, Wiley Densen, Charles Farris, William Stewart and John Fennell. A lot was donated to this church by J. Gordon, and the church built thereon in 1834. The church was organized with a small membership — twenty -five, per- haps. In 1854 the church edifice and lot were sold to Prof. Charles Guita for the sum of $400. The new church building was dedicated in 1853 by Dr. McFerrin. The present membership is 140. Rev. W. T. Haggard is the present pastor. The Episcopal Church at Winchester was founded principally by Ashton Butterworth, the most liberal donor, and Rev. J. L. Park. The edifice was erected in 1874 and the church has a membership of about forty. The Christian Church at Cowan was built in 1880. At Sherwood there is a Union and also a Methodist Church, the edifice of the latter being built in 1881, and the former in 1883. There are two colored churches in Winchester — one Methodist and the other Baptist. There are many other churches throughout the county, of which, for want of space, we can not speak in detail. Franklin County has had her full share of suffering on account of intemperance. It can now be recorded that intemperance is on the decrease, while temperance is on the increase. Only a few years ago nearly every village in the county had its tippling saloons; but in 1876 the "Star of Hope Lodge," of the I. O. G. T., was organized in Winchester by J. J. Hickman, Grand Worthy Chief Templar, with a membership of sixty- five, which afterward increased to about 300. This lodge began the battle with intemper- ance and so prevailed upon the people as to induce them to petition the General Assembly to abolish the charter of Winchester. The charter being abolished the tippling houses had to immediately close up under the "four-mile law." This induced other towns to have their charters abolished, and now there is not an incorporated town in the county and not a tippling saloon. But the colleges and schools are incorporated. It seems that under the laws of Tennessee incorporated towns mean saloons, intemperance and degrada- tion, while incorporated colleges and schools mean temperance, education and good morals. It is to be regretted, however, that such a town as Winchester has to sacrifice its munici- pal government in order to suppress the " trafiic." MOORE COUNTY. MOORE COUNTY lies in the south central portion of Tennessee, and is bounded on the north by Bedford, east by CofEee, south by Franklin, and west by Lincoln. It contains about 170 square miles, and its surface is greatly diversified. About one-half of the county lies on the Highland Rim, and the remainder in the Central Basin. The east- ern portion has a high, flat, slightly-rolling surface, known as the "barrens, "which breaks off to the south and west into ridges and ravines, some of the latter having a depth of 300 to 400 feet. These ridges are spurs which shoot out into the valley of the Elk and Mul- berry and their tributaries, the valleys constituting a part of the broken southern division of the Central Basin which is partially cut off by Elk Ridge. These ridges are very fertile. They are composed mainly of the Nashville limestone, upon which rests the black shale MOORE COUNTY. 805 or Devouian, and upon this shale rests as a protecting rock, the siliceous layers of the barren group, which is characteristic of the barren portion of the Highland Rim. Marble of a fair quality is found in the county. The eastern portion, known as the "barrens," is covered mostly with a light growth of scrubby oak timber, and the soil has a whitish clay surface, with a porous, leachy subsoil, and is very sterile, except for the cultivation of fruits and tobacco. Elk Ridge is very fertile, and almost as productive as the best valley lands. It is heavily timbered with poplar, oak, chestnut, walnut, sugar, linden and locust. The valleys of the Elk, Hurricane, Mulberry and their tributaries^ have a rich alluvial soil, which is very produc- tive. The staple crops of the county, are wheat, corn, rye and oats. Blue grass is indig- enous to the soil. Clover, timothy and most other grasses yield bountifully with proper cultivation. Stock raising is carried on to some extent, and the county, with its numerous springs, is well adapted to dairy farming, which however is not carried on to any consid- erable extent. The farms are not in as high a state of cultivation as they are capable of being brought. A good turnpike road leading from Shelbyville to Fayetteville passes direct- ly through the county, via County Line and Lynchburg. The county is high, healthy, and well drained. It has no swamps to contaminate its atmosphere with malarial poison. The first settlements in the territory now composing Moore County were made near the beginning of the present century, when bears, wolves, deers, and all kinds of game were abundant. Just when and by whom the first actual settlement was made cannot be stated, but the names of a considerable number of the earliest settlers can be given. Will- iam B. Prosser came from North Carolina and settled in this county in 1806, and William Spencer came in 1808. Isaac Forrester, born in South Carolina in 1790, seltled here prior to the war of 1812, in which he participated. In 1816 he married Miss Matilda Hodges, and both are yet living. They are the parents of fourteen children, eleven of whom are still living. They have had eighty-nine grandchildren, sixty-nine of whom are living, and they have had nearly seventy great-grandchildren, sixty of whom are living, and two great-great-grandchildren, both living. A remarkable family — certainly they have obeyed the Scriptural injunction "Be ye fruitful, multiply, etc." A Mrs. Wiseman, who was also born in 1790, is still living in this county. Frederick Waggoner and family settled in the county before the war of 1812, in which he partici- pated in the battle of the Horse Shoe Bend. Woodey B. Taylor and his wife, Nancy (Seay) Taylor, parents of John H. Taylor (Uticle Jack as he was familiarly called), came from Georgia with their family in 1809, and settled on East Mulberry, about two miles below the site of Lynchburg. There was only one house then between their settlement and Lynchburg, and that one was at the place now owned by Mrs. B. H. Berry. At that time there were only two log-cabit.s in Lynchburg, one where Dr. Salmon now lives, and the other at Mrs. Alfred Eaton's place; Mr. Joel Crane then lived in the former. The same year, 1809, Andrew Walker came from South Carolina, and settled upon and mostly cleared the farm, and soon thereafter erected the house where Smith Alexander now lives. Samuel Isaacs then lived on the Jack Daniel's farm, and Daniel Holman lived in the next house down the valley. Anthony and Thomas Crawford, James Clark and Champion Bly were then living.near Lynchburg. Mrs. Agnes Motlow, widow of a soldier of the war of the Revolution, settled m this county in 1809 or 1810, with her five sons, Zadoch, William, James, John and Felix, and two daughters, Elizabeth, who married Andrew Walker, of whom mention has been made, and Lauriet, who married Mr. — Massey. The Motlow family in this part of the State originated from the above ancestors. Reuben Logan set- tled here soon after 1800, and had many successful encounters with the wild animals. He killed many bears and deers, and was a soldier in the war of 1812. James Cox and Mary, his wife, were-among the first children born within the limits of Moore County. Dempsey Sullivan and Naomi, his wife, were born in this county in 1811 and 1812, respectively. Michael Tipps settled in the county in 1813. His wife, nee Leah Scivally, was born here in 1810, and she is still living. Thomas H. Shaw, father of Elder Shaw, born at Per- 806 * HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. ryville, K3^, in 1798, settled in this county before the war of 1812, in which he was a sol- dier under Gen. Jackson. He married a daugliter of Thomas Roundtree, and was a mag- istrate for many years, and died in 1872. In 1815, James P. Baxter and family settled on the farm where John F. Taylor now resides. He was a county surveyor thirty-three 3'ears, and was a member of the commission to locate the Creek Indians. John F. Baxter was born in 1827, on the farm where he has always resided and still resides, without ever having been away from home seven days at a time. James S. Ervin settled in the county in 1816, and Martin L. Parks in 1818. The latter was an officer in the war of 1812. About the year 1812, a Mr. Brown and others erected the first grist mill in the county near where Jack Daniels' distillery now stands. Soon thereafter a distillery was established there, which was probably the first one in the county. The first cotton-gin was erected near the same place in about 1818. Thomas Round- tree built the cotton-mill on the creek at Lynchburg, about the year 1820. At this time there was a cotton-gin and cotton-mill on East Mulberrj^ Creek near the county line, owned by Levi Roberts. The grist-mill and cotton-gin at Lynchburg, was then operated by Wm. P., Long. A large tannery was also in operation at Lynchburg about this time. A Mr. McJimsey is said to have opened the first store in Lynchburg some time prior to 1820, at which time AVm. P. Long kept a general store in the same place. Barnes Clark, Wm. Howard, Wm. Bedford Mr. Bird and Wm. Burdge were all among the ear- liest settlers in the county, and the three latter were among the pioneer school-teachers. For a number of years after the first settlements were made, and before local mills were erected, the people had to go all the way to Murfreesboro and to Mill Creek, near Nashville, to get their grinding done. John Guthrie with his family settled near the site of Dance & Waggoner's mill in 1820, and lived there until his death. Wm. Tolley, whose death oc- curred in 1884, settled in this county in 1825. Samuel Edens and his family were living at Lynchburg at that time. Stephen M. Dance and family settled in 1826, on the farm where J. T. S. Dance now resides. Joseph Call and Rebecca, his wife, settled in 1834, on a farm in the present District No. 6, where he died in 1842. Mrs. Call subsequently had three husbands and outlived all of them, and died in 1880, in this county. Col. Davie Crockett, the great pioneer hunter and adventurer, resided for a time on a branch of the East Mulberry in this county. Moses Crawford came to this county in 1809, and lived at or near Lynchburg, and attended the "sale of lots when the town was laid off in lots and sold." The vallej^s were then covered with cane-brakes. The Falcon of March 20, 1885, published a letter from Mr. Crawford dated at Grand Island, Neb., where he then resided. This letter refers to the early settlement of this county, and es- pecially the great earthquake shock so sensibly felt here in 1811. He says "the prevalent idea was, judgment is knocking at the door. The earth reeled as a drunken man. Mercy was sought and pardon found in many eases. * * * Preaching every four weeks at my father's house. Rev. Adams, of Flat Creek, was minister or pastor in charge. My father and mother were old members of said church for years before. Peo- ple came from far to hear the Scripture propounded. The ministers were Adams, Hardy, Holman and Whittaker. The addition to the church was large every Sabbath. There were none but Baptists in this neck of woods. They used to take the applicant for bap- tism down to the ford, singing as they went. The place for immersion was near where Roundtree built his dam across Mulberry. Revivals stopped and drinking liquor began. I think I knew some of your ancestors. Two brothers by the name of Parks came there some time l)etween 1815 and 1820, I think with'Smiths. Time rolled on and rolled them off, and I soon shall follow." Mr. Crawford then says "that after the war of 1812 closed, a clan of thieves was found in and about the present town of Lynchburg. And that in the neighborhood of Barnes Clark, a blacksmith three or four miles southeast of Lynchburg, stealing was as common as going to church. A member of this clan by the name of Woods, or some- thing else, was lynched till he told of or showed the cave or warehouse of stolen goods. Old Hickory Jackson permitted the shooting of John Woods and a brother for stealing." MOOKE COUNTY. 807 About this time it seems tliere were no laws in force here for the suppression of crime, ami consequently the good people organized themselves into vigilance committees, and took the administration of justice into their own hands, and "Judge Lynch" presided at their meetings. They selected the large beech tree which stood over the spring, after- word known as the town spring of Lynchburg, for a whipping post, and after arresting offenders and bc'coming satisfied of their guilt, tied them to this tree and authorized some one to administer the whipping, which was generally very severe. Uncle Jack Taylor siiys he saw about twenty persons whipped at that famous tree, and three other's at another tree, near which he now resides. In this way public offenders were punished for all kinds of crime until the courts were establislied, and the civil authorities sufficiently empowered to enforce the laws for the protection of society. The noted lynching tree stood until about the year 1880. Like most rural counties Moore's industries have been limited principally to agricult- ure. Manufacturing, except in the article of whisky, has never been developed to any considerable extent. A few gristmills and saw-mills, sufficient for the accommodation of the people, have been erected and operated. The manufacture of whisky has been ex- tensive. In addition to what has already been mentioned, Samuel Isaacs and John Sil- vertooth erected a distiliery on the German branch of East Mulberry, one and a half miles below Lynchburg, in about 182."); and near the same time another was. erected by Mr. Isaacs, three miles below town. Alfred Eaton erected a distillery in an early day, about two miles below Lynchburg. Calvin Stone erected one on West Mulberry in 1853. As the country improved numerous distilleries were constructed and operated, from time to time, in the territory composing the county. There are now fifteen registered distilleries in Moore County. ToUey & Eaton's, established in 1877, at County Line, is said to be the largest sour mash distillery in the State. It has a capacity of 98 bushels of corn and 300 gallons of spirits per day. It is all run b_y machinery. Jack Daniels', the next in size, was built in 1876, at the Cave Spring, at Lynchburg, where, it is claimed, the first one in the county was erected. The capacity of this distillery is 50 bushels of corn and 150 gallons of spirits per day. The other thirteen distilleries have an average capacity of 33 bushels of corn and 70 gallons of spirits per day. Then, when all are running, tlaey will grind 447 bushels of corn per day and produce about 1,360 gallons of whisky. This is an immense industry. Suppose these fifteen distilleries to run their full capacit}' for six months, or 156 days, in the year, they would manufacture the immeuse amount of 303,160 gallons, or 5,054 barrels, of 40 gallons each, which, at $3 per gallon, would amount to the sum of $404,330. When these distill- eries are running they consume, at an advanced price, all the surplus corn that the farm- ers can raise. They also consume thousands of cords of wood annually. ' They thus make for their farmers a home market for their grain and wood; and the revenue to the people of the county for the corn, wood and whisky is immense. The whisky manufactured here is known in commerce as Lincoln County Whisky, and is among the best manufact- ured in the United States. The capital employed in this branch of industry is said to pay 20 per cent. The manufacture of domestic goods is carried on, in the families, to a great extent. The lands of the country are rich and productive, teeming with thousands of horses, mules, cattle, sheep and hogs. All kinds of grain, fruit and vegetables can be raised in great profusion. All kinds of grass, clover and millet grow to perfection. The highlands of the eastern part are especially adapted to the production of grape. The people are cor- dial and hospitable — primitive in their habits, and manufacture and wear a great deal of home-made clothing. The county of Moore was organized in accordance with an act of the General Assem- bly of the State of Tennessee, entitled "An act to establish a new county out of portions of the territory of Lincoln, Franlvlin, Coffee and Bedford Counties, to be called the county of Moore, in honor of the late Gen. William Moore, of Tullahoma, Tenn., one of the early settlers of Lincoln County, Tenn., a soldier of the war of 1813, and for many years a mem- ber of the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, " passed December 14, 1871. 808 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The act provided that the county should be bounded by a line described thereiu. And for the purpose of organizing the county, the following commissioners were appointed by said act, to wit: Berry Prosser, Lewis Morgan, J. B. Thompson, John D. ToUey, H. H. Smith, William Copeland, J. E. Spencer and S. J. Green, of the county of Lincoln; C. T. Shiver, A. J. Simpson, Goodwin Miller and Harvey Farris, of the county of Franklin; James G. Aydelotte, Mike Campbell, Thomas CoUey and S. J.'McLemore, of the county of Coffee; William Smith, W. P. Bobo and John Sullivan, of the county of Bedford; wlio, before entering upon their duties, should take an oath to faithfully and impartially dis- charge the same as such commissioners, And to ascertain the will of the people of the fractions of the old counties out of which the new county was to be composed, said com- missioners were to cause elections to be held at as early a day as practicable in each of the fractions of the old counties to be included in the new one. And if the requisite consti- tutional majorit}' was found to be in favor of the new county, the said commissioners were to complete the organization in accordance with the provisions of the act. The act provided that said commissioners should have power to make any change in the lines of said county, if found necessary, so as to conform with the requirements of the constitution of the State— j. e., that none of the old counties out of which the new one was to be formed should be reduced below 500 square miles; and that they should cause an actual survey of the county to be made, and an actual enumeration of the qualified voters in the limits of said county to be taken, to ascertain if said new county contained 275 square miles, and 700 qualified voters. Accordingly, on January 6, 1872, said commis- sioners met at Lynchburg and organized by electing A. J. Simpson chairman and John D. Tolley secretary, and at once employed J. B. Thomison and R. F. Daruoby to survey the boundary line of the new county, to begin at 13 o'clock M., on Monday January 8 1872, at or near Rev. J. W. Holman's place, on the Mulberry & Lynchburg Turnpike. The commissioners then adjoui-ned until the 23d day of Januarj^ when a plat of the survey of said county was presented to them by said surveyors. The plat was accepted, and the surveyors ordered to make a full and complete written report of the survey, which they afterward did. Three hundred and forty-one square miles were found to be included in, this survey. Subsequently the commissioners learned that Coffee County contained less than 500 square miles, and consequently no portion of it could be attached to the new county. By this survey the county line was run eleven miles from the county seats of Bedford, Lincoln and Franklin Counties by surface measurement. This was not satisfactory to Lincoln and Franklin Counties, consequently each brought suit against Moore County to reclaim their lost territory. The matter was fully litigated in the Lincoln County Chancery Court, and finally decided that the line of Moore County should be established eleven miles, on a straight air line, from the county seats of the old coiinties from which it was composed. This made a new survey necessary between this county and both Lincoln and Franklin Counties. Bedford County brought no suit to enforce this "straight line rule," but allowed the line to stand as originally surveyed. This very materially reduced the county in size, so that it now contains only about 270 square miles, or about seventy-one square miles less than the original survey included. On Saturday, April 13, 1872, elections were held in each of the fractions of the old counties to be included in the new, to ascertain the will of the people on the formation of a new county, and the votes cast were as follows: In fraction of Lincoln County for new county, 799; for old county, 51. In fraction of Bedford Countj% for new county, 59; for old county, none. In fraction of Franklin County, for new county, 284; for old county, 6. The requisite number of two-thirds having voted in favor of the new county, the county of Moore became established, and it only remained to perfect its organization. The commissioners then appointed Wm. Tolley, J. M. Spencer, Berry Leftwick, G. W. Byrom and F. T. Davis to divide the county into civil districts. The subdivision was made and the districts formed and named as follows: Lynchburg, Ridgeville, Marble Hill, Reed's Store, Tucker Creek, Wagoner's, Prosser's Store, Charity, County Line, MOORE COUNTY, 809 Hurricane Church and Wm. B. Smith's mill. The districts were numbered in the order named, from one to eleven. The commissioners then ordered an election to be held on on Saturday, May 11. 1872, for the purpose of electing county officers. Accordingly elec- tions were held in each of the several districts, and the following officers duly elected: John A. Norman, sheriff; James W. Byrom, county court clerk; W. R. Waggoner, circuit court clerk; John A. Silvertooth, trustee; E. F. Brown, register; W. J. Taylor, tax collec- tor. Magistrates, J. D. Tolley, J. W. Martin, B. F. Womach, A. J. Simpson, G. W. By- rom, C. H. Bean, A. C. Cobble, J. E. Spencer, R. L. Gillespie, Wm. Copeland. John Swinney, John L. Ashby, T. G. Miller, D. J. Noblet, A. M. Prosser, J. A. Frosser. L. Leftwich, Samuel Bobo, T. J. Baxter, J. L. Holt, J. M. Byrom, J. W. Eggleston and J. J. Burt. These magistrates elect assembled on the third day of June, 1873, at the house of Tolley & Eaton in Lynchburg, and organized and held the first county court ever held in the county, They organized the court by electing A. J. Simpson, chaiman, and John D. Tolley & D. J. Nobblett, associates. At this term the court ordered an elec- tion to be held in the several districts of the county on the first Saturday of July, 1872, to determine where the people desired to have the county seat located. The elections were accordingly held, and out of 499 votes cast, 465 were in favor of Lynchburg as the county seat. The court then appointed a committee of one from each district to select suitable grounds for a jail and jailer's house, and a public square for a court house site. This com- mittee .selected a plat of ground 300 feet square on Mechanic Street for a public square, and a tract of one acre belonging to E. Y. Salmon, and lying across the creek, between the town and Parks' tan-yard. The Public Square was located by the court, as reported, and title acquired thereto by donation from the owners. The tract for the jail was purchased of Dr. Salmon, for $100. Before building the jail, the court decided that this lot was not suitable and convenient, and thereupon sold it at public outcry for $10, and at tlie Au- gust term, 1875, the court bought the present jail lot of Col. J. M. Hughes for $200. A committee, consisting of M. L. McDowell, A. C. Cobble, J. E. Spencer, B. F. Womack and J. L. Holt, was then appointed to let the contract for the building of a jail and jailer's house. The contract was awarded June 7, 1875, to Bobo & Stegall for $2,550, the build- ing to be completed by the first Monday in October of the same year. At the January term, 1876, of the county court, the committee reported that the jail and jailer's house had l)een completed according to the contract. It was accepted and the committee discharged. The jail has two cells, 8x8 feet, made of heavy oak timber, and large nails driven in almost every square inch. It is a very safe jail. The house is in the shape of an L, the front consisting of two nice rooms for jailer's residence. It is situated on the lot bought of Col. Hughes, nearly opposite the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is a very neat and comfortable building. On the 8th of January, 1884, the county court appointed a committee to select and secure a new location for a public square. And in July of the same year the commit- tee reported that they had deeded the square on Mechanic Street back to its former own- ers, and secured title to the Public Square where the court house now stands. Their action was approved, and a building committee, consisting of R. B. Parks, John E. Bobo and W. D. L. Record, was then appointed, with instructions for the construction of a court house. This committee awarded the contract to S. L. P. Garrett. And at the April term, 1885, they reported that the house was completed according to contract, and that they had paid the contractor $200 for extra work over and above the original contract, thus making the total cost of the court house $6,875. The building was accepted by the court and the committee discharged. The court [house is a very substantial two-story brick structure, 40x60 feet, with the county offices on the first fioor, and the court rooms on the second. The people of the county are very fortunate in having good and sufficient county build- ings. The county has no asylum for the poor. The latter are provided for by appropria- tions from the public treasury, by authority of the county court. The sessions of the courts were first held in Tolley & Eaton's Hall; then the county 810 HISTOEY or TENNESSEE. bought the Christian Church, which stood on Main Street, on the east side of the Public Square. The courts were held in this church building until it burned down in December, 1883, after which the sessions were held in the schoolhouse on Mechanic Street until the court house was completed. The following is a list of the county officers and "the time served by each: County court clerks — James W. Byrom, the present incumbent, was elected at the first election, which was in 1872, and has been re-elected and held the oflBce continuously ever since. This shows the high estimation in which he is held by the people. Circuit court clerks — W. R. Waggoner, 1872-74; Dr. W. D. Frost, 1874-78; J. A. Norman, 1878 to June, 1880, when he died; then B. H. Berry was appointed lo fill vacancy. H. H. Neece, 1880 to present time. Sheriffs— J. A. Norman, 1872-78; H. S. Hudson, 1878-80; A. J.Travis, 1880-82; J. S. Hobbs, present incumbent, 1882. Registers— E. F. Brown, 1873-74; M. G. Osborn, 1874-82; J. R. Brown, present incumbent, 1882. Tax collectors— W. J. Taylor, 1872-74'; E. F. Brown, 1874-76; J. A. Silvertooth (the trustee), 1876-82; B. E. Spencer (trustee), 1882. Trustees— J. A. Silvertooth, 1872-82; B. E. Spencer, the present incum- bent, 1882. Clerk and master— Dr. E. Y. Salmon, 1872-80; W. A. Frost, 1880-84; R. B. Park's, present incumbent, 1884 to . Coroner— R. C. Hall, 1872-73; H. B. Morgan,' present incumbent, 1873 to • The following table shows the amount of taxes charged on the tax duplicates for the several years since the organization of the county, for county purposes, and the total amount charged for all purposes: County. I Total. $3,863 29$ 7,720 59 5,022 17. 13,307 68 2,953 20i 11,205 81 3,091 55 10,852 87 1,984 36: 8,962 91 2,158 48 6.410 10 2,358 97! 6,057 07 2,215 88 5,940 79 2,461 18 6,131 12 2,864 03; 8,088 53 2,418 30 6,684 89 2,938 35I 8,654 74 1872.... 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 I QQQ - \ool 1 3,458 63{ 9,393 21 Jgss;!!.";;;;;!!.!!!!! i 3,946 821 8,685 02 The indebtedness of the county for current expenses is about $1,000, and for balance due for the court house $1,431. The levy on the duplicate of 1886 will be about sufficient to liquidate the latter, thus leaving the county in a very good financial condition. Prior to the year 1882 the general elections in the territory composing the county, for State and National purposes, were controlled by the old counties, the same as though Moore County had never been organized. In 1882, after the census of 1880 had been published, and Moore County was recognized in redistricting the State, it held its first election for officers of the Legislature. At the presidential election in. 1884, the vote in the county stood as follows: For Cleveland. 906; Blaine, 53; St. John, 5; Butler, 5. According to the census of 1880 Moore County contained the following number of in- habitants: White males, 2,766; white females, 2,691; colored males, 376; colored females, 355. Total white. 5,457; total colored, 731. Grand total, 6,188. The county court is composed of the several civil magistrates of the several civil dis- tricts of the county, and is presided over by one of their number, whom they elect as a chairman. The county court clerk and the sheriff are officers of this court. The court meets in quarterly sessions the first Mondays of January, April, July and October. Quorum courts convene on the first Mondays of each month. For the organization of this court and a sketch of its proceedings, the reader is referred to the organization of the county, in which its history is interwoven. MOORE COUNTY. 811 The first term of the circuit court was held in the room used for court purposes in Lynchburg, beginning on the third Monday of June, 1872, the time fixed by act of tiie General Assembly of the State. W. P. Hickerson, judge in tlie Sixth Judicial District, of which Moore County forms a part, presided. The court was opened by proclamation made by J. A. Norman, sheriff. Whereupon W. R. Waggoner, clerk-elect, produced to the court his certificate of election and filed his bonds as required by law, and was duly sworn into office. J. W. Byrom, clerk of the county court, then officially certified the names of twenty-four "householders and freeholders" of the county, appointed by said county court at its June term, 1873, out of which the circuit court should select a grand jury. And out of the number so certified the following named persons were selected as the first grand jury of Moore County, viz.: J. T. Motlow, J. H. Taylor, B. F. Womach, Jacob Tipps, J. E. Spencer, J. W. Franklin, Wm. Tolley, J. L. Ashby, A. M. Prosser, P. G. Prosser, J. M. Byrom, J. J. Burt and J. F. Leach. Wm. Tolley was made foreman. H. S. Hudson and Wm. Cooper were appointed constables to wait upon the court. W. H. Allen and E. S. N. Bobo each presented his license as an attorney at law, and was ad- mitted to the bar. The first cause of action in this court was Pique, Manier and Hall vs. John Read, to recover a judgment of $249.15 rendered by F. P. Fulton, a justice of the peace. The case was tried, and the court decreed that the land of the defendant be sold to satisfy the said judgment and costs. The grand jury, after having retired to inquire into "indictable offenses," etc., returned into court an indictment against Jeff Berry (colored) for assault, aud four presentments against other offenders, to wit, Calvin Shof- ner. .James Simpson, Daniel Downing and Hiles Blythe, for "carrying pistols." And thus ended the business of the first term of the circuit court. At the next term, the court ordered that the first Monday of each term be fixed "as State's day for the county.' Jeff Berry, colored, was then tried for assault by the first petit jury of "good and lawful men of the county," viz.: J. D. Smith, Wm. Richardson, W. A. Hobbs, A. C. Cobble, N. Boone, K. J. Bobo, E. J. Chambers, John N. Morehead, Wm. Copeland, Wm. Waller, Henderson Gilbert, and Walter Holt. The defendant was found guilty, and fined |5 and costs. At this term, T. P. Flack, who professed to be an attorney at law, was arraigned for larceny. The attorney-general, being related to him, declined to prosecute, whereupon the court appointed Hon. W. D. L. Record attorney-general ;3?'o tern, to prosecute the de- fendant. Wm. Wricketts was then arraigned aud tried for "horse stealing and larceny." He was found guilty, and was sentenced to jail and penitentiary for five years. At the February term, 1873, of this court, the grand jury found a true bill against Wesley Speck for the murder of John Jean. The defendant was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to twenty years in the penitentiary. An appeal was taken to the supreme court, where the sentence was affirmed. After serving for a few years the defendant was released by ex- ecutive clemency. At the February term, 1885, Jordan Whitaker, colored, was tried for the murder of John Kiser, colored. The jury found the prisoner "guilty of murder in the first degree, with mitigating circumstances," and fixed his penalty at imprisonment in the penitentiary for life. Whereupon the attorney-general, A. B. Woodard, and Judge Will- iams joined in suggesting to the governor that sentence ought to be commuted to twenty years instead of for life. Also at this term James Silvertooth, marshal of the town of Lynchburg, was indicted for the murder of Bird Millsap. He asked for and obtained a change of venue to the Lincoln County Circuit Court, where he was tried and acquitted, on the ground that he committed the act in self defense. These are the principal criminal cases that have been brought in this court. In the year 1875 there were 37 prosecutions for carrying pistols, 8 for assault and battery, and 7 for disturbing public meetings. In 1885, ten years later, there were 21 prosecutions for carrying pistols, 5 for assault and battery, and 3 for disturbing pub- lic meetings; thus showing that crime is on the decrease. Judge W. P. Hickerson pre- sided over this court, either in person or by proxy, from its organization up to and includ- ing its October term, 1^7, and Judge J. J. Williams, the present incumbent, has presided over it since. * 812 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. The first term of the chancery court was held in the court room at Lynchburg, begin- ning on the fourth Monday of July, 1872, with Hon. A. S. Marks, chancellor, presiding. The court was opened in due form by Sheriff John A. Norman. Dr. E. Y. Salmon was appointed clerk and master, and filed his bond, to " safely keep the records of said office and faithfully discharge the duties thereof," and took the oath of ofl^ce. He also filed a bond to faithfully collect and account for fines, taxes, etc., and another as special commis- sioner and receiver. There being no other business the court adjourned to "term in course." At the next term of this court William Thomison and others filed a petition for a turnpike road from Lynchurg to Prosser and Sullivan's store, in Moore County, a distance of about six miles. A number of the petitioners were then named and appointed a body politic and corporate, by name of The Lynchburg & West Mulberry Turnpike Com-' pany. The capital stock was divided into shares of $95 each. At this term, December, 1872, the charter of the town of Lynchburg was amended so as to enlarge its powers and immunities. The first case brought in this court was "Lewis Newsonvs. Mollie Neece and others." At the October term, 1873, E. S. N. Bobo, the county superintendent filed his report of the formation of school districts for Moore County, numbering them from one to eleven; and tlie court declared each one an incorporated town, with all the privi- lege conferred thereupon by law. At the June term, 1877, the members of the bar and visiting attorneys held a meeting, and passed resolutions of condolence upon the death of Hon. Abe Frizzell, a member of the Moore County bar, who died June 17, 1877. The first resolution reads as follows: "That in the death of Abe Frizzell this bar and com- munity have lost a member, who in generosity of nature, kindness of heart, and charitable conduct was without an equal, and one who loved his neighbor better than himself. That while he had faults, they were so far outweighed by his many distinguished virtues,"that the first are lost in the splendor of the last." Judge Marks served as chancellor of this court from its organization to the close of the June term, 1878. And from time to the close of the October term, 1883, Judge J. W. Burton served as chancellor. And since then Hon. E. D. Hancock, the present chancellor has officiated. R. B. Parks, the present obliging clerk and master was appointed in 1884. Hon. Abe Frizzell was a member of the bar from the organization of the county until his death, in 1877. He was an able lawyer and fine business man. The following attor- neys were all members of the bar at the organizatfon of the county: W. A. Cole, a young and studious lawyer, who moved to Alabama some years ago; E. S. N. Bobo, who prac- ticed until'lSSO, and then went into other business; W. H. Allen, who practiced only a short time; James M. Travis, who practiced a few years, and J. T. Galbreth, likewise; R. A. Parks, who now edits and pviblishes the Lynchburg Falcon, joined the bar soon after its organization, and has practiced ever since; W. D. L. Record joined the bar at its in ception, and has been a constant practitioner ever since; ,R. E. L. Montcastle, a young and energetic attorney, joined the bar in 1885. The latter three are now the only resident attorneys. The citizens of the territory composing Moore County have contributed their full share of soldiers to fight the battles of their country. A few of the early settlers were survivors of the war of the Revolution, and some of them served in the struggle of 1812, but it is impossible now to obtain an account of their names and services. A few surviv- ors of the Mexican and Florida wars still reside within the countj\ Public excitement ran very high here at the outbreak of the late civil war. Public meetings were held at Lynch- burg, and at other points throughout the county, and were addressed by Hon. Peter Turney and others, and the people were almost unanimously in favor of a Southern Con- federacy. The first company to enter the service was Company E, of the First Tennessee Con- federate Infantry. This company was raised at Lynchburg in March, 1861, and joined its regiment at Winchester in the next month. The following is a list of the officers and pri- vates who were mustered into the service, together with the recruits: Officers — Dr. E. MOOKE COUNTY. 813 Y. Salmon, captain; T. H. Mann, first lieutenant; C. W. Lucas, second lieutenant; W. F. Taylor, third lieutenant; W. P. Tolley, first sergeant; J. P. Edde, second sergeant; T. H. Parks, third sergeant; J. N. Ta.ylor, fourth sergeant; M. C. Parks, first corporal; J. H. Silvertooth, second corporal; A. W. Womack, third corporal; F. W. Motlow, fourth cor- poral; W. B. Taylor, ensign. Killed— Lieut. T. H. Mann, Sergt. J. P. Edde, Corp. J. H. Silvertooth, and Privates William T. K. Green, B. W. Shaw, B. R. Bobo, T. E. Brown, J. J. Lucas, J. W. Stockstill, John McCulley, W. M. Jones,|W. A. Dillingham, J. F. Met- calf, J. T Hunter, C. M. Wade, William F. Morris, F. G. Motlow. Clay Hoskins and J. S. Green. Wounded— Lieut. W. F. Taylor, Sergt. W. P. Tolley, Sergt. J. N. Taylor and Privates M. L. Parks, A. F. Eaton, B. H. Berry, R. H. Crawford, O. J. Bailey, S. W. Edens, W. H. Hutchenson. George Jones, T. C. Spencer, T. D. Gregory, B. A. W. 1;. Norton, J. H. Brandon, M. A. L. Enochs, John Gray, and Alex. Bailey. Ensign W. B. Taylor and Private M. V. Hawkins each lost an arm, and Private Joseph S. Hobbs lost a leg. Died — Corp. A. W. Womack, Privates John W. Brown, W. C. Kirtland, W. H. Waggoner, David Roberson, W. A. Strawn, J. C. C. Felps, John R. Gates, F. D. Bedford, J. C. Jenkins, William F. Scivally, John D. Hinkle, F. A. Thurman, and 011a Overby. The following are those who passed through the war without being wounded: Capt. E. Y. Salmon, Lieuts. C. W. Lucas, and A. F. Eaton, Sergt. T. H. Parks, Corp. M. C. Parks, Corp. F. W. Motlow, T. J. Allison, M. L. Parks, Jr., T. J. Eaton, C. D. Williams, Z. Motlow, J. K. Bobo, Anderson Edens, A. H. Parks, S. E. H. Dance, C. W. Felps, T. A. Chapman, J. M. Rhoton, F. F. Brown, W. C. Jones, J.R. Strawn, J. S. Hubbard, W. M. Miles, W. A. Parks, J. W. Robinson, J. P. Rives, J. S. Kirtland, Joseph Miles, J. R. Mullins, Jacob Mullins, Williiam M. Cowan, M. R. Cobbs, J. M. Shaw, W. M. Pearce, S. C. Tucker, James H. Holman, W. B. Daniel, F. Motlow, William M. Banks, Frank Edens, Sanford Stewart. Officers after reorganization were W. P. Tolley, captain; T. H. Mann, first lieutenant; O. J. Bailey, second lieutenant; A. F. Eaton, third lieutenant. Capt. Tolley was wounded and retired, and Lieut. Mann was promoted to the captaincy, and at his death Lieut. Bai- ley was promoted to the captaincy and held it to the close of the war. Lieut. Lucas re- signed during the first year of the war, and his place was filled by the election of Private A. H. Parks. Company D, First Tennessee, Confederate States Army, was organized at Ridgeville in March, 1861, and joined its regiment at Winchester the next month. Its captain, N. L. Simpson, died during the war, and John Bevel then became captain. First lieutenant, Await; lieutenants, William Davis, Thomas Raggett, Nat Norvell; Tuck Hill, Thomas Davis, Allen Pogue, Jacob Mitchell, Ben George, Henry Driver, Giles Powers and Thomas Taylor were among the killed in the service. Capt. John Bevel, Lieut. H. J. Byrom, Alex Reedy, John Clark, were among the wounded. J. W. Byrom lost left hand. R. H. Anthony, William Lewis and Isaac Mitchell each lost a leg. Thomas Reedy, John Clark, wounded; Tribble, OUa Overby and Ezekiel Shasteen died in the service. Lieuts. John Tribble and Monroe Farris, and Privates Thomas Rogers, James Allen, Thomas Anderson, Tobe Anderson, Milt. Byrom, James Bailey, R. S. Anthony, Rev. Will- iam Anthony, chaplain of the regiment, L. A. Rogers, Larkin Rogers, Benjamin Shasteen, H. W. Farris, Joseph Pogue, George Sanders, William Fanning, Wes. Fanning, Watch Cook, William Jones, Dick Jones, James A. Sanders, A. A. Davis, E. J. Chambers, Henry McGivens, G. Raney, W. Weaver, George Weaver, Ben Hutton, James Hutton, E. Brown, Toliver Hendricks, John Hendricks, Turner Childs, Dr. Childs, R. A. Overby, H. C. Bolen, Joseph Bolin, Smith, John McKinzie, John Strong, John Cobble, William and Robert Majors, H. Pilot and Gabriel Lewis — all are supposed to have served to the close of the war. The information concerning this company were given by county court clerk, J. W. Byrom, who gave it to the best of his recollection. Company H, Eighth Tennessee Confederate States Army, was raised by Capt. William L. Moore from this and adjoining counties, and consisted of 104 men. When the regiment was organized Capt. Moore was elected lieutenant-colonel, and 814 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. William J. Thrash, was made captain of the company. The company was organized with its regiment at Camp Trousdale, in Sumner County, May 29, 1861. The fol- lowing named persons enlisted from what is now Moore County: Benjamin Morgan, Frank Johnson, Lieut. J. G. Call, W. L. Davidson, W. H. Martin, Joseph Stacy, P. Y. Mitchell, Alexander Brady and John Reese, all of whom were killed in the service. And L. A. Farrer, W. J. Taylor, Nat. S. Forrester, Lieut. John Sullivan, Berry Leftwich, Brittain Carragan, P. A. Raby, Lieut. John D. Tolley, H. L. W. Boon, Alex. Crane, Stephen Johnson, M. M. Dean, Wilson Call and John Raby, all of whom were wounded. And James and Rufus Morehead. both of whom died in the service. The following are supposed to have served to the close of the war: Albert H. Boon, Joseph Broughton, Wiley H. and John S. Carrigan, Jas. H. C. Duff, John Eslick, Isaac V. Forrester, Enoch Glidewell, Geo. C. Logan, H. D. Lipscomb, W. M. Montgomery, Geo. F. Miller, E. M. Ousley, B. H. Rives, John C. Raney, John B. and Robt. F. Steagall, John B. Thomasson, Daniel J., George A., Geo. W., Sr., Geo. W., Jr., Felix M. Daniel N., George H., Felix, Henry A., and Riky Waggoner, Edward D. and James W. Whitman, Wm. A. Woodard, Elijah W. Yates, Benj. Broughton, Green B. Ashby, W. N. Bonner, Isaac Evans,' W. R. Evans, Geo. W. Gattis, Sr., J. H. Leftwich, Jacob C. Morgan, Jas.PF. Massey, J. F. M. Mills, Ellis MUls, F. M. Moyers, Jas. W. Mitchell, Jas. Marr, Jas. M. Major, Wm. Norvall, John Owens, E. B. Raby, Jos. M. Sebastian, Stephen P. Wiles», John C. Waid, W. H. Webb. Company C, Fourth Confederate Infantry, was raised by Capt. J. W. Smith, with headquarters at Ridgeville, and consisted of over 100 men. It joined its regiment at Knoxville in July, 1861. It was raised wholly within the territory now belonging to Moore County. Capt. Smith has kindly furnished us the following list of names of mem- bers composing his company: James Osborn, James Cobble, Henry Farrar, James Jack- son, John Graves, John Steagall, T. W. Steagall, George Shasteen, Alfred Travis, Joseph Rose, Thomas Pearson, T. Roberson, M. J. Brown, Robert Brown and Tom Shasteen — all of whom were killed in the service. And Marion Bedford, M. A. and W. B. Couser._g^ Dillingham, John Eaton, Robert Farmer, James Gore, H. Gore, John Byrom, George Damron, H. Nelson, Samuel Rolan, Thomas Raney, H. Roseuberger, J. F. Mitchell. J. Hammontree and Polk Nix — all of whom were wounded. And William Brannon, J. A. Cobb, Enoch Garner, Davis Marshall, Javan Nelson, John Buchanan, P. Osborn, William Runnells, Allen Revis. A. Shasteen, Ed. Rose, C. L. Parks and N. M. Ivey — all of whom died in the service. A. Cummins. James Osborn and James Burt were discharged on account of disability. And Capt. J. W. Smith, Lieuts. G. W. Byron, D. P. Muse and R. Simpson, and Sergt. S. J. Shasteen and the following non-commissioned officers and pri- vates: 8. W. Anderson, D. G. Branch, George and Samuel Brown, W. M. Browning, D. R. Bedford, J. R. Bolin. A. W. and E. A. Cobble, E. Bolin, J. P. Damron, D. Ellis, William Evans, Henry Fullmore, J. C. Gobble, Stephen Hanes, Doll Byrom, Henry Miles, Isaac Dannel, Henry Ivey, Tom Graves, Tom Muse, William Curie, Sam Ray, M. Run- nells, Doe Runnells, William Shasteen, Elijah and Jacob Shasteen, H. and R. Smith, Ralph Gray, R. Riddle, J. Pardon, Dan Baker, Levi Lawson, Stephen and John Pilant, Sam Parks, Henry Bevell, J. Y. Price, J. Hendricks, James and William Travis, A. J. Parks, J. J., William and M. and C. Tankesley, W. W. and Alfred Burt, E. Brown, Jack Ivey, James Hudgens, James Rodgers, William Smith, George Tipps, Joe Ford, H. M. Bean, M. Holt, N. Thompson, W. M. Tucker, J. Timms and J. R. Parks— all served to the close of the war. Company G, Forty-first Tennessee Confederate Infantry, was raised in the vicinity of Marble Hill by C. H. Bean, who was its original captain. Sergt. J. M. Waggoner has kindly furnished us the following roll of officers and men: Captain, W. E. Murrel; lieutenants, W. N. Taylor, G. S. Tipps (killed) and H. H. Johnson; sergeants, J. J. Matlock, A. Smith, G. Hall and J. M. Waggoner; corporals, G. W. Davis, R. C. Hinds, J. Hill, W. H. Noah and G. W. Reneger. Privates, Conner Await, E. M. Bean, J. W. Bowling, J. B. Benson, Wm. and Abe BrazzeUon, Nick Copeland, Fletch Church, James MOOEE COUNTY. 815 Cooper. H. Church, J^sse and James Ethridge, W. C. Grant, T. H. Hall, Zib Frily, Rich Groves, Richard Hill, Jack Hall, J. F. Hall, I. H. Hall, T. J. Hise, J. K. Higgenbotham, J. H. Higgenbotham. S. M. Lewis, Samuel Morris, J. M. Mayes, George McClure (killed), Z. R. Murrel. F. M. McCoy, John Morris, J. M. McKinzie, P. J. Noah, M. Powers, H. G. Renegar, W. C. Roach, G. R. Scivalley, J. V. Scivalley, G. W. Syler, J. N. Scivalley. S- W. Smith, Kit Smith, Pen Sandredg, John Tipps, J. F. Tipps, J. C. Tipps, W. J. Tipps, C. M. Taylor, J.H. Vanzant,Izaac Vanzant,W. M. Wiseman, R. C. Wiseman. J. T. Wise- man (killed), M. G. Waggoner, G. W. Wicker, J. M. Woods, W. D. Young, M. V. Wise- man. Company A, Forty-first Tennessee Confederate Infantry, Capt. James, was par- tially raised in the vicinity of Charity, and the following is a list of names of those who joined it from the territory now belonging to Moore County. Lieut. H. B. Morgan, who lost his left arm at the battle of Franklin, H. H. Neecelost right arm at At- lanta. Lieutenant L. Lcftwich, Henry Davidson, J. C. Davidson killed at Franklin. Mart Collier, J. R., T. M. and Robt. Rees, J. B. Rainey, M. A. Prosser, Wash Cox, Joseph Brock. Nat and M. B. Rees, and Thos. Albright. The following named persons joined Forrest's escort, which organized at Shelbyville in the fall of 1862, and joined the army at Murfreesboro after its return from Kentucky: F. G. Motley, S. J. Green and W. T. K. Green, killed in the service; W. F. Taylor, re- ceived seven wounds; Lieut. John Eaton and Privates J. N. Taylor, T. J. Eaton, D. R. Bedford, D. H. Call, E. Clark, T. M. Dance, M. A. L. Enochs, C.'w. Lucas, and Orderly- Sergt. M. L. Parks were among those who served to the end of the war without being wounded. This command served under Gen. Forrest during the war, and surrendered May 10, 1865, at Gainesville, Ala. In 1862 Samuel Dillingham, of Confederate fame, while at Cumberland Gap visited a distillery, and filfed a canteen with "Mountain Dew." He corked it tight, and sent it home, and afterward declared that when the next Democratic President was elected he intended to uncork it. Accordingly, in May, 1886, he turned it over to a select committee, consisting of H. B. Morgan, J. Y. Price and W. W. Holt; and on Saturday, June 13. following, due notice having been given, the committee, after appropriate remarks had been made by H. B. Morgan, uncorked the canteen in presence of a large audience in the court house. Drs. Dancer and Taj'lor inspected the contents, and pronounced it old bourbon, of the genuine article. The people of the territory composing (his county suffered great loss during the late civil war, and lived in constant fear of death from marauding parties and ^jushwhack- ers. Being a rich agricultural district it was constantly preyed upon by foraging parties sent out from the armies stationed at these points. It is hardly probable that any county in the State of Tennessee furnished more, if as many, soldiers in the late civil war as did Moore County, or rather the territory now composing it, in proportion to its population. Thomas Roundtree, who lived in the log house on the lot where Dr. E. Y. Salmou now resides, was the original proprietor of the lands on which Lynchburg is located. He laid out the town about the year 1818, and, as the famous beech tree, used as a lynching post, where early offenders were pimished, stood over the spring near his house, he very a]ipropriately named the town Lynchburg. ^Lots were laid out and numbered on the street south of the court house, and sold at public sale; but, no records having been pre- served, it is impossible to give date of sale and names of purchasers. For the early set- tlement of the town and its first business interest, the reader is referred to "early settle- ments." It being a rural town, without an outlet for its commerce, its growth has beea generally slow. Lynchburg was incorjiorated by an act of the General Assembly of the State, at its session in 1841-42. The charter was amended in 1872, by the Chancery Court of Moore County, in conformity with an act of 1870-71, Chapter 54, Section 1, and follow ing. It was so amended as to confer all the rights and privileges, powers and immuni- ties conferred upon municipal corporations, from Sections 1358 to 1399 inclusive, of Thomson and Steger's Code. The early ordinances and record of proceedings of the mu 816 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. nicipal authorities were destroyed in the fire of 1883. The revised ordinances, now in force, were adopted January 12, 1885, and published in the Falcon of January 16, 1885. "iVithin a few years, about the time of the organization of Moore County, the population of Lynchburj^ more than doubled. The fact of its becoming a county seat gave it an im- petus to improve. In 1874 it contained five dry goods houses, whose signs read Parks, Eaton & Co., Hiles & Alexander, J. L. Bryant & Co., D. B. Holt, M. N. Moore & Co.; one drug store, Salmon & Frost; three drinking saloons; two good flouring-mills, under the firm names of Hiles & Berry, Womack, Dance & Co. ; two planing-mills, Spencer & Co. and Bobo & Steagall; one tannery, by M. L. Parks; the boot and shoe shop ©f M. T. Allen; the saddle and harness factory of Stafford & Cummins; one cooper-shop, by Col- sher Bros.; a tin-shop; two wagon-shops, and three blacksmith-shops. In December, 1883, a fire broke out, which consumed a large portion of the town, in- cluding the old Christian Church, then owned and used by the county as a court house. The town has been rebuilt and the business re-established. In 1867 Womack, Dance & Co. erected a cotton-mill with a capacity of over 300 spindles. It required about a dozen hands to run it, and did a flourishing business until 1870, when it burned down. Then in 1871 the flouring mills now owned by Dance & Waggoner were erected on the same site. Dr. S. E. H. Dance commenced the practice of medicine here in 1856, and still con- tinues. And Dr. E. Y. Salmon, whose biography appears elsewhere- in this work, began practicing here in 1857. Dr. J. N. Taylor began the practice in April, 1872, and is still in practice. The societies at present are Lincoln Lodge, No. 50, I. O. O. F., which has a charter dated May 14, 1849. Jas. McBride, W. C. Byron, Thos. J. Lindley, J. A. Silver- tooth and W. F. Smith, were the members named in the charter. The lodge has a mem- bership of thirty-five, and is in a flourishing condition. Lynchburg Lodge, No. 318, F. & A. M., has a charter dated December 5, 1866. The officers named in the charter are J. T. Motlow, W. M.; E. Y. Salmon, S. W. ; and D. L. Enochs, J. W. There are about twenty-five members belonging to the lodge at the present writing, "who dwell together in peace and harmony." The first newspaper published in the county was the Moore County Pioneer. It was established at Lynchburg in 1872 by James R. Russ, who continued its publication until near the close of 1874, when it suspended. The Lynchburg Sentinel, W. W. Gordon, editor, was established in April, 1874, the first number being issued on the third day of that month. Mr. Gordon continued to edit and publish the paper until December, 1878, when he sold it to Mr. W. A. Frost, who continued its publication until it was burned out in the great fire of 1883. The first number of the Lynchburg Falcon, R. A. Parks, editor and proprietor, was published February 15, 1884. It is a good county paper, well patronized, and satisfied the demands of the people. The press of Moore County has been ably edited, and has always been, as it now is. Democratic in politics. Dr. J. N. Taylor, the present able and obliging postmaster in Lynchburg, has the honor of being the first postmaster appointed under the new administration by Postmaster-Gen- eral Vilas. His commission dates early in April, 1885. At present writing (June, 1886) Lynchburg contains the following business houses: J. L. Bryant & Co., general store and millinery store— the latter superintended by Mrs. M. J. Morgan; Dr. S. E. H. Dance & Son, drug-store; Parks & Evans, saloon; Billingsley & Bailey, general store; Parks, ■Taylor & Co., general store; Waggoner & Roughton, general store; ToUey & Eaton, ■wholesale liquor dealers, warehouse; Tolley & Bedford, pork packers; McDowell & Son, undertakers; M. F. McGregor, carriage manufacturer; Warren & Co., blacksmith-shop; J. H.Warren, wagon-maker; J. W. Stafford, saddles and harness; W. J. Walker, and George Daniel, colored boot and shoe shops; Wash. Chrisman, colored, barber-shop; Dance & Waggoner, merchant mills; Jack Daniels, distillery; G. G. Mitchell, tannery; Colsher Bros., cooper-shop; Allison & Moore, first-class livery, sale and feed stable. The town has two good MOORE COUNTY. 817 hotels, one conducted by Mrs. McClellan and the other bj' Mrs. Salmon. There are two good schools and five churches — one Primitive Baptist, one Methodist Episcopal South, one Christian, and two colored churches, one Methodist and the other Christian. The popula- tion is about 350. The municipal officers are R. A. Parks, mayor; J. T. Bickley, recorder; M. L. Parks, treasurer; A. R. Hinkle, T. F. Roughton, S. M. Alexander, W. H. Colsher, aldermen; H. R. Blythe, town marshal. The first house in Marble Hill was built by Allen Johnson, about 1835. It stood alone about ten years, antl has been occupied, in order of time, by Allen Johnson, John J. Angel, Dr. Thomison, Mrs. Cole and Jacob Tipps, the present occupant. The first business house was built by Allen Johnson about 1844. About 1855 three other business houses, general stores, were erected by Robert Wiseman and John Whitfield, Wm. Whitfield and Isaac Parks. Also, there were erected two saddlery-shops, two shoe-shops, two blacksmith-shops — one of the latter was run by Thomas & John Graves, the other by "Pink" Cole. Over a dozen dwelling houses were built about the same time (1855). R. Richardson & Co. have erected the only business house since the war. There are two churches, one large schoolhouse, two doctors, Drs. Ferass and Tripp. The town was nearly destroyed during the war. County Line contains one distillery (ToUey & Eaton's), one school, two churches, two general stores, a blacksmith-shop and postoffice. Ridgeville contains one general store, one school, one church and a blacksmith-shop. Charity contains one gen- eral store, two churches and a blacksmith-shop. The early settlers of the territory composing Moore County had, in common with the early settlers of all new counties, very meager opportunities for educating their children. No free public schools were then established. The country was a vast wilderness, which had to be cleared and subdued in order to furnish homes and provisions for the pioneer, his wife and children. They had to labor hard, and had but little time which they could devote to the education of their children. There were a few school-teachers among the early settlers who taught private subscription schools. They would contract with the parents to teach their children a specified time for a stipulated price, usually agreeing to teach spelling, reading, writing and arithmetic — rarely anything more. Those who could afford it sent their children to these schools, and those who could not had to raise their children with scarcely anj^ educational advantages. As time rolled on, and the country developed, small academies were established at a few villages, and later a meager school system was inaugurated by the State, and finally the present system of free schools, which promises efliciency in the future, was formula- ted and established. Among the early teachers we may mention Andrew Walker. Will- iam Bedford, Mr. Bird and William Burdge. The two latter taught school on the old Taylor place, near the present residence of Uncle Jack Taylor. William Pegrara was a later teacher. The old school-masters kept order and enforced obedience with, the rod. Uncle Jack Taylor was a pupil of Andrew Walker, and the latter whipped twenty-four boys in his school in one day — all the boys except two. Uncle Jack being one of the latter. The Lynchburg Male and Female Institute was chartered by an act of the General Assembly of the State, passed January 24, 1870. J. T. S. Dance, D. B. Holt, Dr. S. E. H. Dance, M. N. Moore and J. A. Silvertooth were named therein as charter members of the association. This school opened soon after receiving its charter, and has always been well sustained by the people. It has had an average attendance of from 80 to 100 pupils, and has had as high as 150 at one time. It is deservedly popular, and is doing excellent edu- cational work. The school year consists of two sessions of five months each. It has gen- erally had two teachers; Prof. W. W. DafiEron is the present able principal. He is assisted by Miss Rosa Tolley, who is also a successful teacher. This institute is controlled by a board of trustees, the members of which are elected annually. The school building, which is large and commodious, is very pleasantly located on the east bank of the Mulberry, just above the town. This school is an outgrowth of the academy which was estab- lished there several years before the late civil war. The building was erec: el in 1856, and enlarged in about 1866. Prior to the war, and up to the date of its charter, as the " Lynch- 818 HISTORY OF TENNESSEE. burg Male aud Female Institute," the school was conducted as an academy, audit is one of the few schools in this paat of the State that did not suspend its sessions during the war. The Lynchburg Normal School was chartered by an act of the General Assembly of the State. The charter is dated June 25, 1885, and the charter members are John D. Tollcy, J. T. Motlow, T. J. Eaton, Dr. J. N. Taylor, C. M. Wilson, Dr. S. E. H. Dance, Dr. E. Y. Salmon and M. N. Parks. This school opened on the lirst Monday of August, 1885, with about forty-five pupils. Prof. T. W. Estill is the principal, and Miss Lura L. Motlow, teacher of music. The school year consists of two sessions of five months each. The Lynchburg Normal School is cen- trally located, aud is the young rival of the Lynchburg Male and Female Institute, and is making laudable efforts to excel the latter, if possible, in educational work. It has been well sustained and patronized during its first year's work. Persons desiring to locate in a healthy, rural town, with first-class educational facilities, can not do better than to locate at Lynchburg. To show the present condition of the schools of Moore County, is appended the following items from the county superintendent's report for the year ending June 30, 1885: Scholastic population, between the ages of six and aud twenty-one years — white males, 976; white females, 962; colored males, 140; colored females, 104. Total, 2,182. Number of pupils enrolled during the year — white males, 710; white females, 627; colored males, 74; colored females, 65. Total, 1,476. Average daily attendance — white, 924; col- ored, 82. Total, 1,006. Number of schools in the county— white, 25; colored, 4. Total, 29. School districts, 16; consolidated schools, 2. (These latter are the Lynchburg Male and Female Institute aud the Lynchburg Normal School.) Receipts of school funds for the year, $3,348.18; expenditures for the same time, |3,193.13. Number of teachers em- ployed—white males, 17; white females 14; colored males 5. Total, 36. Average compensation of teachers per month, $25.35. By reference to the foregoing it will be observed that only two-thirds of the scholastic population attend school, and less than one-half are in daily attendance. There are seven frame and twelve log schoolhouses in the county. The religious history of the terrilorj' composing this county began with its first set- tlers. Among them were pioneer ministers who began to labor in the "Lord's vineyard" when they struck the first blow to erect their log cabins in which to shelter their families. A Mr. Adams, Hardy Holman, John Whittaker, Levi Roberts and Aldrich Brown were ministers and Christian workers among the first settlers, who began their labors, both phjsical and spiritual, with full faith that God would reward their efforts. The Christian workers among the first settlers seem to have been Primitive Baptists and Episcopal Methodists. The former erected the first church within the territory com- posing this county in the year 1812 or 1813. It was a log structure located at the place known as Bethel, a short distance above Lynchburg. Anthony and Thomas Crawford, James Clark, Champion Bly, William Smith and his son, William, were members of this church. About 1814 a Methodist Episcopal Church, "Wesley Chapel," was built at "Enoch's Camp Ground." And soon thereafter the Allen Church was erected about one and a half miles below Lynchburg. The Baptists established a church at County Line about the year 1820. and Brannon's Methodist Episcopal Chapel was erected about the same time, and later the Olive Branch Methodist Episcopal Church was erected. Revs. Joseph Smith, Lem Brannon and Stephen M. Dance were among the pioneer Methodist ministers. The Ebenezer Church near Marble Hill and the Union Church about five miles south- east of Lynchburg, both belonging to the Evangelical Lutherans, were organized about 1826, and the church of the same denomination at Pleasant Hill was organized about 1845. Rev. William Jenkins was the principal worker in the organization of these churches. He was assisted in pastoral work by Revs. John and Benjamin Scivally and Richard Ste- phens, who were prominent among the pioneer' preachers. The Waggoners, Scivallys, Awaits and Beans were early members of these churches. Services are continued at these three churches, Rev. L. R. Massey, a resident minister, and others officiating. MOORE COUNTY. 819 Before many church edifices were erected the people of all denominations met at the old camp grounds, near the sparkling waters of some noted spring, and there in the cool shade of the forest mingled their devotions to Him through whose care they had been enabled to endure and overcome the hardships of pioneer life. As the country developed and more churches were erected the camp-meetings were^finally discontinued. The first Christian Church in the county was built in Lynchburg in 1849 and dedicat- ed in June of that year by Elder S. E. Jones. This building stood'on the present Public Square and was purchased by the county soon after its organization, and used as a court- house until it burned down in 1883. The first regular ministers of this church were El- ders T. W. Brents and Calvin R. Darnall. Since the late civil war Elder Thomas J. Shaw has been and still continues the regular minister. The first members of this church were Thomas J. Shaw and wife, E. H. Womack and wife, Nancy C. and Eliza Womack, W. P. Bobo and wife, B. H. Berry, R. B. Parks, James McBride, T. E. Simpson and wife, and Sarah J. Simpson. The Christian Church at County Line was erected in 1877, and dedicated the same year by Elders Wm. H. Dixon and C. M. Crawford. The new Christian Church in Lynchburg was dedicated September 26, 1875, by Elder Thomas J. Shaw. The Methodist Episcopal Church at Lynchburg was established in 1872. The first trustees were J. T. S., J., W. M. and S. E. H. Dance, J. B. Price and B. M. Edens. The ministers have been Q. W. Ander- son, J. P. Funk, W. C. Collier, T. H. Hinson, G. W. Winn, J. W. Bell and the present pastor T. L. Darnall. When this church was established, it had a membership of about forty, which has increased to about ninety. The Methodist Episcopal Churches now in the county are — the one just described, one at Marble Hill, Branuon's Chapel on Coffee Creek, one at Pleasant Hill, Smith's Chapel, Friendship and Wiseman's Chapel. The Missionary Baptists have a church at Charity. The Baptists, one at County Line, one at Chestnut Ridge and the Hurricane Church. The Cumberland Presbyterians have one church, Moore's Chapel, recently established near Charity. The Christians have a church at County Line and one at Liberty Hill. ' The Primitive Baptist [Churches are Bethel, Harbor and Mulberry. There are three colored churches in the county, one Methodist Episcopal and two Christian. 820 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. FEANKLIN COUNTY. OLIVER N. ALDEN was born August 16, 1817, in Yarmouth, Barnstable Co., Mass., being a son of Oliver and Lucy T. (Alden) Alden. The parents were direct lineal descend- ants of the sixth generation of John Alden, who was one of the pilgrim flock that immi- grated to America in 1620. The grandfather of our subject, Timothy Alden, was for sixty years pastor of one church in Yarmouth, Mass. The subject of this sketch moved with his parents from Massachusetts to Meadville, Penn., at the age of twelve; thence the family removed to Cleveland, Ohio. The father died in Ohio and the mother died in Wisconsin. Oliver N., in early life, learned the carpenter's trade, at which he worked till 1849, when'*he went to Wisconsin and entered land near Oshkosh, where he success- fully remained in the pursuit of farming till 1873, when he removed to Neenah, Wis., and lived there until 1884, when he removed to Sherwood, Tenn., on account of his health. Here he engaged in merchandising in the spring of 1885, continuing but a short time. He now owns his Wisconsin farm of 120 acres. He was married, in 1841, to Miss Theodosia H. Morton, of Ohio, the fruits of this union being six children, three of whom are now living: Clinton H., in Papillion, Neb. ; Violet M., in Oshkosh, Wis. ; and Oliver N., in Orcas, Washington Territory. The mother of these children died in 1868, and December 31, 1870, Mr. A. wedded Miss Caroline Alden, also a direct lineal descendant of John Alden. Mrs. Alden was born in Springfield, Mass., and her last residence in that State was in Boston. Her maternal ancestry were direct descendants of the Sears family that first appeared in England in 1016, in the person of Knight, who was engaged with Edward Ironsides against Canute. Through the intermarriages of this noted family, Mrs. Alden is a descendant of the house of Norfolk and of the royal houses of both England and France. JOHN F. ANDERSON, one of Franklin County's oldest citizens, was born February 27, 1808 in Sullivan County, Tenn., being a son of Thomas and Mary (Davis) Anderson. The father was born in Abington, Va., and when a child immigrated to Sullivan County, Tenn., whence in 1812 he removed with his family to Bedford County, Tenn., and in 1819 near where Sherwood now is. Here he entered twenty-two acres of land and engaged in the pursuit of farming and hunting. He removed to West Tennessee in 1834, and after- ward to Mississippi, where he died. The mother was born m Philadelphia. Her father was killed in the Revolution, and she then moved to Sullivan County, Tenn., with a step- father. She died in West Tennessee about 1835. The subject of this sketch was eleven years old, when coming to Franklin County. In 1828 he bought ten acres of land on credit, and began the pursuit of farming. He surmounted the primitive and numerous ob- stacles in his road and continued to farm until he amassed an immense estate; at one time owning 26,000 acres of land. He was active in securing the building of the Nashville, Chatta- nooga & St. Louis Railroad, and for many years was a director of that road. He now owns about 16,000 acres of land. He was married August 23, 1827, to Miss Mary Hendricks, a cous- in of the late Thomas A. Hendricks. The fruits of this union were twelve children, two of whom are now living— Cyrena (the wife of Larkin Willis) and Thomas B. The mother of these childreli died about 1854, and on August 23, 1855, Mr. Anderson was again married to Mrs. Mary Stephens, nee King, the results of this union being nine children, seven of whom are now living — George C, Luke W., Lou H. (wife of Dr. Jones Keith), Fay (wife of Henry M. Bunn), Virginia L., Charles W. and May B. Mrs. Anderson was the mother of three children by her former marriage. Two of them are living — William Stephens and Elizabeth (Stephffis), wife of James Brown. Mr. Anderson, wife, and several of the fam- ily are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Anderson has built a church of worship FRANKLIN COUNTY. 821 himself, to which he invites all Christian denominations. He also employs a minister, and he often says: "If the minister don't preach to suit me, I'll turn him off and hire an- other." He is a Democrat in politics and is a member of the F. & A. M. He has the name of being "the most liberal man in Tennessee." CAPTAIN CLEM. ARLEDGE, clerk and master of the chancery court, was born June 1, 1826, being one of nine children, the fruits of the union of Clem. Arledge, Sr., and Martha Ginn, natives of South Carolina, from whence they came to Franklin County, Tenn., in 1818. The father was a farmer; he departed this life in 1851, and the mother followed him in the year 1857. Clem. Arledge was reared on a farm. At the age of twenty-six he married, and settled to farming. In 1856 he removed to Texas, and in two years returned to his native county. He was in the Confederate service as captain of Company F, Turney's First Tennessee, from 1861 to 1862 — one year — when he resigned on account of temporary loss of sight in both eyes, and perpetual blindness in one eye. In 1871 Capt. Arledge was elected clerk of the county court of Franklin County, efficiently holding that office for twelve years, until 1882. In January, 1883, he was appointed to the office of which he is now the incumbent. He was married, in 1853, to Eliza Ro.sebor- ough, a native of Franklin County. She has borne ten children to this union, one of whom is dead — viz.: Josiah J., James C, John, Jesse B. (deceased), Robert L., Samuel L., Thomas M., Mattie S., Dora and Willie. Mrs. Arledge is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Capt. Ai'ledge is a firm Democrat in politics, and is an enter- prising and respected citizen of the county. GEORGE E. BANKS, of the law firm of Simmons & Banks, was born in Bridlington, England. When eighteen years of age he crossed the ocean to America, landing in New York in Ajpril, 1867. He then taught school in Delaware one year, and in April, 1868, came to Franklin County, Tenn., where he taught two years. He then went to Kansas, and remained two years; thence returning to Franklin County, where he engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes until the spring of 1885. He then went on a visit to Eu- rope, and remained there three months. He then returned to Winchester, and engaged in the practice of law, at which he has since been occupied. He was married, January 10, 1869, to Miss Mattie Johnson, of this county, the fruits of this union being four children, one of whom— George E. — is now living. Both Mr. Banks and his wife are members of the Episcopal Church. Mr. Banks has no relatives in America, he being the only one of the family that came to this country. JAMES P. BARTON, M. D., of Maxwell, this county, was born in Wilson County, Tenn., February 12, 1851, and is one of a familyof seven children born to William and Mar- garet (Lane) Barton. The father is still living, and has been a minister of the Missionary Baptist Church in Wilson County, Tenn., since nineteen years old. He was born in that county in 1814. The mother is a daughter of William Lane, an old soldier in the Revolu- tionary war, and is also still living. Our subject was educated at Gibson University, and also taught school prior to his majority. May 7, 1872, he married Miss Anna Pate, native of Putnam County, Tenn. To this union three children have been born: James O., Will- iam O., Ada A., all still living. Our subject attended the Louisville Medical College in 1876, and then the medical department of the University of Tennessee at Nashville, in 1877, and soon after moved to this county and has since been practicing medicine. Dr. Barton and his family are members of the Missionary Baptist Church. Politically he has always been connected with the Democratic party. EZEKIEL M. BEAN was born August 31, 1833, in Franklin County, Tenn., and is a son of William Bean, who was born in Lincoln County, and married Sallie Lindsey, who was born in East Tennessee. They became the parents of five children, only two of whom are living— our subject and a brother. After the mother's death the father married Anna Weaver, and both are still living in the county. After attaining his majority Ezekiel M., in the month of August, 1854, wedded Louisa Marshall, who was born in Franklin Coun- ty, Tenn., and to their union were born fifteen children, all of whom are living and five are married. During the late war he was with Ferguson's command two months, but 822 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. returned home on account of ill health. In 1874 he purchased and located on his present farm. Mr. Bean and part of the family belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the rest are identified with the Lutheran Church. Our subject votes the Democratic ticket. JOHN K. BENNETT, a prominent merchant of Decherd, Tenn., was born April 23, 1840.. His father, H. K. Bennett, was a son of John Bennett, one of the very early set- tlers of Franklin County, and a well-to-do man, having dealt extensively in lead- mining interests. H. K. Bennett was a farmer; he died in 1847. The mother of John K., was Clarissa Keeton, a daughter of John Keeton, one of the very first pioneers of the county and a very prominent citizen, having held the different public offices' in the county. When fourteen years of age our subject found himself on his own support. He went to Atlanta and engaged at manual employment for a time, and in 1857 engaged as a mercan- tile clerk there, which he continued till the fall of Atlanta before Sherman. He then re- turned to Franklin County, and soon established his mercantile trade, which he has con- tinued very successfully ever since. Besides merchandising he carries on farming and stock-dealing. His stock of merchandise is about $3,500, and he transacts a yearly busi- ness of from $10,000 to $15,000. He was first married in 1858 to Miss M. T. Allen, of Atlanta, who bore him three children, viz.: John E., Lycurgus L. and Bettie, now the wife of C. D. Jackman, of Kentucky. Mrs. Bennett died in 1873, and Mr. Bennett married Mrs. Lavina Parks, who became the mother of two children — Charles and Lavina — and died in 1877. In 1878 Mr. Bennett chose and wedded Miss Florence Hines, the result of this union being four children — Daisy, Robert, Edgar and Minnie. Mr. Bennett and family are members of the Christian Church. Politically he has always been a Democrat. He is an enterprising and respected citizen of the county. HENSON G. BLANTON (deceased) was born in Bedford County, Tenn., February 12, 1821, and died in Franklin County, Tenn., December 10, 1877. His father, William Blanton. was a North Carolinian, and came with his mother to Bedford County, Tenn., in the early settlement of that State and county. Our subject remained with his parents until his majority, then read medicine, and attended the Louisville Medical College, after which he began practicing in Franklin County. In 1844 he was united in marriage to Miss Eunice Van Zant, who was born in Franklin Count}', and eight children were born to this union, six of whom are living — James (a physician practicing in Alabama), Mary, Jos- eph, Charles (also a physician of Alabama), Edward (a physician at Maxwell, Tenn.) and Hugh. WILLIAM M. BOUCHER, proprietor of the Franklin Hotel, at Cowan, Tenn., was born in Randolph County, Mo., February 2, 1825. His father, Robert Boucher, was born about 1795, in Madison County, Ky., where he was reared. He then went to Howard County, Mo., in 1818. He married Elizabeth Willcockson, in 1821, and then removed to Randolph County, Mo., where he died in 1871. The mother was born in Clark County, Ky., in 1805 and died in Randolph County, Mo., in 1867. These were parents of twelve children. William M., our subject, at the age of twenty-one, entered Masonic College, Missouri, and attended one term. In 1850 he went to California and engaged in gold min- ing three years. Returning home, he married Sophia Darby, in 1853, and followed farm- ing until 1870, with the exception of a few months, near the close of the war, when he was drafted and assigned to Companj- I, Sixth Missouri Infantry, joining his company at Washington, he was sent to Louisville and thence to Little Rock, where he was mustered out of service. In 1871 he moved to Huntsville, Mo., where he remained six years and thence iinmigrated to Franklin County, Mo., where he has since lived. Mr. Boucher has a family of three children now living, there having been eight born to his marriage. In 1884, Mr. Boucher opened up the Franklin Hotel, in the building which was built by Drs. Sloan and Williams, at a cost of $6,000, for that purpose, By the hospitality of both Mr. and Mrs. Boucher, the Franklin Hotel has 'gained no little fame along the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad as a first class hotel. Mr. and Mrs. Boucher are mem- bers of the Missionary Baptist Church. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 823 PETER C. BREEDEN was born iu Memphis, Tenn., November 39, 1846, and is one of a family of three born to Archibald and Mary A. (Heistand) Breeden. The father was a native of Virginia, and when a young man came to Franklin County, Tenn., where he followed the carpenter's trade all his life, and died in the same county May 8, 1859; the mother having preceded him iu the year 1851, August 23. From the time of his mother's death our subject lived with an aunt until he attained his majority, after which he fol- lowed manual labor and clerking until 1874, when he engaged in the mercantile business at Huntland, Franklin Co., Tenn., and followed that with success for ten years, when in March, 1885, he disposed of his stock of goods and retired from the business, at least for a short time. But since then Mr. Breeden has not been idle, as he has built a good com- modious dwelling house on his property in Huntland, in addition to the one occupied by himself and family. December 11, 1878, he married Lila M. Deford, a native of Lincoln County, Tenn. To this union three children, all girls, have been born— Susan, Mary and Sallie, all living. Mr. and Mrs. Breeden are members of the Christian Church, and Mr. Breeden is a strong advocate of the principles of prohibition. W. W. BRITTAIN, fruit grower and nurseryman, was born June 13, 1827, in Ruther- ford County, Tenn. His father, John Brittain, was born in North Carolina, in 1791, and in 1812, came to Rutherford County, Tenn., where he lived and died. In his early day, he, the father, was a cabinet-maker and also an extensive fruit grower nnd nurseryman, and at his death, in 1859, left an orchard of sixty acres. He was the first man to peddle fruit in Nashville, and was at one time awarded a ten-dollar silver cup as first premium on grape wine at the State Fair. The mother, nee Martha M. Smith, was born in Rutherford County, Tenn., in 1802, and lived all her life iu her native county, her death occurring in May, 1882. The subject of this sketch was the third of a family of eight children. He came to Franklin County, Tenn., in 1856, and began farming and fruit-growing, which he has continued very successfully, now owning 140 acres in Franklin County, and 80 acres in Florida on which is an orange grove. He has the most extensive nursery in the county, and an orchard of about 20 acres. He was married iu about 1855, to Sarah H. W. Blair, of Rutherford County, the result of this union being three children, two of whom are now living— Martha Ann, John (deceased) and William. The mother of these children died in August, 1864, and in December, 1871, Mr. B. was married to Elizabeth T. Lyons, who is the mother of these children— Ethel, Columbus L., James D., Elmer and Floyd. Mr. B. is a Master Mason and an active Democrat in politics. He enlisted iu May, 1862, in Company F, Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, and served three years, receiving a gunshot wound in the knee. He is an enterprising and highly respected citizen of the county. STEPHEN W. BROWN, a noted mill-wright of this county, was born in McMinn' County, Tenn., in 1825. Of the family of nine children born to his parents, James and Anna (Kelley) Brown, eight are still living. The father was born in Virginia in 1780, but came to East Tennessee when a child, where he met and married the mother. They followed the tanning trade and farming all their lives. The father died July 4, 1876, the mother in 1877-78. Our subject remained with his parents until his majority, then spent seven years in the Cherokee Nation, after which he moved to Franklin County, Tenn., where he has since resided, following farming in connection with his trade. August 24, 1848, he married Mary A. L. Patton, a native of Coffee County, Tenn. To this union six children have been born, all still living. Mr. Brown, with his family, are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, he being an ordained minister in the Jackson Presbyterian. Mr. Brown has recently constructed and fitted up one of the very best flour-mills in the county. It is located on Bean Creek, two and a half miles north of Huntland, near his residence, and was begun on President Cleveland's inaugura- tion day. The water wheel for this mill is constructed upon an entirely new principle, and was designed and built by Mr. Brown, its chief superiority over the old wheel being the simplicity of the gear, thereby considerably economizing power. DAVID L. BUCKNER is a native Tennesseean, born in 1846. He is one of five chil- dren born to James and Susan (Stephenson) Buckner, both of whom were born in Ten- 824 BIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. nessee, the former in 1820. James Buckner was a dentist of considerable note. He was sheriff of his county and frequently conducted his prisoners to Nashville on horseback. The father died in 1863 and the mother in 1857. Our subject made his home with his parent until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Companj^ H, Forty-third Tennessee Infantry, which, after the siege of Vicksburg, was changed to cavalry. Three of his brothers were in the service, and all except our subject were officers. After return- ing home David began the study and practice of dentistry, and in two years' time moved to Bedford County, where he remained five years. One season was spent in Texas, after which he returned to Tenneseee and located in Maxwell, Franklin County, where he has a lucrative practice. The Doctor has a very desirable country home, and in connection with his profession takes pleasure in following horticultural pursuits. In 1866 he married Elvie Jenkins, a native of Sullivan County, Tenn., and to them were born two children — one now living, Edward. Mrs. Buckner died in 1868, and October 29, 1873, Mr. Buckner wedded Mary Justin, a native of New York. They have two children — James and Freddie. JOHN M. DONALDSON is one of six surviving members of a family of seven chil- dren, and was born in Franklin County, Tenn., in 1837. His parents, AVilliam and Ellen (Morris) Donaldson, were born in North Carolina and Tennessee, respectively. The for- mer was born in 1811, and came to Tennessee with his parents in 1819. He married the mother in 1836, and followed farming until his death, which occurred June 7, 1864. The mother died August 31, 1883. John M. assisted his parents until the breaking out of the war, when he, in 1862, enlisted in Company K, Fourth Tennessee Cavalry. He participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Lookout Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, At- lanta, Goldsboro, N. C, and was fortunate in not being wounded during service, although his horse was killed under him iu the battle of Dover. May 4, 1875, he married Ara Phillips, of this county, and this union was blessed with one child, Ellen L. In 1876 they moved to their farm of 250 acres. They also own a tract of 105 acres elsewhere in the county. Mr. and Mrs. Donaldson are members of the Christian Church, and he has always been identified with the Democratic party, and believes in prohibition. REV. WILLIAM PORCHER DU BOSE, S. T. D., professor of ethics in the academic department and of exegesis in the theological department of the University of the South, was born April 11, 1836, in Winnsboro, S. C, being of Huguenot descent on both sides. He was graduated from the Military Academy of South Carolina in 1855, and received the degree of M. A. from the University of Virginia in 1859. He then entered upon the study for the ministry. In 1864 he entered the Confederate Army and served as adjutant until 1864, when he was ordained and appointed chaplain of Kershaw's Brigade, serving in that capacity until the close of the war. He was then successively rector of the churches of Winnsboro and Abbeville, S. C, and, in 1871 was elected chaplain and professor in the University of the South at Sewanee. He resigned the chaplaincy in 1883, but has filled the chair of professor ever since coming to Sewanee, being one of the ablest and most de- voted members of the faculty. He was married, in 1863, to Miss Anne B. Peronneau, who bore him four children, of whom three are living — Susan P., Mary P. and William H. The mother of these children died in 1873, and Dr. Du Bose was then married to Mrs. Maria L. Yerger, nee Rucks, daughter of Judge Rucks, of Nashville. Dr. Du Bose received the degree of S. T. D. from the Columbia College of New York. THOMAS A. EMBREY was born in Winchester, Tenn., February 27, 1861. His father, Alexander S. Embrey, was also a native of Franklin County, Tenn., his birth oc- curring in 1833. He was a merchant all his life, and was in business in Winchester with a brother for over thirty years, doing a leading business of the place. He departed this life July 7, 1884, having been preceded by his wife on January 21, 1883. The parents reared but one child, and his name heads this sketch. Thomas A. was reared in Winches- ter, having good educational advantages. He began the reading of law in Winchester, and then took a course in the law department of the Vanderbilt University, of Nashville. He was admitted to the Franklin County bar in February, 1883. He was married Octo- ber 19, 1883, to Miss Fannie Lindsey, of Gainesville, Tex. Mr. Embrey and wife are mem FBANKLIN COUNTY. 825 bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is a Democrat in politics, and is one of the highly respected attorneys and business men of the county. FLOYD ESTILL, an attorney of Winchester, is a son of Frank T. and Catharine (Garner) Estill. The father was also an attorney; he was a native of this county, and a son of Dr. Wallis W. Estill, one of the most eminent physicians who ever lived in the county. Dr. WaDis W. Estill came from Virginia to Franklin County in the early set- tlement of the county, where he lived nearly all his life. He died in Georgia in 1862, while acting as a surgeon in the Confederate Army. Frank T. Estill was born in 1823, and died in 1878, being a leading member of the bar and a popular citizen of Franklin County. He was elected to the Legislature of Tennessee when but about twenty-one years of age. He was county surveyor for a time after the war. He reared a family of eleven children; of fourteen born to his marriage, ten are now living. Floyd Estill was born November 11, 1859, and was reared in Winchester. He read law in Winchester and at Fayetteville, and en- gaged in the practice of law before twenty years of age in Nashville, and in January, 1883, formed his present partnership under the firm name of Estill & Whittaker. He married Miss Nora Landis, of Bedford County, Tenn., November 10, 1885. Himself and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Politically Mr. Estill is a firm Dem- ocrat. NATHAN FRANCIS, the editor and publisher of the Franklin County News, was born August 23, 1858, in Franklin County, Tenn., being one of the family born to the matrimonial union of W. R. Francis and Margaret Mcllheran. The father is a farmer of Franklin County; he was born in Virginia. The mother was born in Franklin County, Tenn. The subject of this sketch was reared on a farm to the age of fifteen, at which time he entered the State University at Knoxville, Tenn., which he attended one year. He then attended the Winchester Normal School and graduated from that institution. He was elected to the office of clerk of the Circuit Court of Franklin County, efficiently serving in that trust till 1886— one term. For four years he taught school in his county, previous to his term of office. In 1886 he took charge of the News, his first issue being June 4 of this year. Mr. Francis was united in marriage December 25, 1883, to Miss Lulu Wood, of Scottsboro, Ala., the fruits of this union being one daughter, Grace. Both himself and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Politically he is a firm Democrat. He is an advocate of prohibition, and is a promising young man of the county. REV. THOMAS FRANK GAILOR, M. A., S. T. B., professor of ecclesiastical history and polity, and chaplain of the University of the South, was born in Jackson, Miss., September 17, 1856. His mother, who is still living, was Miss Charlotte Moffett. the youngest daughter of an Irish family which came to the United States in 1849, and which boasts that for nearly 200 years it has given one or more of its sons in each gener- ation to the ministry of the Episcopal Church. His father was Frank M.'Gailor. a New Yorker by birth, who went to Mississippi in 1853, but moved to Memphis, Tenn., and was associated with M. C. Gallaway on the editorial staff of the Memphis AvalancJie. When the war broke out he entered the Confederate Army, and after gaining distinction on the fields of Shiloh, Munfordsville and other places, he was killed .while leading the Thirty- third Mississippi Regiment to the charge at the battle of Perry ville, Ky., October 8, 1862. Rev. Prof. Gail or received his early education in Memphis, Tenn., which he still claims as his home. He was graduated with the degree of B. A. at Racine (Wis.) College in 1876, and took the M. A. degree from the same'' institution in 1879. He received his theological training in the General Theological Seminary, New York, where he was grad- uated in 1879, and earned the degree of S. T. B. In 1879 he was ordained to the ministry of the Episcopal Church, and for three years had charge of the Church of the Messiah in Pulaski, Giles Co., Tenn. In 1883 he was elected to the professorship of ecclesiastical history and polity at the University of the South, and in 1883, was made chaplain of the university, both of which positions he now holds. In November, 1885, Prof. Gailor mar- ried Miss Ellen Douglas Cunningham, daughter of George W. Cunningham, Esq., of Nashville, Tenn. 826 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. J. A. GAINES, dealer in a general line of merchandise in "Winchester, established bus- iness October 1, 1883, and has been successfully selling goods ever since. He was born iti South Carolina, in 1835, and was reared in that State. He remained in his native State till 188t. When young he had the advantages of a common school education. When twenty-one he began the blacksniithing business, having learned the trade before. This he pursued and doing a general mechanical business, as long as he lived in South Carolina, also carrying on merchandising there for several years. In 1881, he moved to Sweetwater, Tenn., and in 1883 came to Winchester, as stated above. He was married in 1859 to Miss Margaret Pegg, of South Carolina. Elevenchildren were born to this union, nine of whom are living, viz.: Ora A., Nettie F., Pauline, Carrie, Julian, Raymond P., Charles, Ira and Frank. Mr. Gaines and wife and his three older children are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is a Royal Arch Mason. Politically he is a Democrat. His parents were from Virginia and were of Welsh descent. IRVIN C. GARNER, a merchant of Winchester, was born March 33, 1837, near Win- chester. His father, Charles C. Garner, was born in Rutherford County, N. C, January 18, 1800, and when two years old went to Kentucky where he lived a short time, and then, with his parents, came to near Winchester, where he died May 6, 1882. He was a farmer by occupation, was a well known man, and was also one of the prominent farmers of the county The mother, nee Beulah Wadlington, was born near Princeton, Ky., in 1806, and when a girl came to this county, where she is now living. Irvin C. began clerking in a store at the age of fifteen, and continued to do so till the war. In May, 1861, he enlisted in Company C, Turney's First Tennessee, and was in the service till September, 1861, when he was discharged on account of disability. He returned to his command in May, 1864, and remained till the close of the war. He then resumed mercantile pursuits till 1867, when he began general merchandising for himself, which he has continued ever since. He was married, March 30, 1866, to Mary C. Pryor, a native of Winchester, born Septem- ber 29, 1844, the result of this union being two children — Nannie P. and Beulah T. Mrs. Garner and oldest daughter are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Garner is a member of the K. of H. and of the K. & L. of H. Politically he has always been a Democrat. JOHN H. GILLESPIE is a native of Huntsville, Ala., born in 1813, and an only child of James T. and Clarkie (Gillespie) Gillespie. The father was born in Pennsylvania, and was in the war of 1813 and was killed at Horseshoe battle, on the Coosa river, Sep- tember 14, 1814. The mother was born in Louisiana, and died in 1870. JohnH. remained with his mother until her death. He was married to Sarah Morris in 1833, and to them were born nine children, seven of whom are living — Mary E., William J., John D., Cyn- thia, Ruth, Monroe and Charles E. Mr. Gillespie and family are earnest members of the Christian Church. Originally he was an old-line Whig but at the present time has no particular preference. He is a strong advocate of prohibition. ZUINGLIUS C. GRAVES, LL. D., president of the Mary Sharp College, of Win- chester, Tenn., was born April 15, 1816, in Windsor County, Vt., being a son of Zuing- lius C. and Lois M. (Snell) Graves, natives of Massachusetts and of German descent. When our subject was but five years old his father died, and he was then reared b}^ his mother to the age of sixteen. At this age he entered the Chester Academy of Vermont, and afterward attended the Black River Institution at Ludlow, Vt., graduating from this school in 1837. He then went to the Western Reserve, King.sville, Ohio, and founded the Kingsville Academy, of which he was president for twelve years. In December, 1850. he was called to Winchester, Tenn., to establish and conduct the Mary Sharp College, the presidency of which he has held ever since. From the very germ he has developed Mary Sharp to be one of the very best colleges for the education of women in the country. Dr. Graves was licensed to preach in the Missionary Baptist Church when nineteen years of age. The degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by the Madison University of New York, and the degree of LL. D. by the Union University of Murfreesboro, Tenn. He is a man wholly attached to his work, and has had under his charge as many as 10,000 differ- FEANKLIN COUNTY. 827 ent pupils during his career. He was married at the age of twenty-five, in Kingsville, Ohio, to Miss Adelia C. Spencer, the fruits of this union being four children— James R., who was killed in the late war; Florence M., who died after becoming the wife of Henry- Green, a commission merchant of Columbus, Ga. ; Zu. D., deceased; and Hubert A. Dr. Graves is an enterprising and valued citizen of Franklin County, and one of the eminent instructors of the State. ISAAC GRAY is a son of George Gray, who was married to Lucy Benning and became the father of seven children, only three of whom survive. George Gray was born in 1777, in North Carolina (his father being in the Revolutionary war at the time), and came to Kentucky when a boy. In 1809 he came to Franklin County, Tenn., and soon located on the farm where our subject now lives. There the father died in 1859, and the mother in 1844. Isaac Gray was born in 1815, and spent three years, from 1847 to 1850, in Arkansas, in the tanning business; and with the exception of these three years has always lived in Franklin County. He is well preserved and is a hale, hearty and jovial old bachelor, and, although over seventy years old, can see to read without the aid of glasses better than most men of fifty. He owns a fine tract of 1,200 acres of land, and is considered one of Franklin County's successful financiers. He is a member of the Christian Church, and was formerly a Whig, but is now a Democrat and a firm believer in the principles of pro- hibition. THOMAS D. GREGORY, one of Tennessee's eminent attorneys, was born December 31, 1842, in Lincoln County, Tenn. His father. Brown Gregory, was also a native of Lin- coln County, and by occupation was a farmer. In 1852 he removed from his native county to Franklin County, Tenn., where he remained till his death in 1858. The mother, nee Mary McClellan, is yet living; she was born in Lincoln County, Tenn. The subject of this sketch was reared on a farm and received a common school education. At the age of eighteen he entered Turney's First Tennessee Regiment, Confederate States Army, and served throughout the war, being promoted to adjutant of the regiment and serving in that capacity the last eighteen months of the war. Returning from the war he began the reading of law with A. S. Marks, of Winchester, and in September, 1866, was admitted to the bar. He is a man of fine physical build and of iijarked firmness of character. He was married, in 1868, to Miss Mary Simmons, a native of this county. Two daughters have been born to this union. Their names are Lena and Lou. Politically Mr. Gregory is a firm and active Democrat. He is a member of the State Democratic Executive Com- mittee. He has never aspired to official honor, but is a popular and leading member of his party in that part of the State in which he lives. He is a member of the I. O. O. F. and of the K. of H. GEORGE O. HANNUM, principal of the Sherwood Academy, was born February 2, 1833, in Belchertown, Hampshire Co., Mass., being of English descent. He is the son of a farmer, his parents both dying in Massachusetts, of which State his father was a native. His mother was a native of Connecticut. He received a fair early education, and remained with his parents to the 'age of twenty-one, when he was married. He then engaged in farming and teaching until 1868, in his native State. He then removed to Winnebago City, Minn., where he taught school and farmed; also, a part of time, he was engaged in the flouring-mill business. In the spring of 1883 he removed to Sherwood, Tenn., and has since had charge of this academy. His marriage ceremony was solemnized in 1856, uniting him in wedlock to Amelia Nutting, a native of Amherst, Hampshire Co., Mass. Both Mr. and Mrs. Hannum are members of the Union Church at Sherwood, and are valued citizens of the place. In Massachusetts Mr. Hannum was on the board of super- intendents of schools, and was for a series of years an assessor and supervisor under mu- nicipal government; and in Winnebago, Minn., he was justice of the peace. JAMES L. HATCHETT was born in 1838 in this county, and is one of three children born to Archard and Sarah (Lucky) Hatchett. The father was born in 1782, in Virginia; came to Rutherford County, Tenn., in 1806, where he remained a few years, and then came to this county, locating on the farm where he lived and died, which is also the birth- 828 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. place of our subject and his present home. He followed farming, making stock raising a specialty, and was an associate of David Crockett, with whom he frequently hunted game in this vicinity; and even now their initials maybe seen carved together on many trees in this county. His first wife, Susan Sublet, bore him eleven children, and died about 1834; he then married our subject's mother, a native of North Carolina. She was born in 1799, and died in May, 1879. The father died May 24, 1853. Our subject remained with his parents until their deaths; but on the day of his majority he married Jane Larkin, a native of this county, to which marriage eight children were born, all living. The mother of these children died March 23, 1875. In the fall of 1862 he enlisted in Company K, Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, with which command he remained until the close of the war, and then returned to his farm, which he has since cultivated, devoting considerable attention to stock raising. Mr. Hatchett and family are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, JOHN HESSLER, an enterprising farmer of Franklin County, was bOrn December 18, 1823, in Saxony, Germany. His father was Conrad Hessler, and his mother was nee Margaret Kluge. The father was born in Prussia. He served eight years under Napoleon I, participating in the great battles of Leipsic, Moscow and Waterloo. He died in Saxony in 1856. The mother was also a native of Saxony, where she died a few weeks before the death of the father occurred. In 1844 John Hessler came to America, where he found employment in carpet factories in New York and Baltimore for about twelve years. In 1856 he moved to Fort Wayne, Ind., where he followed the same occupation for two years. He then removed to Wabash, Ind., and there worked at his trade a short time, and then engaged for about ten years in tenant farming. He then immigrated to Frank- lin County, Tenn., where he farmed as tenant for seven years, and then bought the farm whereon he now lives. While in New York he married Margaret Klein, a native of Darm- stadt, Germany, who became the mother of ten children, eight of whom are still living. She died May 24, 1855, in Wabash County, Ind. Mr. Hessler has a good farm of 250 acres, which he has paid for with the products of the place. It is splendidly improved, considering that when he bought it it was an old and worn-out farm. ISEBRAND H. HEIKENS is^ native German, born in 1839, and is one of six surviving members of a family of seven children, born to Heije and Trientje, who were born in 1804 and 1806, and died in 1858 and 1884, respectively. Our subject remained with his parents in Germany and worked on a farm until twenty-two years of age, and then, in company with a twin brother, came to America locating first in Stephenson County, 111., and later purchased a farm in Iowa, where they remained eleven years. Our subject then came to Tenne.ssee, and purchased the farm of 460 acres where he is now living. October 80, 1866, while in Iowa he married Aafke Jaspers, who was born in Germany and immi- grated to America about the time our subject did. After having borne seven children Mrs. Heikens died August 11, 1880; and June 4, 1883, Mr. Heikeus married Laura Pack, of Franklin County,' Tenn. They became the parents of two children, one of whom is liv- ing, and the mother died February 18, 1886. Mr. Heikens' children's names are — Heije, Berend, Trientje, HinderinaandMargarethe by his first wife, and Georgia by his last wife. Mr. Heikens has never taken much interest in American politics, but is a civil and law- abiding citizen. REV. TELFAIR HODGSON, D. D., of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Columbia, Virginia, March 14, 1840. He graduated at the College of New Jersey at Princeton, N. J., in 1859. He studied theology in the General Seminary, New York, 1860; entered the Confederate Army in 1861. In 1863 he was ordained to the lower order of the ministry (the Diaconate) at Savannah, Ga., and to the priesthood at Columbus, Ga., in 1864. From 1866 to 1869 he had charge of St. Mary's Church, Keyport, N. J.; then, in 1869-70, he traveled in Europe, returning to Keyport, N. J., in 1871. He was professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama 1872-73, and was assistant in Christ Church, Baltimore, Md., 1874. From 1874 to 1878 he was rector of Trinity Church, Hoboken, N. J. In 1878 he took the chair of vice-chancellor of the University of the South, FRANKLIN COUNTY. 829 Sewanee, Tenn., and is still in that office, much of the grand success of that institution being due to him. While at Keyport, N. J., Mr. Hodgson was president of the New York & Freehold Railroad Company and of the Matawan & Keyport Gas Light Company. Dr. Hodgson has published several sermons, reports and fugitive pamphlets. He is a man of high intellectual powers and a vigilant worker. SAMUEL C. HOGE, one of the leading merchants of Sewanee, was born in Alabama in 1839, and was reared in his native State, receiving a common school education. At the age of eighteen he began mercantile clerking, which he continued until the war, when he enlisted in Company C, Third Confederate Cavalry, remaining in the service until the close of the war. After the war he moved to Cowan, Tenn., and engaged at farming one year, and then in merchandising for a time. He then went to Jasper, Tenn., and for one year engaged in merchandising, and in 1869 came to Sewanee, and established his present business three years later, in 1872, since which time he has done a thriving business. He has a stock of about $4,000, and transacts a yearly business of about |20,000. He was married, in 1872, to Miss Tommie Holland, the fruit of this union being four children: Nellie W., Eunice H., Nannie and John E. Mrs. Hoge is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Chui^ch. Politically Mr. Hoge is a Democrat. He was postmaster for ten years under Republican administrations, and is now the postmaster at Sewanee. The parents of Mr. Hoge were James and Nancy (Kelly) Hoge, natives of Virginia. They died in Alabama, having been among the very early settlers of Wills Valley, Ala. WILLIAM B. HOLT was born January 15, 1834, within eight miles of where he now lives, being one of ten^hildren, the fruits of the union of Jacob Holt and Elizabeth By- rom. The father was one of the early pioneers of the county; he was born in 1799, and died in 1874. He was married four times and had a family of twenty-seven children. The mother was a daughter of Henry Byrom, one of the earliest citizens of Franklin County, who came from South Carolina and died in this county. He reared a family of ten children, and was a highly respected old citizen of the county. William B. Holt was reared on the old-time farm and has seen the county develop from a howling wilder- ness to its present state of civilization and cultivation. He delighted in the sports of hunting and fishing. When iwenty-two years of age he was married, in the year 1846, to Miss Sallie Holt, who bore him nine children, eight now living: James H., Eva E., deceased; Turley C, the wife of Rufus Daniel; William J., John A., Thomas M., Joe L., Mary J., wife of Henry Furgerson; and Martha A., wife of James Chilton. He engaged in farming, and has continued it ever since. For fifteen years after his marriage he ran a blacksmith- shop, and then engaged in gunsmithing, which he has continued ever since. He now owns 450 acres of good land. Himself, wife and six children are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Holt has taken notice of things that have passed by him, and enjoys his old days in thinking over pioneer times. HENRY S. HUDGINS, dealer in a general line of merchandise at Estill Springs, was born June 7, 1847, in Williamson County, Tenn., being a son of John J. and Maria (Cole- man) Hudgins. The father now resides in Franklin County. He was born in Mecklen- burg County, Va., in 1803, and has been a farmer all his life. When young he came to Williamson County, where he lived till 1856, when he removed to Franklin County. When Henry S. was but six years old his mother died; he remained with his father to the age of twenty, when he engaged in farming in Franklin County, until November, 1884, when he began merchandising, which he has very successfully continued. He was united in the bonds of matrimony in 1866, to Rebecca B. Muse, a native of Franklin County. This union has been blessed in the birth of five children, all of whom are living: Mary A., James H., William D., Kindred W. and Burthal. Mr. Hudgins, his wife and his oldest daughter are members of the Baptist Church. He is a Democrat in politics, and is one of the enterprising and respected citizens of the county. CHARLES L. JONES, an enterprising farmer of this county, was born in Franklin County, Tenn., in December, 1829, and is the youngest of two sons and one daughter born to Wm. L. and Mary (Arnett) Jones. The parents were both born near Richmond, 830 BIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. Va., and married there, but afterward moved to this county, where their family of three children were born and raised. The father was born May 31, 1792, and died January 16, 1857. The mother was born May 6. 1806; died July 28, 1861. In 1852 our subject married Rebecca J. Harris, native of this county, and to them was born one child, dying in in- fancy, the mother of which also died in 1853. October, 1858, he married Susan Horton, also native of this county, to whom five daughters have been born, one dying in infancy, and another, Mary E., in October, 1882. The names of the three remaining are Ella J., Belle and Willie. Mr. Jones has followed farming all his life on the place where he now resides — a splendid farm, well improved, and on which are several very fine and never- failing springs. He and his family are members of the Baptist Church; he also being a member of theF. »&A. M., and identified with the Democratic party. WILLIAM M. KEITH, a prominent and successful farmer of Franklin County, was born March 22, 1844, and is one of a family of eight children born to James N. and Nancy E. (Larkin) Keith. The father was born in North Carolina about 1814, and came with his grandparents to this county when quite young, and followed farming here until his death, which occurred in 1876. The mother was a native of this county, lived here all her life, and died March 9, 1872. Our subject remained with his parents until the com- mencement of the war; he then enlisted in Company E, Seventeenth Tennessee Infantry, with which he remained until the battle of Murfreesboro, at which place he lost an arm, and then came home staying with his father about ten years. In 1874 he, in partnership with a Mr. Lipscomb, embarked in the mercantile business at Huntland, this county, which he continued two years, and then returned to the farm, remaining with his father until his (the father's) death. January 22, 1878, he married Julia Ann Lipscomb, of this county, since which he has followed farming, where he now lives. To the above marriage three children have been born, all living: Buford, Floyd and Elizabeth. Mr. Keith has always been identified with the Democratic party, and is a supporter of the principles of prohibition. JOHN M. KELLY, justice of the peace and postmaster at Sherwood, was born in Franklin County, Tenn., in 1846, being a son of William and Angeline (Prince) Kelly. The father was born in Franklin County, Tenn., was a farmer all his life, and died in 1851, his father being John M. Kelly, Sr., a very prominent early settler of the county. The naother is a daughter of Squire William Prince, who is now among the very oldest citizens of Franklin County, and yet resides near Sherwood, and has been justice of the peace for about twenty years. The mother of our subject is now living. The immediate subject of this sketch was reared on a farm. He enlisted in May, 1861, in Company I, Seventeenth Tennessee, remaining in that command throughout the war. After the war he engaged in farming, which he continued until about 1882, when he was elected justice of the peace, and has since lived in Sherwood. He was appointed postmaster in 1885, and now holds that oflace. He was married, in 1867, to Elizabeth Garner, the fruits of this union being five children, four of whom are still living: Jennie, Annie, Tina and Willie. The mother of these children died in 1880, having been a member of the Camber land Presbyterian Church, as is Mr. Kelly. Mr. Kelly is a member of the Franklin De- mocratic Executive Committee. HENRY M. LAIRD, car-inspector at Cowan for the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad Company, and for the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Company, -was born in June, 1857, being an only child born to James A. and Martha E. (Williams^ Laird, both natives of Tennessee. The father published the first Know-nothing paper ever published in Tennessee. He died in Bedford County, Tenn., in 1861; the mother still lives in Nashville. The subject of this sketch was married, October 15, 1880, to Miss Ida Williams, daughter of William E. Williams, one of the pioneers of this part of the State. To this union two children have been born, who.se names are Colie E. and Bessie A. Both Mr. and Mrs. Laird are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. WILLIAM T. LEAGUE was born March 10, 1830, in Alexandria, Va. When one year old his- parents removed to Baltimore, and he was reared in that city. At the age of FRANKLIN COUNTY. 831 fifteen lie began mercantile clerking, and also learned the trade of manufacturing silk hats, which trade he pursued very successfully till the war, when he engaged in the hotel business at Annapolis, Md., for about two years. After the war he came to Estill Springs for the purpose of again establishing a silk hat manufactory. He soon disposed of his stock of hats, and in 1866 engaged in general merchandising, which he has ever since con- tinued. He was appointed postmaster in 1866, and has held the office continuously ever since. He was first married in Fredericksburg, Va., in 1850, to Miss Fannie Bradshaw, the result of this union being five children, viz.: Jared H., Metamora, Rosa B. (wife of-R. T. Miller), "William T. (a prominent lawyer in Poplar Bluff, Mo.) and Emma. He lived with the mother of these children until 1866, and in 1871 he was married to Miss Nannie Hill, of Franklin County, who bore him two children, one of whom — Achaen— is now living. This wife died in about 1875. Mr. League and his two daughters are mem- bers of the Christian Church. Mr. League is a Democrat in politics, and is a well re- spected citizen of the county. The League family originated in America through one James League, who, with seven sons, immigrated to Maryland in Revolutionary times. He was very wealthy. The father of our subject was also James League. He was a de- fender of Baltimore in 1812, and died in 1873. DAN LENEHAN, one of the leading merchants of Decherd, Tenu., was born October 17, 1839, in Winchester, Tenn., being a son of Peter and Narcissa (Champion) Lenehan. The father was born in Dublin, Ireland, and when about nineteen he immigrated to America. In a short time he found his way to Franklin County, Tenn., in the very early settlement of the county. He taught school here for many years, but afterward engaged in farming, which he continued till his death, at the age of ninety, in 1878. The mother was a daughter of Daniel Champion, one among the first settlers of the county. She died a few months before the father's death occurred. The subject of this sketch remained with his parents to about the age of eighteen, when he lived with his grandfather, Daniel Champion for a time. He went to Illinois and taught school and worked on a farm for about two years. He afterward returned to Franklin County; in 1861 enlisted in Company I, Turney's First Tennessee Regiment, Confederate Army, and served throughout the war. He had three brothers in the same company with him, only one of whom returned from the service alive. He also had a brother in the Forty-fourth Tennessee, who safely re- turned. Coming from the war our subject taught school and clerked a while. In 1870 he established his mercantile trade, which he has continued successfully ever since, carry- ing a stock of about $6,000, and transacting annually about |12,000 worth of business. He was married, December 28, 1869, to Miss Susan Featherstone, the result of this union being three children, viz.: Richard, Pearl and Thomas. Mr. Lenehan was bereft of his wife May 13, 1882. He takes an active interest in politics, acting with the Democratic party. He is a moral and enterprising citizen of Franklin County. JOHN LIPSCOMB, merchant at Bean's Creek, Franklin County, Tenn., was born in this county in 1838, and is one of seven children born to Granville and Jane (Breeden) Lipscomb. The father, a native of Virginia, was born about 1805, and married his first wife in Virginia, then moved to Franklin County, Tenn., where she died, having borne one child. Mr. Lipscomb then married his second wife, also a native of Virginia, and re- moved to Illinois, where he remained two years, and then returned to this county, where his second wife died, leaving two children, William and David, the latter being editor of the Qo"pd Advocate at Nashville, Tenn. Mr. Lipscomb's third wife was our subject's mothe:?; ^e was also born in Virginia. At the age of sixteen John entered Franklin College, near Nashville, and attended two terms. In 1863 he enlisted in the Forty-first Tennessee Infantry, with which he remained about eight months, then returned home, and in 1865 began operating the tan-yard at Bean Creek, now owned by him, and re- cently remodeled with the view of running it on a large scale. It was the pioneer man- ufactory establishment of this part of Franklin County, being first operated in 1823. In 1876 Mr. Lipscomb began merchandising at Bean Creek, and in 1881 a cousin, J. C. Breeden, became his partner. In 1863 Mr. Lipscomb married Ann Smith, who has borne 832 BIOGBAPHICAL APPENDIX. him nine children, all living. Mr. Lipscomb is a supporter of the principles of Prohibi- tion, and he with his family are members of the Christian Church. JOHN T. LIPSCOMB, farmer, was born October 23, 1840, in this county, and is one of seven children born to William C. and Elizabeth (Lipscomb) Lipscomb. The father was born in Spottsylvania County, Va., June 7, 1804, and came to this county in 1833; re- maining one year, he returned to Virginia and married our subject's mother, a native of Louisa County, Va. In 1835 they removed to Franklin County, Tenn., where they re- mained farming until their deaths, which occurred March 16, 1847, and December 20, 1877, mother and father, respectively. Our subject remained with his parents until his major- ity, attending Franklin College, near Nashville, two years previous to the commencement of the war, when he enlisted in Company F, First Tennessee Confederate Infantry, join- ing his command in Virginia. He was captured at the battle of the Wilderness, and taken to Point Lookout, Md. At the close of the war he embarked in the mercantile business at Huntland, this county, which he continued successfully ten years. He then moved to his present farm, which he had purchased while in business. He has since followed farm- ing, and is considered one of Franklin County's successful farmers. In August, 1869, he married Mrs. Mary M. Rutledge, nee Montgomery, who had two children by her former husband, both still living: George C. and Eva D. To this marriage one child was born- William Ira, still living; and the mother died April 8, 1871. On October 21, 1879, he mar- ried Mrs. Lina E. Porter, nee Montgomery (sister of his first wife), who had three children by her former husband— Flora M., Tinie L. and Willie G., all living. To this mar- riage one child has been born— Thomas Colville, living. Mr. and Mrs. Lipscomb are mem- bers of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. He has always voted the Democratic ticket, and is a firm support^- of the principles of prohibition. HUGH N. LUCAS was born in 1827, a native of this county and one of a family of seven born to William and Grissella Lucas. The parents were natives of North Carolina and South Carolina, father and mother, respectively. The father was born in 1798, and came to this county in 1818; he married the mother of our subject in 1820, she having moved to this county in 1816. They followed farming here in the county, the father dy- ing in 1861 and the mother in 1882. Our subject remained with his parents until 1847, then spent eleven years in Texas, but returned to this county, where he purchased a farm and afterward located wliere he now resides. He has a controlling interest in the Falls Mills Manufacturing Company, of this county. In October, 1862. he was drafted into the Twenty-eighth Tennessee Infantry, with which he remained but a few months, owing to bad health. In 1865 he married Nancy Hannah, a native of Franklin County, which union has been blessed by the birth of six children, all still living. Mr. and Mrs. Lucas are members of the Methodist Church. He is also a member in good standing of F. &A. M. JOHN D. LYNCH, one of the leading merchants of Sherwood, Tennesse, is the fourth of a family of seven children, born to the marriage of John D. Lynch and Hettie Wilkinson. The father was born in 1818, being a son-of David Lynch a prominent early settler of Franklin County. John D. Lynch, Sr., was a farmer by occupation, and for many years was a magistrate of the county, his death occurring in 1883. The mother of our subject is still living. The immediate subject of this sketch was reared on a farm, having been born in 1844. In May, 1861, he enlisted in the Confederate service in Com- pany I, Seventeenth Tennessee, in which he served until the surrender, and at Chicka- mauga lost a leg. Returning from the war he farmed a short time. Since then he has been dealing in lumber and tan bark, and has also been merchandising. He does an ex- tensive business in the tan bark trade. He was married, in 1867, to Nancy Jane King, a native of this county, who has borne nine children to this union, six of whom are living, viz.: John B., Hettie, David, Lucinda, Rebecca, and Nancy Jane. Politically, Mr. Lynch is a Democrat. He is an enterprising and successful business man and a good citizen. His grandfather, David Lynch,was a soldier in the war of 1813. His uncle, Elijah Lynch, •was a soldier in the war of 1812 and in the Florida war. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 833 DAVID LYONS, a farmer, living in the Tenth District, was one of five children born to the marriage of William Lyons and Catharine Howp, nee Corner. He was born in 1815 in Augusta County, Va., and is the only one of the family now living. The father came to Franklin County, Tenn., with his family, about 1836, and died in the county in 1858, having been preceded by his wife about ten years. David Lyons remained with his parents till attaining his majority, when he began farming for himself. In 1859 he bought the farm whereon he now resides. In 1839 he married Nancy Ferrall, a native of this county, who bore him eight children, seven of whom are now living. This wife died in 1878, and in 1881 Mr. Lyons was united in marriage to his second wife, Mrs. Boyle, nee Black, a native of Blount County, Tenn. Mr. L. lives in a brick house, one among the first, if not the first one, ever built in Franklin County. In a little cemetery on his farm lie the remains of Col. James Lewis, an officer in the Revolutionary war, and one of "Washing- ton's Forlorn Hope " at the battle of Brandywine. Col. Lewis was born in Albemarle County, Va., in 1755, came to Franklin County about 1811, locating on the farm now owned by Mr. Lyons, and died February 21, 1849. EX-GOV. A. S. MARKS was born in Daviess County, Ky., October 16, 1836. He was reared in his native county to the age of twenty, on a tobacco plantation. His father was a well-to-do farmer, and died when A. S. was but about ten years old. At the age of twenty our subject came to Winchester and began reading law in the office of A. S. Col- yar, and he was admitted to the bar just before the war. He then enlisted in 1861, as captain of Company E, Seventeenth Tennessee, in the Confederate service. In May, 1862, he was elected colonel of that regiment. At Murfreesboro he lost a leg, and after his re- covery, he was in Forrest's military court till the close of the war. After returning home he resumed the practice of law in Winchester until 1870, when he was elected chan- cellor of the Fourth Division of Tennessee, and in 1878 was re-elected without oppo- sition. He soon afterward, in 1878, received the nomination by the Democratic party for governor, and was elected, serving one term, 1879-81. He has since been engaged in the practice of law, being one of the very able lawyers of the State, and one of the popular and leading men of his party. He was married, April 28, 1868, to Miss Novalla Davis, of Wilson County, Tenn. Gov. Marks has two sons, one of whom, Arthur H., is now consular clerk in the United States Diplomatic Corps in London, being a lawyer by profession, and the other one, Albert D., is practicing law in the firm of Marks & Greg- ory, having been admitted to the bar when seventeen years of age. WILLIAM W. MARTIN, one among the old citizens of Franklin County, was born within two miles of Decherd October 17, 1829. He is one of a family of eleven children born to the marriage of Nathan R. Martin and Jane Witt. The father was born in South Carolina December 1, 1804, where he lived till the age of twelve, when, in 1816, he immi- grated to Franklin County, Tenn., where he married, lived and died, his death occurring in 1859. The mother was born December 20, 1804, in Virginia, whence she came to this county when seven years old. She lived in this county till 1874, when she removed to Houston County. Ga., where she now lives. Our subject was reared on a farm. He learned the blacksmith trade, and when twenty-one he began the pursuit of his trade for himself, which he continued until 1858, when he entered the mercantile business, which he continued till 1861. He then raised a company for the Confederate service, but the company was not received. He then remained at home till 1863, when he went to Houston County, Ga., there worked at his trade in the Confederate service till the close of the war. After the war he engaged at his trade in Decherd, and continued till October, 1865, when he established his present merchandising trade, which he has successfully continued ever since. He was married, March 19, 1853, to Miss Lizzie Hines, the result of this union being ten children, eight of whom are living: Edward H., Annie, Lou B. and Isaac H. (twins), Nathan E., Theodosius W., Meredith P. and Clyde. Mr. Martin and all of his family, except the two youngest children, are members of the Presbyterian Church, Mr. Martin being an elder in the church. Politically he is a Democrat, and is one of the lead- ing and influential citizens of the community. 834 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. JOHN H. MARTIN, one of Winchester's attorneys, was born December 27, 1844, in Franklin County, Tenn., being one of a family of children, the fruits of the marriage of Daniel J. Martin and Sarah Martin, natives of this county, and of the same surname, al- though of no blood relation. The father was a farmer b}^ occupation, and a prominent man of the county. He held the office of constable about ten years, that of justice of the peace six years, deputy sheriff four years, and sheriff four years. He raised four children, all now living in this county. He died in 1875, but the mother is still living. Our sub- ject was reared on a farm, securing a good common school education. He began reading medicine in 1866 and continued until 1869; he then abandoned that profession and began the reading of law, and was soon admitted to the bar, since which time he has continued in that profession. He also owns 200 acres of land in the Fourth District. Politically he has always been a Democrat. ISAAC N. MARTIN, farmer of this county, was born in 1828, in Franklin County, Tenn., and is one of a family of two children born to William and Elizabeth (Sandidge) Martin. The parents were both born in this count}" about 1801, and married about 1826. The father dying in 1831, the mother afterward married Jesse Garnett, a native of Mississippi, who died a couple years later. The mother died in August, 1855. Soon after his father's death, our subject made his home with his grandparents Sandidge, and remained with them until fifteen years old, when his mother returned to housekeeping. He lived with her until his marriage in 1853, to Sarah Horton. He then embarked in the mercantile business at Salem, this county, which he continued until 1876. He then fol- lowed farming near Maxwell, until the year 1881, at which date he began the mer- cantile business at Maxwell, in which he has been interested since. The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Martin was blessed with the birth of five children, three of whom are now living. The mother of these children died December 16, 1885. Mr. Martin and family are mem- bers of the Missionary Baptist Church. JOHN W. MASON, a leading merchant of Decherd, Tenn., was born in Franklin County, October 18, 1858. His parents were James and Melviua (Buckner) Mason, both natives of Franklin County. The father was at one time sheriff of this county, but now lives in Alabama. The mother is yet living near Decherd. John W. Mason was reared on a farm and received his education in the common schools of the county. When about thirteen years old he began clerking for Lenehan & Holland and continued with them for eight or nine years. He then succeeded his employers in business. He has been verj' successful, and now carries about $8,000 in stock, transacting a business of about $2,000 annually. He began with nothing but what he had earned himself, and is an ex- ample of a self-made successful man. His marriage ceremony was solemnized January 21, 1880, uniting him to Miss Laura Hines, a native of this county. Four children have blessed this union, whose names are as follows: Ward, Clara, Mary and Buford. Mr. Mason and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. He is a Democrat in politics. CAPT. STEPHEN D. MATHER was born in Penn. in 1842, and is one of a family of five born to Daniel and Roxana (Underwood) Mather. When five years of age he went to Illinois with his parents, who died in 1885 and 1859; father and mother, ninety and sixty years of age, repectively; both of old New England Puritan stock. Our subject remained with his parents until his majority, and graduated at Cornell College, Iowa, receiving the degree of A. B., in 1860, and since, A. M. At the commencement of the war he enlisted in the Nineteenth Iowa Infantry and was orderly sergeant, and afterward captain and quartermaster. He remained until the close, participating in the whole campaign of the Cumberland, once being taken prisoner at Nashville, but soon escaped, walking by night tlirough to the Ohio River. In 1867, he came to Franklin County, Tenn., which place had attracted his attention and admiration during the war, buying at first 300 acres with the expectation of starting a colony for Northern settlers. Owing to the political diflS- cullies which for a time disturbed the South, his first intentions were never carried out, although bj" his influence this section (around Belvidere) has been settled mainly by thrifty, enterprising Northern farmers, who, by systematic farming, with the use of FRANKLIN COUNTY. ^ 835 fertillizers and systematic rotation of crops, have given the place no little fame as being the "garden spot of Tennessee." In 1866 he married Rebecca Stamper, a native of the county. To this marriage four children have been born, two of whom are still living — Bessie and Nellie. Mr. Mather met with the bereavement of the loss of his wife on June 29, 1880. Politically, Mr. Mather is a stanch Republican, and is a member of the State Republican Executive Committee, and he is a firm believer in the principles of pro- hibition. HON. LEWIS METCALFE, the oldest living member of the Franklin County bar, was born in Lexington, Ky., February 23, 1818. His father, Barnett Metcalfe, was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, and when young went to Kentucky, where he married Letitia Martin, a native of Jessamine County, of that State. The father was a farmer and merchant. He removed to Huntsville, Ala., in 1822, and afterward to Fayetteville, Tenn. There Lewis began the study of medicine. He afterward attended Medical College at Lexington, Ky., graduating in that institution. He then engaged in the practice of med- icine for ten years in Franklin County, Tenn., and in Mississippi. Returning to Frank- lin County from Mississippi he read law, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar, and since then has practiced law in Franklin County, having attained prominence in his profession. He is highly educated. He was elected to the Senate of Tennessee, in 1884, and has held that oflfice one term. He was married, in 1843, to Miss Sarah A. Stamper, a native of North Carolina, who came to this county when young. This union was blessed in the birth of one daughter. She became grown, graduated in the Mary Sharp College, and died on April 9, 1865, at the very hour of Lee's surrender. Mrs. Metcalfe is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Politically, Mr. Metcalfe was a Whig before the war; since then he has been a Democrat. JACOB MIESCHER, an extensive and influential farmer of Franklin County, Tenn., is one of two children born to the marriage of Peter and Elizabeth Miescher. Our sub- ject was born in Switzerland November 23, 1822, and with his parents came to America in 1853, and located in Wayne County, Ohio, where the parents passed the remainder of their lives. The father died in August, 1865, and the mother in June, 1855. July 6, 1847, our subject married Elizabeth Reinhard, who was also born in Switzerland. Two sons and one daughter were born to this union, two of whom were born and died in Switzer- land. In 1870 Mr. Miescher came to Tennessee to choose a home. He made a second visit in 1871, and still another in 1872. On his last visit he purchased the home where he now lives, a splendid farm of 180 acres, which he has greatly improved. Since that time he has added 600 acres to the original tract. Mr. Miescher has been an exceptionally suc- cessful man, and is identified with the Democratic party, and he and family are members of the German Reformed Church. SAMUEL M. MILLER, a farmer of Franklin County, living in the Tenth District, was an only child born to Montgomery C. and Melvinie (Buckner) Miller. He was born in Franklin County, Tenn., June 30, 1850. The father, Montgomery C. Miller, was also born in this county, where he lived all his life. He, the father, departed this life to join the innumerable dead in 1850, having been a farmer throughout his life. Samuel M. was reared to the years of maturity with an uncle. He then bought the farm whereon he now resides. He chose his helpmeet in the person of Joan Hines, daughter of I.F. Hines, one of Franklin County's prominent pioneer settlers. The marriage ceremony was sol- emnized in September, 1872. This union has been blessed in the birth of four sons, one of whom is deceased, and one daughter. Those now living are Walter, Montgomery, Burk and Leuvinie. In political affairs Mr. Miller cooperates with the Democratic party. Mrs. Miller is a member of the Baptist Church. JEFFERSON D. MILLER was born July 14, 1861, in Franklin County, Tenn., and is one of a family of nine children born to the matrimonial union of John H. and Nancy (Brazelton) Miller. The father was born in Franklin County in 1834. At the commence- ment of the late war he enlisted in the First Tennessee Infantry, but owing to bad health he was discharged at the end of six months. The mother is also a native of this county. 836 BIOGBAPHICAL APPENDIX. Both parents are yet living. Jefferson D. remained with his parents to the age of twenty- one, when he accepted the position of telegraph operator at Cowan, which position he has ever since held. He has also been the regular correspondent of the Franklin County News for two years. In February, 1881, he married Miss Fannie Miller, a native of Bullock County, Ala. One daughter, Lilly Corene, has blessed this union. Both Mr. Miller and his wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. JNO. C. MONTGOMERY, a prominent citizen of Franklin County, was born Sep- tember 24, 1820, in this county, being the only child born to the marriage of William H. Montgomery and Susan Cowan. The father was born about the year 1795, in Blount County, Tenn., and in 1806 came to Franklin County, where he followed farming until his death in October, 1829, his wife having preceded him to her long home in October, 1820. The subject of this sketch lived with his grandparents till attaining the years of majority. He was elected constable of the Tenth District in 1842 and taught school in 1844. Soon afterward he bought the farm on which he has ever since lived. He was elected justice of the peace in 1846, which office he held for eighteen years. On January 15, 1850, he married Nancy Cowan, daughter of James P. Cowan, an old pioneer of Franklin County, who was born December 1, 1792, and died April 7, 1862. To the above marriage were born nine children, five of whom are still living. The names of those now living are: William M., born in 1850; James C, born in 1853; Mary A., born in 1856; Ellen, born in 1863; and Kittie born in 1869. Squire Montgomery is a firm Democrat in politics. He is a thoroughly self-made man, having begun life with nothing, and by thrift and economy has become a well-to-do farmer, now owning 300 acres of fine land. Besides this his wife owns 100 acres. Both Mr. and Mrs. Montgomery are members of the Cum- berland Presbyterian Church. HORATIO R. MOORE, an enterprising and intelligent citizen of this county, was born near Florence, Lauderdale County, Ala., in 1833. He is of a family of five sons and two daughters that has been remarkably well preserved. The brothers — John J., Robert J.. Hugh B. and James Knox Moore, and the sisters — Mrs. Sarah Millican and Mrs. Rebecca Patrick, are all living. Two of the brothers were wounded during the war, but all are now in good health, and the youngest is now over forty-one years old. The father, Stephen R. Moore, was born in Moore County, N. C, a county that was named for his grandfather, Robert Moore, who was a native of Ireland, and who came to Amer- ica with his father, Patrick, and his brothers, Hugh and Patrick, and settled in South Carolina, and subsequently moved to North Carolina, where he lived at the breaking out of the war of 1776. He belonged to the Colonial Army and fell just before the close of the war at Guilford's Court House in Marion's command. Stephen, with his father, mother, brothers and sisters, left North Carolina and settled among the pioneers of north Alabama in the year 1820. The mother, Lucy (McDougal) Moore, was born in Cumber- land County, N. C, and settled in north Alabama about the year 1820* with her parents. The parents of our subject were married in Alabama in 1829, and lived in that productive section till 1837, at which time they settled in north Mississippi, where they prospered farming. The mother died in 1845. The father never married a second time. His home fell within the Federal lines in 1863. He was taken North with many others of that section, and put in prison because he was true to his convictions, as a Southern citizen, where he died in 1864. Our subject was a regular laborer on the farm, occasionally at- tending the old style schools of that section till 1853, at which time he left home, without the approval of many friends, with the view of enjoying better educational advantages than that country afforded. He soon entered Franklin College, near Nashville, where he remained working and teaching during vacations till he completed the course of study and graduated in 1857. He then returned to Mississippi and taught till the fall of 1860. On the 5th of September of that year he and Miss Annie Hunt, with whom he became ac- quainted while students at Franklin College, were married in this county. After a short stay in Mississippi they returned to Huntland, where they have lived ever since. Our subject entered as a partner into the mercantile business with his wife's father, Clinton FRANKLIN COUNTY. 837 A. Hunt, who is reputed to be the first white child born in Franklin County. The civil war soon put a stop to this undertaking. Insecure farming was then tried, next the Con- federate service was entered, which ended with the surrender of Forrest's command in May, 1865. He at once went to farming, and has been busily engaged in this business on his 400 acre farm that lies adjacent to Huntland, on the Fayetteville branch of the Nash- ville, Chatanooga & St. Louis Railroad, ever since. He has at times been connected with the mercantile business, and is now secretary and treasurer of the the Fall Mills Manu- facturing Company. He represented Franklin County in the General Assembly of the State in 1873-74, and has always taken an interest the public enterprises and issues of the country. He and his good wife are members of the Christian Church. They have had born to them seven sons and five daughters, the names of whom we give consecutively in this connection: Barclay D., Miss Elma, Miss Lou, William L., Miss Annie, Miss Mamie, Hugh B., Hunt C, Knox J., Horatio R., Miss Lexie and Tom P. Moore. T. F. MOSELEY, a well known and popular old pioneer of Franklin County, Tenn., was born in the " Palmetto State" November 28, 1816, and is one of two children living out of a family of seven born to the marriage of George Moseley and Nancy Wakefield. The father was born in South Carolina and the mother in North Carolina. They came to Tennessee in 1818, and located on Bean Creek November 28 of that year. Our sub- ject's paternal grandparents preceded them to Tennessee two years. Our subject made his home with his parents until nineteen years of age, and then accepted a clerkship in & general merchandise store at Salerb, Tenn., receiving $50 for his first year's service, $100 for his second, and $150 for his third. He soon after took an interest in the business, continuing until 1841. December 12, 1839, he wedded Arie V. Simmons, and then located on the farm, where he still resides. The mother was born November 6, 1820, and died July 4, 1879, 'having borne eleven children. May 10, 1881, Mrs. Lucy (Dean) Noblett be- came his wife. She was born in South Carolina January 28, 1824, and died July 18. 1884- HON. JOHNR. OLIVER, an active business man of Franklin County,at Estill Springs, was born January 17, 1837, in Tishamingo County, Miss. His parents were R. H. and Malinda Myra (Petty) Oliver. The father was born in Franklin County, Tenn., his father having emigrated from Virginia at a very early date. The father of our subject lived in his native county all his life, except about three years, which time he lived in Mississippi. He was a very prominent citizen, having been deputy sheriff of the county. His death occurred in 1837, and the mother's death about four years later. John R. was then reared with an only sister by an uncle, Lanson Rowe, a very prominent and public spir- ited citizen of Franklin County. He received his education at Irving College, Warren Co., Tenn., graduating in 1858. He then engaged in teaching as principal in the county academy at Woodbury, Cannon Co., Tenn., till the war. He then enlisted in Company E, Thirty-second Tennessee, and served in that company until the battle of Fort Donelson. Being absent from his command he was not captured with his company. He then joined Company K, Forty-fourth Tennessee. He was elected first lieutenant just before the bat- tle of Shiloh, and acted as captain through that battle, afterward being promoted captain of the company, commanding it until after the battle of Chickamauga, when he was appointed captain of an engineer corps in A. P. Stuart's Division, and was on detached service on Gen. Stuart's staff until the close of the war, being paroled at Greensboro, N. C. He then resumed his profession at Woodbury, as principal of that school, until 1867, when he removed to Estill Springs and engaged in merchandising, and by thrift and energy has been very successful. He deals in railroad timber supplies and carries on farming very extensively, now owning about 1,000 acres of good land. He owns an in- terest in a store at Marble Hill, Moore County, and is the agent for the Nashville Chat- tanooga & St. Louis Railroad at Estill Springs. He was married, December 22, 1858, to Miss Callie McFerrin, oldest daughter of A. F. McFerrin, of Woodbury, Tenn. Mr. Oliver has a family of five children: Robert A., Joseph L., Eliza C, Myra S. and Ida M. Robert A. is married and has two children, and lives in Nashville. He is a traveling salesman. The subject of this sketch and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church 838 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. South. Mr. Oliver is a member of the F. & A. M. Besides being an active and popular business man Mr. Oliver has interested himself in the public affairs and represented Franklin County in the Legislature in 1876-77. R. C. PATRICK was born in Madison County, Ky., in 1825, and is one of a family of ten children born to Jno. R. and Matilda (Callaway) Patrick. The father was born in Vir- ginia in 1797, and moved to Kentucky while young, and was married in Franklin County, Tenn., after which they returned to Kentucky, but moved to this county about 1827, where he farmed and followed merchandising imtil his death, which occurred in 1847. The mother was born in this county in 1807, and died here in the county, where she lived all her life. Our subject remained with his parents until 1849, when he went to California, and engaged in mining about a year, after which he returned to Franklin County, Tenn., em- barking in the mercantile line at Salem, where he remained nine years; then he moved to Maxwell, and took Franklin County census of 1860, after which he farmed for about seven years; but again embarked in merchandising, this time at Maxwell, about 1867, which he continued twelve years He has also been acting as agent for the Winchester & Alabama Railroad at this point, since its reconstruction after he war. August, 1854, he married Mary M. Clements, native of this State. This union has been blessed by the birth of five chil- dren, four of whom are still living — Anna, Emma, John and Jesse. JOHN A. RUCH, a farmer of this county, was born September 28, 1842, in Holmes Countj', Ohio. The parents, Jacob and Magdelene Ruch, were both natives of Switzer- land, and came to America about 1835, locating in Ohio, where they remained all their lives farming. The mother died in 1870, the father in 1876. Our subject remained with his parents until the commencement of the war, and then joined the Nineteenth Ohio Infantry, with which command he remained throughout the war, participating in the bat- tles of Shiloh, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Nashville and Atlanta, escap- ing without a wound, there being but one other who had been with the command all the time so fortunate. After the war he returned home and engaged in the saw-milling busi- ness seven years. In 1868 he married Anna Graber, a native of Ohio, to which union four children have been born. In 1872 he, with his family, moved to Franklin County, Tenn., locating on the farm where he now lives. Since 1876 he, with others of his neighborhood, began the use of bone fertilizers, which, with thorough cultivation and systematic rotation of crops, has given the Belvidere settlement fame as an agricultural district. Politically Mr. Ruch is a Republican and a firm supporter of the principles of prohibition. He and his family are members of the German Reformed Church. WM. M. RUTLEDGE was born in Roane County,Teun. inl848,and is one of a family of six children born to Geo. P. and Delia (Tedford) Rutledge. The father was born in Sulli- van County, Tenn., June, 1813, and followed farming in that and Blount Counties until about 1861, when he moved to Spalding County, Ga., and from there in 1865, to Huntland, Franklin Co., Tenn., at which place he embarked in merchandising, and continued that until a short time before his death, which occurred in February, 1884. The mother, a native of Alabama, preceded him May 11, 1878. Wm. M., the subject of this sketch, remained with his parents until their death, and in 1878 he began merchandising for himself, and in partnership with Geo. C. Rutledge carries a splendid line of general merchandise at Huntland, this county. In November, 1879 he married Martitia Staples, daughter of Jno. W. Staples, of this county. This marriage has been blessed by the birth of two children, both girls: Roxie and Nettie, both still living. Mr. and Mrs. Rutledge are active members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mr. Rutledge has always been a Democrat, and is a strong advocate of the principles of prohibition. LARKIN R. SARTAIN was born September 18, 1832, in Franklin County, Ga., be- ing one of a family of three sons and two daughters, the fruits of the marriage of Elijah Sartain and Sarah Williams. The father was a native of Georgia, and died about 1850, at Barnesville, in his native State. The mother was born in North Carolina, and died March ll,1862,in Franklin County, Tenn., whither she had removed in 1857. The subject of this sketch came to Franklin County, Tenn., before the war, and has ever since been em- FRANKLIN COUNTY. 839 ployed as engineer on the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad. During the war he was employed in hauling supplies for the Confederate Army, the above named railroad Company having all their rolling stock then in the South. Mr. Sartain has met with two very narrow escapes with his life, having twice gone through bridges, each accident oc- casioning several deaths. He each time escaped injury, but afterward met with an acci- dent on November 6, 1875, which cost him a leg. November 6, 1873, he was united in marriage to Jenney Hawkins, the result of this union being four daughters, viz. : Clara, Nettie, Eleanor and Daisy. Before the war Mr. Sartain was a Whig, but since the war he has been a Democrat. He is now an advocate of prohibition. Both himself and wife are members of the Christian Church at Cowan, where they reside, DR. J. C. SHAPARD, one of the leading physicians of Winchester, was born August 30, 1833, in Rutherford County, Tenn. His father, James P. Shapard, was born in North Carolina, and immigrated to Rutherford County, Tenn., when very young. He was a merchant, and lived in Rutherford County till near his death, when he removed to Texas, where he died in 1850. The mother also died in Texas in 1875. Dr. Shapard was the oldest of ten children. When a young man he came to Winchester and conducted merchandising for his father two years. He began the study of medicine when twen- ty-two years of age, and soon entered the practice. He attended one course of lectures at Louisville, and then, in 1859, graduated in the medical department of the Vanderbilt University. He then entered upon the practice of medicine in Franklin County. In 1863 he removed to Winchester, where he has ever since continued, and has been justly suc- cessful. He was married, in 1846, to Miss Elivira Clark, of Bedford County, Tenn. This union has been blessed in the birth of seven children, six of whom are living, viz.: Me- lissa H., wife of J. W. Thornton, of Chattanooga; Mary E., the one who died; Henry C, Thomas N., Charles J., Leonora and Florence. Dr. Shapard and two of his sons and three daughters are members of the Episcopal Church, and his wife and youngest daugh- ter are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Dr. Shapard is a firm Demo- crat in politics, and is a valuable citizen of Franklin County. E. E. SHERWOOD, senior member of the firm of Sherwood & Whittemore. is a son of C. D. Sherwood, who, in 1875, organized a colony of settlers at Sherwood, Tenn. C. D. Sherwood was born in 1833, in Connecticut, where he was reared. In his native State he married Miss Charlotte Ferriss, and in a few years he moved to Minnesota, where he remained until 1875, attaining prominence in political circles in that State. He has been a member of both branches of the Legislature of Minnesota, and was lieutenant-governor of that State one term. The subject of this sketch was born in 1861, being the second of the family. He remained with his parents till coming to Tennessee, when he opened his mercantile business, in which he has been very successful. He was united in marriage, in 1884, to Miss Esther Foote, also a native of Connecticut. One son, Ambrose E;, has blessed this union. Walter D. Whittemore, of the firm of Sherwood & Whittemore, was born in Minnesota in 1861, being the son of Reuben and Nancy (West) Whittemore, na- tives of Massachusetts. The father is a farmer and stock-raiser. He removed from Mas- sachusetts to Rushford, Minn., where he lived until removing to Sherwood, where he now lives. In the spring of 1886 Walter D. entered the firm of Sherwood & Whittemore. This firm carries a stock of about $3,000 and transacts a yearly business of about 1 15, 000. Both are young men of business ability and are highly respected. JOSEPH A. SHORT, the present superintendent of the Tennessee Iron, Coal & Railroad Company's works at Cowan, was born April 13, 1850, in Rowan County, Tenn. His parents were George W. and Eliza (Parks) Short; they being parents of fourteen children. The father is a native of Virginia, the mother of Tennessee. They now reside in Roane County, Tenn., where the father follows farming, having formerly been engaged in iron interests in Roane County. The subject of this sketch remained with his pwents to the age of nine- teen, when he engaged in the iron business in his native county for four years. He was then engaged in the same business in Dade County, Ga., about three and a half years. He then went to Dickson County, Tenn., still in the iron business, remaining there a few 840 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. months. Thence he went to the Chattanooga Furnace for a few months; thence to Bax- ter County, Ga., in the employ of a New York Iron Company for one year. In 1881, he took charge of his present business at Cowan, where he now resides. He was united in marriage, in 1871, to Miss Caroline Underwood, a native of Roane County, Tenn., the fruits of this union being two children, viz. : Michael and Cora. This wife died at her parents' home in Roane County, Tenn., in 1875. In 1879, Mr. Short married Lizzie Allison, a na- tive of Alabama. GEN. FRANCIS A. SHOUP, D. D., professor of physics and engineering in the Uni- versity of the South, was born in Laurel, Franklin Co., Ind., March 22, 1834. His father, George Grove Shoup, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of In- diana, and for many years was a member of the Legislature of that State. He was an extensive merchant, and was a man of large property. The maternal grandfather of Gen. Shoup, James Conwell, was also a man of large property. He founded the town of Laurel, Ind., and was for a number of years a member of the Legislature. When Gen. Shoup was nineteen years old his father died, and about three years later his mother died. He was educated in the Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind., and in the Military Academy, West Point, N. Y., which latter place he entered in 1851, graduating in 1855. He was then assigned second lieutenant of the First United States Artillerys, resigning in 1859. He then went to Indianapolis and began the practice of law. There he organized a com- pany of zouaves. He then went to Florida and was commissioned in the regular army, Confederate States, and when the volunteer Confederate Army was raised he was made major of artillery, his first service being at Mobile Bay. He was then ordered to the Trans-Mississippi Department, and served through the early part of the war with Hardee's army, chief of artillery, and was senior officer of artillery in the battle of Shiloh. After this battle he was made chief of artillery in Beauregard's army. He was again ordered to the Trans-Mississippi Department with Gen. Hindman; was appointed briga- dier-general, and commanded a division in the fight of Prairie Grove. Afterward he was ordered to the command of the harbor of Mobile; thence to the army at Vicksburg, where he commanded a brigade during the siege and at the surrender. After being exchanged he was again ordered to the defense of Mobile; thence to J. E. Johnston's army at Dalton, Ga. ; and was chief of artillery through the campaign before Atlanta. He designed and executed an original sj'stem of fortifications at the Chattahoochee, which was very effect- ual in repelling all attacks, and which has been much admired by great artillery officers. Gen. Shoup was then made chief of Gen. Hood's staff, upon the appointment of the latter officer. After the war he was elected to the chair of physics in the University of Missis- sippi (Oxford, Miss.), and while there took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was elected to the chair of mathematics in the University of the South, at Sewanee, in 1870. In 1874 he took a parish in the diocese of Albany, N. Y., and was made canon in the All Saints Cathedral, Albany, N. Y. In 1877 he returned to the South, and was in charge of Christ Church. New Orleans, for a time. He was elected to the chair which he now fills in 1883. Dr. Shoup was married in 1871 to Miss Esther H. Elliott, daughter of the late Bishop Elliott of Georgia. He has a family of three children: Francis, Charlotte and Stephen. Dr. Shoup received the degree of D. D. from the University of the South in 1880. JOHN SIMMONS, one of Winchester's prominent attorneys, was born April 28, 1846, in Franklin County, Tenn. His father, George Simmons, was a farmer of the county, and died in November, 1867. His mother was n»e Mary Fancy. The paternal grand- father of John Simmons was William Simmons, who came to this county in the very early settlement of this part of the State. The maternal grandparents were French and Scotch-Irish; the paternal grandparents were English and German. The subject of this sketch received but a common school education. He remained on the farm till two yearg after the war, and then worked about at different vocations for a few years. In 1869 he began reading law at home, and in 1871 he was admitted to the bar, and has since been engaged in the practice of law. He was married, December 18, 1873, to Miss Anna Pen- FRANKLIN COUNTY. 841 nington, the result of this union being one son, Pennington. Mr. Simmons is a firm Democrat, and always has been, his ancestors having been old-line Whigs. His grand- father, Fancy, made the first donation to the Vanderbilt University in the sum of $1,000. A. J. SKIDMORE, the trustee of Franklin County, Tenn., vras born November 2, 1839, within one mile of where he now lives, being one of the family of children born to the marriage of William Skidmore and Sallie Keith. The father was a native of North Carolina; he immigrated to this county about 1813, and died in 1862, having been a farmer. The mother was born in Franklin County, Tenn., and she died in 1874. Mr. A. J. Skidmore was reared on a farm. At the age of nineteen he enlisted in Company I, Turney's First Tennessee, Confederate States Arm}^ and was in the service about two years, and was discharged on account of disability. After the war he married and settled down to farming, where he has ever since resided, owning 135 acres of land three miles from Winchester. He also taught school about eight years after the war. He was elected in 1875 to the ofiice of county assessor, which he held one term. In 1874 he was elected county trustee, and has filled his term of office with efficiency. He was married, in 1865, to Miss Sarah Jane Sells, the results of this union being five children, viz. : Mar}^ J., Laura E., Bettie S., James F. and Hattie S. This wife died in 1874, and in 1878 he was married to Miss Nira Terry, of Jackson County, Ala. Five children have been born to this union, viz. : Maggie, Estella, Mattie and two unnamed. Mr. Skidmore, his wife and four chil- dren are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is a firm Democrat and always has been. He is a self-made, substantial citizen of the county. DR. FLAVEL B. SLOAN, a prominent physician of Franklin County, was born in Polk County, Tenn., March 12, 1844. He was one of a family of eleven children born to James and Susan (Brown) Sloan. The father w^as born January 27, 1803, in Blount County, Tenn., and died October 15, 1880, in Polk County, Tenn., where he had followed farming all his life and having been an elder in the Presbyterian Church for fifty years- The parents of our subject were married November 15, 1827. The mother was born in Rockbridge County, Va., October 14, 1808, and died August 31, 1875, in Polk Couoty, Tenn. Dr. Sloan was reared on a farm till the commencement of the war. when he joined the Fifth Tennessee Cavalry, in which he served six months and was discharged on account of bad health. In 1863 he again joined his command, and was afterward detailed private scout, fii'st for Johnston and afterward for Hood. After the Tennessee campaign he again joined his company in South Carolina, and served in that until the surrender of Johnston's army. From 1865 to 1869 he attended the McNutt's Academy at Franklin, Tenn., where he also read medicine. He then attended the medical department of the University during the sessions of 1869-70 and 1870-71. He then began practicing in Franklin County where he has since followed his profession. He is a Democrat in poli- tics and is a member of the Presbyterian Church. GEN. E. KIRBY SMITH was born in St. Augustine, Fla., in 1824, being a son of Judge J. L. Smith, presiding judge of the United States Court in Florida. He was grad- uated from the West Point Military Academy, in the class of 1845. Almost immediately he was ordered to Corpus Christi, and before the age of twenty-one began his military ca- reer. He was before Vera Cruz, and at the first battles of Resaca de la Palma and Palo Alto. He was mentioned in the official report of John Mcintosh, of the Fifth Infantry, for his brave conduct. He received two brevets in the campaign, one for the battle of Cerro Gordo, where he was one of the first to scale the heights, and one for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras. He was appointed instructor of mathematics at the military academy (West Point, N. Y.) for three years, and was .selected to join the bound- ary commission, under Maj. Emory, in which service he received a high compliment in Maj. Emory's official report. On the organization of the cavalry he received the appoint- ment of captain, high on the list, and was ordered to Texas, where he served ten years, eleven times successfully engaging the Indians, and was sevlferely wounded in one engage- ment. On the secession of Florida he offered his services to the governor of that State. At this time he was lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. Returning from Texas he received. 842 ** BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. first an appointment as major of artillery in the Confederate service, and afterward that of lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. He was ordered to Lynchburg, Va., to muster in troops, and on Gen. Joseph E. Johnston taking command of Harper's Ferry, he accompanied him as chief-of-staff. After the evacuation of Harper's Ferry he received from President Da- vis the commission of brigadier-general. He was shot while gallantly leading a charge at Manassas, and was carried to the rear. Recovering from the wound he was assigned to the Department of Tennessee, Kentucky and the mountain region of North Carolina and Alabama. He led the advance into Kentucky, winning the victory at Richmond. He was then assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi Department, and defeated Banks, on Red River, and Steele, in Arkansas. He was the last general to surrender in the war. After the war he was president of the Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company, and built the lines from Cincinnati to New Orleans. He was appointed vice-chancellor of the University of Nashville, and reopened that institution after the war. In 1874 he came to Sewanee as professor of mathematics, and has since filled that chair. He was married, in 1861, to Miss Cassie Selden, of Virginia, the fruits of this union being eleven children, all now living. JOHN M. STEWART was born in Franklin County July 25, 1847, being one of two sons, the progeny of Anthony and Rebecca (Holland) Stewart. The father was a native of Tennessee, and lived and died in Franklin County. The mother was born in Alabama, but was reared from childhood in Franklin County, where she died in about 1857. The subject of this sketch lived with his grandfather, in this county, from the age of ten to that of sixteen. In 1867 he had learned telegraphy, and then accepted the position of operator ia the employ of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad until 1875, when he was appointed local agent at Cowan, where he has since resided and yet holds the same position. He was married, November 16, 1870, to Elizabeth Brazelton, the fruits of this union being six children, of whom four are living. Their names are Venna, Leala, Myra, Sterling, Orlin and an infant, the last two being deceased. The mother of these children died September 16, 1882, and October 6, 1884, Mr. Stewart was married to Mrs. Mattie Sherrill, nee Shook. To this union one son has been born, James S. Mi'- Stewart has recently built himself a very fine residence— the best in Cowan. He is a man of pub- lic spirit and, has done much for the up-building of Cowan, especially for the schools, etc. Both himself and Mrs. Stewart are very highly respected. Mrs. Stewart is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. JOHN W. SYLER, the surveyor of Franklin County, was born April 23, 1835, in this count}', being a son of Jacob and Jane (Thompson) Syler, natives of Franklin County, Tenn., and North Carolina, respectively. The grandfather was John Syler, who came from Rockbridge, County, Va., in 1812, and settled in the west part of this county. Here he reared his family, all the Sylers of the county being descendants of his. Jacob Syler, like his father, was a farmer, a man of ordinary means. The mother came from her native State to this county when young and lived all her remaining life in Franklin County. Jolm W. Syler, the subject of this sketch, was reared on a farm. He attended and graduated from the Davidson College, of North Carolina, and then entered the pro- fession of teaching. For about ten years he was professor of mathematics, languages and science in the Robert Donald College, at Winchester, Tenn. He then taught the Carrick Academy, of Winchester, for many years, being engaged in the profession of teaching al- together about twenty years. He has also carried on farming all the time since he was a young man. He now owns about 10,000 acres of wild land. He has been superintendent of public instruction in this county for many years. In 1878 he was elected countj' sur- veyor of Franklin County, and now holds that oflice. From 1869 to 1872 he was engaged in merchandising. He was married, in 1853, to Miss E. V. Mann, the fruits of this union being ten children, eight of whom are now living, and six of whom are grown, viz. : Mol- lie L. (wife of Peter Weir, of Texas), J. F., Annie V. (wife of Fred Heep, of Texas). Bettie J. (wife of J. C. Arledge), John T., Emma, Walter S. and M. R. Mr. Syler is a Blue Lodge Mason. Politically he is a firm Democrat. FEANKLIN COUNTY. 848 WILLIAM E. TAYLOR, clerk of the county court was born January 14, 1824, one and one-half miles south of "Winchester, his parents being James and Milly (MuUins) Taylor, natives of Virginia and North Carolina respectively. The parents were married in Virginia, and removed to eastern Kentucky, from where they emigrated to Franklin County, Tenn., in 1810. The father died in 1866, having been a farmer and was born in 1781. The mother was born in 1784 and died in 1868. William E. was reared on a farm. When twenty-three years of age he was elected clerk of the county court, and held the office ten years and three months before the war. During the war he was engaged in farming, and continued in that pursuit until 1882 when he was re-elected to the clerkship of the county court. He was married July 25, 1855, to Malinda J. Turney, daughter of Hopkins L. Turney. He has a family of eight children, viz: James, Hop. T., Dick, Mary E., Milly, Ellen, Orpha, and Jennie. Mr. Taylor is a stanch Democrat, and a highly respected citizen of the county. CHARLES H. WADHAMS was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1828. When sixteen years of age he left home and went to London, where he became one of the Queen's Light Guards. Three days after the death of the Duke of Wellington he embarked for America, landing at New York. He then went to Lake George, and there became the chief steward of the noted hotel, William Henry, for six years. Leaving there he removed to Nashville, Tenn., and was steward in different leading hotels of that city. Then he had charge of Gen. Hood'sbakery while his army was there, and then of Gen. Thomas' bakery after he had taken the city. After the war he went to Atlanta, Ga., and there worked in the American House, thence to Lookout Mountain for two months. He then removed to Franklin. Williamson Co., Tenn., remaining there five years in the bakery and confectionery busi- ness. He then came to Sewanee at the solicitation of the university dean in 1871, and engaged in his present business. He was married January 1, 1853, to Elizabeth Gibson, of Scotland. This union has been blessed in the birth of one child, Lizzie. Mr. and Mrs. Wadhams are members of the Presbyterian Church. Politically Mr. Wadhams is a Dem- ocrat. He is enterprising, and commands the respect of the people who know him. JOHN W. WEBER, head-master of the grammar school in Sewanee, Tenn., was born in Columbia, Maury Co., Tenn., May 2, 1853. He is a son of Henri Weber and M. I. Weber. During the sessions of 1870 and 1872 he attended the Edgefield Male Academy, and entered the University of the South as a student September 12, 1872. He was elected fifth assistant in the grammar school in March, 1877, and fourth assistant in 1878, first assistant in 1879, and head-master in 1881, which position he now holds and is filling in a very satisfactory manner. He was married, March 18, 1879, to Maud J. Graves, daughter of Henry and Susan Graves, of Davidson County, Tenn. M. N. WHITAKER, of the law firm of Estill & Whitaker, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., January 29, 1860. His father was Newton Whitaker, a native of Lincoln County, Tenn., a farmer by occupation and a man of financial means. He, the father, died in August, 1879. The mother is yet living near Mulberry, Lincoln Co., Tenn., on the old homestead. Our subject was reared on a farm, and was educated mainly in the Mulberry Academy of his native county. He began reading law when nineteen years of age, and entered the practice of his profession when twenty-one. In Januar}', 1883, he located in Winchester in his present partnership. He was married, October 15, 1885, to Miss Florence J. Griffin. Mr. and Mrs. Whitaker are both members of the Missionary Baptist Church. Mr. Whitaker is a firm Democrat in politics. GREENOUGH WHITE. Ferdinand Eliot White was born in 1788, and was a mer- chant in the city of Boston. He was graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., in 1854. He was twice married, his second wife being Dorothy Gardner, who was born in 1799, and a niece of Madam Hancock. To them were born four daughters and three sons, our subject's father, John Gardner White, being born in 1833. Our subject's mater- nal grandfather, George Beach, was born in 1788, and for many years was president of the Phoenix Bank in the ci-ty of Hartford. For his second wife he married Maria, daugh- ter of C. Nichols, of Hartford. She was born in 1799. One of. her sisters married George 844 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. Beach, Jr., the eldest of Grandfather Beach's seven sons by his first marriage, and another sister became the wife of Isaac Toucy, Senator and Secretary of the Navy under James Buchanan. Our subject's mother was a Miss Beach. She was married to John Gardner White in June, 1862, and our subject, Greenough White, was born on September 17, 1863, it being the anniversary of the death of his uncle, William Greenough White, on the bat- tle-field of Antietam. Greenougli, our subject, was prepared for entrance to Harvard College at the private school of G. W. C. Noble, of Boston, and entered the university in the autumn of 1880, and in June, 1884, he received his degree as B. A. {eu7n laude, and with honorable mention in English). Through the following year he pursued courses in literature, ecclesiastical history and the history of art. and was graduated as Master of Arts in June, 1885. In the same month he was appointed assistant professor of modern languages in the University of the South. B. LAWTON WIGGINS was born in Sand Ridge, Berkeley Co., S. C, September 11, 1861. His father was James Wiggins, Esq., planter. His mother was the daughter of Col. William Millard, for many years State senator in ante bellum days. In 1868 the family moved to Spartanburg, in the northern part of the State, for educational facilities. From Spartanburg they moved to Charleston, in 1873, where Mr. Wiggins attended the Holy Communion Church Institute. At the end of four years, having graduated there, he entered the University of the South, at Sewauee, Tenn., in 1877. In 1879 he became assist- ant to the professor of modern languages, and in August of the same year assistant to the professor of ancient languages, which position he retained until 1881, when he became first assistant in the Grammar School Department of the University. He received, in 1880, the degree of B. A., and in 1882 that of A. M., in which year he was elected professor of ancient languages and literature, which position he still retains. In the winters of 1883 and 1884 he attended the Greek Seminary of the John Hopkins University under that eminent scholar, Prof. B. L. Gildersleeve, and was made fellow by courtesy. CLAIBORNE N. WILLIAMS is a native of White County Tenn., and one of Frank- lin County's enterprising farmers. He was born in 1830, and is of a family of thirteen children, born to Jesse and Malon (Sewell) Williams. Jesse Williams was born 1783, in North Carolina, and first married Caroline Maston, to whom five children were born, then she died, and he married the mother of our subject. They moved from White Coun- ty, Tenn., to Mississippi, and from there to Franklin County, Ark., where they both died, 1855 and 1866, father and mother respectively. At the age of seventeen, our subject came from Mississippi, to Franklin County, Tenn., and procured for himself such educa- tional advantages as the common schools of this county offered at that time. In 1854, he married Martha Hatchett, and followed farming until 1862, when he enlisted in Company K, Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, and remained with that command till the close of the war; then returned home and resumed farming at the place where he now resides, which he purchased in 1859. Mr. Williams devotes considerable attention to wheat raising and is very successful in that branch of agriculture. Mr. and Mrs. Williams are members of the Christian Church. To them have been born twelve children, nine of whom are still living, part being members of church with the father and mother, while part identify themselves with the Baptist Church. Politically Mr, Williams is a Democrat, and is in sympathy with the principles of prohibition. DR. HARVEY P. WILLIAMS, one of Franklin County's most prominent physicans, who was born in Bedford County, Tenn., Feburary 14, 1850, being one of thirteen chil- dren born to the marriage of Aaron Williams and Patsie Brothers. The father was born in Buckingham County, Virginia, in 1801, and in about 1815, he immigrated to Rutherford County, Tenn., where he married about 1820. Dr. Williams remained with his pa- rents until attaining the age of twenty-one, when he engaged in merchandising at Millers- burg. He afterward traveled in Texas one year, and upon his return, began the reading of medicine under Dr. White, of Millersburg. After attending the medical college at Nash- ville, he began the practice of that profession, in Bedford County, in 1875. After one year he removed to Cowan, where he has very successfully continued to practice. His FEANKLIN COUNTY. 845 marriage ceremoay was solemnized December 23, 1875, uniting him to Sallie E. Brothers, a native of Rutherford Countj'. Dr. Williams is a member of the K. of H. the A. O. U. W. the I.O.O.F. and of the Christian Church. He has always been a Democrat in politics, and is an advocate of prohibition. Mrs. Williams is a member of the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church. GEORGE THORNTON WILMER, D. D., was born on the 8th of May, 1819, at Alex- andria, then within the District of Columbia. His father, the Rev. William Holland Wilmer, D. D., was a native of Kent County, Md., where his ancestors were seated as early as 1693, at which time the American record of the family begins. He became rector of St. Paul's, Alexandria, was prominent in the successful effort to resuscitate the Epis- copal Church in Virginia and in founding the Theological Seminary of the Diocese of Virginia, being one of its earliest professors. After leaving Alexandria he became rector of Bruton Parish, Williamsburg, Va., and president of the College of William and Mary. He died in 1827, in his forty-fifth year, and while holding both of these offices. The authorities of Williamsburg took charge of his burial; he was interred beneath the chancel of the parish church, and a memorial tablet, the contribution of Christians of all the denominations in the town, commemorates affectionate esteem of his character and services. The family of Dr. W. H. Wilmer removed to Fairfax County, Va. The pious care of his widow, a step-mother in name to many of the children, and a real mother to all the children of a large and dependent family, provided such means of education as a home school could supply, followed by such collegiate training, in the case of the sons, as they saw fit. George T. Wilmer, after a short stay at Bristol College, which he left without graduating, passed about two years in civil engineering; then two years in study- ing law, and in managing the small farming interests of the family; then three years at the Theological Seminary of Virginia, whence he was graduated in 1843; was ordained deacon by Bishop Meade. The larger part of his diaconate was passed at Wilmington, N. C, as assistant to Rev. R. H. Wilmer, rector of St. James', in that city, and subse- quently bishop of the Diocese of Alabama. Rev. George T. Wilmer was admitted to priest's orders by Bishop Johns in 1844, and took charge of a parish in the counties of Botetourt and Roanoke, in the valley of Virginia; became rector of Bruton Parish, Williamsburg, in 1854; rector of a parish in Pittsylvania County in 1866; became reetor of Christ Church, Mobile, Ala., and continued such rather more than two years; was for a short time in charge of Bishop Atkinson's Mission House, Asheville, N. C. ; entered on his duties as professor of moral and intellectual philosophy and belles-lettres in the College of William and Mary, 1869; for about the last four years of his connection with the col- lege, was also rector for the second time of Bruton Parish; in 1876 was elected professor of systematic divinity in the University of the South, and pending the organization of the theological department, assigned to duty as professor of metaphysics and English literature and other branches. From 1878 to 1885 he preformed the duties of professor of systematic divinity, professor of metaphysics, acting professor of political science and history, and lecturer on commercial law. Since the opening of the session of 1885-86, Dr. Wilmer has taught exclusively in the theological department. His degree of D. D. was conferred by the College of William and Mary in the year 1860. JOSEPH D. WILSON, of the firm of Wilson & Francis, general merchants, was born in Pittsylvania County, Va., May 20, 1824. The father, Green B. Wilson, was a farmer by occupation, and in 1848 removed to Henry County. Tenn., where he died in 1866. The mother, nee Frances Q. Holderby, survived the father, and departed this life in 1874. Jo- seph D. was reared on a farm, and remained with his parents till afier coming to Henry County, Tenn. He received but a limited early education. In Henry County he engaged in farming and in the tobacco business till 1885, when he removed to Winchester and en- gaged in his present trade in Februarj-- of that year. He has been successful, and carries a stock of about $8,000. He chose as his helpmeet. Miss Annie E. Cox, the matrimonial ceremony being solemnized October 29, 1868. This union has been blessed in the birth of eight children, one of whom died in infancy. The others are Annie Q. Hunter L. 53 846 BIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. Ruth A., Asa B., Lydia M., Flora D., and Hoyland L. Mr. Wilson, his wife, and three children, are members of the Baptist Church. Politically, Mr. Wilson is a tirm Democrat, and always has been. He is an enterprising and respected citizen of the county. SAMUEL M. WOODWARD is a Tennesseean, born in Lincoln County, June 13, 1823. He remained at home until his marriage to Caroline Frame, August 3, 1845, also a native of Lincoln County. In 1854, he purchased his farm of 135 acres, where he has since lived, and has given his attention to agriculture and stock raising, and has been fairly prosperous in his business ventures. January 4, 1886, Mrs. Woodward died, having borne seven children, two of whom still survive: William B., born in 1846, and died in 1879; married Lizzie Lockhart in 1869, and was blessed by the birth of four children; James P., born in 1848, and died in 1864; John L., born in 1851, and died in 1858; Samuel W., born in 1853; Sarah A., born in 1855; Nicy M., born in 1858, and died the same year, and Susan E., born in 1861, and died in 1863. Mr. Woodward is a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church, and has always voted the Democratic ticket. GILES COUNTY. CHARLES CLAYTON ABERNATHY, M. D., a successful practitioner, was born near Pulaski October 9, 1827. His early youth was passed on the farm and in attending the county schools. Later he attended the Wurtemberg Academy at Pulaski. He sub- sequently spent three years at Cumberland University at Lebanon. In 1848 he began the study of medicine under Dr. R. G. P. White, and in the spring of 1851 he graduated at the University of Pennsylvania. Located iu Decatur County, West Tenn. In the same year he married Martha J. Stockard, of Maury County, and has two children by this union: Mary G. and Lizzie. After remaining five years in Decatur County, he moved to Pulaski, and here continued the practice until 1862, when he went on duty as a commis- sioned surgeon in the Army of Tennessee at the hospital at Chattanooga. In December, 1862, at his request, he was transferred to the Eighteenth Tennessee Infantry, Col. J. B. Palmer's regiment. Gen. John C. Brown's brigade, and served as the surgeon of this regi- ment until after the battle of Chickamauga, when he was transferred to the Third Ten- nessee Regiment, and continued to occupy that position until the close of the war. At the time of the surrender he was a prisoner of war at Fort Delaware, but was released July 19, 1865. In the fall of the same year he resumed the practice of medicine, and is still actively engaged in his profession. He is one of the leading physicians of this part of Tennessee. Mrs. Abernathy died in 1878, and the Doctor was married again, iu 1880, to Mrs. Josephine C. McNairy, of Giles County. Mrs. McNairy was a Miss Wilkinson. Our subject is a Democrat, a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is a son of Charles C. and Susannah (Harris) Abernathy, and of Scotch-Irish descent. His father was born in Virginia in 1790, and his mother iu David- son County, Tenn., in 1800. The Abernathy family came to Tennessee in^lSOO, and settled in Davidson County, where the family resided until 1812. The grandfather died in 1835. and the father in 1876. The latter was clerk of the circuit court for twenty-four years. The mother of our subject died iu 1845. CHARLES ALFRED ABERNATHY, M. D., was born April 1, 1853,' son of Alfred H. and Elizabeth T. (Butler) Abernathy, who were born in Giles County. The father for many years was one of the successful teachers of the county. Dr. Abernathy was edu- cated in the common schools and Giles College, Pulaski. At the age of seventeen he quit farm work and began teaching, continuing for three years. During this time he was GILES COUNTY. 847 a disciple of ^sculapius, and subsequently attended lectures at the University of Louis- ville, graduating from the institution as an INI. D. in 1875. He practiced one year in Pu- laski, and then went to Prospect, Teun., and formed a partnership with Dr. Theo. West- moreland, but a year later moved to Lewisburg, Marshall County. In 1880 he returned to Pulaski, where he has since practiced his profession. In May, 1885, he formed a part- nership with Dr. C. C. Abernathy, one of the oldest physicians of the countJ^ The firm is styled Drs. C. C. & C. A. Abernathy. In February, 1884, Dr. Abernathy married Mrs. Ella (Ezell) Flournoy. The Doctor is a Democrat, a Knight of Pythias, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Mrs. Abernathy is a Presbyterian. LEWIS AMIS, of the firm of L. Amis & Bro., dealers in groceries and general merchandise, at Vale Mills, Giles Co., Tenn., was born December 5, 1836, in Pulaski, Tenn. He is a son of John and Martha A. Amis, both natives of North Carolina. John Amis was the son of John and PoUie Amis, natives of Granville County, N. C, and Mar- tha Amis was the daughter of Thomas and Pollie (Robertson) Wilkinson, natives of North Carolina. The parents of our subject were married August 14, 1823, in Williamson Coun- tj", and to them were born eight children, named Mary A., Nancy, Martfia J., John W., James F., Field R., Lewis and Nancy E. J. Our subject was educated in the district schools, and his occupation has been merchandising and farming from early boyhood. In 1866 he was married to Rebecca E. Summerhill, daughter of Horace and Parmelia Sum- merhill, of Lauderdale County, Ala. To our subject and wife was born one son, John L. The Amis Bros, are Democrats in politics, and our subject is a member of the F. & A. M. and also the A. L. of H. The Amis family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and in high standing. They have been successful men in all their under- takings, and are regarded as prosperous and industrious business men. The older mem- bers of the family came here at an early date and have been known in this State for nearly a century, They are of Scotch-Irish descent. HON. WILLIAM F. BALLENTINE, one of the county's most highly respected and influential citizens, was born August 34, 1832, in Pulaski, Tenn., and is the son of An- drew M. Ballentine, who was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1791, immigrated to America in 1816, and in 1818 settled in Giles County, Tenn. In 1824 he married Mary T Goflf, daughter of John and Isabella Goff, natives of Virginia. In 1825 Andrew moved to Pulaski and engaged in the dry goods business. By this marriage he became the father of eight children, named John G., George W., Margaret J., William F., Andrew J., James H., Adilade and Virginia O. The father of these children died in 1863, and the mother is still living. Our subject was the fourth child born to his parents. He received a liberal business education at the Wurtemburg Academy, in Pulaski, and at the age of fifteen he withdrew from school and entered into active business as a dry goods merchant with his father and brother (George). In 1856 he purchased the tract of land where he now resides, and settled upon it in 1857. Here he followed agricultural pursuits until 1861, when he entered the army as captain in Col. Biffle's regiment of cavalry; after- ward he was on detached service with the Second Kentucky Cavalry until the close of the war. Previous to the war, October 11, 1853, he married Sarah E. Leatherman, daughter of Charles and Eliza Leatherman, natives of Rutherford County, Tenn. Mrs. Ballentine was born April 5, 1835. In 1865 our subject moved back to Pulaski and engaged in mer- cantile pursuits, which he followed until 1868. He was one of the incorporators of the Pulaski Savings Bank in 1879, and was president of the same until 1880. At that time he moved back to his farm, where he now resides on 500 acres of valuable land, known as the Glenn Gower Stock Farm. Fe also has 800 acres of land in the Twentieth District, Giles County. In 1882 he was elected to the State Legislature from Giles County, and served one term. He is a Democrat, a member of the K. of H., and A. L. of H. and R. A. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, at Mount Pisgah. . ANDREW J. BALLENTINE, farmer of Giles County, Tenn., was born in Pulaski, December 30, 1834, and is the fifth child born to the union of Andrew M. and Mary Ballentine. He received a liberal education in the Wurtemburg Academy and at the age 848 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. of nineteen began clerking in his father's dry goods store, in Pulaski. He remained in this capacity a nnmber of years and then began farming, which was interrupted by the breaking out of the war. He joined Gen. Logwood's Battalion of Cavalry, but was soon transferred to Gen. Gordon's staff. After the war he again began farming and has followed that and merchandising up to the present time. In 1860. he wedded Amanda Kennedy, daughter of John and Pattie Kennedy, natives of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Ballentine have four children: Orlean, Sallie W., Hick and Lady. Mr. Ballentine gives considerable attention to tine stock-raising, and owns .some fine land south and north of Pulaski, both portions being well improved. Mr. Ballentine is a Democrat, and of Irish descent. THOMAS W. BARBER'S birth occurred on the 23d day of May, 1843, in Giles County, Tenn. His parents, Isaac J. and Eliza A. (Gordon) Barber, were born in Vir- ginia, in 1814 and 1815, respectively*. They were Tennessee pioneers, and did much to clear and settle the State. The father died September 29, 1885, and the mother in October 1858. At the age of eighteen, our subject enlisted in the Confederate Army in Col. Wheeler's First Tennessee Cavalry, and served until the close of the war, participating in many of the most important and bloodiest engagements. January 20, 1867, he married Maggie A. Reid, born January 12, 1849, daughter of John P. C. Reed, of Giles Count3'. Their children are named Heurj- R., Thomas GuJ^ Sammie C, T. Wesley, John I., Shellie M. and Lena M. Mr. Barber was raised under Whig influences, but since the war has not been identified with any party. He is a Mason, and owns a farm of 150 acres, cotton being the principal production. Mrs. Barber's parents were of Irish ex- traction. The father was a Tennesseean by birth, and was magistrate of Giles County for about thirty years and represented his county in the State Legislature one term. The mother's maiden name was Sarah A. Hazlewood. JOHN L. BAUGH, an enterprising farmer, residing five miles south of Pulaski, in the Eighth District of Giles County, was a native of Williamson County, Tenn., born in 1841, and of German descent. His parents, Philip and Elizabeth Baugh, were natives of Tennessee, and were considered first-class citizens. Our subject secured a good education, and has been from early boyhood actively engaged in farming. In 1867 he was married to Mary D. Wilkins, and to them was born one child, a daughter, Annie. The mother of this child died in 1869, and in 1871 he wedded Docia Reed, who died in the fall of the same year. In 1874 he was again married to Lucy R. Grigsby, and this union resulted in the birth of two children. The familj^ are consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Mr. Baugh is a Democrat and a member of the F. & A. M. fraternity. In 1869 he moved to where he now resides, on 310 acres of excellent land, well improved. He is a rather succesful man in all his undertakings, and is regarded as a prosperous and industrious farmer. JOHN A. BEASLEY, a practical and successful farmer, was born within one mile of Jiis present residence October 14, 1832, being the fifth of eleven children of William M. and Elizabeth (Anthony) Beasley, who were natives of North Carolina, and were early settlers of Giles County, Tenn. Here they were married and raised their family. The father died in Madison County, Miss., in 1832, and the mother at the old homestead, in .Giles County, in January, 1852. Our subject received a somewhat limited early education, and through life has followed farming. He served in the late war in the First Tennessee .Cavalry, and served seventeen months. He was opposed to secession, and used his in- fluence and votes to keep his State in the Union, but after secession became a fixed fact he ^followed the fortunes of his State. He was at Corinth, luka, and Thompson's Station, land at the battle of luka his horse was shot dead under him. He became exempt from service in 1863. October 24, 1844, he wedded Sarah C. Wells, born in Giles County July S8, 1828, daughter of Jesse Wells, an early settler of the county, born in Virginia in 1797, and to them were born eleven children: Jesse Fendle, William J. E., John E., Reble L.. Dayton, Ann E., Sarah J., Eudora M. M., Ida J., Louella, and Daisy V. Mr. Beasley was formerly an old line Whig, but is now a Democrat. He is a Mason, and he and wife GILES COUNTY. 849 own 350 acres of land, and he is called one of the open-handed and honorable citizens of the county. He and his oldest daughter are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, while his wife and the rest of the family belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church South. HENRY L. BOOTH, trustee of Giles County and a native of that county, was born in 1844, near Bethel of said county. His father, Charles Thomas Booth and Mahala E. Jones, of Giles County, were married in 1843, and to their union were born six children: Henry L., Dewit M., Thomas M., Virginia A., Richard H. and Brown A. Booth. The father died in 1857. The mother is still living. The subject of this sketch received his early education in the common schools of Giles County. In 1862 he volunteered in the Thirty-second Tennessee Regiment, Confederate States Army, and served until the close of the war. He then attended school at the academy at College Grove, Williamson County, Tenn., leaving school in 1867. He then joined the Tennessee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, serving the appointments of Rogersville, Moulton and Montevallo Station, Ala., and Savannah Circuit, Lawrenceburg and Carthage, Tenn. After which failing health compelled him to suspend active labors. He then alternated be- tween the occupations of farming and teaching until he was elected trustee of Giles County August 7, 1884, which office he still holds. He was married October 6, 1873, to Ella Cullom, of Carthage, Tenn., daughter of Gen. William and Virginia A. Cullom, who were of Kentucky origin. To this union have been born three children: Henry Cullom, Virginia Ella and Leslie Ewell Booth. The subject of this sketch, in politics, is a Demo- crat, and a member of the Masonic fraternity. JOSEPH W. BRADEN, circuit clerk, was born in Giles County February 14, 1846, son of Jacob G. and Harriet (Johnson) Braden, and is of Scotch-Irish origin. The parents of our subject died when he was a mere boy, and at an extremely early age he was com- ]X'lled to fight life's battle for himself. He attended the country schools, and at the age of fifteen cast his lot with the Confederate States Army, in Company E, Eleventh Tennessee. H^ was captured twice, and both times made his escape. For one year after the war he attended school, his instructor being Edward Paschall, Jr. After this he clerked for some time in the store of Stacy, Morris & Co. In 1875 he was appointed deputy clerk and master under Maj. J. B. Stacy, and that continued for four years. He then farmed for for four years. In 1880 he married Miss Anna Bell .Johnson, of this county. The fruits of this union were two children: Bessie and Rebecca S. Mr. Braden is a thorough Dem- ocrat, and in 1882 was elected circuit court clerk of Giles County. He has been one of the best officers the county has ever had, and is a highly respected citizen. Mrs. Braden is a member of the Presbyterian Church. HENRY M. BRANNON, merchant, is a son of Robert and Elizabeth (Carson) Bran- non, and was born in Franklin County, Tenn., October 21, 1842, and is of Scotch-Irish origin. Robert Brannon was born in Tennessee in 1795, and Elizabeth Brannon, his wife, was born in the same State in 1798. The former died in 1854, and the latter in 1849. Our subject received a fair education and came to Pulaski in 1859, where he remained until the breaking out of the war. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C, First Tennessee Regiment, Confederate States Army, and was in the leading battles fought in Virginia. He was cap- tured at Petersburg, Va., in 1865, and was a prisoner two months in Fort Delaware. In 1867 he began merchandising in Pulaski, where he is still engaged in that business. In 1872 he wedded Mattie M. Bugg, daughter of Hon. R. M. Bugg, and to them were born six children: Annie L., Robert B., Pattie C, Thomas F., Lizzie M. and an infant not named. Mr. Brennon is one of the leading merchants of this portion of Tennessee. At the time of the organization of the Peoples National Bank he was elected one of the directors, and now holds that position. He is one of the prominent men of the city, and he and wife are exemplary members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Masonic fraternity. CHARLES BUFORD, of the firm of Buford & Carter, in Pulaski, Tenn., dealers in hardware and agricultural implements, was born March 3, 1839, and is a son of Nicholas 850 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. C. and Elizabeth W. Bufonl, who were Tennessceans bj' birth, and were married in 1838. To them were born the following famil}': Charles, Richard B., Elbridge G., Lewis C, William A., Irene, Lucretia, Thomas, Mark, Sallie, Lucy, Lena, May and Claud. Nich- olas C. Buford died in 1869. Charles is the eldest of the family, and received a liberal education in Giles College, at Pulaski. In 1861 he enlisted in the Third Tennessee Regi- ment and served until 1864, when he was wounded at Resaca, Ga., and retired from active service. After his return he farmed, and in the fall of 1866 moved to Nashville and en- gaged in clerking and book-keeping until 1870, when he returned to Giles County, and until 1875 was a tiller of the soil in that and Shelby County. At the latter date he moved to Pulaski, and has since been engaged in his present business. In 1870 lie and Rosa Carter were married. To them was born one child — Mabel. Mrs. Buford died in 1872, and in 1884 Ella Stokes became Mr. Buford's second wife. They have one daughter — Martha S. Our subject is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Cbiu'ch, and his wife of the Metbodist Episcopal Church South. Mr. Buford is a Democrat and a member of the F. & A. M. fraternity. FRANK G. BUFORD was born near where he now lives December 13, 1851, son of Hon. Thomas Buford, who was also born in Giles County, Tenn. He was the first presi- dent of what was formerly known as the Nashville & Decatur Railway, and was a mem- ber of the Tennessee General Assembly for a number of years. He was one of the most prominent men of Giles Count}^ at tbe time of his death, which occurred here in 1860. The Buford family is of English origin. The paternal grandfather of our subject was an extensive land-owner. Our subject is the fourth of seven children born to his parents. His mother, Mary Ann (Gordon) Buford. was a daughter of Thomas K. Gordon. Our subject was educated at the common schools and at the Washington and Lee University, in Virginia. He graduated from this institution in 1878, and after returning home engaged in teaching school for some years. Later he turned his attention to farming and stock- raising. Since 1876 he has been engaged in the breeding of trotting and pacing horses, but now gives his undivided attention to the breeding of pacing horses. He owns the famous pacer, "Tom Hal," sire of "Little Brown Jug," who has made the three fastest straight heats of any horse in America; time, 2:llf, 2:lli, and 2:12^. Among the famous sires that have been at Rockdale Farm are "Almont, Jr.," 2:29, sire of "Annie W.," 2:20; "Prince Pulaski," sireof "Mattie Hunter, " 2:12|; Gen. Hardee, sire of "Thunder, " 2:22f, and Buford's "Tom Hal." Mr. Buford is making a success in breeding pacing horses, and deserves the credit of being the first man in the United States to give his whole attention to and make a specialty of breeding pacers. In 1879 Mr. Buford married Laviua Chil- dress, of this county, and by her has one child — Amanda. Mrs. Buford died in 1884. Our subject is a Democrat and one of the leading stockmen of Tennessee. ADRIAN D. BULL, a retired merchant of Elkton, Tenn., is a native of the " Buck- eye State," born in Greene County in 1815. His parents, John and Katherine Bull, were Virginians, who were married about 1793, and moved to Ohio in 1798. They became the parents of the following ten children: Benjamin F., William, Elizabeth, Arthur, Susan A., Katherine, Mary A., Adrian D., Richard R. and Caroline. The father and mother died in Ohio in 1825 and 1833, respectively. Adrian D. attended the common schools of the "Buckeye State," and in that State learned the saddler's trade. He came to Giles County, Tenn., in 1837, and located in Pulaski, where he worked at his trade. In 1838 he was married to Ursla Williams, daughter of John and Mildred Williams, and in 1843 moved to Elkton and worked at his trade until the outbreaking of the war. He then re- tired from active business until 1865, at which time he engaged in the drj'' goods business, continuing until 1881, when he sold his interest and retired from active life. He is essen- tially a self-made man, and is considered an estimable citizen. To him and wife were born the following children: Caroline, Julia A., John W., Ann L., Charles O., Evaline, Susan, and Mildred. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and Mr. Bull belongs to the F. & A. M. JAMES H. CAMPBELL, M. D., (deceased) was a leader in the society and every good GILES COUNTY. 851 work, and came of the pioneer family of John and Sarah Campbell. He was born in Maury County, Tenn., February 7, 1820, and spent his earliest days on a farm. His early education was liberal, and when young in years began the study of medicine, and grad- uated from the Kentucky School of Medicine, and as early as 1843 located at Campbells- ville. Giles Co., Tenn., and began practicing his profession. He was twice married the first tirne in 1843, to Sarah M. Hunt, who died in 1863 leaving three children: John E., Mary E., and Anna M. Two years after his first wife's death the Doctor wedded Mary S. Alexander, born in Giles County, in 1843, and his widow and the following six children survive him: Alexander, Clarence, Colon, Sallie, Reece and Lillie. He was a Democrat and Mason, and a leading member of the Christian Church. He was an honest and respected citizen, and in his death the county lost one of its truest and best men. His death occurred in 1884. His widow yet resides on the homestead at Campbellsville. She is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and is a daughter of D. A. and Saphronia Alexander, born in Tennessee in 1811 and 1817, and died in 1882 and 1851, re- spectively. H. TAYLOR CAMPBELL, M. D., Lynnville, Tenn., is a native of Hickman County, Tenn., born Februarj^ 9, 1848, son of Hiram H. and Susan (Sisco) Campbell, and is of Scotch-Irish origin. His father was born in Williamson County, Tenn., January 17, 1814, and his mother in Hickman County, Tenn., January 18, 1818. Our subject's grandfather was William Campbell of North Carolina. The family came to Tennessee about 1800, and here Hiram Campbell died October 18, 1851, and his wife July 15, 1857. Our subject is one of four children and spent his early days on his father's farm. He attended the common schools and Centreville Academy, and in 1870 began the study of medicine, at- tending lectures at the old Medical College, of Nashville, and the medical department of Vanderbilt University, from which he graduated in 1875. A year later he located at Pleasantville, in Hickman County, and there continued the practice of his profession un- til 1879, when he came to Giles County, and in 1881 to Lynnville. He is the leading phy- sician of the town and has an extensive and lucrative practice. In 1877, he married ArdellaC. Ross, of Giles County. They have three children: Willie R., Susan A. and Sophia M. Dr. Campbell is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. WILLIAM C. CARTER, a prominent farmer and stock-raiser, residing in Giles County. Tenn., son of Joshua and Mary Carter, whose natal State was North Carolina. They were married about 1827, and became the parents of five children: Jane, Joshua H., William C, John N. and Jacob D. The father died in 1878, and his wife in 1859. Our sub- ject is the third of their children and was educated in the common schools of Giles County. He assisted at farm work in early life, and in 1867 settled on the farm where he now resides. He owns 400 acres of valuable and well improved land, and of late years has devoted his time to breeding and developing fine stock, in which he has been more than ordinarily successful. In 1867 the nuptials of his marriage with Sarah J. Simmons were celebrated, and to their union have been born two children: David P. and John W. Mr. and Mrs. Carter are members of the Presbyterian Church, and he is a supporter of Democratic principles. Mrs. Carter's parents are Merrill and Jane Simmons, of Giles County. J. SAMUEL CHILDERS, wholesale and retail dealer in groceries, was born in Pu- laski, Tenn., April 28, 1846, son of J. B. and Susan (Ezell) Childers, and is of Scotch-Irish and English descent. The parents were natives of Virginia and Tennessee, respectively. The former was born August 29, 1815, and the latter was born October, 1825, and died in Giles County in 1865. The Childers family immigrated to Tennessee in 1819, and settled in Giles County. They have for many years been one of the leading families of this county. Our subject, one of the prominent business men of this city, is the eldest of five living children. He was educated at Giles College in Pulaski, and in 1864 enlisted in Company K, First Tennessee Cavalry, and remained in the Confederate service until the close of the war. In 1865 he engaged in the merchandise business in Pulaski, and in 1868 852 BIOGRArHICAL APPENDIX. he was joined in marriage to Miss Ada Pullen, of Giles County. This union was blessed by the birth of one child, Ben. From 1869 to 1874 Mr. Childers was in the dry goods business at Wales Station, this county, but in the latter year he returned to Pulaski, where he continued the dry goods business for two years, and then for four years was connected with a cotton factory. In 1874 he began the grocery business in this city, and has since continued that occupation. Mr. Childers is an enterprising man and a Democrat in poli- tics. He is a Knight Templar, Pulaski Commandery, No. 12, and he and wife are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. WILLIAM A. COFFMAN is the eldest of two children of Amers and Mary M. (Acock) Coffman, and was born in Logan County, Ky., March 23, 1832, and after attend- ing the common schools began tilling the soil. He has been twice married, the first time in Giles County, Tenn., October 16, 1855, to Agnes E. Howard, daughter of Wesley How- ard, and became the parents of these children : Rollin, who died November 10, 1882; Robert, died October 27, 1884; Benjamin P., James F., William, Julius C, Arthur, Mary J., Anna Lee and Sallie V. These children's mother was born in Giles County, Tenn., December 5, 1837, and died August 27, 1879. Our subject married for his second wife, Maggie R. Bar- bour. To them were born two daughters : Emm a M. and Eva M . Her parents, John L. and Elizabeth E. (Guinn) Barbour; the mother's father, Wm. Guinn, being an eminent divine of the Methodist Episcopal Church, Tennessee. Mr. Coffman is an old-line Democrat and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He has a farm of 109 acres, on which he raises cotton and the cereals. His paternal grandfather, Adam Coffman, was a British soldier and served through the entire Revolutionary war. He was discharged at Mon- treal, Canada, but was afterward married in Maryland, and then came to Kentucky. Our subject's maternal grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary war in the Colonial Army, serving over seven years, and participating in the battles of Camden, Yorktown, Guilford Court House, Brandywine, and many others. WILLIAM R. CRAIG, grain dealer, was born a few miles west of Pulaski, Tenn., November 21, 1852, son of W. J. and Virginia (Abernathy) Craig, and is of Scotch-Irish lineage. His father and mother were born in Tennessee and Virginia in 1820 and 1831, respectively. The Craig family came to Tennessee in 1815, and settled in Williamson County, and in 1840 came to Giles County, Tenn., and here the father .died in 1884. William R. was the eldest of his six children. He was educated in Woodlawn Academy, and in 1870 came to Pulaski, and for three years was clerk in a grocery establishment. He then began business for himself, continuing until 1882, when he was burned out. In the fall of the same year he engaged in the grain business, and has continued the sarne up to the present time. He also deals m fruit, and annually ships large quantities of the same. In 1874 he and Sallie Ezell were united in marriage, and four children have blessed their union: W. Ezell, Robert P., Flournoy and Edward M. Mr. Craig is a Dem- ocrat and Mason, Knight Templar degree. They are members of the Episcopal Church, and he is one of the popular men of the county. THOMAS E. DALY, of the firm of Moore & Daly, at Elkton, Giles Co., Tenn., was born March 16, 1859, son of Thomas B. and Martha A. Daly, whose natal States were Vir- ginia and Tennessee, respectively. They were married in Giles County about 1844, and four daughters and three sons blessed their union: Mary V., Ella N., James W., Frederick R., Thomas E., Annie L. and Florence E. The father and mother died in 1873 and 1869, respectively. Thomas E. obtained his education principally at Oak Hill, Tenn., and in 1877 was engaged as clerk by A. D. Bull & Co., and remained with that firm until January, 1881, when he bought out Mr. Bull's interest in the business, and the firm is now known as Moore & Daly. January 2, 1881, Mr. Daly was married to Georgie Bull, daughter of Richard Bull, of Epton, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South at that place. Our subject is a Democrat and of Irish descent, and belongs to an old and highly respected family. WASHINGTON R. DICKERSON, farmer and stock-raiser, residing in the Thirteenth District of Giles County, Tenn., near Buford's Station, was born in Lynchburg, Va., Oct- GILES COUNTY. 853 ober 21, 1811, and is a son of Terry and Nancy Dickerson, who were born m the "Old Dominion" and were married about 1805. Mary K., Allen A. and Washington R. are their children. The father died in 1818 and the mother in 1813. Our subject came to this State when a small lad, with some relatives, and settled in Maury County, where his ed- ucation was very much neglected. He has farmed from boyhood, and in 1838 settled on a farm of his own. He owns 600 acres of as fine land as Giles County produces, besides 235 acres in the Fifteenth District and some valuable property in Pulaski, all of which he has made by his own good management and industry and the aid of his wife, who is in every sense of the word a helpmate. In 1843 he married Mary J. Stone, and eight children have blessed their union: Sarah K., Ophelia S., William A., Mary J., Betsy S., Rosa B. S., Washington R. and JeflBe. The family are Presbyterians, and our subject is a Democrat and of Irish lineage. HON. Z. W. EWING, lawyer, a native of Marshall County, Tenn., is a son of L. A. and R. A. (Leeper) Ewing, and of old Scotch-Irish Presbyterian stock. His father was born near Athens, Ga., in 1809, and his mother in Bedford County, Tenn., in the same year. The father was a merchant and farmer and for many years was one of the leading magistrates of Marshall County. He died in 1853. The mother of our subject died in 1877, in Marshall County. Mr. Ewing was the seventh of eight children. During his youth his summers were spent on the farm at labor and in the winter season he attended the country schools. In 1859 he was a student at the Lewisburg Male Academy, and in 1860 went to Marj'ville College, in East Tennessee, where he remained until the breaking out of the war. He then joined Capt. R. H. McCrory's company, afterward Company H, Seventeenth Tennessee Infantry, Confederate States Army, and was promoted to lieuten- ant by commission, but served in the capacity of captain and major for two years. He was captured at Petersburg, Va., in 1864, and was confined under retaliation in the prisons of Fort Delaware, Fort Pulaski, Hilton Head and Sullivan's Island, upon the southern coast. He was released in 1865, and came home and resumed his studies. In 1866 he en- tered the University of Virginia, and there remained until the summer of 1868. In the fall of that year he taught school at Richmond, Tenn. In 1870 he went to Europe and spent a year in travel and the stud}' of the German language. In 1871 he came to Pulaski and began the study of law in the office of Judge Thomas M. Jones. In the same year he wedded Harriet P. Jones, of Pulaski. They have one child — Marietta. December, 1871, he was licensed to practice law, and in May, 1877, he was appointed by Gov. Porter, as one of the three railway assessors for the State. In 1878 he was elected to the State Sen- ate from the counties of Giles, Lawrence, Lewis and AVayne, and was chairman of aiid member of important committees. In 1879 he was appointed State visitor of the Univer- sity of Tennessee, and delivered the annual address before that institution. September, 1879, he was appointed special attorney for the State and is now engaged in the practice of his profession. He has been a life-long Democrat, and has occupied many positions of public trust and has presided over one of the State conventions of his party. He is one of Giles County's most prominent men. Mrs. Ewing is a member of the Episcopal Church. WILL S. EZELL. county court clerk, is a native of Pulaski, Tenn., and a sou of P. H. and Mary A. (Shields) Ezell. The father was born in this county in 1816, and his mother was also born in this county in 1827. The Ezell family came to Giles County in 1808, and is one of the pioneer familes of this part of Tennessee. Our subject's birth oc- curred December 16, 1847. He was educated in Giles College, and in 1864 enlisted in Com- pany K, First Tennessee. After the war he engaged as clerk in a store and for some time as book-keeper. He then engaged in the mercantile business for himself. In 1878 his father waselected county court clerk and our subject served as deputy county court clerk for four years. In 1875 he was united in marriage to Ada Faust, of this county, and the fruits of this union were four children: Otis M., Mary A., Edith and John F. In 1882 Mr. Ezell was elected county court clerk and has since held that oflQce. He is a thorough practical business man and has made a good officer. He is a Democrat and a Knight Templar, Pu- laski Commandery, No. 12. He came of an old and well respected family, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. 854 BIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. PINK M. EZELL, dealer in stoves, tinware and house-furnishing goods, is a native Pulaski, Tenu., born January 19, 1860, son of P. H. and Mary Ezell, old and prominent settlers of this county. Our subject is one of ten children, and is of Scotch-French de- scent. He was educated in the Pulaski schools, and when about sixteen years of age be- came salesman in the grocery store of W.'R. Craig, and later clerked in a stove and tin store, and continued in this capacity until 1880, when he began business for himself, and has continued successfully in the stove and tinware business up to the present time. Mr. Ezell has made his own way in life, and is one of the prosperous young business men of Pulaski. In 1882 he united his fortunes with that of Mattie McCord, daughter of W. li. McCord, ex-editor of the Pulaski Citizen. Mr. and Mrs. Ezell have two daughters, named Mary and Margery. Mr. Ezell is a Democrat, and he and wife are church members. ABRAM F. FINLEY is the son of Carroll and Nancj^ Finley, natives of Tennessee. They were married in 183i5, and to them were born the following children: James L. D., Martha E., Newton M., Abram F., Josie, Charles C and Mollie. The mother died in 1854. Our subject was born in Marshall County in 1845, and received a liberal education in the district schools of Marshall County. In early life he assisted his father in farming. At the youthful age of sixteen he joined the Confederate Thirtj'-second Tennessee Regiment of Volunteers (Col. Ed. C. Cook, commanding), and remained in service until the close of the war, and participated in most of the principal battles. He then returned home, and was engaged in farming until 1867, when he came to Pulaski and engaged in the liquor busi- ness. He has been very successful financially, as he started on a very small capital, but by industry he has made himself a wealthy man. He is noted for his liberality, and con- tributes to all charitable organizations. He is a Democrat in politics. The earlj" members of the Finley family emigrated from North Carolina at an eav\j date, settled in Marshall County, and were among the first settlers of Middle Tennessee. CAPT. JOHN D. FLAUTT, cashier of the Giles National Bank, was born in Lin- coln County, Tenn., October 2, 1835, son of James and Delilah O. (Dillon) Flautt, and is of German descent. James Flautt was born in Maryland, in 1800, and his wife in North Carolina, in 1804. He came to Tennessee in 1820 and to Giles County in 1838, and died in the latter place in 1883. Mrs. Flautt died in 1868. Our subject is the sixth of their seven children, and received the rearing and schooling of the average farmer's boy, besides at- tending Giles College, at Pulaski. From 1860 until Ma}' 14, 1861, he was a clerk in the dry goods store of D. C. Corbt & Co. At the latter date he enlisted in John C. Brown's Companj', Third Tennessee, Confederate States Army, as private, and was commissioned regimental quartermaster in October, 1862, with the rank of captain, and thus continued until the close of the war. In December, 1865, he engaged in the hardware business in Pulaski, but in 1882 was elected assistant cashier of Giles National Bank, and January, 1883, was elected cashier. May 19, 1869, he wedded Salonia M. Rose, daughter of Col. S. E. Rose. They have five children: Marcella R., James S., Mary L., John H. and Mere- dith. Mr. Flautt is a Democrat, and cast his first presidential vote for Buchanan. He became a Mason in 1866, and he and Mrs. Flautt are members of the Presbyterian Cluirch. WILLIAM FOGG, deceased, was a farmer and a stock raiser of the Sixth District in Giles County. He was born in King George County, Va., in 1799, son of Frederick and Elizabeth Fogg, natives of Virginia. William received a good education and came to this State, settling in Giles County in the early part of this century. He was a tiller of the soil, and in 1832 he was joined for life to Frances Fogg, who died in 1852, in Giles County. In 1855 he took for his second wife Sarah L. Morris, the widow of Gen. Lafayette Morris, and the daughter of Levi and Mary A. Reed, natives of Tennessee. By this union our subject became the father of five children, viz.: Annie M., Frances E., William R., Frederick A. and Louisa M. Mr. Fogg came from a very highly respected family, and is of English descent. He owned 300 acres of good land, all well improved, and was in very comfortable circumstances. He died in 1868, mourned by a large circle of relatives and friends. He was a Democrat in politics. GILES COUNTY. 855 THOMAS S. FOGG'S birth occurred in King and Queen's County, Va, June 20, 1820, the oldest and only surviving member of a family of five children born to James G. and Patsj^ (LaFaun) Fogg, and is of Scotch and French extraction. James Fogg was born in Virginia, in 1790, and came to Tennessee in 1823. He served in the war of 1812, and died in Giles County, Tenn., Julj'- 3, 1853. The mother was also a Virginian, born in 1795, and died in 1833, in Tennesee. Our subject's grandfather, James Fogg, served in the %var for Independence and fought at Bunker Hill and Cowpeus. Our subject has made farm- ing his chief business through life, but in early life followed carpentering and traveled in all the Southern States. Mary M. Beasley became his wife December 24, 1846, and has borne him twelve children, nine now living: Thomas A., Walter S., Oscar G., Harry P., Edwin, Claude, Guy, Gertrude and Male. Mrs. Fogg was born May 11, 1839. Mr. Fogg was an old-line Whig and since the death of that party has not affiliated with any political organization. He was made a Mason in 1847, and owns the "Pleasant View" farm of 500 acres, and is a liberal and benevolent giver, aiding all laudable enterprises. The most of the family are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. ANDREW L. GLAZE, M. D., a practicing physician located at Elkton, Giles County, was born February 35, 1837, in Limestone County, Ala., and is of Irish extraction. He re- ceived his early education in the schools of Alabama, and subsequently attended school at Elkton, Giles County. In 1858 he began the study of medicine with Dr. A. J. Held, of Elkton, and in 1859 entered the University of Nashville and attended one course of lectures. At the time of the breaking out of the war he was connected with the medical department of the Confederate Army where he remained until the close of the war. He then returned to Elkton, and was engaged in the practice of his profession. October 18, 1866, he was joined in marriage to Martha J. Stone, daughter of Thomas J. and Almira Stone, of Lincoln County. By this union our subject and wife became the parents of four children: Lilla, Madora, Mattie and Annie. In 1874, Dr. Glaze entered the Univer- sity of Nashville, and graduated from that institution in 1875. He then returned to Elk- ton, and has been constantly engaged in his profession ever since. The Doctor is a Dem- ocrat and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mrs. Glaze died May 2, 1886. GEORGE D. GRAY, M. D., of Buford Station, Tenn., was born in Mississippi, near Holly Springs, Marshall County, June 18, 1845. His father, Dr. George W. Gray, was born in Maryland in 1814, and came to Tennessee in 1828, thence to Mississippi, thence to Arkan- sas in 1854, where he resided and practiced medicine until his death in 1873. Our sub- ject's mother's maiden name was Sallie Reynolds, who was born in Giles County, Tenn., and died in 1848. George D. received a liberal education at North Mount Pleasant, Miss., and began the study of medicine in the fall of 1865, attending lectures at the University of Louisiana, at New Orleans, and subsequently attended lectures at Washington Univer- sity, at Baltimore, Md., graduating from that institution in 1868. He located in Arkan- sas, where he practiced his profession with success until 1883, when he came to Giles County, Tenn., and has successfully practiced his profession at Buford Station. In 1873, he married Sallie Sloan, of Arkansas, and by her is the father of five children: Dudley, George W., St. Clair N., Janie and Maud. Dr. Gray and wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church South. BERRY C. HARDIMAN is a son of William J. Hardiman, and was born in Charlotte County, Va., June 5, 1839. The father came to Tennessee in the fall of 1856, by wagon, the journey lasting seven weeks. He was married to Mary A. Irvin, who was born in Virginia in 1816, and died in <5iles County April 4, 1865. Our sub- ject in youth received the advantages the common schools afforded. He served in the Fifty-third Regiment, Tennessee Infantry, three years, and was captured at the fall of Fort Donelson, but escaped by swimming the Cumberland River. He then joined Wheeler's Cavalry, and after being exchanged at Vicksburg returned to his former regiment. He was at Port Hudson, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, the almost continu ous battle from Dalton to Atlanta, Franklin and Nashville, where he was wounded and disabled for further service until the close of the war. He was married, February 12, 856 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1868, to Mattie M. Barnes, and seven children blessed their union, six of whom are living: William, Mary A., Ozellar, Mattie M., Revy L., and Ethel B. Mrs. Hardiman was born in Giles County, April 9, 1845, the thirteenth of fifteen children born to Jeremiah and Marilla (Gooch) Barnes. Mr. Hardiman was a Whig, but since the war has voted the Democratic ticket, and he and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He owns 253 acres of good land, and is doing well financially. Uriah Hardiman, grandfather of our subject, served throughout the Revolutionary war. HON. THOMAS B. HARWELL, a retired physician of Giles County, is the son of Gil- ham and Annie Harwell, natives of Virginia, who immigrated to Tennessee when quite small. They were married in 1820, and this union resulted in the birth of seven children: Sarah E., Thomas B., Samuel G., Annie W., Alfred F., Mary A. and William G. The father died in 1838, and the mother is still living. Our subject received his education in the Wurtenburg Academy, at Pulaski. In 1844 he commenced the study of medicine with I. J. Pepperson, of the above town, and in the fall of 1844 entered the Louisville Medical College, and attended one course of lectures. In 1850 he commenced the practice of medi- cine, and was engaged in this profession until 1867. He then abandoned his practice, and has since been devoting all his time to agricultural pursuits on the farm where he now re- sides. He has 600 acres of excellent land, all well improved, which is six miles south of Pulaski, near Harwell's Station. He has been a rather successful man in all his .under" takings, and is regarded as a prosperous and industrious farmer. In 1875 he was elected to the Legislature from Giles County, and was re-elected to the same in 1879, representing Giles and Lincoln Counties. He is a Democrat in politics, a member of the F. & A. M. fraternity, and is also a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He has also taken an active part in educational affairs of Tennessee, and is one of Giles County's leading citizens. ROBERT A. HAZLEWOOD may be mentioned as one of the prominent and success" ful farmers of Giles County, Tenn. He was born in Campbell County, Va., January 15, 1833, and is the second of nine children of Little B. and Rachel (Walker) Hazlewood. His early education was obtained in the common schools. At the age of nineteen his inclina- tion drew him westward, and he lived in Alabama two years, then came to Tennessee and followed farming and carpentering in Giles County. November 3, 1843, he married Amanda M. Hazlewood, daughter of Mitchell Hazlewood, and these children Mitchell F., Rachel W., Ann Eliza, Sarah J. (deceased), and Lucretia were born. Mrs. Hazlewood died December 17, 1851, and our subject married Serena S. Hazlewood, daughter of John Hazlewood. Henry, Thomas, William W. (deceased), John G. F., Allen W. and Felix S. are their children. Our subject's grandfathers, Hazlewood and Walker, were born in Virginia, and were Revolutionary soldiers, and Kis father was a soldier in the war of 1813. Robert A. served in the late war in the Fifty-third Tennessee Infantry, and was captured at Fort Donelson, and for seven months was a prisoner in Indianapolis. In March, 1863, he was discharged on account of age. Mr. Hazlewood is a Democrat from principle and education. He owns 160 acres of good laud, and he and wife and four children are mem- bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. ROBERT N. HERBERT, M. D., is a native of Williamson County, Tenn., his birth occurring near the village of Brentwood September 27, 1843, son of Robert N. and Eliza- beth (Cummins) Herbert, and of English origin. His parents were born in Davidson County, Tenn., the father in 1811, and the mother in 1814. Of a family of nine children our subject is the fifth. He spent his boyhood days on a farm and in attending the com- mon schools. At the breaking out of the late civil war he enlisted in Company B, Twen- tieth Tennessee Infantrj% and served four years to a day, participating in some of the most hotly contested battles of the war. He began the study of medicine upon his return home, under Dr. B. W. Carmack, and graduated from the Nashville Medical College in 1867, and the same year located at Campbellsville, Giles Co., Tenn., where he has since been a successful practitioner of the healing art. December 7, 1867, he was married to Wessie Reams, who died September 3, 1874. November 14, 1876, Dr. Herbert married GILES COUNTY. 857 Kittle Rogers, and four children have blessed their union: Robert C, Mary Wessie, Annie L. and Sallie E. Dr. Herbert is a Democrat, a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. LEWIS S. HODGE, farmer, is a North Carolinif^n by birth, born February 21, 1817, and came to Tennessee with his parents, John and Sallie Hodge, at an early day. They located in Maury County, and became the parents of six children— three daughters and three sons: Gabriel L., Elizabeth, Lewis S., Mary, Samuel and Nancy. The father's death occurred in 1825, and the mother's in 1868. Lewis S. obtained such education as could be obtained in the common schools of Maury County at this early day. He has followed tilling of the soil from boyhood, and has resided on his present farm of 116 acres of val- uable land since 1834. Willie J. Cavnor became his wife in 1835. She is a daughter of Thomas and Nancy Cavnor, of Giles County, and became the mother of ten children- seven sons and three daughters: John. James, Sallie, Samuel. William, Jackson, Harris, Nannie, Henry and Mary. Mr. and Mrs. Hodge are members of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church, and in his political views Sre subject is a Democrat. WILLIAM J. HOWARD, is a son of John W. Howard, who was born in Butler County, Ky., in 1804, and came to Tennessee in 1825, and a few years later married Jane H. Butler, who was born in Giles County, Tenn., in 1809. The father was a farmer and died August 3, 1882. His wife died at the old homestead in 1875. William J. was the second of nine children, and was born in Giles County,, Tenn., June 7, 1831. His prepara- tory education was obtained in the common schools, after which he took a course in Giles College, Pulaski, Tenn. He began farming for himself when about twenty-one years of age, and has followed that calling through life, and owns 518 acres of good land. March 3, 1859, Amanda M. Poor, of Logan County, Ky., became his wife, and of eight children born to them seven are living: George W., Drury R., Isaac B., Edward W., Berilla R., Amanda E. and Tennessee. Mrs. Howard was born June 12, 1837, and is the daughter of George A. and Berilla (Howard) Poor. Our subject served in the late war in the First Ten- nessee Cavalry, under Col. Wheeler, and was captured and taken to Jeffersonville, Ind., where he was paroled. Mr. Howard is conservative in his political views and belongs to the Masonic fraternity. SAMUEL C. JOHNSTON, a native of Charlotte County, Va., was born in 1818, and came to Tennessee with his parents in 1833. They settled.in Giles County six miles north- west of the county seat. His father, John Johnston, was born in Charlotte County, Va., in 1790, and followed the carpenter trade until after marriage, when he began farming. His wife, and the mother of our subject, Judith Cobb, was born in Virginia in 1785, and died July 19, 1847. The father is still living but is very feeble. Our subject was reared on the farm, and in 1840 wedded Dianua Smith, a native of Tennessee, born in 1824, and the daughter of Archibald and Frances (Wright) Smith. To Mr. and Mrs. Johnston was born one child, named Charles F. ; he was born in 1841 and died January 28, 1866. Mrs. Johnston died in 1846, and in 1850 our subject immigrated to California, and spent four- teen months prospecting in the rich gold fields of the border State. He was a private in Thomas' Tennessee Regiment, Haynes' company, in the Mexican war. Mr. Johnston has always lived on the farm with his father; this tract contains 340 acres of good land. In 1854 he wedded Harriet E. Rolland, a native of Tennessee, born in 1834, and the daughter of John and Harriet (Carter) Rolland. To our subject and wife were born four children: Mary E., Mattie H., John R. and Margaret S. Mr. Johnson is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Johnston was also a mem- ber of the same church, and remained firm in the faith until her death, which occurred in 1885. The Johnston family are of Irish descent and have always made honorable and prosperous citizens. MONROE M. JOHNSON, M. D., is a son of Matthew and Sina (Abernathy) Johnson, and was born January 3, 1828. His parents were born in North Carolina, and were there married in about 1818, and came to Tennessee the same year. Three daughters and four sons were born to this union: Franklin, John C, Harriet, James, Rebecca, Monroe M. 858 BIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. and Drusilla C. Matthew Johnson died in 1867, and his wife in 1860. Our subject reot'ivcd the advantages the common schools afforded, and supplemented that by a five years' course in the College Grove Academy, in Williamson County. In 1850 he began studying medi- cine under Dr. R. G. P. White, and in the fall of the same year entered Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, Penn., from which institution he graduated three years later. He practiced in Old Lynnville until the breaking out of the civil war, when he enlisted and served in his professional capacity four years. He then pufchased the farm of 252 acres where he now lives, and has practiced his profession and farmed ever since. Mary E. White became his wife in 1853. She is a daughter of Benton and Jane White, natives of Giles County, and became the mother of five children: Annie B., Alice B., Robert B., Walter T. and Helen W. ; Anna and Helen only are living. Dr. Johnson is of Irish descent, and is a Democrat in politics and a member of the F. & A. M. HON. THOMAS M. JONES, attorney at law, is a sou of Wilson and Rebecca (McKissack) Jones, and of Welsh-Scotch descent. The father of Mr. Jones was a Vir- ginian and immigrated to Giles County, Tenn., in 1817, and died here in 1818. His grand- father McKissick was a Revolutionary soldier. Our subject was born in Person County, N. C, December 16, 1816, and was the youngest of five children. He grew up on the farm and received a common school education. In 1831 he entered the University of Alabama, where he remained until the fall of 1833, after which he entered the University of Virginia and there remained until 1835. In the latter school he began the study of law, and after returning to Pulaski he began reading law in the office of Col. John H. Rivers & W. C. Flournoy, and remained here until 1836, when he raised a company for the Sem- inole war; was mustered out January, 1837, and the same year was admitted to prac- tice law. In 1844 he was county elector on the Democratic ticket, and in 1845 he was elected to represent Lincoln and Giles Counties in the Legislature, and in 1847 was elected State senator for Giles and Maury Counties. He was elected a member of the Confederate Congress in 1861. Nine years later he was elected a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of Tennessee. For nearly fifty years he has been engaged in the law practice, and is now the oldest practitioner in Giles County bar. He has held the office of judge a number of times by appointment. He is one of the successful lawyers of this part of Tennessee. December 25, 1838, he wedded Marietta Perkins, of Williamson County, Tenn., and to this union were born nine children: Calvin (deceased), Charles P., Thomas W., Hume T., Harriet, Edward S., Lulie A., Lee W. and Nicholas T. Mr. Jones is a Democrat, a Mason, a Knight Templar, Commandery No. 12. Mrs. Jones died in 1871, and in 1883 Mr. Jones married Mrs. Ann Wood, of West Tennessee. He and wife are members of the Episcopal Church. JAMES L. JONES (familiarly known as Lew^ Jones), county judge, was born in Giles County, Tenn., October 28, 1824, son of Edward Dandridge and Elizabeth H. (Rainey) Jones, natives of Virginia and North Carolina, respectively. The former was born in 1788 and the latter in 1790. The paternal grandfather of our subject was Abram Jones, a native of Virginia, who died in that State some time about 1793. About 1818 the father of our subject immigrated to Giles County, Tenn., and for nineteen years was county court clerk. He died in 1855. Our subject's mother died in Tennessee in 1854. James L. Jones was a country boy, and received his education in the common schools. In 1847 he enlisted in Company C, Third Regiment, Tennessee Foot Volunteers of the ]\Iexican war. He was a lieutenant, and served until the close of the war. From 1848 to 1855 he was deputy county court clerk. Then for a number of years he was engaged in trading. In 1865 he was elected magistrate and also assistant assessor of internal revenue, which position he held until 1869. In 1873 he was elected county judge, which office he has held continuously since. His official record is one of the best ever made in Giles County. In 1860 he wedded Julia E. Blair, of Maury County, Tenn., and this union was blessed by the birth of nine children, six of whom survive: Edward B., Llewellyn, Mattie R., Elizabeth H., William R. and Mary. Mr. Jones was formerly a Whig, but is now a Democrat. He is a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. GILES COUNTY. 859 JOHN W. JUDKINS is the son of Robert B. and Mary C. Judkins, natives, respect- ively, of South and North Carolina. They were married in this county in 1830, and to them were born nine children: Mary J., William S., John W., Martha A., Amanda C, Thomas D., Sarah M., Harriet V., and Enoch L. Our subject was born November 12, 1836, in Giles County, and received a liberal education in the common district schools of that county. In 1861 he wedded Tennessee C. Hopson, daughter of Renix and Rachel Hopson, natives of North Carolina, and this union resulted in the birth of one daughter, Tennessee C. Mrs. Judkins died in 1862, and in 1867 Mr. Judkins took for his second wife Mary F. Rains, daughter of William and Mary Rains, of Kentucky. By the last union our subject became the father of seven children: George A., Mary F., Martha O., Mar- garet E., JuHa R., Lela J. and Robert R. In 1872 Mr. Judkins engaged in the grocery and general merchandise business in Pulaski, and still continues that business in connec- tion with farming. He has a good farm of ninety- eight acres, all well improved, lying near the town of Pulaski. Mr. Judkins has been quite successful in all his undertakings, and is regarded as a prosperous and industrious farmer. JASPER KELSEY, M. D., of Old Lynnville, Giles Co.. Tenn., was born in Maury County in 1838, son of Thomas and Hester Kelsey, natives of the Palmetto State. They were married in Tennessee in 1828, and the following children were born to their union: Mary A., William T., Susan M., Robert A., George E., Newton and Jas^jer. Mrs. Kelsey died in 1848, and the father in 1872. Our subject's juvenile days were spent in attending school and assisting his parents on the farm. In 1860 he began his medical studies under Drs. Beard and Harwell, of Henry ville, Tenn., but on the breaking out of the war he enlisted in the Twenty-third Regiment of Tennessee Volunteers, and served four years, participating in most of the principal battles of the war. After his return he resumed his medical studies, and in 1867 entered the University of Nashville, and was graduated as an M. D., from that institution in 1869. Since that time he has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession at old Lynnville, and is regarded as a reliable and successful physician. In 1868 he and Mary M. Compton were united in matrimony, and their union was blessed with the following family: Hettie E., Mary R., Annie T., Frederick W., Edna G., Alice V. and Verda Y. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and our subject is a Democrat and of Irish descent. JOHN T. LOWRY was born where he now resides, September 1, 1841, the youngest of three children born to James B. and Elizabeth Lowry, born in South Carolina and Tennessee, respectively. They were married about 1835, and in 1840 located on the farm where our subject now lives. The father died in 1864, and the mother in 1869. John L. is of Scotch-Irish descent, and after attending the common schools in his youthful days, engaged in farming and tanning. He owns 350 acres of valuable land, well improved, and devotes considerable attention to the raising of fine stock. In 1867 he was married to Matura A. Gracy, daughter of Joseph B. and Elizabeth Gracy, and to them were born James B., David B., John S., Lizzie L., Eddie E. and Luther. Mr. and Mrs. Lowr^^ are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and in politics he is a Democrat. THOMAS MARTIN. Indissolubly connected with the history of Giles County is the life of Thomas Martin. The son of Rev. Abram Martin, he was born in Albemarle County, Va., on the 16th of December, 1799, and in 1818 moved to Pulaski, Tenn., to carve his own fortune in what was then the far West. Imbued with a deep religious fervor, which characterized his entire life, he early joined the Methodist Church, of which he was ever after an active and earnest member. In a comparatively short time, by economy, pru- dence, sobriety and an unusual facility for business, he had amassed a respectable fortune, which was entirely swept away by the treachery of his partner in business, who had been left in entire control of Mr. Martin's funds, while the latter was absent for a short time on a visit to his parents. Despite the blow, which would have utterly crushed the hopes and ambitions of most young men, he firmly refused to take the advice of friends and attor- neys to avail himself of the plea of infancy, for he was not yet grown to man's estate. and assuming the entire obligations of his false partner, he started again in business with 860 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. the declaration: " If God gives me life and strengtii, every dollar shall be paid." Against such energy and iron-will the fates themselves are powerless to prevail; the character and integrity shown in the beardless boy challenged the admiration of the entire business community; he was quickly offered a partnership by the principal merchant of Pulaski, and it was not long before the firm of Meredith & Martin became known throughout Middle Tennessee. About this time he married Miss Nancy Topp, and formed a co- partnership with his brother-in-law, Dr. Wm. Topp, a highly educated and accomplished physician, and one of those hardy pioneers, who, on the staff of Andrew Jackson, aided in achieving the laurels of " Old Hickory," and added not a little to the brilliant successes of the Seminole war. The new firm displayed the activity, which had accompanied all the enterprises with which Mr. Martin had been connected, and bj' utilizing the small streams which flow into the Elk River, secured a market for the cotton of Giles County in Xew Orleans, then, as now, the chief cotton mart of the world. Mr. Martin had now be- come the recognized financier of his section, and the subject of a railroad through the central portion of the State being agitated, his aid and counsel were eagerly solicited. He was not slow to perceive the advantages which railway communication with north Alabama would give to Giles County, and rode night and day to personally solicit the aid of every man, who could assist the enterprise. In a short time the idea became a fact; the South- ern Central Railroad, which is now a part of the great Louisville & Nashville system, was built, and soon after Thomas Martin became its president. Though Mr. Martin took no active part in politics, he was a life-long Democrat, and thoroughly concurred with the doctrines of that party, and on the accession of James K. Polk to the Presidency he was tendered the secretaryship of the treasury, which office, however, he declined. Though he had always firmly refused a nomination for any political office, he consented to act as one of the commissioners to the Peace Conference, and did everything in his power to avert the dreadful calamities, which followed the civil war. Mr. Martin died in 1870, at the age of seventy years, leaving a large fortune, despite the losses which he had suffered by the war. He had several children; but Ophelia, who married Judge Henry M. Spof- ford, afterward United States Senator from Louisiana, was the only one living at the time of his death. His charities were numerous: he contributed largely to the building of the Methodist Church in Pulaski, and to the male academy, and endowed the large and handsome female seminary which bears his name. He never failed to aid the youth who was struggling with poverty, provided he was moral and industrious. In death, as- throughout life, he was a zealous Christian, and died with the praises of the Redeemer on his lips: "Sweet Lamb of God, I'll see Thy bright face, joy! joy!" being nearly his last words on earth. " In business he was a giant," once remarked an admirer; he might have added that in all the grander attributes of human character, he was the ideal of splendid manhood. JESSE MAYES, M. D., an old and prominent physician of Giles County, is the son of Jesse and Frances (Hill) Mayes, natives of Virginia. They were married in 1800, im- migrated to this State and settled in Giles County in 1825. To this union were born ten children: Fletcher H., Thomas H., Mary, Susan, Elizabeth, Jesse, Fannie, Octavia, Sam- uel J. and Abigail. The father died in 1860, and the mother followed him in 1866. Our subject was born October 25, 1814, in Rockbridge County, Va., and attended the district schools. In 1834 he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Edward R. Field, a prom- inent physician of Pulaski at that time. Our subject entered the Cincinnati Medical College in 1838, and after attending two courses of lectures he received an appointment from the government as assistant surgeon in the Indian emigration and held the position for the year 1840. At this time he returned to Giles County, and has since been constant- ly engaged in his profession and is regarded as one of the oldest and most reliable physi- cians of this county. In 1841 he married Mary E. Cook, daughter of Col. and Sallie Cook, of North Carolina, and to them were born three children: Julia F., Sarah F. and William H. (deceased). Dr. Mayes has 400 acres of land in partnership with his son4n- law, Jacob E. Morton, and is in very comfortable circumstances. In 1836 he was in the \ GILES COUNTY. 861 Florida war, and served his time and received an honorable discharge at New Orleans. Dr. Mayes is a Democrat in politics, and all his family are members of the Methodist Episco- pal Church South. JOSEPH B. McCAUL, merchant, was born in Williamson County, Tenn., May 27, 1845, son of John A. and Elizabeth (Boon) McCaul, and is of Scotch-Irish lineage. John A. McCaul was born in Rutherford County, and died in Marshall County, Tenn., about 1858. The mother was born in the same county as her husband, and died about 1855. Joseph B. is the third of their ten children, and when about thirteen years of age began learning the saddler's trade, at which he worked until 1861, when he enlisted in the Twentieth Tennessee Infantry, but was discharged the same year on account of physical disability. He re-enlisted in the Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry in 1862, and served until the close of the war. From 1865 to 1867 he farmed and then engaged in the mercantile business at Bethesda, Tenn., remaining two years, and then came to Lynnville and began keeping a saddle and harness shop. At the end of eight years he engaged in the grocery business, and is the leading merchant in his line in the town. He also deals in grain. In 1868 he married Elizabeth V. Beatty, of Williamson County. He is a Demecrat and Mason, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. GEORGE W. McGUIRE, M. D., is the son of Cornelius W. and Sarah McGuire, na- tives of Virginia. They were married about 1825, in this State, and had born to their union thirteen children: Elizabeth, William H., Lucinda A., Harriet M., Calvin B., John P., James S., Robert R.. Cornelius N., Mary P., George W., Narcissa E. and Docia A. The father died September 28, 1859, and the mother April 20, 1875. Our subject was born April 11, 1844, in Lincoln County, Tenn., and is of Scotch-Irish descent. He attended the county schools, and in 1866 began the study of medicine with a brother, Dr. C. B. Mc- Guire, of Millville, Lincoln County. In the fall of that year he entered the University of Nashville, and graduated from that institution in 1869. After which he returned to Mill- ville and commenced the practice of his profession with his brother. In 1874 he located at Dellrose, in Lincoln County, and practiced his profession with evident success. August 27,1872, he married Ella O. Patterson, daughter of John C. and Elenor Patterson, of Giles County. To our subject and wife were born three children: James C, Cornelius N. and John P. The mother of these children died in 1881, and he then married Laura M. Legg, daughter of Andrew C. and Martha Legg, of Alabama. To the last union was born one child — Myrtle. In 1884 Dr. McGuire moved to Giles County, and purchased the land where he now resides. He is a very successful practitioner and is kept almost constantly busy visiting his numerous patients. He is Democratic in his political belief. ANDREW J. McKIMMEN, a prominent stock-raiser, living one mile east of Pulaski, Tenn., was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, March 28, 1834, and is a son of Daniel and Jane McKimmen, who were natives of the "soil," and removed to the United States in 1843, settling on a farm in Giles County, Tenn., on which our subject now resides. They were the parents of the following children: Mary, Margaret, Emily, Andrew J., Isabella and Jane. The father died in 1878, and the mother in 1880. Our subject is their fourth child. He received a limited early education, and his time has been employed in breeding fine trotting horses, being the first man who introduced blooded trotting stock in Giles Coun- ty (in 1856) and one of the first in the State. He is widely known and much respected by all. He and Georgie A. Everly were united in marriage in 1859. She is a daughter of Capt. George and Mary Everly, natives, respectively, of Virginia and Tennessee. Our subject is a Democrat, and is noted for his charity to the poor. JAMES T. McKISSACK, farmer and stock-raiser, is a native of Person County, N. C, born in 1823, son of William and Janette McKissack, both natives of North Carolina. They were married in the early part of the present century, and to them were born five sons and three daughters: Susan P., James T., Gorham T., Don J., Alexander C, Lucy H., Jessie H. and William. Our subject was the second child born to this union. In 1833 he came with his parents to this State and settled in Maury County. He received a good practical education in the Jackson College, of Maury County, and in 1842 was engaged in 862 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. the grocery and general merchandise business at 'Spring Hill, Maury County. In 1854^ after moving around for some time, he settled in Pulaski, and was engaged in building the old court house and a number of other business blocks. Previous to this, in 1845, he mar- ried Sylvina C. Rowe, daughter of Louis and Lucy Rowe, and this union resulted in the birth of six children, named Lucy J., William L., Susan O., Edward F., Mary E. and Cal- vin C. The mother of these children died in 1880. In 1856 he purchased laud near Vale Mills, in this county, and was engaged in farming and manufacturing until 1870, when he sold farm and business and moved to where he now resides, near Pulaski. He has 137 acres of valuable land, well improved. Mr. McKissack is of Scotch-Irish descent, and a Democrat in politics. HENRY CLAY McLAURINE, whose birth occurred in Giles County, Tenn., Janu- ary 8, 1840, is a son of William and Ann (Swan) McLaurine, and of Scotch-Irish descent. His parents were natives of Virginia,born in 1791 and 1797. The father was a tiller of the soil and died in this county in 1862. The mother died in 1866. Our subject is the young- est of eleven children, seven of whom are now living. He was reared on the farm and received his education in the district schools. During the years 1859-60 he clerked in a dry goods store at Molino, Lincoln County. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, First Tennessee Cavalry, and for more than a year was a prisoner in Camp Morton. In 1866 he came to Prospect, in this county, and after clerking for one year engaged in the gen- eral merchandise business and there remained until 1882, when he removed to Pulaski. In 1873 he married Bettie M. Deaver, and in 1876 he ran for the oflfice of sheriff and was deputy sheriff from 1872 to 1875. He ran for sheriff in 1876 against four Democrats and one Republican, and was defeated by the Republican by two votes. In 1882 he was elected county trustee and discharged the duties of this office in a highly satisfactory manner for two years. In 1885 he was commissioned postmaster at Pulaski, and con- firmed January 12, 1886, by the United States Senate. He is a Democrat, a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is one of the county's best citizens, and a representative of one of the old families. MARK McNAIRY, farmer, and a native of Giles County, Tenn., was born November 1, 1833, son of Frank and Mary McNairy, natives of Tennessee, who were married in Giles County about 1830, and were the parents of four children: Robert, Mark, John F. and William J. The father died in 1837 and the mother in 1853. The subject of this sketch received a fair education in the common schools, and subsequently attended the Giles College at Pulaski. In 1845 he moved to that town and was engaged in trading until 1865. In 1858 he led to the altar Lute Maxwell, daughter of William A. and Delila Maxwell, of Giles County, Tenn. By this marriage Mr. McNairy became the father of four children: Roy, Lycurgus, Minnie and Ellen. Mr. McNairy is a Democrat in politics and of Irish lineage. In 1865 he moved to the farm where he is now living, which con- sists of 240 acres. He has been successful at his occupation and is a prosperous, industrious farmer. JAMES O. MITCHELL, of Lynnville, Tenn., is a native of Giles County, born December 19, 1833, son of Andrew and Eliza (Alexander) Mitchell, and is of Scotch-Irish descent. His parents were both born in North Carolina, the father in 1807, and the mother in 1809. His paternal grandfather was John Mitchell, also a North Carolinian. The Mitchell family came to Tennessee about 1809, and settled in East Tennessee. The father of our subject came to what is now Marshall County when a young man. He died in 1864, and the mother in 1865. James O. is the third of nine children, and grew to man- hood on a farm, and was educated in the neighboring schools. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Third Tennessee Infantry, and participated in the battles of Raymond, Miss., Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and the Georgia Campaign. Since the war he has been in business in this county. He was married, in 1856, to Frances Angus, who died in 1861. Mr. Mitchell's second wife was Sarah Kellam, whom he married in 1871, and who died four years later, leaving two children: Andrew and Nancy. Mr. Mitchell is a Democrat, and one of the substantia] men of the county. GILES COUNTY. 863 MARCUS M. MITCHELL is a native of Giles County, Tenn., born January 26, 1838, the second of three children and the son of Robert C. and Jane (Beasley) Mitchell, born in Virginia and Tennessee, respectively. The former came to Tennessee vrith his parents when a boy and there spent the rest of his life with the exception of a short period. He died in 1870, and the mother in 1863. Our subject resided with his Grandmother Beasley and obtained a practical business education in the common schools. By perseverance, honest dealing with his fellow-man, and economy,he is ranked among the wealthy farmers of the county, owning 832 acres of land. In the late war he served in the First Tennessee Cavalry, under Col. Wheeler, and participated in many hotly contested battles. He was finally released from service by his father taking his place, as the latter had no one depend- ing on him, and our subject had a wife and one child. He was married, May 26, 1861, to Margaret H. Kimbrough, who bore him one child, a daughter — Almeda G. — born April 7, 1862 (wife of W. D. Abernathy). Mr. Mitchell is a Democrat, a man of generous and lib- eral disposition, and highly respected in the county where he resides. ASA W. MOORE, of the firm of Moore & Daly, dealers in dry goods and general mer- chandise at Elkton, Tenn., is a son of David J. and Mary E. Moore, who were born in Virginia and North Carolina, respectively, and were married in 1828, in Alabama, and came to Tennessee the same year. Both parents died in 1857. Our subject is the seventh of their twelve children, and his early education was obtained in the common schools of Giles County. He attended the Pettusville High School, in Alabama, two and a half years, and at the breaking out of the war enlisted in the Ninth Alabama Regiment, and served until the close of the war, participating in many of the principal battles. After his return home he taught school until 1870, and at that time formed a partnership with A. D. Bull, and entered into his present business. Our subject has been successful as a business man and is considered one of the estimable citizens of the county. December 23, 1868, he was married to Eva Bull, and by her is the father of six children: David, Ethel, Joseph, Eva, Tom and Nellie. Mr. Moore belongs to the F. & A. M., and is a Democrat in politics, and belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church South. JACOB B. MORELL, farmer, was born in East Tennessee, in 1820, and is of German- Irish descent. His parents. Christian and Susan Morell, were natives of Virginia and Tennessee, respectively. They were married about 1812, and became the parents of six children: Elizabeth, John H., Jacob B., Samuel H., William and Christian. The father's demise occurred in 1827, and the mother's in 1859. Our subject received his education in the common schools of East Tennessee, and assisted his father in agricultural pursuits from early boyhood. He located in Giles County in 1843, and has been devoting consid- erable attention to milling. He is the proprietor of the Elk River Grist Mills, which are situated on Elk River, near Elkton. He has also 270 acres of good land, all improved. Mr. Morell has been a very successful man, financially, and all his property has been made by hard work and good management. January 16, 1844, he married Eleanor P. Phelps, and to this marriage were born an interesting family of eight children: Martha D., Allen P., Predonia E., Emmett, Frances, Varina D., Pressley L. and Alice J. Mr. Morell is of Dem- ocratic principles, and is a man of sound judgment and good sense. JOSHUA MORRIS is a son of Isaac Morris who was born in Delaware, June 29, 1766, and died Julj^ 16, 1856. He moved to North Carolina shortly after the Revolutionary war. Our subject's mother, Susanna Tacker, was born in Maryland in 1770, and died in 1840. Joshua Morris was born in North Carolina December 1, 1807 and is one of the old and leading citizens of Giles County. He was deprived the benefits of school, but gave himself a fair education, At the age of twenty he began life for himself, and a j'ear later was married to Mary S. Tarkington, who bore him one child, named Isaac G. L., who died in 1853. Mary (Tarkington) Morris was born February 12, 1812, and died August 31, 1843. Our subject fought in the Florida Indian war and was faithful to his duties. He has held different county offices but is a farmer by occupation. Bj^ industry and perseverance he has accumulated considerable property, having at the present time 2,665 acres of land and all but 700 acres under fence, 500 acres of this land contain fine 864 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. timber, such asoak, poplar and chestnut. He has twenty-seven tenants on his land, and has several tenement houses unoccupied. He has been a stock-raiser and was always success- ful; in fact, his every effort has been crowned with success. During the late war he was captain of a company for a short time. He is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson. He has on his home farm, located on Big Creek, a cotton-gin and a grist-mill. He has living with him six great-grandchildren, which compose the en- tire family. WILLIAM G. NANCE, dealer in confectionery, fancy groceries, cigars and tobacco, in Pulaski, Tenn., is a son of Sterling A. and Eliza Nance, natives, respectively, of South Carolina and Alabama. They were married in the latter State in 1830, and became the parents of six children: John D., Elizabeth, James F., Sterling A., William G. and Mary E. The father died in 1859 and the mother in 1872. William G. was born in Lauderdale County, Ala., in 1840. After acquiring his rudimentary education in the common schools, he, in 1855, entered La Grange College, at Florence, Ala., and attended one session. In 1857 and 1858 he attended the University of Murfreesboro, Tenn., where he finished his literary education. He then farmed in his native State until the breaking out of the war. In 1864 he enlisted in the Tenth Alabama Cavalry, and served imtil Lee's surrender. He then resumed farming, and in 1874 became clerk for J. Butler & Co., dealers in dry goods in Pulaski, Tenn. In 1878 he was compelled to suspend active business life, but in 1883 formed a partnership with his son, William J. Nance, in the liquor business, and continued the same until June, 1885, when he sold out and engaged in his present business. In No- vember, 1860, he married Mollie Coffee, daughter of Joshua and Mary M. Coffee, of Ala- bama. They have five children: Willie J., Lula M., Adine P., Mamie and Sterling. Mrs. Nance died in 1874. Mr. Nance is a Democrat, and the family are church members. WILLIAM C. NELSON, assistant cashier of the Giles County, Tenn., National Bank, was born in Limestone County, Ala., August 17, 1849, son of Isaac and Lizzie Nelson, and of English descent. The father was born in Giles County in 1823, and was a farmer and merchant by occupation. He died in 1854. The mother was born in South Carolina about 1824 and died in Giles County in 1854. Our subject's paternal grandfather was John Nelson, a native of Virginia, and an early immigrant to Tennessee. William C. was the third of four children and was raised on a farm. He received a practical edu- cation and, in 1871, began clerking in a dry goods store, where he remained until 1878, and then engaged in the clothing business, and continued that until 1881. At that time he opened a hardware store, and the same year became assistant cashier of Giles County Na- tional Bank. He sold his stock of hardware in 1885. In 1881 he married Georgia Adams, and is now the father of two children: Sue Adams and Lizzie. Mr. Nelson is a Democrat and a Mason, Knight Templar degree, and is at present eminent commander of Com- mandery No. 12. He is a Presbyterian and his wife belongs to the Episcopal Church. ROBERT S. PARTRICK. owner and proprietor of the village of Bodenham, was born In Alabama in 1847. This village is composed of one water mill, one cotton-gin, cabinet shop, blacksmith-shop and a general merchandising establishment. He immigrated from Alabama to this place about two years ago, and has been successfully engaged in business €ver since. He was reared in Rogersville, Ala., and lived with his grandfather until fif- teen years of age. He then enlisted in Company E, Seventh Alabama Cavalry, and re- mained in the service until the close of the war. He was a participant in some of the most hotly contested battles fought during that time. He returned to Alabama, and was engaged in different pursuits until coming to his present location. His father was a native of Kentucky, born in 1800, and came to Alabama when quite young. He married for his first wife a Miss Brooks, who bore him six children. She died about 1840. He then married Elvira Sham, she being the mother of our subject, and a native of Alabama, born in 1820. The last union resulted in the birth of four children. The mother died in 1854 and the father three years later. Our subject was united in marriage, in 1870, to Elizabeth Elledge, a native of Alabama, born in 1850, and to them were born three children: Infant (died unnamed), Ethel (who died in 1873), and Beatrice L. Our subject is a stanch Dem- GILES COUNTY. 865 ocrat, and cast his first vote for Horace Greeley. The Partrick family are of Irish de- scent, and emigrated from Ireland in the early part of the seventeenth century. WILEY B. PEPPER, M. D., an old practitioner of medicine, and now a druggist of Lynnville, Tenn., is a native of Robertson County, Tenn., born near Springfield April 13, 1821, son of William C. and Sarah (Powell) Pepper, and is of English extraction. His father was a native of Virginia, and came to Tennessee with his parents in 1808. The family first settled where Nashville now stands, but later removed to Robertson County, and since then the Pepper family has figured prominently in the affairs of Robertson County, and there the parents of our subject deceased. Dr. Pepper's early life was spent on the farm. He received a liberal education at the Springfield schools, and began the study of medicine in 1844, graduating from the Memphis Medical College in 1849, and the following year located in Giles County, where he continued his profession two years. He then removed to Limestone County, Ala., where he remained until 1865, and just after the surrender of Lee at Appomattox he returned to his native county, and there lived five years, and in 1870 came to Lynnville, continuing the practice of his pro- fession about six months, and then engaged in the drug business, which he has since con- tinued. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Sarah E. Horwell, of Giles County. He was formerly an "old-line" Whig, but is now a Democrat, and was made a Mason in 1850. They are leading members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he is an honorable citizen. RICHARD PEPPER, a successful farmer of Giles County, was born in Robertson County, Tenn., and is the son of William and Sarah Pepper. He received his education at Springfield, Tenn., and was a school-teacher for some time. October 14, 1867, he was united in marriage to Mattie E. Anthony, daughter of John B. and Sarah Anthony, of Giles County, and to our subject and wife was born one child — Tullia. Mrs. Pepper died April 16, 1873, and March 11, 1874, he married, for his second wife, Ella Westmoreland, daughter of Thomas A. and Elizabeth J. Westmoreland. By this last union our subject became the father of three children: Annie, Kittle and Mildred. In 1876 Mr. Pepper located on the farm where he now resides, which consists of ninet3^-eight acres of fine land. He has been successful in most of his enterprises and is very comfortably situated. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and wife are worthy members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church South. REV. FRANCIS F. POLLARD was born in Virginia May, 1832, one of a large family of children born to the marriage of Uriah W. Pollard and Elizabeth Haley. Both born in Virginia, where the father died. The mother came to Tennessee with our subject in 1856, and died in Giles County November 28, 1861. Our subject's early education was obtained in the common schools. On the 31st of December, 1859, he and Ann E. Wells were united in marriage, and seven children were born to their union: William J., James B. (deceased), John C, Nancy A. E., Emeline, Mary F. and Sarah Helen. Mrs. Pollard was born on the farm where she now lives, August 5, 1831, daughter of Jesse Wells. Mr. Pollard served in the Ninth Alabama Cavalry, under Col. James C. Malone, but after six months' service was discharged for disability. He is a Democrat, and is, and has been, an active and eflicient minister in the Baptist Church for twelve years. He owns a planta- tion of 407 acres, on which he raises cotton and the cereals. JEFFERSON D. PULLEN, wholesale and retail grocer, is a son of John C. PuUen, who married Pauline Wheeler, and by her became the father of ten children. The father died in 1868 and the mother in 1877. Our subject is the ninth child, and in his juvenile days received a fair education. At the age of eighteen he began farming for himself and continued up to 1882, when he came to Pulaski, and engaged in his present business in partnership with J. S. Childress, and has succeeded beyond his expectations from a finan- cial stand point. He was married in 1881 to Maggie Johnson, daughter of Samuel and Bettie Johnson, old and prominent settlers of Giles County. Mr. Pullen is a Democrat, and cast his first presidential vote for Hancock. He and wife are members >>f the Methodist Episcopal Church South. sen BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. RICHARD H. RAGSDALE, farmer and stock-dealer, was born in Logan County, Ky., January 1, 1847, son of Burrell Ragsdale, who was a native of Virginia, born in 1804, and an early settler of Kentucky. He was twice married; his first family of ten children was raised in Kentuckj'. His second wife, our subject's mother was Olive F. Foote, a native of Tennessee, and born in November, 1813. She died in Logan County, Ky., in the spring of 1874, followed by the father two years later. Richard H. served in the last year of the war, and December 25, 1867, was married, in Giles Count}", Tenn., to Anna L. Howard, born in 1849, and daughter of John W. Howard. Their children are James H., Jerry, Gray and Eunice. Mr. Ragsdale is a Democrat; and while he has not identified himself with any church, his wife belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He has 151 acres of fine land, and gives the most of his attention to raising stock. ISAAC H. RAINEY, an enterprising citizen, was born in Giles County, Tenn., February 25, 1842; son of Horace D. and Eliza (Summerhill) Rainey, and of Scotch-En- glish lineage. The father was born in North Carolina June 9, 1799, and the mother was born in the same State in December, 1799. The Rainey family came to Giles County about 1839. Our subject's father was a farmer by occupation, and his death occurred in this county in June, 1863; the mother died the year previous. Isaac H. Rainey is the eighth in a family of nine children. He assisted his father on the farm and attended the country schools. In 1861 he enlisted in Company K, First Tennessee Cavalry, and was a prisoner for five months. Since the war he has been engaged in the livery and farming business at Pulaski. In 1874 he was united in matrimony to Viola Wilkinson of Marshall County, and the fruits of this union were an interesting family of four children: Guy, Earl, Hugh and Paul. In 1877 he was elected marshal of Pulaski, and served in that capacity for six years. He has the only livery stable in Pulaski, and is doing a successful business. He is a Democrat, a member of the Masonic lodge, and he and wife are worthy members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. RUFUS C. REYNOLDS, proprietor of the Belle Air Stock Farm, was born in Giles County, Tenn., son of Giles A. and Minerva (Childress) Reynolds, and of Scotch-English lineage. His parents were born in Virginia and Tennessee, respectively; the father in 1801, and the mother in 1811. They were married in 1829. The father came- to Tennes- see in 1825, and was by occupation a farmer. He died in 1867. The mother died in 1870. Our subject assisted his father on the farm and attended the schools in the county. He completed his education at the University of Mississippi, and subsequently engaged in breeding horses for the race course. In 1881 he purchased the famous "Almont, Jr." (Basticks), sire of "Annie W.," 2:20; "Judge Lindsa}'," 2:21J, etc. In addition to the above, Mr. Reynolds owns fifteen extra well-bred brood mares. He purchased the old Reynolds homestead in 1870, known as Belle Air Stock Farm, settled by his father in 1875. Mr. Reynolds is one of the most successful stock-men of this section of Tennessee. He is a Democrat and a K. of P. His farm is located one mile east of Reynolds' Station on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, and consists of 333 acres of well improved land. GEORGE T. RIDDLE, cashier of the Peoples National Bank, was born in Pulaski, Tenn., May 23, 1844, and is the third of six children born to Thomas S. and Margaret (Speer~) Riddle. He is of Scotch-Irish lineage. His father was born in Virginia in 1800 and his mother was a native of the Emerald Isle. The Riddle family came to Tennes- see in early times, and here the father of our subject died in 1874. He was for many years engaged in active business in Pulaski and was couutj" trustee for several terms, and was a leading citizen and a useful man. Our subject was educated at Giles College, this county, and at Bethany College, West Virginia, where he graduated in 1867. In 1862 he joined the Confederate Army and served in the ordnance department until the close of the war. Subsequent to his college and war life he began the study of law and was licensed to practice, but fearing his health he abandoned the idea of a professional life. In 1871 he was made book-keeper of the National Bank of Pulaski, and was made cashier of the same institution in 1873. He held this position until 1882, when the National Bank went into liquidation. He was then elected as director and cashier of the Peoples Na- GILES COUNTY. 867 tional Bank and now holds that position. He is one of the best financiers in Pulaski, and a most thorough business man. In 1872 he married Annie Lea Skillern, of this county. He is a Democrat and a member of the K. of P., and he and wife are members of the Episcopal Church. DR. JOSEPH COLEMAN ROBERTS was born on the Madison and Limestone County line, in Alabama, November 18, 1823, being of honorable parentage, not wealthy. or dis- tinguished, but highly respected for the sort of integrity and strength and purity of char- acter and modesty in asserting their claims to high distinctions that constituted marked virtues among the agricultural classes in the earlier years of this country. He received an elementary education in the country schools of that day, and afterward attended the Frazier Academy, at Athens, Ala., and studied the classics, and at the age of about nine- teen began teaching school, after which he entered the oflSce of Dr. Frank Malone, at the Cross Roads, in Madison County, and in 1843-44 attended a course of medical lectures; af- ter which he located in Limestone County and practiced his profession four years. He then went to New York City, and graduated at the University of New York in 1848. He returned home and located at Bethel, Giles Co., Tenn., where he has since resided. In 1849 he married Sarah I. Anthony, and to their union four children were born: J. C, Es- tella (who died in childhood), Walter A. and Sallie Bettie. The Doctor was laborious and persistent in his medical studies, and diligent and faithful in his professional engage- ments. At the beginning of the war the means he had accumulated had been invested mostly in slave property, and as a result of that conflict he was left comparatively penni- less. He offered his services to the Confederacy, and served in the field and hospital as aid to Dr. Ford, acting in the capacity of assistant and director. When the army com- manded by Beauregard and Bragg started on the Kentucky campaign, he was transferred to the Western Department, and was assistant to Dr. Wooten, now of Texas. After the war the Doctor located in Pulaski, Giles Co., Tenn., and by energy and frugality owns a neat and valuable brick residence on Main Street, and a farm of 600 acres of excellent land in the county. He has been constantly engaged in his profession for about forty- two years; has the reputation of being a studious, able and successful physician, and is engaged in active practice at the present time. His parents, George and Elizabeth (Kendrick) Rob- erts, were born in Georgia and were of English and Welsh ancestry. They moved to Ala- bama about 1800, and located where our subject was born. The father died in Lawrence Count}', Ala., and the mother in Mississippi. Their family consisted of seven sons and three daughters. Dr. Roberts is considered one of the county's best men. He is a Mason, a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. HON. SOLON E. ROSE, of Pulaski, is descended from an old and honored family of Scotland, whose history can be traced back for many generations. Col. William Rose, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a native of Virginia, born in 1779. He moved to Giles County, Tenn., in 1813, and was one of the early pioneers. He wedded Elizabeth W. Meredith, a lady of Welsh ancestry, who bore her husband a family of seven sons: Edward W., William M., Alfred H., Robert H., Fielding, David E. and Solon Eldridge. The father was one of the foremost men in the community in which he resided. He died in 1851, preceded by his wife in 1820. Solon E. Rose was born in this county August 18, 1818, was educated at Wurtenburg Academy in Pulaski, and was reared to years of maturity in his native county. At eighteen years he took part in the Florida war, participating in the battles of Withlacoocha, Panasophca and the Wahoo Swamp. In 1839 he began the study of law, and when in his twenty-second year was licensed to practice. After remaining for a time in Pulaski he removed to Lawrenceburg, and in 1848 was elected attorney-gen- eral, a position he retained six years, declining a re-election. From 1848 to 1859 he was president of the Lawrenceburg Bank, and was also connected with other enterprises. During the latter year he returned to Pulaski aud formed a partnership with Judge J. A. Tinnon in the practice of the law, which continued until 1883, when Judge Tinnon was elevated to the bench. For the last fifteen years he has been president of the Giles Na- tional Bank of Pulaski. It would require a volume of no small dimensions to give in de- 868 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. tail Mr. Rose's political career. It will suflBce to briefly state that lie has been active in advancing the cause deemed best for his country's good; that he has occupied numerous positions of honor and trust, and that he has reflected honor and credit upon the same. He is a Democrat. Mr. Rose selected for his helpmate through life Miss Marcella, daugh- ter of M. H. and Ethalinda (Bumpass) Buchanan, and to their union four children were born: Solonia M., born November 16, 1844, now Mrs. John D. Flautt; William Haynie, born April 19, 1847, and now a resident of this county; Elizabeth E., born in 1849, and died in 1858; and Solon E. F., born December 19, 1850, now residing in Mississippi. Mr. Rose began life without financial means, but by adhering to strict business rules in gen- eral, and the golden rule in particular, he has amassed a comfortable fortune and won the esteem of the best citizens of the State. HON. JAMES C. SANDERS, a native of Tennessee, was born in 1816, and is the fourth of eight children born to William and Elizabeth (Bellantfant) Sanders. The par- ents are natives of North Carolina, and immigrated to Tennessee about 1812, locating in Williamson County, where they remained a few years, after which they permanently settled in Giles County. Here the mother died in 1873, and the father too passed from life about four years later. Our subject passed his early life on the farm and in the dis- trict schools. He lived with his father having entire control of the farm until about forty years of age. He was bitterly opposed to secession and stood firm for the Union. Dur- ing the war he remained at home as quiet and peaceable as man could be under like cir- cumstances. In 1865 he married Catharine Parsons, a native of Tennessee, born about 1830, and the daughter of James W. and Massie (Gordon) Parsons. Our subject began life a poor man, had but poor advantages for an education and yet he is a good neighbor and an energetic, industrious citizen. In 1869 he was elected to the State Legislature to represent the counties of Marshall, Lincoln and Giles. At the end of two years he return- ed home and confined himself to the farm until 1884, when he was again called upon to appear before the people as an independent candidate for representative, and was duly elected for the j-ears 1885 and 1886. Mr. Sanders resides in the Twelfth District, on an excellent farm of about 500 acres, which is fairly improved. SAJVIUEL D. SCOTT is a native of Giles County, Tenn., boni June 16, 1849, son of Thomas J. and Malinda W. (Holt) Scott, the former born in Illinois, in 1819, and was taken to Alabama at the age of two years. He married and removed to Mississippi, and at the end of seven years moved to Tennessee, and then to Alabama, and in 1881 again to Tennessee. The mother of our subject was born in Alabama, January 11, 1823. Our subject always had a predilection for farming, and has made that his occupation through life, and now owns 380 acres of fine land, on which he raises cotton principally, and also takes considerable interest in stock-raising. November 12, 1868, he wedded Mary F. Whitfield, daughter of Alfred and Elizabeth (Simpson) Whitfield, one of the large land- owners and prominent planters of Giles County. To the union of our subject and wife were born the following children : James A. (deceased), Anna R., Minnie E. and Elizabeth W. The mother was born June 24, 1850. Mr. Scott is a supporter of Democratic princi- ples, and he and Mrs. Scott are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. JAMES SCRUGGS, farmer and stock-raiser of the Ninth District, was born in 1812, in Davidson County, Tenn., and is the fourth child born to the union of Thomas and Edna Scruggs, natives of Virginia. They immigrated to this State in 1809, and to them were born nine children: Elizabeth, Nancy, James, Narcissa, Mary, Jane, William H., and Roxie A. James, our subject, attended the common schools, where he received a lib- eral education. When quite young he came to Giles County, and worked at the saddler's trade at Elkton until 1841, after which he began farming where he now resides. He has 600 acres on Elkton Turnpike, and is in very comfortable circumstances. All this he has made by hard work and good management, and is not in debt one dollar. In 1834, he married Susan Nelson, daughter of John and Phoebe Nelson, natives, respectively, of Ala- bama and Tennessee. This union of our subjects resulted in the birth of four children: William P., Mary E., James H. and Annie E. Mr. Scruggs, in politics, is Democratic, and GILES COUNTY. 869 he and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, in high standing. lu 1875, Mrs. Scruggs was paralyzed, and has never fully recovered from the stroke, but is much better. The Scruggs family is one of the fixtures of this county, and all are good citizens. GEORGE E. SHORT, farmer and native of Giles County, Tenn., was born about three miles from Pulaski, Tenn., July 11, 1829. His parents, J. T. and Elizabeth (Abernathy) Short, were born in Brunswick Co., Va., in 1793 and 1803, respectively. They moved to Giles County, Tenn., in 1828, and settled about three miles southwest of Pulaski. The father was a planter, and followed that calling until his death, which took place in Giles County, in 1875. The mother died three years earlier. Of their ten children, our subject was the fifth. He was educated at the old field schools and at the schools of Pulaski. In the fall of 1862, he enlisted in the Third Tennessee Infantry, Capt. Ray's Company, Con- federate States Army, and after nearly one year's service he was released on account of physical disability, and after peace was established he again resumed farming. He owns 480 acres of land, the greater part of which is in a fine state of cultivation. He resides in Pulaski. In 1858 he was married to Virginia M. Boisseau, who died February 23, 1881. In 1882, his marriage with Virginia C. Reynolds was consumated. They have one child: George Edward. Mr. Short is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and are well respected citizens of the county. PROF. WILLIAM J. SMITH, merchant, is a son of Lawrence and Mary J. (Over- street) Smith, who were born in North Carolina and Tennessee in 1807 and 1818, respect- ively. The father immigrated to Tennessee about 1815, and settled in Maury County, and there died in 1879. William J., our subject, was born in Giles County, July 28, 1837, and after fitting himself for college atPisgah, Tenn., completed his education in Lebanon University, at Lebanon, Tenn., and entered North Carolina University in 1862. In the late civil war he served in Company B, Forty-eighth Tennessee Infantry, and was captured at Port Hudson, but was soon paroled. After the battle of Missionary Ridge, he was in Gen. J. E. Johnston's army and later in Hood's army. He was captured at the second battle of Nashville and taken to Camp Douglas, and there held until the close of the war. For fifteen years subsequent to the war he taught school in Alabama, and was pronounced a competent and sucessful educator. Since 1881 he has resided in Lynnville, Tenn., and he and his brother, C. A. Smith, are associated in the merchandise business, the style of the firm being Smith Bros. Our subject is also engaged in farming; and in 1873 was married to S. E. Scruggs, at Portland, Ala. Prof. Smith is a Mason and is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and his wife of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. NATHAN A. SMITH'S birth occurred in Giles County, Tenn., March 24, 1857, and he there received his education in the common schools. He has always followed the fortunes of a farmer's life, and in 1874 located on 143 acres of valuable and well improved land. In 1873 he was united in marriage to Loretta K. Shields, of Giles County, and five children are the result of their union: Susie, Jimmie, Owen B., John A. and one infant daughter. Mr. Smith is of Irish extraction, and in politics is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. His wife is a daughter of James and Eliza Shields, and he is a son of Nathan and Frances Smith, who were born in Virginia and Tennessee, respectively, and were married about the year 1835. Eleven children were born to them, named Elizabeth, Thomas G., David J., Susan A., Owen S., William C, Nathan A., Fannie, Sallie J., Charles V. and one infant, deceased. The father died in 1864, but the mother is still living. HON. NOBLE SMITHSON was born December 7, 1841, near Nolensville, Will- iamson Co., Tenn., and resided in said county until 1853. He, with his parents, then re- moved to Lexington, Ala., and resided there until 1865, when he came to Pulaski, and has since continued to reside here. His father is the Rev. John G. Smithson, who was born in Virginia, in 1820, and who immigrated to Tennessee in 1830, and settled in Will- iamson County. He is a clergyman in the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and now resides near Pulaski. The paternal grandfather of our subject was Hezekiah Powell 870 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. Smithson, a Virginian, and a soldier in the war of 1812. At one time he was sheriff of Pittsylvania County, Va. The great-grandfather of our subject was Francis Smith- son, also a Virginian, who died in Maury County, Tenn. The family came from North Cumberland County, Eng., to Virginia. The mother of our subject was Ann Vaughn Ladd, born in Williamson County, Tenn., in 1818, and was a daughter of Noble Ladd and Mary Burton Ladd. Her parents were natives, respectively, of Rockingham and Stokes Counties, N. C She died near Pulaski, Tenn., July 20, 1886. Our subject's early life was spent on the farm. His father being in humble circumstances, he labored to aid him in the support of the family and received a good English education, and April 2, 1865, wed- ded Alice Patterson, of Giles County, and by this union has six children. He has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and is now a Mason and Knight Tem- plar. He is also a Knight of Honor and a member of the Ancient Order of United Work- men. He is a member of the Tennessee Historical Society and of the Bar Association of Tennessee. He is one of the leading lawyers of the State, and in politics is Independent. He is an advocate of woman suffrage, and district attorney-general for the Eleventh Cir- cuit, composed of the counties of Williamson, Maury, Marshall, Giles, Lawrence, Lewis and Hickman, from November, 1867, to September, 1870. He was elected to the Thirty- eighth General Assembly as State Senator, from the Fifteenth Senatorial District, com- posed of the counties of Giles, Lawrence, Wayne and Lewis, November 6, 1872, for the next two years, 1873-74. He was chairman of the judiciary committee and also chairman of a special joint committee to investigate the affairs of the Bank of Tennessee. He was one of the thirteen senators who voted for the public school law of 1873, under which the present system of popular education has grown to be so efficient and beneficial to the State. He was a delegate to the National Greenback Convention at Indianapolis in 1876, which nominated Peter Cooper for the presidency. He has a large practice in the local courts and the supreme court of Tennessee, and is a distinguished lawyer and an eminent citizen. REV. JOHN G. SMITHSON, a prominent farmer and stock-raiser, was born in 1820 in Pittsylvania County Va., and is the son of Hezekiah and Henrietta Smithson natives of Virginia. They were married about 1810 in Virginia, and to this union were born eight children: Hezekiah, Eliza, Henrietta, Paten, John G., Nathaniel, William and Henry C. The subject's father was a very prominent man in Virginia, and was sheriff of Pittsyl- vania County for many years. Our subject moved to Jefferson County, Tenn., in 1827 with his father, but afterward moved to Williamson County, Tenn., and received his edu- cation in the common schools of that county. In 1841 he was married to Ann V. Ladd, the daughter of Noble and Mary Ladd, natives of North Carolina. To Mr. and Mrs. Smithson were born fifteen children: Noble H., Mary H., Anne, Martha J., Rebecca J., Fountain D., John G., Paten C, Sarah E., Thornton L., William B., Isaac N., Alice D., Thomas F. and Henry C. In 1866 our subject purchased 850 acres where he is now re- siding. It consists of excellent land, three and a half miles west of Pulaski, all well im- proved and a part in cultivation. He has been a local Methodist Episcopal minister in this county since 1854. The Smithson family are all highly respected citizens, and the early members of the family were among the first settlers of Tennessee. Mr. Smithson owns a half-interest in the cotton and grist-mills known as the Vale Mills, which are very fam- ous all over the country. He is also a stockholder in a turnpike, and a Republican in politics. ISAAC NEWTON SMITHSON, of the firm of J. G. & N. Smithson, manufacturers of cotton goods, flour, meal, at the point known as Vale Mills in the Sixth District of Giles County, was born in 1858 in Alabama, and is a son of John G. and Ann V. Smithson, natives of Virginia, and Tennessee, respectively. Isaac received a liberal education in the Giles College, at Pulaski, and in early life assisted on the farm. He moved with his father to this State in 1866, and settled in Giles County. After completing his education at Giles College he was engaged as one of the teachers in that institution, and remained there one year. He then engaged in the book and stationery business until 1883, when he sold GILES COUNTY, 871 out his interest aud moved to where he now resides at Vale Mills. The grades of flour manufactured by this firm are very fine, and their brand of flour known as "Excelsior" is extensively used in Middle Tennessee. September, 10, 1884, Mr. Smithson led to the altar Louise C. Harrison, daughter of Col. Thomas J. and L. E. Harrison of Indiana. Our subject is Independent in political belief, and he and wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church South. Mr. Smithson is a member of the K. of P., at Pulaski, and of English-Irish descent. JOSEPH B STACY, clerk and master of the chancery court of Giles County, Tenn., was born in Franklin, Williamson Co., Tenn., October 4, 1827, son of Mahlon and Eliza- beth G. Stacy, and of Scotch-Irish descent. His father was a native of North Carolina, born in 1797, and the mother of our subject was born in Williamson County, Tenn., in 1803. The Stacy famil}^ immigrated to Tennessee about 1803, settling in Davidson Coun- tj"; afterward removed to Williamson County, where they remained until 1828. Mahlon Stacy then removed to Giles County, where the mother of our subject died in 1876. The father died in 1880. Our subject is the second son of four children. He grew to man- hood on the farm, received a practical education, came to Pulaski in 1845, and until 1851 was engaged as a clerk. He then engaged in merchandising, which he continued until 1859. In 1854 he married Miss Rebecca J. Johnson, daughter of Richard Johnson. The birth of four children blessed this union, two of whom are still living, to wit: Maria L. and Richard M. In 1862 Mr. Stacy joined the First Tennessee Cavalry, Confederate States Army, and was in the command of Col. James T. Wheeler. He took an active part in the battles of Corinth and Nashville. At the time of the surrender he was at Columbus, Miss. He returned to Pulaski in 1865. and the year following was engaged in general merchandising in thi^ city. He continued this business until 1870, when he was appointed clerk and master of the chancery court, which position he has held continu- ously since, save a period of about six months. He is one of the best county officials the county has ever had. He is a true Democrat, and one of the leading stock-men of Giles Count3^ He has given special attention to blooded horses and cattle since 1878, and has one of the best stock farms in Giles County. He is one of the most prominent men of this county, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN T. STEELE, M. D., a prominent and successful practitioner, and a native of Giles County, was born October 1, 1826, and is the only child born to the union of Robert G. and Sarah Y. (Graves) Steele, natives, respectively, of North Carolina and Tennessee. The father was a tiller of the soil and a soldier in the war of 1812. Our subject received his education in the best county schools. In the year 1843 he began reading medicine with Dr. E. R. Field, of Pulaski, where he remained for two years. He then entered the old University of Penuslyvania, and graduated in the spring of 1848. He located in Pulaski, and entered into partnership with Dr. C. Perkins and practiced one year; after which he moved to Arkansas, locating at Augusta, and remained there three years. In 1853 he returned to Giles County, and since that time has been located in different parts of the county. In 1880 he located on the site where he now lives, which consists of a farm containing 215 acres of good land, with neat residences. erected on it. He has also a saw and grist-mill erected on the farm, both in good running condition. December 1, 1853, he married Josephine C. Wilkes, a native of Maury County, born June 17, 1836. This union resulted in the birth of twelve children, seven of whom are living: Hume R., Robert W.. Judith L., Hortense, Mattie R., John F. and Fannie C. Mr. Steele is a Dem- ocrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. COLEMAN L. STEVENSON, a first-class farmer and stock-raiser, residing in the Ninth Civil District of Giles County, was born in that county December 26, 1832, and is the sou of William P. and Malinda Stevenson, both natives of North Carolina. The father of our subject was born in North Carolina in 1810, and received his education in the schools of Giles County. He was a farmer by occupation, and by his marriage, in 1830, became the father of these children: Coleman L., Elam R., Joseph J., Presley W., Will- iam F., Sarah A. P., John H. and Wilber M. The father settled where he now resides in 872 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. « 1838, and has 300 acres of valuable land, all well improved. He has four brothers who are ministers of the gospel, and his father was also a very prominent Methodist Episcopal minister. Our subject's paternal grandparents were Rev. Elam and Lydia Stevenson, natives of North Carolina, who were married about 1805, and located in Giles County, Tenn., about 1813. To them were born these children: Katheriue, William P., James C, Abner A., Willis M., Minerva J., John B., Thomas C, Amanda, Elara A. and Gilbert! The grandfather died in 1875 and the grandmother in 1872. Our subject, Coleman L. Stevenson, received a fair education, and has been engaged in farming from early youth. January 28, 1855, he was married to Louisa Jackson, daughter of Barrington and Nancy Jackson, natives of North Carolina, and to this union was born one child— William B. Mrs. Stevenson died February 1, 1856, and February 5, 1857, he was married to his sister- in-law, Dorcas Jackson. The last union resulted in the birth of three sons: James M., Elam A. and Thomas M. Besides his own children he took three orphan children to raise: Martha V., Nancy M. and Mary J. They are the daughters of James and Mary Jackson (deceased). In 1862 Mr. Stevenson enlisted in the Thirty-second Tennessee Regiment of Volunteers, and served until the close of the war. He participated in most of the princi- pal battles, and was a brave and gallant soldier. Mr. Stevenson and family are consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He has a good farm of 265 acres where he now lives, and 400 acres in other parts of Giles County. He is a Democrat in politics. WILBUR M. STEPHENSON, farmer and stock-raiser of the Ninth District of Giles County, Tenn., was born on the 20th of January, 1841, and is a son of William P. and Malinda Stephenson. In his youth he attended the common schools of Giles Coun- ty, Tenn., and his early occupation was farming. At the breaking out of the late civil war he enlisted in the Thirty-second Regiment of Tennessee Volunteers, and served until the fall of 1864, when he was compelled to abandon service owing to ill health. After recovering he resumed farming, and in 1884 settled upon his valuable and well-im- proved farm of 112 acres. Besides this he owns a valuable tract of land lying along Elk River, and near the town of Elkton. Our subject is a Democrat. November 9, 1865, he led to the hymeneal altar, Martha J. Hampton, daughter of Matison and Melissa Hampton, of Lincoln County. Mr. and Mrs. Stephenson are the parents of the following children: Matison P., John L., Maggie and Erskin. Husband and wife are members of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church South. GEORGE E. SUTTLE, a native of Giles County, and a successful farmer and stock- raiser, was born December 29, 1829, and is the son of Richard C. and Harriet A. Suttle, natives of Virginia, who were married in East Tennessee about 1826, and settled in Giles County in 1827. They had an interesting family of ten children, named Mary E., George E., Saraphana, Lucius D., Willimina, Matherine, Leroy W., Delphina, William D. and an infant daughter that died in 1857. The mother of these children is still living. Our sub- ject is of Scotch-Irish descent. He received the rudiments of his education in the com- mon schools, and then finished at the Murfreesboro University in 1853. September 17, 1861, he was married to Theodosia O. Green, who was born April 11, 1842, and who is the daughter of Alfred B. and Sarah O. Green, natives of Tennessee. By this union our sub- ject became the father of seven children— two daughters and five sons: Lizzie L., William D., Harry H., Claud, two infants, boy and girl (twins), and James P. Claud died July 16, 1874, and the twins died in 1877. In 1869 he settled on the farm where he now lives, which consists of 443 acres of valuable land five miles east of Pulaski, on the old Elkton road. He is regarded as a No. 1 farmer and an excellent citizen. He also owns some valuable city property on East Hill in Pulaski. Mr. Suttle is a Democrat, and he and children are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Mrs. Suttle is a mem- ber of the Presbyterian Church, at Pulaski. The Suttle family is very old and highly re- spected. EPPERSON TARPLEY, Esq., wagon and carriage manufacturer, was born in 1846 in Giles County, and is of Irish descent. He attended the district schools, and afterward GILES COUNTY. 873 finished his education in Giles Acadeniy, in Pulaski. He then engap^ed in agricultural pursuits, and continued this occupation until 1867, when he entered into his present busi- ness. He has been rather successful at this, and is doing a good business. In 1862 his marriage with Malissa A. Kellum was solemnized. She is the daughter of Thomas J. and Nancy J. Kellum, of Giles County. The marriage of our subject resulted in the birth of six children: Lizzie V., Silas E., Elwood L., Alice B., Guy and Earl. The family are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in high standing. In 1868 Mr. Tarpley ■was elected magistrate of the Eighth District of Giles County, and still holds that posi- tion. He is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the F. & A. M. fraternity. His par- ents are Silas S. and Susan V. Tarpley, natives of Tennessee. CALLAWAY H. TIDWELli, Esq., a prominent farmer andstock-raiser of the Sixth Dis- trict of Giles County, is a son of Vincent and Phebe Tidwell and the grandson of Isaac and Elizabeth Tidwell, who immigrated to this State from South Carolina and settled in this county in the early part of the eighteenth century. Our subject's mother was the daughter of Silas Rackley of South Carolina, who came to Tennessee at an early date and settled in Lawrence County. The parents of our subject were married January 10, 1817 and their family consisted of eleven children: Callaway H., Jane E., Silas, Elizabeth,' Charles W., Darling M., William G., Thomas B., James P., Melissa A. and Andrew J. Callaway passed his youthful days on the farm and secured a practical education in the country schools. In 1841 he was united in marriage to Leah Tucker, a native of Giles County, born February 17, 1825, and the daughter of Anderton and Stacy Tucker, natives of North Carolina, who immigrated to this State at an early day and made their home in this county. To Mr. and Mrs. Tidwell were born eleven children: Nancy J., Margaret A. Stacy E., William C, Martha C, Vincent M., Phebe M., Alice N., Mary W., Charles W' and Ozro H. Our subject settled where he is now living in 1874, and his farm consists of 500 acres of excellent land, all well improved and a part of the same in a high state of cul- tivation. He also owns 600 acres more, all well improved, in other parts of the county. He has been very successful financially, as he started in life with very little of this world's goods. He was elected magistrate in 1845, and has held the office in an able and capable manner. The family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, at Trinity, and are all very highly respected citizens. Mr. Tidwell's political belief is Democratic. JAMES J. UPSHAW, M. D., dealer in drugs and general merchandise, is a son of James and Elinor Upshaw, natives of Virginia and Tennessee, respectively. They were married about 1842, in Limestone County, Ala., and to them was born a family of three children: George L., William E. and James J. The father died November 6, 1858, and the mother in 1864. Our subject was horn in 1858, in Giles County, received a fair edu- cation, and in 1876 began the study of medicine with Dr. James A. Bowers (deceased), of Elkton. He graduated from the University of Louisville in 1878, after which he came to Elkton, where he has remained ever since. He has had a good and lucrative practice, and was one of the county's best physicians. In 1883 he abandoned his practice, and has since devoted all his time to his present business. In 1878 he married Violet R. Patter- son, daughter of John C. and Elinor Patterson, of Giles County. The result of our sub- ject's marriage was the birth of two children: Louis B. and Minnie L. Dr. Upshaw is of English extraction, a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Pres- byterian Church at Elkton. REV. JOHN F. WALKER is a son of William B. and Ann (Scott) Walker. The father was born in Virginia in 1789, and after his marriage immigrated to Tennessee and located in Wayne County. On building his first house in 1816 the logs were cut from the forest, the house erected and the goods put in in one day. He was magistrate of his dis- trict twelve years, and died on the old homestead in April, 1873. The mother was born in 1794 and died in 1876. Our subject was born January 17, 1821, and received such early education as the primitive schools of his day afforded, and finished his education at Cum- berland University, at Lebanon, Tenn. He taught school, and devoted his time until twenty-four years old to completing his education, when he was ordained a minister of the 874 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and has been an active and efficient laborer in the cause forty-one years. He joined the Fifty-third Tennessee Infantry as chaplain, and was cap- tured at Fort Donelson and kept a prisoner at Indianapolis, Ind., and later at Camp Chase, Ohio, where, through the influence of Gov. Tod, he was given the privilege of the city. He was confined at Johnson's Island for some time, when he, with a number of chaplains and surgeons, were released as non-combatants, and allowed to return home. March 21, 1855, he wedded E. A. Brown, and eight children were the results of this union: Her- schel P., W. B., J. Luther, C. Herbert, Lura, Ida and Dezzie. Mrs. Walker was born January 17, 1831, daughter of Rev. B. Brown, who was an early pioneer of Tennessee and an efficient and popular divine. He died about 1875 and the mother in 1885. Mr. Walker is conservative in his political views. He owns a farm of 157 acres, and is a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity. DR. MARK S. WATERS, physician, and owner of the farm "Wood Lawn," was born August 30, 1833, the eldest of three children of David M. and Sarah F. (Toland) Wat- ers, who were born in South Carolina and Alabama in 1813 and 1814, and died in 1860 and 1836, respectively. Our subject received the rudiments of his education in the common schools, and completed his literary education at Cumberland University. He began read- ing medicine with Dr. Elihu Edmundson, and attended two courses of lectures, and grad- uated from the old University of Nashville and later from the old University of New York, and now possesses an extensive practice. April 7, 1857, Maggie M. White, born April 20, 1835, became his wife. She is a daughter of James and Matilda M. (Gooch) White, who were born in Georgia and North Carolina in 1794 and 1800, respectively. The father died in 1877. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and was pronounced one of nature's purest and best men. Our subject served in his professional capacity two years in the late war, but finally resigned his commission at Dalton, Ga. Dr. Waters is a con- servative Democrat, well posted on the politics of the day. He and wife are parents of the following children: Thomas M., David S. (a promising young man and a medical graduate of the old University of Nashville), James W., Archibald C, Addison K., Guy S., Maggie L. and Fannie T. Dr. Waters is a Mason, and owns 280 acres of good land. He is a generous citizen and aids all enterprises for the public weal. JOHN R. D. WILLIAMS, of the firm of Williams & Watson, lumber dealers, of Pulaski, Tenn., was born in Giles County in 1840, and is a son of William J. and Martha Williams, who were born in Tennessee and were married in 1839, and located in Giles County in 1840. Their family consisted of John R. D., Joseph, Mary, Lou and Melvin. The mother died in 1851. John R. D. was educated in the common schools, and in early life worked at the carpenter's trade. In 1861 he enlisted in the Ninth Tennessee Battalion of Cavalry, serving four years and participating in several of the principal battles. At the close of the war he was employed by the Government as bridge carpenter, but soon abandoned that occupation and engaged in building and contracting, following that busi- ness until 1877. He then entered into his present business in Pulaski, and has been very successful. In 1865 he was married to Maggie J. Walker, daughter of William M. Walker, of Maury County. The family are members of the Presbyterian Church, and Mr. Williams is a Democrat and a member of the F. & A. M. DR. THOMAS L. WILLIAMS, a successful practitioner, was born in Giles County September 9, 1832, and is the son of George and Sarah (Graves) Williams, natives of Ten- nessee. They were married in Giles County in 1826, and moved to Mississippi in 1837, where they remained until 1839. To them were born three children: John, Thomas L. and George. The father died in 1852 and the mother in 1842. Our subject received his education in the common schools of Arkansas, and in early life was engaged in farming and blacksmithing. In 1856 he began his medical studies, which he continued until the breaking out of the war. He then enlisted in the Fortieth Arkansas Regiment of Volun- teers, but owing to failing health he was soon discharged from the service. He then re- sumed his medical studies. In 1869 he graduated from the medical department of the University of Louisville, and returning to Elkton located there, where he has since re- GILES COUNTY. 875 mained. In 1859 he took for his wife Carrie Bull, daughter of Adrian D. and Ursula Bull, of Giles County. To our subject and wife was born one daughter — Katie. Dr. Williams is one of the county's best physicians, as his many patients yet living can testify. He has been very successful professionally as well as financially, and is a self-made man in every respect. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. He is a member of the F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. SAMUEL S. WILLIAMSON was born within a mile of his present place of residence March 19, 1835. He has always been a tiller of the soil, and until attaining his majority resided with his parents. He was a soldier in the Mexican war, and fought at Vera Cruz, Matamoras, and was at one time confined to the hospital and pronounced incurable, but finally rallied, and is now enjoying the health usually allotted to man. He was married in Giles County, Tenn., March 9, 1854, to Jane P. Rainey, daughter of Horace D. Raiuey, and to them were born three children: John E., Horace Glenn, and Lizzie C. (wife of J. B. Potts). Horace G. is a physician, who graduated from Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., and is practicing at Prospect. John E. died on the train eighty miles west of New Orleans December 23, 1883, while en route home from California, whither he had gone for his health. Mrs. Williamson was born in North Carolina October 7, 1825, and came to Tennessee in 1837. Our subject and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and he is a Democrat and belongs to the I. O. O. F. His parents, John and Susan (Sutherland) Williamson, were born in North Carolina and Virginia in 1784 and 1783 re- spectively. They were early settlers of Tennessee. The father died October 14, 1856, and the mother in 1859. SAMUEL A. WILSON, a leading citizen of Giles County, was born in 1823, and is living on the farm of his birth. He was united in marriage in 1857 to Mary Herron, who was born in Mississippi in 1837, and the daughter of Thomas and Mary (Wynne) Herron, natives of Tennessee, born, respectively, in 1808 and in 1816, and died in 1844 and in 1879. To our subject and wife were born three children: Sallie W., Herron C. and Georgie W. Mr. Wilson remained on the farm with his father until 1843, when he went to Yazoo City, and engaged in merchandising in partnership with his brother for about five j^ears. He then moved to Memphis, Tenn., and embarked in the dry goods business, which occu- pation he followed for four years. He then, in partnership with Norman & Carter, opened a cotton commission house, which also proved successful until the breaking out of the Rebellion. Mr. Wilson then went to Mississippi and opened a tannery, and was en- gaged in this business until the close of the war, after which he re-opened the cotton commission house, the firm being then known as Wilson, Carter & Co. In 1867 Mr. AVil- son sold out and returned to Tennessee, locating on the farm of his birth, which consists of 400 acres of land in a high state of cultivation. Mr. Wilson is a Democrat in politics, and is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. His wife is also a member of the same church. His parents, James and Elizabeth (Weir) Wilson, were natives of Vir- ginia, born, respectively, in 1783 and 1782. The father was a farmer by occupation, and participated in the war of 1812, and was also with Jackson in the Creek and Seminole In- dian wars. He died in 1857, and his wife followed him the same year. JOSEPH M. WRIGHT, a prominent man and successful dentist of Elkton, Tenn., was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., November 4, 1839, and is the fifth of a family of six children, and received his education in the common schools of his native county. His early days were spent in farming, and in 1867 he began the study of dentistry with G. A. Dewey, of Glasgow, Ky., and two years later began practicing. In 1870 he removed to Mississippi, and after a three years' residence in that State lived a short time in Giles County, Tenn., and then moved to Texas, where he resided until 1878. At that date he returned to Giles County, where he has since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession, and has met with good success financially and professionally. In 1874 he was married to Elmira N. Benson, daughter of Benjamin and Adaline Benson, and to them was born one child. Mrs. Wright died|in 1881, and in 1884 Mr. Wright married Susan A. Graves. Both are church members, and our subject is a Democrat. His parents. 876 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. Jacob R. and Mary Wright, were Tennesseeans, and were married about 1836. Their chil- dren are Laminda, Minerva, Martha J., John D., Joseph M. and Jacob A. The father died in ISSejand the mother in 1844. HUGH YOKLEY, farmer and stock-raiser, was born in Davidson County, N. C, in 1813, son of Andrew and Delia (Morris) Yokley, and is of Irish-Dutch origin. Both parents were born in the same State and county as our subject, and came to Tennessee and settled in Giles County in 1816, where they died. Hugh is the eldest of six living children, and attended the first schools of Giles County. He has lived the free, happy and independent life of a farmer, and settled on the farm where he now lives in 1841. He is an extensive land owner, and has been quite prosperous financially. In March, 1838, he wedded Martha Hannah, who was born September 29, 1817, daughter of James Hannah, a native of Ireland. They have six children: Sophronia, Martha A., Catherine, Henrietta, Eugenia and HughL. Mr. Yokley was formerly an old-line Whig, but is now a Democrat. He and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and he belongs to the I. O. 0. F. and G. T., and is considered one of the substantial and worthy citizens of the county. LINCOLN COUNTY. J. S. ALEXANDER, proprietor of livery and feed stable, of Fayetteville, began busi. ness in 1876, and although his success was on a very small scale at first, he is at present the owner of eight vehicles and twelve horses, and is constantly increasing his stock. He was born in Lincoln County in 1838. son of Wiley M. and Nancy (Renegar) Alexander, born, respectively, in Tennessee and North Carolina in 1816. The father was an early settler of Lincoln County, and was a stock speculator and a man of exceptional business capacity. He was married in 1835, and died in 1881. He was tax collector and sheriff of the county several years. Of his eight children, four are living: W. S., J. S. (our subject), W. W. and Philomena (Mrs. A. J. Crisman). Our subject was educated in Mulberry, Tenn., and at the age of sixteen began clerking in a dry goods store, and two years later went to Shelbyville, where he was engaged in the grocer}^ business for two years. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, First Tennessee Regiment, and fought in the battle of Manasses, Gettysburg, Sharpsburg, Cedar Run, Seven Pines, Richmond, Chancellorsville, Harper's Ferry, Fredericksburg and Petersburg, where he was wounded and taken pris- oner, and was taken to Washington, D. C, the day Lee surrendered. In 1865 he re- turned, after an absence of four years. December 22, 1868, he wedded Florinda H. Smith, daughter of Champion E. Smith. Mrs. Alexander was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., May 18, 1845, and is the mother of four children: George R., Claud, Frank and an infant son. He farmed four years after the war, and in 1873 came to Fayetteville, and estab- lished a retail liquor store, but ten years later engaged in his present occupation. He is a Democrat, and cast his first presidential vote for Stephen A. Douglas in 1860. ANDERSON ALSUP, farmer, was born in Granger County, Tenn., July 16, 1809, and was educated in the schools near his home. In March, 1831, he married Sarah, daughter of John and Priscilla Davis. She was born in Lincoln County in 1815, and is the mother of four children: J. V., Amanda E. (Mrs. T. H. Kennedy), Mary A. (Mrs. R. P. Smith), and W. B. Mr. Alsup located on the old home-place after his marriage, and there has since resided, and at the present time owns about 400 acres of very fine land. He has been a successful business man, and has given his children good educational advantages. He has been magistrate of his district four years. He is a Democrat, and cast his first Presidential vote for Andrew Jackson. His wife belongs to the Baptist Church. Mr. LINCOLN COUNTY. 877 Alsup's parents were James aud Abigail Alsup, born in Virginia and Pennsylvania, re- spectively, the former in 1769. He came to Tennessee at an early date, and died in Lin- coln County in 1829. The mother departed this life in 1848. WILLIAM H. ASHBY, farmer, is a son of Halifax and Eliza Jane (Hall) Ashby and was born in Lincoln Countj', May 28, 1830. He was one of a family of eleven children, ten of whom are living. The grandfather, also named Halifax, was born in England, immigrated to North Carolina, where he reared his family. Our subject's father was born in North Carolina, in March, 1807, and received his education in the schools in the vicin- ity. He was married in 1829, and followed agricultural pursuits, owning at the time of his death, which occurred in October, 1873, 250 acres of good productive land. The mother of our subject was born in North Carolina in May, 1808, and died in March, 1876. Will- iam, our subject, received his education in the common schools, and, November 2, 1852, was united in marriage to Mary Elizabeth Ramsey. This union resulted in the birth of nine children, seven of whom are living; Benjamin A., Sallie J. (wife of L. H. Wiley), James H., Felix B., Tinnie, Mary E. (wife of William Pjiant) and Willie E. Mr. Ashby now owns 300 acres of valuable land and is in good circumstances. June 30, 1866, Mrs. Ashby died, and in August. 1868, Mr. Ashby wedded Ellen E. Wadley, a native of Ten- nessee, born March 9, 1840, and a daughter of J. B. and Matilda Wadley. To Mr. and Mrs. Ashby were born five children: John M., David W., Susan C, Eliza D., and Ida May. Mr. Ashby is a life-long Democrat and was formerly a member of the I. O. O. F. He and wife are leading members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. TRAVIS D. ASHBY, farmer, and the son of Peter and Mary J. (George) Ashby, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1847. The father was born in Lincoln County, inl821 and was a tiller of the soil. In 1844 he was married and became the father of three chil- dren: Elzina (wife of S. E. Keith, deceased), Sallie H. (wife of LaFayette Kimes), and Travis D., our subject. The father died in 1856. The mother of our subject was also born in Lincoln County about 1830, and is now living in the Fifth District, and is a de- vout member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Our subject remained with his mother till he was twenty-five years of age, and received his education in the district schools. December 25, 1872, he was united in marriage to Nancy J. Cunningham, daugh- ter of Peter and Sarah Cunningham, and the fruits of this union were four children, three of whom are living: James N., Sallie E. and Luler T. About three years previous to his marriage he purchased 100 acres of land where he now resides, and through industry, frugality and close attention to business has added to his estate till he now owns 365 acres of good, productive land. He is a Democrat in politics, casting his first vote for Horatio Seymour. He is a Mason, and he and wife are among the most respected members of the Primitive Baptist Church. J. W. BARNETT, groceryman and mayor of Fayetteville, Tenn., was born in Salem, Va., in 1846, son of John L. and Lucinda (Williams) Barnett. They were of Scotch-Irish and Welsh-English descent, born in Virginia, in 1814 and 1821, respectively. The father followed merchandising in Virginia for forty years, but is now living a retired life. He has been twice married (the mother died in 1854), his second wife being Mary A. Logan. Two of the three children by the first marriage are living. The second wife bore one child. Our subject attended Roanoke College, Virginia, and at the age of seventeen en- listed in the Salem Artillery' of Hardway's battalion, took an active part in the battles of Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Richmond, Appomattox Court House and others, and served until the final surrender. In 1867 he began clerking in his father's store but removed to Pulaski, Tenn., in 1871 and continued clerking. In 1878 he came to Fayetteville and formed a partnership with F. W. Brown in a genera;i merchandise store. In 1882 he established a staple and family grocery store, and has since been engaged in that business. In Janu- ary, 1874, he married Julia C. Gordon, who was born in 1850, and has borne her husband four children: Clare Lou, Mary B., James W. and Julius L. Mrs. Barnett died in 1881, and the following year Mr. Barnett married Sadie E., sister of his first wife, born in 1845, and daughter of John T. Gordon. Mr. Barnett was chosen mayor of Fayetteville in 1885 and S5 878 BIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. yet holds the office. He is a Democrat and a member of the K. of H. and A. 0. U. W. He and wife belong to the Presbyterian Church. A. F. BASS, merchant at McDowell's Mills, was born in Giles County February 7, 1854, and was one of three children of Farmington and Naomi Bass, born in Giles County, Tenn., in 1818 and 1817, and died in 1884 and'1876,^respectively. They were married about 1840, and the father followed farming through life. Our subject received such education and rearing as is usually given a farmer's boy, and in 1881 he and Janey Bennett were united in marriage. Mrs. Bass was born in Giles County in 1860, and is a member of the Christian Church. After his marriage, Mr. Bass farmed for two years, and then began merchandising at Bunker's Hill, remaining one year. In 1885 he located at McDowell's Mills, where he keeps an excellent general merchandise store, and is doing a paying busi- ness. He takes an active part in all laudable enterprises and is doing much toward im- proving and building up the place. He gives his support to the Democratic party. MRS. N. E. BENSON, of the Sixteenth District, was born in Lincoln County, April, 1828, and was one of two children born to W. and Cynthia Hayes. Her father was born in North Carolina in 1793, and died November 5, 1866. He was in the war of 1812, under Gen. Jackson, and was a farmer by occupation. The mother of our subject was born in Lincoln County, and departed this life December 19, 1865. The other child of our sub- ject's parents was Commodore P., who was a farmer and resided in Lincoln County. He died December 25, 1867. Our subject received her education in the schools near home, and December 4, 1845, was united in marriage to Curran D. Benson, a native of Giles County, born September 10, 1820. By this union, Mrs. Benson became the mother of three children— one of whom is living: Thomas E., born November 14, 1846, and died August 22, 1876; E. F., born April 6, 1849, and died July 5, 1873; and Ella O., born June 15, 1857, and the wife of W. G. Harwell, a farmer of Giles County. They have five chil- dren: Robert E., William S., Fannie E., Sally M. and an infant. Mr. Benson (our sub- ject's husband) owned over 100 acres of valuable land at the time of his death, which occurred August 20, 1868. The land was then divided among the children and wife. The wife now owns about 200 acres, located near Millville, and it is considered a fine farm. DR. WILLIAM BONNER, dec'd,, a native of Granville Co., N. C, was born October 7, 1798, and came to Tennessee with his father December, 1808. For two or three years the family lived in Williamson County, near Nolensville, and then came to Lincoln County, where William Bonner and his brother Moses continued to reside until their death. The whole of the southern portion of Middle Tennessee was then but sparsely settled, and William Bonner, seeing that physicians, even in urgent cases, could be had only by sending fifty or one hundred miles, young as he was, without prompting from others, determined to study medicine. In 1821 he went to Nashville and began the study of medicine under Drs. McNairy and Overton. He never ceased to speak of their kind- ness and of Mrs. McNairy as one of the noblest of women. In the winter of 1822-23 he attended a course of lectures at Lexington, Ky. In the spring of 1823 he began the practice of medicine in Lincoln County, and soon had a large and lucrative business, mak- ing money enough to pay his unpaid bills in Nashville and bear the expenses of a course of lectures in Philadelphia. He received his diploma in the spring of 1837. In extreme ' and desperate cases he informed his patients and resorted to desperate remedies, often with success. He took a tumor from the neck of a Mrs. Abernathy, when his brother and other learned and experienced physicians and surgeons declared she would die under the operation. She consented to the operation and afterward lived many years. Dr. Bonner returned to Lincoln County and continued the practice of medicine for thirty years. He married Lucy Rosseau Robertson on the 4th of July, 1827. He always seemed indifferent to notoriety, and operated more than twenty times for lithotomy and never lost a case. He collected over $100,000 from his practice and never sued for a medical bill. In con- nection with his practice he engaged in farming, and at the commencement of the late war he owned 8,000 acres of land and three or four hundred slaves. He was a man of wonder- LINCOLN COUNTY. 879 ful energy and great physical and mental power. So strong, active and energetic was he for fifty years of his life, and so prosperous, that he never fully realized that any except those who were sick needed help. The result of the war and freedom to his slaves did not em- bitter him, but he constituted himself a guardian for every negro that lived with him. He died at Fayette September 20, 1879, at the age of eighty years, eleven months and thirteen days. He was a Democrat in politics, and never too tired to gain a vote for his candidate if he could, but in the sick room he eschewed politics and religion. W. C. BRIGHT, M. D., is a sou of John M. Bright, who was born in Fayetteville, Tenn., January 20, 1817. His father, James Bright, was a Virginian and an early pioneer of Tennessee. John M. was educated in Fayetteville and Hillsboro, N. C. In 1839 he graduated from the Nashville University. The subject of his graduating theme, "On the Classics," was a scholarly effort. He began studying law, and in 1841 graduated from the Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., with credit to himself and honor to the institution, delivering the valedictory address. He has since practiced in Fayetteville. In November, 1841, he wedded Judith C. Clark, daughter of Gov. Clark, of Kentucky. She died in 1855, and two years later he wedded Zerilda B. Buckuer. Mr. Bright has al- ways been a Democrat, and in 1844 stumped the State for Polk in his race for the Presi- denc3". In 1847-48 he was a member of the State Legislature, and served on many im- portant committees. In 1848, he made a canvass for Cass and Butler, and a leading jour- nal wrote that it "would be hard to exaggerate the power aTid brilliancy of his speeches." The following are some of his speeches that have been published: "The Obligations of the American Youth," a speech against Know-nothingism, "Charity," "Life, Character and Public Services of the Hon. Felix Grundy," "Law, Lawyers, and Law-schools." During the late war he was inspector-general of Tennessee, with the rank of brigadier-general. In 1870 he was nominated and elected to the Forty-second Congress. Mr. Bright is very public spirited, and has done all in his power to further the interests of his State and county. His sou, W. C. Bright, was born in Fayetteville in 1844, and was educated in Fayetteville and at Richland Academy, in Marshall County. His school-days were sud- denly stopped by the breaking out of the war. May 4, 1861, he enlisted in Company C, Eighth Tennessee Regiment, and took an active part in the battles of Perry ville, Murfrees- boro. Peach Tree Creek, Chickamauga, and Decatur. At the last-named battle he was wounded iu the left leg, which unfitted him for duty for about fifteen months. After his return home in 1865, he began the teacher's profession, but in the fall of the same year began studying medicine under Dr. Kennedy. From 1866 to 1868, he attended the medi- cal department of the University of Nashville, and delivered the valedictory address iu 1868. He immediately began practicing in his birthplace, where he has since resided with the exception of five years spent in Edgefield and Nashville. February 4, 1871, he wedded Annie Bramlett, daughter of Judge L. M. Bramlett. Mrs. Bright was born in 1849 in Giles County, Tenn. They have three children: Bramlett, Mary, and Judith. Dr. Bright is one of the leading physicians and surgeons of Lincoln County, and has a large and paying practice. He is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Presbyter- ian Church. ANDREW J. CARLOSS is a son of Archelaus and Ruth (Pride) Carloss, is one of their thirteen children, and was born in North Carolina in 1815. The father was bora in North Carolina in 1767, and was a son of Edward C. Carloss, who was born in Spaia and immigrated to America when a young man. Archelaus' parents died when he was small, and he was apprenticed to learn the carpenter's trade, and while serving his ap- prenticeship assisted in building the first State capitol of North Carolina. He and wife died in North Carolina in 1845 and 1826, respectively. Andrew J. received a practical ed- ucation, and at the age of nineteen came to Tennessee, where he has always made his home, with the exception of a short time spent in Alabama. July 30, 1839, he married Mary Ann Franklin, granddaughter of ex-Gov. Franklin, of North Carolina, wlio died at the age of fourteen years. Mr. Carloss owns 3,800 acres of land, and is a man of undoubt- ed integrity. He has been a life-long Democrat. His wife was born in Alabama in Aug- 880 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, ust, 1821. Her parents, James and Frances Franklin, were born in North Carolina and Tennessee in 1794 and 1797, respectively. HON. JO. G. CARRIGAN is an attorney at law, of Fayetteville, Tenn., and son of Hiram and Fannie (Randolph) Carrigan. The father came to the United States with his parents when a small lad, and lived, first in North Carolina, and then in Alabama, and finally, in 1854, came to Lincoln County, Tenn. He was a blacksmith by trade, but for the past ten years has lived retired from active business life. He and his wife became the parents of five children, four of whom are living: W. R. (who is a teacher and farmer), Susan (Mrs. G. W. Higgins), Josie (widow of A. W. Bonds), and Jo. G., our subject, who was born in Madison County, Ala., September 7, 1835, and received his education at New Hope Academy, Marshall Countj^ Tenn., and Sulphur Springs Institute, Lincoln County, Tenn. He worked at the blacksmith's trade about six years and then entered the teach- ers' profession and taught one year. In 1856 he purchased a few law books and began his legal studies, being obliged to struggle along as best he could without the aid or instruction of other lawyers. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, and the same year became editor and proprietor of the Messenger, at Lewisburg, but at the end of one year began the pub- lication of the Union, at Shelbyville, Tenn., which he continued until the breaking out of the war stopped further business. In May, 1861, he enlisted in Company G. Eighth Regi- ment Tennessee Infantry, Confederate States Army, and participated in the Cheat Moun- tain campaign (of which he has written a full account) and the battle of Perryville. . In January, 1863, he was transferred to the quartermaster's department, but in December of that year was discharged, owing to the failure of his eyesight. In August, 1865, he was elected to the State Senate, and served on several important committees. His .speeches on the elective franchise bill and the restoration of the people of Tennessee to the control of the State government attracted much attention. He moved to Fayetteville in 1867, where he enjoys the confidence of a large clientage and his brother attorneys. De- cember 22, 1858, he was married to Fannie Higgins, who was born in Lincoln County in 1838 and has borne her husband two children: Emma (Mrs. A. M. McGlaughlin) and Beulah. Our subject is a fluent and ready speaker and an earnest advocate and safe counselor. He advocates the principles of the Democratic party, and is a member of the Christian Church. His wife belongs to the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. JAMES H. CARY, farmer of the Twelfth District and a son of Robert and Sarah Blair) Gary, was born August 15, 1834, near his present residence. The father of our subject was born in Ireland in 1781, and was of Scotch-Irish descent. He was a weaver by occupation in his youth, and in later years devoted his attention to the cultivation of the soil. In 1798 he left his native country and came to the United States, landing at Charleston in February. He located in Chester District, S. C, where he was living at the time of his marriage, which occurred in 1807. In 1816 he immigrated to Lincoln County, and the following year settled on the Fayetteville and Pulaski road, six miles from Fayetteville, where he remained until his death, in 1869. He was one of the early settlers of Lincoln County, and was an industrious, hard-working man. He was the father of four children : Margaret, born in 1817; Isabella, born in 1819 (wife of James I. Tate), John, born in 1821 (and died March 31, 1886, leaving a widow and five children, who now reside on the old homestead), and James H., our subject, who lives half a mile from the old home place with his sister Margaret, and both are single. They have been industrious, persevering and economical, and as a result own 473 acres of excellent land, and have a good home. Mr. Gary is a Republican in politics, and cast his first vote for Lewis Cass in 1848. Margaret is a member of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and has been for the past thirty-six years. In 1862 James enlisted in Company I, Starne's battalion, Forrest's command. He fought in the battle of Spring Hill, and at the end of five months returned home. M. H. CAUGHRAN is a Tennesseean, born in Lincoln County in May, 1829. He is one of nine children, and the son of William and Elizabeth (Wiley) Caughran. The father was of Irish descent, born in South Carolina in 1786, and came to Tennessee in 1828. LINCOLN COUNTY. 881 He was a farmer, {ind died on the 14th of March, 1840. The mother was also born in South Carolina, in 1787, and died August 30, 1870. Our subject was educated in the com- mon schools, and resided with his parents until twenty-two years of age. March 33, 1852, he was married to Julia, daughter of S. S. and PoU}^ (Gibson) Buchanan. Mrs. Caughran was born in Lincoln County March 23, 1831. After his marriage Mr. Caughran looked after the interest of Mr. Buchanan's farm for ten years, and then purchased 100 acres of land near Petersburg, where he resided one year. He then sold this farm, and in 1865 purchased 185 acres of land near Fayetteville, where he resided ten years. He then pur- chased his present farm of 115 acres, and by his good business qualifications has accu- mulated quite an amount of property. He is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. In the late war he served in Company B, Twenty-eighth Tennessee Infantry for three months, then Gen. Bragg appointed him special messenger, taking care of Governmental supplies and distributing goods for the army. He remained in this capacity until nearly the close of the war. H. T. CHILDS, farmer of the Eleventh District, was born in Lincoln County, of the same district, July 18, 1841, and was one of four children born to Thomas and Sally (Wil- kins) Childs. The father was born in North Carolina March 9, 1796, and came to Lincoln Coufity, this State, with his people, in 1818. He bought 200 acres of land in the Eleventh District, and yet more in other parts of Lincoln County. He died August 17, 1873. Our subject's mother was born in the Eleventh District in 1808, and departed this life October 19, 1883. Our subject was reared in the country, and received his education at the Sul- phur Spring Institute. At the age of eighteen he enlisted in Company D, First Tennessee Infantry. He took an active part in the battles of Seven Pines, Cedar Run and Manassas, and was severely wounded in the last named battle. At the end of six months he was sufliciently recovered to return to active service again. In the battle of Chancellorsville he was again wounded, and did not return to duty for a year. He then joined Forrest's command, cavalry, and took part in numerous cavalry skirmishes. In 1868 he wedded Sally C, daughter of Allen and Martha Taylor, and a native of Lincoln County, born September 19, 1845. This union resulted in the birth of five children, four of whom are living: M. O., Mollie L., Annie N. and Thomas A. Mr. Childs owns 200 acres of valuable land, all well improved, and located near Fayetteville. In 1873 he was elected magistrate of his district, and this position he now holds. He is a strong advocate of good public schools, and a man who is scrupulously honest in all his dealings. He is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Masonic fraternity. DR8. R. E. & W. W. CHRISTIAN, physicians and surgeons of Fayetteville, Tenn., are the sons of Dr. D. W. and Americus (Faulkner) Christian. The father was of Scotch- Irish descent, and was born in Kno.x County. Tenn., in 1817. At the age of eighteen he began studying medicine under Dr. Cooper, and later graduated from the Louisville (Ky.) Medical College. He practiced in Kentucky and Texas, and during the late war resided in Louisville. In 1878 he established a drug store in Fayetteville, but died March 9, 1880, after living a useful and well-spent life. He was a true Christian, and left behind him an untarnished name. He was married May 16, 1844. His wife was born in Christian County, Ky., and since the death of her husband has resided with her two sons in Fa- yetteville. She is the second cousin of Gen. Robert E. Lee. Of her seven children five are living: R. E., Lillic M. (widow of Dr. B. C. Newman), Hattie Lee (Mrs. E. D. Stock- ing), Fannie Ella and W. W. R. E. Christian is a druggist, physician and surgeon of Fayetteville. He was born in Christian County, Ky., in 1846, and was educated in the common schools and at Louisville, Ky. In April, 1883, he entered upon his chosen pro- fession, and in 1886 graduated from the medical department of the Vanderbilt University. December 20, 1883, he married Josephine Carneal, born in 1859, daughter of Walker Car- neal. W. W. Christian was born in Lexington, Tex., in 1857. He attended school in Trenton, Paducah and Louisville, Ky., and Fayetteville, Tenn. In August, 1880, he pur- chased some medical books and began the study of medicine on his own lesponsibility. Two years later he entered Vanderbilt University, graduating as a physician and surgeon y 882 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. in Febriiaiy, 1883. After his father's death he and his brother, R. E., took control of the drug store which belonged to their father, but in July, 1884, the building caught fire and was consumed. They soon re-established, and keep a fine stock of drugs. These enter- prising young men are building up a fine practice, and will rank among the leading phy- sicians and surgeons of Tennessee. W. W. belongs to the K. & L. of H., and both brothers are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. MRS. HARRIET CLARK was born in Washington County, Va., December, 1802. Her father, Zachariah Shugart, was born in Penu.sylvania, and died in Virginia. The mother's maiden name was Elizabeth OffuU; she was born in Montgomery County, Md., and died in 1819. In 1824 Harriet Shugart married William Clark, who was also a Vir- ginian, born in 1792 and died in June, 1871. Of the six children born to them, four are living: Elizabeth B. (Mrs. William L. Thomas), James (deceased), William B., Rebecca M. (Mrs. Joseph Roe), Isabella J. (deceased) and C. S., a married son, with whom Mrs. Clark now lives on the old home-place. He is the youngest son, and has always looked after the interests of the farm. In 1872 he married Susan, daughter of Fenlie and Martha Smith. His wife was born in Lincoln County, in 1846, and she and her husband have three children: Martha, Willie and Lizzie. Our subject is said to be the oldest person re- siding in the district, but is yet quite hale and active. She belongs to the Presbyterian Church, and is a very estimable old lady. HON. JOHN CLARK, farmer, was one of ten children born to James and Nancy Clark. The father was of Scotch origin, and a native of Blount County, E. Tenn. He was a farmer by occupation and lived to be over seventy-one years of age. The mother was born in the same county as her husband, and died at the age of fortj^ five. Our sub- ject was also born in Blount County August 2, 1815, and got his education in the country schools. In 1838 he married Matilda Thompson, a native of Tennessee, born January, 1818. By this union he became the father of these children: James H., B. A., Nancy A., Martha J., J. P., Roena, Edward G., Will and Theodore. In 1859 Mrs. Clark died, and in the same year our subject married her sister, Priscilla Thompson. To the last union wereborn seven children: Margaret, Robert, Richard, Mollie, Charlie, Lina and Gertrude. In 1803 Mr. Clark was elected to represent two counties in the State Legislature, and in 1870, shortly after coming to Lincoln County, he was elected magistrate, and re-elected in 1874, but resigned before the term expired to accept the position of deputy' sheriff . Mr. Clark owns 225 acres of desirable land, mostly well improved with good houses and out buildings. He is a Democrat in politics and a member of the Masonic fraternity. W. B. CLARK, son of William and Harriet (Shugart) Clark, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in February, 1832. He received his education in the countrj^ schools, and, remained with his parents until he was twenty-two years of age. Febuary 22, 1872, he wedded Laura J. Mountcastle, a native of Mississippi, born in the year 1845, and to this union were born two children: William M. and Harriet E. Mr. Clark had 135 acres, which were given to him bj^ his father, and upon this he located after marriage. In 1874 he sold out and went to Colorado, where he remained over five years, in that time, ac- (luiring a homestead of 160 acres, besides purchasing the same nimiber of acres. In 1880 he disposed of his property, returned to his birthplace, where he purchased 162 acres in the Twelfth District, and is at the present residing there. During the war he enlisted in the Confederate service, in Company G, First Regiment Tennessee Infantry, under Col. Turney; was in several skirmishes; but at the end of eighteen months was discharged on acco\xnt of ill health, Mr. Clark is an enterprising, industrious farmei', and bears the rep- utation of being an honest man and a good citizen. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and Mrs. Clark are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Mr. Clark's father was a Virginian, born in Washington County in 1792, and was an enterprising farmer, and, in connection with this occupation, worked at the blacksmith trade. About 1834 he came to Lincoln County, Tenn., and located in the Ninth District where he bought prop- erty and lived until his career ended in 1869. He was a .soldier in the war of 1812, and for his services his widow draws a pension of $96 per year. He was twice married, his first wife LINCOLN COUNTY. 883 being Barbara Tolbert. The mother of our subject was also born in Washington County, Va. She is still living, and since the death of her husband has made her home with her son, C. S. Clark. LEWIS AND DR. J. C. COATS were born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1830 and 1853, respectively, sons of Thomas and Sarah Coates. The father was born in North Carolina about 1802, and came to Tennessee with his widowed mother when a boy. He was a farmer, and died November 2, 1874. The mother was born in South Carolina about the same time as her husband. Her death occurred June 9, 1870. Lewis Coats was married in 1851 to Mary Smith, who was born in Giles County, in 1830. Four children were born to them: J. C, Drucilla A. (Mrs. J. S. Parker), Mary L. (Mrs. J. P. Bruce), and Orlena T. Mr. Coats at one time owned 500 acres of land, but gave to his children until he now owns 260 acres. He was married when about twenty-one years of age, and as a Demo- crat cast his first presidential vote for Pierce. • Dr. J. C. Coats was educated in the schools near his home, and when about twenty years of age entered the office of Dr. H. M. Beaty, in Blanche, and began the study of medicine, continuing two years. He then en- tered Washington University, at Baltimore, Md., and afterward took a course at Vander- bilt University, from which he graduated in 1878. He^has since practiced in Blanche, and has treated all the diseases peculiar to that locality with commendable success. In 1880 he began keeping a general merchandise store, and has succeeded well from a financial stand-point. November 15, 1879, he wedded Alice E. Byers, born in 1862. They have three children: Mabel, Louis M. and an infant. The Doctor is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. PtEV. A. B. COLEMAN, citizen of Lincoln County, and a native of the Keystone State, was born in November, 1830, in Indiana County. He is a son of James and Marj^ (Campbell) Coleman, both natives of Pennsylvania, and both of Scotch-Irish extraction. The father was born in Indiana County about 1795, and followed the occupation of farmer. He died in 1857. The mother was born in 1801, in Westmoreland County, and after the death of her husband, lived with her children. She died in 1884, in her eighty-second year. She was the mother of nine children five of whom are now living: John, Mary Jane (wife of Alexander Lyons), Margaret, Thomas W., and our subject, who remained with his parents till he was thirty years of age. His academic education was received at Elder's Ridge Academy, Pennsylvania, under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church, and at the age of eighteen he entered the teacher's profession, which occupation he con- tinued for upward of ten years, but not without interruption, however, as he attended school some of the time. In 1857 he entered the Westminister College, Wilmington, Del., and commenced the study of the ministry proper. He graduated in June, 1859, and in 1861 he was licensed to preach. The following year he was ordained as minister, and sent to Minnesota to do missionary work, where he remained five years engaged in his religious duties. In 1867 he was sent South to organize and lay a foundation for their church work. He came to Lincoln County, Tenn., where he has since remained engaged in the good work. The same year of his arrival he dedicated the first United Presby- terian Church in the State of Tennessee^ January 31, 1868, he married Hannah B. Tay- lor, a native of Lincoln County, born in 1840, and the daughter of Henry and Catherine M. Taylor. As a citizen Mr. Coleman is highly respected and bears the reputatiqn of be- ing a man of high character and one who leads a conscientious, straight-forward course through life, During the war he affiliated with the Union cause and was a strong sup- porter of the same. Mr. Coleman had the misfortune to lose his wife December 10, 1883. WILLIAM COPELAND, distiller, and farmer of the Third District, and a native of Lincoln County, was born in 1829, and is one of ten children born to the union of John and Sarah (Massej') Copeland. The father was born in South Carolina in 1793, and was of Scotch-Irish descent. He was a minister of the P. B. Church; was also a soldier in the war of 1812, and was married in the same year. The latter part of his life was spent in farming in connection with his ministerial duties in Moore County, where he had a farm of 250 acres. He died in the year 1865. The mother was born in South Carolina in 1789, 884 BIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. and died in 1857. Our subject received a good education, and when about seventeen began teaching, and taught several terms. At the age of twenty he took a trip to Arkansas, but returned home at the end of twelve months, and was elected constable. In 1852 he entered the mercantile establishment at Marble Hill in Franklin County, and clerked there for three years. November, 1854, he married Mary Ann George, and by this union became the father of eleven children, eight of whom are living: Jefferson M., William C, MoUie H. (wife of John M. Franklin), Thomas N., Emily E. (wife of H. Snow), George M., Rob- ert L. and Ida May. In 1857 Mr. Copeland sold his property, and entered the mercantile business at Smithland, where he remained three years. He then sold out and bought a farm of 300 acres, in the Fourth District, and for two years was revenue tax collector of Lincoln County. In 1867 he engaged in the distillery business, and. this he still contin- ues. In 1881 he purchased a distillery at Flintville, since which time he has been engaged in the business at that place. His machinery has a capacity of over three barrels per day. In 1885 he moved his family to the farm where they now reside. In politics he is a Dem- ocrat. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity. Mrs. Copeland is a member of the Baptist Church . JUDGE H. C. COWAN, farmer, was born in Franklin County, Tenn., November 15, 1809, son of Capt. James B. Cowan, who was of Irish descent, born in 1777, in Mary- land. In 1797 he married Nancy Williams, who was born in Virginia in 1782. Their family consisted of six children. They came to Tennessee in 1806, locating in Franklin County, and there the father died in 1831. He was a captain in the war of 1812, and while living in East Tennessee two of his sisters were killed, while making maple sugar, by a band of Indians who came upon them suddenly. Retribution soon overtook them how- ever, for a company of men was raised and seventeen Indians sent to the " happy hunting grounds" by the outraged settlers. The mother of our subject died in 1818. H. C. Cowan clerked for about five years in several places, and taught his first school in 1826, then went to Jackson County, Ala., and taught two short sessions. He then sold goods one year in Sparta, White Co., Tenu., when owing to some little disagreement he returnee^ home and taught two five months' sessions, when he received apologies from his former employers and returned to them and sold goods a little over a year. He was then called home by the death of his father, and farmed and taught school, and in January, 1839, he became a resident of Lincoln County, and taught about fifteen sessions of school in and around Fayetteville, and in 1841 purchased 156 acres of laud, where he settled and has since resided. At different times he has purchased 137, 45 and 75 acres. Two of his sons live on the latter farms. Mr. Cowan served as magistrate for forty-four years, and for fifteen years acted as chairman and one of the quorum of the county court, thus il- lustrating the respect in which he was held by the people. In 1869 he was elected judge of the county court, for eight years, but only served three years, owing to ill health. December 22, 1842, he married Agnes B. McDaniel, wa o was born March 29, 1814, and six children blessed their union, of which three are dead. Those living are, Andrew J., William Thomas and Louisa E. Judge Cowan bsgan life poor in purse, but now owns 413 acres of fine land. He has a remarkably retentive memory, and is a man, who, by his exemplary life, commands the respect and esteem of all. He is a Democrat and a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. His wife died November 24, 1881, and since that time his daughter has been his housekeeper. W. S. CURTIS, a farmer, and a native of Madison County, Ala., was born November 14, 1823, son of Johnson D. and Isabella Curtis, natives of Georgia and North Carolina, respectively. The father was a farmer by occupation, and died in 1826. The mother was of Irish descent and died in 1824. Our subject was reared by his aunt, Mrs. McMurray, and received his education in the Giles County schools. In 1844 he married Margaret Bussell, a daughter of Robert and Nancy Bussell. Mrs. Curtis was born in 1822, and died August 19, 1858. By this union our subject became the father of five children: Robert J., a farmer of Giles County; T. D., a resident of Pulaski; W. A., a farmer of Giles County; James M., now in Lawrence County, Mo., and J. D., of Lincoln County, Tenn. After LINCOLN COUNTY, 885 marriage, Mr. Curtis bought 150 acres of land in Giles County, where he located and re- mained six years. He then disposed of that property and bought 324 acres in the Six- teenth District of Lincoln County, where he is now living. He now owns 300 acres of very desirable land. October 23, 1859, he married A. Oliver, a native of Lincoln County, born January 13, 1834, and a daughter of E. P. and Sarah Oliver. This marriage of our sub- ject resulted in the birth of eight children: Julia, wife of W. T. Woodward; C. L., E. S., C. M., F. J., A. L., J. H. and Alexander. Mr. Curtis has always been a hard working, in- dustrious man, and has been quite successful in business, and has given his children the ad- vantage of acquiring a good English education. He is a Democrat in politics and cast his first presidential vote for Taylor. He and wife are members of the New School Presby- terian Church. JOHN M. DICKEY, farmer, was born in Franklin County in 1840, and received his education at New Market, Ala. When hostilities broke out between the North and South he enlisted in Company A, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, Confederate States Army, and was in the principal battles of the war. He was captured and taken to Rock Island, 111., where he was held till May 6, 1865, President Lincoln signing the petition for his re- lease the day he was assassinated. Mr. Dickey then returned home and engaged in black- smithing. November 18, 1861, he wedded Louisa McGehee, and became the father of five children: William M., Julia M., Lucy V., Edward W. and Fannie L. In 1870 Mr. Dickey purchased 300 acres of land, on which he is now residing. May 7, 1876, Mrs. Dickey died, and June 18, 1878, Mr. Dickey married Mrs. Laura V. Kyle, daughter of J. J. and Eliza- beth Tucker, by whom he became the father of three children: Frederick C, John M. and Hughes D. In 1873 Mr. Dickey was elected magistrate to fill the unexpired term of Henderson Thompson, and has since filled the office in a satisfactory manner. He is a Democrat in politics and a Mason. Mrs. Dickey is among the most respected members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Our subject's parents were Ephraim M. and Louisa (Rich) Dickey. The father was born in Franklin County, in 1812, and was of Irish lineage. His education was considerably above the average, notwithstanding his meager advantages, and he was a blacksmith by occupation. He died in 1859. The mother of our subject died May 4, 1873. HON. ISHAM P. DISMUKES (deceased), one of the leading members of the Fayette- ville bar, was born in Lincoln County, Teun., April 19, 1832, son of Marcus L. and Delia (Wadkins) Dismukes. He received a thorough literary education in the Fayetteville Academy, his preceptor being Prof. F. A. Dickinson. He began teaching school, and during his leisure moments was an earnest student of Blackstone. In 1855 he entered the law department of the Cumberland University at Lebanon, Tenn., and graduated in 1856. He returned to Lincoln County, and formed a law partnership with Hon. Edmund Coop- er, of Shelbyville, and in 1860 Hon. J. G. Woods entered as partner, and after a short time Mr. Cooper withdrew, and W. B. Martin took his place. In 1861 Mr. Dismukes en- listed in Freeman's battery, and fought at Parker's Cross Roads, Chickamauga and Knox- ville. He served until the close of the war, and was a brave and gallant soldier. Decem- ber 17, 1867, he married Jennie Fulton, daughter of Hon. James and Mary (Morgan) Ful- ton. Mr. Dismukes' career from the very first was brilliant and successful. He was an able and wise counselor, and was unsurpassed in readiness of speech and brilliancy of thought. He had a large and paying clientage at the time of his death. He died of con- sumption, September 14, 1875, after living a life of great usefulness, and it may justly be said of him that his character was beyond reproach, and that he was an honorable and noble gentleman. He was candid in speech, honest in his motives, sincere in his mani- festations of friendship, and incapable of a mean action. At his death the members of the Lincoln County bar passed a series of resolutions on his life and character. An elo- quent tribute to his memory was delivered by his first law partner, Hon. Edmund Cooper. Since his death his widow has resided in Fayetteville, where she has a beautiful home. ROBERT S. & DAVID G. DOUTHAT, boot and shoe manufacturers, of Fayette- ville, Tenn., are the sons of John H. and Margaret (Burke) Douthat. The father is of 886 BIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX. Scotch-Irish origin, and was born in 1816, in Fincastle, Va., and when a youth began ^ learning the blacksmith's trade, which he mastered, and at which he worked for over fifteen years. He then began manufacturing wagons and plows, but for the past twenty- five years lias been engaged in manufacturing boots and shoes. The mother is of Ger- man descent, and was born in Virginia in 1818. Eleven children blessed their union, ten of whom are living. Robert was born in 1844, and at the age of nine years began learn- ing the shoe-maker's trade. In 1867 he left the paternal roof, and came to Faj^etteville, where he continued working at his trade. October 27, 1867, he wedded Mary Ann Nob- lett, who was born in Tennessee, in 1844. In 1872 Robert and his brother, William B., established a boot and shoe shop in Fayetteville, continuing until 1884, when David G. was taken into partnership. In 1873 William was elected postmaster of the city, and his brothers, Robert and David, became sole proprietors. They are good workmen, and have been fairly successful in their business. They are stanch Republicans in politics, Robert casting his first presidential vote for U. S. Grant and David for R. B. Hayes. David was born in Virginia, in 1853, and, like his brother, learned the shoe-maker's trade, and left home when quite young, coming to Fayetteville. In August, 1875, he married Susan D. Bell, daughter of James H. Bell. Mrs. Douthat was born in 1855, and has borne four children: Robert H., John F., Margaret and David G. CAPT. WILLIAM B. DOUTHAT, postmaster of Fayetteville, and a native of Chris- tiansburg, Montgomery Co., Va., was born March 1, 1840, son of John H. and Margaret (Burke) Douthat. He received his education in Snowville, Pulaski Co., Va., and at the age of twelve was bound out for seven years to T. S. Bullard, of Snowville, to serve an apprenticeship at the shoe-maker's trade. He worked four years, abandoned his mas- ter, and commenced in life on his own responsibility. He went to Salem and worked for his brother, James H., ten months, after which he returned to his former home and set up a shop. During the late Rebellion he was a firm supporter of the Union. In 1863 he was about to be drawn into the Confederate side, when he, with upward of fifty others, started to join the Union forces, walking to Somerset, Ky., a distance of 150 miles, where they took the train for Nashville. He enlisted in Company C, Twelfth Tennessee Cavalry, U. S. A., and took an active part in the battles of Trune, Clifton, Lynch- burg, Pulaski, Tenn., Florence, Sulphur Trestle and Richland Creek Bridge, Ala. In the action at Pulaski he was wounded twice, being shot in the right arm and hip. He was taken to the hospital at Nashville, where he remained two mouths. December, 1864, he re- joined his regiment and remained until October 7, 1865, when he was mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, Kas., and discharged at Nashville. He was appointed second lieuten- ant of Company A, Twelfth Regiment Cavalry, Tennessee Volunteers, United States Army. May 11, 1864, he was promoted to first lieutenant of the same company and regi- ment. April 16, 1865, he was assigned assistant adjutant-general on the staff of Brig.- Gen. G. Spaulding. He was assigned to duty as regimental commissary in June, 1865, and served until mustered out of service. He received a complimentary commission as captain October 20, 1865, for gallant and meritorious service. In 1866 Mr. Douthat went to Denver, Col., and remained there three years. In the spring of 1870 he came to Fay- etteville, and the following year he and his brother, Robert S., formed a partnership in the manufacture of boots and shoes. In 1873 he accepted the position of postmaster at Fayetteville, and in 1885 disposed of his interest in the shoe shop, since which time he has given his attention to the office. In 1875 he married Emma Burgess, a native of Lebanon, Tenn., born July 7, 1848. and the daughter of Charles T. and Mary E. Burgess. This union resulted in the birth of one child— Carl B. Mr. Douthat has proved to be a most worthy and efficient postmaster. He has given universal satisfaction, and not one word of complaint has been offered for his removal under the new administration. He is a Republican in politics, and his wife is a member of the Christian Church. J. H. C. DUFF was born in Lincoln County January 26, 1838, and remained with his parents until he reached his majority. He received a fair education in the common schools and afterward attended some time at Union Academy, Lincoln County, where he LINCOLN COUNTY. 887 took a thorough course in surveying. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in Com- pany G, Eighth Tennessee Mulberry Riflemen, under Capt. Williaru L. Moore, but was afterward transferred to Carne's Batteiy. He was in the battles of Perry ville, Ky., and Chickamauga, and was captured at the latter place and sent to Camp Morton, Ind., where, February, 1864, he scaled the prison walls, under the cover of darkness, and with- out being seen, succeeded in making his escape. He was afterward captured again in Giles County, and made his escape once more. In 1866 he went to Bethel, Lincoln County, and married Jane C. Craig, but immediately returned to his father's, where he remained six years. This union resulted in the birth of nine children, eight of whom are living: Bessie C, Margaret E., Myrtle, Ruby, Henry N., Alfred F., Thomas D. and James B. F. In 1876 he was elected surveyor of Lincoln County for a term of two years. In 1885 he moved to the farm where he now resides. He in Independent in politics, is a Mason and an Odd Fellow, and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. His father, H. C. Duff, was born in South Carolina, August 28, 1808, and in 1845 immi- grated to Lincoln County, where he purchased seventy-six acres in the Fifth District, and where he located and still resides. He has since increased his estate to 590 acres, but has given his son 200 acres. In 1837 he married Eliza D. Brown, who became the mother of our subject. R. M. DUNLAP is a Tennesseean, born April 23, 1837. James E. Dunlap, his father, was of English-Irish origin, born in South Carolina, and came to Tennessee when a young man and married our subject's mother, Sarah E. James E. was a farmer by occupation, and died in 1859. The mother died in 1842. Our subject is one of their eight children. His education was obtained in the district schools and his boyhood days were spent on a farm. In 1859 he wedded Sarah E. Cole, who was born in Lincoln County in 1840, and departed this life in 1861. Two children were born to them: Sarah (Mrs. James Rhodes) and R. J., both living in Texas. In March, 1861, Mr. Dunlap enlisted in Company D, Forty-first Tennessee Infantry, and participated in the battles of Shiloh, Port Hudson, and numerous others. He was taken with the small-pox, and returned home in February, 1863. He has since been engaged in farming, and owns 280 acres of valuable land. In December, 1863, he married Sarah E., daughter of J. H. and Sarah Midley, of Fulton, Miss., born in 1885. They have nine children: Mary E. (deceased). Nancy E., James M., P. M., J. M., Patrick M., D. C, Shelton and Emma. Mr. Dunlap is quite skillful at almost any kind of work, and does his own blacksmithing and wagon work, and has been fairly successful in his agricultural pursuits. He is a Democrat. JAMES M. DYER'S birth occurred in Lincoln County, Tenn., February 2, 1818, His early education was limited, but he has done much to eradicate this evil by reading, and is well posted on all the topics of the day. In 1834 he married Martha Newton, who was born in Shelbyville in 1813, and departed this life in 1874. Of their nine children three are living: Joseph H., Cauthes V. and M. F. Our subject resided with his mother until about twenty years of age, and then sold dry goods throughout the western and middle portion of Tennessee for about three years. In 1849 he purchased 182 acres of land, and is now the owner of 282 acres of valuable land. *In 1875 Mr. Dyer married Tennessee Larue. She was born in Marshall County in 1834. Notwithstanding many diificulties Mr. Dyer has encountered through life, he has now a good home and a comfortable com- petency. He is a Republican and was strongly opposed to secession. He held the posi- tion of magistrate twelve years, and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church. He is a distant relative of the late Thomas A. Hendricks. His parents were James and Martha (Garland, cousin of Attorney-Gen. Garland) Dyer, born in Ten- nessee in 1779 and 1781, and died in 1817 and 1854 respectively. They were married in 1799. The father was a farmer, and a soldier in the war of 1812. Both our subject's grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolutionary war. J. S. EDMISTON was born in Washington County, Va., in 1815, and was one of a large family of children of G. W. C. and Elizabeth (Steward) Edmiston, natives of Vir- ginia, born in 1785 and 1791, and died in 1847 and 1839, respectively. They were marri(Kl BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. in the "Old Dominion," and immigrated to Tennessee in 1817, where they led the lives of farmers. J. S. Edmiston was educated in the schools near his home, and when about twenty-three years old purchased 140 acres of land near Swan Creek, where he remained four years, and then disposed of his property and bought out the heirs to the oki home place, where he located and has since resided. He owns 450 acres of good land, well im- proved. He is a Democrat, and during the late war was strenuously opposed to secession. Previous to that conflict he was a Whig. He is also a Mason. His grandfather, William Edmiston, was a Virginian, and was a captain in the Revolutionary war. Two of his brothers were killed at the battle of King's Mountain. December 13, 1852, our subject mar- ried Margaret E., daughter of Russell T. and Eliza (Forsythe) Harreld, of Kentucky. Mrs. Edmiston was born January 16, 1833, and has borne seven children: William C, John H., Clara, Mary E., Catherine T., Robert R. and Thomas S. Our subject and wife are mem- bers of the Old Presbyterian Church, of Petersburg, Tenn. JAMES P. EDWARDS, farmer of the Fifth District, and a son of James A. and Susan (Goodwin) Edwards, was born in Rutherford County August 4, 1839. The father was born in Rutherford County December 1, 1801, and is of Dutch-Welsh descent. He had the advan- tages of a district school education, and possessing an intellect above the average mind received an education accordingly. He is of noted ancestry, his great-grandfather once being Duke of Wales, and his mother a near relative of the elder Adams, also closely con- nected with the Buchanans, the early settlers of Nashville. He was married in 1825, and became the father of six children, four of whom are" living. The mother of our subject was born in 1805 and died in 1867. The father died about 1875. Our subject received his education in the common schools, and later spent several years in' the school at TuUa- homa. During the war he enlisted under Capt. Meade, in Alabama, but did not enter the service on account of sickness. He was confined at home for several months, and upon his recovery entered the army as an enrolling oiBcer, and continued in that capacity till the army retreated from Tennessee. He then went back with Gen. Forrest to take care of a sick brother, with whom he remained until his death near the close of the war. He was captured at Tullahoma and charged with bushwhacking, but acquitted himself nobly, and was released at the end eleven days. He then returned to Lincoln County, and com- menced farming in cotton. December 1, 1870, he wedded Bettie Warren, and by this union became the father of ten children, nine of whom are living: Emma, Henry W., James A. and William Owen (twins), Edgar A., Bessie Polk, George W., Sue May and Anna Lynne. In 1882 Mr. Edwards purchased 60 acres, where he now resides. He is a Democrat in poli- tics, and a member of the Masonic fraternity. He and wife are members of the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Edwards is a graduate of the Mary Sharp College at Winchester, Tenn. HON. W. W. ERWIN, farmer, and a native of Tennessee, was born April 26, 1846. His parents, Robert and Jane E. (Woods) Erwin, were natives of Tennessee. The father was born in 1810, and the mother about the same year. She died September, 1885. The father is still living and is a saddler by trade. Our subject received his education at Moorsville Academy. December 23, 1869, he married Addie, daughter of Dr. John and Josephine Wood, and a native of Lincoln County, born March 30, 1853. By this unton they became the parents of five children: Robert, Willie B., Edwin S., Ross and Leroy W. Mr. Erwin remained with his parents for some time, and received a good education in the schools of the county. He then engaged in teaching, and has followed this occupation for ten years. He has taught in Marshall, Giles and Lincoln Counties, and was principal of the Boonshill Academy for some time. In 1871 he moved on his present farm which consists of 150 acres of productive land. In 1884 he was elected to represent the people of Lincoln and Moore Counties in the Legislature of the State. Mr. Erwin is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbj^terian Church. JOSEPH FARRAR, an old and influential resident of Lincoln County, Tenn., was born in North Carolina, June 11, 1811, and was the son of John W., and Elizabeth (Will- iams) Farrar. The father of our subject was born in Virginia in 1750, and moved to North LINCOLN COUNTY. 889 Carolina, and remained there until 1810. He was captain of a company in the Eevolution- ary war, under Gen. Greene, and served through its entire time. He was a cabinet-maker by occupation, and was with Daniel Boooe,the first settler of Kentucky. He died in 1830. The mother of our subject was born in North Carolina, and died in Lincoln County, Tenn. Our subject received his education in the common schools, and December 22, 1831, he wedded Elizabeth, daughter of Robert and Polly Abernathy. Mrs. Farrar was born in Lincoln County, in ISl-i, and by this marriage became the mother of twelve children, four of whom are living: Nancy A. (wife of William West), James T., Pinkney E. and Miles J. After marriage our subject purchased one-half of the homestead, where he located and remained until 1853. In 1855 he bought 115 acres of land in the Thirteenth District, where he has since lived. He has since bought more land, and at one time owned 800 acres, but has divided it among his sons, reserving for himself about forty acres. Mr. Farrar is well known and highly esteemed far and near. He is an excellent citizen and a kind and obliging neighbor. He is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson. He and wife are worthy and consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. P. E. FARRAR, farmer, is a son of Joseph aod Elizabeth Farrar. The father was born in one of the Carolinas in 1811, and came to Lincoln Couniy with his parents when but a lad. After marriage he located in the Thirteenth District, where he still lives, and is a farmer by occupation. The mother of our subject was born in Lincoln County in 1814, and was married about 1831. She and her husband have been living together longer than any other couple in the district. Our subject was born in Lincoln County in October, 1850, and is one of twelve children born to his parents. He received his education in the district schools, and remained with his parents until he was twenty-five years of age. In 1875 he married N. J. Dickey, a native of Lincoln County, born in 1855, and the daughter of Alfred and Eliza Dickey. The fruits of this union were an interesting family of five children: Lizzie, Myrtle, Nannie L., Annie B. and Edna. After marriage our subject bought a farm in the Twelfth District, but remained there only three years, when he dis- posed of that place and bought, 200 acres in the Thirteenth District, where he now resides. Mr. Farrar had two brothers who served in the late unpleasantness between the North and South. One brother, John, was killed after a service of about four years. Mr. Far- rar and wife are members of the church and are among the county's best citizens. WILLIAM B. FAULKNER, one of the principal citizens of the Twenty -fifth District, and a son of William and Ellen (Bolton) Faulkner, was born in Lincoln County in 1834, and is one of a family of seven children, four of whom are living. The father was born in Ireland in 1797, the grandfather in England and the grandmother in Scotland. The father of our subject received a fair education in the common schools, and was married twice, his first wife being Miss Patterson, by whom he had two children, one of whom died during the voyage to America. His wife died shortly after his arrival in this coun- try, and in 1882 he wedded the mother of our subject. He was a farmer, a ditcher and blaster by occupation. His death occurred in 1870. The mother of our subject was also born in Ireland, in 1798, and died in 1843. Our subject received a fair education, and as his parents were poor he was compelled to work for a livelihood. He was employed for several years in a factory and afterward was engaged in trading and teaming in some of the Southern cities. During the war he enlisted in Company H, First Tennessee Regi- ment, and soon entered the Army of the Potomac, where he was quite a favorite of Stone- wall Jackson's. At the end of a year he was discharged on account of ill health, but soon returned and engaged in some of the principal battles of the war. He was captured and held a prisoner until 1865. In January, 1866 he wedded Mrs. Charlotte Taylor, daughter of J. and M. Simmons. To Mr. and Mrs. Faulkner were born five children: Amanda E.. Nancy J., Eliza B., Ellen F. and William A. Our subject located on ninety-four acres of land in the Twenty-fifth District, where he remained three years. He then purchased the same amount of acres in the same district, on which he located and still resides. Mrs. Faulkner died November 24, 1877, and in January, 1879, he married Mrs. Harriet A. Smith, daughter of David and Martha Sisk, by whoni he had three children, two of whom are 890 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. living: Mattie B. and Mary Pearl. Mr. Faulkner is a Democrat, a Mason and an Odd Fellow, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. JOSEPH M. GREER is a son of Joseph and Mary (Harmon) Greer, and is one of eleven children and of Irish descent. The father was born in the "Kej'stone State " in 1754, and was an early pioneer of Tennessee, comin'g in 1790 and entering about 10,000 acres of land. They suffered all the hardships incident to pioneer life, but, unlike many of the early settlers, had the good will of the Indians. Mr. Greer was a farmer and mer- chant at Knoxville, Tenn., and was clerk of the first chancery court after the organization of the county. He died in 1835. Our subject was reared in Tennessee when there was no schools, consequently his education was acquired at home mainly through his own exer- tions. In 1847 he married Mary Edmiston, who departed this life September 19, 1858. They had one son — Joseph M. — who resides on the old home-place and looks after his father's farm. He was born September 13, 1858, and was educated at Petersburg and Fayetteville, and is now the owner of 535 acres of fine land, and is noted for his generos- ity and honesty. He votes with the Democratic party, and belongs to the Masonic fra- ternity. PLEASANT HALBERT'S birth occurred in Williamson County, Tenn., in 1811. His parents, James and Elizabeth (Smith) Halbert, were born in Nt)rth and South Caro- lina in 1771 and 1788, and died in 1833 and 1813, respectively. The father was a farmer, and in 1795 immigrated to Tennessee, but remained only four years, when he returned to his native State. September 9, 1801, he returned to Tennessee. He was married in 1810, and in 1813 came to Lincoln County, where he spent the remainder of his days. He was father of two children, only one now living—Pleasant Halbert — who made his home with his father as long as he lived. He was educated in the district schools, and October 8, 1833, married Nancy Crawford, who was born in 1810, and a daughter of John Crawford, who was an early pioneer of Lincoln County. Oui' subject and his wife became the par- ents of eight children, seven of whom are living: Martha (wife of Dr. J. E. Youell), Mar- garet E. (Mrs. Lemuel D. Sugg), James C, Mary J. (Mrs. Capt. J. H. George), Pleasant W. (a physician and surgeon), Naomi E. (Mrs. S. M. Clayton) and AVilliam H. (a physician and surgeon of Lebanon). Mrs. Halbert died August 5, 1850, and April 8, 1852, he wedded Emily Buchanan, who was born July 23, 1814, and a daughter of John Buchanan. Of their three children two are living: Laura G. (Mrs. Pleasant Hobbs) and Isaac B. This wife died February 9, 1868, and July 1 of the same year Mr. Halbert married Martha V. Smith, daughter of David Smith. She was born in Alabama in 1826. Mr. Halbert owns 600 acres of land in the Eighth District, and is one of the old and highly respected citizens of the county. He has been a life-long Democrat, and has served as magistrate six years. He and Mrs. Halbert are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. JOHN HAMILTON, a native of Moore County, was born April 19, 1825, and is a son of William and Rachel Hamilton, natives, respectively, of South Carolina and East Ten- nessee. The father, when a young man, went to Tennessee, where he was married, and soon came to this part of the State. He was a farmer by occupation, and owned about 300 acres in what is now Moore County. He died in 1873. The subject of this sketch was reared on the farm, and secured a fair education in the district schools near Lynch- burg. In 1847 he married Ann, daughter of Preston and Nellie Midkiff. Mrs. Hamilton was born in Moore County, in June, 1826, and by her marriage became the mother of four children: John, Nancy, James and Susan. Mr. Hamilton, after moving around for some time, bought 100 acres of land, where he located, and where he has since resided. He now owns 738 acres of valuable land. He has always been a hard-working, indus- trious man, and has been quite successful in his occupation. In 1857 he bought a mill, and has done considerable business, both in grinding grain and sawing lumber. He is a Democrat in politics, and Mrs. Hamilton is a member of the Lutheran Church. WILLIAM HAMILTON, farmer, was born near his present residence in 1836, and is the son of David M. and Elizabeth (Morton) Hamilton. The father was a native of South Carolina, born in 1809, and was of Scotch-Irish lineage. He came to Tennessee in 1811 LINCOLN COUNTY. 891 with his father, John Hamilton, who settled in the Twelfth District, bought propert)', and remained until his career ended, about 1813. While chopping a tree it suddenly- split and flew back, striking Mr. Hamilton and killing him instantly. His wife returned to South Carolina in a short time to look after his unsettled business, going and returning on horseback through unbroken forests, bivouacking out of nights along the route. David M. , our subject's father, lived in Lincoln County at the time of his marriage, which oc- curred in 1831. He lived in different parts of Lincoln County, but the last five years of his life were passed in the Fourteenth District. He owned 160 acres of land, and may properly be classed as one of the early settlers. He died in 1845, in the prime of life. The mother of our subject was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1813, and was of Irish extraction. Her father, Alexander Morton, was a native of Ireland. He came to Lin- coln County at a very early date, and was one of the first white men in the county. Since the death of her husband Mrs. Hamilton has lived with her children, and for the past eighteen years has lived with her son William. There were five children, four of whom are living. William was reared at home, and received a practical education in the pub- lic schools. October 22, 18.57, he married Elizabeth E. Wyatt, daughter of Thomas Wyatt. Mrs. Hamilton was born in Lincoln County in 1835, and the result of her mar- riage was the birth of two children: David Knox and MoUie (wife of John Montgomery). After marriage Mr. Hamilton resided on the old home-place until 1868. In 1870 he had the misfortune to lose his wife, and January 8, 1878, he wedded Mrs. Anna (Telford) Mas- sey, daughter of William Telford. The second Mrs. Hamilton was born in 1857, in Marion County, 111., and this marriage resulted in the birth of one child, Cora Agnes. In 1872 Mr. Hamilton purchased 100 acres of land in the Twelfth District, where he has since re- sided. He is one of the farmers of Lincoln County who is possessed with modern ideas of cultivating the soil. He is a Republican in politics, and he and wife are mem- bers of the United Presbyterian Church. THOMAS HAMPTON is one of a large family of children born to the marriage of Preston and Sarah Hampton, who were born in North Carolina and Tennessee in 1777 and 1788, and died in 1859 and 1830, respectively. They were farmers. Thomas was born in Lincoln Countj', October 29, 1815. He resided at home until twenty-six years of age. and three years later was united in marriage to Martha J. Smith, who was born in 1820 and died in July, 1883. Seven children were born to them, four of whom are living: Will- iam, E. T., Mary A. (Mrs. W. F. Hamilton), and Sarah (Mrs. Robert Cleghorn). Mr. Hampton traveled in the West two years before his marriage and for two years after his marriage, farmed his father-in-law's farm, then purchased 175 acres which he after- ward increased very much, but gave to his children until he now owns 121 acres. In 1885 Mr. Hampton married his second wife, Mrs. Elizabeth (Yant) Pampen. She was born in Lineoln County, September 25, 1835. Our subject suffered heavy losses by the late war, but in the main has been more than ordinarily successful. He and wife belong ta the Baptist Church. DAVID L. HARRIS, son of John and Susan (Lee) Harris, was born in Lincoln Coun- ty, Tenn., in 1830, and is one of two children, our subject only living. The father was Scotch-Irish by birth, born in Virginia about 1804. He came to Tennessee at an early day, where he married and afterward resided a few years, but ended his days in Kentucky, in 1843. He was twice married, his second wife being Jane Abernathy, by whom he had three children. After his parents' death our subject resided with his uncle, Joel M. Harris, with whom he remained until twenty-one years old. He learned the tanner's trade of his uncle, and afterward became one of the firm and remained such until the business was abandoned about 1879. He owns a farm of 800 acres, upon which he located in 1860. In 1857 he married Julia Conaway, by whom he had seven children: William N., Alice B., Sarah L., Joel L., John M., David D., and Samuel S. Mrs. Harris died March 24, 1870, and the August following Mr. Harris married Sarah Bray, and Thomas, Susan T., Fannie, Maud and Ira are the children born to this union. Iron and coal have recently been dis- covered in almost inexhaustible quantities on Mr. Harris' farm, and when developed may 892 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. prove of great value to the county. Our subject is a wealthy land owner, and was form- erly a Whig, but since the war has affiliated with the Republican party. He belongs to the F. & A. M. and I. O. O. F. O. R. HATCHER, M. D.. was born on the 30th of August, 1846, one of five children of Octavus and Caledonia (Pillow) Hatcher, who were born in Virginia and Tennessee, in 1818 and 1826, respectively. The father was brought to Tennessee when about eight years of age, became a merchant, and died in 1856. Our subject, O. R., was educated at Col- lege Grove, under Profs. Wynn and Carey, and then entered the medical department of the Nashville University and attended six months, and then went to New York, to Belle- vue Medical College, where he graduated as an M. D. in 1873. In February, 1873 he and Mary Woodard were married. She was born in 1849 and has borne three children: John U., Nellie I., and William L. Dr. Hatcher practiced medicine in Fayetteville about five months, and then moved to Hazelgreen, Ala., but two years later returned to Lin- coln County, where he has since resided and practiced his profession with much success. He and his brother, A. H., have a farm of 283 acres under the latter' s supervision. The Doctor is a Democrat and a Mason, and he and Mrs. Hatcher are members of the Method- ist Episcopal Church South. SAMUEL HAYNIE, farmer, was born in Bedford County, in 1833, and remained at home until he was twenty-five years of age. He received a fair education in the neigh- boring schools, and December 20, 1856. led to the altar Anna Moore, a native of Lincoln County, Tenn., born June, 1833, and the daughter of Andrew and Rachel Moore. The union of our subject and wife resulted in the birth of ten children, seven of whom are liv- ing: Samuel J., Robert H., Mary J., Hugh L., Thomas J. J., Anna L. and Emma L. Mr. Haynie resides on the old home-place, which now consists of 302 acres under a good state of cultivation. In 1863 he enlisted in Company D, Eighth Tennessee, and took an active part in the battle of Murfreesboro. He was in the retreat toward the south, and soon after returned home and resumed farming. Mr. Haynie taught school several terms be- fore marriage and also several after marriage. He is a life-long Democrat in politics. Our subject's parents, James and Elizabeth (Bailey) Haynie, were married about 1830. The father was born May 18, 1810, and was of Scotch-Irish descent. He was a farmer by occu- pation, but, being a natural genius, could manufacture or repair nearly all kinds of ma- chinery. He died in 1878. The mother of our subject was born in North Carolina and died in 1882. HENRY HENDERSON, trustee of Lincoln County, was born in the Twenty-first District of that county in 1825, and is the son of David and Elizabeth (Lee) Henderson. The father was a Virginian and was of Scotch extraction. In 1806 he came to Lincoln County, and was among the pioneer settlers of the same. He was in the war of 1812, was wounded in the right arm, which rendered him a cripple for life. About 1814 he was married, and afterward located in the Twenty-first District, where he died in 1857. He was a tiller of the soil and at the time of his death owned upward of 1,100 acres of land. The mother of our subject was born in North Carolina in 1800 and died November, 1871. They had ten children, only four of whom are living: James, Sandy, Henry and Daniel W. Our subject was reared at home and received his education in the public schools. In 1855 he was elected surveyor of Lincoln County, and served in that capacity until 1876, with the exception of a short interval during the Rebellion. In 1858 he married Mrs. Sarah (Blake) Crawford, daughter of William Crawford. Mrs. Henderson was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1827, and by a previous marriage became the mother of four children: Delia F. (wife of Pleasant Snoddy), James E., W. B. and Annie (wife of G. D. Wicks). By her last union was born one child, Victoria May (wife of Thomas Phillips). In 1861 Mr. Henderson bought 285 acres in the Nineteenth District, where he has since resided. In 1876 he was elected county trustee, and at the expiration of his term was re-elected, and so has continued for five successive terras. He is a Democrat in politics and a member of the Masonic fraternity, being a Royal Arch Mason. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and his wife is a member of the Cumberland LINCOLN COUNTY. 893 Presbyterian Church. He was major of the Second Battalion, Seventy -second Regiment of the Fourth Division of Tennessee Militia for three or four years, being commissioned by the governor of Tennessee, and was first lieutenant of a company in said battalion for a number of years. AUSTIN HEWITT, of Boonshill, Tenn., was born in 1840 near Norwich, Conn., son of Elkanah and Lucy Hewitt, born in Virginia and Connecticut, respectively. The father was born in 1808, and was a brick-mason by trade. He was a resident of Connecti- cut many years, and there died. The mother's death occurred in 1849. Austin remained with his parents until about sixteen years of age, and then went to Macon, Ga., and was overseer of a brick manufactory. After a short residence in South Carolina he went to Arkansas and while there enlisted ia Company D, First Arkansas Infantry, and took an active part in the battles of Manasses, Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and was with Thomas at the time of the surrender. He served three years and rendered his country valuable service. July 3, 1864, he married Martha E. Reed, born in Lincoln County in 1844, and began farming. In 1871 he purchased 172 acres of land, which he has increased to 540 acres. He takes much interest in stock-rais. ing, and besides his home farm has valuable property in Pulaski, Giles County. He is conservative in politics and cast his first presidential vote for S. J. Tilden. Mr. Hewitt wishes to retire from active business life and to dispose of his farm, which is well adapted to grazing stock and raising all kinds of grain, H. C. HIGGINS is a son of Owen W. Higgins, who was of Scotch descent, born in Kentucky in 1802. He came to Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1806 with his father, and event- ually became the owner of 300 acres of land, about five miles from Fayetteville. He was married about 1824 to Fannie H. Stone, and by her was the father of eleven children, eight of whom are living: Nancy (widow of Daniel Tucker), Sallie (Mrs. Daniel B. ShuU), Mary (Mrs. Isaac Holman), George W., a lawyer in Fayetteville; Martha D. (Mrs. James Cato), Fannie E. (Mrs. J. E. Carrigan), Virginia (widow of Prof. Peter Hunbaugh) and our subject, H. C. Their father died in 1865, and their mother, who was born in 1806, in Virginia, died in 1871. The subject of our sketch was born near his present place of resi- dence in 1846, and was educated in the neighboring schools and at Fayetteville, and made his home with his mother as long as he remained unmarried. December 22, 1868, he wedded Fannie Stone, daughter of L. L. Stone. Mrs. Higgins was born in Lincoln Coun- ty, and has two children: Berry Owen and Julia. Mr. Higgins and wife own 488 acres of land, and have a beautiful and comfortable home. Mr. Higgins is a man of good business qualities, and in politics is very conservative, casting his first presidential vote for Sey- mour and Blair. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. J. B. HILL, jeweler of Fayetteville, Tenn., was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1832, son of Ebenezer and Mary T. (Bryan) Hill. The father was born in Mason, N. H., October 14, 1791, and died at the residence [of his son, in Manchester, May 16, 1875. At the age of fourteen he went to Amherst and worked in a printing office. He then went to Troy, N. Y., and while there enlisted in the war of 1812, and served until the close. He went to Huntsville, Ala., in 1819, and the following year came to Fayetteville, where he has continued to reside with the exception of two years. In March, 1823, he began the publication of a weekly paper called the Village Messenger, which he continued to issue until July 18, 1828. In 1825, with his brother J. B. Hill, he issued the first number of Hill's Almanac, which grew into popularity until 1862, when the war prevented its con- tinuance. It was considered an almost indispensable article in every household and office. In 1833 and 1834 he published the Independent Yeoman, a hebdomadal journal, edited by himself. He published several works, and established and conducted a circulating library. He possessed more than ordinary mental ability, and was a terse and fluent writer, and his editorials were noted for their shrewd common sense and logic. He was married in 1824, and about four years previous to his own death his wife died. Our immediate sub- ject, J. B. Hill, was educated in the schools of Fayetteville. He began learning the jew- 894 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. eler's trade at the age of twenty-two, and finally wedded Maggie Bearden, who has borne him five children: Charles B., Mary, Eben, Maggie B. and Emily H. Maggie is but six years of age, but is a fine performer on the violin, playing by ear almost any tune she ever heard with almost perfect time and expression. Mr. Hill served in the late war in Company C, Forty-first Regiment, Tennessee Infantry, and was afterward appointed quartermaster-sergeant. Mr. Hill and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, and he is the leading jeweler of Fayetteville and a much respected citizen. DAVID F. HOBBS, a prominent citizen and farmer, is one of eleven children born to Nathaniel and Sarah Hobbs. The father was of English descent, and was born in North CaroHna in 1789. He was married in 1812, and came to Lincoln County in 1832, locating in the Sixteenth District. He was a cabinet-maker by occupation, and died in 1861. The mother of our subject was also of English origin, was born in the same State as her hus- band and about the same year. She died in 1875. Our subject was born in North Caro- lina July 25, 1820, and received his education in the schools near home. In 1841 he mar- ried Sarah Shipp, a native of Lincoln County, born 1823, and the daughter of Louis and Mary (Cole) Shipp. To our subject and wife was born one boy. Pleasant, now a mer- chant in the Thirteenth District. After marriage Mr. Hobbs engaged with Dr. Bonner, and remained with him nineteen years, overseeing and looking after the interest of the plantation. In 1865 he purchased 155 acres of land in the Thirteenth District, where he located, and has since remained. He has since bought more land, and now he and his son own about 800 acres. He is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first presidential vote for James K. Polk. Pleasant Hobbs, son of our subject, was born April 4, 1844, and re- ceived his education in Lincoln County. In 1870 he wedded Laura Halbert. a native of Lincoln County, born in 1854, and by this union became the father of five children : Tula H., Sarah E., David F., Jr., B. and B. M. Pleasant Hobbs, since he has grown to manhood, has been a partner with his father on the farm. December, 1880, he began the mercantile business in the Thirteenth District, where he still continues. September, 1885, J. D. Sugg entered into partnership with them, and the firm is now known as Hobbs & Sugg. They are doing a good business in the sale of dry goods and groceries, and carry about $4,000 worth of stock. Pleasant is a Democrat in politics, and a member of the Masonic fratern- ity. He and wife are also members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. COL. J. H. HOLMAN attorney, at law at Fayetteville, Tenn., is a son of James W. Holman, who was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1812. He was a farmer and Primi- tive Baptist minister. In 1830 he married Jean Flack, who was born in Lincoln County in 1812, and in 1881 came to Fayetteville, and has since resided with his children. He owns 800 acres of laud, and has been a minister of the gospel since 1845. His father, Rev. Hardy Holman, was a Virginian, and moved to Kentucky previous to 1800. He was among the very early pioneers of Lincoln County, and surveyed the town plot of Fayetteville. Our subject is one of eight children, four now living; Dr. Thomas P., a resident of Lin- coln County; Sue M. (Mrs. Dr. W. A. Millhouse), Jennie P. (Mrs. John G. Tolley), and J. H., our subject, who was born in Lincoln County in 1836, and received an academic edu- cation in the schools of his county. In 1856 he entered Union University, at Murfrees- boro, but in the spring of 1857 was appointed lieutenant in the regular army by President Pierce, and held the position until the breaking out of the war between the North and the South, when he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the First Regiment Tennessee Volun- teers. In 1863 he was promoted to the rank of colonel, which position he held until the close of the war. He was at Cumberland Gap, Perrj'ville, Lawrenceburg, and in many skirmishes, and .was wounded on tliree different occasions, but not seriously. He was paroled May 24, 1865, at Houston, Tex. He was taken prisoner at Winchester, Tenn., in 1863, and retained at Camp Chase, Ohio, and Johnson' s Island for thirteen months. After returning home he began the study of law, and in 1867 was admitted to the Lincoln County bar and began practicing with his brother, D. W. Holman. November 23, 1865, he and Lizzie C. Kimbrough were united in marriage. Mrs. Holman was b(n-u in 1840, and was a daughter of Rev. Bradley Kimbrough, a Baptist minister. In 1870 Mr. Holman LINCOLN COUNTY. 895 I was elected attorney-general of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, holding the ofBce until 1877, and has since devoted Ins attention to his profession. In 1878 he was appointed commis- sioner to the Paris Exposition by Gov. Porter, and during his absence traveled iu various portions of Europe. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity, Union Chapter. THOMAS P. HOLMAN, M. D., an iutiuential farmer of Lincoln County, TcuiIl, is a sou of James W. and Jean (Flack) Holman, and was born March 3, 1834. At the age of sixteen he began teaching school, and followed that occupation at irregular intervals for upward of six sessions. He entered Union University, Murfrecsboro, Tenn., and gradu- ated at the age of twenty-four years. He tlien became a follower of iEsculapius, and continued his studies to the time of the late civil war. In 1863 he joined Company C, Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry, and participated in the battles of Murfrecsboro, Massy Creek, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Daltou, Resaca, and numerous other engagements of less note. He was captjured at Fayetteville in 1864, and taken to Camp Chase, Ohio, but was exchanged at the end of six weeks, and immediately rejoined his command. He re- turned home in 186.5 and taught school one session, and then kept a hotel in Shelbyville for about one year and a half. In 1867 he entered the medical department at Washington University at Baltimore, Md., and graduated as an M. D. in 1869. He was appointed resident physician of Bay View Asylum at Baltimore, but the following year returned to Tennessee and began his practice at Mulberry. January 5, 1875, he wedded Sileua Moore, daughter of Capt. Lewis Moore, who was killed at Jonesboro in 1864. Mrs. Holman was born in 1850, and has borne her husband the following children: Burke, Wayne, Leon, Fannie Lynue, Ross, and Moore. Dr. Holman owns 300 acres of land near Fayetteville, to which he gives the most of his time and attention. He met with good success in his practice, but owing to his enfeebled constitution was compelled to abandon it. In politics he is a Prohibitionist in principle and practice. He belongs to the Freemasons, and his wife is a member of the Christian Church. B. F. HOUSTON, oculist and aurist of Petersburg, was born in Marshall County, Tenn., September 11, 1853. B. F. Houston, father of our subject, was born in Tennessee iu 1807, and was a farmer by occupation. He died February 1. 1862. He was married to N. B. Usery, who was born in 1813 in Giles County, and died in November, 1878. Our subject was educated at the Mooreville Institute under Prof. Burney. September 11, 1873, M. A. Elliott, who was born in Franklin County December 9, 1850, became his wife. They kept "a boarding house at Louisville two years, and then returned to the old home and he began taking charge of his mother's farm. In 1874 he began the study of med- icine, but on account of weak eyes was obliged to abandon the study for some time. In 1879 he moved to Petersburg, and after a time went to Florence, Ala., and took special instruction on the eye and ear under the well known doctor, A. M. Parkhill, and now has an extensive practice in Lincoln, Marshall and the adjoining counties, also a number of counties in Alabama adjoining the State. He has acquired a reputation, especially in the treatment of the eye. He and wife are members of the Christian Church. . CAPT. WILLIAM W. JAMES, farmer of the Fifth District, was born in 1838. in Lin- coln County, Tenn., and was one of eleven children born to Thomas and Martha (Duke) James. The father was born in Norfolk, Va., in 1790, and was of English lineage. His education was fair, and when about twenty years of age, he, in company with an elder brother, immigrated to Lincoln Coujity, but soon went to Alabama, and engaged in the war of 1813, under Gen. Cotfee. They were in the battle of New Orleans, and at the close of the war immigrated to Lincoln County and located near Mulberry, where he purchased a farm. In 1835 he was married, and at the time of his death, which occurred in 1866, he owned several good farms. The mother died about 1874. Our subject received his educa- tion in the neighboring schools, and the age of nineteen entered as clerk in a mercantile establishment at Fayetteville. In 1849, he, in company with about thirty-five others, start- ed to cross the plains for the Bl Dorado. He engaged in mining while there, and at the end of two years returned home and engaged iu the mercantile business at Mulberry Village, where he continued until 1861. In 1859 he wedded Susan V. Freeman, and to 896 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. them were born eic^ht children, five of whom are living: Thomas D., Sarah A,, William W., Alice P., and John M. In 1861 Mr. James was made captain of Company A., Forty- first Tennessee Infantry, and was taken prisoner at Fort Donelson. He was exchanged at Vicksburg. and soon after was discharged on account of poor health. In 1869 he purchased 300 acres of land at Mulberry, where he now resides. In politics he is a life-long Demo- crat, casting his first vote for Franklin Pierce. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and of the I. O. O. F., and he and Mrs. James are among the most substantial members of the Missionary Baptist Church. GEORGE A. JARVIS, postmaster and merchant, of Petersburg, Tenn., was born on the 13th of June, 1840, at Richmond, Va., son of Gus and Rebecca (Smith) Jarvis. He was educated and reared in his native town, and May 20, 1869, married Lula Green, who was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., August 12, 1847, and two children are the result of their union: George A. and Minnie E. In 1857 Mr. Jarvis became salesman for Joseph Akin, of Maury County, and remained with him until the breaking out of the war, after which he acted as traveling salesman for Louisville houses for seven years, and in 1872 came to Petersburg. Since 1874 he has been in the mercantile business, and has also had the postoflBce at Petersburg. Mr. Jarvis is a Democrat, and belongs to the I. O. O. F. and K. of H. fraternities. April 27, 1861, he entered the Confederate Army, serving in Com- pany B, Second Tennessee Infantry, commanded by William B. Bate, the present gov- ernor of Tennessee. He served as lieutenant. He afterward became a member of an- other company, and served in the quartermaster's department. He participated in many battles, and May 1, 1863, was captured and taken to Johnson's Island, where he remained a prisoner twenty-two months. He returned home in May, 1865. T. A. JEAN, farmer and mechanic, is a native of Lincoln County, Tenn., born in 1836, and is one of eleven children of John and Ann (Shaw) Jean. The father was of Irish lineage, born in North Carolina in 1797, a merchant and farmer by occupation. He came to Tennessee in 1815, and two years later married. He died in 1883, at the advanced age of eighty-six years. He was twice married, his second wife being Patsey Taylor. The mother was born in 1801, in North Carolina, and died in 1845. At the age of ten years our subject became the architect of his own fortunes, and for about eight years was a farm laborer, and for his first year's labor received $3 per month for his services. Jan- uary 27, 1856, he married Martha E. Rutledge, who was born in 1829, in Lincoln County. The following are their children: William McHenry, John Alex, Elizabeth A., Thomas M., Mary C, Martha L. and George W. In 1882 Mr. Jean purchased 141 acres of land near Fayetteville, on which he located and has since resided. He is very skillful with the use of tools, and does his own blacksmithing and repairing in general. He is a Democrat in politics, and his first presidential vote was cast for Breckinridge, in 1860. He served in the late war in Forrest's escort, and was in many severe skirmishes. His principal duty was scouting, and during his entire service he was neither wounded nor captured. He re- turned home in 1865, after an absence of three years. He and Mrs. Jean are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. DR. GEORGE W. JONES, physician and surgeon of Mulberry, and a son of C. G. and Nancy (Moore) Jones, was born in Maury County in 1835. The father was born near Lynchburg, Va., in 1803. and was of English lineage. At the age of twenty-six, he, in company with an elder brother, immigrated to Maury County, Tenn., making the en- tire journey on foot. In 1831 he was married and became the father of nine children, of whom our subject is one. He died January 2, 1874. The mother was born in North Car- olina in 1805, and is now living on the old farm in Maury County. Our subject remained at home until he was twenty-one years of age, and received his early education at Rock Springs. In 1865 he entered the medical department of the University of Nashville, where he graduated in 1858. He immediately located in Mulberry and began practicing his profession. In 1858 he wedded Lizzie Whitaker (daughter of Newton and Fannie Whitaker) and to this union were born eight children, five of whom are living: Charley N., Clarence G., Lelia W., George M. and Jennie M. In 1859 he removed to Mississippi, LINCOLN COUNTY. 897 where he remained till 1861, after which he returned to Mulberry, and has since resided there. During the war he was elected sergeant of Company C, Fifth Kentucky, and was soon afterward made lieutenant of his regiment, bat was discharged after the battle of Murfreesboro, on account of disability. Since that time he has continued the practice of his profession, in which he has made a complete success. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., and K. of H. He and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church. W. L. KILPATRIC, merchant of Fayetteville, and farmer, living two miles south of that village was born in south Alabama, October 20, 1857, son of I. T. and M. V. Kilpatric. The father was born in South Carolina in 1818, and was of Irish lineage. He moved to Georgia when a youth, and was married there, and moved to Alabama; thence to Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1883 where he located and now resides. The mother was born in Georgia in 1827 and died in January, 1884. Our subject received his education in the various schools of Alabama. In 1879 he married Mary Wilson, a native of Lincoln County, born Mayl, 1865, and the daughter of Matthew T. and Jane C. Wilson. By this union our subject became the father of one child — Alva W. After marriage our subject located on the farm, where they have since resided. He now owns over 500 acres of excellent land, well im- proved. In 1882 he and his brother,T. B., engaged in the mercantile business at Fayette- ville. In 1886 he purchased his brother's interest, and took another partner, T. I. Mc- Cowan, and now do business under the name of Kilpatric & Co. They have been very successful in the sale of dry goods, clothing, etc. Mr. Kilpatric is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first presidential vote for Grover Cleveland. J. E. Kilpatric, brother of W. L., was in the late war, enlisting in 1864 when but seventeen years of age, and remain- ing until the surrender. Our subject and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. WILLIAM J. LANDESS, farmer and tanner of the Sixth District, was born October 9, 1852, in Lincoln County, Tenn. The father of our subject, John Landess, was born in Kentucky, November 11, 1799, and was of Dutch extraction. He acquired a good busi- ness education and was a tanner by occupation. He located in the Sixth District, where he soon established a lucrative business. April 5, 1831, he married Mary H. Stone, and became the father of eleven children, ten of whom are living, our subject being one of them. The father died September 11, 1876, and the mother is still living on the old home- place. Our subject received his education principally at the Oak Hill School, taking, quite a thorough course in the languages. November 28, 1878, he led to the altar May Boone, a native of Lincoln County, born Februar}^ 8, 1856, and the daughter of Capt. Nathan and Orpha Boone. This union resulted in the birth of tliree children, two of whom are living: John B. and Alberta K. Mr. Landess is now residing on the old home- place where he was born. He is the owner of 300 acres of good land, well cultivated, and succeeded his father in the tannery business, in which he has been quite successful. He is a Democrat in politics, casting his first vote for S. J. Tilden. He and wife are members of the Primitive Baptist Church. Mrs. Landess was educated at the Female Institute at Winchester. R. W. LONG is a son of Joseph Long, who was born in North Carolma, and came to Tennessee and married Matilda Flack. The mother was born in 1804 and died in 1873. Our subject received a common school education, and after his marriage, in 1857, to Tabitha Bledsoe, he tilled the home farm for his mother, who was a widow. His wife was born near Petersburg, November 10, 1836, and seven children blessed her union with Mr. Long: Alva M. (Mrs. J. C. Moore), Nora I. (Mrs. C. A. Talley), Thomas A., Fannie E. (Mrs. O. B. Taylor), James B., Helen B. and Affa C. In 1872 our subject and family moved onto their present farm of 200 acres, comprising seven acres of all kinds of fruit trees. Mr. Long has given his children good educational advantages, and is conservative in politics, voting rather for the man than the party. He served in the late war in Company F., Forty-first Tenne,ssee Infantry, and took an active part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Franklin, Nashville and several minor engagements. He was captured at the fall of Fort Donelson, and imprisoned seven months at LaFayette and Indianapolis, In I. He was the wagonmaster in the quartermaster's department two years. He returned home in the fall of 1864. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. §98 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. J. W. LLOYD, senior partner of the firm of Lloj^d & Blake, proprietors and publishers of the Fayetteville Express, was born Octobers, 1843, in Hiintsville, Ala., son of W. B. and Martha P. (Tatum) Lloyd, born in Virginia in 1818 and 1817, and died in 1873 and 1851, respectively. They were married in 1838, and soon after moved to Huntsville, Ala. Our subject's mother died when he was quite young, and at the age of thirteen he became an apprentice at the printer's trade, working on the Huntsville Advocate four years. He then commenced life for himself as a journeyman, and the following thirteen years worked in most of the large cities in the South, assisting on the leading daily and weekly papers. In April, 1873, he came to Fayetteville and assisted in the establishing the Fayetteville Express, the proprietor and publisher being J. B. Smith. In 1876 Mr. Lloyd and F. O. McCord pur- chased the press, but in 1880 Mr. J. W. Goodwin purchased Mr. McCord's interest, and for two years the firm was known as Lloyd & Goodwin. From 1883 to August, 1883, the firm was Lloyd &Carrigan, and in January, 1884, Mr. Blake took a one-half interest. The Ex- press is a newsy paper and is devoted to the interests of the people. Mr. Lloyd has been in the new.spaper business nearly thirty j'ears and knows the needs and wishes of his patrons. He is a Democrat in his political views, and cast his first presidential vote for S. J. Tilden in 1876. February 23, 1881, he married Kate Jones, daughter of Capt. Joel J. Jones, who was killed in the battle of Perryville, Ky. Mrs. Lloyd was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1853, and has one son — Sumner. J. J. MADDOX, farmer of Lincoln County, is a son of John and Elizabeth Maddox, who were born in 1811 and 181-2, respectively. They came from the Carolinas, and w^ere among tiie early settlers of Tennessee, and were farmers. The father died in 1880 and the TTiother in 1872. Our subject received a liberal education, and December 18. 1873, led Martha A. Sherrell to the hymeneal altar. She was born in Lincoln County July 3, 1855, and is the mother of six children: R, S., J. S., B. M., A. A., M. S., and L. J. In May, 1861, Mr. Maddox joined the company known as the " Caraargo Guards," and was in the battle of Murfreesboro and many minor engagements. He returned home in 1863, and three years later purchased the farm on which he now lives, consisting of 368 acres of land. Mr. Maddox is well respected by his fellow-man, and takes an active interest in all institutions which promote the advancement of the county. He is a Democrat acd Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. W. L. McCANN was born in Jackson, Ala., in 1827. His father was of Irish descent, born in the " Palmetto State" in 1800, and moved to near Alabama in 1825, and after a two years' residence came to Tennessee, where he died in 1867. The mother was born in South Carolina in 1804, and died in May, 1882. W. L. McCaun was educated in the Eight- eenth District of Lincoln County, and in 1851 married Miss M. J. Rawls, daughter of L. H. and Sarah Rawls. She was born in Lincoln County, Tenn.. November 3, 1832. Mr- McCann purchased his present farm in 1872, which consists of 386 acres of excellent farm- ing land, well improved with good buildings and a fine orchard. He has been very suc- cessful, as he began business for himself since the war with little or no means, and now owns an excellent tract of land. He is a Democrat, and during the late war was strongly opposed to the principles of secession. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity. COL. C. A. McDANIEL is a son of Fieldeu and Lucy (Barker) McDaniel, and was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1823. The father was of Scotch-Irish descent, born in Virginia, in 1781, but a resident of North Carolina at the time of his marriage, which oc- curred about 1803. In 1808 he came to Middle Tennessee, and was a resident of Lincoln County, Tenn., after 1810 or 1811. He died in 1840, being one of the early residents and pioneers of the county and suffering many privations incident to pioneer life. The mother was born in North Carolina, in 1783. and died in 1839. Our subject is one of their nine children, and resided with his parents until their respective deaths, then he and his brother Charles bought the old homestead and began tilling the -soil. When the news came that gold had been discovered in California, he, with a number of friends, started for the "Golden Gate," going overland, the trip taking nine months. There he remained seven years engaged in mining. He returned home in November, 1856. and in December, LINCOLN COUNTY. 899 1857, was married to Margaret Buchanan, daughter of Andrew Buchanan. Mrs. McDau- iel was born in Lincoln County in November, 183L They have four children: Mary Lou (Mrs. J. B. Whitaker), Andrew C, and Fielden and Felix (twins). In 1848 Mr. McDaniel had purchased 100 acres of land, on which he settled after marriage,'aud where he has since made his home. He now owns 374 acres of good and well improved land. In 1847, at the age of twenty-three, he was elected to the State Legislature, being the first native representative of Lincoln County. In 1854 he represented Calaveras County, Cal., in the State Legislature, and has been a life-long Democrat. -He served in the Mexican war and was slightly wounded at the battle of Monterey. He took an important part in the late war, and assisted in organizing the Fortj'-fourth Regiment, Tennessee Infantry, and he was chosen colonel of the same. He was wounded in the right arm at Shiloh, but served until the close of the war with the exception of nine months. He returned home in May, 1865. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. M. L. McDowell, miller of the village known as McDowell's Mill, Tenn., was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., May 14, 1843, son of James and Harriet McDowell, born in 1818, in Tennessee and North Carolina, respectively. The father is a carpenter, and he and wife are yet living. His grandfather was born at Staten Island, N. Y., and he and his wife and family, with the exception of three sons, were murdered by the Indians. Our subject was educated in the Murfreesboro Academy, and in 1861 he enlisted in Company A, Second Tennessee Infantry, commanded by W. B. Bate, the present governor of Ten- nessee, and participated in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh, Richmond, Chickamauga and Murfreesboro. He was wounded at Richmond, Ky., and was unfitted for further service, but remained with his company in preference to a ho.spital. He returned home in 1864, and in 1865 wedded Mary A. Cawthon, daughter of M. B. and and M. J. Cawthon, of Al- abama, and seven children were born to them: George L., E. R., H. E., M. L., S. J., M. B. and Myrtle L. Mr. McDowell farmed in Alabama a number of years, but met with re- verses, and moved to Tennessee and began working at the carpenter's trade at Lynch- burg, and erected very nearly all the fine houses in the place. While there he was mayor, magistrate and notary public. In 1880 he moved to Giles County, and was in the milling business two years in that county, then came to McDowell and erected his present mill. There was no village at the time of his location, but the place has now about 100 inhabi- tants, two dry goods and grocery stores, a postoflBce, blacksmiths and carpenters shops and nine dwelling houses, and a fine schoolhouse is in process of being erected; all of which has been brought about by the energy of Mr. McDowell. He belongs to the Ma- sonic and I. O. O. F. fraternities, and in politics is a Democrat. C. C. McKINNEY, attorney at law and magistrate of District No. 8 of Lincoln County, Tenn., was born where he now resides, in 1828. His father, Dr. Charles McKinney, was of Scotch -Irish extraction, and was born in Wayne County, Ky., in 1788, and edu- cated at Center College, Danville, Ky., where he also read medicine. He married Mary Russell in 1810, and came to Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1812, being one of the pioneer settlers and physicians of the county. His visits to the sick were made by following the old Indian trails and foot-paths, and he was known far and near as a man possessed of remarkable intelligence and honesty. He was surgeon in the war of 1812, and died in 1864 full of years. The mother was of direct Scotch descent, born in 1790. She died in 1863. They were the parents of fourteen children, only three of whom are now living. Our subject's paternal and maternal grandparents were born in Ireland and Scotland, respectively, and both were early emigrants to America. C. C. McKinney received an ac- ademical education, and in 1850 became a disciple of Blackstone, Hon. James Fulton being his preceptor. He was admitted to the bar in 1851, and has since practiced his pro- fession, and regarded as a successful, earnest advocate and safe counselor. He was in partnership in the practice of law two years with W. B. Martin, and thirteen years with F. P. Fulton. In August, 1885, Mr. McKinney was elected magistrate of his district, and yet holds that position. He has always resided in Fayetteville, and has displayed quali- ties of head and heart which have enabled him to surmount many difficulties. He is a 900 • BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. Democrat, but previous to the war was a Whig. He is also a Mason. In June, 1856, he married Ellen Dennis, born in Alabama, in July, 1837. They have two children: James D., who is the pharmacist in W. A. Gill's drug store, in Fayetteville, and Charles F., who is salesman in the dry goods store of J. A. Lumpkin. Mr. and Mrs. McKinney are mem- bers of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. R. D. McMILLEN is a son of Joseph McMillen, who was of Irish origin, born near Knoxville, Tenn., in 1784. He was a tailor by trade, and died in 1859. Our subject's mother was of Scotch descent, born in Kentucky in 1787 and died in 1863. Our subject was born in Fayetteville August 17, 1822, and, being the youngest of twelve children, was left to look after the old home place and care for his parents. He owns 267 acres of valu- able land near Petersburg, and has been a successful business man. In 1858 he married M. J. Millard, daughter of Willam and Mary Millard. She was born in Lincoln County in 1833, and died in 1878, having borne seven children, six of whom are living: Margaret F. (deceased), Effie (Mrs. C. Rosborough), William J., Sarah, Thomas, Minnie and Lucinda. They have received good educational advantages, and have made the most of their opportunities. Mr. McMillen is a conservatiye Democrat, but was formerly a sup- porter of the Whig party, and is a man well versed on all the questions of the day. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity. MRS. CHARLOTTE MERRELL, a native of Lincoln County, Tenn., born June 1, 1813, is one of the two children born to James and Elizabeth (Daugherty) Grant. Our subject's father was born in Virginia, and, after living there some time, immigratecj to North Carolina. He was a farmer by occupation, came to Tennessee in 1812, and died in the Sixteenth District April 3, 1841. The mother of our subject was born in North Caro- lina about 1761, and departed this life January 26, 1836. Charlotte received her education in the schools near home, and October 14, 1838, she married William Merrell, a native of North Carolina, born January 26, 1815. By this union were born nine children, five of whom are living: Robert and Thomas are living in Lincoln County; Susan is the wife of William Soloman, and she with her husband and three children, Charley, Dewit T. and Dorinda are living with our subject on the old home place; Charley is living in Colorado, Texas. Mr. Merrell died October 31, 1880, and left a fine farm of 200 acres lying on the western portion of the Sixteenth District of Lincoln County and a portion in Giles County. J. S. MERRELL'S birth occurred in Giles County, Tenn., in March, 1839. His father was born in North Carolina, in 1798, and came to Tennessee when a lad, and afterward became a farmer. He died in December, 1866. His wife was born in Tennessee, and died in 1852. Our subject's early education and raising was like the average boy of his period. To his marriage with Josie Reed in December, 1860, were born the following family: Martha (deceased wife of A. J. Smith), Cynthia (Mrs. P. A. Hall), Susan, Cora G., Hugh F., Mollie B. and James E. Since 1866 Mr. Merrell has farmed in the Seventeenth Dis- trict of Lincoln County, where he owns 145 acres of fertile laud, well improved. In con- nection with overseeing his farm he carries on blacksmithing, and is a skillful wood-work- man. He takes much interest in educational affairs, and has given his children good edu- cations. He is a Democrat and a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, and was in the battles of Murfreesboro, Chickaraauga, Siege of Knoxville, besides many smaller engagements. He was a brave and faithful soldier, and returned home in Decem- ber, 1863. JAMES A. D. MIDDLETON, lumberman and prominent citizen, and a son of Alexander D. and Jane Smith (Brodie) Middleton, was born July 24, 1842, in New York City. The father of our subject was born in Scotland about 1815, and was a descendant of Scotch ancestors. He was a marble-cutter by occupation, learning this trade in New York City. The mother of our subject was also born in New York City about 1817. Af- ter the death of the father, which occurred July 26, 1849, the family went to Virginia, and soon after to County, Mo., where they remained two years. They then re- moved to St. Louis in 1851, where they remained till after the death of the mother, which LINCOLN COUNTY. 901 occurred in 1865. Our subject remained at home until nineteen years of age, and received his education principally in the free schools of St. Louis, Mo. On the 31st of July, 1868, he wedded Mrs. Cordelia J. Hague, daughter of G. W. Alexander, of Lincoln Coun- ty. They have two interesting children: C. Jennie and Walter P. J. Previous to his marriage he went into the army with Lieut. -Col. Mortimer Okean as a hostler, and there he remained until 1865, when he landed at Tullahoma. After staying there two years he received an appointment in the internal revenue service, where he remained until April 30, 1884, with the exception of about two years, 1868 and 1870, when he was postmaster at Mulberry. May 1, 1884, Mr. Middleton commenced his present occupation. He is a Re- publican in politics, and a Prohibitionist, aud cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln. He is an Odd Fellow, Knight of Honor, a Good Templar and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, as are also the two children. Mrs, Middleton is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. DR. W. L. MOORES, a physician of the Thirteenth District, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1843, and was one of two children born to William H. and Elizabeth (Sugg) Moores. The father was of Welsh origin and was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., about 1820. He was a tiller of the .soil, and died in 1845. The mother of our subject was of English origin, born in Robert.son Countj', Tenn. in 1801, and died in 1874. Our sub- ject received a good literary education in the counties of Lincoln and Giles. In 1862, he enlisted in Freeman's battery, aud took part in the battle of Parker's Cross-roads, and other minor engatremeuts. He was captured while sick at home, July, 1863, and taken to Camp Chase, where he remained seven months, after which he was conveyed to Fort Del- aware and remained there a year. In June, 1865. he began the study of medicine and at the end of a year and a half entered the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery, where it required three years to complete the course, but owing to his rapid progress was allowed by the faculty to take all his examinations at the end of the second year, and re- ceived his diploma in 1867. In the same year he married Sarah J., daughter of Mill aud Lucretia (Fox) McCollum, her mother being a cousin of Gen. B. F. Butler. Mrs. Moores was born in Giles County, July 5, 1844, and by her marriage became the mother of six children: Cyrus L., James A., Ira, Edna, Matt W., and William C. Dr. Moores has always been an active, energetic man, and has a large and increasing practice. He has met with Commendable success and is continuall}^ laboring for the good of the people. He is post- master at Cyruston, and this office has been in the hands of the family for fifty 5''ears. He is a Mason, a K. of H., and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and is secretary of the same. Mrs. Moores is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Dr. Moores has a small farm where he resides, and has a fine young orchard. He is making a specialty of the study of horticulture, and he also has on his place a fish-pond and is a pi.sciculturist to some extent. J. K. MOORES, farmer, was born in the Thirteenth District, where he now resides, and is one of nine children born to his parents, Daniel and Elizabeth Moores. The fatber was born in New Jersey in 1789, and came to Lincoln County with his parents when but nineteen years of age. He followed agricultural pursuits and was married in 1816. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died in 1849. The mother of our subject was born in the southern part of Pennsylvania in 1796, and died in October, 1876. Our subject was reared at home, received his early education in the country schools and afterward com- pleted at Viny Grove Academy. In 1856 he wedded Louisa Smith, a native of Lincoln County, born in 1839, and a daughter of the well known Constant and Margaret Smith. By this union our subject became the father of four sons: John, now living in Obion County, Tenn.; Knox and Cyrus, in Texas; and Ross, who still remains with his father. Mr. Moores taught school for some time, and after marriage located on the old home- place, where he has since resided. In 1868 his wifedied.and in 1872 he wedded Mrs. D. J. Wilson, who was born in Lincoln County in 1837, and who is the daughter of Maj. and Elizabeth Ruth. The result of our subject's marriage was the birth of two children: Astor and Bessie. He is a Democrat in politics, a Mason, and he and wife are members of 902 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. the Cumberland Presbj'terian Church. lu 18T0 he was elected to the office of magistrate, which position he held for six years in a satisfactory manner. Mr. Moores now owns 250 acres of good land, all well cultivated and improved. WILLIAM T. MOYERS, carpenter, is a son of Samuel H. and Sarah (Phelps) Moyers- and was born in Fayetteville, Tenn., in September, 1837, and at the early age of twelve years left home and became the architect of his own fortune, working at the tinner's and copper- smith's trade for three years. At the age of sixteen he began working at the carpenter's trade, and has followed that calling through life. In October, 1853, he was united in mar- riage to Martha G. Rowe, who was born in Lincoln County in 1837, and daughter of Will- iam Rowe. Mr and Mrs. Moj'-ers became the parents of fourteen children, nine of whom are living: Edna (Mrs. Ephraim Pitts), Thomas, Robert, Hardy, Fannie, Nama. Curtis- •Jesse and Jacob. Mr. Moyer is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first presidential vote for Lewis Ca-ss. He is the oldest native inhabitant of Fayetteville, and is a member of the F. & A. M., I. O. O. F. and K. of H. fraternities. His father was of German descent, born in Virginia in 1791, a shoe-maker by trade. The grandfather, Peter Moyer, was a native German, and came to America previous to the Revolutionarj' war. and to Tennessee in The early part of the present century. He assisted in leveling the canebrakes where Fay- etteville now stands, and took up his abode in the village. He lived to be one hundred and one years of age, and was a man of powerful physique. When eighty-four years old he felled a large oak tree, and split 100 rails in order to reach home by 1 o'clock to see a game fight. He served through the entire Revolutionary war. Samuel Moyer was an 1812 soldier, and was married about 1820. He kept a boot and shoe store in Fayetteville a number of years, and in 1843 moved to the countrj-, where he resided until his death, December 24, 1869. The mother was born in Tennessee in 1810, and died in October, 1871. Nine of their thirteen children are now living. HON. DAVID J. NOBLITT, physician and surgeon, and a son of Abraham and Sarah Ann (Razar) Noblitt, was born in Bedford County, March 16, 1836. He worked at home until he was eighteen years of age, paying $50 a year for the remainder of his time. He received his early education at the free schools, and when he first left home en- tered the Charity School, taking an English and Latin course there for two years. He taught two years, and in 1857 entered the medical department of the University of Nash- ville, where he graduated in 1860. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Forty-fourth Ten- nessee, and was appointed assistant surgeon of the regiment, in which capacity he re- mained till after the battle of Murfreesboro, when his health failed, and he was com- pelled to resign his position. November 23, 1860, he wedded S3ivauia C. Boone, daughter of Samuel and Cynthia Boone, and this union resulted in the birth of two children: Leona N. and Boone E. In 1866 our subject purchased 190 acres of land at Booneville, where he located and still resides, and where he continues to practice his profession, and is now one of the leading physicians of this county. He owns 18.> acres of land under a good state of cultivation and good improvements. In 1873 he was elected to represent Lincoln and Giles Counties in the lower house of the State Legislature, and re-elected in 1874. He is a Democrat and a Magon. Mrs. Noblitt is a member of the Primitive Baptist Church. Our subject's father was born in North Carolina July 4, 1818, and was of Anglo-Polish descent. He was of noted ancestry, his great-grandfather being connected with the En- glish Navy in the days of William Penu, and came with him to the new world to aid and assist him in his colonization. Abraham, our subject's father, was a farmer, and died in 1845. The mother of our subject is still living, and is making her home with our subject. Her father was a cousin to Patrick Henry, of Revolutionary times. B. S. PAPLANUS, a merchant of Petersburg, Tenn., was born in Hungary, Europe, and being left an orphan at an early age, he resolved to make the New World his home, and accordingly came to the United States in 1871, landing in New York, but only re- sided in the metropolis a short time, when he went to Ohio, and peddled in that State about one year, and then came to Tennessee in June, 1872, where he pursued the same vo- cation until the fall of 1878. In September of the same year he began merchandising in LINCOLN COUNTY. 903 Decatur, Ala., but remained in that place but a short time, when he returuecl to Tennes- see and located in Petersburg, where he engaged in business, He started with a small «tock and limited patronage, but has increased his business j-ear by year, and by fair deal- ing, industry and courtesy he has gained the esteem of the ])eople, and has built up a trade second to none in the county. He goes to headquarters to buy his goods, and is an ■energetic business man and shrewd financier, and a valuable addition to the county. He :also deals in corn, w-heat and country produce, and in 1885 purchased more dried fruit than was ever purchased by any merchant in the county, shipping at one time six car-loads. JOEL PARKS was born near his present residence in 1837, son of William and Mary (Thurston) Parks. The father was born in North Carolina in 1786, and was a farmer by •occupation. He came to Lincoln County, Teun., when a young man and purchased 300 acres of land near Fayetteville, where he resided until 1850, when he removed one-half mile northwest of Paj'ettville, where he resided until his death in 1863. He was a successful farmer owning over 600 acres of laud. The mother was born in North Carolina, and died in 1S40. Of their eleven children, four are living: Elizabeth (widow of Hugh Thomison), Martha (Mrs. John Roach), Catherine (widow of Joseph Cashion), and Joel, our subject, who was educated in the schools of his native county. He made his parents' house his home until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Company K, Eighth Regiment Tennessee Infantry, and fought at Perryville, Murfreesboro, Resaca, Marietta, Jones- boro. Franklin, Nashville, and other engagements of minor note. He was wounded at Murfreesboro by a shell, and was released from active duty about one month. He re- turned home in December, 1864, and lived on the old home-place with his sister, Mrs. Cash- ion until 1876, when the estate was settled. In October, 1878, Mary, daughter of Frank Renegar, "became his wife. She was born in Lincoln County in 1850, and has borne her husband one daughter— Sarah Elizabeth. In the spring of 1877, he erected a house on his l)ortiou of the old homestead, where he moved aud has since resided. He is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first presidential vote for S. J. Tilden, in 1876. He belongs to the Masonic fraternit3^ ELISHA T. PARKS, farmer, and a native of Lincoln County, was l)orn August 1, 1839, .son of Benjamin T. Parks, a native of Lincoln County, born in 1815, and a farmer ))y occupation. In 1838 he married Martha Thomison, and located where the village af Kelso now stands. After remaining here till 1850, he moved to what is now known as the Twenty-first District, aud remained there till 1856, when he purchased 520 acres in the Fifth District, where he located and remained till his death, which occurred in February, 1857. The mother was born in Lincoln county, in 1816, and died in 1880. Our subject received his education in the school of the vicinity, and after the father's death, assisted his mother on the farm. At the breaking out of the war he enlisted in what was first Company H. afterward Company K, Eighth Tennessee, of Mulberry Riflemen. He was wounded at the battle of Murfreesboro. and returned home in December, 1862, where he remained till July, 1863. He then joined the array in Georgia, and served through the Georgia campaign. He was captured at Petersburg, and taken to Nashville aud finally to Columbus, Ohio, where he was held for about five months. November, 1865, he married Mary Ann Alexander (daughter of Col. L. S. and Marj- Alexander), and this union resulted in the birth of four children: Benjamin N., S. O., Ernest and Cora A. Directly after marriage Mr. Parks located on the old home-place where he still coutiuues to reside. He has 100 acres of excellent land, all well cultivated, aLd is living in one of the oldest houses in the vicinity. It was built eighty years ago. In 1882 he was elected magistrate and filled the office to the entire satisfaction of the public. In politics he is a life-long Democrat, and he is also a Mason. Mrs. Parks is a member of the Primitive Baptist Church. W. E. PATRICK, a worthy and well-to-do farmer of the 21st District, was born near his present residence in 1832, and was the eldest of six children of John and Mary Patrick, who were born in Lincoln County, where they always lived with the ex- ception of about uine y^ars spent in Alabama. Our subject attended the schools near his home and assisted his parents on the farm. In 1855, he was married to Margaret George, 904 BIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. who was born in Lincoln County in 1832. Seven children were born to their union, named James B.. A. J., G. F., T. L., P. F., H. C. and Fannie B. In 1876 he purchased a farm of 160 acres of good and well cultivated land in the Twenty-First District, where he has since resided. He has been fairly successful in his business enterprises and give* his aid to ail worthy enterprises. Mr. Patrick is a Democrat in his political views, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. MRS. E. R. PATTERSON, is a daughter of James and Rebecca Cheatham, and is one of the two surviving members of their family of four children. She wa.'i born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1819, and her parents were born in Virginia, and came to Ten- nessee at a very early date. The subject of our sketch was reared at home, and in 1844 was married to D. S. Patterson, who was born in Sumner County about 1821, and came to Lincoln County, when a boy. He owned about 800 acres of land at the lime of his death, which occurred April 4,1862. Their family consisted of eight children: Maria S. (Mrs. Dr. H. L. Patterson), James S. (deceased), Elizabeth (deceased). Dr. William A. (deceased), Davidson H., who conducts the home-place, Cor- nelia R. (Mrs. W. B.Stevenson), Belle V. (Mrs. W. S. Patterson), and Emma J. (Mrs. J. E. Reeves). They were all given good educations and two of them were graduates of colleges. Davidson H. and his brother are well-to-do in worldly goods. His early educa- tion was obtained in the common schools, which he completed at Bethanj' College. JAMES H. PATTERSON is one of eight children, and was born in Tennessee July 9, 1832, son of William and Rachel (Cleudening) Patterson, and of Irish descent. William was born in North Carolina and came to Tennessee, where he married Miss Clendening, who was born in 1790 and died August 8, 1877. James H.'s early education was obtained in the schools near home and at Briar Patch Spring schools. He owns 485 acres of land near Blanche, and in 1880 sold 300 acres, j Besides this he owns 500 acres in different tracts. Mr. Patterson is a man noted for his ciiarity, and is esteemed and respected by all. Of his father's eight children only three are living: J. C, who is a farmer in Giles County;, and our subject and his sister Violet, who keeps house for him. November 7, 1861, he- enlisted in Capt. Rhodes' company — Company G, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry — and was made first lieutenant, and was promoted to the rank of captain. He was discharged in 1862, on account of ill health, and returned home. J. H. Patterson (deceased), an un- cle of our subject, will be remembered by many of the old residents of Sumner County, as he was widely known. Dr. John Patterson, his son, is one of the leading ph^'sicians of Murfreesboro. W. S. PATTERSON is a sou of L. M. and L. P. Patterson, who were born in 1834. The father served in the late war in Company G, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, as lieutenant, and was killed at the bloody battle of Shiloh. The mother is residing with her children. The rudiments of our subject's education was obtained in the common schools near his early home. He afterward completed his education at Blanche Academy, which was under the management of J. A. Holland. W. S. was born June 21. 1859, and in 1S81 was united in marriage to Belle V., daughter of D. S. and E. R. Patterson. She was born in Lincoln County, in 1859, and has borne her husband two children: xVlma V. and L. E. Mr. Patterson has resided on the old home place since his marriage, and owns 305 acres of valuable land; he is an industrious farmer, and fully deserves his good fortune. He gives- his support to the Democratic party. LEWIS PEACH, marble and stone cutter, of Fayetteville, was born in 1836 in Davidson County, Tenn., and is the son of William and Susan Peach. The father was born in 1809 in Williamson County, Tenn., and was a marble-cutter by trade. His- father, Jonathan Peach, was a native of South Carolina, born in 1783. He was one of the pioneers of Williamson County, assisting in forming one of the first settlements^ William lived in his native county at the time of his marriage, and soon afterward moved to Davidson County. About 1842 he moved to Nashville, where he resided and worked at his trade. He a.ssisted in cutting the stone for the State capitol, and since the conflict has been living a retired life with his son Lewis. The mother was born in 1813 in Williamsork LINCOLN COUNTY. 905 County, Tena., and died in 1865. They had nine children, five of whom are living. Our subject received his education in Nashville, and at the youthful age of thirteen began learning the marble andstone-cutters trade, under the direction of his father. This he has *ince continued with the exception of four years during the Rebellion. In 1862 he enlisted in Company C. Eighth Regiment of Tennessee Infantry, and took part in some of the principal battles. Owing to the weakness of his eyesight he was placed on detached duty. In December, 1864, he returned home and re-opened business at Petersburg, Tenn. In 1873 he came to Fayetteville. where he has since resided. July, 1871, he wedded Susie J. Sheffield, a native of Bedford County, born in 1844, and the daughter of James W. Shef- field. Mr. Peach has devoted his entire time and attention to the marl)le and stone-cut- ting business, and has proved to be a skilled workman and artist. He turns out fine spec- imens of art, his work giving almost universal satisfaction. He has the only tombstone and marble business in Lincoln County. Mr. Peach is very conservative in politics, vot- ing for principles and not for party. He is a Mason, and his wife is a member of the Primitive Baptist Church. R. PETTEY, proprietor of the leading hotel in Fayetteville, was born January 8, 1829, in north Alabama, son of Dr. John W. and Annie (Harris) Pettey. The father was a North Carolinian, born in Wilkes County, February 28, 1791, and a physician in his neighborhood of considerable note. He was also a farmer, and about 1825 he left North Carolina and immigrated to Madison Co., Ala., where he purchased 160 acres. Previous to his death, which occurred September 23, 1876, he was the possessor of 360 acres. The mother was born January 18. 1798, in North Carolina, and reared to maturity a family of thirteen children, seven of whom are now living. She died June 13, 1869. Our subject received a limited education in the country schools, and remained with his parents until he was about twenty-one years of age. In the fall of 1849 he left the parental roof and immigrated to Lincoln County, where he lived with his brother W. W. as a clerk. In 1855 he came to Fayetteville, where he has since resided, and in 1858 he and his brother W. W. established a dry-goods store on their own responsibility, the firm being known as W. W. & R. Pettey. They continued in business until the civil war, when our subject enlisted in the Confederate service in Company G, First Tennessee Regiment, under Col. P. Turney. He was wounded at the battle of Seven Pines, the ball passing through his right lung and through the entire body. He did not recover sxifficiently to re-enter the field. In 1867 he resumed his clerkship, working in various kinds of merchandise establishments. October 29. 1869, he wedded Margaret C. Norris, a native of Alabama, born November 26, 1841, and the daughter of Dr. George D. and Martha W. (Ragsdale) Norris. The result of our subject's marriage was the birth of four children: Gertrude, Annie C, Burton, and Mabel. In 1873 Mr. Pettey and his brother "W. W. established a book or stationery store, and in the following year W. W. became proprietor of a hotel. In 1876 our subject sold bis interest in the store and brought his brother's interest in the hotel, and from that time to the present has been engaged in that business. Mr. Pettey is a courteous and obliging gentleman, and is quite popular among the traveling public as a first-class hotel proprietor. Mrs. Pettey as a land lady is pleasant and entertaining. In politics Mr. Pettey is a stanch Democrat. He and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. SQUIRE PICKLE, of Lincoln County, Tenn., was born in Bedford County January 27, 1815. His parents, Henry and Rachel (Nealy) Pickle, were born and married in North Carolina. They came to Bedford County, Tenn., soon after, and there spent the remainder of their lives. Our subject attended the neighboring schools during the fall and winter, and after attaining his majority became the architect of his own fortunes. After his mar- riage to Martha Harris, which occurred in 1840, he purchased 120 acres of land in Bed- ford County, but four years later disposed of this land and came to Lincoln County, where he now owns 188 acres of good land. Mrs. Pickle died in 1860, having borne one daughter, now deceased. In 1861 Mr. Pickle married Mrs. Harriet Scott. Our subject and his wife are well-to-do in worldly goods, as well as in the respect and esteem of their neighbors and friends. He is a Democrat, and is ever ready to support worthy enter- 906 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. prises. On his farm is a well seventy feet deep, which was bored in 1883, the water hav- ing excellent mineral ingredients and possessing superior medicinal qualities. It wa* analyzed with the following results: Saline sulphur, chloride of sodium, sulphate of sodium, carbonate of sodium, chloride of magnesium, sulphate of magnesium, carbonate of mag- nesium, sulphate of calcium, carbonate of calcium, also traces of phosphates, iodine and bromine. JOHN PIGG is one of nine children and the son of Edmund and Rebecca Pigg, who were born in Virginia and North Carolina in 1804 and 1808, and died in 1884 and 1875, re- spectively. Our subject was born June 9, 1847, and spent his early days on his father's- farm. In 1876 he was married to Ida Dyer, who was ))orn in Lincoln County in 1857, and is a daughter of J. W. and Narcissa Dyer. Mr. and Mrs. Pigg have three children: James E., Rebecca and Ida M. Mr. Pigg resided with his parents until twenty-eight years of age, but after his twenty-first birthday began doing for himself. He was in partnership with his father and brother, Clayboue, in tbe farming interests eight years, and then worked on the home-farm four years longer. He now owns a farm of 450 acres, on which he resides, besides 30O acres in another tract; and, in connection with his brother, Joseph, owns 1,000 acres in Lawrence County. He is an energetic and honest business man and as such has the respect of all. He raises, buys and ships a large amount of stock, and in politics he is a Democrat. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity- ISAAC S. PORTER, a son of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Casey) Porter, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1817. He was reared principally by his mother, as his father died when he was about ten years of age. He attended the neighboring schools, and in 1838 married Emeliue, daughter of George W. and Ann Dennis, by whom he had twelve children, ten of whom are living: George W. D., Benjamin F. P. (deceased), David S., Isaac H. M., Robert M., Lawrence L. T., Elizabeth C, Eliza C, Helen L., Jane F. and Jnlia F. Mr. Porter owns 23a acres of valuable and well improved land- His two sons George and Benjamin were in the late war and participated in many of its principal bat- tles, the latter being killed atResaca, Ga., May 15, 1864. Mrs. Porter was born in Ten- nessee in 1816, and her father and mother in North Carolina in 1791, and 1789. respectively. Mr. Porter was a Whig, but since the war has been a Democrat. His father was born in Boston, Mass., in 1763, and in 1804 married the mother, who was born in Virginia in 1778, and they together came to Tennessee in 1809. The father died in Lincoln County in 1»28. The mother died in Texas in 1857. J. C. REED, an enterprising citizen of the Fourteenth District, was born in Will- iamson County, Tenn., in 1820, son of J. C. and Agnes Reed. The father wa? born in North Carolina about 1785, and immigrated to Williamson Cohnty, Tenn., with his parents when but thirteen years of age. He was a tiller of the soil, and died in 1848. He was one of the minute men in the Seminole war under Gen. Jackson. The mother of our subject was born in Pennsylvania about 1790, and was of Irish origin. She died in 1828. Our sub- ject was reared on the farm and attended school until he was large enough to assist on the farm. In 1847 he wedded Louisa, daughter of Jesse and Eliza Fee. Mrs. Reed was born in Lincoln County in 1833, and by her union with Mr. Reed became the mother of eight children: Eliza A., John M., Sarah E.. J. L., S. W., M. A., Martha and H. C. After mar- riage our subject lived on the home place for thirteen years, after which he began for him- self with but little means. He is now a well-to-do farmer, owning about 750 acres of fair land. He is a Democrat, and his first presidential vote was for James K. Polk. Mrs. Reed is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Her father, Jesse Fee, was born in North Carolina in 1805. He was a farmer by occupation, and died very suddenly ]\Iay 22. 1867, from what was thought to be heart disease. R. C. RIVES, saddler, of Petersburg, was born in Marshall County March 12, 1838. His father. Green Rives, was of English descent, born in Virginia in 1773, and came to Tennessee in 1830. He was a schoolmate and personal friend of Winfield Scott, and was married three times. Our subject is the son of his wife Susan (Woodard) Rives, who wa» born in Virginia in 1810. She died in 1850, as did her husband. Our subject was reared LINCOLN COUNTY. 907 on a farm, and March 13, 1863, married Rebecca J. Gillian, who was born in Alabama April 2, 1839. To them were born twelve children, these five now living: Anna, Mary C, Sarah, Lutha G. and Berlie. After his father's death our subject resided with his brother twelve months, and then learned the saddler's trade. After some time he and his brother B. W. became partners in business, continuing until the war, when he enlisted in Com- pany C, Eighth Tennessee Infantry, but after a short time was discharged on account of ill health. After the war he again opened a shop at Petersburg, where he has since re- sided, with the exception of four years, when he had a shop at Belfast, and spent one year at Lewisburg. Since December, 1885, he and O. S. Christopher have been partners in business, and keep the largest stock in the county. Mr. Rives is conservative in poli- tics, but of late years has voted the Democratic ticket. He belongs to the Masonic fra- ternity, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN ROACH, an old and well respected citizen of Lincoln County, and a native of Warren County, Tenn., was born December 28, 1823. His father, James Roach, was a native of Ireland, born in 1788, and followed agricultural pursuitsfor a livelihood, in con- nection Avith all kinds of mechanical work. When about nineteen years of age he left Ireland and came to the United States, landing at Savannah, Ga., where he lived at the time of his marriage, which occurred about 1805. In 1828 he came to Lincoln County, where he died in 1831. He was one of the early settlers of Warren County. The mother of our subject, Elizabeth (Ivy) Roach, was born near Savannah, Ga., in 1789. Her father was of English and her mother of Scotch extraction. She was the mother of fifteen chil- dren, ten of whom lived to be grown, and five are living now, viz.: Ellen, Susan J., Mar- tha, William D. and John. Our subject was reared without a father's care or guidance or a mother's tender love and training. After the death of his parents there were .five children left, all of whom were bound out. John was bound out till he was twentj'-oue years of age, and was to receive for his services a horse, saddle and bridle, valued at |125; a suit of clothes, worth $35; and twelve months' schooling. He was married a short time before his time was out, and received his horse and saddle. His wife was Mar- tha D. Parks, daughter of William Parks, his guardian. Mrs. Roach was born in Lincoln Couuty June 13, 1825, and by her marriage became the mother of six children: Benjamin T., William A., Clayborn M., Mary E. (wife of Madison Luna), Otheua (wife of William A. E. Pitts), and Martha E. (wife of William R. Cashion). Between the years 1845 and 1856 he became the possessor of 280 acres of land in the Eleventh District, where he re- mained until July, 1866, when he disposed of his real estate and, October 4, bought 380 acres in the Seventh District, where he now resides. October, 1861, he enlisted in Com- pany C, Thirty»second Regiment Tennessee Infantrj^ and was elected first lieutenant. He fought in the battle of Fort Douelson, in which action he received a wound in the throat and arm, and was disabled from duty for the remainder of the year. After recov- ering from the wound he was taken with the fevers, and Avas never able to return to duty. He has been a life-long Democrat, and his first vote was cast for James K. Polk. In 1852 he was electi'd magistrate of his district, and for nine years tilled that office. He is a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Primitive Baptist Church. IVISON T. RODES, station agent at Fayetteville, Tenn., for the Fayetteville Branch of the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad, and the Fayetteville Branch of the Duck River Valley Railroad, is the son of Thomas J. and Mildred Martin (Dickerson) Rodes, born in Virginia in 1807 and 1811, respectively. They came to Tennessee in 1837, and the father died in Coffee County in 1864. After his death Mrs. Rodes married Ira Kinnaughan, and in 1885 slie, too, passed away. Our subject was born January 19, 1838, aud received an academical education in Coffee and Warren Counties. He resided with his parents until twenty-five years of age. October 16, 1860, he and Emma Miller were united in marriage. Mrs. Rodes is a daughter of Peter Miller, and was born in October, 1838. The following are the names of their children: Thomas M., James E., both rail- road contractors; Mary M. ; William C, telegraph operator at Fayetteville: Arthur S., who assists his father; Ivisou T., Jr., and Henry Ernest. Mr. Rodes' early life wa& 908 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. spent in fanning, and in the fall of 1863 he enlisted in Company H, Eleventh Tennessee Cavalry, and in 1864 was appointed lieutenant of Company A, Twenty-eighth Regiment, and served until the close of the war. He was at Murfreesboro and in numerous minor engagements, returning home in May, 1865, and soon after began his career on the rail- road as conductor, express agent and mail agent on the McMinnville Branch for three j'ears. In October, 1873, he came to Fayetteville, and for two years was conductor on the l)ranch from Decherd to Fayetteville, and was then given his present position. Dur- ing his long career on and in the service of the road he has ever proved upright, straight- forward ar.d courteous. He is a Democrat, a Mason, a member of the K. of H., a Good Templar, and himself and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Mr. Rodes lost his wife in 1880, and March 24, 1882. he wedded Florida Lasater, of Man- chester, Tenn. W. M. ROSBOROUGH'S father was born on the Atlantic Ocean in 1777, while his parents were on their way to the United States from Belfast, Ireland. They located in South Carolina, and there our subject's father and mother were married. The father died in 1845, and the mother in 1877. W. M. Rosborough was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., June 18, 1837, and after his father's death, he took care of his mother until her death. His father was a large land owner, and at his mother's death he inherited her dower, and now owns 230 acres of good land. He was married to Harriet Thomas in 1876. She was born in Lincoln County in 1831. Our subject is an excellent neighbor and citi- zen, and is a conservative Democrat in politics, and, although he served in the Confeder- ate Army, was opposed to the principles of secession. He served in Company C. Eighth Tennessee Infantry. He was wounded four times at Murfreesboro and was compelled to abandon service two years. He then rejoined, and was at Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek. Jonesboro, Franklin, Nashville and others. He returned home in 1865. Mr. Ros- borough is an Odd Fellow, and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. J. H. RUSSELL, proprietor of a hotel at Petersburg, is a native of Marshall County, born March 18, 1842, one of ten children of John M. and Ella J. (Radford) Russell. The father was a Georgian by birth, born in 1805, a farmer and extensive tobacco grower. He located in Marshall County, Tenn., in 1835, and there remained until his death in 1863. The mother was born in the same neighborhood as her husband, in 1807, and died in 1866. Our subject attended 1 Hope Academy and resided under the paternal roof until 1861. when he entered the army, joining Company A, Eighth Tennessee Infantry, and took part In the battles of Murfreesboro, Shlloh, Winchester, Huntsville, and several smaller engagements. He served three years, was wounded seven times, but lost little or no time from active field duties. He returned home in January, 1864, and began farming, and remained in this business about four years. February 11, 1864, he married Mary J. "Waters, who was born in Marshall County, in 1845, and bore her husband five children ^ George H., Fannie E., W. T., Susan B., and Myrtle. About 1868 Mr. Russell removed to Petersburg, and has since kept hotel. He keeps a first-class house and is obliging and hos- pitable in the treatment of his guests. He is a Democrat and a member of the Masonic fraternity. ISAAC RUTLEDGE, farmer of the Fifth District, is a native of ITorth Carolina, born in 1819, and a son of Isaac and Ruth (Steelman) Rutledge. The father was a native of North Carolina, and of French descent. He was a farmer by occupation, and died about 1836. Mrs. Rutledge was also born, reared and married in North Carolina, and died in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1828. Our subject was reared by his father, his mother having died when he was small, and had the advantage of a district school education In 1842 he married Martha J. Wagoner, and this union resulted in the birth of six chil. dren, four of whom are living: Margaret A., wife of James C. Shofner; Daniel H., of Texas; Ruth R., wife of R. B. Logan, and Nanny J., wife of Andrew Edwards, of Ruther- ford County, Tenn. Mrs. Rutledge died in the latter part of the year 1857, and in 1858 our subject wedded Rebecca A. Buchanan, and by her became the father of eight chil- dren, six of whom are living: Orville C; Lola L., wife of G. G. Osborne, of Bedford LINCOLN COUNTY. 909 County; Fannie L., wife of Elder T. C. Herndon, one of Kentucky's best divines and instructors; John L., Rosa Lou and Garland M. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate Army, Fifth Kentucky Regiment, and was in most of the principal battles. During the battle of Baton Rouge he was shot through the body, and lay on the battle-field twenty- four hours before he received aid. He was then taken prisoner, but not thinking he could recover he was turned over to his friends, and has never entirely recovered from the effects of his wound. He is of Democratic principles, and he and wife are members of the Primitive Baptist Church. In January, 1886. he sold his farm of 305 acres to his son, Orville C, who is now living at home, and who is a promising young man. He re- ceived the best educational advantages the Fifth District can afford, and is a Democrat in politics, casting his first vote for Grover Cleveland. He is a member of the Primitive Baptist Church. D. M. SANDERS is a native of Lincoln County. Tenn., born in 1846, and his early days were spent in attending the district schools and assisting his parents on the farm, After attaining man's estate he was married to Mrs. Martha J. "Watson in December. 1865. She was born in Lincoln County iu 1842, daughter of James and Betsy Bowle.s, and their union was blessed with the birth of two children: John B. and Arena. In 1883 Mr. Sanders purchased 316 acres of valuable land, on which are good buildings and a fine orchard. His farm, which he has accumulated by hard labor and good management, is located on Coldwater Creek near Fa}^etteville. Mr. Sanders is a Democrat, and during the late war served in Capt. George's company— Company G, Twentieth Tennessee Cav- alry, a short time during 1864. His parents, M. and Eveline Sanders, were born in Ala- bama and Tennessee in 1820 and 1824, respectively. They were married in Tennessee, whither the father had moved in his youth. The father was a farmer, and died March 26, 1880. His wife resides with her son Mack. E. M. SCOTT is a son of John L. Scott, who was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1824, and whose people came from North Carolina at a very early date and located where Nashville now stands. Our subject's grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier, and died in Tennessee when over ninety years of age. Our subject's father died in 1854. The mother was born in Lincoln County in 1823, and is now the wife of Squire Pickle, and re- sides in the Eleventh District. At the age of sixteen our subject joined the army, serving in Company C, Eighth Tennessee Infantry nine months, and then joined Company K, Fourth Tennessee Cavalry, and participated in many blood)' engagements. He was cap- tured near Knoxville, but made his escape the same day. He returned home May 18, 1865. In 1866 be married M. T. Chitwood, daughter of William Chitwood. She was born in Lincoln County in 1849, and six children were born to their union: Ophelia, John L., Clemmie, Willie, Thomas R. and Ella. Mr. Scott has always been a farmer, and is the owner of 181 acres of valuable and well improved land. He and wife are members of the Primitive Baptist Church, and he is a Democrat in politics. D. C. SHERRELL. citizen and merchant of Dellrose, and a native of Lincoln County, Tenn., is a son of Dr. Joseph L. and Martha Sherrell. The father was born in Lincoln County October 2, 1834, and is now a retired physician, residing in the Sixteenth District. The mother was also born in Lincoln County, Tenn., and died in 1862. Our subject re- ceived an excellent education, and January 1, 1880, was united in marriage to Mary E. McCoy, who was born in Giles County, January 1, 1862, and whose parents were M. E. and Elinor McCoy, of Bradshaw, Giles County. To our subject and wife was born one child: Horace E. Previous to his marriage D. C. Sherrell entered the employ of Hill, Miller & Co., merchants of Pulaski, Giles County, as salesman, and afterward entered into partnership with W. H. Stone, and began merchandising at Dellrose, where he has since continued. From 1873 to 1876 he was alone in the business, but in 1881 W. E. McCoy bought an in- terest in the business, and the firm is known as D. C. Sherrell & Co. He and his brother, B. A. , are also in the drug business, and are doing a good business for a country town. Mr. Sherrell has also a harness shop at the same place. Mr. Sherrell is a man much re- spected by all his acquaintances, and is an excellent citizen and an obliging neighbor. He 87 910 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. \ is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Churcli South. Dellrose can boast of a telephone. The line runs from Pulaski to their village, and the only one at the present time in Lincoln County. JAMES C. SHOFNER, farmer, and a son of Jephtha H. and Nancy (Logan) Shofner, was born June 5, 1845, and is one of a familj' of eleven children, seven of whom are living. The father of our subject was born in Lincoln County in 1811 and was of Dutch extraction. He was a farmer and died March 11, 1886. The mother of our subject was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1816 and is now living on the old homestead. Our .subject received his education in the Mulberry and Greenwood school, and during the late war he enlisted in Gen. Forrest's escort under Capt. Boone, when he was but sixteen years old, and was in many of the principal battles. He was captured while at home and paroled. In 1865 he wedded Mary A. Rutledge (daughter of Isaac and Jane Riitledge) and the fruits of this union were nine children, seven of whom are living: Lena L., Mattie J.. Walter N., Pearl, Mar5% Alice R. and Reuben T. Soon after marriage Mr. Shofner pur- chased 150 acres of laud of his father near Booneville, where he still resides. In 1883 he connected himself with R. A. Musgrove in the mercantile business at Booneville, and is succeeding in an admirable manner. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and Mrs. Shof- ner are worthy members of the Baptist Church. REV. ARCHIBALD S. SLOAN, of the Twentieth District, and son of James and Jane (Thompson) Sloan. was born in Newbury, S. C, December 8, 1821. He was one of a family of eight children, only three of whom are living, viz. : Rev. H. T., pastor of Cedar Springs and Long Cane, S. C, which position he has tilled for thirty-eight years; Mrs. Jane Chalmers, of Newbury, S. C; and our subject. The father of our subject was born in South Carolina in 1796, and was of Irish extraction. He was a farmer by occupation, and w^as married in 1819. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1869, ho was the owner of about 800 acres of good land. Mrs. Sloan was a native of South Carolina, born in 1803, and died in 1872. Our subject received the rudiments of his education in the schools of the neighborhood, but subsequently entered Erskine College, South Carolina, where he took a regular course, graduating in 1844. In 1846 he was licensed to enter the minis- terial profession under the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church and soon after emi- grated to Lincoln Connty, and after moving around for some time began his ministerial career at Prosperity, where he remained as pastor for twenty-seven j'ears. March 14; 1848, he wedded Elizabeth J. Stewart, a native of Lincoln Connty, born September 20, 1829, and to this union were born seven children, six of whom are living, viz.: Nora J. (wife of H. T. Sloan), Mary F. (wife of John Lindsey), James T., Olivia C. (wife of E. H. Parkinson), Thomas W. and Ebbie C. Mr. Sloan has a flue farm in a good state of cultivation. While yet preaching at Prosperity his charge increased till he was compelled to abandon his practice at that place, since which time he has been pastor at Bethel and New Hope; virtually he has preached the gospel to the same people for forty years, being among the earliest Christian workers. In 1886 his son, Thomas W,, graduated at Erskine College, South Carolina, the same place from where his father graduated forty-two years jirevious. J. H. SMITH, farmer, was born in Maury County, Tenn., in 1834, and received his early education at the schools near his home. He afterward attended New Hope Acad- emy, Marshall County, Tenn., and Erskine College, at Due West, S. C. Here he gradu- ated August 8, 1860. In September. 1863, he united his fortunes with those of Nancy M. Downing, a native of Maishall County, born October 23, 1834, and a daughter of John and Eliza Downing. This marriage resulted in our subject becoming the father of four chil- dren, three of whom are living: John ¥., Anna E. B., Eliza M. (deceased), and Elmer R. After graduating, Mr. Smith entered the teacher's profession, and taught until hostilities broke out between the North and South. At the close of the war he resumed teaching and his wife also engaged in that occupation, which thej- continued for eleven years. In 1871 Mr. Smith purchased eighty-nine acres of land in the Thirteenth District, where he located, and where he has since resided. He now owns 187 acres of land in a good LINCOLN COUNTY. 913 Louisa Stevenson, who were born in Giles County, Tenn., in 1833 and 1834, respectively. The father has been twice married, our subject being the only issue of his first marriage. The mother died February 1, 1856. W. B. Stevenson completed his education at Bethany High School, and has since been a successful agriculturist. In 1875 he married Nelia, daughter of David S. and Elizabeth Patterson. Mrs. Stevenson was born in June, 1856, and has borne three children: Jerrena R., Zana M. (deceased) and Annie Hencil. Mr. Stevenson owns a large and well cultivated farm, and is a man of good business qualifica- tions. He raises considerable stock, his farm being adapted to grazing as well as raising cereals, and he takes much interest in establishing and supporting educational and reli- gious institutions. He is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Methodisi Epi.scopal Churcli South. For the last four years he has been experimenting in growing liedge fences, and has been very successful, and now has hedge on his place, three years old, which is sufficiently large to confine stock. DR. WILLIAM STEWART, physician and surgeon, residing near Molino, Tenn., was born in Newberry, S. C, February 9. 1809. His parents, John and Elizabttli (Dren- nan) Stewart, were born in the Emerald Isle. They came to the United States, and the father participated in the Revolutionary war, serving the entire time. He was a farmer and died in 1826. In 1827 the mother came to Tennessee with her children, and here she died in 1844. They were the parents of seventeen children. Our subject was educated iu his native State, and came to Tennessee when nineteen years of age. He began study- ing medicine at the age of twenty-three, and October 13, 1831, married Nancy McClain, who was born in Davidson County, Tenn., in 1811. Of their ten children nine are living: John P., James L., J. Milton, Robert A., Henry M., Elizabeth A. (Mrs. A. J. Davis), Joseph B., Mary J. (widow of J. W. Dandridge), and Oliver Sidney. Our subject farmed for some time in Bedford County after his marriage, and then began practicing medicine, soon acquiring a lucrative business. In 1848 he settled in Lincoln Countj on the old home place. In I860, not being satisfied with his medical knowledge, he went to Macon, Ga., anxi took a course of lectures in the Reform Medical College, and graduated iu the same year. August 29, 1869, Dr. Stewart lost his wife, and September 37 of the following year he married Fannie Sheddan. who was born in Blount County in 1836. Dr. Stewart has been exceptionally fortunate iu the practice of his profession, and is considered a skillful physician and surgeon. He owns 305 acres of land, and in politics still holds to the old Whig principles. In 1865 he represented Lincoln County iu the State Senate. Dr. Stew- art is a strong advocate for temperance and has done much to eradicate the evil of in- temperance in communities where he has resided. Not one of his large family of chil- dren has ever used liquor in any form, and the same may be said of them in regard to tobacco, tea and coffee. The Doctor and his wife have been members of- the United Presbyterian Church for many years. J. D. STONE, a prominent citizen of the Seventh District, was born iu Lincolii County, Tenn., December 35, 1839, one of six children born to the marriage of L. L. Stone and E. P. Drake, who were born in Bedford Countj^ Va., and Madison County, Ala., respectively. The father's birth occurred in 1801. He came to Tennessee, with his parents, when about si.xteen j^ears of age. He was a farmer and owned upward of 1.000 acres of land. lie died in 1880. The mother departed this life in 1873. Our subject received his rudimentary education in the common schools of Lincoln Count}^ aud after- ward attended Nuihville University. In 1861 he wedded S. A., daughter of D. B., and Julia Shull, aud their union resulted in the birth of five children: Julia (Mrs. J. A. Gow- ell;, Eva, B. B., E. E. and Rose. Our subject has always resided on the old homestead. After the death of his father he fell heir to a portion of the ^'amily estate, and he now owns '615 acres of very desirable land, well improved. He has given his children good ed- ucational advantages, and has done much to aid educational and religious institutions. He is conservative in politics, and his wife is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1861 he enlisted in Company B, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, and was at Shiloh, Chickamauga, Perryville, Murfreesboro and many minor eng:i..;eraents. He 914 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. was wounded at Shilob and gave up active duties for about three mouths. He was capt- ured at Murfreesboro, and held a prisoner at 'amp Douglas, Chicago, for about four mouths. He returned home in May, 1865. DR. R. S. STONE, a physician of Dellrose. was born in Giles County, Tenn., June 15, 1849, and was a son of Thomas J. Stone, and a grandson of Thomas C. Stone, and a great- grandson of Joshua Stone. Thomas J., the father of our subject, was born August 7, 180(i, and went to Giles County, with his parents, in 1812, locating at Pulaski. He was married in 1839, and was a farmer by occupation. His death occurred April 17, 1874. The Doctor's mother was born in Giles County in 1816, and died in 1849. Our subject re- ceived a good literary education at Bethany and Elkton, Giles County. He then entered the office of Dr. A. L. Glaze, a very prominent citizen and a brother-in-law of Mr. Stone, wliere he remained about twenty mouths. He then entered the medical department of the Vanderbilt University, where he graduated in 1875. Previous to this, December 24, 1874, he married Annie Sherrell, a native of Lincoln County, born December, 1856, and by this union the}-^ became the parents of four children: Emmet R., Mary V., Joseph S. and An- drew A. After graduating Dr. Stone located in the Sixteenth District, and began the practice of medicine. In 1881, for the purpose of getting a more central location to his practice and a pleasant place, he removed to Dellrose, and has recently built a fine resi- dence on an excellent farm of 300 acres. He has a large practice, and is entirely devoted to his professional duties. Ho has had flattering success in all treatments of patients, and is a man well-known and much esteemed throughout the county. He is independent in political belief, and he and wife are members of the Metliodist Episcopal Church. GEORGE STUART, farmer, whose birth occurred in North Carolina in March, 1814, is a' son of Thomas and Sarah Stuart. The father of our subject was a descendant of Irish ancestors, and was born in North Carolina. He immigrated to West Virginia, and re- mained there until his death. The mother was also born in North Carolina, and died in Moore County, Tenn. Our subject was reared on the farm, and received a rather limited education in the schools of those early days. He came to Tennessee, with his widowed mother, when about seventeen years of age. and in 1831 married Harriet Woodard, a na- tive of North Carolina, born in 1816, and the daughter of William and Sarah Woodard. To Mr. and Mrs. Stuart were born these children: Sarah (wife of Thomas Lockey), Eliza (wife of William Tucker), Thomas. Green, Mary (widow of D. M. Summers), Robert, Martha (wife of Joseph Clark), and Docia (wife of Dr. Walter McMulleu, of Texas). Soon after marriage our subject moved to Millville. and was engaged in the milling business for seven years. In 1849 he bought 100 acres in the Thirteenth District, where he located and where he has since resided. He has since bought more land, and now owns 300 acres of good land! Mr. Stuart has reared a large family, and helped them to a good start in life. He began for himself with no means, but by energy and good business qualifications has araa.ssed a considerable amount of property. Mr. Stuart is a Democrat in politics, and during the late civil war had two sons in the army. Thomas entered in the first company that was organized, and served four years. He was captured, and taken to Fort Delaware, but made a daring escape by swimming the bay. Mr. Stuart and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and are noted for being good citizens and kind neighbors. HON. L. D. SUGG, an old and respected farmer, was born in Robertson County, Tenn., March 3, 1826, and is a son of Cullen E. and Sidney (Conrad) Sugg. The father was born in Robertson County. Tenn., in 1798. He was of Scotch descent and was mar- ried about 1822. and was a blacksmith and farmer by occupation. He came to Lincoln Couuty about 1826. The mother was born in Springfield Tenn., in May, 1802, and died in February, 1886. His people first went to Davidson County at a very early date and built block-houses to protect themselves from the Indians. The father died in 1849. Our subject in youth received the rudiments of his education in the schools near home, and afterward completed his education in the Viny Grove Institution, under Parson Bryson and Prof. John A. Steward. In 1856 he married Margaret Holbert, daughter of LINCOLN COUNTY. 915 Pleasant and Nancy Holbert. Mrs. Sugg was born in Lincoln County July 9, 1836, and her marriage resulted in the birth of seven children: Douglas, Ethel (wife of E. Wilson, Naoma, Eula (wife of Edgar Thurston, of Alabama), Sidney, Nancy and William. Mr. Sugg now owns 600 acres of good laud, all well improved. He is a man well known through out the county, and is much esteemed for his many good qualities. In 1878 he was chosen to represent the people in the House of Representative.s, and that position he filled to the satisfaction of his constituents and in a creditable manner to himself. He is a Democrat and a member of the Masonic fraternity. H. H. SUGG, citizen and farmer, was born on the farm where he now lives in the Thirteenth District February, 30, 1831, and is a son of Cullen and Sidney (Conrad) Sugg. Our subject received the rudiments of his education in the schools near his home, and fin- ished at Fayetteville and Forest Hill, Giles County. In November, 1855, he wedded Sallie Bruce, a native of Lincoln County. She died the same year they were married, and May, 1858, our subject took for his second wife Mrs. Elvira, daughter of Cornelius and Mrs. Allen. The result of this union was an interesting family of two children: Edward and Kate E. (wife of J. K. Whitaker). After his marriage he located on the old home -place, and remained there until 1859, when he bought 320 acres near by, and moved to that. At the end of ten years, he exchanged with his brother T. J. for the old home place, and now owns 340 acres of valuable land. In 1865, he wedded Miss L. Yowell, a native of Peters- burg, Teun., born in 1837, and to this union were born four children: Henry, Sabra, Susie and William. Mr. Sugg has been quite successful in business, and has given his children good educational advantages. He is a Democrat in politics, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church. In 1862 he enlisted in Capt. Freeman's Company of Artillery, and was in the battle of Chickamauga and a great many artillery engagements. He was captured in 1863, but was soon afterward exchanged. W. C. SUGG is one of seven children born to the marriage of CuUeu E. and Sidney Sugg, and was reared at home, receiving his education in the schools near his home and Viney Grove Academy. In 1858 he married Mary S., daughter of Dr. John and Josephine Wood. She was born in Lincoln County in September, 1841, and bore her husband eight children: J. D. (merchant), Jennie (wife of S. A. Bingsley), Mary A. (Mrs. J. C. Whitaker), W. C, Jr., Vic, Ida W., Lemuel H. and Thomas F. Our subject and his brother, L. D., farmed together about ten years when he purcha.sed 500 acres of land, on which he located and which he has increased to 820 acres. His farm is well improved with good barns and fine orchards. Mr. Sugg has trafficked a great deal in both laud and stock, and is a shrewd financier. Besides his home farm he owns 400 acres elsewhere, i Most of his children have had the advantage of a collegiate education and he is a man of broad views and keen intellect. He is a bitter antagonist to all monopolies and every- thing that tends to oppress the laboring man. He is conservative, voting always as his conscience dictates. NEWTON C. SULLIVAN, farmer and magistrate of the Twelfth District, was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1823, and is the son of Cornelius and Mary A. (Gunter) Sul- livan. The father was a native of Cheatham County, N. C, born in 1793, and followed agricultural pursuits as a livelihood. He was married in 1812, and in 1818 came to Lin- coln County, Tenn., locating in the Fifth District, but afterward moved to the Twelfth District, where he remained until his career ended in 1846. He was of Irish extraction. The mother was born in 1794, in Cheatham County, N. C, and .since the death of her husband she has lived on the old place, but is now living with her children. She is yet living, and is ninety-two year sold. About four years ago she fell and injured her hip, which renders her helpless in regard to walking, but her mind is perfectly clear and active. She is the oldest lady in the county. Our subject was one of eleven children, seven of whom are living. He was reared at home, and received a fair education in the schools of the county. At the age of nineteen he left home, and commenced working as a day- laborer on the farm. In 1844 he went to Mississippi and became an overseer on a planta- tion, where he remained for six years. He then returned to his birthplace, and in March, 916 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1851, he married Margaret Mauldin, daughter of Harris Mauldin. Mrs. Sullivan was born in Marshall County in 1836, and by her union to Mr. Sullivan became the mother of eleven children: Harris H., Mary E. (wife of James A. Brisco), George W. J., Susan D., Newton C, Julia F. (wife of James Barns), Alva H., Sarah M., Octavia A., Cornelius IJ- and Willie B. Our subject enlisted in the Confederate service in 1861, in Company E, Forty-first Regiment, Tennessee Infantry, under Col. Bob Farqueharson, and fought in the battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Knoxville and numerous severe skirmishes. After the fight at Fort Donelson the Forty-fourth Regiment, followed Gen. Sidney John- ston to Corinth, Miss., and joined under Col. John S. Fulton, where he remained until the latter part of the year 1863. In 1865 our subject located on 290 acres in the Twelfth District where he has since resided. He now owns 415 acres. In politics he has been a life-long Democrat, casting his first vote for Lewis Cass. He is a Mason, and Mrs. Sulli- van is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. In 1874 Mr. Sullivan was elected magistrate to fill a vacancy, and for the past ten years has adjusted his constitu- ents difficulties, with impartial fairness, and there has never been an appeal taken from his decisions. The Sullivan family are noted for longevity. Susan, our subject's great aunt, lived to be one hundred and seven years old. Nancy, her sister was ninety, and Jerry, their brother, was also ninety. CAPT. W. A. SUMMERS was born in Limestone County, Ala., February 20, 1838, and received his rudimentary education in the common schools, and afterward attended Oak Hill Institute, and graduated in 1870. While a student he conducted some of the classes in the college. June 9, 1870, he married Annie, daughter of J. L. and C. L. Walker. Mrs. Summers was born in Giles County, Tenn., September 14, 1848, and was educated at Bethany Institute and Oak Hill College, and was a teacher for some time. She has borne three children: Tully A., Willie H. and Laura K. Mr. Summers taught school eight 3'ears after his marriage, and was very successful in that calling. In 1878 he was compelled to give up teaching, owing to ill health. He began farming, and now owns 300 acres of very desirable land. He is a Democrat in politics, and in 1861 enlisted in Company E, Thirty second Tennessee Infantry, and upon the reorganization of the army he was promoted to the rank of captain. He participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, and received a severe wound. After his recovery he was at Resaca, Kennesaw Mountain and many other engagements, and was a brave soldier, rendering valuable service to the Confederacy. He was a prisoner for some seven months, and re- turned home in June, 1865. JAMES H. TAYLOR, farmer and prominent citizen of the Twenty -fifth District, and a son of Young and Sarah C. (Poston) Taylor, was born in Lincoln County April 11. 1822, and is one of a family of nine children, only two of whom are living. The father of our subject was born in 1789, and had no advantages for acquiring an education. He was married when about twenty-two, and was employed for many years as an overseer of slaves. About 1818 he immigrated to Lincoln County, and farmed as a tenant for several years. He then purchased 240 acres in the Fourth District, where he remained until his wife's death in 1866. His death occurred about 1874. Our subject received a practical education in the neighboring schools, and February 15, 1844, was married to Martha Sim- mons, by whom he had six children, four of whom are living: Jarred S., Sarah (wife of Thomas B. George), Franklin P. and William. After marriage our subject farmed for sev- eral years as a tenant, but imitating the example of his father, and inheriting his strong will and determined character, was so far successful in his labors as to soon be able to procure a home of his own. In 1849 he purchased one-half interest in 400 acres of land at Smithland, on which he located and continues to reside. He has since increased his origi- nal tract to over 1,000 acres, but has donated considerable to his children, and now has about .550 acres of fine land. Mrs. Taylor died April 17. 1881, and November 11, 1884. Mr. Taylor married Mrs. Rettie Reagor, who was born in Lincoln County May 22, 1846. Our subject is a Democrat in politics, and cast his first vote for James K. Polk. Mrs. Taylor is a member of the Christian Church. LINCOLN COUNTY. 917 JARRED S. TAYLOR, farmer, and a son of James H. and Martha (Simmons) Tay- lor, was born in Lincoln County in 1847, and is one of a family of six children, four of whom are living. He received a liberal education in the common schools, and taught during the years 1869 and 1870. He afterward engaged in farming, and in March, 1871, united his fortunes with those of Mollie McLaughlin, daughter of William H. and Mar- garet K. McLaughlin. The result of our subject's marriage was the birth of eight chil- dren: Bernice, Beulah, William H., James M., GuyF., Andrew E., Maggie E. and Hor- ace. Mr. Taylor began farming at first as a tenant, but in 1874 purchased land in Smith land and began clerking in a mercantile establishment at that place. In 1883 he, in company with his brother, entered the mercantile business on their own responsibility in the same place. In 1884 he disconnected himself with the firm, and removed to where he now resides, one mile north of the village, on a farm of 140 acres. Mrs. Taylor was born in Lincoln County in 1842, and she, as well as her husband, are members of the Christian Church. Mr. Taylor is a Democrat, and cast his first vote for Horatio Seymour. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity. YOUNG A. TAYLOR is a son of Edmund and Jane (Poston) Taylor, and was born in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1826. His early schooling did not exceed four months. When the war broke out between the North and South he enlisted in Company A, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, and was in the battles of Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, and Peters- burg. He was wounded at Horse Shoe Bend, and was obliged to give up further service. He resumed farming on his farm of 126 aci-es, which he had purchased before the war, and which he has since increased to 308 acres. When twenty-three years old he was married to Elizabeth Styles, who died in 1859, leaving four children: Mary A., Sarah, Francis, and James. In March, 1861, Mr. Ta3'lor wedded Martha McClure, by whom he had ten children, nine now living: Temple C, Young A., William F., ZylphiaE., John H., Ida B., Cora F., Ardella, and Andy W. Our subject's parents were born in Virginia and North Carolina, respectively, and were married in the latter State. The father was a farmer, and died a few years previous to the war. The mother died in 1874. TEMPLE C. TAYLOR, farmer, and a son of Edmond and Jane D. (Poston) Taylor, was born in Lincoln County Februarv 4, 1825, and is one of ten children, six of whom are living. The father was born in Virginia and married in North Carolina. He was a farm- er by occupation and owned 204 acres of land. His career ended a few years previous to the civil war. Mrs. Taylor died about 1874. Our subject was reared at home and re- ceived no education worth speaking about, having attended school only about six weeks in his life. During the war he enlisted in Company A, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, under Capt. Styles, and was engaged in many of the principal battles. He then returned home after four years of honorable service. He had purchased a small farm previous to the war, and after his return sold it and purchased 265 acres where he is now living. October 9, 1878, he married I\Irs. Clemmenza L. McClellen, daughter of Martin and Naucy N. Wisener. Mr. Taylor is a Democrat, and he and wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Previous to entering the army our subject made a pair of shoes which he wore during the entire service. Mrs. Wisener was born July 26,1812, and is now living with her daughter, Mrs. Taylor. Mr. Wisener vv^as born March 18, 1786, and died when Mrs. Taylor was quite small. THOMAS TAYLOR, son of James and grandson of Edmund Taylor, was boro in Lincoln County, Tenn., in 1824. His father and grandfather were Virginians. The former married Jensie Shelton in Virginia, and became the father of eleven children, four now living. He has always made farming his occupation, and at an early day came to Tennessee and settled among the canebrakes, where he afterward became the owner of 400 acres of land. He died in 1844, after a well-spent life. The mother died in 1852. Thomas received very meager educational advantages. November 15, 1853, he married Mary, daughter of Hillery H. and Dovey Hill, and nine children are the results of their union: James H., Young A., Elizabeth J., John F., Robert J., Jennie L. and Susan F. Mr. Taylor farmed his father's place until both parents' deaths, and in 1861 purchased 918 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. sixty-nine acres of land, which, by the aid of his wife and his own energy and economy, he has increased to 800 acres. During the late war he served gallantly in Company B, Forty-fourth Tennessee Regiment, C. S. A. He has been a life long Democrat. EDVVARD TAYLOR, farmer, was born October, 1831, in Lincoln County, and is one of a family of seven children born to William and Priscilla (Alexander) Taylor. The father was born in Virginia in 1790 and received his education in the neighboring schools. He was a mechanic and farmer by occupation and immigi'ated to Tennessee, with his parents, when but a small boy. He was married about 1819, and in 1842 purchased' 150 acres where Edward now resides. He died in 1858, and Mrs. Taylor several years previous. Our subject received a fair education, and after reaching his majority began farming his father's place. December, 1849, he was married to Eliza Forester, by whom he had one child: N. Alexander, who is now at home. He is a young man of exemplary habits, industrious and honest. After marriage our subject continued to farm for his father for several years, and at last purchased his father's fine tract, which now consists of 160 acres. December, 1883, Mr. Tajior had the misfortune to lose his wife. Mr. Taylor is a Democrat in politics and is strenously opposed to monopolies and is an ardent friend to all laboring men. JOHN A. TAYLOR, mercliaut and farmer, and a son of John A. and Elizabeth (Stubblefield) Taylor, was born in Lincoln County in 1849. The father was also a native of Lincoln County, born about 1810. He was married about 1828, and became the father of eleven children seven of whom are living. He was a tiller of the soil, and at the time of his death which occurred April, 1850, owned about 225 acres of good land. The mother was born in Lincoln County about the same time as her husband, and died March, 1873. Our subject was reared by a mother's tender care, his father having died when he was but an infant. He received his education in the district schools, and December 8, 1870, was married to Mary E. Reynolds, daughter of John and Malinda Reynolds, by whom he had seven children, four of whom are living, viz.: Ella, Alda O., John A. and C. Wilson. At tlie time of his marriage our subject was engaged in the grocery business at Kelso, where he continues to reside. In 1872 he purchased a stock of general merchandise, and is now carrying a stock to the value of about $800. He now owns real estate in the village, be- sides a valuable farm of 150 acres in the Twenty-third District. Mr. Taylor is at present depot agent at Kelso. He is a member of the L O. O. F. and of the K. of H., and he and Mrs. Taylor are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Mrs. Taylor was born in Franklin County, in 1846, and her parents were also natives of the same county. SAMUEL H. TAYLOR is a son of Henry and Catherine M. (Sloan) Taylor, and was born in the district where he now resides, in 1834. His grandfather, Henry Taylor, Sr., was a South Carolinian, and in 1806, located in Lincoln County, Tenn., and was one of the first white men to assist in forming a white settlement within its borders. His son. Henry Taylor, settled on the old homestead after his marriage, and there passed the re- mainder of his days. He died in 1855. The mother was born in South Carolina, in 1807, and since her husband's death has made her home with her children. Samuel H. is her third child. He was educated in the neighboring schools, and attended one session at Viny Grove Academy. October 10, 1854, he married Miss L. Ormand, daughter of James and Mary (Ray) Ormand. Mrs. Taylor was born in Franklin County, Ala., in 1831, and became the mother of nine children, five of whom are living: Mary Emma C. (Mrs. Samuel H. McDill), Ormand B., Lorena A., Albert P. and Oscar S. Mr. Taylor lived twelve years on the old homestead after his marriage, and in 1867, purchased eighty acres of land in the Twelfth District, where he has since made his home. In 1884 he purchased a port- able saw-mill which he operates in connection with his farming. It has a capacity of 6,000 feet per day. Attached to this is a mill for grinding corn, both for rough feed and table use. Mr. Taylor is a Republican, but cast his first Presidential vote for James Bu- chanan. In 1864 he was elected magistrate, and in 1868 was chosen tax collector of Lin- coln County. He has been an elder in the United Presbyterian Church for the past twen- ty-six years. His wife died August 30, 1885, and since then his daughter Lorena has been keeping house for him. LINCOLN COUNTY. 919 H. D. A. THOMAS first saw the light of day in Lincoln County, Tenu., January 7, 18'?4, being one of twelve children. William Thomas was of English birth, born in Ken- tucky, about 1789 and was a resident of Lincoln County, Tenn., at the time of his death, October 1, 1872. He was a teacher by profession, and served in the war of 1812, and was married, aboul 1814, to Rebecca Lyon, who was born in North Carolina in 1794, and died in 1868. The subject of this memoir was reared at home and educated in the common schools, and after attaining his majority began carving out his own fortune, but continued to reside with his parents until thirty-four years of age. After his marriage to Lyntha Millard, in 1858, he purchased his present farm of 350 acres. His wife was born Septem- ber 3, 1829, daughter of William and Mary (Wade) Millard, and has borne the following children: Mary J. (Mrs. Thomas Bryant), Rebecca ( Mrs. R. L. Moore), Elizabeth, Cora E. and Marcus. Our subject has given his children good educational advantages, and is con- sidered one of the honorable and public-spirited men of the county. He is a Democrat, and was opposed to secession during the late war, although he assisted in the Confederate Army. He is a Mason and K. of H., and he and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church. They have in their possession a Bible that was printed in 1655, that is supposed to have been printed in England and descended through lier father and grandfather to Mrs. Thomas. E. T. THOMAS was born in Lincoln County March 1, 1819, son of William and Re- becca (Lyon) Thomas. (See sketch of H. D. A. Thomas for parents' bijography.) He attend- ed the country schools near his home in youth, and for two years after his marriage re- sided on the old home place. In 1843 he married Jane Moore, daughter of John and Esther (Harkins) Moore. She was born in 1823 and died in 1883, having borne eleven children, seven of whom are living: Esther (Mrs. H. C. McKiuzie), Albert. Rebecca (Mrs. J. S. Smiley), William. Josie (Mrs. P. H. Smith), Nannie (Mrs. J. T. Holland), Mary (Mrs. James Poindexter). Mr. Thomas has given considerable land to his children, but still owns 270 acres, all of which he made by his own indomitable energy. He is conservative in politics, and cast his first presidential vote for W. H. Harrison. He is a Mason. For his second wife he took Mrs. Elizabeth Beasley, widow of Daniel Beasley, who died in the army in 1862. She reared and educated three children: Clemmey (Mrs. Cyrus Cathey), Sallie (wife of Prof. Douglas Allen) and John F. (a Methodist Episcopal minisier). Mrs. Thomas is the daughter of Rev. Felix and Ann McGaw. JAMES M. THORNTON is a Virginian, and son of Reuben Thornton of the same State, born in 1797, and married to Mary Tiffen in 1818, by whom he had nine children. They came to Tennessee in 1833, and here the father farmed, and died in 1863. The mother died in 1864. James M. was born in 1833, and received a limited education in the district schoolf , but by desidtory reading and study now has a good English and business education. At the age of twenty-one he became overseer for James Vance, with whom he remained three years. In the meantime, in 1844, he married Lucinda, daughter of William and Mary Vance. She was born in Alabama in 1825, and bore her husband eight children, seven of whom are living: William A., Mary E., John M., P. L., R. D., R. B., J. B., T. H. (deceased) and Laura J. Our subject was overseer for Mat Vance a number of years, and then came to Lincoln Count}% and for six years did business for Henry Kelso, and then entered the employ of Dr. B. Bonner, and looked after the interests of his plantation. After renting land two years he, in 1866, purchased 287 acres of land, which cost between 110,000 and $11,000. He afterward purchased 4.50 acres of laud at a cost of $16,000. He gave this land to his four sons. Mr. Thornton began married life very poor in pur.se, but by industry and good business qualifications has a fine home and a comfortable compe- tency. He is a Democrat, and cast his first presidential vote for James K. Polk. He be- longs to the Masons and has reached the degree of Chapter in that Order. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and he and his scms are strong advocates of temperance. JACOB VANCE is a native of the " Palmetto State," born in 1814, son of James and Nancy (Hill) Vance, of North Carolina, born in 1786 and died in 1848 and 1857. respect- 920 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ively. Of their six children four are living: Malinda (Mrs. Robert Crutcher, of Texas), Sarah (Mrs. Samuel Jones, of California), Maria (widow of Asbury McWilliams, of Giles County) and our subject. Jacob, who was reared and educated in Giles County and resided with his parents until twenty-two years of age. September 24, 1830, he wedded Mary Ann Eddings, daughter of Abraham Eddings. Mrs. Vance was born in October, 1821, in. Alabama. To them was born one child— W. P. (deceased). In 1849 Mr. Vance purchased 400 acres ofj land in Giles County, but sold out in the fall of 1850, and the following year came to Lincoln County and purchased 478 acres near Fayetteville, where he is now re- siding. His farm is highly improved and furnished with good buildings and fences. Mr. Vance is esteemed as an honest and industrious citizen, and in his political views has been a life-long Democrat, casting his first presidential vote for Hugh L. White, in 1836. He is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. His son, W. P. Vance, died at the age of twenty-five years, when all earth's brightness was promised him. He was respect- ed and loved for his many virtues by all who knew him, and idolized by his parents and relatives. His remains were followed to the tomb by the I. O. O. F. and the members of the Agricultural Association. JOHN WARDEN was born in North Carolina in 183«, son of Robert and Eli/.abeth (Pilcher) Warden. His earlj'- education was very limited, he never having received more than six mom hs' schooling during his life. At the age of six years he was brought ;o- Tennessee by his parents, and made his home with them until he was twenty-one years old. October 27, 1847, he married Rachel Ashby. She was born in Lincoln County De- cember 1, 1825, daughter of Alex Ashby. They have three children: Vina Jane (Mrs. George Millstead), John Wilson and Travis Alex. Mr. Warden resided in the Sixth Dis- trict of Lincoln County until May, 1864, when he purchased 100 acres in the Seventh Dis- trict, and there has since resided. He lost his wife May 9, 1854, and the following year he married Martha A. Diincau, daughter of Judge Duncan. They have six children: Mar- tha Ellen, Mary Elenora, William James, Hardin Daniel, Judge and James Ebenezer Goodloe. Their mother died June 30, 1880, and March 20 of the next year he raai'ried Mary C. Ashby, a sister of his first wife. In 1861 Mr. Warden joined Companj' A, Forty-first Reg- iment Tennessee Infantry, and was in the battles of Fort Douelsou, Raymond, Vicksburg, Jackson and Chickamauga. He was captured at Fort Donelson, and taken to Camp Mor- ton, Ind., where he was retained seven months. He returned home in December, 186-3. He is conservative in politics, and he and wife are members of the Primitive Baptist Church. His father was born in North Carolina in 1790, and was married in 1830. After living two years in Illinois he came to Lincoln County, Tenn. He died in 1863, The mother was born in North Carolina in 1799, and died in 1861. Of their eleven children eight are living: Hardin, Eraeline (widow of John H. Steelman), John, Daniel, Jane (Mrs. James Isom), Darinda (Mrs. G. W. McAfee), James ]M. and Franklin H. THOMAS J. WHITAKER, citizen and farmer of the Thirteenth District, was born in Lincoln County April 23, 1823, and is one of a family of seven children born to Benjamin and Mahaldah Whitaker, and the grandson of John Whitaker, who built the first grist- mill in Lincoln County. He was the first chairman of the county court, and will be jc- membered by many of the oldest citizens now living in the count)'. The father of our subject was born in Kentucky, and came to Lincoln County with his parents at a very early day. He was a farmer by occupation, and died in the Eighth District September 12, 1869, being over eighty years of age. The mother is supposed to be a native of Geor- gia, and died about 1840. Our subject received a good, practical education in the com- mon schools near home, and in 1847 was married to Elizabeth R. Moores, a native of Lincoln County, Tenn., born November 19, 1821, and died November 30, 1880. By this union six children were born, four of whom are living: W. N., M. E., Susan. Dora and In 1847 our subject bought 167 acres of land in the Thirteenth District, where he has since resided. The place is pleasantly located, well improved, and is near Fayetteville Elkton road, twelve miles west of Fayetteville. ALEXANDER J. WHITAKER, son of Joseph and Ann (Jeffries) Whitaker, was born LINCOLN COUNTY. 921 in Lincoln County in 1833 The father was born in Kentucky in 1788, and was of English extraction. He was married twice, the first time to Martha Hughes, by whom he had six children, only two of whom are living. Mrs. Whitaker died in 1830, and in 1832 Mr. Wliitaker married his second wife, by whom he had two children: Julia F., wife of T. D. Hill, and the subject of this sketch. The father died in 1874 and the mother in 1863. Alexander was reared at home, and received his early education in the district schools but later attended the academj' at Mulberry for about seven years, where he took quite a thorough course. January 10, 1855, he wedded Sarah J. McMillen, daughter of Dock and Madeline McMillen, and by this union became the father of eight children, five of whom are living: Joe D., Charley B., Edna, Fannie E. and Henry. Soon after marriage our subject located on his father's farm, and in 1867 purchased 150 acres of land, on which he is now residing. In 1865 Mr. Whitaker was elected magistrate, and has held the same office ever since. At the breaking out of the war Mr. Whitaker enlisted in the Fifth Ken- tucky Infantr}', and took an active part in the battles of Shiloh and Chickamauga. He is independent in polititical belief, a Mason, K. of H.. and both he and wife are members oi the Missionary Baptist Church. HON. W. W. WILSON is the son of William and Susan Wilson, natives of Ken- tucky and North Carolina, respectively. The father was born in February, 1799, and came to Lincoln County with his parents when but six years of age. He followed agri- cult\iral pursuits as a livelihood, and was quite successful at this. He died in March, 1856. The mother was born in 1797, and departed this life in 1845. Our subject was born in Lincoln County, April 28, 1827, and received his education in the school near his coun- try home, and at Viny Grove, under Prof. Erwin. In 1848 he married Miss A. Whit ing, a daughter of Robert and Mrs. Whiting. She was born in Robertson County in 1829. Mr. Wilson began teaching, and has followed that occupation for about ten years. In 1851 he bought ten acres of land in the Thirteenth District, where he located, and has since lived. He now owns 250 acres in a very desirable place, and is doing a good busi- ness. About 1858 he was elected magistrate, and again in 1864. He has held the oflice considerable of the time since, up to 1880, when he refused to accept the position any lon- ger. In 1872 he was chosen by the people to represent them in the State Legislature. He is a man well known throughout the county, and his being elected to offices of trust at different times shows that the public appreciates his services. He is a Democrat, and a member of the Masonic fraternity. Mrs. Wilson is a member of the Cumberland Presby- terian Church. J. B. WILSON, the proprietor of a furniture and undertaking establishmeni id f a.y- etteville, Lincoln County, Tenn., was born in that place February 3, 1834. He is the eld- est child of a family of five children — three sons and two daughters — born to Union A. and Mary (Shanks) Wilson, and was educated in Fayetteville. At the age of six- teen he began learning the cabinet-maker's trade in his father's shop, and continued work- ing for him until 1854, when his father, his brother, C. S. Wilson, ard himself entered in- to a co-partuership of undertaking and dealing in furniture, in whic a they continued un- til 1859. He was married to Miss M. A. Whitaker October 6, 1856, and eight children were oona to this union — six daughters and two sons — of whom only four are living; Martha A., Mi'ry M., James B. and Myrtle C. At the breaking out of hostilities between the North and South oar subject enlisted in Company C, Forty-first Tennessee Regiment Confeder- ate States Army, in December, 1862. For his second wife he took Mrs. Lucy A. (McDan- iel) Fullerton May 10, 1882, who was born April 28, 1850. She was first married to Robert G. Fullerton December 1, 1868, by which marriage there were three daughters born, only two now living: Willa A. and Lucy Q. J. B. Wilson is a practical business man and has an extensive trade. He has been the leading furniture dealer and undertaker in Fayette- ville for the last twenty years. He has been a life-long Democrat, is an elder in the Pres- byterian Church, and is also a member of the I. O. O. F. C. S. WILSON. In 1858 C. S. Wilson established a sale and feed stable in Fayette- ville, Tenn., and soon after, on a very humble scale, engaged in the livery stable business. 922 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. He steadily prospered in his undertakings, and in March, 1885, owned twenty-six vehicles and twenty liorses. On the 4th of that month the building caught fire, and the building, thirteen buggies and fifteen horses were consumed. Mr. Wilson immediately began erect- ing a mucli larger building, 82x125 feet, with a capacity of feeding sixty-eighl; honsis. He is doing an extensive business, meeting with the success his effort^ deserve. \ He was born in 1835 in Fayetteville, and is a son ot Union A. and Mary (Shanks) Wilson. ■ When about fourteen \-ears of age he began learning the cabinet-maker's trade, continuing; eight years. In 1869 he became proprietor of the Shanks House, and managed that hotel for four years. In 1878 he purchased 200 acres of land, which he has managed in connection with his stable. In November, 1861. he and M. E. Lauderdale were married. She was born in 1840, and is the mother of four childi'en: Charles, Beulah, Augusta and Fannie. Mr. Wilson has been a business man of Fayetteville for the past twenty-five j'cars, and is in every respect an honest and worthy citizen. He is a Democrat, and belongs to the K. of P. His father was born in Tennessee in 1818, and was a cabinet-maker by trade. In 1833 he married, and after his first wife's death he wedded Rebecca Price, who yet sur- vives him. He was the father of thirteen children, and died in 1875. J. W. WOOJARD, a native of Lincoln County, was born March 9, 1843, son of M. C. and Lucinda Woodard. The father was of Irish descent, and Wcis born in Lincoln County in 1810. He was a blacksmith and farmer by occupation, and died ii, September, 1860. The mother of our subject was also born in Lincoln County about 1818, and now resides at the old home-place in the Thirteenth District with her son, W. S. Our subject received his education in the schools near home, and remained with his parents until the breaking out of the late war. In 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Forty-fourth Tennessee Infantry, and took part in the battles of Sliiloh, Chickamauga, Murfreesboro, Petersburg, and was captured at this place and taken to Fort Delaware, where he remained about four months. He returned home in July, 1865, after over four years' service, and was in many of tlie hottest battles of the war without receiving a single wound. In 1866 he married ^I. E. Hampton, a native of Lincoln County, born in 1845, and the daughter of Samuel and Annie Hampton. To our subject and wife wei:eborn six children: Samuel M., James G.,John H. F., Lillian, Robert M. andMartha-L. After remaining on the old home-place about four years our subject purcliased about 100 acres of laud in the Thirteenth District, where he located and remained about thirteen years. In 1883 he bought 135 acre-s in the Sixteenth District, where be located. He still retains the farm in the Thirteenth District and owns 485 acres of valuable land. He also owns a mill and is doing a good business in grinding grain and sawing lumber. Besides this, he lot)ks after the interest of the farm. He is a Democrat, a Mason, and he and wife are members of the Methodis'. Episcopal Church. M. W. WOODARD, attorney at law, of Fayetteville, Tenn., was born in Lincoln County, in lo4b. the third son of Robert S. and Mary (McKinnty) Woodard, born in Tennessee and North Carolina, in 1821 and 1825, respectively. The father was a teacher and farmer iu early life, and was married in 1842. In 1847 he was elected tax-collector of Lincoln County, serving one term. In 1856 he was elected clerk of the circuit court, and held the position until the late war. In 1864 he was re-elected and held the of5')u- stable and justice of the peace for several years, during which time he studied law aud was admitted as a practicing attorney in 1858. He continued to practice law until 1875. In 1857 or 1858, upon the re-organization of the Winchester & Alabama Railroad, he was elected one of its directors, and continued a director until the road was sold by the State. He was also president and receiver of the road for some lime. At the organization of the First National Bank of Fayetteville he was elected one of the directors, and in November, 1874, was elected president of the same, but resigned in January, 1885, owing to ill health. He was licensed to preach by the Primitive Baptist Church in the fall of 1873, and or- dained in 1874, and has been actively engaged in the ministry from that time until the present, except when prevented by bad health. His wife Susan J. died in 1865, and the following year he married Lou S, Webb, who is a daughter of Hartwell and Nancy AVebb, and was born in 1825. He has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since about 1^51, JAMES H. WRIGHT is one of twelve children of Jacob and Nancy Wright, and was born in Lincoln County, Tenn.. in 1812. His father was of English descent, born and married in Virginia. He came to Tennessee and followed the life of a farmer, and died when about ninety-six years of age. The mother was born in Ireland, and came to the United States with her parents. James H. obtained the rudiments of his education in the schools near his home, and in 1839 married Nancy, daughter of John and Elizabeth Trantam. They have thirteen children: Elizabeth (Mrs. John Alsup), Josie (Mrs. John Myers), Fannie (Mrs. Ruf. Smith), Ethlinda (Mrs. Robert Maury), W. L., A. W., S. H., J. H., R. L.. D. N., J. H. and Cordelia, and one son. Marshall, who was killed at the "battle of Chattanooga. Mr. Wright has always farmed, and by the sweat of his l)row has become the owner of 300 acres of valuable and well improved land. He has been suc- cfessful. He has reared a large family of children and given them good educational ad- vantages, and has a comfortable competency. Mr. Wright is a Democrat, and he and Mrs. Wright are members of the Christian Church. WILLIAM R. WYATT, farmer and miller of Fayetteville, Tenn., was born in Lin 924 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. coin County, in 1844. His father William Wyatt was of English-Irish descent; boru in 1803 in South Carolina. He came to Tennessee in 1804. and to Lincoln County in 1807 or 1808, and was a teacher and farmer by occupation, being very successful in both occupa- tions. He married Sallie Breckenridge in 18;^, and died in 1880. His wife was born in South Carolina in 1804, and died in l^J-^. The Wyatt family came to Tennessee when the country was almost a wilderness. The bottom lands were covered with cane, and the countrj- was infested with Indians and many wild animals. They did their share in help- ing to settle and'clear the lands of Lincoln County. Of the seven children born to Will- iam and Sallie Wyatt, three are living: Margaret .Jane. Mollie E. and William R., who received such education as could be obtained in the old fashion schoolhouses of his boy- hood days. July 4, 1864, he and Sallie Mc.('own were united in marriage. She was born in South Carolina in 1 84o, a daughter of Jo-